I
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES


 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 USLE, K<& 
 
 COLLECTED AND EDITED BY 
 
 J. J. CASKS N, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY MADE INTERESTING-.' See. 
 
 GLA.SHAE" & GILL, 60, UPPER. SACKVILLE STREF/ 
 
 GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS. 
 EUINBUR&R: JOHN MENZLES. 
 18 66 .
 
 THE 
 
 VICEREGAL SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES, 
 
 LECTURES AND POEMS, 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 EARL OF ^CARLISLE, K. G. 
 
 c . 
 
 COLLECTED AND EDITED BY 
 
 J. J. GASKIN, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY MADE INTERESTING," ETC. ETC. 
 
 DUBLIN 
 
 M C GLASHAN & GILL, 50, UPPER SACKVILLE-STREET. 
 
 LONDON: GEORGE EOUTLEDGE AND SONS. 
 
 EDINBURGH: JOHN MENZIES. 
 
 1866.
 
 DUBLIN: 
 
 tlje SntocrsUfi ^rtss, 
 
 BT M. H. GILL.
 
 C TO 
 
 
 HER GRACE THE DUCHESS DOWAGER OF SUTHERLAND 
 
 OF 
 
 THE LATE EARL OF CARLISLE'S 
 
 SPEECHES, ADDRESSES, LECTURES, AND POEMS, 
 
 <2 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 CO 
 
 HER GRACE'S 
 MOST FAITHFUL AND MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 JAMES J. GASKDT. 
 
 384727
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Preliminary Observations, xvi l 
 
 Chief Secretaryship of Lord Morpeth (Ireland), xvi 1 
 
 Viceroyalty of the Earl of Carlisle his Speeches and Addresses, xxi 
 
 EDUCATION. The Queen's University The Earl of Carlisle's eulogium 
 of the late Sir Kobert Peel, the Founder of the Queen's Colleges 
 Munificence of Sir Robert Peel, the generous and talented Son of that 
 eminent Statesman Foundation by him of several Scholarships 
 Progress of the University The System of National and United Edu- 
 cation promoted by the Earl of Carlisle Model Schools for the 
 Training of Teachers established The Earl of Carlisle's Addresses at 
 the Half-yearly Examinations, and his Estimate of the Value and 
 Success of the System of National Education in Ireland Royal Gram- 
 mar Schools, Portora Museum of Irish Industry Medical Edu- 
 cation, Dr. Stokes Social Science The Earl of Carlisle's Patronage 
 of the Fine Arts Statues of Moore, Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, 
 the Earl of Belfast, and William Dargan The Wellington Testimo- 
 nial, and its Bas-reliefs Municipal Banquets City Improvements 
 (Dublin) Visit of H. R. H. Prince of Wales to Ireland AGRICUL- 
 TURE Royal Dublin Society and Royal Agricultural Improvement 
 Society the Earl of Carlisle's desire to confer Honour on Distin- 
 guished Men Presentation of Colours to Irish Regiments. 
 
 Resignation of the Earl of Carlisle, lix 
 
 His final Departure from Ireland, and Death, lx 
 
 Affecting Scene at his Departure from Kingstown, as described by Sir 
 Robert Peel Grand Concert of Sacred Music in Memoriam 
 " Missed by us All," Elegiac Poem on the Death of the Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 The Earl of Carlisle as a Statesman, Ixxiii 
 
 Negro Emancipation Poem by the Earl of Carlisle " On the Abolition 
 of Slavery" His Opinion on the recent Civil War in America Re- 
 formatory Schools,
 
 vi CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Scholastic Attainments, Literary Productions, and Parliamentary Career of 
 
 the Earl of Carlisle, Ixxxvi 
 
 Appendix to Introduction, xciii 
 
 Lecture on the Poetry and Writings of Gray" P^STUM," the Oxford 
 English Prize Poem for 1821, by G. W. F. Howard " ELEUSIS," 
 the Oxford Latin Prize Poem for 1821, by G. W. F. Howard 
 Bounar Bachi, the Supposed Site of Troy Poetical and Historical 
 View of the chief Scenes of Interest in Yorkshire, by Lord Morpeth, 
 at the outset of his public career. 
 
 I. EDUCATION. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIYEBSITY IN IEELAND. 
 
 Speeches at the conferring of Degrees and Honors, from the year 1855 to 1863, 2 
 
 Sir Robert Peel's Speech on the Queen's University in Ireland, October 11, 
 
 1861, 20 
 
 THE NATIONAL BOAED OF EDUCATION. 
 Speeches at the Examination of Teachers in Training, from June 16, 1857, to 
 
 June 16, 1862, 30 
 
 Speech at the Albert Model Farm, Glasnevin, December 20, 1859, ... 32 
 
 Speech at the Belfast Model Schools (Annual Examinations), December 17, 
 
 1862 35 
 
 SCIENCE AND ABT DEPARTMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF PEIVY 
 COUNCIL ON EDUCATION. 
 
 Speeches at the Distribution of Prizes, Museum of Irish Industry, from the year 
 
 1857 to 1863, 39 
 
 EOYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 Speeches at the Distribution of Prizes, School of Art, from the year 1860 to 1864, 51 
 
 EOYAL IEISH ACADEMY. 
 Speech at the Presentation of Medals awarded by Council, March 16, 1862, . 58 
 
 MEDICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 Speech at the Laying of the First Stone of the New Dublin College of Physi- 
 cians, July 8, 1862, 60 
 
 Speech at the Distribution of Prizes, Dr. Steevens' Hospital, November 7, 
 
 1862 .' 61 
 
 Speech at the Laying of the First Stone of the " Carmichael School of Medi- 
 cine," March 29, 1863, 63
 
 CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 FA OB. 
 
 II. EDUCATION. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Speech at the Trinity College Historical Society, November 21, 1860, . . 65 
 
 Speech at the Dublin Statistical Society, November 26, 1862, .... 67 
 
 Speech after Professor Cairnes" Lecture on the American Revolution, OctoberSO, 
 
 1862, 69 
 
 Speech at the Distribution of the " Crimean Banquet Fund" Prizes, Royal 
 
 Hibernian Military School, December 22, 1863, 70 
 
 Speech at the Fifth Congress of the National Association for the Promotion of 
 
 Social Science, August 14, 1861, 72 
 
 III. MUNICIPAL BANQUETS, 
 
 CITY IMPBOVEMENTS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 Speeches at the Annual Banquets given at the Mansion House, Dublin, from 
 
 the year 1855 to 1864, 74 
 
 Speech at the Laying of the First Stone of the Museum of Natural History, 
 
 Royal Dublin Society, March 7, 1856, 104 
 
 Speech at the Inauguration of Moore's Statue, October 14th, 1857, . . . 106 
 
 Speech at the Inauguration of the Dublin Art Exhibition, May 24, 1861, . 109 
 
 Speeches at the diverting of the Waters of the " Vartry" from the old River 
 Channel into the new Conduit intended to convey them to the City of 
 Dublin, June 30, 1863, Ill 
 
 Speech at the Laying of the Foundation Stone of St. Andrew's Church, August 
 
 11, 1862, 114 
 
 Speech at the Laying of the Foundation Stone of the Dublin Exhibition Palace 
 
 and Winter Garden, June 12, 1863, 115 
 
 Speech at the Inauguration of Goldsmith's Statue, January 5, 1864, . . . 116 
 
 Speeches at the Opening of the National Gallery of Ireland, and the Inaugu- 
 ration of the" Dargan Statue," March 30, 1864, 123 
 
 Speech at the Shakspeare Tercentenary and Festival Banquet, Stratford-on- 
 
 Avon, April 19, 1864, 125 
 
 Speech at the Great National Crimean Banquet, Dublin, October 22, 1856, . 128 
 
 Speech on Presenting new Colours to the 18th Royal Irish Regiment, First 
 
 Battalion, Phoenix Park, August 24, 1856 130 
 
 Speech at the Installation of Viscount Gough as Knight of St. Patrick, Ja- 
 nuary 30, 1857, 132 
 
 Speech on Presenting new Colours to the Second Battalion of the 18th Royal 
 
 Irish Regiment, Phoenix Park, August 24th, 1859, 133
 
 viii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Speech on an Address being presented to Captain Sir Leopold M'Clintock, 
 March 15, 1860, 
 
 Speech at the Dejeuner on board the " Adriatic" steamer, Kingstown Harbour, 
 July 30, 1863, 
 
 Speech at the Launch of the Iron Ship, " Knight Commander," February 24, 
 
 1864, 
 
 139 
 
 Speeches at the Inauguration of the Earl of Belfast's Statue, November 1, 
 1855, 
 
 IY. THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND ROYAL DUBLIN 
 
 SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOWS, 
 AND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS. 
 
 Speeches at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Cattle Show, and Announce- 
 ment of Prizes, April 12, 1855, 149 
 
 Speech at the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ire- 
 land's Great Annual Cattle Show CARLOW, August 7, 1855, . . . 153 
 
 Speech at Ditto ATHLONE, August 13, 1856, 157 
 
 Speech at Ditto WATERFORD, August 13, 1857, 162 
 
 Speech at Ditto DUNDALK, July 27, 1859, 166 
 
 Speech at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Cattle Show, and Announcement 
 
 of Prizes, April 11, 1860, 173 
 
 Speech at the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland's Great 
 
 Annual Cattle Show CORK, July 25, 1860, 176 
 
 Speech at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Cattle Show, and Announcement 
 
 of Prizes, April3, 1861, 182 
 
 Speech at Ditto, April 22, 1862, 185 
 
 Speech at the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ire- 
 land's Great Annual Cattle Show BELFAST, August 9, 1861, . 189 
 Speech at the Annual Show of the Belfast Royal Horticultural Society, August 
 
 8, 1861, 194 
 
 Speech at the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland's Great 
 
 Annual Cattle Show LIMERICK, August 6, 1862, 195 
 
 Speech at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Cattle Show, and Announcement 
 
 of Prizes, April 8, 1863, 199 
 
 Speech at the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland's Great 
 
 Annual Cattle Show KILKENNY, August 26, 1863, . . 203 
 
 Speech at the Royal Dublin Society's Spring Cattle Show, and Announcement 
 
 of Prizes, March 30, 1864, 2og 
 
 Speech at the Annual Dinner of the Royal Horticultural Society, September 4 
 
 1856 > 211
 
 CONTENTS. ix 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 V. VICEREGAL VISITS, OPENING AND EXTENSION 
 OF IRISH RAILWAYS, &c. 
 
 Viceregal Visit to Limerick Speech at the Banquet, July 9, 1856, ... 213 
 
 Speech at the Opening of the Foynes Railway, July 10, 1856, .... 217 
 
 Viceregal Visit to Cork Speeches at the Laying of the Foundation Stone of 
 
 St. Patrick's Bridge, and Opening of the Cork and Youghal Railway, . 221 
 
 Speech at the Banquet, November 10, 1859, 223 
 
 Viceregal Visit to Lurgan Speech, August 6, 1861, 226 
 
 Viceregal Visit to Donegal Speech at the Dejeuner; the Inauguration of 
 
 the Finn Valley Railway, September 21, 1863, 228 
 
 Viceregal Visit to Deny Speeches at the Banquet, and Opening of the New 
 
 Iron Bridge, September 25, 1 863, 232 
 
 Address from the Londonderry Harbour Commissioners Speech at the ' 
 
 Dejeuner, September 26, 1863, 235 
 
 Speech at the Opening of the Dublin and Wicklow Railway, October 25, 1855, 237 
 
 The Transatlantic Telegraph, Valentia Speeches at the Dejeuner, " Hauling 
 
 the Cable Ashore," August 4, 1857, 239 
 
 Reply to the First Address from the Corporation of Dublin, April 12, 1855, . 245 
 
 VI. ELECTION AND MISCELLANEOUS SPEECHES. 
 
 Speech at the Yorkshire (West Riding) Election, August 5, 1830, .... 248 
 
 Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto, May 6, 1831, .... 253 
 
 Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto, June 28, 1841, .... 257 
 
 Lord Morpeth's Farewell Address to the Electors of Yorkshire, 1841, . . . 263 
 
 Speech at the Yorkshire (West Riding) Election, February 6, 1846, . . . . 266 
 Speech at Aberdeen when installed Lord Rector of Marischal College and 
 
 University, March 31, 1853, ' 279 
 
 Speech on being presented with the Freedom of Aberdeen, April 1, 1853, . 287 
 Speech at a Meeting in aid of the Yorkshire School for the Blind, York, 
 
 October 30, 1861, 293 
 
 VII. OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 Pray- without Ceasing, 1828 (attributed to Lord Morpeth), 297 
 
 (From "Christian Lyrics.") 
 
 "ITALY." 
 
 I. On Seeing a Tree in the Isola Bella, upon which Napoleon Buonaparte had 
 
 carved some Letters two days before the Battle of Marengo, . . . 298 
 
 II. On Leaving Bologna, , 298 
 
 III. Rome, 299 
 
 IV. On Virgil's Tomb, 300 
 
 V. On Leaving Italy, 300
 
 x CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 30 1 
 Impromptu on the York Bazaar of 1829, ........ 
 
 302 
 Hallowed Joys, ......... 
 
 The Birth of Rhodes, ............... 
 
 My Jessamine Tree, at Naworth Castle, ........ 
 
 Who has not felt, 'neath Azure Skies, ........... 
 
 306 
 
 307 
 Blow, gentle Airs, .............. 
 
 Pinus Insignis, planted by Her Excellency the Countess of St Germans, in 
 the Viceregal Gardens, Phoenix Park, Dublin, January, 1855, . . . 
 Oh, come to see me, Lines on a Hawthorn Tree in the Viceregal Gardens, . 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL : a Paraphrase in Verse, . . . 
 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OK, THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE : a Tragedy, 
 
 VIII. LECTTJKES. 
 
 I. On the Poetry of Pope, 
 
 II. Travels in America, 
 
 IX. APPENDICES. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel's Speech on the Queen's University in Ireland (1864), . . 427 
 Lord Carlisle's Letter to Alderman Richard Atkinson, J. P., on the occasion 
 
 of Her Majesty's Visit to Dublin, 430 
 
 The Address of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Council, of Morpeth, to the present 
 
 Earl of Carlisle, on the Death of his Brother, 431 
 
 The Address of the Inhabitants of Morpeth to the present Earl of Carlisle, Ditto, 432 
 Speech of the Earl of Carlisle at the Royal Portora School, Euniskillen, July 24, 
 
 1863, 434 
 
 Shakspeare Tercentenary Festival Characteristic Bill of Fare, .... 436 
 Sermon preached by his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin in the Parish Church 
 of Stratford-upon-Avon at the Celebration of the Shakspeare Tercentenary 
 
 (1864) 438 
 
 Mechanics' Institutions, Yorkshire Lord Morpeth's Addresses, .... 447 
 Proposed Memorial to the late Earl of Carlisle, by the Nobility and Gentry 
 
 of Yorkshire Great Meeting at the De Grey Rooms, November 29, 1865, 450 
 
 The First Transatlantic Telegraph, 452 
 
 Restoration of York Minster Proposed Removal of the " Screen," 1839 Lord 
 
 Morpeth's Speech, 453 
 
 " Recollections of an Old Oxonian," 456 
 
 Monumental Inscription ; Kilkenny Cathedral, 457 
 
 Pedigree of the Family of Howard, Earls of Carlisle (Burke's Peerage), . . 457 
 
 Subscribers' Names and Addresses, 462 
 
 "Etonians," 4SO
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 " We conquer difficulties 
 By daring to attempt them ; sloth and folly 
 Shiver and shrink at sight of toil and hazard, 
 And make the impossibility they feel." 
 
 THE Author respectfully presents this Volume, containing the 
 Speeches, Addresses, Lectures, and Poems of the late Earl of 
 Carlisle, to the Noblemen, Ladies, Gentlemen, and " Etonians" 
 whose names appear on the Subscription List* a roll of sub- 
 scribers which in number, and in the social position and literary 
 eminence of its names, has never been surpassed to all of 
 whom the Author tenders his most grateful thanks. , 
 
 To the Noblemen and Gentlemen who contributed to the 
 " Publication Fund" his thanks are most especially due, as well 
 as to the Archbishops, Bishops, and Clergy who have honoured 
 this work with their patronage and support. 
 
 The difficult and arduous task of collecting and arranging the 
 Viceregal Addresses, and the various subjects treated of, might 
 well have discouraged a less sanguine temperament, and de- 
 terred the Author from proceeding with an undertaking which 
 necessarily involved much labour and continued research. 
 
 * See Appendices.
 
 xii PREFACE. 
 
 No labour has been spared to render the work worthy of the 
 memory of the good Lord Carlisle., and a faithful record of his 
 official life. 
 
 The classification of the Speeches has been adopted witlj a 
 view to render the subject matter more intelligible to the reader, 
 and for facility of reference. The Introduction contains a com- 
 mentary on the official career of Lord Carlisle ; on his Viceregal 
 Speeches ; on his Statesmanship ; on his Scholastic Attainments, 
 Literary Productions, and Parliamentary Career. His Lordship's 
 Lecture on the Poetical Works of Gray, his Oxford Prize 
 Poems, and his arguments on the supposed claim of Bounar 
 Bachi to be considered the veritable site of Troy, have been 
 added as an Appendix to the Introduction. 
 
 The Author hopes that his humble but earnest efforts, and his 
 ardent zeal to make the work as complete as possible, will jus- 
 tify the general encouragement he has received from the first 
 announcement of his intention to publish the work till its 
 final completion. This favourable reception is solely to be 
 ascribed to the high estimation in which his fellow-countrymen 
 of all denominations held the genial nature and amiable qualities 
 of the late Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 During the entire period of Lord Carlisle's official connexion 
 with Ireland, the Author was honoured with his patronage and 
 abiding friendship. He trusts, therefore, that he will be excused 
 for giving the following brief narrative of the commencement 
 and continuance of the friendly relations which subsisted between 
 that lamented nobleman and himself. 
 
 In the year 1835, National Education in Ireland was yet in 
 its infancy. Lord Carlisle, then Lord Morpeth, and Chief Se-
 
 PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 cretary for Ireland, accompanied the Lord Lieutenant, Earl of 
 Mulgrave (the late Marquis of Normanby), on his first visit to 
 the Normal Model School at Mornington House. Lower Merrion- 
 street, Dublin, the birthplace of the illustrious Duke of Wel- 
 lington, which was opened under the management of the emi- 
 nent professor and teacher, Dr. Mac Arthur, and of Mr. Lawler, 
 now Inspector of National Schools. The Author, then an 
 humble youth, who had been selected to give instruction to 
 one of the classes in the establishment, had the gratification of 
 receiving from both noblemen on the occasion the highest com- 
 mendation for the system of viva voce examination adopted by him 
 in the course of his teaching. On several subsequent occasions 
 Lord Carlisle expressed similar approbation. Thus, at this early 
 period of his life, he had the happiness to attract the attention of 
 this gifted and kind-hearted nobleman. 
 
 In 1837, at the suggestion of Lord Morpeth and the late Arch- 
 bishop Whately, the Author, while yet a mere boy, was ap- 
 pointed to instruct the teachers, then in training, in his method of 
 teaching geography, history, &c., by inductive interrogation a 
 system of instruction which afterwards called forth the flattering 
 approbation of many of the highest personages in the British 
 Empire, including his Royal Highness the late Prince Consort, 
 Lady Noel Byron, Miss Edgeworth, Harriet Martineau, Combe 
 and Spurzheim, the eminent phrenologists, and Turner, the great 
 painter. In 1841 Lord Morpeth, who never lost sight of an oc- 
 casion to promote the advancement of the boy whom he had heard 
 teaching in Mornington House, wrote from the Irish Office, Lon- 
 don, to the Right Hon. Anthony Richard Blake, Chief Remem- 
 brancer of the Irish Exchequer, and one of the Commissioners
 
 xiv PREFACE. 
 
 of National Education in Ireland, to ascertain if the Author 
 would be willing to go to London, to acquire "Wilhem's 
 Scientific System of Vocal Instruction," then being developed 
 there by Hullah, under the Committee of Privy Council for 
 Education (in order to qualify himself for carrying out Lord 
 Carlisle's special desire and purpose of introducing that popular 
 system of vocal culture into Ireland); and having received a 
 reply in the affirmative, his Lordship remitted a cheque for 
 50 towards defraying the expenses. The opportunity, thuf 
 auspiciously presented, of acquiring an honourable and useful 
 profession, was cheerfully embraced. 
 
 On the day of his arrival in London, February 7th, 1841, 
 the Author received the following letter : 
 
 " Lord Morpeth is glad to hear of Gaskin having arrived. In the course 
 of this afternoon he had better go to Battersea a village three miles from 
 London ask for Dr. Kay,* and present to him the enclosed note, or to one of 
 his family, if he is absent. Lord Morpeth is sorry he cannot come to see him 
 
 now, but he will hope to do so before long Lord Morpeth 
 
 earnestly trusts he will keep out of harm and temptation, and not abuse the 
 confidence he has placed in his discretion. 
 
 "Feb. 7th, 1841." 
 
 After a due course of study and training under Mr. Hullah, 
 and a constant attendance at the Norwood Industrial School, the 
 Greenwich Naval Schools, the BatterseaEducationallnstitute, and 
 the Choral Classes at Exeter Hall, and also having paid a visit to 
 Paris, to observe and compare the system as carried out in the 
 various Schools, and Orpheon Societies of the French Capital, the 
 Author returned to Ireland, and devoted himself zealously and 
 
 * Now Sir James Phillips Kay Shuttleworth, Bart, late Secretary to Committee of 
 Privy Council for Education.
 
 PREFACE. XV 
 
 successfully to the introduction and general diffusion of Wilhem's 
 effective and scientific method of musical instruction.* 
 
 During the course of his professional career, nothing has 
 been more grateful to his feelings than the continued and unva- 
 rying friendship of Lord Carlisle, who was the means of shaping 
 and directing that career. 
 
 The following letters clearly manifest the sincere interest his 
 Lordship felt in the prosperity and professional success of his 
 protegt. 
 
 Having been some time occupied with the formation of the 
 " Koyal Irish Choral Society," the Author received the following 
 letters of congratulation : 
 
 " CASTLE HOWARD, Jan. 12, 1843. 
 " DEAR GASKIN, 
 
 " Many thanks for your enclosures, and the best wishes for the new year. 
 . . . . I am very glad to hear you have had so favourable a reception in 
 high quarters. If you happen to have my last letter on the subject [choral 
 music] still by you, have the goodness to enclose it to me, and I will return it. 
 
 " Very faithfully yours, 
 
 "MOBPETH."' 
 
 " TRE^THAM, STAFFORDSHIRE, June, 1846. 
 " DEAR MR. GASKIN, 
 
 " I have indeed had great pleasure in reading of those marks of honourable 
 appreciation you have received in connexion with the spread of choral music in 
 Ireland. 
 
 " Very faithfully yours, 
 
 "MOEPETH." 
 
 * "COUNCIL OFFICE, WHITEHALL, Oct. 22, 1842. 
 
 " DEAR SIK, 
 
 " I have written to the Commissioners of Education on your behalf; but, if it will 
 be any satisfaction to you to receive from me the expression of my confidence that your 
 recent visit to England has qualified you to teach the method of Wilhem, I readily 
 express my conviction that you are prepared to introduce it into the Model Schools of 
 Ireland. 
 
 " I cannot do so without adding that I trust your visit to England will have given
 
 xvi PREFACE. 
 
 The Author's work on " Geography and History made Inte- 
 nding," based on the inductive system of interrogation practised 
 by him at the Model Schools, Mornington House, so much ad- 
 mired and commended by Lord Carlisle, being ready for pub- 
 lication, he requested permission to dedicate the work to his 
 Lordship, and received the following reply : 
 
 " LONDON, May 16, 1846. 
 " DEAR GASKIK, 
 " I accept the Dedication with very great pleasure. 
 
 " Faithfully yours, 
 
 " MORPETH." 
 
 "DEDICATION, 
 "TO THE RIGHT HON. VISCOUNT MORPETH, 
 
 " Whose literary tastes and high lineage are only surpassed by his benevolent 
 exertions to carry out the maxim that ' to educate is to govern.' " 
 
 The year 1847 the famine year was a period of great priva- 
 tion and suffering in Ireland. Misery and desolation overspread the 
 land. The trading, mercantile, and professional classes equally felt 
 the fearful pressure of this awful visitation. The Author's profession 
 is of all others peculiarly liable to suffer from any serious national 
 calamity or depression. He now feels mingled emotions of plea- 
 sure and regret, when calling to mind and recording the thought- 
 ful kindness of his ever-benevolent patron, Lord Carlisle, who, 
 unsolicited, under the impulse of his own kind heart, remitted the 
 Author a cheque for fifty guineas. 
 
 you a title to respect for the steadiness of your conduct, your amiable manners, and in- 
 telligence ; nor without expressing a hope that you will be as successful in securing the 
 good wishes and support of your patrons in Dublin as you have been in England. 
 
 " I am, dear Sir, very truly yours, 
 
 "J. P. KAY. 
 " A/r. Jamtt J. Gatkim."
 
 PREFACE. Xvi* 
 
 From this sad era in Ireland's sufferings to the year 1852 
 [in the interval Lord Carlisle had succeeded to the Earldom of 
 Carlisle'], Lord Carlisle continued to hold a familiar and friendly 
 correspondence with the Author on the various questions of in- 
 terest relating to the welfare of Ireland. 
 
 One of his Lordship's letters is as follows : 
 
 "CASTLE HOWARD, Dec. 18, 1852. 
 " DEAR MR. GASKIIT, 
 
 "I was very glad to hear that you approved of my letter, and still more 
 so to find that your discharge of your ofiicial duties meets with such honour- 
 able recognition. 
 
 "Your faithful well-wisher, 
 
 " CARLISLE." 
 
 After the Earl of Carlisle had been appointed Lord Lieute- 
 nant of Ireland, and previous to his arrival in Dublin, the Author 
 received the following letters : 
 
 " CASTLE HOWAED, AfarcA, 1855. 
 " DEAR MR. GASKHT, 
 
 "Many thanks for your valuable and suggestive Heads and Hints 
 
 Your friend the critic treats me most handsomely. I beg to mention that the 
 work was not sent to any of the publishers of papers to my knowledge."* 
 
 " Very faithfully yours, 
 
 " CARLISLE." 
 " MY DEAR GASKIN, 
 
 " I am extremely pleased to have your useful publications, and gratified 
 by the place I continue to hold in your recollections. 
 
 " Yours, very faithfully, 
 
 " CARLISLE." 
 
 On the resignation of Lord Palmerston's Ministry, the Earl 
 of Carlisle was succeeded by the late Earl of Eglinton as Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, March 9th, 1858. In the beginning of 
 May the Author received the following letter : 
 
 * "A Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters," by the Earl of Carlisle, Longman 
 and Co. 
 
 b
 
 X vi k PREFACE. 
 
 " CHISWICK, May 8, 1858. 
 44 DEAR MR. GASKIST, 
 
 44 1 am extremely obliged by your timely and friendly vindication.* 
 
 44 Yours faithfully, 
 
 44 CARLISLE." 
 Small service ia true service, while it lasts ; 
 
 Of friends, however humble, spurn not one : 
 The daisy, by the shadow that it casts, 
 
 Protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun. 
 
 On the resignation of the Earl of Derby's Administration, in 
 June, 1859, the Earl of Carlisle was again appointed Lord Lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland. The Author was honoured with the following 
 letters relative to his exertions in vocal culture during the second 
 Viceroyalty of the Earl of Carlisle : 
 
 44 DUBLIN CASTLE, Jan. 25, 1861. 
 " DEAR MR. GASKIK, 
 
 " I rejoice most sincerely in your success. Just now my time is very 
 much engrossed, but I shall hope to have some opportunity shortly of hearing 
 your Classes. 
 
 41 Yours truly, 
 
 " CARLISLE." 
 
 41 DUBLIN CASTLE, Feb. 27, 1861. 
 44 DEAR MR. GASKIN, 
 
 " I regret much that my leisure time in this country has not admitted of 
 my oftener witnessing your exertions in vocal culture. I cordially wish you all 
 success and prosperity. 
 
 44 Yours very faithfully, 
 
 44 CARLISLE." 
 
 Having composed a work entitled " The History, Theory, and 
 Practice of Vocal Music made Interesting," the Author applied 
 to the Earl of Carlisle for permission to dedicate it to his Lord- 
 ship, and received the following reply : 
 
 * Vide " Dublin Evening Post," May 6th, 1858.
 
 PREFACE. xvi c 
 
 " VICEREGAL LODGE, Oct. 19, 1861. 
 " DEAB ME. GASKIN, 
 " I shall feel much gratified by the Dedication. 
 
 " Very faithfully yours, 
 
 " CAELISLE." 
 
 Accordingly, the Author inscribed the following 
 
 "DEDICATION. 
 
 " TO HIS EXCELLENCY GEORGE FREDERICK WILLIAM, 
 EARL OF CARLISLE, K. G., 
 
 " Lord Lieutenant General, and General Governor of Ireland, <fec. Ac. 
 
 " MY LOED, 
 
 "A life devoted to the noblest and most philanthropic purposes, in 
 raising the standard of our social, moral, and educational institutions a life 
 of purity, charity, and Gospel benevolence a life illumined by the sunlight 
 of literary fame and exquisite taste, so worthily employed in adorning the nu- 
 merous incidents of our growing prosperity a life on whose every page is 
 written the maxim, ' To educate is to govern 1 a life affectionately wedded 
 to the spirit of unity in the regeneration of our country, so happily antici- 
 pated by Moore, in the melody 
 
 "'Erin, thy silent tear never shall cease, 
 Erin, thy languid smile ne'er shall increase, 
 Till, like the rainbow's light, 
 Thy various tints vnite, 
 And form in Heaven's sight 
 One arch of peace.' 
 
 this life, realized in the exalted person of your Lordship, has completely 
 changed the spirit of your ancestral motto, ' Volo non Vuleo? Under your 
 Lordship's benign rule, every branch of popular knowledge has been ad- 
 vanced and none more so than vocal music as an essential branch of pri- 
 mary education. Milton, in his well-known letters on Education, speaks 
 of music, and of ' elegant voices, tuned to religious, martial, or civic ditties, 
 which,' he says, ' if wise men and prophets be not extremely out, have a great 
 power over dispositions and manners, to smoothe and make them gentle from 
 rustic harshness and distempered passions.' In our own day this truth has 
 been more generally received. The Right Hon. "W. E. Gladstone thus testifies 
 to its humanizing influence : 
 
 " ' They who consider music to be a powerless thing, who think it ranks amongst the 
 trifles of existence, are in gross error ; because, from the beginning of the world down to
 
 xvi d PREFACE. 
 
 the present time, it has been one of the most forcible instruments both for training, for 
 arousing, and for governing the mind and the spirit of man. The foundations lie deep 
 in our nature ; they have been placed there by the Author of that nature ; and it is, in 
 an humble sense, doing His work, and cultivating the gifts with which He has endowed 
 us. There was a time when letters and civilization had but begun to dawn upon the 
 world. In that day music was not unknown. On the contrary, it was so far from 
 being a mere servant and handmaid of common and light amusement, that the great and 
 noble art of poetry was essentially wedded to that of music, so much so, that there was 
 no poet who was not a musician ; there was no verse spoken in the early ages of the 
 world but that music was adopted as its vehicle, showing thereby the universal con- 
 sciousness that in that way the straightest and most effectual road would be found to the 
 heart and affections of man. So long as fourteen hundred years ago, the greatest and 
 most eminent of all Christian men, the great St. Augustine, left upon record, as one cf 
 the auxiliary instruments of his conversion from Heathenism to become a preacher of the 
 Gospel, the influence which the sweet strains of the Christian Church exercised upon his 
 yet untutored soul.' 
 
 " The distinguished patronage and support which your Lordship has so ge- 
 nerously bestowed on all our musical and art societies, coupled with heart- 
 felt gratitude for past favours, have induced me to dedicate this work on the 
 Early History, Theory, and Practice of Vocal Music, to your Lordship, whose 
 life is so pleasingly intertwined with the recent history of this country. To 
 pray for its prosperity and the continuance of your life is my duty, as it is my 
 ambition to appear on all occasions 
 
 " Your Lordship's 
 
 " Most obedient, grateful, and devoted Servant, 
 " JAMES J. GASKIN." 
 
 The Author, having presented Lord Carlisle with a copy of 
 the work, had the honour of receiving the following gracious 
 acknowledgment : 
 
 "VICEREGAL LODGE, Nov. 26th, 1861. 
 " MY DEAR MR. GASKIIT, 
 
 " I have received your beautiful book. I wish I deserved half the things 
 you so kindly say. I fear you have more than repaid any little kindness I 
 was formerly able to show. 
 
 " Your honourable career has been essentially your own merit ; but my 
 complacency cannot help mixing a slight degree of credit with the genuine 
 satisfaction it has afforded me. 
 
 " Yours very faithfully, 
 
 " CARLISLE."
 
 PREFACE. Xvi e 
 
 Kind and noble Carlisle, thy gracious and valued testimony, 
 shall ever remain deeply indelibly impressed on the Author's 
 mind. 
 
 For some few years longer, during which the Author enjoyed 
 his Lordship's unvarying friendship and confidence, the .mild 
 administration of Lord Carlisle continued in Ireland ; then fol- 
 lowed his Lordship's afflicting malady, consequent resignation, 
 and retirement from the cares of public life to the calm and ne- 
 cessary repose of his ancestral home. 
 
 The Author might add a great many incidents, proving the 
 sincere and generous friendship of Lord Carlisle. It will, however, 
 suffice to state that, up to the sad day of his departure from Ireland,* 
 Lord Carlisle continued to favour him with his friendship, kind 
 patronage, and cheering words of advice ; and he reasonably 
 hopes to be excused for giving a place in this narrative to personal 
 
 * On the day of Lord Carlisle's final departure from Ireland the Author sent the fol- 
 lowing letter to his Lordship : 
 
 " MY LOBD, 
 
 " I stood on the ' Carlisle Pier' this morning at six o'clock, my heart laden with 
 sorrow and regret, to look a last farewell, and at a distance to bid a mental adieu to the 
 generous and pure-minded patron and friend of my youth, whom I may never see again. 
 My prayer night and morning shall ever be May the Great Father of Mercy the Al- 
 mighty and Eternal God, bless, protect, and speedily restore your Lordship to good 
 health." 
 
 To which he received the following reply from Lady Elizabeth Grey, the affectionate 
 sister who accompanied him from Ireland : 
 
 "CASTLE HOWARD, Aug. 15, 18G4. 
 " DEAR SIB, 
 
 "Lord Carlisle wishes me to thank yon very heartily for your kind words of fare- 
 well. We hope he is beginning to recover from the fatigue of the journey ; and that r 
 through God's blessing, he may find benefit from the repose he can enjoy here. 
 
 "Yours, obliged, 
 
 " ELIZABETH GREY."
 
 X vi f PREFACE. 
 
 feelings, in order to indicate the impelling motives of affection 
 and gratitude which, besides public considerations, induced him 
 to pay his humble tribute to the memory of his noble benefactor, 
 whose name will ever be held sacred and revered by a grateful 
 heart. 
 
 October, 1864. Shadows are now deepening round the life 
 of the noble Earl. He is surrounded by affectionate sisters and 
 brothers, whom he tenderly loved. Within the princely halls of 
 Castle Howard all is anxiety and hope for his recovery. At this 
 period of Lord Carlisle's illness, the Author unconscious of the 
 dangerous nature of the crisis wrote the following letter to his 
 Lordship on the subject of the publication of this Volume : 
 
 " 40, GREAT BRUNSWICK-STREET, DUBLIN, 
 
 October 19, 1864. 
 "Mr LORD, 
 
 " A 'labour of love,' extending over a period of nine years, is finished. A 
 work containing a faithful and interesting record of the various incidents in 
 Ireland's history since the first hour your Lordship arrived in this country as 
 the representative of our beloved Queen, is now completed in classified sections, 
 ready for publication in a style somewhat similar to the Speeches and Addresses 
 of his Royal Highness the late Prince Consort. The two MS. volumes, which 
 I have the honour of forwarding for your Lordship's perusal, contain nearly 
 all those charming Speeches, which you so happily delivered during your 
 long and prosperous Government of this country. The volumes also contain 
 your Addresses and Lectures at Mechanics' Institutes, and a few of your 
 Occasional Poems. To perpetuate those chaste and elegant effusions in a col- 
 lective form, so that they may reach the homesteads of the humble as well as 
 the mansions of the wealthy, is now and has been for years past the aim and 
 object of my mind ; and, with God's blessing, I shall publish this work in a 
 style worthy of your Lordship's brilliant genius and exalted position, accom- 
 panied as it is by a pure and benevolent life, which knows no selfishness, but has 
 rather blossomed and nobly expanded in large-heartedness and universal sym- 
 pathy for your fellow-man in every clime. I undertake the publication of this 
 really national work con amore. I have already received assurances of support 
 from gentlemen representing all shades of political opinions. Your Lordship's 
 warmhearted and affectionate friend, the Right Hon. Alexander Mac Donnell,
 
 PREFACE. xvi 
 
 is much pleased that I should have thought years ago of compiling and classi- 
 fying those official addresses and spirited speeches, which at the present time 
 it would be impossible to procure, and which for style and purity of diction 
 may be truly said to be UNEQUALLED in the annals of Viceregal Government 
 in this country. 
 
 " In conclusion, allow me to assure your Lordship that I have earnestly 
 prayed for your recovery since the sad day you quitted the shores of Ire- 
 land ; and I sincerely hope, through the goodness and mercy of God, that the 
 day of your restoration to health is near at hand. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, my Lord, 
 " Your Lordship's most devoted and faithful Servant, 
 
 " JAMES J. GASKIN. 
 " The Right Hon. the Earl of Carlisle.'" 
 
 Lord Carlisle manifested much pleasure on hearing of the 
 Author's intention. The state of his Lordship's health did not 
 admit of a direct reply. His sister, Lady Caroline Lascelles, 
 graciously supplied the Author with some of Lord Carlisle's Ad- 
 dresses, Lectures, and Poems, including " The Second Vision of 
 Daniel" (a paraphrase inverse); "The Last of the Greeks," a 
 drama in five acts, very few copies of which were published. To 
 Lady Elizabeth Grey he is specially indebted for her valuable 
 aid, and many important suggestions. The sanction and approval 
 of the beloved and affectionate sisters of the illustrious Earl of 
 Carlisle have afforded the Author infinite gratification. He has 
 used his best exertions to prove himself not unworthy of their 
 confidence. 
 
 All hope of Lord Carlisle's restoration to health soon vanished. 
 After a few months of painful suffering borne with Christian 
 fortitude and calm resignation his mortal remains were depo- 
 sited in the silent tomb. 
 
 The good and generous Lord Carlisle never desired more 
 than gratitude for kind services ; and gratitude, when sincere
 
 xvi h PREFACE. 
 
 and unaffected, gave him infinite pleasure and satisfaction. The 
 long and kind friendship of Lord Carlisle for the author was, 
 alas, too soon to be dissolved by the Divine Being whose su- 
 preme will disposes the destinies of mankind. There is something 
 consoling and inspiring something truly grand in the vivid 
 recollection and contemplation of a friendship like this founded 
 on true magnanimity and good will on respect, admiration, and 
 a profound sense of gratitude : 
 
 " What is grandeur, what is power ? 
 Heavier toil, superior pain. 
 What the bright reward we gain ? 
 The grateful memory of the good. 
 Sweet is the breath of vernal shower, 
 The bee's collected treasures sweet. 
 Sweet music's melting fall, but sweeter yet, 
 THE STILL SMALL VOICE OF GRATITUDE." 
 
 GRAY. 
 
 40, GRKAT BRUNSWICK-STREET, DCBLIN, 
 The Queen'* Birth Day, 18GG.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " The sayings of great men, in their public discourses, have somewhat in them 
 which is worthy to be transmitted to posterity." 
 
 IN the Addresses, Lectures, and Writings of the late and la- 
 mented Lord Carlisle, there breathes a certain air of bene- 
 volence. We must admire the copiousness of learning displayed, 
 the sweetness and graces, the elegant simplicity and perspi- 
 cuity of his style, the purity of his taste, his sentiments lofty 
 and vigorous in expression, his persuasive eloquence, close and 
 solid reasoning, his earnest sincerity. Nor were the ornaments 
 of poetic imagery, nor fine and attractive similitudes, wanting to 
 adorn and illustrate his discourses and varied compositions, in 
 both of which he instructs as well as pleases, or rather pleases 
 that he may instruct. His addresses were delivered with feeling 
 and animation. He stood forth an ornament to truth and virtue, 
 the fervid glow of enthusiasm mantling his cheek, his fine ex- 
 pressive countenance beaming with good will and charity. 
 
 The claims of the late Lord Carlisle to rank as a great man 
 to have his sayings transmitted to posterity rest on a sure 
 and solid foundation. On his appointment to the Lord Lieu- 
 tenancy of Ireland, Mr. Disraeli, his Lordship's political op- 
 ponent, said in the House of Commons : 
 
 " I sat in this House for ten years with Lord Carlisle, and let me remind 
 the House that those were not ordinary times. This House then reckoned 
 amongst its Members probably a greater number of celebrated men than it 
 ever contained at any other time. At other times, indeed, there may have 
 been individual examples of higher intellectual powers ; but a greater number
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of great men never flourished than during those ten years. Lord Morpeth 
 met them on equal terms ; he took a great part in the greatest debates ; and 
 he was a man remarkable for his knowledge, his accomplishments, and his 
 eloquence." 
 
 His knowledge and accomplishments were universal. Be- 
 nevolence was the sustained purpose of his life. He had, like 
 the late Prince Consort, "an abiding aspiration towards the 
 beautiful, and, like most men of genius, possessed a certain 
 innocency of character, and a power of taking interest in what 
 surrounded him. No form of human adversity would have 
 been able to harden his susceptible nature, or deaden his soul 
 to the widespread interests of humanity." The claim in respect 
 of the people of Ireland is based on his happy administra- 
 tion in that country during the period of his Secretaryship and 
 Viceroyalty, on the vast progress of prosperity, but, above all, 
 on the love and veneration of the people. 
 
 The high estimation in which Lord Carlisle was held as a kind 
 
 D 
 
 and indulgent landlord, and a truly courteous resident nobleman, 
 when his official duties permitted him to reside on his patrimonial 
 estates, the following extract from the " Carlisle Journal," of the 
 9th December, 1864 (a few days after the sad intelligence of his 
 decease) will amply attest : 
 
 " Although Lord Carlisle's principal residence was in Yorkshire, the fact 
 that he had extensive possessions in Cumberland, that he derived his title from 
 its chief town, and that he ever cherished a warm affection for his old Border 
 keep, with all its quaint and rudely romantic associations, made Cumbrians 
 invariably regard him as one of their own worthies. The traditions of Naworth 
 Castle, indeed, had always endeared it to the Carlisle family ... In one en- 
 dowed with such fine tastes as the late Earl, the love for the venerable fabric 
 about which hovered so many traditions of the famous ancestor of his family 
 was naturally very strong. . . Except when his official duties demanded his 
 presence elsewhere, an autumn seldom passed without bringing him to Na- 
 worth. He delighted in the quiet seclusion of the place ; and he delighted, also, 
 in the intercourse which his residence there afforded him with his tenantry 
 and neighbours, among whom he moved with the native ease and unaffected 
 friendliness of true nobility always accessible and ready to assist entering 
 with a keen zest into the rural athletic sports occasionally taking part in
 
 INTRODUCTION. xvi k 
 
 local meetings, and ever exhibiting an amiable and conciliatory disposition, 
 which laid the foundation of strong personal attachment. No wonder that the 
 loss of one possessing so many noble virtues should be deplored. He never 
 made an enemy, because he never deceived or disappointed a friend. He was 
 forbearing towards his tenantry, kind and considerate towards his dependents, 
 unfailing in his desire to serve all who sought his aid. He was truly a man 
 free from all guile, and perhaps few have carried with them to the grave so 
 much real public affection." 
 
 Referring to his official career in Ireland, the same Journal 
 says : 
 
 u Few men could have been selected more likely to conciliate the good 
 will of the Irish than Lord Carlisle ; his name and his rank commanded 
 universal respect, while the geniality of his manner, and the winning graceful- 
 ness of his oratory, confirmed that feeling of personal regard which his well- 
 known liberal views and tolerant spirit had already created. 
 
 " His aim was ever to conciliate. He instinctively shrank from causing 
 pain, and discouraged every movement that bore the appearance of harshness; 
 and he has left behind him a name that will ever be cherished with gratitude 
 and affection by the inhabitants of the Emerald Isle. 
 
 u In the various walks of his public life as a thoughtful and accomplished 
 writer as a graceful and eloquent orator as a painstaking politician Lord 
 Carlisle was always true to his character as an amiable and benevolent man. 
 
 " As an ornament to his class, and an unobtrusive benefactor of his race, 
 his loss will be widely felt, and as widely lamented." 
 
 The Very Rev. Daniel Bagot, Dean of Dromore, in his 
 funeral oration preached in memory of the late Lord Carlisle, 
 in the Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle, 18th December, 1864, by the 
 special desire of His Excellency Lord Wodehouse (after enu- 
 merating the high and distinguishing qualities of his mind ; his 
 manliness and impressive wisdom; his clear intelligence, and 
 copious information ; his integrity, stainless unbending prin- 
 ciples, and disinterestedness ; his genial affability and pleasing 
 conversation; the sincerity of his religious convictions, and ge- 
 nuine charity ; his sterling honour and intrinsic virtue) ; in 
 speaking of his eloquence and literary productions, observes : 
 
 " But a brighter diadem, and richer far than aristocratic birth and here- 
 ditary nobility can confer, encircled and adorned his brow. He was emi-
 
 xvi 1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nently distinguished by great mental activity, by an ardent love for literature, 
 by refined and vigorous scholarship, and by an exquisite power of discerning 
 and appreciating the beautiful, the chastened, and the sublime, in every walk 
 and department of classical and historic lore. Even still the echoes of that 
 persuasive and fascinating eloquence with which he so often delighted the 
 minds of his audience are sounding in our ears, while the soft and soothing 
 fragrance of those poetic flowers with Avhich he charmed the hearts of his 
 readers still retains its infant freshness. Whatever the mild wisdom of his 
 genius has composed is characterized by gracefulness of thought, a genial ten- 
 derness of feeling, an unassuming air of earnest enthusiasm, an elegant sim- 
 plicity, a pure and softly-polished taste, a graphic and well-sustained perspi- 
 cuity of style. All his productions show that he was deeply impressed with a 
 conviction that education should not only be scientific, and religious, and 
 moral, and practical, but eminently aesthetic that it should impart knowledge 
 calculated to ennoble, to dignify, and to refine the affections of the heart, to 
 develope our instinctive tastes for order and harmony in creation, and for ad- 
 miring ' whatsoever things are lovely' in the works of nature and of art, as 
 well as to convey instruction to the mind." 
 
 CHIEF SECRETARYSHIP OF LORD CARLISLE. 
 
 The Earl of Carlisle commenced official life in 1835. The 
 Melbourne Administration, succeeding the Grey Ministry, inhe- 
 rited the " Irish difficulty." They resolved to grapple with the 
 difficulty by governing the country with equal justice to all, and 
 absolute impartiality. The affable and good Lord Mulgrave, af- 
 terwards Marquis of Normanby, was appointed Lord Lieutenant; 
 and Lord Carlisle, then Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland. Thus commenced the first official connexion of Lord 
 Carlisle with our country a connexion which subsisted for 
 nearly thirty years. In this important office his Lordship was most 
 assiduous, accessible, and laborious in the discharge of his various 
 duties. The genuine liberality of his political opinions, his frank 
 and courteous demeanour, and the justice and impartiality with 
 which he administered the patronage of the Irish Executive, 
 rendered him extremely popular. The important bills which he 
 introduced and carried through the House for the settlement of 
 Tithes, on the subject of Irish Municipal Reform, and the Irish 
 Poor Laws, had the effect of tranquillizing the disturbed minds
 
 INTRODUCTION. xvi m 
 
 of the people, elevating all classes to a just equality, and relieving 
 distress. The appointment of stipendiary magistrates, the nomi- 
 nation of sheriffs, the selection of jurors, and various regula- 
 tions for the administration of the laws, owe their origin to his 
 impartial and sound policy. During this period were engendered 
 the deep mutual love and attachment which, increasing in growth 
 and strength, endured to the close of his official life, forming a 
 grand and attractive feature in his subsequent Viceregal career 
 the golden bond which so firmly and fondly united the noble Lord 
 and the people of Ireland, who hoped that he would long con- 
 tinue in the discharge of his useful functions. In the summer 
 of 1841, however, there was a change of Ministry. The late Sir 
 Robert Peel became Premier, and, of course, Lord Carlisle ceased 
 to hold the office of Chief Secretary. He retired from that office 
 with the sincere regret and good wishes of the whole nation, 
 including many of his political opponents ; and was presented 
 with a farewell Address, previous to hisdeparture, September 12th, 
 1841. 
 
 The Duke of Leinster, on presenting the Address, said " It 
 gave him the greatest pleasure to have had the honour of being 
 Chairman of the meeting at which the Address was adopted. To 
 the Address were 257,000 names 57 Peers, 29 Honourables, 25 
 Baronets, 97 Deputy Lieutenants, 102 Magistrates, 12 Roman 
 Catholic Bishops, together with a considerable number of Pro- 
 testant and Dissenting Ministers of various denominations." 
 
 When His Grace had concluded the reading of the Address, 
 Lord Carlisle said : 
 
 " MY LORD DUKE, AND GENTLEMEN It would be unnecessary, even if it 
 were at all possible , for me to inform you with how deep and penetrating a feeling 
 I have listened to the words of such an Address as that which has just been pro- 
 nounced made so remarkable and so precious by the circumstances of the time 
 at which it has been presented, and by the number and character of the 
 parties to its adoption. It cannot be said to have been merely framed upon 
 trust, as it truly records that a connexion of above six years has subsisted 
 between us ; it cannot be referred to any interested motive, as it is addressed 
 to a functionary despoiled of power ; it can hardly be thought to pander to any 
 revolutionary tendency, when it was first ushered into notice under auspices 
 
 a
 
 xvi" INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which combine the most constitutional patriotism with the loftiest lineage of 
 the land ; it does not confine itself to aristocratic sympathies, because I have 
 reason to believe that it has been affirmed and echoed by the Irish people. I 
 trust that the pleasure I could not fail to derive from the favourable and candid 
 appreciation of the acts and intentions of the Administration just brought to a 
 close, can only be enhanced and heightened to me when I reflect how much of 
 the credit assigned to it must be absorbed by those under whom it has been my 
 privilege to serve, and by those with whom it has been my good fortune to 
 act. Still, with whomsoever I have shared, I have at least been surpassed by 
 none in the desire to give both permanency and efficacy to every deve- 
 lopment of the paramount principles of civil and religious freedom, and the prac- 
 tical exercise of political and social equality between man and man, between 
 class and class, between creed and creed, and between country and country. 
 These were the sentiments which inspired the first accents which I had pub- 
 licly an opportunity of uttering in this city, before my official connexion with 
 the country had commenced. Now that it is closed, it is gratifying for me to think 
 that they have been familiar to my practice, and to know that they are close 
 to my heart. It is impossible for me to refrain from mentioning, with humble 
 thankfulness, that the sincere, though imperfect, and not wholly unobstructed 
 endeavours to carry those principles into real operation, have been crowned 
 with more than corresponding effect on the disposition and conduct of the 
 nation on whose behalf they were made; and I believe that 1 may affirm ,- 
 without the risk of misrepresentation, that at the moment in which we are 
 called upon to transfer the Government of Ireland to the charge of our succes- 
 sors, we have the satisfaction of leaving the country, with respect to internal 
 tranquillity and order, in a more undisturbed and promising condition than 
 was hardly ever before experienced. It is my most earnest hope that the 
 people, by their perseverance in such courses, may invite and compel a grateful 
 and adequate return from any rulers under whom they may be placed. For all 
 that refers more directly to myself in your Address, I thank you most feelingly. 
 I have found among you everything that could most excite and rivet attach- 
 ment. And now, all that remains for me is to renew my assurance that through 
 the whole course of my life I shall seize with alacrity any opportunity that 
 passing events may supply for evincing it ; and I shall retain this honoured 
 document as its best memorial and incentive, and as the richest heirloom I 
 could bequeath to the name I bear."* 
 
 * " I remember once visiting Castle Howard, accompanied by the late Alderman 
 Heck (of York), when the Earl of Carlisle showed us his masterpieces of art, and 
 all the beauties of Castle Howard ; but the one thing that he appeared to take most 
 pride and pleasure in, was the Memorial that had been presented to him on 400 feet 
 of parchment on hia leaving Ireland." Earl Cathcart, at the Yorkshire Memorial 
 Meeting, November 29, 1865.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV11 
 
 A grand Banquet was given to his Lordship in the evening, 
 at which the Marquis of Clanricarde presided. To the toast, 
 
 " Our distinguished guest, Lord Morpeth," 
 the Noble Lord replied as follows : 
 
 " MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, I think that I may easily gain credit when 
 I assure you that all the circumstances attending the present meeting and the 
 present spectacle all that has been done or has been said upon this occasion 
 or, to sum all up at once, that this present moment must to me, as I now stand 
 here, wear a character and produce an effect altogether overwhelming. At 
 such a time it could not fail to recall vividly to my memory even if you, 
 my Lord, had not reminded me of it, being, as you were yourself, a gracious 
 witness on both occasions that at the interval of thirteen years ago, it 
 was my lot an Englishman, and a stranger to be received in the same city 
 to an entertainment of more slender dimensions indeed, but somewhat par- 
 taking of the same character and description as the present. An Englishman 
 I still remain ; but it is, perhaps, the most gratifying portion of the honours 
 which have this day been poured so thickly around me, that as a stranger I 
 appear before you no longer. At the period to which I have adverted, com- 
 paratively unknown and inexperienced, I must have been indebted for the dis- 
 tinction then accorded to me wholly to the persuasion that I shared in the 
 sentiments upon the great subject of civil and national rights which you 
 yourselves considered as peculiarly consecrated ; and that I was disposed, in any 
 sphere that might be open to me, to act honestly on all occasions. But I am 
 here to-night, Gentlemen, having filled for a longer period than any of my pre- 
 decessors the office of Chief Secretary for Ireland ; and knowing, by my per- 
 sonal experience, the responsible and difficult nature of the delicate duties which 
 it involves, and remembering the feelings of anxiety, and even of misgiving, 
 with which I first entered on their discharge, and conscious, above all, of the 
 many errors and imperfections which a retrospect of the whole intervening 
 period affords, and which I cannot fail to conjure up before my memory I 
 own 1 cannot wholly suppress the thrill of pleasure and exultation with which 
 I look at this brilliant scene before me as the rich reward of all my exertions. 
 
 It has been my especial pleasure and pride to act here in Ireland under an Ad- 
 ministration headed by the gallant and chivalrous bearing of the Marquis of 
 Normanby by the steady and deep-seated patriotism of Earl Fortescue. I 
 will not descant here because the list would be too long the matter would 
 be too copious on the eminent conduct and services of the successive advisers 
 with whom it has been the good fortune of the Government within the period 
 
 b
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of my experience to be connected, and who have brought to their services the 
 tnptt distinguished natural endowments and professional attainments, as well 
 as that keen sense of justice and that high thirst for truth which have outshone 
 even these. There are, Gentlemen, recollections of services and attachments, 
 not yielding to any of these, which, amidst each good and flattering ac- 
 companiment, would be too painful and too tender to dwell on. But as the 
 mage of the absent Brutus impressed itself most prominently on the minds 
 of the spectators at the pageant of the living Emperor, you would have sen- 
 siblv felt the void if I had altogether withheld the allusion. Gentlemen, 
 that which has been the main support and strength of the Ministry which has 
 given them confidence in the struggle, and served as a rallying point amidst 
 discouragements, and has given animation to the victory has been the ge- 
 nerous and unswerving fidelity of the Irish people. I have the gratification of 
 seeing around this board many of Ireland's most ancient nobility. I also see 
 many of her popular representatives, many of whose voices have been lent to 
 give utterance to the feelings of their constituency in our support, and all of 
 whose votes have been given in defence of those just and legitimate principles 
 which arc held by the people. The support which the Government has received 
 from them has been an honourable and an availing one, because it has been re- 
 sponsive to the popular feelings, and true to the popular cause. Gentle- 
 men, I must not forget that I come before you here to-night as a member, not 
 of a standing or existing, but of a beaten Ministry ; and, though I have happily 
 proved to-day that I am not yet excluded from your streets from your places 
 of public concourse from your halls of pleasure from the warm grasp and the 
 friendly greeting from the social board and the flowing wine-cup yet into 
 the guarded precincts of the Castle of Dublin I am no longer privileged to 
 enter. Into the general causes of the defeat and downfall of the Government to 
 which my colleague and I belonged, I do not think this would be an appro- 
 priate time for me to enter. It is gratifying to me to reflect that, whatever 
 may have been the other contributing causes, the immediate occasion of that 
 overthrow has been an endeavour to do what we conceived was justice 
 perhaps against prejudices, and certainly in despite of partial and particular 
 interests to the struggles of industry in all its branches to the wants of the 
 entire people. If we have judged and acted wrongly, we have probably sealed 
 our own doom ; but if otherwise, I most firmly believe that time will work our 
 vindication, and that, too, in as full a measure as the utmost ardour of party 
 could desire. In this place, before the present auditory, and on this precise 
 occasion, I fwl that what further remarks I have to offer ought to have re- 
 ference to the connexion of passing events with the fortunes of Ireland ; and, 
 Gentlemen, on this subject I hope you will bear with me, or rather that you 
 will take the blame to yourselves, if I form a less modest estimate than I
 
 INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 ought of past transactions. Now that our day of office is closed, and that 
 we have to transfer the reins of Government into other hands, I have no hesi- 
 tation to come forward and say that, backed and supported as I have described 
 ourselves to have been by the Irish representatives and Irish people, our 
 time of stewardship has not been unfaithfully or unprofitably spent. We come 
 not empty-handed to the reckoning, and some of our sheaves are with us. 
 
 I believe on this subject I may say, without the imputation of boasting, that we 
 leave the administration of justice in Ireland without leaving on it the slightest 
 stain of partiality to creed or party, but leaving respect and confidence in it more 
 deeply seated in the breasts of the people than we found it. And I may here be 
 allowed to notice, perhaps, one of the most important improvements of all other 
 in this country I allude to our giving, by every means that in us lay, our utmost 
 development to a system, the best we could devise, of National Education. On 
 this point, notwithstanding my conviction of its superior importance over many 
 other measures brought into operation in this country, I shall not dilate fur- 
 ther, because I should shrink from giving to it any party complexion, and be- 
 cause that much of the principles upon which it is founded, and by which it 
 is regulated, are attributable to Lord Stanley ; and, as I before coupled that no- 
 bleman's name with an unpopular measure, I now accede the more willingly 
 to him, that that system introduced into this country by the Noble Lord, ha's 
 effected the most important good ; and I fondly cherish the hope that it will 
 continue to be encouraged by the Noble Lord by whom it was founded, and by 
 his colleagues. I say this, feeling fully convinced that, no matter from what 
 quarter a blow to injure that institution might be aimed, it would render the 
 author of such liable to a responsibility the most serious that could possibly 
 occur. We now come to the period when we had to transfer the power we 
 held into other hands ; and I am entitled to say to our successors ' Improve 
 upon the errors of which we may have been guilty in our management ; correct 
 the abuseswhiehwemayhaveleftunremoved, and carry the fortunes of the Irish 
 people further and higher than we have been able to do ; but, above all, do 
 not suffer the sacred deposit which has been intrusted to you to be tarnished in 
 your hands. But I say to you, above all, keep clear knowing, as I do, some 
 of the companionship with which you are connected I say keep clear of 
 the blighting breath of bigotry foster the seeds of religious peace and good 
 feeling which have been generally disseminated throughout the land, and which, 
 with prudent and careful culture, may fill the furrows of the country with 
 plenty, and its heights with verdure, and make this great people happy and 
 united. I consider that it would be going beyond the sphere of my province 
 for me to venture to offer to the representatives of the Irish people in Parlia- 
 ment any advice or suggestion with respect to the course which it is rio-ht fur 
 
 b2
 
 XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 them to pursue on important political questions ; and that it would be as pre- 
 sumptuous in me, as it would be unnecessary, to remind them of the necessity 
 of a strict adherence to legal and constitutional means, and to the plain and 
 obvious dictates of social duty. Such a course would in me be impertinent, as 
 well as superfluous ; but, in the midst of all the elements of dissension and dis- 
 union which are thrown amongst the people, I place my reliance for perseverance 
 in good in their own good feelings, and in the great and manifest advances 
 in moral improvement which they have exhibited. Yes, and when I look to the 
 mighty and most striking development of the progress of moral improvement 
 and I do not here refer to any tiling arising from the ordinary measures of politics 
 I recall to mind that it was my lot, my good fortune, to have, in my place in the 
 House of Commons, to bear testimony to the wondrous and astounding effects 
 which have been attendant on the efforts of that great and good man, the Rev. 
 Mr. Mathew. Although I fear that the present assembly bears too convivial an 
 aspect to meet the entire approval of that good man, yet I am glad to take 
 the opportunity to speak of the singular merits of his labours in the presence of 
 so many gentlemen who can confirm, by their own testimony, the marvels of 
 his glorious mission in extending the blessings of temperance through the land. 
 lie needs not as he looks not for our praise or approbation he has higher 
 motives to actuate him in his labours ; but this I will say, that, when I examine 
 this mighty reformation, I feel there is nothing too great to hope for nothing 
 too brilliant to expect to see realized in Ireland. These are the themes the con- 
 templation of which fills me with hope that good will yet come to Ireland, and 
 that the interests of this much-injured country will ultimately prevail. When 
 I look back on the past history of this country, and her present capabilities 
 on all she has suffered, on all she may be destined to become when I perceive 
 how much she has contributed in some ways to the weakness, in other ways to 
 the strength of England how she has shed on every page of their blended 
 history the traces of her power and her intellect the light that still flashes 
 from the sword of Wellington, and plays around the lyre of Moore when, I 
 say, I recollect these things, I can form no wish but that two nations so cir- 
 cumstanced should enter into mutual participation of every civil right, and 
 every national privilege. They should flourish from the same sources of pros- 
 perity, and more and more encourage each other to essay the task of honour, 
 and the way of greatness. Gentlemen, whatever may have been the object, 
 and wheresoever the spot where the energies of the empire may have been called 
 into action whether men were called to place the standard of the British 
 arms on Candahar, or above the ruins of Acre whether it was necessary to 
 open the Euphrates and the Niger to our missionaries and our merchants, or to 
 disseminate amid the four southern seas the light of Christianity, Ireland has 
 ever stood foremost in every high achievement, and let her blood flow freely on 
 the crest of the billow and the bayonet of the foeman. And as she has shared
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxi 
 
 in the suffering, so, I trust, she will participate for many an age in those 
 triumphs which will establish in the abode of the Heathen the religion of the 
 Cross, and impart the blessings of civilization to distant nations. And now, 
 Gentlemen, having been led to say thus much by the occasion, in taking leave 
 of those with whom I have been associated, and by whom I have been sup- 
 ported, I can express my unshaken reliance on the main links which cemented 
 our sympathies. I believe these may be resolved into ardent attachment to 
 civil and religious freedom not in the cold letter, but in the living spirit not 
 in the formal language of the lips, but in the deep devotion of the heart. Such 
 is our cause, grounded on immortal principles ; and you may rest assured that 
 it will bring its adherents no shame. As for myself, individually, it is a painful, 
 yet a grateful office to bid farewell to those associates whose prompt and active 
 zeal has lightened the load of business and soothed the responsibilities of 
 office to friends whose steady and assiduous kindness has gladdened my 
 hours of recreation, and furnished me with stores of pleasurable recollections 
 and to the Irish people, who must ever command my respect, affection, sym- 
 pathy and gratitude, whenever I have the means of serving them, and as long 
 as I have the power of remembering them." 
 
 THE VICEROYALTY OF THE LATE EARL OF CARLISLE. 
 
 The appointment of the Earl of Carlisle as Viceroy of Ireland 
 was hailed with delight. His immense popularity insured him 
 a warm welcome from the Irish people, who received him with 
 unbounded acclamation. His courteous disposition, his gcnialgood 
 nature, and sense of justice, inspired hope and a firm faith in the 
 just administration of the law; and the Roman Catholic portion 
 of the people, who had just emerged from religious proscription, 
 revered him for the sincerity and earnestness of his efforts in 
 regard to Catholic Emancipation. They admired his unswerving 
 principles in favour of religious equality and constitutional liberty, 
 and his firmness in denouncingbigotry and intolerance, andbelieved 
 in their hearts that a new era had arrived for the prosperity of 
 the country, and the perfect equality of all, without religious dis- 
 tinction, and for the redress of many administrative evils which still 
 continued to exist. How the Earl of Carlisle fulfilled these antici- 
 pations, and by his impartial, firm, and conciliatory administration, 
 gained the good will and esteem of all, and left his memory hal- 
 lowed in the minds of the people, requires no comment. The
 
 xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Earl of Carlisle, in assuming the office of Viceroy, brought to 
 the discharge of his arduous duties a practical experience of 
 the condition of the country he was about to govern. During 
 his office of Chief Secretary a solid foundation had been laid for 
 the just and impartial administration of the laws ; the people re- 
 posed confidence in the justice, wisdom, and benevolence of the 
 administration; he was the founder and principal promoter of the 
 new system of governing Ireland ; he was beloved and revered 
 by the people ; his popularity and influence were unbounded ; 
 his genial kindness of temper, the chivalrous generosity of his 
 disposition, his devoted attachment to Ireland and its people, the 
 bland suavity and courtesy of his manners, his love of civil and 
 religious liberty, the purity of his nature, the enlightened prin- 
 ciples of his mind, all contributed to endear him to the nation ; 
 whilst his long and successful experience, his firmness and 
 prudence in administration, were the surest safeguards for the 
 preservation of tranquillity, the suppression of crime and disorder, 
 and the promotion of the material interests of the people, their 
 prosperity and happiness. No Viceroy ever assumed the govern- 
 ment of Ireland under happier or more favourable auspices no 
 nation ever felt more confidence or reliance upon the justice of the 
 administration, or more hope in the progress of the national pros- 
 perity, under the care and fostering charge of the distinguished 
 nobleman to whom that charge was intrusted. He acquired the 
 esteem and confidence of all classes of Irishmen, even those most 
 opposed to his political views. 
 
 The Irish people who never forget a favour or prove un- 
 grateful to a friend will preserve a lasting memory of the " good 
 and amiable" Viceroy, the Earl of Carlisle. He was a true ex- 
 ample of the sentiment, 
 
 " Ipsis Hibernicis Hiberniores." 
 
 Lord Carlisle's great object was to consolidate and unite ; to 
 disperse the elements of discord ; to create a generous oblivion of 
 past dissension and animosity ; to bring together in social har- 
 mony and genial intercourse all classes and parties, and so era-
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxiii 
 
 dicate the acerbities and bitter feelings that for ages had disunited 
 men of the same nation, who only required to be known to each 
 other socially and politically, in order to the removal of those 
 rancorous feelings of intolerance with which their minds were so 
 deeply imbued ^as to prevent their concord, and a general co- 
 operation for the improvement and welfare of their common 
 country. He felt that his great mission in Ireland was to conci- 
 liate, to harmonize, and to unite in the bonds of peace and friend- 
 ship a brave and generous people, hitherto a prey to the evil 
 genius of prejudice and party strife. Nobly did the Viceroy, 
 " so universal in all sorts of excellent qualities," fulfil this mis- 
 sion of peace and conciliation. 
 
 VICEREGAL ADDRESSES. 
 
 The subject matter of this volume is divided into various 
 sections ; the first in order contains the Addresses of Lord Carlisle 
 in connexion with the all-important question of 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 " Knowledge is power." The peace, prosperity, safety, and 
 existence of a nation depend on its power of protecting its 
 trade and commerce, and sustaining its interests and the various 
 dealings of its people with other nations which must necessarily 
 subsist. Every member of society is entitled to the protection 
 of the State ; and, on the other hand, every person is bound to 
 contribute to the safety and welfare of the whole community, to 
 the preservation of the peace and order of society, and the ob- 
 servance of the laws. Educationproduces our ministers, our states- 
 men, our ambassadors, our generals ; these govern the State for 
 the good and well-being of the people ; regulate our many and 
 important relations with foreign powers; remonstrate when wrong 
 and injustice have been done to any subject of the realm, and 
 punish the unjust aggressor. In proportion to the extent of 
 dominion, of trade and commerce, will be the value and neces-
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sity of attending to the education of the people. If England is 
 to maintain her pre-eminence, that must be the first and chief 
 object of government and legislation. If Ireland is to participate 
 in the prosperity of the empire, in the government and ad- 
 ministration, and to have a fair share in commerce and manufac- 
 tures (in order to qualify the people to discharge the different 
 offices of state, and to fulfil the duties of citizens and subjects with 
 advantage to the empire and the general welfare), a sound Na- 
 tional Education should be provided by the State. In Ireland the 
 greatest necessity existed for the removal of absurd prejudices, 
 which long prevailed, and the diffusion of liberal opinions, " by a 
 mixed education, whereby the youth of the land may gradually 
 unlearn the prejudices, antipathies, and mutual injustices of one- 
 another, which a separate education might engender."* Too 
 long had the people of Ireland been neglected, their prosperity 
 and happiness lost sight of, the national resources undeveloped, 
 and education totally overlooked by the State. 
 
 At length a better spirit appeared to animate the councils of 
 the Government ; they turned their attention to the importance of 
 National Instruction. The National Schools were established ; 
 and now, under Divine Providence, the people in general receive 
 a good and excellent education. But the education of the mass 
 of the people was not (although a great step in advance) sufficient 
 to satisfy the claim of Ireland in this respect. A more ex- 
 tended education was required for the benefit of those who 
 desired to attain a higher position in the ranks of society, 
 and whose ambition aimed at an ampler and wider field of 
 action. To meet this requirement, the Queen's University was 
 founded by letters patent in the year 1850, with power of grant- 
 ing Degrees in the several Faculties of Arts, Medicine, and Law. 
 The University consists of a Chancellor and Senate, and is esta- 
 blished as a Corporation, with perpetual succession. The Senate 
 meet at St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle, for holding Examina- 
 
 * Visitation Charge of the Most Rev. R. C. Tiench, D. D., Archbishop of Dublin.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 tions and conferring Degrees. In connexion with the University 
 are the Queen's Colleges at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, which are 
 liberally endowed by a Government grant. . The merit of ori- 
 ginating these noble institutions is due to the late illustrious and 
 lamented Sir Robert Feel, who had ever the real welfare of Ire- 
 land at heart. Nothing more truly contributed to the advance- 
 ment of education than the foundation of these much-needed 
 Colleges. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, in propounding the system of united educa- 
 tion in the Queen's Colleges for the consideration of the Legis- 
 lature, said : 
 
 " You may have the opinions that you desire, but I shall relinquish with 
 the greatest regret the hopes of an education for Ireland which will give com- 
 bined instruction to the youth of the Protestant, Presbyterian, and Roman 
 Catholic creeds." 
 
 Lord Carlisle, in his Address at the meeting of the Senate, 
 on the llth October, 1861, with much truth and feeling ob- 
 served : 
 
 " It will be in the knowledge of those whom I address that the Act which 
 established the Queen's Colleges in Ireland was passed during the Adminis- 
 tration of the late Sir Robert Peel. Amongst the witnesses of their early 
 progress. I rejoice to see at my side to-day the son of that eminent states- 
 man and friend of Ireland. There is no one who has left a deeper mark on 
 the recent annals of this country. There is no one whose memory is more in- 
 timately associated with the marvellous work of Irish improvement and pro- 
 gress. Most fervently I trust that the son is destined effectually to carry on 
 the same beneficent and exalted mission ; and that, among other subjects of 
 hereditary labour, this Institution will largely share and reward his fostering 
 care.'' 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, the talented and generous son of that great 
 statesman, who had been recently appointed to the office of Chief 
 Secretary for Ireland (an office so ably filled by his lamented 
 father), then addressed the Senate. He made an excellent and 
 admirable speech upon the prospects and progress of the Queen's 
 University. In the course of his observations he said :
 
 XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " The public spirit of the country ought to come forward, and endeavour to 
 place the Queen's University on the footing of other academic institutions. 
 
 " If you allow me, I wish to take this opportunity of saying that, as I am 
 so firmly convinced of the immense advantage which would accrue to the youth 
 of this country by offering exhibitions for competition, I will myself, with the 
 permission of the Senate, establish three Scholarships of 40 a-yeareach one 
 for each of those Colleges for the space of ten years. I only hope the ex- 
 ample which I set may be followed by those who have a more direct interest in 
 the welfare of this country. I do not take any credit to myself for doing this. 
 I esteem it as an honour to be able to assist in the work which was commenced 
 by my father, and I accept this position, as I may almost say, on the plea of 
 ' founder's kin.' I have spoken with the Secretary of the University, and I 
 have to-day placed in his hands a memorandum bearing on the subject. I hope 
 that others will come forward and assist in establishing ten or twelve scholar- 
 ships, exhibitions, or what you please to call them, for the undergraduates of 
 this University. At all events I myself, for a period of ten years, will esta- 
 blish annually three Scholarships of 40 each one for each of these Col- 
 
 Thus did Sir Robert Peel realize the hopes and anticipations 
 of Lord Carlisle by taking an ardent part in the success of the in- 
 stitution, continuing to watch over its interests with zeal and assi- 
 duity, and devoting his best energies to its progress and welfare. 
 The example of Sir Robert Peel was productive of great good. 
 Large subscriptions were received for the purpose of founding 
 several additional Scholarships. A committee was formed, which 
 issued a circular, calling attention to the claims of the University 
 to the consideration of the country comparing the limited funds 
 of the institution for conferring prizes and exhibitions with those 
 of the older seats of learning, and soliciting the assistance of all 
 who were interested in the moral and material improvement of the 
 country, and, from their station and wealth, able to influence 
 it to the public advantage. 
 
 The consequences of this appeal were the creation of a suffi- 
 cient fund for the endowment of prizes and exhibitions in con- 
 nexion with the Queen's Colleges, for the reward of merit, and 
 to promote emulation in the students and graduates, which is so 
 essential to the steady progress in learning of all educational in- 
 stitutions.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXVll 
 
 Sir Robert Peel was the chief promoter of this movement, and 
 in every other respect applied his active "hereditary labour" to the 
 progress of the great work of education. It would be interesting 
 to describe fully the extent of improvement realized ; but so 
 many treatises of ability have been published on the subject, that 
 no necessity exists for increasingthe number.* Suffice it to say that 
 the general progress of the system in the favour of the people was 
 truly gratifying, and the results attained most satisfactory 
 fully justifying the expectations of the illustrious founder and the 
 hopes of all interested in the eventual success of the grand ex- 
 periment. 
 
 These measures for the improvement and regeneration of 
 the people of Ireland have proved of vast benefit, and will in time 
 effect a complete change in the condition and prosperity of the 
 country. 
 
 Several liberal-minded and enlightened Viceroys were ap- 
 pointed to the Irish Government, and applied themselves to 
 carrying out the intentions of the Legislature in passing these 
 beneficial measures. Not one of these excellent and good Vice- 
 roys was deficient in point of duty ; but none displayed the tact, 
 the judgment, and the ability of the Earl of Carlisle, who de- 
 voted himself to the prosperity of Ireland, and the education of 
 her people, heart and soul. The duties of supervising the National 
 System of Education embraced the entire period of his Secretary- 
 ship and Viceroy alty. The annual meetings of the Queen's Univer- 
 sity for the conferring of Degrees and Distribution of Prizes were 
 held at St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle. On these interesting 
 occasions the Earl of Carlisle was wont to address the assembly 
 upon the progress of the institution for the past year, and no one 
 can depict in colours sufficiently vivid the impression created on 
 the minds of the students by his apt allusions. Nothing could 
 exceed the emulation he excited ; his earnest encouragement and 
 
 * See Godkin's admirable work, "Education in Ireland; its History, Institu- 
 tions, Systems, Statistics and Progress."
 
 XXVlii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 advice must have exercised a great and abiding influence. In 
 fact, his fostering care, unremitting attention, and wise coun- 
 sels, gave an impulse to the progress of education that cannot be 
 described. Sir Robert Peel, Chief Secretary for Ireland, in his 
 speech at the conferring of Degrees in October, 1864, says : 
 
 " This, I believe, is the twelfth anniversary on which you assembled in this 
 Hall, in connexion with the Queen's University. On eight of these occasions, 
 Lord Carlisle, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, presided here. How great, then, 
 is his loss on this occasion ! He was not the only Lord Lieutenant who has 
 given us his countenance and support. Lord Clarendon I would specially 
 refer to, whose name cannot be mentioned within the precincts of this Uni- 
 versity without gratitude and respect to whom we owe the establishment of 
 the Medical Schools in our Colleges. Lord Eglinton, when he came to Ireland, 
 in 1852, at once consented to preside in this Hall. The Earl of St. Germans, 
 when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, said : ' When I was Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland, I was instrumental in drawing up the Act which gave the Queen's 
 Colleges to Ireland ; and I now rejoice, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, to 
 witness their success in this country.' Although all the several Lords Lieu- 
 tenant paid every attention to promote the interests which we are here to ad- 
 vocate, there were none after Lord Clarendon who did more service for us 
 than Lord Carlisle. He made the country his home ; his whole soul was 
 wrapt up in the service of his Sovereign as Viceroy, and in endeavouring to 
 promote the welfare of this country. There was nothing that could in any 
 way advance the social and material prosperity of Ireland that he was not 
 anxious to promote." 
 
 Professors of distinguished merit were appointed, selected ac- 
 cording to the system of competitive examinations, which gave 
 universal satisfaction. The interests of the students were in all 
 respects considered. The results of this judicious mode of adminis- 
 tering the system were shown in the increasing estimation in 
 which these institutions were held by the people, in the aug- 
 mented number of students, in the emulation promoted among 
 them, and in the great success of many of them at the competi- 
 tive examinations for appointments in the Indian and Civil Service. 
 At these examinations the students of the Queen's University 
 carried away many of the most valuable prizes and civil appoint- 
 ments, and highly distinguished themselves, adding lustre to
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxix 
 
 the system of education under which they were enabled to arrive 
 at such excellence, distinction, and success. 
 
 The general system of education in Ireland, under the super- 
 intendence and management of the National Board, was a subject 
 of deep interest to Lord Carlisle, and engaged his constant and 
 most assiduous attention. Sir Robert Peel, in his speech, above 
 referred to, says : 
 
 " The very last official visit, I believe, which he paid in this country was to 
 the Marlborough-street National Model Schools, with his friend Alexander 
 Mac Donnell, in order to prove that he was in favour of that system of united 
 education which has given such inestimable benefits." 
 
 In order to carry out the National System efficiently, it was 
 indispensable to provide duly qualified teachers for the nume- 
 rous schools throughout the country; for this purpose Model 
 Schools for the training of teachers were established, and at the 
 close of each half year public examinations were held, to classify 
 the teachers, and to test their proficiency for the discharge of the 
 important office of imparting a sound, useful and moral education. 
 Lord Carlisle attended at these examinations, and at the close of 
 the proceedings addressed the assembly. This volume contains 
 some of these Addresses ; they serve to show how eminently 
 qualified he was to advance the great work of National Educa- 
 tion in Ireland how eloquently, how feelingly, how zealously 
 he impressed upon those trained teachers (the pioneers of the 
 rising intelligence of the country) the dignity and usefulness of 
 their vocation, their responsibility, and the importance of a faith- 
 ful discharge of their duties. The noble Lord, in one of his 
 Addresses, says : 
 
 " You are now about to separate, and proceed to your several destina- 
 tions; and I am sure that all who have been concerned in the work of your 
 training the able and zealous professors, the members of the Board, my 
 
 valued and beloved friend Mr. Mac Donnell, the Resident Commissioner 
 
 and, if you will allow me to be included in the number, I shall say, myself 
 shall accompany you all with the sincerest good wishes, that, whatever may 
 be the functions or duties to which you are about to devote yourselves, they
 
 XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 may be fulfilled with credit and comfort to yourselves, and with advantage and 
 usefulness to others." 
 
 In speaking of the merits of the National System, Lord Car- 
 lisle says : 
 
 " I will only say that it seems to me to be as near an approach, as the ne- 
 cessary imperfection of human projects and performances will admit, to the 
 fulfilment of that great Christian commandment of loving one another, which 
 is to be the law for us on earth, and a habit for us in heaven." 
 
 In taking leave of the professors and teachers, the noble Lord 
 said : 
 
 " Great is your responsibility, and great may be the reward you may all 
 receive, both from the visible effects of your teaching, and still more from the 
 inward testimony of your own private consciences. You may have learned 
 here other lessons beside and beyond those connected with the absolute abstract 
 knowledge of which you have made yourselves masters. You may have 
 learned you will have learned, if the genius of the place has made itself rightly 
 felt within you how young persons, it may be of different opinions, whether 
 secular or religious, can be brought together, and can entertain mutual re- 
 gard and friendship for each other, without assailing the opinions of others, 
 and without compromising their own ; how you may be all things to all men, 
 and yet belong -wholly to God. This is the principle the living principle 
 which has always made me deeply attached to this parent institution, and to 
 all those throughout the land which are moulded in its form, and have embodied 
 its spirit. 
 
 "It is now thirty years if I may advert, for a moment, before I take leave 
 of you, to myself it is now thirty years since I first gave my adhesion to the 
 system of National Education in Ireland. That system has, in all essential 
 particulars, remained the same. It has passed through many phases of oppo- 
 sition, and lukewarmness, and misrepresentation of violence blowing with 
 strange force from the most opposite quarters 
 
 4 Una Eurusquc Notusque ruunt.' 
 
 Even in the midst of all this encircling whirlwind, it has maintained for itself 
 a tranquil inner-haven, where the moderate, the liberal, the peace-loving, 
 might find secure refuge and pursue their appointed work. It has leavened, 
 though not to the fullest possible extent, and with the most entire success, the 
 intellect of the country."
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXI 
 
 THE ROYAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL, PORTORA. 
 
 Lord Carlisle's anxious desire and sustained efforts to de- 
 velope the system of National Education in Ireland, and to pro- 
 mote the successful progress of the Queen's University, have been 
 exemplified ; there remains yet another important branch of 
 public Education [which claimed and received his Lordship's 
 care and encouragement the public Grammar Schools of Ireland. 
 As an illustration may be selected his Viceregal visit to the cele- 
 brated Royal Grammar School at Portora, Enniskillen, on the 
 occasion of the Public Examinations* and Distribution of Prizes, 
 previous to the commencement of the summer vacation of 1863. 
 
 This famous School had made great and rapid progress in 
 learning under the Head Mastership of the Rev. Wm. Steele, who 
 had been appointed to that arduous and responsible office by 
 Lord Carlisle. The proceedings commenced with the presenta- 
 tion of a beautiful Address of welcome, written in verse, by the 
 Rev. H. J. Carpenter, Assistant Master, from which the following 
 lines are extracted : 
 
 * University Examinations in connexion with Grammar Schools have been esta- 
 blished in England. It would seem to be desirable to extend to Ireland a similar test 
 of education. At the late Annual Distribution of Prizes, after the " Oxford Local Ex- 
 amination" of the Manchester Grammar Schools, the Lord Bishop of Oxford said : 
 " He believed that he might assume that that which, two years ago, was nothing more 
 than an experiment, had now proved a great success; and he believed that not only those 
 classes, for the sake of which specially the University Examinations had been formed, had 
 reason to rejoice in that success, but he believed that the Universities themselves had good 
 grounds for rejoicing with them in the prosperity that had awaited the undertaking. 
 Nothing could be worse for the country than that the old Universities of the land should 
 be severed by a gulf which could not be passed from the great middle classes of this 
 great and industrious people. In many ways the advantages returned to the Universities 
 which they hoped to render to the people. It returned to them in those links which 
 blended the Universities with the life, the vigour, the energy, and the breadth of thought 
 which belonged to the great middle classes, and, above all, to those centres of intelli- 
 gence in our great manufacturing districts. 
 
 " He rejoiced that our Universities had been permitted to take this part in helping 
 out the education of the middle classes, who formed the distinguishing feature in so 
 many respects of the people of England. "
 
 XXxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " He comes, our festal holiday to grace, 
 
 A noble son of Eton's noble race. 
 
 Pleased with our welcome mirth, aside he lays 
 
 His Sovereign's sword, twined in his blushing bays ; 
 
 No circling coronet his brows now wear, 
 
 No courtier's pomp or statesman's public care. 
 
 He leaves the gilded footstool of the Throne, 
 
 Clad in the vesture which we love to own ; 
 
 He comes with smile of letters, and mild peace, 
 
 The joyous herald of a school's release. 
 
 High rear the trophied arch, fresh garlands bring ; 
 
 Cull the choice sweets of our less genial Spring ; 
 
 In clustering boughs the pillared portals hide ; 
 
 Spread for each breeze the banner's opening pride. 
 
 Swell high the strain, lead forth your joyous rout ; 
 Thrice, as he enters, raise the rapturous shout ; 
 Thrice, far and near, to every hill proclaim, 
 Till all have learned and echoed back his name. 
 Oh, welcome, welcome, nobb guest, and kind ! 
 Where shall our loyal tongues due homage find ? 
 Never from cheering street or gathered crowd 
 The deafening welcomes rang more long and loud ; 
 Never has glance, or speech, or presence poured 
 Such lavish gladness round our annual board. 
 Deign, then, great Earl, our heart's pure joys to share ; 
 View the bold sports that make our youth more fair. 
 Accept their welcome ; list while they rehearse 
 Their simple parts and tributary verse. 
 Hear each fond greeting, whether said or sung, 
 Framed on the flowing lip, or faltering tongue ; 
 Come, void of pomp, to grace our lowlier sphere 
 Come, as thou com'st, and make the day more dear ; 
 
 Not as thy highborn sires in warrior state, 
 On fiery chargers borne through moated gate, 
 With bickering lance, in burnished steel arrayed, 
 "With belt and plume for conquest or crusade ; 
 Nor yet as they, when the full clarions' blare 
 
 Called their trained prowess to the doubtful war 
 
 Called through the glare of battle's deepening night, 
 A HOWARD'S arm to crush a foaman's might."
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXlll 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Steele delivered a long and lucid statement 
 in relation to the gratifying progress and prospects of the Por- 
 tora School, and observed : 
 
 " From the moment I found myself appointed to this important office, I 
 resolved that, with God's help, no exertion should be omitted by me to main- 
 tain to the full the high character for scholarship which the School had en- 
 joyed for many years under the able conduct of my predecessor a man of 
 great energy and learning. Under him the School held the first place among 
 the public Grammar Schools of this country ; and I am now proud and happy 
 to be able to say, that for the last six years it has maintained the high character 
 it bore before. Whether the prosperity of the School be tested by the number 
 of its pupils, by the academical distinctions gained by them, or by their success 
 at the Competitive Examinations, I speak but the truth in saying that Por- 
 tora School stands as high in every respect as it did at any period since its 
 foundation." 
 
 When the proceedings had concluded, and the Prizes had 
 been awarded, Lord Carlisle, addressing the assembly, paid 
 a just tribute to the merits of the Rev. Mr. Steele alluded to 
 the advantages of a religious - and moral education, and ex- 
 pressed his eager anxiety for the success of this great educational 
 establishment. His Lordship said: 
 
 " I do with confidence claim the thanks of an audience at Portora, since 
 it was my happy privilege to place Mr. Steele in the position which he fills, 
 and which he adorns. The bsst attestation of his merit is the present con- 
 dition of the School. 
 
 " I do indeed feel that it is of no mean importance to the gravest inte- 
 rests of Ireland that the rising youth of her gentry and of the mercantile classes 
 should receive the advantage of an education that is at once religious, 
 moral, scholarly, and gentlemanlike wherein our young men would be ini- 
 tiated into all manly studies and all manly sports. 
 
 " I assure you I rejoice to find that, in addition to all the historic renown 
 of this old and loyal borough, and its associations with the military prowess 
 of the country, it should have secured in Portora a home for the Sciences, and 
 a haunt for the Muses. I seized with eagerness the opportunity that pre- 
 sented itself of coming here, because I do really feel anxious, in accordance 
 with the sentiment that has been expressed by the excellent and accomplished 
 Rector of this town, Dr. Magee, to employ the whole weight and effect of the
 
 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 high office which it is my honour to fill, in making it a testimony to the great 
 work Mr. Steele is doing in this country."* 
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 
 
 The establishment of this institution filled up a vacancy in the 
 system of education in Ireland. Lectures on the various ex- 
 perimental sciences and arts are delivered by able, accomplished, 
 and skilful professors ; and the pupils are instructed efficiently and 
 practically in the most useful arts, sciences, and manufactures. 
 Annual meetings are held for the distribution of Prizes, and 
 invitations issued to great numbers of distinguished personages 
 to attend these assemblies. Lord Carlisle took a marked and 
 brilliant part in the interesting proceedings. His Speeches will 
 supply some idea of the aptitude he had for expressing his senti- 
 ments in the purest and most appropriate language. In 'address- 
 ing the assembly on the 20th October, 1859, the noble Lord 
 said : 
 
 "It is, I confess, very satisfactory and very refreshing for me to feel, on an 
 occasion like this, that we are not breathing any possible atmosphere of con- 
 troversy. I feel that I have not risen to-night with any fear that the \rords 
 which drop from my lips will be watched with any suspicion, or interpreted 
 with any anxious misgivings. The products of nature, the materials of in- 
 dustry, the deductions of science, which form the special and exclusive sub- 
 jects of attention and study within these walls, have nothing in common with 
 the passions of the parties of the passing hour. We are here treading the 
 serene temple of knowledge, which is pursued for its own bright sake, with a 
 homage which is perfectly disinterested. 
 
 " The laurels that are to be gathered here are twined around fair, as well 
 as around manly brows." 
 
 Again, he says (in favour of Irish industry) : 
 
 " One expression struck rather disagreeably on my ears in the statement 
 of the Director, when he told you that some of the medals could not be delivered 
 last year, in consequence of their not having been forwarded in sufficient time 
 from London. Why should it be necessary to send to London for the medals 
 
 * See Appendices.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXV 
 
 which are to grace and adorn the possessors of Irish genius ? Surely we ought 
 not to allow it to be said if you allow me to quote a line from the Roman 
 poet 
 
 ' Excudent alii spirantia sera.' 
 
 Why should not Ireland cast her own medals ?" 
 
 Alluding to the increase in the produce of the Wicklow mines, 
 he introduced Moore's song on the Vale of Ovoca, and humour- 
 ously remarked that there was something " more exquisite still" 
 in the Valley than " the soft magic of streamlet or rill" : 
 
 " For what [said his Lordship] is it that it has ? Copper and sulphur. Now, 
 these do not seem at the first sound the most romantic or the most fragrant 
 of articles ; but I will take courage, and I will maintain that there is some- 
 thing yet more exquisite than all the soft witchery of romance, or even all the 
 ardent loveliness of nature ; and that is, honest, hearty, human industry, exer- 
 cising the body, developing the intellect, bracing the energies, sustaining the 
 family, benefiting the district, enriching the country." 
 
 In his Lordship's Address of the 3rd of October, 1861, he 
 availed himself of that first opportunity, after the Queen's visit to 
 Ireland, of stating "that Her Most Gracious Majesty expressed 
 herself highly gratified with every circumstance of her visit with 
 the loyalty, warmth, and whole demeanour of the Irish people ;' 
 and observed, that " Her Majesty could not fail to be pleased and 
 struck with the obvious marks of progress and improvement in 
 this portion of her dominions." 
 
 With reference to the progress of the institution, his Lordship 
 said, in his Address of the 1st October, 1863 : 
 
 " I believe that much work has been done here. I believe that the work 
 has been done well. I believe that the officers attached to the Institution are 
 able and eminent men, who zealously and conscientiously devote their time 
 and abilities to the work set before them." 
 
 MEDICAL EDUCATION 
 
 Attracted Lord Carlisle's peculiar attention. Whether he was 
 engaged laying the foundation stone of an Hospital,* or a 
 
 * The private visits of Lord Carlisle to the hospitals, charitable institutions, and 
 reformatories of Dublin were frequent. He consoled the poor and afflicted, sympathizing 
 
 c2
 
 XXXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 School of Medicine, or in distributing Prizes to the Students, 
 he felt real pleasure in performing these duties incident to 
 his Viceregal office. Of the Medical Profession in Ireland 
 he entertained a very exalted opinion. " May those who fill 
 a high place in the Medical Profession in this country," says 
 his Lordship, "be evermore associated with the high abi- 
 lity and conscientious worth which have heretofore rendered it 
 illustrious, and which have attracted to this city, from all shores, 
 crowds who deemed it a privilege to sit at their feet and profit 
 by their lessons !" The most distinguished members of the Fa- 
 culty were noticed with honour by Lord Carlisle. He styles 
 Dr. Stokes, of world-wide celebrity, a " living light of the Pro- 
 fession ;" and he says of the son of this great physician, "Most 
 pleasing it is indeed to find the son of a father, who has done so 
 much to lighten suffering and prolong life, himself showing so 
 much promise in the cultivation of those pursuits and humanities 
 which so powerfully contribute to dignify and adorn it. I am 
 sure we shall hail with pleasure the promising career of such a 
 son of such a father." 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE FIFTH CONGRESS. 
 
 The meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of 
 Social Science in the Irish Metropolis was a scene of attraction 
 never before witnessed in this country. The number of members 
 distinguished in every department of literature, science, and 
 art who attended the important nature of the various subjects 
 for discussion the impulse such an enlightened assembly would 
 
 kindly and generously with their sufferings. " Glory be to him, and may Providence re- 
 ward that holy work!" to use the approving words of an organ of the French Press, 
 when recently recording the magnanimous visits of the Emperor to the bed of sickness. 
 May the great examples of men of rank and high station influence henceforth all those 
 who .have the power to alleviate distress and human misery ! The Irish public will 
 never forget Lord Carlisle's humane attention to the welfare of the wounded and disa- 
 bled soldiers on their return from the Crimea.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 
 
 give to the cultivation of science and art in Ireland im- 
 parted an indefinable grandeur to the proceedings. The Pre- 
 sident, Lord Brougham, opened the meeting with an admirable 
 Address. 
 
 The duty devolved on Lord Carlisle, as representative of Her 
 Majesty, to move a vote of thanks to his Lordship. 
 
 The difficult nature of the task may be comprehended, if we 
 consider the great celebrity of the noble President venerable 
 in years, illustrious for learning and the endowments of his 
 mind whose political career had been marked by his generous 
 advocacy of every cause that promoted the welfare of the people, 
 or tended to advance the principles of civil and religious liberty, 
 and the dignity and independence of man ; and who had now, with 
 unabated energy, in eloquent and moving accents, addressed the 
 august assembly. 
 
 Lord Carlisle was equal to the occasion. In a few, but appro- 
 priate and touching sentences, he alluded to the political career 
 of the honoured and venerable President to the power of his 
 eloquence and commented upon the usefulness of the Associa- 
 tion, and the salutary results to be derived from the meeting of 
 the Society in Ireland. 
 
 LORD CARLISLE'S PATRONAGE OF THE FINE ARTS. 
 
 His Lordship evinced great zeal for the cultivation of the Fine 
 Arts in Ireland ; he presided at the meetings of the Eoyal Dublin 
 Society's School of Art. On one of these occasions he paid a 
 just tribute to the memory of the late Prince Consort. Alluding 
 to the deep interest felt by his Royal Highness in the promotion 
 of the Fine Arts, and reminding the meeting of the Prince's last 
 visit to the Exhibition of the Royal Dublin Society "No one," 
 said his Lordship, " did nearly so much to implant taste, and ca- 
 pacity for the enjoyment of refined pursuits, or to organize the 
 great centres of competition which have given in our time such 
 a large impulse to our modern industry and art." 
 
 Lord Carlisle was a liberal subscriber to the various Art
 
 XXXviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Unions of England and Ireland ; he was President of the Crystal 
 Palace Society of Arts. The Royal Hibernian Academy of 
 Painting has lost in him a good and zealous patron. He was a 
 constant visitor at the Academy's Annual Exhibitions, from 
 which he made numerous purchases of the works of rising Irish 
 artists. He frequently visited the studios of B. Watkins Kirk, 
 Farrell, and Hogan, the great Irish sculptor (whose atelier was 
 "a solitude for years") whose genius was universally acknow- 
 ledged, yet unworthily neglected in his own country.* 
 
 Lord Carlisle appreciated his genius, admired his works, and 
 encouraged his hopes by the deep interest he evinced for his 
 success, and by his friendly and generous patronage. f 
 
 During Lord Carlisle's Viceroyalty Statues to eminent Irish- 
 men were placed in the open air and broad thoroughfares. Pre- 
 vious to his arrival in Ireland as Lord Lieutenant, the streets and 
 squares of her beautiful Metropolis presented few mementoes of 
 the great men of the country. At length, moved by his liberal 
 subscriptions and wise counsels, the Irish people are now fulfil- 
 ling the sacred duty of transmitting, in marble and bronze, to 
 future ages the fame of those great men who shed a lustre on the 
 history of the country by their noble works and patriotic deeds. 
 
 * " I left Italy, where I would have made a fortune where genius was appreciated 
 and I threw myself into the arms of my country ; but, instead of pressing me with affec- 
 tion, she is pressing me to death " HOGAN. 
 
 t Lord Carlisle was deeply affected when he heard of the death of the great artist. 
 No sooner had the meek yet high-toned spirit of Hogan quitted its earthly tenement than 
 the amiable and generous Lord Carlisle sent words of consolation and well-timed assist- 
 ance to the widow and " little ones" of " poor Hogan," as his Lordship affectionately 
 calls him in the following letter, in reply to the sad intelligence : 
 
 " CASTLE HOWARD, March 29, 1858. 
 
 " DEAR MB. GASKI.V, I am extremely concerned to see the death of poor Hogan. I 
 fear his family must be in a very impoverished condition. I should like to learn about 
 them, though I should be but little able to help them. The extracts have been very 
 interesting. 
 
 "Yours, faithfully, 
 
 " CARUSLE."
 
 INTRODUCTION xxxix 
 
 Shortly after Lord Carlisle's arrival in Ireland, he was solicited by 
 the "Moore Testimonial Committee" to inaugurate their Statue of 
 the Poet.* In delivering the inaugural Address, he said "The 
 affections and genius of Moore were eminently Irish ;" and illu- 
 mined his Address with " gleams of song" from Erin's bard (which 
 show his Lordship's great familiarity with the splendid lyrical 
 conceptions of the poet ; and then dwelt upon the purity of his do- 
 mestic relations, and filial tenderness ; and, in conclusion, pro- 
 posed the erection of a Statue to Goldsmith, 
 
 * Fortunately for his Lordship's reputation and artistic taste, he had no connexion 
 with the selection of the design or the details of this movement, save in removing the 
 veil which so long concealed this "disgusting piece of stupidity" from the public gaze. 
 
 CARLETON, the celebrated Irish writer, in one of his letters relative to the Moore 
 Statue, and Hogan's beautiful design, says : 
 
 "I now come to a circumstance in connexion with him which entails a disgrace upon 
 the country that can never be effaced I allude to the monument to our brilliant and 
 illustrious poet, Thomas Moore. Models for the design of this monument were advertised 
 for, and Hogan sent in one. Now, I have had the honour and the pleasure of knowing 
 the great poet personally well and closely did I study his features. I have heard him 
 sing his own songs, accompanied by himself on the piano ; and at the conclusion of each 
 song there was uniformly an upturning of the eye, which flashed and sparkled with such a 
 radiance of inspiration as I never witnessed before, nor expect to witness again. Whether 
 John Hogan ever saw Thomas Moore, or not, I cannot say ; but this I can say, that the 
 model which he conceived and executed for his monument would have given Moore to 
 the world in the very fervour of inspiration with which he usually concluded his own 
 songs. He (the Poet) stood in Hogan's model, the lyre in his hand his eyes turned up 
 to heaven his whole countenance wrapt, inspired. Now, the public may rely upon 
 the accuracy of my description of it with this exception, that it falls far short in depicting 
 the divinity which it breathed into the attitude and countenance of the Poet. This 
 beautiful emanation of genius was rejected by the 'Moore Committee,' and in its place 
 was substituted such a stupid abomination as has made the whole kingdom blush with 
 indignation and shame. The Statue of Moore in College- street is an insult to taste to 
 the present state of the arts to the very progress of civilization to his native city of 
 Dublin, and to his country at large. This disgusting piece of stupidity was selected by 
 a committee consisting principally of Irish artists his enemies and maligners no 
 one of whom, with two or three exceptions, ever should have a brush in one hand 
 without having a shoe in the other. Hogan's mind was too great, too grand, to flatter 
 the biting and paltry clique, and hence their hostility."
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 In accordance with Lord Carlisle's proposal, accompanied with 
 a subscription of One Hundred Guineas, the Goldsmith Statue 
 Committee was formed ; and, having completed their " labour of 
 love," the Statue was inaugurated on the 5th January, 1864. It was 
 designed by the eminent Irish sculptor, Foley. The noble Lord 
 adverted to the grace, dignity, and excellence of the Statue, 
 and exclaimed with enthusiasm : " Look on him as he stands 
 before you, the genuine-hearted Irishman the gentle moralist 
 the consummate poet." 
 
 The area in front of Trinity College was selected as the site 
 for the Statue. Lord Carlisle, alluding to the site, observed : 
 
 " See, the College authorities have wisely and considerately left a corre- 
 sponding space, which absolutely requires some one to fill it ; and who so fit 
 for it as he who was probably the greatest intellect of Ireland the consum- 
 mate orator, philosopher, and statesman 
 
 EDMUXD BURKE ?f 
 
 See, the very statue of our Goldsmith seems to invite the presence of him who 
 was both the most cherished companion of his social hours, and the readiest 
 and the surest friend in his sore and frequent need. I know my sym- 
 pathizing hearers men of high station, men of various bearing, men of large 
 
 * " Ninety years ago the remains of OLIVER GOLDSMITH, of 'Brick-court,' were laid 
 in the burial ground of the Inner Temple. Washington Irving, a living disciple of our dear 
 countryman, could not discover the spot which received all that was mortal of the most 
 delightful writer in the English language. He died in 1 774_; and, ninety years after, the 
 Viceroy of Ireland one of the most accomplished men in the English peerage 'in- 
 augurated' a national monument to the poor poet, who rested from his travail in his 46th 
 year. Could his spirit revisit the earth, how delighted he would be with the cere- 
 monial of yesterday. The Earl of Carlisle, in an address of simple beauty, not un- 
 worthv of the subject, touched on all the various excellencies of GOLDSMITH. 
 It has been the rare fortune of the Earl of Carlisle to have originated the GOLDSMITH 
 Statue, and to have been present at the closing ceremonial. The Monument will be 
 always identified with his Viceroyalty, for had he not communicated the first impulse by 
 his munificent subscription, the design would have been postponed to a later day." 
 FREEMAN'S JOURNAL, Jan. 6th, 1864. 
 
 f There is a blank in the area opposite Trinity College, in which is placed Foley's 
 inimitable Statue of GOLDSMITH. Opposite his friend and countryman will be erected
 
 INTRODUCTION. xli 
 
 heart, nor will I wholly omit you, fair daughters of Dublin, who have full 
 sympathies for genius and for virtue you will not be wanting in this obvious 
 and patriotic duty. I know that this work has already enlisted the sym- 
 pathies and exertions of many eminent and public-spirited citizens. I crust 
 that no long time will elapse before, on this very spot, where the historic re- 
 collections, the architectural beauties, the main thoroughfares all the pulses 
 of Dublin life most converge, the passer by, as he halts for a moment, may look 
 up, not without pride and emotion, to the Statues of Oliver Goldsmith and 
 Edmund Burke." 
 
 THE WELLINGTON TESTIMONIAL, AND ITS BAS RELIEFS THE SIEGE OF 
 SERINGAPATAM, THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, AND " AN INCIDENT 
 IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON." 
 
 This National Monument to the great Duke the pride and 
 glory of the nation remained incomplete for upwards of forty 
 years.* Panelshadbeen provided, according toSirKobeitSmirke's 
 design for has reliefs to illustrate the Duke's principal exploits ; 
 these remained vacant. At length Lord Carlisle resolved that this 
 disgraceful neglect should no longer continue ; and with his 
 
 the Statue of EDMUND BURKE not only the greatest Irishman, but, in the opinion of 
 Lord Brougham, the greatest man the world ever saw: 
 
 " As in far realms, where Eastern Kings are laid, 
 
 In pomp of death, beneath the cypress shade, 
 
 The perfumed lamp with unextiuguished light, 
 
 Flames through the vault, and cheers the gloom of night ; 
 
 So, EDMUND BURKE, in thy sepulchral urn, 
 
 To fancy's view, the lamp of truth shall burn ; 
 
 Thither late times shall turn the reverent eyes, 
 
 Led by thy light, and by thy wisdom wise." GEORGE CANNING. 
 
 Amid the cares of state and the conflict of parties, the illustrious statesman never 
 ceased to feel the deepest interest in Ireland. 
 
 The author of this work had the honour of originating and organizing a " plan for the 
 raising of a Statue to Edmund Burke in his native city." Whilst announcing the near 
 accomplishment of the great object designed, he avails himself of this opportunity of 
 acknowledging the zealous co-operation and patriotic spirit of the original Subscribers, 
 and of congratulaiing them on the successful result. 
 
 * It is to be hoped that forty years will not elapse before Sir Edwin Landseer's 
 lions couchant are placed at the base of the Nelson Monument, in Trafalgar Square, 
 London another instance of similar neglect.
 
 xlii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 usual prompt and decisive energy, had the bas-reliefs executed 
 by Irish artists of genius and reputation. Major-General Sir 
 Thomas A. Larcom, Under-Secretary for Ireland, ably co-ope- 
 rated with Lord Carlisle in thus accomplishing the perfect com- 
 pletion of the original design, by the addition of those highly 
 elaborate and ornamental historical illustrations of the career of 
 Wellington. 
 
 The following interesting description, by Sir Thomas A. 
 Larcom, is an accurate history of the origin and progress of the 
 Wellington Testimonial, Phoenix Park,* and of the proceedings 
 adopted by Lord Carlisle in reference to its completion : 
 
 " The Testimonial erected in the Phoenix Park originated in a meeting of 
 noblemen and gentlemen desirous of expressing their admiration of the great 
 military services of the Duke, then Marquis of Wellington. The meeting took 
 place on the 20th of July, 1813. It was held in the Rotundo no less than 
 thirty-two peers, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, and the most distinguished 
 citizens being present. The Earl of RODEX in the Chair. The first reso- 
 lution is thus expressed : 
 
 * The Phoenix Park was selected as the site for the erection of the " Wellington 
 Testimonial." This splendid Park, in the vicinity of the Irish metropolis, is one of the 
 most extensive and salubrious in Europe. The merit of embellishing, planting, draining, 
 and improving it for the amusement and recreation of the citizens, is one of the many 
 claims which Lord Carlisle had to the gratitude of the people of Dublin. Long 
 previous to his Viceroyalty, as Commissioner of "Woods and Forests, Lord Carlisle 
 bestowed much care on its improvement and ornamentation; and as Lord Lieutenant he 
 took great interest in the embellishment of the Park. The Author has been informed by 
 Sir Thomas A. Larcom, that one of the last things he examined and approved was the 
 design for the decoration, with shrubs and flowers, of the terrace ground near the Dublin 
 Gate. He obtained a grant to the Zoological Society of the ornamental water which 
 fronts the Gardens, and is now becoming covered with water fowl. A new public cricket 
 ground was also formed by his aid, for he loved that manly sport A general plan was 
 matured and approved by him, and is now in process of execution, for the restoration of 
 the planting, and the formation of new plantations to contain the trees of recent intro- 
 duction iuto Ireland thus acting always in the spirit of Lord Chesterfield's inscription 
 on the Phoenix column 
 
 " Civium oblectamento 
 
 Campum rudim et incultum 
 
 Ornari jussit."
 
 INTRODUCTION. xliii 
 
 " ' We deem it to be a proud duty devolving on his countrymen to record, by some 
 public national testimonial, to be erected in the Metropolis of Ireland, the exploits he has 
 achieved, in order that he who has distinguished himself by great services to his country 
 may enjoy the gratitude and applause of his contemporaries, and that our posterity may 
 be excited by the emulation of his fame to the imitation of his example.' 
 
 " A subscription was opened, and a Committee appointed. A considerable 
 sum was raised, and various designs were received by the Committee, from 
 which that finally resolved upon the design of Sir Robert Smirke was se- 
 lected, consisting of an obelisk, two hundred and twenty feet in height, resting 
 on a square base, with an ascent of sloping steps, thirty feet in height, and 
 one hundred and twenty feet square at the base. A panel was provided in each 
 face to receive a has relief, and there was also a pedestal on the eastern side, 
 intended for an equestrian statue ; but this latter appears to have been a 
 subsequent addition, and not in Sir Robert's original design. On either side 
 of the pedestal a couchant lion was to have rested. On the 18th June, 1817, 
 the first stone was laid. 
 
 "In 1822 the masonry was completed, wanting, however, sixteen feet of the 
 height originally intended, owing to the failure of the funds, and in that state it 
 has remained to our own day; for, owing to the same deficiency, the decorative 
 bas reliefs were omitted, and the statue and lions were never erected. A grant 
 of cannon, taken from the enemy, had, however, been made by the Govern- 
 ment for the purpose ; but they remained in store, at Woolwich, except a 
 small portion which was used for the names of the victories on the faces of the 
 obelisk. The completion of these portions of the work was estimated at 
 12,000 by Sir Robert Smirke, and the Committee was compelled to aban- 
 don or suspend the further prosecution of the design. But there were some 
 yet remaining of the original Committee, and they clung still to the hope of 
 being able ultimately to accomplish the whole, for which repeated efforts were 
 made. When the Earl de Grey, who to higher acquirements, added a love 
 of art, and considerable architectural skill and taste, was Lord Lieutenant, he 
 was anxious to complete the work, but the time was not propitious, and he 
 was unable to take any effective steps towards it. Some years later, in 1852, 
 on the death of the Duke, the Trustees revived the subject, and the Earl of 
 Eglinton gave every support to their exertions, but without success. It re- 
 mained for the Earl of Carlisle, in 1856, to bring to a close the long-unfinished 
 undertaking. At that time the remaining Trustees were Mr. Crosthwaite, 
 Mr. Barton, Mr. Stewart, and their Honorary Secretary, Mr. Arthur Cane. 
 It is due to those gentlemen to record their names, since, but for their exer- 
 tions and public spirit, a yet longer delay might have occurred. Lord Carlisle 
 speedily ascertained what means he had to count upon, and found that, in 
 addition to about 2,500, to which the small remainder of the original sub-
 
 xliv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 scriptions had increased by accumulation of interest, there was another sum 
 which he hoped might be made available. 
 
 "It arose from a subscription raised in 1829, with a view of erecting some 
 testimonial to the Duke, in commemoration of his signal service at that time to 
 the cause of Civil and Religious Liberty. Of the Committee to whom this work 
 was entrusted Lord Dover was Chairman, and O'Connell was a member : the 
 fund amounted to about 1,500, and was in the hands of the Duke of Leinster, 
 the surviving Trustee. His Grace cordially concurred with the Lord Lieutenant 
 in devoting it to the completion of the Testimonial in the Phoenix Park, pre- 
 mising that one of the bas-reliefs should be devoted to the subject of his fund 
 Civil and Religious Liberty. In addition to the 4,000 thus produced, His Excel- 
 lency then obtained a grant from Parliament of 2,000 thus making in all a 
 sum of 6,000. This, however, was wholly insufficientfor the design of Sir Robert 
 Smirke ; and His Excellency resolved to abandon the Statue and the supporting 
 lions, and complete the bas-reliefs alone. It remained to consider what they 
 should represent. Waterloo, fought after the first subscription was raised, was 
 not recorded among the victories whose names were already on the Monument, 
 and it was almost essential that it should form the subject of one. His Ex- 
 cellency accordingly resolved in accordance with an early wish expressed by 
 Sir Robert Smirke, that one should be an European, and another an Asiatic 
 victory to devote the European panel to Waterloo, and adopt an Indian 
 siege for the other. The third panel was allotted to the commemoration of 
 that noble portion of the Duke's career which led to the establishment of Civil 
 and Religious Liberty in his native country, devoting to it the fund raised for 
 that purpose in 1829. The execution of the bas-reliefs was the next ques- 
 tion, and His Excellency resolved to intrust them to Irish artists. The last 
 work of John Hogan was the model of that allotted to the civil services of the 
 Duke, which, after his lamented death, was carried to Rome by his son, and 
 was completed in the studio of the celebrated sculptor, Signer Benzoni. The 
 Indian Tablet the Siege of Seringapatam was assigned to Mr. Kirk ; the 
 European the Battle of Waterloo to Mr. Farrell ; and they all have justified 
 the selection of Lord Carlisle. 
 
 " The fourth side was reserved for the inscription. For this the classic 
 lines of the Marquis of Wellesley were eminently appropriate, as they cha- 
 racterize the European and Asiatic triumphs of his illustrious brother, and 
 consummate his bright career with the oaken leaves of the civic crown : 
 
 " ' Conservata tuis Asia atque Europa triumphis 
 Invictum bello te coluere ducem ; 
 Nunc umbrata geris civili tempora quercu, 
 Ut desit famae gloria nulla tuae.'
 
 INTRODUCTION. xlv 
 
 " ' Asia and Europe, saved by thee, proclaim 
 Invincible in war, thy deathless name ; 
 Now round thy brow the civic oak we twine, 
 That every earthly glory may be thine.' 
 
 " It remains to be told that the guns had lain so long at Woolwich, that 
 their destination had become forgotten, and it was found that in 1837 they 
 had been given by the then Master- General of the Ordnance, Sir Hussey 
 Vivian, to the City of London, for the Equestrian Statue of the Duke in front 
 of the Mansion House. The metal, however, could be nowhere more appro- 
 priately used than in that noble work of Chantrey, and Lord Panmure, in 
 1857, when this was explained to him, gave an equal quantity of captured 
 cannon, which have now been used in the Phoenix Park to record, in per- 
 petual bronze, the achievements of the great Captain. Thus it has been re- 
 served for our present excellent and accomplished Viceroy to bring to a suc- 
 cessful close the most conspicuous monument which, in these islands, has been 
 erected to the Duke of Wellington, preserving in his native country a lasting 
 record of his bright career." 
 
 THE DARGAN STATUE. 
 
 Seldom has honour been conferred on living merit by the 
 erection of a monument. 
 
 The people of Ireland have conferred this extraordinary dis- 
 tinction on the enterprising and industrious William Dargan. 
 
 A fine Statue, by Farrell, in memory of his services, has been 
 placed near the National Gallery, erected on the site of the 
 Great Industrial Exhibition of 1853, which owed its origin to the 
 patriotism of that upright and excellent Irishman. The Statue 
 was inaugurated and the National Gallery opened on the same 
 day, Xinder the auspices of the Noble Lord. 
 
 When the veil had been removed, Lord Carlisle proceeded to 
 address the audience. In the course of his Address he referred to 
 the " National Gallery," then just completed, and formally opened 
 by his Lordship, immediately after the inauguration of the 
 Dargan Statue. 
 
 The Trustees presented an Address to Lord Carlisle. 
 
 In his reply he expressed his regret for the loss of the late
 
 xlvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Earl of Charlemont, one of the principal contributors to the 
 fund for the noble building : 
 
 " Such losses [his Lordship observes] naturally suggest that the delightful 
 arts to which this building is more especially consecrated Painting and 
 Sculpture besides their happy influences in charming the eye, refining the 
 taste, and elevating the souls of successive generations, have the inestimable 
 privilege of transmitting to distant times the lineaments of departed great- 
 ness, genius, and virtue." 
 
 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 
 
 The inauguration of this Statue was a ceremony of great in- 
 terest, whether we consider the youth, the rising genius, the 
 accomplishments and patriotism of the young '.nobleman, son of 
 the Marquis of Donegal, or the hope which his bright career 
 inspired too soon, alas ! to be dissolved by its " early close." 
 
 " Ostendunt terris hunc tantum fata, 
 Neque ultra esse sinent-" 
 
 His virtues and accomplishments are commemorated, his cha- 
 racter and modesty honoured, by the erection of a Statue De- 
 signed by the Irish Sculptor, M 'Do well, to his Memory in his 
 native city, Belfast. Thus, in the language of the family motto 
 
 " Honor sequitur fugientem." 
 
 The Earl of Carlisle, as a tribute of personal affection and 
 esteem, and a testimony to the worth and virtues of the deceased 
 nobleman, delivered an eloquent, impressive, and appropriate 
 inaugural Address. 
 
 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS CITY IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The Lord Mayor of the City of Dublin is elected by the 
 Council on the 1st of December, and enters upon office on the 
 1st of January following. Since the Corporation Eeform Bill 
 (passed in 1840), the Lord Mayor has been selected from the 
 two parties of which the Municipal Council is composed, alter- 
 nately. This wise and conciliatory policy has promoted much
 
 INTRODUCTION. xlvii 
 
 good feeling. The Lord Mayor celebrates his election by an In- 
 augural Banquet, similar to that given by the Lord Mayor of 
 London, at which the nobility, gentry, and leading members of 
 the Irish Executive attend. At these Banquets mutual forbear- 
 ance, good will, and gaiety prevail. Party spirit gives place to 
 festivity and harmony. The principal toast, 
 
 " The Health of the Lord Lieutenant," 
 
 is associated with 
 
 " Prosperity to Ireland," 
 
 and duly responded to by the Viceroy. 
 
 The Speeches of Lord Carlisle at these Municipal Feasts, in 
 all of which he inculcated a spirit of SELF-RELIANCE, extend 
 over a period of nearly ten years. During that period many 
 important events arose the Crimean war ; the Indian mutiny ; 
 the fratricidal war in America ;* the seizure on board the Trent ; 
 the lamented decease of the Prince Consort ; the visits of the 
 Queen and Prince of Wales to Ireland, and of the British Associ- 
 ation for the Promotion of Social Science, &c. &c. During Lord 
 Carlisle's Viceroy alty great improvements were made in city 
 architecture St. Patrick's C athedral restored by the muni G cence of 
 that noble-minded gentleman, Mr. Benjamin Lee Guinness, M.P. ; 
 splendid churches, bridges, docks, a spacious cattle market con- 
 structed ; museums opened; noble institutions the "Dublin 
 
 * " Causes are occasionally at worfa which appear to portend a disruption of the 
 Federal Union ; at the same time a strong sentiment of pride about it, arising partly 
 from an honest patriotism, partly from a feeling of complacency in its very size and ex- 
 tent, may tend indefinitely to postpone any such pregnant result ; but whatever may be 
 the solution of that question [slavery] whatever the issue of the future destinies assigned 
 to the great American Republic it is impossible to have contemplated her extent, her 
 resources, the race that has mainly peopled her, the institutions she has derived or origi- 
 nated, the liberty which has been their life-blood, the industry which has been their 
 offspring, and the free Gospel which has been published on her wide plains, and wafted by 
 her thousand streams, without nourishing the belief and the hope that it is reserved for 
 her to do much in the coming generation for the good of man and the glory of God.'' 
 " LOED CARLISLE'S Travels in America" (1842).
 
 xlviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Exhibition Palace," the Dublin Art Exhibition, and Irish National 
 Gallery founded ; Statues to eminent Irishmen inaugurated ; 
 the great Vavtiy Water Works commenced ;* hospitals erected for 
 the relief of suffering and disease ; schools and colleges for the 
 education of the people ; reformatories for the moral improve- 
 ment of offenders ; a Fire Brigade established by the Corporation. 
 The country in general progressed in agriculture, trade, and 
 manufacture ; the enterprise and industry of the people were 
 stimulated ; peace and prosperity prevailed. Thus Ireland, laid 
 prostrate from famine and desolation, gradually emerged from 
 her exhausted state under the benign and fostering adminis- 
 tration of Lord Cavlisle.f 
 
 * This great and useful undertaking is progressing to completion under the careful 
 superintendence of the Waterworks Committee. Sir John Gray, the Chairman, M. P. 
 for the city of Kilkenny, displayed great energy, tact, and ability in carrying out 
 the project. At the ceremonial for diverting the waters of the Vartry from the old 
 river channel, through which they had passed through countless ages, into the new con- 
 duit intended to convey them to the city of Dublin, a distance of thirty miles, Lord 
 Carlisle conferred upon him the honour of Knighthood. The city of Dublin is mainly 
 indebted to Sir John Gray for his unceasing efforts to carry out to a successful comple- 
 tion this great and useful undertaking. It is to be hoped that the result will be crowned 
 with that success which his labours and devotion so well deserve. 
 
 f Lord Carlisle, during his long connexion with Ireland, zealously encouraged 
 literature, art, music, the drama, Irish public works, manufacture, agriculture, com- 
 merce, and open-air amusements for the people. He was a great patron of cricket, which 
 has now become a national game. 
 
 " We would desire, at the outset, in common with every Irish cricketer, to bear our 
 humble and feeble testimony to the value of thMttberal patronage so unostentatiously ac- 
 corded to this noble game by him whose iiameTn Dublin was a ' household word,' and 
 whose princely hospitality was experienced by every cricketer who trod the velvet sod 
 of the Viceregal cricket ground : whether he played as an opponent to His Excellency's 
 club, or was a mere spectator to be a cricketer was a sufficient passport to the banquets 
 of the Nobleman who, in so exemplary a manner, for a very lengthened period, most 
 worthily filled the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and whose recent death cast a 
 gloom over the wide space of Her Most Gracious Majesty's dominions. Who can forget 
 the unflagging interest with which the late Earl of Carlisle, when he had thrown off the 
 stern duties of the State, observed the progress of the game, and maintained his chosen 
 place as scorer through the match, or the affable manner in which he sought out even the 
 humblest of his team, either to express his approval and thanks for a successful score, or
 
 INTRODUCTION. xlix 
 
 On these festive occasions he alluded to passing events, and 
 congratulated the country on the existing tranquillity. On the 
 subject of peace, and the termination of the Crimean war, the 
 noble Lord deprecated the extortion of peace on terms not con- 
 sonant with good faith and justice and the dignity of the nation, 
 and alluded to the " services and triumphs of the sons of Ire- 
 land." 
 
 VISIT OF THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 The memorable Visit of the Prince of Wales to Dublin oc- 
 curred in the second Mayoralty of Alderman Richard Atkinson, 
 in the year 1861. The worthy Alderman had been twice se- 
 lected to fill the high office of Lord May or of Dublin. His first 
 Mayoralty was in the year 1857. Lord Carlisle, in giving his 
 Health at the inaugural Banquet, said : 
 
 " Let us, then, drink, with the cordiality the toast deserves, ' The Health 
 of the present Chief Magistrate of the City of Dublin ;' and I feel sure that he 
 will not resent the allusion, when I say that from my heart I cordially wish 
 that the texture of his remaining days may be as soft, as rich, and as bright as 
 that beautiful fabric with which he has done so much to enrich the manufac- 
 tures of his native land."* 
 
 At the Municipal Banquet, on the occasion of his assuming 
 the office of Lord Mayor a second time, Lord Carlisle again pro- 
 posed his Health, and said : 
 
 to sympathize with an unfortunate innings? And even after he was stricken with that 
 attack which terminated the earthly career of this most popular Nobleman, it was his 
 pleasure to bend his feeble steps towards the ground of the Phoenix Club, and still 
 anxiously watch this favourite pastime. Cricket in Ireland has lost a liberal patron, and 
 the Irish Civil Service Club has to mourn a chief who, from its earliest formation, took a 
 most lively interest in its welfare. His melancholy illness which all hoped would be but 
 temporary cast a gloom over the latter part of the season, and preveuted I Zingari 
 paying Dublin their accustomed visit." John Lull/white's Cricketers' Companion, 
 1865. 
 
 * Alderman Atkinson is the proprietor of an extensive establishment in Dublin for 
 the manufacture of the celebrated Irish Poplins and Tabinets. 
 
 d
 
 1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " lie was sure they would all join in one cordial expression of admiration, 
 not only of the general character and qualities of the Lord Mayor, but also 
 of his splendid municipal hospitality, which on that occasion had overflowed 
 its usual bounds." 
 
 The " splendid hospitality" of Alderman Atkinson on the 
 occasion of the Prince's visit transcended all his previous 
 festive entertainments. A magnificent Ball in honour of His 
 Royal Highness was given by his Lordship, at the Mansion 
 House, which excited the admiration of all, by the exquisite cha- 
 racter of the art decorations of the "King's Room," in which 
 George the Fourth was entertained by the Corporation of Dublin, 
 on the occasion of his only visit to Ireland, in 1821. A brilliant 
 assembly of all that was noble and honoured in the land at- 
 tended to pay homage to the illustrious Prince the cherished 
 heir of a good and gracious Queen. Seldom, if ever, has a scene 
 of equal pleasure and enjoyment distinguished the Mayoralty 
 of the city of Dublin, and its civic festivities. The Queen also 
 visited Ireland during Alderman Atkinson's year of office, ac- 
 companied by the Prince Consort 
 
 " Albert the Good." 
 
 Her Majesty, remaining, however, a few days only in the city 
 of Dublin, proceeded to the " Curragh," where the Prince of 
 Wales had been performing military duties ; and, having vi- 
 sited the Lakes of Killarney and other scenes of attraction, de- 
 parted for Balmoral. 
 
 The Lord Lieutenant desired to confer upon Alderman At- 
 kinson the honour of Knighthood, as a testimony to his worth, 
 the magnificence of his hospitality as Lord Mayor, and his ge- 
 nerous and unbounded benevolence ; and with that view ad- 
 dressed to his Lordship the following letter : 
 
 "VICEREGAL LODGE, September 14, 1861. 
 " MY DEAR LORD MAYOR, 
 
 I FEEL that I ought not at least to withhold iny expression of admiration for 
 the liberal and munificent hospitality which you evinced in your recent enter- 
 tainment to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. It would have been
 
 INTRODUCTION. li 
 
 * 
 very agreeable to myself if I could have conveyed to you an intimation that 
 
 you were to receive the same honour which was conferred upon the Chief 
 Magistrate of Dublin upon the occasion of Her Majesty's first Visit to that 
 capital. As, however, that precedent was not followed upon her second Visit, 
 and as it is our hope that Her Majesty's future arrivals in Ireland may not be 
 looked upon as rare or exceptional circumstances, it has not been thought ad- 
 visable to adopt the course which was pursued in 1849. 
 
 " Your Lordship is aware that the highest mark of distinction by which it 
 would be in my own power to prove how much I appreciated at once the ge- 
 neral feeling and bearing of the whole population of Dublin during the visits 
 of Her Majesty and her august family, and the manner in which you person- 
 ally represented and embodied the loyal sentiment of the community, would 
 be by conferring upon your Lordship the honour of Knighthood. I do not, 
 however, directly make that proposal to you, in case it might not be agreeable 
 to you to accept it. Upon the slightest intimation, however, that it would not 
 be unacceptable, I need not say how much pleasure I should feel in be- 
 stowing it. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, my dear Lord Mayor, 
 
 " With great respect and regard, 
 
 " Your very grateful Servant, 
 
 " CAPO.ISLE." 
 
 The Lord Mayor solely desirous of discharging the duties of 
 his office faithfully and honourably, and for the benefit of his 
 fellow-citizens respectfully declined the distinguished honour. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The vast importance of agriculture to Ireland cannot be over- 
 estimated. In the absence of Manufactures, the principal reliance 
 of the country is based upon the cultivation of the soil. The 
 comparative advantages of pasturage and tillage have long en- 
 gaged serious attention. 
 
 Geographical position, the character of the soil, and moisture 
 of the climate, would seem naturally to point out pasturage, and 
 the production of live stock, as the most remunerative source of 
 profit more especially since the abolition of the Corn Laws. 
 Hence, a vast impulse has been given to the increase of stock, 
 and improvement in the quality of the breed of every variety of 
 
 d2
 
 Hi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 animal. The increase of cattle does not necessarily lead to the 
 decrease of tillage. The necessity of an adequate supply of 
 manure is an obvious and important consideration, mainly affect- 
 ing the proper cultivation of the soil ; and stall feeding is a most 
 material element in the increased production of manure. 
 
 In Ireland the variety in the quality of the soil admits of the 
 production of the different species of cereals and green crops. 
 
 'i he great extent of waste lands reclaimed by arterial and 
 surface drainage has enabled the farmers to apply themselves to 
 the cultivation of green crops, so essential to the improvement 
 and fattening of live stock, without materially diminishing the 
 production of cereals ; and compensates, in some measure, for 
 the land withdrawn from tillage for the purposes of pasture. The 
 Agricultural Statistics, obtained from the Constabulary returns, 
 show the progressive increase in cereals and green crops, and in 
 the numbers of live stock. These returns are extremely useful, 
 and prove the progress of Ireland in agriculture during the 
 Viceroyalty of Lord Carlisle. 
 
 The cultivation of Flax, for which the climate is most suitable, 
 also occupied the attention of the country. The Russian war 
 gave a great impetus to this branch of agriculture, and subse- 
 quently the deficiency in the supply of cotton arising from the 
 disastrous war in America.* Flax is a most remunerative crop to 
 the producer, but requires great skill and care in the various 
 
 * From the fibre of this valuable plant, linen, cambric, lawn, lace, threads, &c., are 
 produced ; and it may be spun to the fineness of silk. Previous to the events alluded to 
 above, the cultivation of flax in Ireland was confined to the province of Ulster Belfast 
 being the principal emporium of the flax and linen trade. The necessity having arisen for 
 extending the cultivation of flax, to supply the unlimited demand now existing, deter- 
 mined the other provinces to embrace the opportunity, and so to participate in the ra- 
 pidly extending prosperity of the North of Ireland, by a more general cultivation of 
 flax. Skilled teachers were engaged to give proper instructions for preparing the fibre for 
 market. Lord Fermoy and most of the noblemen and landed proprietors in the various 
 districts of the country amply contributed to the erection of the requisite scutching 
 mill* and machinery. The finer qualities of the material are purchased throughout the 
 country by the agents of the Messrs. Finlayson and Bousfield, the eminent and enter- 
 prising flax spinners of Johnstone, Glasgow.
 
 INTRODUCTION. * liii 
 
 processes, and the outlay of considerable capital. in the erection 
 of scutch mills and machinery. 
 
 The importance of drainage to the improvement of the climate 
 and the fertility of the soil is manifest. The formation of the 
 soil mountain ranges surrounding a limestone plain, and afford- 
 ing little out-fall for deep drainage presents many difficulties; yet 
 a great deal was effected by the deepening of the beds of rivers, 
 preventing the overflowing of the banks and the inundation of 
 the land. 
 
 The improvement of agricultural implements and machinery 
 materially affects the progress of agriculture ; and we find, by 
 the test of experience, that the introduction of machinery has 
 not interfered with the welfare of the labouring classes in Ire- 
 land as the increase in wages, their improved social condition, 
 and the superior class of dwellings which are replacing the mi- 
 serable mud cabins or hovels wherein they previously lived., 
 clearly prove. 
 
 Taking a retrospective view of the former state of Ireland, and 
 the wasting years of famine, pestilence, and general prostration^ 
 we must observe a gradual and steady progress in agricultural 
 prosperity, the employment of the people, the decrease of pau- 
 perism, and the diminution of crime and agrarian outrage.* 
 
 * The " Times," in an editorial article on the past and present state of Ireland, quotes 
 the following figures to establish the fact that the country has prospered during the ad- 
 ministration of Lord Carlisle : " People are aware that Ireland has improved; but they 
 are hardly prepared to find that, from an abyss of misery, she is now in prosperity equal, 
 if iiot superior, to a great part of England. An Irish pape,r has just published some 
 statistics on this subject which are worth consideration, as showing that the progress is 
 beyond what the most sanguine might have calculated. It reminds us that in the five 
 years succeeding 1830 the number of paupers in Ireland was a third of the population, 
 while in 1858-59 it was only a 32nd part. Since 1830, 2,000,000 acres of land out of 
 3,500,000 capable of being reclaimed have been brought under cultivation. The re- 
 venue has risen from 4,000,000 to 7,000,000. The tonnage of Irish shipping has in- 
 creased since 1853 from 333,700 tons to 786,000. The wages of agricultural labourers, 
 which averaged half-a-crown a week, are now 7s. a week. A quarter of a century 
 ago the catalogue of crime was frightful ; in 1860 there were only five convictions for 
 homicide, and the judges everywhere congratulated the grand juries on the general 
 tranquillity. In this prosperity there does not seem likely to be any change."
 
 liv * INTRODUCTION. 
 
 These satisfactory results owe their origin to the beneficial 
 and stimulating effects of Government aid, and the co-operation 
 and harmonious working of two useful and efficient Societies 
 
 " THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY," AND "THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL 
 
 SOCIETY." 
 
 The Earl of Carlisle was ex-officio President of the Royal 
 Dublin Society. His Lordship attended in state nearly all the 
 Spring Cattle Shows of this Society, the Exhibitions in Dublin, 
 and the Annual Cattle Shows of the Royal Agricultural So- 
 ciety in Athlone, "Waterford, Dundalk, Cork, Belfast, Limerick, 
 and Kilkenny. In his Addresses he dwelt upon the excel- 
 lence and utility of these Exhibitions, the extension of accom- 
 modation, and the enlarged sphere of the Royal Dublin So- 
 ciety the mutual co-operation of both Societies the im- 
 portance of a systematic culture of agricultural science and 
 art. The self-reliance and kindliness of the people, arising 
 from the ordeal of suffering and calamity through which they 
 had recently passed; the advance in the science of Agricul- 
 ture; the improving character of the seasons; "the bright 
 prospect of golden harvests, and overflowing granaries ;" and 
 generally discussed the whole subject of Agriculture, displaying 
 a practical knowledge and experience of its various details. 
 
 At these annual meetings, harmony and good temper pre- 
 vailed ; all parties were animated with an emulous desire to pro- 
 mote the objects of these useful institutions. 
 
 Lord Carlisle devoted his best energies to advance the ob- 
 jects and increase the usefulness of these Societies. The noble 
 Lord's first wish was the prosperity of Ireland. 
 
 At the Banquet of the Royal Agricultural Society of Ire- 
 land (July 25th, 1863), Lord Clonbrock, the Chairman, on 
 proposing "The health of the Lord Lieutenant, and prosperity 
 to Ireland," said " On all occasions we find His Excellency at 
 his post, and, in that graceful and eloquent language which is 
 peculiarly his own, encouraging our hopes, and bidding us ' God
 
 INTRODUCTION. lv 
 
 speed.' To his name is added, most appropriately, ' Prosperity 
 to Ireland,' which is the object of His Excellency's best wishes." 
 
 Lord Lifford, a political opponent of the late Lord Carlisle, 
 said : " That as Viceroy of Ireland he was not the Minister of 
 a party, but the Eepresentative of Her Majesty, whose only 
 object was to secure the welfare of her subjects." 
 
 The last Banquet of the Koyal Agricultural Society of Ireland 
 which Lord Carlisle attended was at Kilkenny, in 1863. When 
 he had nearly concluded his Address, he suddenly turned, and, 
 pointing towards the lofty Slievenamon, of historic associations, 
 said : 
 
 u My Lords and Gentlemen, this is not the country to despond about. 
 There are two sets of principles and influences at work for mastery over its 
 future destinies. On that mountain top, which overlooks so great a portion 
 of the country on the majestic Slievenamon one set of these principles and 
 influences finds its seat in shrill and ill-omened shrieks for strife, for discord , 
 and for the bloodshed of those who possess and those who till the soil ; the 
 other, or counter set of principles, breathes through such organs of peace as 
 this and other kindred Societies, of which it is the harmonizing and healing 
 purpose to spread the knowledge of useful improvements, to encourage the 
 proprietors of land to reside on their estates, and to take an interest in the 
 land they live on and the men they live with, and to unite all classes and all 
 grades, landlords and tenants, farmers and labourers, in one blessed recipro- 
 city of good will and good deeds." 
 
 LORD CARLISLE'S DESIRE TO CONFER HONOUR ON DISTINGUISHED 
 
 IRISHMEN. 
 
 The devotion of Lord Carlisle to the welfare of the people 
 to the promotion of Education, Literature, Science, and Art 
 the ardent zeal which he exhibited in raising memorials in 
 honour of those illustrious sons of genius whose works and 
 virtues adorn the history of Ireland, deserve the lasting grati- 
 tude of the people. 
 
 These monuments record their genius and their immortal 
 fame, and will never fail to excite the emulation of Irishmen to 
 imitate their virtues, and aspire to fame in the bright path of 
 honour and renown.
 
 Ivi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Lord Carlisle displayed the same ardour and zeal in confer- 
 ring honour on the living sons of Ireland who had earned a hard- 
 won reputation on the deadly but glorious battle-field, in defence 
 of the Empire ; or devoted themselves to the noble career of 
 discovery in science, or to the welfare, happiness, and prosperity 
 of their fellow-countrymen. 
 
 On the installation of 
 
 Lord Gough as Knight of St. Patrick, 
 
 Lord Carlisle gave a Banquet at Dublin Castle, and proposed 
 "The Health, Honour, and Happiness of the distinguished Ge- 
 neral." He reviewed the. history of his brilliant exploits, from 
 the commencement of his services, under the Great Duke, to his 
 memorable and eventful career in India, and eulogized the 
 warmth of his heart, his resolution, and daring. 
 
 With what gratification did the kind and courteous Noble- 
 man present to the bold Arctic explorer 
 
 (Sir Leopold M'Clintock) 
 
 the Address of the Royal Dublin Society ! 
 
 In presenting the Address, Lord Carlisle referred to his chival- 
 rous enterprise, and calmness in danger to his contributions to 
 geographical science to the "transparent current" of his nar- 
 rative, and to the noble qualities of his mind to the cheerfulness 
 which animated the brave companions of his expedition in that 
 
 " Long unbroken night of winter ;" 
 
 and concluded by wishing that Sir Leopold M'Clintock might 
 long enjoy the affectionate intercourse of friends, and the gra- 
 titude of admiring countrymen. 
 
 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS TO THE EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH 
 REGIMENT. 
 
 Noble, generous, and magnanimous, Lord Carlisle never felt 
 more pleasure, nor appeared more happy, than when conferring 
 honour and dignity on the worthy, whether, in the peaceful pur- 
 suits of literature and science, "the laurel wreath decked their
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ivii 
 
 honoured brows," or, on the " tented field," deeds of valour and 
 glory, crowned with victory bravely won, attested the valiant 
 chivalry of our Irish heroes. 
 
 The Presentation, August, 1856, of Colours to the 18th Royal 
 Irish 1st (old) Battalion was a fine opportunity for compli- 
 menting that glorious Regiment, whose triumphant standards 
 were proudly borne through so many scenes of danger in the 
 long career of its glorious and brilliant services. 
 
 That Battalion had returned from the Crimea, with banners 
 shivered and torn into shreds, bearing the honourable scars of 
 battle, and covered with glory. Our gracious Queen, on their 
 arrival, had signified her approbation of their gallantry and 
 signal services. Her chivalrous representative, Lord Carlisle, 
 presented the Battalion with new colours. 
 
 Having passed a general and high eulogium on the valour of 
 the Irish troops in Her Majesty's service, the noble Lord re- 
 counted the history of the " 18th Royal Irish" their brilliant 
 deeds in every quarter of the globe where their conquering 
 standards waved, and the celebrated Irish Commanders under 
 whom these standards were borne forward to victory ; and 
 closed that brilliant narrative with the capture of Sebastopol. 
 The new colours were then delivered, bearing a Sphinx, to 
 represent Egypt a Dragon, to represent China. The noble 
 Lord finally impressed upon the Regiment the importance of 
 their duties as peaceful citizens, and uttered a fervent prayer 
 that the colours then presented might be the rallying point of 
 Victory in war of Honour in peace. 
 
 Shortly after this event, the Crimean heroes were entertained 
 by the citizens of Dublin at a grand and memorable Banquet. 
 
 Lord Carlisle replied to the toast of his Health. His speech 
 was brief and homely, but characteristic and inspiring. He bade 
 them welcome in the name of the Queen in the name of the 
 people of Ireland, who loved brave men. He gave them thanks 
 on the part of their country, and the blessings of their country-
 
 Iviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 men ; claimed the right of Ireland to welcome her heroes ; de- 
 clared that Irish hospitality extended to all who, side by side 
 with her sons, shed their blood in the field ; and that the bright 
 medal on their manly breast was a sure passport to her hospi- 
 tality ; congratulated them on their surviving the dangers of 
 war, and enjoying the blessings of peace ; applauded their devo- 
 tion to the service of their country, and hoped that their glowing 
 faces would never again frown on an enemy, but beam with good 
 will to man, and gratitude to God. The noble Lord, on resum- 
 ing his seat, bade " God bless them." 
 
 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS TO THE SECOND BATTALION OF THE 
 
 EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH. 
 
 Orders having been issued for the formation of a second 
 Battalion, the duty of Presenting Colours devolved upon 
 Lord Carlisle. In performing that duty he stated the ser- 
 vices of the older Battalion their achievements under Marl- 
 borough, and our own veteran Lord Gough their recent ex- 
 ploits in the suppression of the fierce Indian mutiny ; hoped 
 that the new Battalion would emulate the glory of the old, and 
 that the Queen and their own Old Ireland would be proud of 
 their actions ; commended their fine appearance, conduct, and 
 discipline ; alluded to the present happy and auspicious peace 
 among nations, and the quelling of the Indian Rebellion. Re- 
 ferring, however, to the possibility of a change to the dangers 
 of war to the risks and duties of the soldier he exhorted them 
 to be prepared, and presented the Colours, invoking the bless- 
 ing of God upon them in peace and in war. 
 
 With regard to the recent American war, Lord Carlisle 
 counselled neutrality ; expressed his abhorrence of slavery, and 
 his desire to plant the olive between the combatants in the unna- 
 tural conflict ; vindicated the right of asylum, violated in tire 
 affair of the steamer "Trent" the eternal principles of justice, 
 and commended the spirit of the nation.
 
 INTRODUCTION. lix 
 
 RESIGNATION OF LORD CARLISLE. 
 
 The Irish people, progressing in prosperity, peace, and hap- 
 piness during the Viceroyalty of Lord Carlisle, saw with pain 
 and anxious concern that his wise and beneficent administration 
 was soon to dissolve. 
 
 During the early part of the year (1864), a partial lingual 
 paralysis rendered speech difficult to his Lordship His phy- 
 sical powers were as yet otherwise unaffected. At this critical 
 period of the incipient disease, the celebration of the Shaks- 
 perian Tercentenary was about to be held at Stratford-on- 
 Avon; Lord Carlisle was to preside. His physicians, as the 
 festival drew near, remonstrated upon the danger to his 
 powers of speech, scarcely recovered. But the danger was not 
 regarded by Lord Carlisle, who felt a deep interest in the suc- 
 cess of that great festival. Several pledged visitors had drawn 
 back ; Lord Carlisle resolved, at all events, not to fail. He 
 kept his engagement; and at the Banquet,* first proposed the 
 Health of 
 
 "The Queen." 
 
 He said, " Shakspeare himself supplied, in part, a most fitting 
 description of the character of the Monarch now happily reign- 
 ing over this country : 
 
 '"She shall be 
 
 A pattern to all Princes living with her, 
 And all that shall succeed. 
 
 All Princely graces, 
 
 With all the virtues that attend the good, 
 
 Shall still be doubled on her ; truth shall nurse her, 
 
 Holy and heavenly thoughts still counsel her.' " 
 
 He next gave 
 " The Prince and Princess of Wales, and the rest of the Royal Family. 
 
 * See the Appendices for the characteristic bill-of-fare at the Shakspeare Comme- 
 memoration Banquet.
 
 Ix INTRODUCTION. 
 
 He said that " with respect to the illustrious couple who 
 headed the toast, it would not be inappropriate to resort to the 
 Court of Denmark for a description of them. He would charac- 
 terise them (again quoting Shakespeare) as 
 
 " ' The expectancy and rose of the fair State, 
 The glass of fashion, and the mould of form, 
 The observed of all observers.' " 
 
 And in the opinions of the Lord Archbishop* of Dublin, and 
 many other men of eminence and sound judgment who were 
 present, delivered as fine and powerful an Address as they had 
 ever heard from his Lordship, on the toast of the eveniifg 
 
 "The Memory of Shakspeare." 
 
 This great effort did not for a time appear to have had 
 an injurious effect; on his return, however, to Dublin, the 
 fearful disease extended ; the entire right side became paralyzed, 
 and the noble Lord's whole system fatally affected.] 
 
 It became painfully evident that the termination of his Go- 
 vernment was at hand. Sorrow, anxiety, and gloom pervaded the 
 minds of the Irish people, who had fondly hoped for a long and 
 happy continuance of his Lordship's genial and impartial rule. 
 
 Lord Carlisle, however, needed retirement from the cares of 
 Btate. The progress of the disease imperatively constrained him 
 to tender his resignation of the Viceroyalty, and seek repose in 
 his native country. 
 
 LORD CARLISLE'S FINAL DEPARTURE AND DEATH. 
 
 " It was here I began my official life here I shall be well content to close 
 it happy, indeed, when that period arrives, again to leave your land without 
 the consciousness of any enmity wilfully incurred, or of any duty wantonly 
 neglected." Reply to the Addretsfrom the Corporation of Dublin. . 
 
 * See the Appendices for Dr. Trench's celebrated Sermon on Shakspeare, preached 
 in Holy Trinity Church, S:atford-on-Avon, during the Tercentenary Festival.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixi 
 
 Lord Carlisle had resigned ; his official life had closed ; in 
 Kingstown Harbour, alongside the "Carlisle Pier," the vessel lay 
 moored that was soon tobear from the shores of Ireland the "good 
 and amiable Viceroy." Alas ! how changed was the appearance of 
 the gay and sprightly Nobleman who, a few short years before, had 
 landed here with firm step, and stately and graceful bearing, in 
 buoyant spirits and healthful vigour, whom the people wel- 
 comed with hope and joy ! He was now about to leave, in utter 
 prostration, his physical powers wholly exhausted. This reflec- 
 tion affected and deeply moved an affectionate and warm-hearted 
 people. They were sensible of their own great loss, yet deeply 
 lamented the sad and afflicting cause ; their sorrowing hearts sym- 
 pathized with the sufferings of their friend and noble bene- 
 factor. 
 
 An immense concourse were assembled to bid their esteemed 
 Viceroy farewell a fond, and, as it proved, a last farewell. 
 The vast assemblage poured forth humble blessings upon him, 
 and fervent hopes for his recovery, and that he would soon 
 return, to assume again the office of Viceroy, with renewed health 
 and vigour. 
 
 How overpowering must have been the emotions what min- 
 gled feelings of sorrow, pride, and pleasure must have pervaded 
 the mind of Lord Carlisle at this the closing scene of his bright 
 official career ! His natural display of feeling on this affecting 
 and memorable occasion was felt to be no indication of mere 
 physical weakness, but rather the farewell of tender regard. He 
 appeared on the deck, leaning on the arm of Lady Elizabeth 
 Grey, the sister whom he loved so well. His last words at the 
 moment of parting were " I leave, after my term of office, un- 
 dimmed by one particle of personal bitterness either on the 
 present or the crowded memories of the past ;" and the vessel 
 proceeding on her way he continually waved his adieus towards 
 the receding shore. 
 
 Sir Kobert Peel, speaking of the loss of Lord Carlisle, and his 
 departure, well and vividly describes the interesting scene :
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "I do venture to say, that never did a man leave the shores of Ireland 
 towards whom a deeper regret at the affliction which had befallen him 
 was felt than towards Lord Carlisle. I do not know if I may observe 
 on one particular fact connected with his departure ; but I would venture 
 to say that there was no person who witnessed the departure of Lord 
 Carlisle from the shores of Ireland who was not affected at the spec- 
 tacle that was presented. Crowds of people were assembled in Kings- 
 town, in silent regret, to wish him good-bye ; and I have been told when 
 my gallant friend, the Commander-in-Chief, advanced to bid him a last 
 good-bye, and when he took his hand and grasped it for a few minutes, and 
 said, l God bless you, Sir!' and I do believe that there was not a dry eye 
 in the crowded assembly that was there to wish Lord Carlisle farewell. He 
 stood till the last moment on the deck of the vessel ; and, as it was leaving the 
 shore, he cast a long, lingering look behind him at that country where he had 
 spent almost the whole of his public life, and where his public services had 
 been given. Many a person in that assembly must have recollected those 
 touching lines of Moore, where he says : * 
 
 " ' As slow our ship her foamy track 
 
 Against the wind was cleaving, 
 Her trembling pennant still looked back 
 
 To that dear isle 't was leaving : 
 So loath we part from all we love, 
 
 From all the links that bind us ; 
 So turn our hearts, where'er we rove, 
 
 On those we ' ve left behind us.' " 
 
 So parted the noble Lord, amidst the regrets of the citizens 
 of Dublin, of the people of Ireland, and their yearning for his 
 return. He was certainly the most popular Viceroy that ever 
 administered the affairs of Ireland, and his successor will find it 
 difficult to rival him in those social and administrative qualities 
 which marked the public conduct and private demeanour of Lord 
 Carlisle. 
 
 The "Globe," on the retirement of Lord Carlisle from office, 
 observes : 
 
 u We must place him in the category of those whose eminent careers have 
 been prematurely cut off. In the case of Dalhousie, of Canning, and of 
 Elgin, ' the climate and the work' but too surely showed that they bad-laid down 
 their lives as devotedly as those who face the enemy in battle ; and of each
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixiii 
 
 of them it may be said he died amid the sound of victories won victories not 
 the less glorious because they were accompanied, not with shrieks and wounds, 
 but with tokens of humanizing progress, of increasing prosperity and hap- 
 piness wrought by their hands. We have now to add to the list the name of 
 Lord Carlisle, whom a painful and destroying illness compels to abandon the 
 sphere which he so well adorns. " 
 
 " The retirement of Lord Carlisle from the high office he so long and 
 so worthily filled, can hardly be looked upon as other than a retirement frftm 
 political life. The gradual increase of the malady from which he suffers an 
 increase which has been slow, but steady and sure leaves little room to hope 
 that he will be able again to offer his Sovereign and his country a renewal of 
 those services the benefit of which Ireland felt more than any other portion 
 of this empire. No living statesman has been so long, so intimately, and so 
 usefully connected with Ireland, and with Irish political affairs, as has been 
 Lord Carlisle." Freeman's Journal. 
 
 Mr. Lever, in an able article on "The Irish Viceroyalty," 
 deprecating the abolition* of that time-honoured office, says : 
 
 " If, however, it be the intention of our rulers to abolish that office, what 
 could have induced them to mark its extinction by naming Lord Carlisle to 
 the post? Why accompany its decline and fall by regrets all the more 
 poignant? Why join in the loss of certain material benefits the still greater 
 loss that attaches to the rupture of ties of affection and deep regard? I have 
 never been in Ireland since his Viceroyalty ; but I am told on all sides, and by 
 
 * Opinion of Lord Carlisle upon the Abolition of the Irish Viceroyalty. 
 
 " I retain the conviction with which I left your shores, that it would be most (in- 
 advisable to discontinue or tamper with the office which it is now my high honour, for 
 the second time, to fill. Any efforts that I can make will be used in accordance with 
 this opinion ; but I do not apprehend that any designs are entertained on the part of 
 those in whose behalf I can speak in a contrary direction. 
 
 " Besides the signal antiquity of the office, which would clearly give to its abolition 
 all the risks of an untried experiment, the character of weight and authority with which 
 it is invested have a tendency to secure consideration for matters affecting the interest 
 and welfare of Ireland ; and although under a Parliamentary Government all persona 
 bearing office below the Crown itself will probably, always, in a greater or less degree, belong 
 to one or other of the parties into which the realm is divided, still the very notion of repre- 
 senting the Crown will be found to go some way in raising a Lord Lieutenant above the 
 rigid limits of mere party divisions." Extract from the Reply to the Address of the 
 Corporation of Dublin, Jwne ISth, 1859.
 
 Ixiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 men of all parties, such traits of his kindness, his generosity, and his good- 
 ness I have heard of such instances of his thoughtful benevolence that I 
 can feel what Ireland must have lost by his departure and a sorrow all the 
 deeper from the cause that produced it. 
 
 " If it be policy to extinguish the Viceroyalty, Lord Carlisle should never 
 have been among the last to hold it." BlachwoocTs Magazine, Nov., 1864. 
 
 Lord Wodehouse was selected to fill the vacant office of 
 Viceroy. On his arrival he was presented with an Address by 
 the Corporation of Dublin. 
 
 In reply Lord Wodehouse said : 
 
 "Mr LORD MAYOR, ALDERMEN, AND BURGESSES OF DUBLIN, I thank 
 you for the Address you have presented to me. I accept your kind expressions 
 of welcome in the spirit in which they are offered, as a mark of loyalty and at- 
 tachment to our gracious Sovereign whom I have the honour represent. 
 I need scarcely assure you that I entirely share your deep concern at the 
 illness which has unfortunately rendered necessary the resignation of Lord 
 Carlisle. Ireland has lost in him a most accomplished statesman, of whom 
 it is not too much to say that he secured the respect of the whole community 
 by his unvarying uprightness and honesty of purpose ; whilst by the amiable 
 qualities of his heart he has endeared himself to all who have the happiness 
 of his acquaintance." 
 
 The following Address was presented from Trinity Col- 
 lege, manifesting the esteem of that learned body for the late 
 Viceroy : 
 
 u MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY, We, the Chancellor, Doctors, and 
 Masters of the University of Dublin, beg leave to present to your Excellency 
 our respectful congratulations on your appointment to the high office of Her 
 Most Gracious Majesty's representative in Ireland. 
 
 " We lately lost, in your distinguished predecessor, one whose cultivated 
 intellect, kind heart, and genial temper, won for him a well-merited popula- 
 rity. In his retirement from public life, which we trust will be but tempo- 
 rary, he bears with him the esteem and affection of all ranks and classes of 
 Irishmen. However widely they may differ on questions of public policy, 
 they must all gratefully remember his gracious and benignant demeanour, 
 his earnest solicitude for the interests of the country, and his zeal attested 
 by lasting memorials to do honour to the names of our illustrious dead."
 
 INTRODUCTION. l.XV 
 
 DEATH OF LORD CARLISLE. " Lord Carlisle died at Castle 
 Howard to-day, 5th December, 1864." 
 
 Such were the words of the magnetic telegraph (brief, but 
 painfully distinct), which conveyed the announcement of the 
 melancholy event. 
 
 The public press in Great Britain and Ireland teemed with 
 leading articles, lamenting the premature loss, and describing, in 
 glowing language, the pure, the virtuous, and the noble life of 
 Lord Carlisle. 
 
 The " Daily News," in an elegantly written article, after some 
 preliminary observations, says : 
 
 " The sorrow, the enthusiasm for the man, the recoil from the thought of his 
 death, which were manifested when he became virtually dead to society, were 
 such as the greatest statesman might covet. It was his exquisite moral 
 nature, together with the charm of intercourse which grew out of it, which 
 created this warm affection in all who approached him, and through them the 
 rest of the world received the impression of a man of rare virtue being among 
 them of singular nobleness of spirit and gentleness of temper, and sympathy 
 as modest as it was keen and constant." 
 
 " His private life had never been more beautiful and beloved than now. 
 Instead of the irritability and depression which usually accompany the dis- 
 ease, even where the intellect remains unaffected, there was in him a serenity 
 and even cheerfulness, as unrnistakeable as the clearness of his mind. He was 
 as willing as ever to receive what others said, without manifesting any ha- 
 rassing need to reply. His drives in the fine autumn days among the woods at 
 Castle Howard were a keen pleasure to him, as he watched the changing 
 beauty of their foliage. Sad as it was, his decline was so much less grievous 
 and terrible than it must have been in a man of a lower moral nature, that it 
 was endurable even to those who loved him best. When it became known 
 that his career was closed, the echoes of his old eloquence must have awakened 
 in many minds the West Riding electors, who had heard his best-remem- 
 bered speech ; the Leeds mechanics, to whom he had spoken as a lecturer on 
 Pope ; and the Americans and the Irish, to whom he had spoken frankly and 
 affectionately on the interests of their country ; and finally, the lovers of 
 Shakspeare, who heard his last public utterances, and could perceive through 
 them how much poetry had contributed to the happiness of a thoroughly 
 
 e
 
 Ixvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 cheerful life. Literature was, indeed, a solace and delight to him from the 
 opening of his reason, through all the labours and trials of life, and at last 
 in his decline, when all but mental pleasure had become extinct for him. 
 The tradition of him will remain as the best and most beloved man in the com- 
 pany of ttatesmen of his day and generation." 
 
 44 Lord Carlisle died on Monday afternoon at Castle Howard, after a 
 short illness. To many the news of his departure will come as a surprise 
 and to many as a calamity. He was a good, kind nobleman in the best sense 
 of the word, who made many friends, and never made an enemy." Times. 
 
 41 His courtesy was overflowing. There was probably no man ever ad- 
 mitted to his presence who was not charmed with his graceful and kindly 
 manner. And that grace was not the mere torpor that varnished over in- 
 diflerence; it sprang naturally from the real and thorough kindness of his 
 heart." Morning Herald. 
 
 41 It is no wonder that in Ireland he was so widely popular, considering 
 that his popularity was founded not merely on such qualities as a kind and 
 genial manner, the purity and liberality of his convictions, and the scholarlike 
 language in which they were expressed, but on deep excellencies of heart and 
 thorough earnestness. 
 
 44 His generous hospitality, his hatred of bigotry and intolerance, and his 
 broad, unswerving love of constitutional liberty and religious equality, taught 
 him the importance of calling out the self-reliance of those whom he so ho- 
 nestly and impartially governed." Daily Telegraph. 
 
 44 Though the fatal blow was long expected, we cannot but feel the per- 
 sonal and public bereavement, and mourn the loss of a great and good man 
 as a personal friend and public benefactor." Freeman's Journal. 
 
 41 As a man, Lord Carlisle had not, and never could have had, an enemy. In 
 amiability, courtesy, and combined elevation and kindness of bearing, he was 
 the very type of the gentleman. His charities were numerous, and without 
 ostentation. His aid was ever promptly responsive to the invocation of strug- 
 gling merit ... Of his polished scholarship it is unnecessary to say a 
 word, where so many recollect his graceful speeches, which, on the most or- 
 dinary occasions, bore the stamp of intellectual superiority." Dublin Evening 
 Mail. 
 
 41 A kinder nobleman, a more polished gentleman, a more finished speaker, 
 a more accomplished scholar, did not exist than Lord Carlisle. No man 
 could more happily conceive a thought, or clothe it in more appropriate 
 language ; no man was more earnest in the cause of charity ; and to 
 secure his presence, or his aid, it was only needful to say that there
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixvii 
 
 was want. His last official act but one, in Dublin, was to visit the pri- 
 soners, and speak to them a few kind words. So long had he resided in 
 Ireland so completely had he identified himself with us that we regarded 
 him as our own ; and he, in turn, loved this country and her people well. In 
 him Ireland has lost a friend, and she had but few. His death will be lamented 
 throughout the length and breadth of Ireland this day by a people never un- 
 mindful of a kindness most, perhaps, by those who on some points differed 
 from him, and the sincerity of whose respect was proved because they did 
 differ, and could yet admire." Irish Times. 
 
 Vain would be the attempt to give expression to the deep 
 feelings of regret that affected all classes of society vain, indeed, 
 to describe a nation's sorrow. 
 
 The all-pervading sense of the national loss was profoundly 
 felt by every portion of the Empire. 
 
 In Ireland the sad announcement of Lord Carlisle's decease 
 was received with deeply mournful distress, and chilled the warm 
 hearts of the people. 
 
 Party spirit and prejudice were for a time laid aside all 
 combined to honour the memory of a great and good man who 
 had passed away. 
 
 A grand Concert of sacred music in Memorlam was given in 
 Dublin, which was the first demonstration by the citizens of their 
 profound sorrow.* 
 
 * IX MEMORIAM THE LATE EARL OF CARLISLE. . 
 
 " Last evening one hundred of the ladies and gentlemen of Mr. J. J. Gaskin's Choral 
 Society performed an appropriate selection of sacred music, in honour of the memory of our 
 late well-beloved Viceroy, in the large Concert Room, Rotuudo, which was crowded by a 
 highly fashionable audience," who had all received special invitations. The entire of the 
 walls and mirrors were hung with sable draperies ; and at the southern end of the apart- 
 ment, above the orchestra, an admirable portrait of the deceased nobleman, painted by 
 C. W. Nicholls, R.H.A., was suspended. At the top and at either side of the painting 
 the following quotations were exhibited in white letters on a black ground : 
 
 1 ' ' Gloria in Exoelsis Deo ;' 
 
 ' We shall go to him, but he shall not return to us.' 
 ' God shall wipe away all tears.' 
 ' Though lost to sight, to niem'ry dear.' 
 
 e2
 
 Ixviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 One of the first public occasions where the presence of the 
 noble and chivalrous Carlisle was sensibly missed was at the 
 ensuing inaugural Banquet of the Lord Mayor of the City of 
 Dublin, in January, 1865. 
 
 The Right Hon. Frederick Shaw, the Recorder of Dublin a 
 just, impartial, and venerable Judge with feelings of emotion 
 and sorrow, nobly discarding the memories of party struggles 
 and political differences, observed : 
 
 " When we last met here, the late lamented Lord Carlisle was amongst 
 us ; he appeared in perfect health ; he spoke with his usual eloquence and 
 overflowing kindness. We were soon after concerned to learn that, on ac- 
 
 " A well-executed bust of Lord Carlisle, draped in crape, was placed on a pedestal in 
 front of the orchestra. Chaplets of laurestines, chrysanthemums, and immortelles, were 
 strewn on the dais, immediately in front of the bust of the lamented Viceroy. Pas- 
 tiles were kept burning during the whole of the performance ; while hundreds of wax 
 lights, in rich candelabra, festooned with crape and white silk, threw a chastened and 
 subdued lighten the sad and affecting scene. The ladies and gentlemen of the orchestra 
 were dressed in mourning. 
 
 " The ancient Irish Bardic Caoine concluded this Memoriam Concert. In the 
 translation, Mr. Gaskin altered the original words of the Irish Requiem to: 
 
 " ' O Son of Howard, why didst thou die? Royal Noble Learned 
 
 Genial Active Peaceful Eloquent ! Son of Howard, why didst thou die ?' 
 
 " This grand old piece of Celtic harmony, chanted by one hundred voices, produced 
 a magnificent effect, and was heard by fifteen hundred persons with deep and melancholy 
 interest. During the performance the most solemn silence prevailed. 
 
 PROGRAMME : 
 
 " The Dead March from the Oratorio of ' Saul.' 
 Solo and Chorus, The Prayer from ' Mose in Egitto.' 
 Duet and Chorus, ' God shall wipe away all Tears.' 
 The ' Kyrie,' from Mozart's Mass No. 12. 
 Duet, ' Who has not felt 'neath Azure Skies ?' 
 (Words by the late EARL of CARLISLE). 
 Aria, ' I know that my Redeemer Liveth.' 
 Chorus, ' When thou passest through the Waters.' 
 Sacred Song, ' God of Mercy God of Power.' 
 Ancient Irish Bardic Caoine and Requiem 
 ' SON OF HOWARD, WHY DIDST THOU DIE?' " 
 
 Irish Times.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixix 
 
 count of illness, he must retire for a time from official and public life ; but he 
 then vanished, as in a moment, from life itself. 1 had long the pleasure of his 
 acquaintance ; we had sat for many years together in the House of Com- 
 mons ; we were on different sides ; but his amiable disposition disarmed, if not 
 all opposition, certainly all hostility. He was a most courteous and accom- 
 plished gentleman a scholar of peculiar elegance a man of blameless 
 life an honour to his order the type of a truly noble Englishman ; and 
 Ireland his almost adopted country will, I doubt not, long cherish a grate- 
 ful recollection of the good and gentle Carlisle." 
 
 The distinguished guests were visibly moved by this high and 
 generous tribute of respect and esteem paid by the learned Re- 
 corder to a firm and consistent political opponent. 
 
 At the ninth Congress of the Society for the Promotion of 
 Social Science, Lord Brougham said : 
 
 "We have to lament the losses which we the country the world at large 
 have sustained since we met at York." 
 
 And after alluding to the services of Richard Cobden and 
 John Cassell, thus proceeded : 
 
 " Nor is it possible in this country to forget the heavy loss which at our 
 last Congress we had hoped to escape, but which soon after befell us of Lord 
 Carlisle, than whom a more virtuous person, or, in all his positions, one more 
 useful, did not exist. On these lessons we may use the touching words in 
 which the Royal Psalmist poured out his sorrow, 
 
 " ' We shall go to them, but they shall not return to us.' " (2 SAMUEL, xii. 23). 
 
 The limits of this work would not admit of the possibility of 
 recording the innumerable tributes by men of eminence in 
 science and literature, by Statesmen of the highest reputation 
 to the merits and virtues of Lord Carlisle. 
 
 The following fine elegiac poem, written immediately after 
 the death of Lord Carlisle, by a gentleman of well-known lite- 
 rary attainments conspicuous for the descriptive power of 
 his muse, and a political opponent, with great truth and ex- 
 pressiveness embraces the noble qualities, the varied accomplish- 
 ments, and the virtuous attributes of the late Lord Carlisle, and 
 vividly describes the feelings of general grief prevailing every- 
 where in every rank of the social scale :
 
 Ixx 
 
 1NTHOWCTIOX. 
 
 " M1SSKD BY US ALL !" 
 
 " Wuo arc his many mourners ? 
 Say, who arc they not ? 
 From Royal house 
 To humble cot 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 " A noble bearing gone 
 A generous hand 
 A friendly heart 
 At Death's demand 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 " Missed the kind encourager 
 Of shrinking merit ; 
 Missed from the house of joy 
 The gayest spirit 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 "Missed from the mourner's side, 
 When grief oppressed ; 
 Missed by the sick and poor, 
 By hearts distressed 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 " Missed by poetic Muse, 
 The graceful pen, 
 Missed by Literature, 
 
 By best of men 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 u Missed by the artist 
 The Thespian amateur ; 
 By all in need who sought 
 The patron sure 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 " Deeply as a brother mourned, 
 Missed in every tie 
 The friend and relative 
 Together weep and sigh 
 Missed by us all ! 
 
 u Missed in the social group, 
 The radiant smile ; 
 Missed in the Senate, 
 Classic, genial style 
 On earth a blank ! 
 
 " Missed from the Viceroy's throne, 
 Poor Erin's friend ; 
 Missed from the house of prayer 
 A soul whose end 
 Is heavenly rank 
 Missed by us all!" 
 
 WILLIAM SMYTH. 
 
 On Sunday, the 18th December, 1864, a few days after 
 the mortal remains of the late Viceroy had been consigned to 
 the tomb in the ancestral mausoleum of the Howard family, the 
 Very Rev. Daniel Bagot, Dean of Dromore, and Vicar-General of 
 the Diocese of Newry and Mourne, preached an eloquent and 
 impressive sermon on the death and memory of Lord Carlisle, in 
 the Chapel Royal of Dublin Castle. 
 
 The following are extracts from the Dean of Dromore's En- 
 comium :
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxi 
 
 " It has pleased that great Being, who is the All -wise and All-merciful Dis- 
 poser of our destinies, to remove out of this world of suffering and of sin that 
 distinguished nobleman who had been for so many years the representative of 
 our gracious Sovereign in this our native land. The Earl of Carlisle is no 
 more. On the 5th of this present month the silver cord was loosed, the golden 
 bowl was broken, and his undying soul was added to the spirits of the just ; 
 and on Tuesday last, the 13th, his mortal remains were committed ' earth to 
 earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust' to the solemn isolation of the tomb, in 
 sure and certain hope of a glorious resurrection at the last day. The earnest 
 expressions of concern and regret which this melancholy event has produced 
 do credit to the judgments and the hearts of all who knew him, and carry with 
 them the clearest proofs that they are not a merely interested and artificial tri- 
 bute of assumed respect, but that they rise out of feelings of profound attach- 
 ment, and from a sincere and deep-felt grief for the departure of one whose 
 noble accomplishments and commanding virtues have deserved the most solid 
 and enduring appreciation. I cannot regard the place where I now address 
 you, and in which he so often worshipped, as one in which it is unsuitable to 
 pay a passing tribute to his memory. He was eminently endowed with a 
 simple and unassuming manliness of character. True nobility was an innate 
 and essential element in his moral nature. Free from everything approaching 
 to arrogance, or ostentation, or pride full of kindness and benevolence, of 
 dignified and impressive wisdom, and discriminating sense, he discharged the 
 responsible duties of his exalted station with gentle and graceful firmness, with 
 lenient and impartial sway, and always employed his high and prevailing in- 
 fluence for the material and social improvement of the country which he loved 
 and had adopted as his own. Endowed with the estimable adornments of 
 clear and penetrating intelligence, richly cultivated tastes, copious and refined 
 information, he was at all times ready to consecrate these to the service of 
 every useful and philanthropic undertaking ; and in him the advancement of 
 every beneficent art that tends to regenerate and embellish society always 
 found a zealous patron and a generous champion. He never stooped to 
 covet or to seek a spurious popularity by methods of which his morally forti- 
 fied mind and well-disciplined conscience disapproved ; but in all his actions 
 unsullied integrity was the motive power, stainless and unbending principle 
 was his guiding star. He never prized the advantages of his elevated position 
 as instruments for administering to his own aggrandisement and gratification, 
 but chiefly for the opportunity which they supplied for endeavouring to raise 
 the character and condition, and to improve the habits of the lower and indus- 
 trial classes of society. His genial and courteous affability, his pleasing ver- 
 satility of conversation, his cheerful sympathy with all that was kind and good, 
 ever attracted the enthusiastic and admiring homage of all who enjoyed the
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 privilege of his acquaintance. To the innermost circle of those who were 
 connected with him by family ties, or by social ties, he was the object of affec- 
 tionate love ; to the outer circle of those with whom he was officially connected, 
 he was the object of the warnii'St.esteem ; to the more comprehensive circle of 
 those who knew him by his character and his actions, he was the object of 
 grateful admiration and respect. To him the splendour of external rank, 
 which in many is but a substitute for personal worth, was almost superfluous, 
 for the glare of temporal titles and of worldly honours was far surpassed by 
 the brighter and more enduring lustre of sterling honour and intrinsic virtue. 
 
 " His religious convictions were earnest, steadfast, intelligent, and sincere ; 
 and I can state that he was impressed with a deep and abiding feeling of per- 
 sonal piety and devotion. His charities were munificent and unbounded; but 
 they should not be called charities. This word has been degraded into a 
 vulgar and paltry vehicle for expressing those unspontaneous donations which 
 moneyed parsimony occasionally doles out under the influence of vanity and 
 self-gratulation, so as to cause a blush instead of exciting gratitude in the re- 
 cipient. We want a new term to describe that pure and simple liberality 
 which gives, if I may so say it, without giving, and is received without the 
 humiliating feeling of being received. If we could transfer from a Grecian 
 source the term which the Apostle employs in the 13th chapter of his first 
 Epistle to the Corinthians we should have the right designation of genuine 
 Christian philanthropy, which ' suflereth long and is kind ; vaunteth not it- 
 self; is not puffed up; seeketh not her own;' and which was the root and 
 principle from which the noble generosity so profusely exemplified in the late 
 Earl of Carlisle was derived. How willingly did he contribute to every public 
 enterprise of usefulness or benevolence ! how feelingly did he sympathize with 
 every case of distress that came before him ! His delight was to feed the 
 hungry, to clothe the naked, to relieve the sick, to make the orphans' and the 
 widows' heart exult with joy ; to enjoy the luxury of doing good ; and he felt 
 peculiar pleasure in fostering rising talent with kind and liberal encourage- 
 ment, and in acting as the generous and discriminating patron of obscure and 
 of struggling merit. 
 
 "This is not the place in which we should refer to anything of a political 
 bearing or complexion ; but this I may say, that in the administration of the 
 Government of this country it was his great desire and aim to be an unbiassed 
 and impartial ruler. He always felt and acted as one who had been pecu- 
 liarly intrusted with a mission of philanthropy from our good and gracious 
 Queen to her people of every sect, and party, and denomination in our land. 
 And accordingly, whatever had a tendency to eradicate prejudice, to emanci- 
 pate the mind from bigotry, to make the candid, the generous, and patriotic 
 in sentiment predominant over every feeling of an intolerant and exclusive
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxiii 
 
 complexion, ever met with his heartiest welcome and was greeted with his 
 warmest applause. In the matter of education his object was to raise the in- 
 tellectual tone and character of the people, and to vindicate for the poor man 
 that freedom of conscience and right of private judgment which the rich man 
 is able and determined to assert for himself, and to make not only the system 
 which is established by the State, but also every other system, no matter on 
 what principle it may be based, the means of achieving moral victories over 
 ignorance and vice, of banishing the evil spirit of religious discord, and of 
 scattering the seeds of industry and loyalty and sobriety, and of all the house- 
 hold virtues of society broadcast throughout the land. 
 
 " His life was a life of faith in the Son of God, who loved him and gave 
 Himself for him. I know that his simple dependence was upon the finished 
 work of his Divine Redeemer; that he relied upon His sacrifice alone for 
 pardon upon His righteousness alone for acceptance with God ; and that he 
 looked forward with clear and unclouded faith to that blessed hope, even the 
 glorious appearing of our great God and Saviour Jesus Christ. His latter 
 days were days of peaceful serenity and of tranquil joy ; and instead of mani- 
 festing symptoms of restlessness and irritation under the pressure of the dis- 
 ease by which he was afflicted, the lustre of Christian principle shone forth 
 with clear and hallowed brightness, and gave a sacred softness to his whole de- 
 portment. His work on eai'th is done, and now he sleeps in Jesus." 
 
 LORD CARLISLE AS A STATESMAN. 
 
 Lord Carlisle's functions in the world of statesmanship seemed 
 to be to represent and sustain the highest magnanimity, devo- 
 tedness, and benevolence. In every sphere of his useful life, in 
 every office of state to which he was called by the favour of'his So- 
 vereign, he was distinguished by the ability, zeal, and fidelity 
 with which he discharged his social and official duties. 
 
 The welfare of the working classes was to him a subject of 
 deep interest from the period of his entrance into public life. 
 The Lectures he delivered abound with sentiments of earnest 
 regard for their amelioration the actions of his entire life ac- 
 cord with the principles which directed his political career. 
 
 He was an ardent promoter of Mechanics' Institutes, and in- 
 itiated Public Libraries and People's Parks. 
 
 To all social and sanitary improvements he gave an effective 
 impulse. As Commissioner of Woods and Forests he originated
 
 Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the great system of intercepting sewers in London a marvel of 
 the age designed for the protection of the Thames from pol- 
 lution. 
 
 The principles of Civil and Religious Liberty " The worship 
 of a common Creator, the doctrines of a common Gospel, and 
 the faith of a common Cross" found in him a firm and sincere ad- 
 vocate. His views on the question of Reform were liberal and 
 comprehensive. His opinions on the expediency of the aboli- 
 tion of the Corn Laws were sound and enlightened his argu- 
 ments powerful and convincing. 
 
 In his administration as Viceroy of Ireland, Lord Carlisle 
 displayed the best qualities of a statesman, and maintained the 
 truest principles of government. 
 
 The illustrious Bishop of Orleans, Monsieur Dupanloup, truly 
 observes : 
 
 u The nations of tbe civilized world, and humanity itself, have just reason 
 to be proud of the Irish race ; for there is no people around whom their pa- 
 triotism, (heir pure morals, their courageous faith, their "bra very, their ardour 
 for civilization, their unconquerable fidelity, their disinterestedness, their 
 patient endurance, their poetry, their eloquence, have thrown a halo more 
 captivating more glorious." 
 
 One noble feature may be justly added to this generous and 
 eloquent eulogium the fervent gratitude of the Irish people. 
 Few men could have been selected more calculated to win the 
 affections and conciliate the good will of all classes of her 
 gracious Majesty's Irish subjects than Lord Carlisle. Civil and 
 religious liberty, held sacred and inviolable, was the spell that 
 charmed, the powerful magnet that attracted their love and ve- 
 neration. 
 
 In his reply to the loyal Address of the Corporation of 
 Dublin (June 18th, 1859), on his re-appointment to the office of 
 Viceroy, his Lordship truly indicates his sympathy with the 
 feelings of the people, and his anxious desire for the prosperity 
 of the country :
 
 INTRODUCTION. IxXV 
 
 " I shall very gratefully appreciate any opportunity that may be ac- 
 corded to me for co-operating with you and all sound-hearted Irishmen in 
 strengthening the institutions, in developing the resources, in extending the 
 capabilities of this attractive and advancing country. I know that I may 
 appeal to the experience of my generous and honoured predecessor, as well 
 as to my own, for proof that it would be difficult to reside on these fail- 
 shores without the feelings of attachment and affection being excited and 
 riveted. 
 
 "In days like these, when popular intelligence is so keenly alive, so 
 largely diffused, and so immediately represented, there is comparatively little 
 which those intrusted with the administration of affairs can hope to origi- 
 natethey must expect to receive more from around than they can impart 
 from above. I am fully conscious that, if I can hope to discharge my part, 
 with any acceptance among this people, it must mainly be by throwing myself 
 with the fullest and freshest sympathy, with whatever unequal efforts, into 
 all that constitutes their great national life ; by which I would not under- 
 stand merely the progress of their national and material wealth, but their 
 aspirations for excellence in literature, in art, in arms, in virtue, in piety 
 in all that has illustrated their chequered but not inglorious past in all that, 
 I trust, will adorn their prosperous and brilliant future." 
 
 The Address of congratulation and welcome from Trinity 
 College, 20th June, immediately after that of the Corporation, 
 was presented by a deputation, consisting of the Vice-Chancel- 
 lor, the Provost and Vice-Provost (the Rev. Richard Mac Don- 
 nell, D.D., and the Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D.), and several of 
 the Doctors, Masters, Students, &c. 
 
 The Vice-Chancellor read the Address, from which the fol- 
 lowing is an extract : 
 
 " MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY, We, the Vice-Chancellor, Doc- 
 tors, and Masters of the University of Dublin, desire to approach your Ex- 
 cellency with our respectful congratulations on your re-appointment to the 
 high office of Her Majesty's Representative in Ireland. Already your zeal for 
 our national interests, and your gracious and condescending demeanour 
 have won for you an abiding place in the hearts of Irishmen. Those who 
 differ most widely on questions of public policy, agree in regarding your Ex- 
 cellency not merely with the respect due to an accomplished statesman, but 
 with warmer feelings of personal esteem, attracted by the mild and be-
 
 Ixxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nignant virtues which adorn your character. We rejoice to be able to wel- 
 come your Excellency to a country rapidly advancing in national prosperity, 
 as well as in intellectual and moral improvement. A new tone of hopeful- 
 ness and a growing spirit of industry now happily pervade our land. We 
 trust that, preserved from the evils of war by the wisdom of our rulers, and 
 enjoying internal order and tranquillity under your equitable and mild ad- 
 ministration, our fellow-countrymen will continue to advance in the path of 
 peaceful progress, and daily become, under the blessing of Providence, a more 
 united, prosperous, and happy people." 
 
 Lord Carlisle's reply : 
 
 " GENTLEMEN, I return to the Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, and Masters of 
 the University of Dublin, my respectful and cordial thanks for the Address 
 which, on the occasion of my re-appointment to my high office in this country, 
 I have just received from their learned and famous body. Among other at- 
 tributes which I only wish I could more confidently appropriate, you render 
 me strict justice in attributing to me a most lively sympathy and a most 
 abiding interest in all that concerns both the welfare and the fame of Ireland. 
 I rejoice, together with yourselves, to witness the obvious progress alike of 
 her material industry, intellectual activity, and moral amelioration. The 
 outward explosions of political and religious violence undoubtedly have be- 
 come more rare and faint. From no quarter with happier effect than from 
 your calm and venerable retreats could the advice and influence radiate over 
 the whole surface of Ireland which would tend to staunch and efface all sucli 
 unhappy dissensions. 
 
 " It would be signally unjust if the proceedings adopted of late years in 
 your University to throw wider open its area of instruction, of emolument, of 
 honour to adapt its modes of tuition to the varying and advancing demands 
 of an active and ardent era, and, at the same time, to foster with un- 
 diminished reverence the study of morals which have been sanctioned by 
 the collective judgments and the universal experience of mankind as types 
 of excellence, did not secure for your time-honoured Institution the credit 
 alike due to wise conservatism and enlightened progress. May your ancient 
 wjills and the men who adorn them be long favoured and blessed as the in- 
 struments of transmitting the traditionary benefits which they have conferred 
 on the people, of bestowing additional incentives to learning, new examples 
 to art, fresh conquests to science, of enkindling in faith a higher love of 
 virtue, and of strengthening the foundations and deepening the influences of 
 religion."
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxvii 
 
 From this period Lord Carlisle continued to administer, in a 
 mild and magnanimous spirit, the affairs of Ireland, for many 
 years. 
 
 His impartial administration was distinguished by justice, 
 goodness, and wisdom the fairest attributes of supreme power 
 in a state by the observance of those sound and salutary prin- 
 ciples of policy, and by the noble qualities which dignified and 
 adorned his high position, and justly entitled him to rank as a 
 wise and accomplished statesman. 
 
 The dispensations of an all- wise and Supreme Providence at 
 length decreed the close of his useful official career. His name 
 and honoured memory will be long cherished by the people of 
 Ireland with affection and gratitude. He was, in truth, the best 
 and most beloved Viceroy that ever filled the Viceregal Throne 
 ever observing the great fundamental maxim of all good and 
 constitutional Government 
 
 " Salus populi suprema est lex." 
 
 NEGRO EMANCIPATION. 
 
 The condition of the slave, " groaning under a brutalizing 
 bondage," excited Lord Carlisle's deepest sympathies. He 
 denounced the vile system of slavery ; and when at length that 
 dark stain on civilization and the xinhappy negro was erased 
 from the Constitution, and the freedom of the slave proclaimed 
 through the British dominions, he proudly exulted in the peaceful 
 victory of Freedom, and poured forth his soul-thrilling and ex- 
 quisite song of triumph: 
 
 ON THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. 
 
 " Proudly on Cressy's tented wold 
 The lion-flag of England flew ; 
 As proudly gleam'd its crimson fold 
 
 O'er the dun heights of Waterloo : 
 But other lyres shall greet the brave ; 
 Sing now, that we have freed the slave !
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 i 
 14 The ocean plain, where Nelson bled, 
 
 Fair Commerce plies with peaceful oar ; 
 Duteous o'er Britain's clime to shed 
 
 The gather'd spoil of every shore ; 
 To-day, across th' Atlantic sea, 
 Shout shout ye that the slave is free ! 
 
 " An Eloquence in rushing streams 
 
 Has flowed o'er halls and courts along, 
 
 Or kindled 'mid yet loftier dreams 
 The glowing bursts of glowing song. 
 
 Let both their noblest burden pour, 
 
 To tell that slavery is no more ! 
 
 " Bright Science through each field of space 
 
 Has urged her mist-dispelling car, 
 Coy Nature's hidden reign to trace, 
 
 To weigh each wind, and count each star ; 
 Yet stay, thou proud philosophy, 
 First stoop to bid mankind be free. 
 
 " And freedom has been long our own, 
 
 With all her soft and generous train, 
 To gild the lustre of the Throne, 
 
 And guard the labour of the plain ! 
 Ye heirs of ancient Ilunnymede I 
 Your slaves oh ! could it be ? are freed ! 
 
 " Ah 1 for the tale the slave could speak, 
 Ah ! for the shame of England's sway ; 
 
 On Afric's sands the madden'd shriek, 
 'Neath Indian suns the burning day : 
 
 Ye sounds of guilt ye sights of gore 
 
 Away ! for slavery is no more 1 
 
 " 'Mid the drear haunts of force and strife, 
 
 The ministers of peace shall stand, 
 And pour the welling words of life 
 
 Around a parch'd and thirsty land 
 While, spread beneath the tamarind tree, 
 Rise ' happy homes and altars free !'
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxix 
 
 " Ye isles that court the tropic rays, 
 
 Clustered on ocean's sapphire breast ; 
 Ye feathery bowers, ye fairy bays, 
 
 In more than fable now 'the blest :' 
 Waft on each gale your choral strain, 
 Till ev'ry land has rent the chain. 
 
 " Oh ! England, empire's home and head, 
 
 First in each art of peace and pow'r, 
 Mighty the billow crest to tread, 
 
 Mighty to rule the battle hour, 
 But mightiest to relieve and save, 
 Rejoice, that thou hast freed the slave !" 
 
 At the period of Lord Carlisle's visit to America (1842), 
 anti-slavery opinions were in great disrepute ; nevertheless, 
 Lord Carlisle everywhere manifested his abhorrence of the un- 
 christian institution. Now that the people of America, after a 
 fearful and devastating civil war, have abolished the odious 
 system, they may remember that Lord Carlisle, the friend of the 
 American Union, twenty years before, warned that people of the 
 retribution they were incurring by their wrong course on the 
 question of slavery. 
 
 They now feel the wisdom of his anticipations, and the fatal 
 result of disregarding his warning. 
 
 The free and unrestrained flight of a seagull presented to 
 Lord Carlisle's mind a strong contrast with the institution of 
 American slavery, and seems to have inspired, and in part sug- 
 gested to him the following impromptu verses, which were 
 written in the Strangers' Book in one of the steamboats running 
 between Toronto and Hamilton, when travelling in America, and 
 copied the next day by EDWARD GEORGE BARTON, Esq. : 
 
 LINES TO A SEAGULL. 
 u Fly on, fly on, thou noble bird, 
 
 What hand could aim against thy life, 
 When you so nobly brave J,he storm, 
 And gather pleasure from the strife.
 
 Ix.XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Fly on, fly on, and boundless roam, 
 Fur, far o'er thine own lake and sea, 
 
 Since their high waves thou mak'st thy home- 
 Since their fierce storms are bliss to thee ! 
 
 " But stop, oh stop ! I pray thee tell 
 
 (If aught of good be in the tale) 
 What impulse makes thee kiss the swell, 
 
 And why you court the rising gale ? 
 For oh ! I feel when fate doth bring 
 
 Its storms upon life's troubled sea, 
 'T would be a glorious, happy thing, 
 
 Could we but brave those storms like thee. 
 
 " Then prithee tell, when storms o'ercast, 
 
 When hearts and hands begin to pale ; 
 When cares that first but blew a blast 
 
 Have risen quite to blow a gale. 
 Oh! tell us how, with hearts as light 
 
 As seems thy will, thy wing, thy form, 
 How we may live in such a night 
 
 How we may brave out such a storm. 
 
 " When sland'rous tongues vile arts employ 
 
 To blight a virtuous, honest name, 
 When envy's hand would smite the boy 
 
 Who seeks to gain a living fame 
 Oh ! tell them how such storms to brave ; 
 
 For much they need thy magic tale : 
 Already arc they on the wave, 
 
 Already yield they to the gale. 
 
 " And when some poor and honest man 
 
 Is struggling manful 'gainst his fate ; 
 Or when some youth has formed a plan 
 
 (And hard 's his task) to rise, be great, 
 Or when some tender heart 's exposed 
 
 To vile temptation's gilded form, 
 Oh ! teach them how. such gale's oppos'd ! 
 
 And how to live out such a storm !"
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxxi 
 
 Or should some noble, free-born band 
 
 E'er say or hope that free they'll be ; 
 Or should some despot's iron hand 
 
 E'er 'tempt to grasp or bind the free, 
 Oh pry'thee tell them then thy tale 
 
 How wide you roam, how far you range, 
 How you oppose the fiercest gale. 
 
 And yet you never, never change. 
 
 And 'tseems to me that 'twould be sweet, 
 
 When malice swells its hideous form, 
 When all the perils deign to meet, 
 
 Or envious critics raise a storm, 
 That 'twould be sweet to learn from thee 
 
 How unconcern'd we then might sail, 
 Or how to ride this troubled sea, 
 
 And laugh at all the furious gale ! 
 Lake Ontario, 1842. MORPETH. 
 
 Lord Carlisle was ever averse to "unnecessary war" his 
 opinions were in favour of a policy of peace, neutrality, and non- 
 intervention in the affairs of other nations. 
 
 " Most promptly and entirely I second your wish that we may abstain 
 from all part whatever in the destructive war by which part of Europe has 
 been lately ravaged [the Italian war], but of which we may now hope, with the 
 blessing of the Almighty, to witness a termination. At all events, may we be 
 long permitted to reserve for higher and more beneficent purposes the energies 
 and lives of our countrymen !" Reply to the Address of the Corporation of 
 Dublin, June 18th, 1859. 
 
 On the recent Civil War in America his Lordship said : 
 
 " I feel that I shall best fall in with that, as it appears to me, wise prin- 
 ciple of neutrality, which the Government to which I have the honour to 
 belong, backed, I believe, by the general sense of the people, have hitherto 
 maintained." Lord Carlisle's Speech at the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation, October, 1862. 
 
 f
 
 Ixxxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Lord Carlisle's love of his native country was pure and pa- 
 triotic. The zeal he displayed the deep interest he felt for its 
 institutions, even in the midst of official duties demonstrated the 
 sincerity of his anxious desire for the welfare of his country- 
 men. The people of England do not forget his great exertions 
 in the Reform and Free Trade movements, and in the Abo- 
 lition of Slavery ; yet these successful political struggles were 
 shared by a host of philanthropic and noble-minded men, and 
 a strong and powerful party were averse to changes in the ex- 
 isting constitution. But Lord Carlisle had claims, peculiarly his 
 own, In the recognition of which* all parties unanimously con- 
 curred. 
 
 The welfare of the working classes their moral and social 
 improvement the formation and establishment of Reforma- 
 tories the foundation of social and charitable institutions the 
 progress of universal civilization were objects which engrossed 
 his mind. 
 
 He was ever at the service of his countrymen for the promo- 
 tion of all benevolent purposes. 
 
 REFORMATORY SCHOOLS, ETC. 
 
 The reformation of juvenile offenders was a grand and inte- 
 resting experiment. 
 
 The great utility of Reformatory Schools consists in this, that 
 in them the youthful offenders are withdrawn from the scene of 
 their crimes, and reclaimed, instead of becoming hardened crimi- 
 nals. The movement came into general operation in England in 
 1856, and the number of juvenile offences has been ever since 
 steadily on the decrease, attesting the successful results of the 
 experiment. 
 
 Lord Carlisle was one of the original founders of these insti- 
 tutions in England. 
 
 At the general meeting in Yorkshire there was a thrill 
 of surprise when Lord Carlisle said, " I will give upon my estate
 
 INTRODUCTION. l.xxxiii 
 
 a site for this Refoi*matory School ;" and when presiding subse- 
 quently at a Reformatory meeting, having come over from Ire- 
 land for that purpose, he declared "that, amidst the groves and 
 glades of Castle Howard, nothing gave him more pleasure than 
 the neighbourhood of this Reformatory School." 
 
 During a temporary visit to his Yorkshire estates, the inha- 
 bitants of Leeds requested him to perform the ceremony of 
 opening an hospital for women and children. The Mayor and 
 Corporation of Leeds presented an Address, from which the fol- 
 lowing passage is an extract : 
 
 " Your Lordship has been endowed not only with exalted rank, but also 
 with great talents. Most thankfully do we acknowledge that all have been 
 employed by your Lordship, not for ambitious ends, but for the elevation of 
 the depressed, the instruction of the ignorant, the amelioration of the suffering, 
 the discouragement of wrong, the encouragement of literature and great insti- 
 tutions, and for the promotion of the welfare of your fellow-countrymen ; so 
 that your Lordship has achieved much towards the reconciliation of class with 
 class the promotion of a good understanding between the high and the low, 
 the rich and the poor, throughout the realm." 
 
 At the meeting, October the 30th, 1861, in aid of the York- 
 shire School for the Blind, founded in memory of Wilberforce, 
 Lord Carlisle was selected to move the first resolution, and con- 
 cluded an admirable and touching appeal to the feelings of the 
 audience, by calling on them to imitate the example of their 
 Divine Master, by surrounding those 
 
 "Orphans of the senses" 
 
 with all the alleviations, comforts, and compensations possible, 
 and by making their bounty keep pace with the bereavement of 
 the blind inmates of the institution.* 
 
 In supporting the cause of the idiotic and imbecile children 
 of the country, none spoke more feelingly and earnestly on 
 
 * For this fine and most effective speech, in exlenso, see p. 293 of this work. 
 
 2
 
 Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 their behalf than Lord Carlisle. An exquisite devotional feel- 
 ing permeates his speech in advocating the claims of the Earls- 
 wood Asylum. His Lordship says : 
 
 "Few descriptions of persons can be conceived more entitled to our ge- 
 nerous sympathy and our active assistance. Without being invested with the 
 more solemn and picturesque drapery of tragic dignity, they are exposed, 
 perhaps beyond all others, to the cold neglect, the coarse gibes, the brutal 
 merriment of a callous and unfeeling world; they are the butt and scare- 
 crow of the village green often the drudge sent out from the domestic 
 hearth. Take it that they meet with no ill-treatment nay, that family de- 
 cencies and family affections gather round them, guide their path, and smoothe 
 their pillows, yet what a life of negatives is theirs, at the very best ! Nature 
 spreads in vain her witchery of hues, her golden sunsets, and starry firma- 
 ments ; to their untutored ears music has no melody ; to their stagnant minds 
 literature, and science, and art, and the sacred muse, utter no varied voice ; to 
 their torpid souls devotion points no God. ... I am sure those benevolent 
 and devoted men, who are most anxious for its success, and who have laboured 
 most for it, will have no wish to exaggerate its effects or its capacities. They 
 will not tell you that they hope to convert the patients whom they re- 
 ceive within this institution into philosophers, orators, poets, or statesmen. 
 The instantaneous cure, the entire change of the possessed mind, were the 
 work of Him alone whose voice the demons heard, and at once came out ; but 
 the officers of this institution will tell you that much may be done ; that by 
 judiciously ministering to the requirements of both the physical and the 
 moral organization, orderly habits, steady employment, rational tastes, kindly 
 feelings, just sensibilities of the affections and the conscience, the sense of 
 right and wrong, the fear and love of God, may be introduced, and fostered, 
 and developed into all their multiplied and goodly results in fact, the soul 
 may, as it were, be re-created, so that, in the best instances, the idiot may be 
 converted into a decent and creditable member of society ; in the worst, his ex- 
 istence may be surrounded with an atmosphere of comfort and tenderness. 
 Are not such results worth struggling for? 
 
 " We are erecting this year a vast edifice, which I am disposed to think we 
 may take a just pride in, as a model of modern enterprise and mechanism, 
 directed to an enlightened and philanthropic purpose. But the glories of the 
 Crystal Palace would be dim by the side of an adequate house of shelter and 
 of cure for all the idiots of our land ; and it would be a more honourable 
 spectacle, if it could only be achieved by your large-hearted liberality, than 
 the display of the world's goods amid the alleys of the gigantic show room.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxxv 
 
 And when the foreigners who throng our shores shall tell us, as they may 
 with partial truth, that some of them excel us in their monumental buildings, 
 the palaces of their kings, their public walks and gardens, their sparkling foun- 
 tains, and their galleries of art, we shall not feel abashed if we can tell them 
 that there is in our wide metropolis scarcely a human want which does not 
 find its remedy, a human disease which has not its hospital, a human sorrow 
 which may not seek for its refuge ; and, amidst that goodly assemblage, AN 
 ASYLUM FOR IDIOTS OUGHT TO BE NO LONGER WANTING."* 
 
 In all Lord Carlisle's Speeches and Addresses the same re- 
 ligious principle the same devotional feelings prevail, but more 
 especially when advocating the claims of charitable institutions. 
 
 The last public ceremonial Lord Carlisle attended was the 
 Tercentenary Festival at Stratford-upon-Avon, in memory of 
 Shakspeare : 
 
 As President, he addressed the audience in an eloquent and 
 impressive discourse. f 
 
 Soon after the celebration of this festival, Lord Carlisle's 
 useful career on earth closed. The sad event deeply affected 
 the people of Yorkshire. They felt it was due to his memory to 
 erect a lasting monument of their esteem. At his Lordship's 
 funeral this impression generally prevailed, and resulted in the 
 meeting at Malton, and the great county meeting at York.J 
 
 * A most interesting pamphlet, under the title of " An Appeal on behalf of the Idiotic 
 and Imbecile Children of Ireland," has been recently issued by GEORGE II. KIDD, Esq., 
 M. D., Assistant Physician to the Coombe Lying-in Hospital, Dublin. 
 
 f Lord Houghton (the late Richard Monckton Milnes) said, at the recent meeting 
 held at York, for the purpose of erecting a monument to the late Lord Carlisle : " I had 
 the pleasure of hearing that speech. Lord Carlisle never spoke better ; he never spoke 
 readier. There was not a single hesitation not a sign of disease or weakness about him. 
 He began that speech with these solemn words: ' I rise to propose to you not only the 
 toast of this evening, but what I believe to be the toast of my life.' It was the toast of 
 his life he never spoke again." 
 
 J For a brief abstract of the proceedings at these meetings, see Appendices.
 
 Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SCHOLASTIC ATTAINMENTS, LITERARY PRODUCTIONS, AND PARLIAMEN- 
 TARY CAREER OF LORD CARLISLE. 
 
 After a great and good man has passed away, the public 
 mind feels an anxious desire to know the history of his early 
 career, and the source whence sprang the virtues and noble qua- 
 lities which distinguished him during life, and rendered his 
 name and memory honoured and revered by his fellow-country- 
 men. 
 
 Lord Carlisle's education commenced at Eton. Here he re- 
 mained some years here he acquired the rudiments of that sound 
 scholarship, that skilful and correct style of classical as well as 
 English versification, attaining a complete mastery over the 
 English language, which rendered in after years his speeches 
 and compositions models of style and poetic piirity. 
 
 In 1819, at the early age of seventeen, he entered Oxford 
 University, and fully sustained his reputation at Eton through- 
 out his collegiate course. 
 
 In 1822 he carried away the Chancellor's Prize for Latin Hex- 
 ameters, as also the Prize for English verse, displaying a very 
 great and unusual combination of mental powers. 
 
 "Eleusis" and " Paestum," the subjects of these prize poems, 
 respectively, show his proficiency and perfect command over 
 both languages, and manifest the high order of his intellectual 
 faculties. 
 
 In 1822 he passed his degree examination, taking a first class 
 rank in the School of" Literae Humaniores," and in the following 
 year graduated as A.B. 
 
 Lord Carlisle did not lose his inherent love of literary pursuits 
 upon the close of his collegiate studies : amidst the bustle of public 
 affairs, in the intervals of repose from political excitement or 
 official duty, literature seemed to afford him a solace and a re- 
 laxation.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ixxxvii 
 
 Hence we have his occasional Poems ; a beautiful and very 
 much admired paraphrase, in English verse, of the Second Vision 
 of Daniel ;* and a highly interesting Tragedy, " The Fall of 
 Constantinople." 
 
 When travelling in the East, Lord Carlisle visited Constan- 
 tinople, and in his Diary presents us with a description of St. 
 Sophia, and makes some very interesting reflections on the dese- 
 cration of that magnificent Christian Temple, and on the dissolu- 
 tion of the Turkish Empire. 
 
 " We then went to St. Sophia. This is the real sight of Constantinople 
 the point round which so much of history, so much of regret, so much of an- 
 ticipation, ever centre. Within that precinct Constantine, Theodosius, Jus- 
 tinian worshipped, and Chrysostom preached, and, most affecting reminiscence 
 of all, the last Constantine received the Christian sacrament upon the night 
 that preceded his own heroic death, the capture of the imperial city, and the 
 conquest of the Crescent over the Cross. Apart even from all associated in- 
 terest, I was profoundly struck with the general appearance and effect of the 
 building itself the bold simplicity of plan the noble span of the wide low 
 cupola, measuring, in its diameter, 115 feet the gilded roofs the mines of 
 marble which encrust the walls that porphyry was from the Temple of the 
 Sun at Baalbec that verde-antique was from the Temple of Diana at Ephe- 
 sus. How many different strains have they not echoed ! The hymn to the 
 Latoidae ! the chaunt to the Virgin ! the Muezzin's call from the minaret ! 
 Yes ; and how long shall that call continue ? Are the lines marked along the 
 pavement, and seats, and pulpits, always to retain their distorted position, 
 because they must not front the original place of the Christian high-altar to 
 the East, but must be turned in the exact direction of Mecca ? Must we al- 
 
 * " Not less victorious, noble Lord, hast thou 
 
 Wreathed bloodless laurels round thy classic brow. ' 
 
 Once did thy hands the seer's dark page unroll 
 
 To thrid the mazes of his hallowed scroll ; 
 
 Lost in deep- wondering trance thine eye explored 
 
 The far-off promise of the unerring Word, 
 
 The years rolled back their veil, and thou didst see 
 
 The measured mark of glorious days to be, 
 
 Didst watch thro' Heaven the soaring wing of fire, 
 
 And strike one chord of Judah's burning lyre." 
 
 THE REV. J. CARPENTER.
 
 Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ways dimly trace in the overlaying fretwork of gold the obliterated features 
 of the Redeemer ? This is all assuredly forbidden by copious and cogent, 
 even if by conflicting causes by old Greek memories by young Greek as- 
 pirations by the ambition of states and sovereigns by the sympathy of 
 Christendom by the sure word of prophecy. One reflection presents itself 
 to retard, if not to damp, the impatience which it is impossible not to feel 
 within these august and storied walls. If politicians find that the great ob- 
 jection to the dissolution -of the Turkish Empire is the difficulty of finding its 
 substitute, does not something of the same difficulty present itself to the ardour 
 of Christian zeal ? Amidst all the imposture, the fanaticism, the sensuality 
 of the Mahommedan faith, still, as far as its ordinary outward forms of wor- 
 ship meet the eye, it wears a striking appearance of simplicity : you see in 
 their mosques many worshippers engaged in solitary prayer ; you see atten- 
 tive circles sitting round the teacher or Imaun, who is engaged in reading or 
 expounding the Koran ; but there is an almost entire absence of what we have 
 heard termed the histrionic methods of worship." Lord Carlisle's Diary of 
 Travel in Turkish and Greek Waters* 
 
 Lord Carlisle contributed frequently, in prose and verse, to 
 the "Annuals" in their palmiest days; he published a pamphlet 
 on the Oxford Theological Controversy ; he delivered Lectures 
 on the Life and Writings of Pope (his favourite poet), the poetry 
 and writings of Gray, and on his own impressions of American 
 travel.f 
 
 * " Or didst thou trace for us with glowing pen 
 
 Thy wandering footsteps among distant men, 
 
 Still ever on, with each recorded day, 
 
 We glided with thee o'er thy watery way, 
 
 Dropped our glad anchor under mountain-steep, 
 
 Stemmed the dark tide of Helle's purple deep, 
 
 Or couched by classic stream and mouldering fane 
 
 Saw high o'erhead the Moslem crescent wane. 
 
 Ever for us enthroned in dazzling snows, 
 
 Once home of Gods, Olympus grandly rose, 
 
 Still leaped through trellised vine and smooth rock-layers 
 
 The crystal fountain down its marble stairs." 
 
 THE REV. H. J. CARPENTER 
 
 t See Appendices for extracts from Lord Carlisle's Addresses to the Yorkshire 
 Union of Mechanics' Institutes (Wakefield, May, 1844), and the Leeds Mechanics' In- 
 stitute.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The most popular and entertaining of his works is his " Diary 
 in Turkish and Greek Waters," in which, by reasoning the most 
 convincing, he identifies the modern Bounar Bachi as the site of 
 ancient Troy. 
 
 Literature elevates and humanizes the mind, and is the soul 
 of a people. Nations always take rank in the great common- 
 wealth of civilization in proportion to the literary eminence and 
 attainments of their public men. Lord Carlisle had a pure taste 
 and a keen appreciation for the beauties of Literature ; his pa- 
 tronage was ever extended to the encouragement of rising genius 
 and literary merit. 
 
 His own works, generally the production of his leisure hours, 
 leave us to regret that his duties did not permit him more stea- 
 dily to apply his vigorous mental powers to literary pursuits. 
 However we may regret this, we must admire the merits and 
 excellence of the beautiful productions which he has left us. 
 Throughout his works we may observe a pure atmosphere of 
 religious principle a style solemn in tone, and irradiated with 
 the warmth of devotional feeling, 
 
 The acquirements of his well-stored mind, his copious infor- 
 mation, and the retentive powers of his memory, were wonder- 
 ful. Perhaps his speeches are the most convincing test of the 
 universality of his knowledge, and the versatility of his genius. 
 
 Their beauty consists in the ease and fluency of his lan- 
 guage, the harmonious diction, the natural order and disposition 
 of the several topics, the charm of continual novelty and unex- 
 pected surprises, having nothing trite or commonplace, always 
 pertinent, rational, and convincing. To these various qualities 
 we may add the essential requisite of a graceful delivery, and a 
 countenance beaming with benevolence, and we have a fair por- 
 traiture of the attractive powers of Lord Carlisle as an orator. 
 
 It was, perhaps, the consciousness of possessing these powers 
 of oratory that determined Lord Carlisle to embark on the stormy 
 sea of politics, and consequently to relinquish the more inviting
 
 XC INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and congenial literary career in which he had already attained 
 so much distinction. However that may be, the die wa? cast. 
 Lord Carlisle (then Lord Morpeth) was returned to the House 
 of Commons as member for the borough of Morpeth. During 
 the course of his Parliamentary career, Lord Carlisle realized the 
 idea of a diligent and faithful representative. We find him taking 
 his share in the stormy debates on the principal questions which 
 then agitated the public mind, "holding his own," and firmly 
 and consistently maintaining the great principles in support of 
 which he was returned to Parliament. 
 
 In 1830 Lord Carlisle was elected, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Henry (now Lord) Brougham, for the West Eiding of Yorkshire, 
 and continued to represent that large and important constituency 
 till 1841. In April, 1835, during the Melbourne Administration, 
 he accepted the highly, important official post of Chief Secretary 
 for Ireland, under the Lord Lieutenancy of the Earl of Mulgrave, 
 late Marquis of Normanby, which he filled with credit to himself 
 until 1841. At the general election of that year he submitted to 
 the loss of his seat, rather than abandon his principles on the 
 leading question of the day "Free Trade." 
 
 On this occasion, upon his defeat, he delivered one of the 
 finest and most magnanimous election speeches ever pronounced, 
 and never surpassed in the history o elections, and bade his con- 
 stituents a graceful farewell.* 
 
 Lord Carlisle, now released from Parliamentary duties, visited 
 the United States and Canada, and afterwards proceeded on his 
 
 * " There are many Yorksbiremen who say that Lord Morpeth's speech after his 
 defeat has never been equalled in the history of elections. Some of us who did not hear 
 the address, but only read the report of it, are almost disposed, even while remembering 
 Burke, to agree to anything that the actual hearers can say. It was a natural occasion 
 for the magnanimity of the man to appear; and its effect on the election crowd was just 
 what it was every day on those who lived in his presence. The feeling of many hearers 
 was that it was a happier thing to endure a defeat, even of a ministerial policy, in such a 
 spirit of enlightenment and philosophy, than to enjoy the most unexpected triumph 
 merely as a triumph." Daily News.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XC1 
 
 travels to the East, to which we owe his " Impressions on Life 
 and Manners in America," and his " Diary in Turkish and Greek 
 Waters." 
 
 In 1846, his constituency of the West Riding, a vacancy oc- 
 curring, received Lord Carlisle with open arms and a hearty 
 welcome ; no opponent ventured to appear. Lord Carlisle re- 
 sumed his place in the British Senate, and was re-elected in the 
 following year. In reference to this great triumph the " Leeds 
 Mercury," of February 4th, 1846, says : 
 
 " This important election has taken place, and Lord Morpeth is returned 
 without a contest as the Free Trade member of the first constituency in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 u The great injustice of 1841 is repaired ; the stain on the Opposition 
 banner is wiped out ; and on the very principles on -which the noble lord was 
 defeated four years back, on those same principles, only carried out to a fuller 
 consummation, is he restored to his seat amid the enthusiastic acclamations of 
 the Hiding. How rapid has been the progress of truth ! How beautiful are 
 its victories! involving, in the present case, a full and honourable reparation 
 to a public servant for the ingratitude he had experienced, the restoration of- 
 this great community to its proper place among the supporters of commercial 
 freedom, and the retrieving of a noble cause from defeat, to crown it with 
 sudden and splendid triumph. 
 
 " The enthusiasm with which the West Riding has hailed the restoration of 
 Lord Morpeth to the seat he so long adorned, is such as could scarcely be un- 
 derstood out of the Riding. The noble lord is regarded by the people of 
 Yorkshire with a warm personal affection an affection which has its source 
 in the goodness, kindliness, and magnanimity of his nature, and which has 
 been exceedingly heightened by the events that for a time separated the 
 member from his constituents. They remembered his exemplary discharge of 
 the duties he owed to them and to his country, and the unequalled success 
 with which he conducted for six years the difficult affairs of Ireland. And they 
 remembered, too, how frankly and manfully he avowed himself favourable to the 
 total and immediate repeal of the Corn Laws, whilst as yet he believed both 
 the Whig and Conservative leaders to be hostile to that measure. 
 
 " For the sake of the man, therefore, at well as for the sake of principles 
 which they hold most dear, the electors of the West Riding have delighted to 
 do honour to Lord Morpeth ; and if the brightest triumph is that which leads 
 the hearts of men in willing homage, that brightest triumph was enjoyed by 
 the noble lord this day."
 
 XCll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 From July, 1846, till 1850, Lord Carlisle held the office of 
 Commissioner of Woods and Forests, carried the "Public Health 
 Bill," and caused extensive plans for the drainage of London 
 to be prepared, and otherwise directed and aroused the attention 
 of the nation to the necessity of sanatory reform. 
 
 In October, 1848, by the decease of his father, the Earldom 
 devolved upon him, and a seat in the House of Lords, thus ter- 
 minating his connexion with the House of Commons. 
 
 In 1850 Lord Carlisle was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy 
 of Lancaster, but resigned on the retirement of Lord John Rus- 
 sell in 1852. He remained in opposition during Lord Derby's 
 Administration, and accepted no official post under the Aberdeen 
 Ministry. 
 
 In 1855, Lord Palmerston, on assuming the Government, se- 
 lected Lord Carlisle as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He con- 
 tinued, with a brief intermission, in the discharge of the delicate 
 and difficult duties of that dignified and responsible office till 
 .within a few months of his decease.* 
 
 * See Appendices Extract from Sir Bernard Burke's (Ulster King at Arms) 
 " Peerage."
 
 LECTURE ON GRAY, PRIZE POEMS, ETC. 
 
 [THE pieces which follow a Lecture on the Poet Gray, the 
 Oxford Prize Poems, " Paestum" and "Eleusis," an Argument on 
 the Supposed Site of Troy, and A Poetic and Historic View of 
 the chief Scenes of Interest in Yorkshire, having been only ob- 
 tained after the main portion of the work had been completed, 
 are necessarily inserted in this place, the Editor's design being 
 to omit no composition illustrating the genius or scholarship of 
 Lord Carlisle.] * 
 
 LECTURE ON THE POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY.* 
 
 I CHOSE for the subject of a Lecture I delivered at Leeds, " The Poetry 
 of Pope." T have chosen as my subject to-night, "The Writings of Gray." 
 Why Gray ? it may be asked. I have myself admitted, when I had to speak 
 of Pope, that upon the British Parnassus were loftier names than even his. 
 Why then do I descend lower, instead of mounting higher on the sacred steep ? 
 In the first place, I may feel that to descant adequately upon Shakspeare or 
 Milton would seem to demand gifts and powers more nearly approaching to 
 their own ; just as, to write worthily of Socrates, it required no one less than 
 Plato. Next, in these transcendant cases, the endeavour, with whatever suc- 
 cess, has been much more frequently made. And, further, I believe there to 
 be something instinctive, which leads every one of us, not to what in our 
 unimpassioned judgment we think the best and greatest of its kind, but to 
 what we are sensible is most specially attractive and congenial to ourselves. 
 The strongest personal impulse I could feel led me first of all to Pope ; that 
 first one having been satisfied, the next leads me to Gray ; and I am quite con- 
 
 * This Lecture was delivered at the Sheffield Mechanics' Institute, December 14th, 
 1852. It is introduced as an Appendix to the Life of Gray, in the Eton edition of his 
 Poetical works, published by Griffin and Bolton, London.
 
 xciv LECTURE ON THE 
 
 fident that he is worthy enough for you to hear, and more than worthy enough 
 for me to speak about. 
 
 In point of mere bulk, he has probably written less than any other 
 poet, whose works are comprised in any collection of English poetry ; yet but 
 few have attempted agreater variety of styles, and these, too, among the most 
 difficult and lofty in the whole range of song. He has written odes, which 
 may be divided into the regular and the Pindaric ; he has written heroic 
 verses : he has written elegiac verses ; he has written Latin heroic, Latin 
 elegiac, and Latin lyric poetry ; he has written burlesque ; he has written 
 satire ; he has written part of a tragedy and all he has written is not only 
 excellent, but nearly perfect in its kind. If he had done more if he had ex- 
 hibited the prodigality, as well as the perfection of his inspiration I know not 
 the height of eminence to which he might not have been held entitled. His 
 leading characteristic, and probably that which interfered mainly with his 
 being a more prolific writer, is the nicety and purity of his taste. If forced 
 to compare his style and genius with those of any other great writer, I be- 
 lieve that I should select Virgil. ^ Gray had not, of course, his copiousness ; 
 he had, indeed, great variety in the forms of composition, but the same un- 
 erring delicacy of taste the same appropriate, but not exaggerated loftiness 
 of diction the same elaborate and exquisite workmanship. 
 
 " I gladly back my own estimate of the poetical merits of Gray by the 
 weightier authority of that accomplished and discriminating writer, Sir James 
 Mackintosh, who says, " Of all English poets he was the most finished artist. 
 He attained the highest degree of splendour of which poetical style seems to 
 be capable." 
 
 His life and character demand a passing notice, though neither the one 
 nor the other were marked by any such salient or striking points as need de- 
 tain us long. He appears to have suffered under an hereditary tendency to 
 gout, both of his parents having died of that malady. It also closed his own 
 more illustrious career, in his fifty-fifth year, and probably gave to the whole of 
 his sedentary and uneventful life that disposition to a pensive, but not morose 
 melancholy, to which he frequently alludes in his correspondence, and which 
 has left most distinct impressions even on his highly-polished and carefully- 
 laboured poetry. It will be remembered that he says of the " Youth," whom 
 he evidently in a great degree intended for himself, that 
 
 " Melancholy marked him for her own." 
 
 It is in this light that he is represented in a poem of the last century, 
 " The Pursuits of Literature," which attracted much attention at the time, 
 from its general ability, from the stores of learning contained in its notes, and 
 perhaps most of all from its long-sustained anonymous character ; it is now
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. XCV 
 
 known to have been written by Mr. Mathias, a distinguished classical and 
 Italian scholar : 
 
 "Go then and view, since closed his cloistered day, 
 The self-supported, melancholy Gray. 
 Dark was his morn of life, and bleak the spring, 
 Without one fost'ring ray from Britain's King : 
 
 Granta's dull abbots cast a sidelong glance, 
 And Levite gownsmen hugged their ignorance : 
 With his high spirit strove the master bard, 
 And was his own exceeding great reward." 
 
 I confess that these lines, very good and forcible in themselves, appear tome 
 rather overcharged as a correct statementof the case. " The dull abbots" of 
 Cambridge are spoken of with extreme irreverence by Gray himself, and we 
 may suspect that the superciliousness was quite as much on his side as on 
 theirs ; at all events he did not find the residence at his own University by 
 any means intolerable, as he spent there by ehoice the greater portion of the 
 last twenty -nine years of his life. And with reference to the want of any 
 * fostering ray from Britain's King," it certainly would have been very cre- 
 ditable to our Brunswick Sovereigns (who, it must be owned, were not then 
 enlightened patrons of art and learning), if they had distinguished so ex- 
 cellent a poet as Gray ; but, in the first place, he not only had the option of 
 becoming the Poet Laureate, which, perhaps, is not saying much, considering 
 some of those who in those days wore the' laurel wreath (far different from 
 those, such as Wordsworth and Tennyson, who have conferred honour upon it 
 in our own time) ; but Gray did actually receive a lucrative office, which, I 
 fear, he made a sinecure that of Professor of Modern History in the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge, if not actually from George III. himself, at least from his 
 Minister, the Duke of Grafton, with the King's formally conveyed assent. And 
 I imagine, moreover, that at almost every period of his life, Gray, who never 
 was a distressed man, would have shrunk instinctively from all the common 
 appearances of patronage. When he travelled with the son of the most pow- 
 erful Prime Minister whom England ever had, he contrived to quarrel with 
 him, though I have the most direct authority* (unhappily just removed from 
 us) for stating, that Horace Walpole himself not only sought a recon- 
 ciliation, and took frequent opportunities of marking his respect and admi- 
 ration for Gray, but to his dying day he impressed upon those with whom he 
 conversed, that the blame had been entirely on his own side an admission 
 
 * The elder Miss Berry, to whom Horace Walpole offered his hand.
 
 XCvi LECTURE ON THE 
 
 which Dr. Johnson, of whom more shortly, chooses first to record, and then 
 to sneer away. However, I say it neither in the way of praise nor blame, but 
 probably there scarcely ever was an author who had so little of the spirit of 
 authorship about him. 
 
 To begin, he wrote extremely little one of the greatest of readers, 
 he was one of the most sparing of writers even, too, when he had been 
 brought very reluctantly to allow the publication of the immortal Elegy, he 
 specially desires that it should be without his name, and in one place he ex- 
 presses almost a ludicrous degree of horror at the notion of its being pub- 
 lished with an engraving of his own head prefixed to it ; lastly, and most con- 
 clusively of all, when later in life he authorizes two separate editions of his 
 entire works in England and Scotland, he expressly mentions that he is to 
 receive no remuneration for them. , 
 
 The same sensitive and fastidious delicacy which pruned every expres- 
 sion of his pen, guarded every action of his life ; and we are told by his at- 
 tached and devoted editor and friend, the poet Mason, that he even assumed 
 an appearance of delicacy and effeminacy, as if to ward off persons whom he 
 did not wish to please. Such may have been his weakness, and it is rather 
 confirmed to us by the prim, closed appearance of the lips, which may be ob- 
 served in the medallion of his face as it appears on his tablet, not his tomb, in 
 Westminster Abbey. 
 
 However, I must pause for a moment longer on the undeniable merits 
 and virtues which distinguished his character and dignified his life. His ex- 
 istence, on the whole, was that of a scholar and recluse, pursuing varied 
 walks of learning, many of which he mastered, not with the massive com- 
 pleteness of a German student, yet with th refined diligence of an English 
 gentleman. His fine organization specially disposed and fitted him for the 
 skilful appreciation and enlightened enjoyment of all that falls within the 
 domain of the fine arts ; and thus, in addition to his own captivating art of 
 poetry, he was keenly alive to the excellences of music, painting, and archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 But a candid biographer of Gray would have both softer and higher 
 qualities to dwell upon. However retiring and reserved he appears to have 
 constitutionally been, and although there would appear to be no trace 
 of his having ever been in love, his heart was open to the warmest emotions of 
 friendship, nor is it easy to remember a more congenial union of tastes and 
 feelings than distinguished the too brief intimacy between him and his ac- 
 complished friend, Richard West, whose premature death, as we shall shortly 
 see, lent probably some of its most thrilling cadences to his pensive lyre. His 
 affection for his mother was tender, constant, and practical ; as one evidence 
 of it, let me quote the short inscription on the tombstone he placed to her
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. xcvii 
 
 memory, in that same churchyard of Stoke Poges, which, in all probability, 
 was the scene of his own most successful inspiration. After a few words upon 
 the remains of his aunt, who had preceded her in the same grave to which 
 he himself afterwards followed her, the simple epitaph thus goes on : 
 
 " IN THE SAME PIOUS CONFIDENCE, 
 
 BESIDE HER FRIEND AND SISTER, 
 
 HERB SLEEP THE REMAINS OF 
 
 DOROTHY GRAY, 
 
 WIDOW, THE CAREFUL TENDER MOTHER 
 
 OF MANY CHILDREN, ONE OF WHOM ALONE 
 
 HAD THE MISFORTUNE TO SURVIVE HER." 
 
 The same affectionate and persevering love to a mother is dwelt upon in 
 a delightful preface to the " Memoirs of the poet Moore," composed by Lord 
 John Russell, and which I had the satisfaction of purchasing on my way here 
 this morning. Were I, however, to make the present occasion one of con- 
 troversy, I must say, when I find Lord John Russell writing that " surely 
 of English lyrical poets Moore is the first," I should feel almost guilty of 
 treason to the subject of this lecture, if I did not observe that the word 
 "surely" was a more positive one than the opinion fairly warranted. 
 
 To these amiable natural affections which Gray exhibited, we must add 
 a becoming tone of religious sentiment, whenever it is introduced, and the 
 occasions are not unfrequent, either in his correspondence or his verse ; and 
 it kindles even into a noble scorn, whenever it is called forth by any display 
 of shallow scepticism, or aping of infidel philosophy. He appears to have 
 always spoken with the utmost repugnance of Bolingbroke and Voltaire. In 
 one place he thus pointedly describes himself: 
 
 " No very great wit, he believed iu a God." 
 
 It would be doing great injustice to Gray if no mention should be made 
 of him as a letter-writer. He occupies no mean place among that entertaining, 
 and surely not ignoble, company ; with less of sparkle and amusing matter 
 than his fellow-traveller, Horace Walpole with less of the unapproachable 
 charm of simplicity and power of vivifying the most common-place topics than 
 Cowper, he holds rather a middle station between them ; and, falling short of 
 their respective extremes of excellence, partakes to a certain extent of both. 
 His correspondence is more full of illustration from varied learning, and the 
 rich colouring of art, than the homely Cowper's ; his letters during his Italian 
 travels, and his descriptive tour of the English lakes, are both more graphic 
 and more simple than the artificial Walpole's. 
 
 With respect to his different notices of scenery, I cannot quote a more 
 distinct authority than that again of Sir James Mackintosh, who says in one 
 
 g
 
 XCVlii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 of his letter*, " I am struck by the recollection of a sort of merit in Gray, 
 which is not generally observed that he was the first discoverer of the 
 beauties of nature in England, and has marked out the course of every pic- 
 turesque journey that can be made in it." 
 
 My business on these occasions is not, or but very subordinatcly at 
 least, with composition in prose ; and I will only, in the way of example, 
 give three very brief extracts from our poet's letters. I will begin with pure 
 description. Ilere is a glimpse of Italy the merest glimpse but it puts the 
 reader right in the midst of it : 
 
 " I am going to the window, to tell you it is the most beautiful of Italian nights. 
 There 5 a moon ! There are itars for yon ! Do not you hear the fountain ? Do not 
 you smell the orange- flowers? The building yonder is the Convent of St. Isidore, and 
 that eminence with the cypress trees and fire upon it, the top of Mount Quirinal." 
 
 We will next transfer ourselves to an English landscape, and will take 
 what he says of one of the smallest of our northern lakes, Little Grasmere : 
 
 " The bosom of the mountain, spreading here into a broad basin, discovers in the 
 midst Grasmere water; its margin is hollowed into two small bays, with bold emi- 
 nences, some of rock, some of soft turf, that half conceal and vary the form of the little 
 lake they command : from the shore, a lone promontory pushes itself far into the water, 
 and on it stands a white village, with the parish church rising in the midst of it : hanging 
 enclosure", cornfields, and meadows green as an emerald, with their trees, and hedges, and 
 cattle, fill up the whole squar. from the edge of the water; and just opposite to yon is a 
 large farmhouse, at the bottom u a steep, smooth lawn, embosomed in old woods, which 
 climb halfway up the mountain side, and discover above them a broken line of crags 
 that crown the scene. Not a single red tile, no glaring gentleman's house, or garden 
 walls, break in upon the repose of this little unsuspected paradise ; but all is peace, rus- 
 ticity, and happy poverty, in its neatest and most becoming attire." 
 
 Does not every word prove to us that it is intended to show off the 
 scene, and not one of them the writer ? 
 
 My remaining extract shall approach nearer to sentiment, and to that 
 one sentiment which displays itself more amiably than any other in Gray's 
 whole character the affection for his mother, to which I have already re- 
 ferred. There is, as you will perceive, some levity in the mode of expression, 
 but none, as I think you will feel, to neutralize its tenderness. He is writing 
 to a young friend : 
 
 " I had written to yon to beg you would take care of your mother, and to inform 
 you that I had discovered a thing very little known, which is, that in one's whole life 
 one can never have any more than a single mother. Yon may think this is obvious, 
 nd what you call a trite observation. Ton are a green gosling ! I was, at the same 
 age, at wise as you, and yet I never discovered thin (with full evidence and conviction,
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. XC1X 
 
 I mean) till it was too late. It is thirteen years ago, and seems but yesterday ; and 
 every day I live it sinks deeper into my heart." 
 
 I may now proceed to comment upon the poetry of Gray ; in doing 
 which I may indulge myself with a little more detail, since, limited as it is in 
 quantity, I should otherwise very soon come to the end of my subject. 
 
 In setting out, however, on this topic, I do not feel myself at liberty to 
 omit a more direct reference to that notable commentary upon the poems of 
 Gray which closes I would fain say disgraces that generally attractive work 
 of our great English critic, Dr. Johnson, the " Prefaces to the Works of the 
 English Poets." To free myself from the imputation of any undue prejudice 
 on this point I would remark, that the qualities alike of Dr. Johnson's 
 writings, mind, and character, are so strongly marked and prominent, that 
 I can well imagine very wide differences of opinion concerning them ; my own 
 feeling for the most part is that of high admiration. Having thus guarded 
 myself, I have no scruple in denouncing his criticism on Gray as a proof, in 
 this instance, either of a most sovereign want of taste, or a low and degrading 
 jealousy. I hesitate, indeed, to attribute it to the actual personal envy of 
 the reputation of a man who died before the " Prefaces" were composed, but I 
 am inclined to ascribe the extreme bitterness which pervades it to a mixture 
 of the two alternative causes, the very mixture, perhaps, preventing each 
 from attaining its full amount of offensiveness. I conceive Johnson to have 
 been altogether deficient in sympathy for the peculiar bent of Gray's character 
 and genius his refined, fastidious, and elaborate taste ; and then the bad 
 temper, of which the Doctor had occasionally rather a copious store, was ex- 
 cited at the praise and admiration lavished on qualities which he himself failed 
 to recognise or appreciate. 
 
 I do not think it necessary to pause upon the Latin compositions of 
 Gray. Mason asserts, that when he first knew him, he seemed to set a greater 
 value on his Latin poetiy than on that which he had composed in his native 
 language ; and Dr. Johnson has the courage to imply, that it might have 
 been better for him to have adhered to the Latin. It would have done the 
 Doctor no good ; Gray beat him easy in both languages. His Latin poetry is not, 
 indeed, uniformly out of the reach of even modern criticism ; and we have it for 
 the most part rather in small fragments, as well as in great variety of form ; 
 but it is, on the whole, extremely beautiful. It would be out of place to 
 quote from it here ; but I beg to refer my classical hearers to the Alcaic ode 
 on the Monastery of the Great Chartreuse, to the hexameters on leaving 
 Florence, to the noble apostrophe on the death of his friend West in his in- 
 tended philosophic poem, and to the short elegiac lines on the battlefield of 
 the Trebia, as well as the description of the triumph of Massinissa, in the he- 
 roic epistle from Sophonisba.
 
 C LECTURE ON THE 
 
 The Ode on the Spring seems to have been the earliest English production 
 which appears in the usual printed collection of his poems. It was written in 
 the twenty-sixth year of his age, and he, therefore, does not come before us 
 with any display of that precocious sensitiveness to verse, which heralded the 
 meridfan glories of Pope and many others. He appears, indeed, to have 
 written some translations while at College, out of one of which, from Tasso, 
 I extract this striking couplet on the diamond : 
 
 " The diamond there attracts the wondrous sight, 
 Proud of its thousand dyes, and luxury of light." 
 
 But, to continue: this Ode on the Spring, as we thus have almost a 
 right to expect, is as nicely polished, and as carefully finished, as almost any 
 of his subsequent compositions; it seems to be overcast by that shadow of 
 melancholy, which I have already described as a constant ingredient of his 
 character, but which was now further deepened by the mortal illness of his 
 beloved friend and contemporary West, who, indeed, died after Gray had sent 
 to him, but before he had received, this very poem. 
 The singing of birds is well named [ 
 
 " The untaught harmony of spring ;'* 
 And a hot noon is pourtrayed with much truth 
 
 " Still is the toiling hand of care, 
 
 The panting herds repose ; 
 Yet hark ! how through the peopled air, 
 
 The busy murmur glows ! 
 The insect youth are on the wing, 
 Eager to taste the honied spring, 
 And float amid the liquid noon." 
 
 I ought not to omit the moral reflection 
 
 " How vain the ardour of the crowd ! 
 How low, how indigent the proud ! 
 How little are the great !" 
 
 I do not feel myself called upon to pause over the next ode, "On the 
 Death of a favourite Cat, drowned in a tub of Gold Fishes," which, without 
 containing anything which the Muse need stop to censure, is certainly one 
 of the very few pieces of Gray for which I have no wish to claim the attribute 
 of perfection. 
 
 I must tell my hearers that I spent above six years of my life as a boy at 
 Eton School, and so they must excuse me for bursting forth with filial fer- 
 vonr
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. 
 
 Tk*t crow UM watsry flass; 
 Wavv frslsfel srisMS still adores 
 Her Henry's holy bads." 
 
 How often to Mattered old Etonian*, amid the multiplied walk* of busy 
 Ufc, and in all quarters of the globe, have these few simple descriptive lines, 
 since they were urn written, now above a hundred yomago, recalled that wdl- 
 resnesabered spot that sward, green a* any in all green England the* Vv* 
 erable elms, that appear, as they probably are, coeval with the grey towen 
 to which their deep grata lend* it* softening contrast that more than dame 
 stream, our own Father Thames, its dear waters, a* yet pure of London M-wagc, 
 unc< {unlit d own among mightier rivers for the beauty of iu dimpling ripples- 
 or, imiuediaU-ly above, thoM royal turreU of Windsor, looking the embodiment 
 of liriiUh monarchy, ancieut, gentle, troog Ue whole scene, with all iu 
 accompaniment A, tending to make even these early days of education, both 
 in their actual experience and in their abiding retrospect, romantic while they 
 are cart-la*, and conservative while they are expansive. 
 
 I may mention, that I felt so strongly the kind of identification which this 
 brief ode gives to the Muse of Gray with the memory of Eton, that upon a 
 proposal being lately 4r. that a collection of busts of the principal worthies 
 of Eton should be placed in the Urge school-room there, MOst of which were 
 contributed by some of their descendants or connexions, I requested permis- 
 sion to present a bust of Gray, though certainly I could make out no plea of 
 consanguinity, or any other but very sincere and fervent admiration. 
 
 1 do not think the remainder of the ode altogether free from exception. 
 In the first place, it is not wholly accurate in its representation of Kton school - 
 boy life, which seems singular, as Gray had ample experience of it. It is 
 the normal habit of an Kton boy to be what is termed "out of bounds,' 'and 
 hi certain) v does not perpet rate that act of nominal lawlessness with any of the 
 timorous feelings attributed to him in the verses, 
 
 "Son* bold adventurers disdain 
 The limits of their litlU reign, 
 
 And unknown ragioos dare descry : 
 8UU, as thr ra, tksj look bsniml. 
 They near a voice in every wind, 
 And snatch a fearful joy." 
 
 Rollicking carelessness" would be a far truer designation than fearful 
 joy." 
 
 But even here, on this scene of joyous memories, the persevering me- 
 lancholy of Gray soon pounces down :
 
 Cii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 " Alas ! regardless of their doom, 
 The little victims play !" 
 
 And then they are charitably consigned for the rest of their lives to " black 
 misfortune's baleful train," to " the stormy passions,'' to 
 " Disdainful anger, pallid fear, 
 And shame, that skulks behind ;" 
 
 to " pining love," and "jealousy," and " envy wan," and " faded care," and 
 " grim-visaged comfortless despair," and "bitter scorn," and " grinning in- 
 lamy," and " keen remorse," and " moody madness," and "the painful family 
 of death," and "poverty," and " slow-consuming age." 
 
 That some admixture of these evils must (to use a current phrase) " loom 
 in the distance" over a portion of every large assembly of human beings, will 
 undoubtedly be but too true ; but our bard of Eton has surely here deepened 
 the shadows on his canvass into too uniformly sombre a hue, and has entirely 
 omitted the clear spots and shining spaces which, with at least equal truth,, 
 he might have scattered over his prophetic landscape. How many gems of 
 future excellence, how much budding promise of yet undeveloped genius and 
 unexercised virtue he might have discovered in the u many a sprightly race" 
 over whom he could only vent such dark forebodings ! To confine our view to 
 the most prominent walks of public life, civil or military, in our own day, it may 
 be stated, that of the six last Prime Ministers of this country, four have been 
 Eton men ; and not very long after the poet had cast his desponding glance 
 upon that boyish group, among those who disported on the " margent green," 
 was Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington ! 
 
 The reflection with which this piece terminates is very familiarly known 
 
 " Where ignorance is bliss, 
 'Tis folly to be wise !" 
 
 The Hymn to Adversity stands next. I think the opening invocation 
 very solemn and imposing 
 
 " Daughter of Jove, relentless power, 
 Thou tamer of th* human breast, 
 Whose iron scourge and tort' ring hour 
 The bad affright, afflict the best !" 
 
 In an Ode to Adversity, Gray had a clear right to indulge his usual pro- 
 pensity' to melancholy, and he well characterizes this, his own chosen' as- 
 sociate 
 
 " And Melancholy, silent maid, 
 
 With leaden eye that loves the ground." 
 
 Among his unfinished Poems was found one, headed " An Ode on the Plea- 
 sure arising from Vicissitude." All that remains is composed with great care
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. Clii 
 
 and beauty ; but I only quote one stanza, which, although the idea is rather 
 closely borrowed from a French original, yet it is so true to Nature, and has 
 received such simple, appropriate, and complete expression from Gray, that 
 he has fairly made it his own : 
 
 " See the wretch, that long has tost 
 
 On the thorny bed of pain, 
 At length repair his vigour lost, 
 
 And breathe and walk again : 
 The meanest floweret of the vale, 
 The simplest note that swells the gale, 
 The common sun, the air, the skies, 
 To him are opening paradise." 
 
 I come now to the two great odes which more peculiarly represent the 
 varied, though not irregular structure, and fervid tone of that form of com- 
 position, not improperly termed Pindaric, and which singularly developed the 
 genuine ore in the poetic vein of Gray. It is to these, and to one written 
 later, and not unworthy to be associated with them, that we must mainly refer 
 the expressions in the stanza inscribed by Mason, as an epitaph, on Gray's 
 Monument in Westminster Abbey : 
 
 " No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns ; 
 
 To Britain let the nations homage pay ! 
 
 She boasts a Homer's fire in Milton's strains, 
 
 A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray." 
 
 To quote Mackintosh once more, he says, " Of the two grand attributes 
 of the Ode, Dryden had displayed the enthusiasm, Gray exhibited the mag- 
 nificence." 
 
 It is upon these two odes, " The Progress of Poesy" and " The Bard," that 
 Dr. Johnson has more especially permitted himself to indulge his sneering and 
 captious vein: he terms them " the wonderful wonder of wonders, by which, 
 though either vulgar ignorance or common sense at first universally rejected 
 them, maiiy have been since persuaded to think themselves delighted." Gray 
 himself tells us in a note, that he had been advised, even by his friends, to 
 subjoin some few explanatory notes, but that he had too much respect for the 
 understanding of his readers to take that liberty. In a subsequent edition 
 however, he manifested a little more condescension for their want of pene- 
 tration. 
 
 The Progress of Poesy stands first ; and never, as it appears to me, has 
 the execution been in more complete accordance with the subject : the Pro- 
 gress of Poesy is chronicled by genuine Poesy herself. Early in it occurs the 
 adaptation of a noble, passage from Pindar, which Dr. Johnson is pleased to 
 class among the commonplaces of a school-boy. I affirm, that any person
 
 CIV LECTURE ON THE 
 
 of real poetic taste, both among those who can, and those who cannot enjoy 
 the original, must equally appreciate the imitation, though Gray himself 
 rightly designates the lines of Pindar as incomparable. The purport of the 
 passage is, to describe the effect of music, not only on the passions of the 
 human soul, but on the whole animal creation : 
 
 " Oh ! Sovereign of the willing soul, 
 
 Parent of sweet and solemn-breathing airs. 
 
 Enchanting shell ! the sullen cares, 
 And frantic passions, hear thy soft control. 
 On Thracia's hills the Lord of War 
 Has curb'd the fury of his- car. 
 And dropp'd his thirsty lance at thy command. 
 Perching on the sceptred hand 
 Of Jove, thy magic lulls the feather'd king 
 With ruffled plumes, and flagging wing: 
 Quench'd in dark clouds of slumber lie 
 The terror of his beak, and lightnings of his eye." 
 
 I remember this passage on the eagle receiving a sufficiently dignified 
 application in the House of Lords, where it was quoted by Lord Lansdowne, 
 as descriptive of the position of the Emperor Napoleon in the island of Elba : 
 the Bird of Empire shortly afterwards awoke. 
 
 In the next stanza, there seems to me another marvellously false criticism 
 from Dr. Johnson. He says " ' Idalia's velvet green' has something of cant. 
 An epithet or metaphor drawn from nature ennobles art ; an epithet or me- 
 taphor drawn from art degrades nature." No, Doctor ! there is no such arbi- 
 bitrary or one- sided rule : those epithets and metaphors are good and poetical, 
 which, provided they are seemly in idea and language, put the conception 
 before you in the way which most vividly presents a picture of it to the mind. 
 One of Gray's editors makes the refutation of this heavy bit of dogmatism 
 complete, by bringing to bear upon it instances sel cted from Shakspeare,to 
 whom all men bow ; and from Dr. Johnson himself, to whom, I presume, Dr. 
 Johnson would bow. 
 
 Having traced the progress of Poesy through her old classic regions 
 
 " Woods that wave o'er Delphi's steep, 
 Isles, that crown th' ^Egean deep, 
 Fields, that cool Ilissus laves, 
 Where each old poetic mountain 
 Inspiration breathed around ; 
 Ev'ry shade and hallow'd fountain 
 Murmur'd deep a solemn sound ;"
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. CV 
 
 we are brought, after her wanderings, to the home she at last found in our own 
 England. I cannot pass over the picture of tiie infant Shakspearv, and hid 
 early familiarity with mighty Nature 
 
 " Far from the sun and summer-gale, 
 
 In thy green lap was Nature's darling laid, 
 
 What time, where lucid Avon stray M 
 To him the mighty mother did unveil 
 Her awful face : The dauntless child 
 Strotch'd forth his little arms, and smiled. 
 ' This pencil take,' she said, ' whose colours clear 
 Richly paint the vernal year : 
 Thine too these golden keys, immortal boy ! 
 This can unlock the gates of Joy; 
 Of Horror that, and thrilling Fears, 
 Or ope the sacred source of sympathetic Tears." 
 
 If this presentation of Shakspcare is full of its appropriate grace and 
 tenderness, that of Milton, which follows it, is not less distinguished by cha- 
 racteristic elevation and grandeur. It is rather curious to find Dr. Johnson 
 admitting, that the allusion, with which it concludes, to his blindness, if caused 
 by study in the formation of his poem, is poetical and happy, though it has 
 been impugned by others as too nearly approaching to a conceit. 
 
 " Nor second He, that rode sublime 
 
 Upon the seraph-wings of ecstacy, 
 
 The secrets of th' abyss to spy. 
 He passed the flaming bounds of space and time : 
 The living Throne, the sapphire- blaze, 
 Where angels tremble, while they gaze, 
 He saw ; but, blasted with excess of light, 
 Closed his eyes in endless night." 
 
 Then of Dryden : 
 
 " Behold where Dryden's less presumptuous car 
 Wide o'er the fields of glory bear 
 Two coursers of ethereal race, 
 
 With necks in thunder clothed, and long-resounding pace. 
 Hark, Lis hands the lyre explore! 
 Bright-eyed fancy, hovering o'er, 
 Scatters from her pictured urn 
 Thoughts that breathe, and words that burn." 
 
 Gray shows, in the concluding line of this splendid ode, a proper estimate of 
 the rank to which genius like his own may fairly pretend : 
 
 ' Beneath the good how far how far above the great."
 
 CV1 LKCTUBE ON THE 
 
 The next of the great Pindaric odes, " The Bard," is still more generally 
 popular, and familiar to our recollections. I will not take upon myself to 
 pronounce that it in superior in poetical merit, but it is infinitely more dra- 
 matic, has more fire and passion, and, what may not have weighed a little in 
 procuring its general acceptance, it deals with the striking events and epochs 
 of our national history. The .opening, as becomes this species of poetry, is 
 full of abrupt energy : 
 
 " Ruin seize the*, ruthless King ! 
 
 Confusion on thy banners wait ! 
 Though, fann'd by conquest's crimson wing, 
 They mock the air with idle state." 
 
 Now here I cannot refrain from giving a specimen of Dr. Johnson's 
 candid and discriminating criticism ! He finds himself obliged to confess 
 that this abrupt beginning has been celebrated ; but he adds, " Technical 
 beauties can give praise only to the inventor. It is in the power of any man 
 to rush abruptly on his subject, that has read the ballad of Johnny Arm- 
 strong : 
 
 " ' Is there ever a man in all Scotland.' " 
 
 Oh, doctor, doctor ! 
 
 As the doctor has drawn me into levity, I must mention an Eton tra- 
 dition of an occasion when the opening was, indeed, deemed too abrupt. 
 Upon one of George III.'s visits to the School, when the annual speeches arc 
 delivered, " The Bard" had been set down as the first piece to be recited, 
 when it all at once occurred to the boy who had to repeat it, that it would 
 hardly seem courteous, or even loyal, to burst out with 
 " Ruin seize thee, ruthless King !" 
 
 The address of the Bard to the memories and graves of his tuneful 
 brethren, supposed to have perished in the invasion, is very impressive : 
 
 " Vocal no more, since Cambria's fatal day, 
 To high-born Hocl's harp, or soft Llewellyn's lay." 
 
 Let me pause for a moment on this hist line, to say a word upon the form 
 of speech called "alliteration." Sometimes it is condemned wholesale, as an un- 
 worthy artifice to jingle on the ear, without any corresponding advantage to 
 the sense. Dr. Johnson naturally takes the opportunity of observing, " that 
 it is below the grandeur of a poem that endeavours at sublimity." There can 
 be no doubt that it may be abused, and, if resorted to habitually, must be 
 offensive both to the ear and the judgment ; but there is as little doubt that 
 its temperate and judicious adoption may add most materially to the effect of 
 a passage. I adduce this line as an example : 
 
 "To high-born Hoel'i harp, or soft Llewellyn's Uy."
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. evil 
 
 Now, if Gray hud transposed the words, the sense would have been pre- 
 cisely as good, but no one will pretend that the effect of the line would have 
 been marred, as thus : 
 
 "To soft Llewellyn's harp, or high-born Hoel's lay." 
 
 The machinery, if I may use the term, employed in the further conduct 
 of the poem appears to me eminently poetical. The shades of the murdered 
 bards are descried on the neighbouring cliffs, weaving the winding-sheet of 
 their conqueror's family, and foretelling all the chequered destinies which 
 befel that royal line. They begin with the murder of his son, Edward II. : 
 
 " Mark the year, and mark the night, 
 When Severn shall re-echo with affright 
 The shrieks of death through Berkley's roof that ring; 
 Shrieks of an agonizing King !" 
 
 The contrast between the neglected deathbed of the hero-monarch, 
 Edward III., and the brilliant opening of the reign of his spoiled, luxurious 
 grandson, Richard II., with its subsequent dismal obscuration, is most im- 
 pressively presented : 
 
 " Mighty victor, mighty lord, 
 
 Low on his funeral couch he lies ! 
 No pitying heart, no eye, afford 
 
 A tear to grace his obsequies. 
 Is the sable Warrior fled ? 
 Thy son is gone : He rests among the dead. 
 The swarm, that in thy noontide beam were born ? , 
 Gone to salute the rising morn. 
 Fair laughs the morn, and soft the zephyr blows, 
 
 While proudly riding o'er the azure realm, 
 In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes ; 
 
 Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm ; 
 Regardless of the sweeping whirlwind's sway, 
 That, hnsh'd in grim repose, expects his evening prey." 
 
 After dwelling for some time further amidst images of war and carnage, 
 the scene changes to the days bright with the glories both of empire and li- 
 terature, reserved for England in the virgin reign of Elizabeth : 
 
 " Visions of glory, spare my aching sight ! 
 Ye unborn ages, crowd not on my soul !" 
 
 " What poetical force there is in that word crowd, arising, it strikes me, 
 from the contrast of anything so shadowy and impalpable as the coming 
 ages with the hard, familiar, strictly perceptible pressure of a crowd ! 
 
 There are four lines in the concluding stanza, which I have heard rather
 
 CVlii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 frequently quoted in Parliament and on the hustings ; indeed, I have tres- 
 passed in that way myself. When an orator wishes to denounce a tyrant, 
 civil or ecclesiastical, or to discourage over-gloomy forebodings of evil, out he 
 comes 
 
 " Fond impious man, tbink'st thou yon sanguine cloud, 
 
 Raised by thy breath, has quenched the orb of day ? 
 To-morrow he repairs the golden flood, 
 
 And warms the nations with redoubled ray." 
 
 There is another fine ode on the installation of the Duke of Grafton, as 
 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. 1 believe I am not incorrect in 
 stating that there has been a fashion among the disciples of the Lake School 
 of Poets, of whom Mr. Wordsworth may be considered the head, to hold the 
 poetry of Gray rather cheap. I have no wish to canvass here the poetical merits- 
 of the different writers of that school. I will merely observe, that Mr. Words- 
 worth, when poet laureate, also composed an installation ode for a Chancellor 
 of the University of Cambridge ; nor can it be said that he laboured under any 
 disadvantage in respect of the person to be celebrated, as his Chancellor, instead 
 of rather a commonplace, worldly politician, like the Duke of Grafton, was 
 the present husband of Queen Victoria. With respect to the odes themselves, 
 certainly no admirer of Gray need shrink from the comparison. 
 
 We may trace the fondness with which Gray, through life, retained 
 his academic association, mellowed by his own peculiar and abiding pensive 
 temperament: 
 
 " ' Ye brown o'er-arching groves, 
 That Contemplation loves, 
 Where willowy Camus lingers with delight! 
 
 Oft at the blush of dawn 
 
 I trod your level lawn, 
 
 Oft woo'd the gleam of Cynthia silver-bright 
 In cloisters dim, far from the haunts of Folly, 
 With Freedom by my side, and soft-eyed Melancholy. 1 
 
 I think he grew still fonder of melancholy as he grew older : in the 
 u Hymn to Adversity" she has " leaden eyes ;" she has now become " soft- 
 eyed." 
 
 There is an extremely poetical description of an imaginary procession of 
 the founders and benefactors of the different colleges in this renowned Uni- 
 versity. Suppose that you see sweeping along King Edward III. ; Mary de 
 Chatillon, Countess of Pembroke, whose Earl was slain on her marriage day 
 in a tournament ; Elizabeth, Countess of Clare, grand-daughter of Edward I. ; 
 Margaret of Anjou ; Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV. ; Henry VI. ; Henry 
 VIII. Now here they come :
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. C1X 
 
 " Bat hark ! the portals sound, and pacing forth 
 
 With solemn steps and slow, 
 High potentates, and dames of royal birth, 
 
 And mitred fathers, in long order go : 
 
 Great Edward, with the lilies on his brow 
 From haughty Gallia torn, 
 And sad Chatillon, on her bridal morn 
 That wept her bleeding love, and princely Clare, 
 
 And Anjou's heroine, and the paler Rose, 
 
 The rival of her crown and of her woes." 
 
 1 must further cite that short, but very beautiful stanza, worthy of 
 being called, as it is in the previous line, " the liquid language of the skies." 
 I have known statesmen to apply part of it to cheer and sustain themselves in 
 the hour of languor, and under the chill of disappointment : 
 
 " What is grandeur, what is power? 
 Heavier toil, superior pain. 
 What the bright reward we gain ? 
 The grateful memory of the .good. 
 Sweet is the breath of vernal shower, 
 The bee's collected treasures sweet, 
 Sweet music's melting fall, but sweeter yet 
 The still small voice of gratitude.' 
 
 I do not intend to pause upon the few pieces which profess to be adap- 
 tations from the Norse and Welsh tongues. Though executed with a certain 
 degree of spirit, I do not think that they possess any strong interest. There 
 are lines which sound like an anticipation of Sir Walter Scott : 
 
 " Facing to the northern clime, 
 Thrice he traced the Runic rhyme; 
 Thrice pronounced the accents dread, 
 The thrilling verse that wakes the dead." 
 
 But Sir Walter Scott has imparted to these themes far more fire and 
 vivacity. 
 
 I do not think either that the few epitaphs published in the works call for 
 any particular notice. 
 
 " I must speak far otherwise of the Fragment of a Philosophical Poem, 
 which at one time he intended to write. He says of it himself, " What name 
 to give it I know not, but the subject is the Alliance of Education and Go- 
 vernment. I mean to show that they must both concur, to produce great 
 and useful men." He does not seem to have finished much above a hundred 
 lines of his original design, but they are cast in the noblest mould of excel- 
 lence. I will not quote any of the more didactic portions, but I must give
 
 CX LECTURE ON THE 
 
 two extracts from the more illustrative passages. Take first this account of 
 the invasion of Italy by the northern barbarians : 
 
 " As oft have issued, host impelling host, 
 
 The blue-eyed myriads from the Baltic coast. 
 
 The prostrate South to the destroyer yields 
 . Her boasted titles, and her golden fields : 
 
 With grim delight the brood of winter view 
 
 A brighter day, and heav'ns of azure hue ; 
 
 Scent the new fragrance of the breathing rose, 
 
 And quaff the pendent vintage as it grows." 
 
 These few exquisite couplets seem to me to condense all the history of 
 Gibbon, and all the scenery of Italy. 
 
 The other passage controverts the notion that the diversities of national 
 character can be referred exclusively to differences of climate : 
 
 " Need we the influence of the northern star 
 
 To string our nerves, and steel our hearts to war ? 
 
 And, where the face of nature laughs around, 
 
 Must sick'ning virtue fly the tainted ground ? 
 
 Unmanly thought ! what seasons can control, 
 
 What fancied zone can circumscribe the soul, 
 
 Who, conscious of the source from whence she springs, 
 
 By reason's light, on resolution's wings, 
 
 Spite of her frail companion, dauntless goes 
 
 O'er Lybia's deserts, and through Zembla's snows ?" 
 
 " Every lover of good poetry must sincerely lament that Gray's design 
 was never completed ; there were some detached maxims or sentiments among 
 his papers, which probably were intended to be interwoven with its further 
 progress. I will confine myself to the only one of them which is in verse, and 
 which is indeed a very pithy as well as a very pretty couplet : 
 
 " When love could teach a monarch to be wise, 
 And Gospel light first dawned from Bullcn's eyes." 
 
 Nor must I wholly pass over another fragment left by Gray the opening 
 scene of a tragedy, which was to have been called " Agrippina." Many even 
 of his usual admirers are rather apt to abandon him here, and his own attached 
 and sympathizing friend "West was not very encouraging. I venture to think 
 that our language has sustained a real injury in the early stoppage of the 
 piece. I agree with Mr. Mason, that, as the subject was probably suggested 
 by Racine's admirable playof " Britannicus," (his second in merit Ihave heard 
 it pronounced by very competent French authority as ranking next to his 
 beautiful "Phaedra"), so the execution of what was completed is very much
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. CXI 
 
 in the manner of that great tragedian, who, if perhaps esteemed at some 
 periods and by some persons above bis merits, would appear at the present 
 time to be valued far beneath them. It is not enough to say that neither 
 Racine nor Gray were Shakspeares, as Gray himself tells us in his own beautiful 
 stanza 
 
 " But not to one, in this benighted age, 
 
 Is that diviner inspiration given, 
 That burns in Shakspeare's or in Milton's page 
 The pomp and prodigality of heaven." 
 
 You may not like the regular and formal mould of the French drama, 
 but, the style and form being given, the question lies as to the merit of the 
 execution ; and in this point of view I feel sure, from the specimen we possess, 
 that the tragic muse of Gray would have swept the stage, if with something 
 of classic coldness, yet with great vigour of thought, and most exalted majesty 
 of diction. I will only extract a few lines ; the more readily, as it is his 
 only production in blank verse. Agrippina is warned by a confidant to beware 
 the resentment of her son, the Emperor Nero : 
 
 " And dost thou talk to me, to me of danger, 
 Of haughty youth and irritated power, 
 To her that gave it being, her that arm'd 
 This painted Jove, and taught his novice hand 
 To aim the forked bolt, while he stood trembling, 
 Scar'd at the sound, and dazzled with its brightness ? 
 
 'Twas I 
 
 Oped his young eye to bear the blaze of greatness ; 
 Showed him where empire tower*d, and bade him strike 
 The noble quarry. Gods ! then was the time 
 To shrink from danger ; fear might then have worn 
 The mask of prudence : but a heart like mine, 
 A heart that glows with the pure Julian fire, 
 If bright ambition from her craggy seat 
 Display the radiant prize, will mount undaunted, - 
 Gain the rough heights, and grasp the dangerous honour." 
 
 I had nearly omitted to mention that, of course, Dr. Johnson remarks, 
 that it was no loss to the English stage that " Agrippina" was never finished. 
 This, from the author of the tragedy of " Irene," seems to me not a little 
 cool! 
 
 I had included satire among the departments to which Gray's poetry 
 extended. Among the short specimens extant, there is nothing of sufficient 
 present interest to quote ; but the lines on the first Lord Holland, on Mr. 
 Etough's picture, and the Earl of Sandwich's canvass of the University of
 
 Cxii LECTURE ON THE 
 
 Cambridge, under the name of "Jemmy Twitcher," go far to prove, that if 
 Gray bad thought proper to indulge in that vein to his full bent, he could 
 both have sported like Horace, and lashed like Juvenal. 
 
 The stanzas which he has christened " The Long Story" have a certain 
 degree of playful humour ; but they only owe their origin to the accident of 
 the moment, and would have no particular attraction at the present time. 
 
 I have reserved for my last topic of observation the " Elegy in a Country 
 Church-yard." And let me. here say, that however " artificial, ornamental, 
 glittering, cumbrous, harsh, affected, strutting" I borrow my epithets from 
 the generous stores of Dr. Johnson the poetry of Gray may have been some- 
 times denominated (my hearers will form their own judgment with what de- 
 gree of truth), I believe I do not go too far in stating, that his Elegy is, for 
 its size, the most popular poem ever written in any language. In corrobora- 
 tion of this rather positive opinion, I may appeal to the common verdict of 
 mankind, to its lines forming household words in all memories, to its being 
 the subject of incessant quotation, and of scarcely less frequent translation, 
 imitation, and parody. I prefer to repeat no other terras of eulogy than those 
 of Dr. Johnson himself, who here fairly gives in ; and I am at least glad to 
 close accounts with the great censor in a spirit of peace indeed, of thorough 
 agreement and sympathy. His words are : " In the character of the Elegy, 
 I rejoice to concur with the common reader ; for by the common sense of 
 readers, uncorrupted by literary prejudices, after all the refinement of 
 subtility, and the dogmatism of learning, must be finally decided all claim 
 to poetical honour. ' The Church-yard' abounds with images which find a 
 mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which every bosom returns an 
 echo. Had Gray written often thus, it had been vain to blame, and useless 
 to praise him." 
 
 But I am able to adduce testimony still higher, more affecting, and pro- 
 bably unparalleled in its kind, to the merits of this surpassing poem, and its 
 influence over the human heart. We are always glad to have our own judg- 
 ments assisted by the thoughts and doings of eminent men ; and these acquire 
 a more impressive and thrilling interest if they have been expressed shortly 
 before the close of their lives. Let me present you with two tributes paid to the 
 Elegy of Gray at the end of two very varied historical careers, with just more 
 than a century intervening between them. We are informed upon what 
 appears to be sufficient authority, that on the night before the capture of 
 Quebec which of all the single passages in the long catalogue of British 
 glories was perhaps the most romantic in its incidents, and the most decisive 
 in its consequences General Wolfe, with his small band of soldiers, was being 
 rowed up past the hostile ramparts, and between the steep cliffs which line 
 the St. Lawrence, and there and then, in the stillness of that dark summer
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. CXlll 
 
 night, and on the eve of his glorious victory and immortal death, he repeated 
 to those around him some of the stanzas of the Elegy, and then said, "Well, 
 gentlemen, I had rather be the author of that poem, than take Quebec." 
 
 I pass on to my more recent instance. About two months ago, the great 
 American statesman, Mr. Webster, was lying upon his death-bed. Of course, 
 this is not the occasion for estimating the character and qualities of Mr. 
 Webster ; upon two points I think there can be but little difference of opi- 
 nion the force of his intellectual powers, and the affecting and ennobling 
 account we have received of his dying hours. But, from the particulars which 
 are there recorded, we find that even in the intervals of severe pain, even 
 in the languor of decaying nature, even amidst the appropriate and exalted 
 topics of Christian penitence and hope, there was a further craving of the 
 dying man yet unsatisfied. We are told that he was heard to repeat some- 
 what indistinctly the words " Poet, poetry Gray, Gray." His son repeated 
 the first line of the Elegy : 
 
 " The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." 
 
 " That's it, that's it !" exclaimed Mr. Webster. The book was brought, 
 and some stanzas were read, which seemed to give him pleasure. 
 
 Surely it is not a slight thing to have satibfied, so far as the world they 
 were about to leave was concerned, the latest aspirations of such a hero as 
 Wolfe, and such a statesman as Webster ! 
 
 The very popularity and general acceptance of so brief a poem discou- 
 rage any multiplied quotations from it. The opening description at once 
 puts the village life of England before us, even though the very commencing 
 word, " The Curfew," is a recollection of obsolete habits. In the second stanza 
 is there not twilight in the very sounds ? 
 
 " Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 
 
 And all the air a solemn stillness holds, 
 Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, 
 And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds." 
 
 All is equally pure and appropriate, without being for an instant tame or 
 undignified, which is the great difference to my mind between Gray and more 
 modern schools. Then we have the picture of the specific subject of the poem 
 taken more closely : 
 
 " Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, 
 
 Where heaves the turf in many a mould' ring heap, 
 Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, 
 
 The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." 
 h
 
 CX1V LECTURE ON THE 
 
 The author of the " Pursuits of Literature," to whom I have already re- 
 ferred, terms the following the great stun/a, and I am inclined to think not 
 improperly : 
 
 " The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
 Await alike th' inevitable hour: 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave." 
 
 All sermons are here concentrated ; and every expression comes up to 
 the full dignity of the most solemn of all human themes, without the slightest 
 strain or inflation ! 
 
 You would justly blame me, if I forebore to remind you how it is said, 
 with most eloquent truth : 
 
 " Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 
 
 Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire ; 
 Hands, that the rod of empire might have sway'd, 
 Or wak'd to ecstacy the living lyre." 
 
 I do not give the couplet on the gem, because I might be told that 
 " purest ray serene''' is what we should have called at school a botch ; but there 
 is nothing imperfect in the flower : 
 
 " Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air." 
 
 Many of you will be sufficiently familiar with the " village Hampden" 
 and the "mute inglorious Milton," who follow next. 
 There is much tender beauty in these two stanzas : 
 
 " For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey, 
 
 This pleasing anxious being e'er resign'd, 
 Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, 
 Nor cast one longing ling'ring look behind ?" 
 
 Alliteration is surely employed with much effect in that last line. 
 
 " On some fond breast the parting soul relies, 
 
 Some pious drops the closing eye requires; 
 
 Ev'n from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, 
 
 Ev'n in our ashes live their wonted fires." 
 
 I must not pursue the description of the care-crazed or love-crossed 
 youth, and his epitaph I would rather ask you to judge what the excellence 
 of the finished poem must be, from which the author deliberately rejected two 
 such stanzas as the following, after they had been once inserted :
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF GRAY. CXV 
 
 " Hark, how the sacred calm that breathes around 
 
 Bids every fierce tumultuous passion cease, 
 In still small accents breathing from the ground 
 A graceful earnest of eternal peace." 
 
 And this, descriptive of the rustic tomb of the village scholar: 
 
 " There scattered oft, the earliest of the year, 
 
 By hands unseen, are showers of violets found : 
 The red-breast loves to build and warble there, 
 And little footsteps lightly print the ground." 
 
 Such, then, were the melancholy but gentle reveries of the poet, to whom we 
 must now bid farewell in the church-yard of the village of Stoke Pogis. Al- 
 though its claim to be the actual scene of the Elegy is disputed with another 
 neighbouring village, I cannot question that the one which was nearest to his 
 place of residence, answering adequately as it does to all the touches in his 
 description, and which has since received his mother's remains and his own, 
 was the real theatre of inspiration. But whoever, among the numerous 
 English and American pilgrims who flock thither every year, may gaze on that 
 sequestered spot, even without such fond domestic associations as I have re- 
 cently happened to acquire with it, will not be slow to acknowledge the grace 
 and charm of that strictly English scenery which composes the whole view. 
 Immediately before and around you are the ivy-mantled tower the rugged 
 elms the yew-tree's shade the mouldering turf-heaps. Skirting this pre- 
 cinct are the smooth turf the over arching glades the reposing deer of the 
 English park. Not far beyond are the " antique towers" of Eton " the stately 
 brow" of Windsor. But even the royalty, the chivalry, the learning of our 
 annals, are put aside for the time ; you feel the ground to be sacred to the 
 common lot and daily life of humanity, and that these, together with that 
 soft peaceful landscape which surrounds you, have been adorned and ennobled 
 by the Muse of GRAY. 
 
 h2
 
 CXv 
 
 THE OXFORD ENGLISH PRIZE POEM FOR 1821. 
 S T U M. 
 
 " Pingues hortos quae cura colendi, 
 Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria PaestL" VIRGIL, Geory. IV. 
 
 " My song to flowery gardens might extend, 
 ........... to sing 
 
 The Paestan roses and their double spring." T -DRYDKN. 
 
 " Piestanis rubeant rctnula labra rosis." MARTIAL. 
 
 " Her emulous lips with Psestan roses blush." 
 
 , or Posidonia (now Pesto), an ancient city of Lucania, was situated near 
 the shore of the Paestanus Sinus (Gulf of Salerno), about five miles south-east from the 
 mouth of the Silanus (Sele). The facts of its primitive history are very few. A colony 
 of Greeks from Sybaris were probably its founders. It was originally called Posidonia 
 (" the city of FIO2EIAQN, or Neptune"). The magnificent remains of Grecian archi- 
 tecture that are still seen on its site indicate that it rose, under its first inhabitants, to 
 opulence and splendour ; and we infer that it passed, along with the neighbouring co- 
 lonies, into the power of the Lncanians, and afterwards into that of the Romans. Not much 
 greater is the historical importance of Paestum, during the period which followed its sub- 
 jugation to Rome. It was not until the eighteenth century that Paestum attained its chief 
 celebrity on account of its splendid architectural remains. These stand on a level, un- 
 inhabited plain, by the sea shore, and are descried by the mariner from afar as he sails 
 across the Gulf of Salerno. 
 
 The remaining vestiges f the city of Paestum consist of the ruins of an amphitheatre, 
 many private houses, the walls and the gates interspersed occasionally with the famous 
 Pattan roiet, which were celfbrated by Ovid, Virgil, and other Latin poets, and which 
 still, in their wild state, flower ticice a year, and shed a surpassing fragrance.* 
 
 The lovely environs of Paestum remain unaltered; the sea and the mountains, the 
 fertility of the surrounding plains still attest the truth of their praises ; but far different 
 is the scene that meets the eye of the traveller, as he enters the gates of the once power- 
 ful city of Neptune. The roses bloom no more ; but thorns and brambles molest the vi- 
 sitor as he walks round the splendid remains of architecture the celebrated temples 
 that stand in awful silence amid the total ruin and desolation of this once favoured spot. 
 
 THE TEMPLES These magnificent ruins, the admiration of the world, are, with the 
 exception of the Athenian temples, the most striking existing records of the genius and 
 taste which inspired the architects of Greece: 
 
 "Their huge dusky masses, standing alone amidst their mountain wildernesses, 
 without a vestige nigh of any power that could have raised them they look absolutely 
 supernatural One might believe them built of more than mortal bands, by ante- 
 
 * Swinburne's" Travels into the Two Sicilies;" Wilkins' "Antiquities ofMagnaGrascia."
 
 P.ESTUM. cxvii 
 
 Trojan shapes of giant growth, before the earth was human. Their grandeur, their 
 gloom, their majesty, there is nothing like the scene in the wide earth," &c.* 
 
 Forsythf says : " On entering the walls of Paestum, I felt all the religion of the 
 place. I stood as on sacred ground ; I stood amazed at the long obscurity of its mighty 
 ruins. . . . Taking into view their immemorial antiquity, their astonishing pre- 
 servation, their grandeur, or rather grandiosity, their bold columnar elevation, at 
 once massive and open, their severe simplicity of design taking, I say, all into view, I 
 do not hesitate to call these the most impressive monuments that I ever beheld on 
 earth." 
 
 On the plain between the Silanus and Psestum, Crassus defeated the rebel army of 
 Spartacus. 
 
 After the defeat of Pyrrhus (B. c. 273), Pa?stum shared the fate of all the possessions 
 of the Lucaniaus, and became a Roman colony ; but never became eminent under the 
 Romans, and upon the fall of the Empire quickly declined. 
 
 It was the first city in Southern Italy that embraced Christianity. In ecclesias- 
 tical history, Bishops of Paestum are named as earl}' as the fifth century of the Christian 
 era. In the ninth century the city was destroyed by the Saracens. The ruins of the 
 deserted city were plundered by Robert Guiscard, J who despoiled it of the ancient mo- 
 numents, columns, and bas-reliefs, for the decoration of the Cathedral of Salerno. 
 
 The above historical sketch of Pjestum will suffice to elucidate the grandeur of the 
 theme upon which Lord Carlisle invoked the inspiration of his early poetic muse.] 
 
 PRIZE POEM PJSSTUM. 
 
 'Mn> the deep silence of the pathless wild, 
 
 Where kindlier nature once profusely smil'd, 
 
 Th' eternal TEMPLES stand ; untold their age, 
 
 Untrac'd their annals in Historic page ; 
 
 All that around them stood now far away, 
 
 Single in ruin, mighty in decay, 
 
 Between the mountains and the azure main, 
 
 They claim the empire of the lonely plain. 
 
 In solemn beauty, through the clear blue light, 
 
 The Doric columns rear their massive height, 
 
 Emblems of strength untam'd ; yet conquering Time 
 
 Has mellow' d half the sternness of their prime, 
 
 And bade the lichen, 'mid their ruins grown, 
 
 Imbrown with darker tints the vivid stone. 
 
 * "Notes on Naples." 
 
 f " Remarks on Antiquities, Arts, and Letters, during an Excursion in Italy." 
 J Duke of Apulia and Calabria, one of the greatest captains of the age. For a full 
 detail of his exploits, see Gibbon's " Decline and Fall," clvi.
 
 cxviii PiSTUM. 
 
 Each chanuul'd pillar of the fane appear* 
 Unspoil'd, yet soften'd by consuming year* ; 
 So calmly awful, so serenely fair, 
 The gazer's heart still mutely worships there. 
 
 Not always thus when beam'd beneath the day, 
 No fairer scene than Passtum's lovely bay ; 
 When her light soil bore plants of ev'ry hue, 
 And twice each year her storied roses blew ; 
 While Bards her blooming honors lov'd to sing, 
 And Tuscan zephyrs fann'd the eternal Spring. 
 Proud in her port the Tyrian moor'd his fleet, 
 And Wealth and Commerce fill'd the peopled street; 
 While here the rescued Mariner ador'd 
 The Sea's dread Sov'reign, Posidonia's lord, 
 With votive tablets deck'd yon hallowed walls. 
 Or sued for Justice in her crowded halls. 
 There stood on high the white-rob'd Flamen there 
 The opening portal pour'd the choral prayer ; 
 While to o'er-arching Heaven swell'd full the sound, 
 And incense blaz'd, and myriads knelt around. 
 
 Tis past : the echoes of the plain are mute, 
 
 E'en to the herdsman's call or shepherd's flute ; 
 
 The toils of Art, the charms of Nature fail, 
 
 And Death triumphant rides the tainted gale. 
 
 From the lone spot the trembling peasants haste, 
 
 A wild, the garden ; and the town, a waste. 
 
 But THEY* are still the same ; alike they mock 
 
 Th' Invader's menace, and the Tempest's shock ; 
 
 Such ere the world had bow'd at Caesar's throne, 
 
 And ere proud Rome's all -conquering name was known, 
 
 They stood, and fleeting centuries in vain 
 
 Have pour'd their fury o'er th' enduring fane ; 
 
 Such long shall stand proud relics of a clime, 
 
 Where man was glorious, and his works sublime ; 
 
 While, in the progress of their long decay, 
 
 Thrones sink to dust, and nations pass away. 
 
 G. W. F. HOWARD, 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. 
 
 * The Temples.
 
 ELEUSIS. CX1X 
 
 THE OXFORD LATIN PRIZE POEM FOR 1821. 
 ELEUSIS.* 
 
 [ELEUSIS was an ancient city of Attica, four leagues from Athens, and close to the shore, 
 opposite the island of Salamis. 
 
 In the earlier period of its history it seems to have been an independent state, and so 
 powerful as to contest with Athens the palm of superiority. 
 
 The Temple of Eleusis, sacred to Ceres and her daughter, was considered one of the 
 most beautiful productions of Grecian genius. After the battle of Plataea, the Persians 
 burnt it to the ground. It was rebuilt by the Athenians during the splendid adminis- 
 tration of Pericles, under the cultivated taste of Phidias, with more than its original 
 magnificence. After many centuries it was completely destroyed by Alaric, in the year 
 396. The city immediately disappeared on the destruction of the Temple, which had 
 been its ornament and principal support. Upon the site nothing is now found but a 
 miserable village called Lepsina, amidst the ruins of the sacred edifice. The ancient 
 city dated from the earliest times, and derived its name from the advent (tXivaig) of 
 Ceres, who, with Proserpine, was worshipped here with annual processions, and the ce- 
 lebrated Eleusinian Mysteries.] 
 
 PRIZE POEM ELEUSIS. 
 
 " Sanctasque faces attollit Eleusis." CLAUD. 
 QUISQUIS iter tendas, curvi prope littoris oram, 
 Inter Thriasii florentia jugera campi, 
 Siste pedem, atque aevi recolas monumenta prioris : 
 Ante oculos strati lapides, dejectaque passim 
 Fragmina templorum ; leni curvamine colles, 
 Opposita Salamine, tument ; et littore in ipso 
 Impendet laevi scopulo Cerealis Eleusis. 
 
 * " We accomplished Eleusis to-day ; the descent on the Bay of Eleusis andthe Thria- 
 sian plain is very striking. I was glad to find that the description I had given of the site 
 a long time ago in my Oxford Prize Poem was remarkably accurate. There are few ac- 
 tual remains, except some large fragments of broken columns ; and it is a peculiarity 
 of those on the precise spot of the Temple of Ceres, that they belong to both the Doric 
 and Ionic orders. There must be much interesting scope for excavation here; the 
 rocky hill of the Acropolis immediately adjoining must probably have many subterranean 
 facilities for the process of initiation. Our luncheon was put out on the broad base of 
 a marble pillar ; and during that unmystic ceremony we were surrounded by a large 
 portion of the youth of Eleusis ; they are mainly of Albanian descent. This cradle of 
 agriculture did not seem more carefully cultivated than most other portions of the Greek 
 territory." Lord Carlisle's Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters.
 
 CXX ELEUSIS. 
 
 Salve ! sancta dowus, tnagnte pcnctrale Parent!*, 
 Dflubrum commune orbi : licet omuia circuin 
 Prona cadant aevo, propriainque baud nosset Eleusin 
 Ipsa Ceres ; licet bit, prohibet neque talia ecclum, 
 Iinjiiiis Otbmauidcs Graia doiuiuetur in sede, 
 Aut pnedator agens pccudem dc monte, sagittus 
 . Exacuut vigil, ct rapt is insiil.it acervis ; 
 Saltfin aliquod veteres tuniulos, dilapsaquc fana 
 Numcn babet, latebrasque, ct roscida littoris antra 
 Servat adhuc ; jam nunc videor inibi eernere fulgens 
 Aginon, ct innumcro con fort a satellite ferri 
 Sacra Deoe, ac longa fervescere littora pompa. 
 
 Unde autom magnus Sacrorum inceperit ordo, 
 Quo duce, quo tandem fuerint, quinquennia festa 
 Auspice, lustralemque arain jactarit Eleusis, 
 Dicendum, si longa valet docuisse vctustas. 
 Ipsa Ceres cult um tribuit, causamque colendi : 
 Tempore quo procul a Matre, sequalique caterva, 
 Virgineos inter lusus, sestivaque rura, 
 Luctantcm abripuit Sicula de valle pucllam 
 Ditis amor. Vidit rutilos Trinacria currus, 
 Vidit fijucs flammasque, infraque immane, barathrum 
 Palluit, infernumque voraentia Tartara Regem. 
 At vulnus circum gerit insanabile Mater, 
 Aroissam repetcns prolem ; vos dicite, Nympha?, 
 (Nostis cnim.) neinora et saltus qutecunque Sicanos, 
 
 Ventosumqne Erycen, aut Icne flucntis Anapi 
 Sort i- tenetis aquam ; Lil) baeon, et aha Pelori 
 Culmina, et undantem centum fornacibus .1J nnm ; 
 Quo non Diva pcdem tulerit, qu spreverit usquam 
 Littora, " Persephone" quibus baud clamarit in oria. 
 Per fines Italum, per Dorica rura vagantcm 
 Duxit amor, fausto donee magis online rerum 
 Ad sacrum nenius, et viridem pro]>craret Eleusin 
 Orba Ceres ; alacres illam in sua regna coloni 
 Ezcipiunt, iletusque avido solantur amore. 
 Testis tu, curvi dictus monstrator aratri 
 Triptolemc, alato vectus serpente per orbem ; 
 Vos etiam, campi, testes, et Rharius ille
 
 ELEUSIS. CXX1 
 
 Rite canendus ager, toto qni primus in orbe 
 Sementem, aut dulcem frumenti novcrit berbam. 
 I line et Eleusinam prsesenti numine glebam 
 Diva sibi coluit, celebrandasque ordine pompas, 
 Et sanctum jussit servari in ssecula nomen. 
 
 Ergo omnes Danauin vario sub nomine gentes 
 Hue fluere, et densa stipare altaria pompa ; 
 Quin et ab extremis muudi regionibus ultro 
 Tot coeunt populi, votivaque munera portant ; 
 Quos Oriens mittit, quos frigidus acre vesper, 
 Qui Tanain, Istrumque colunt, qui regna Canopi, 
 Et Latii genus, et rerum pulcherrima lioma. 
 
 Scilicet JEgypti madidis in finibus Isin 
 Linigeri implorent prisco de more ministri ; 
 Imperet antiquas Asiae Diana per urbes, 
 Creta Jovem poscat, Venerem circumflua Cyprus, 
 Principium reruin ; at duris Samothraces in arvis 
 Idaeam celebrent Matrem, sanctosque Cabiros ; 
 Primus Eleusinse Cereri locus : ultimus orbis 
 Hanc colit, bane sacraa primam venerantur Athenae. 
 
 Felices nimium ! templi secreta tueri 
 Queis datur, arcanisque iinpune assistere sacris. 
 Hi curis vacui, et vita meliore potiti 
 Laetitiam pacemque colunt ; his purior aer, 
 His nitidus splendore suo Sol ; arva virescunt 
 Semper, et seternum spirat ver aureus annus. 
 
 Contra autem, quos tu, Dea, non spectaveris usquam 
 Participeni sacrorum, aut in tua jura vocaris, 
 Perpetui exagitant fletus ; post ultima fata 
 Non Superas adit ille domos, sedesve piorum 
 Discretas ; non densa inter myrteta recumbens 
 Otia agit, laetisque vagus spatiatur in arvis. 
 
 Turn si quis templi secreta, et mystica jura 
 Prodiderit fando, aut Numen violaverit arse, 
 Non ilium accipiunt epulae, non pocula Bacchi, 
 Nee dulces citharae, sanctae neque carmina Musae. 
 Morte luit facinus, tumuloque Infamia major 
 Devovet aeternis caput execrabile diris, 
 Et manet in seros longe deducta nepotes.
 
 CXXll ELEUSIS. 
 
 Scilicet in puros ritus, et fcedera sancta 
 Diva suos vocat, et sanae consortia mentis ; 
 Non ilia obsccenos cultus, non impia novit 
 Orgia, per Rhodopen aut qualia saepe nivosam 
 Thyades instaurant Bacchae, rapiuntque furentes 
 Hue illuc taedas ; " Euoe !" cum personat Hebrus, 
 Et nemora ingeminant longis ululatibus " Euoe !" 
 At sanctos animi mores, castumque decorem 
 Praecipit usque suis, et toto prsemia laudis 
 Corde sequi, atque brevem virtuti impendere vitam. 
 
 Haud impune ergo arcanos penetrare recessus* 
 Infandum ! atque ipsi voluit succedere templo, 
 Omne ausus furiale nefas, nuperque cruentus 
 Materna de csede Nero ; nil contulit ipsi 
 Purpura, nil fulgens diadema, at territus omni 
 Abstinuit luco, et nigris sese abdidit umbris. 
 
 Quin et Thriasii praesentis numina Divaaf 
 Senserunt campi, rapidi cum turbinis instar 
 Baccharetur ovans vasto circum agmine Medus, 
 Disjectaeque urbes, et desolata jacerent 
 Arva, nee eversas tegeret jam Pallas Athenas. 
 
 Tune inter tenebras et dira tonitrua, nimbo 
 Accinctam, ex adytis magnam procedere Matrem 
 Vidit Cecropidum pubes ; tremuere cavernaj 
 Adventante Dea ; quo visu, expalluit amens 
 Barbaras, ac toto trepidarunt littore nautse. 
 
 Proxima quae memorem ? quo possim carmine totam 
 Sacrorum seriem, celebresque ex ordine pompas 
 Rite sequi, et magnam gemina cum prole Parentem ? 
 An nemorem taedas, et anlielo concita cursu 
 Agmina, votivamque agitantes lampada mystas ? 
 An te, magne, canam, te myrto insignis lacche, 
 Quern strepitu Matris pubes deducit ad aedem, 
 Quem thyrsus thiasusque decent, quern mystica vannus 
 
 * Suet, vita Ner. f Herodotus, lib. viii.
 
 ELEUSIS. CXXlll 
 
 \ 
 
 Adde puellanim gestantem occulta catervam 
 Sacra inanu, tardeque super volventia plaustra 
 Impositas calathos, obscuraeque orgia cistae, 
 Orgia, non oculis spectanda impune profanis. 
 
 Ergo ubi jam cunctis arcana silentia terris 
 Sparserit alma quies, lecti longo ordine mystae 
 Succedunt templo, viridanti tempora circum 
 Velati myrto, niveaque in veste nitentes. 
 Ipse inter medios, turbaque insignior omni 
 Emicat antistes, tunica strophioque refulgens. 
 Stant circum comites ; taedam fert eminus alter 
 Sacratam, magnaque alter ter voce profanes 
 Admonet ire procul, foribusque absistere sanctis. 
 Turn subito mugire solum, immensoque fragore 
 Quassari ingentes ipsis altaribus sedes ; 
 Turn diraa audiri voces, turn infanda videri 
 Portenta, et densos percurrere fulmina lucos. 
 Procubuere metu ; laxis bacchatur habenis 
 Perque artus animosque timor : tarn lurida circum 
 Nox Erebi, et sontum luctus, pcenaaque videntur 
 Ingruere, ac Stygias Manes ululare per umbras. 
 
 Mox tenebras inter medias lux alma repente 
 Exoritur, meliorque dies, et purior aer 
 Excipit, et dulces nemorum in convallibus umbras. 
 Apparet Divse simulacrum, ipsius imago 
 Luminis, ac vivo solidum de lumine corpus. 
 
 Vellem equidem, vellem, ni frigida vena vetaret, 
 Insanire simul, blandumque haurire furorem, 
 Et saltare choro, taedasque agitare volantes. 
 Cuncti adeo sancta penitus dulcedine capti 
 Concelebrant magnam Matrem ; poscentibus olim 
 Ut dederit frumenta viris, ususque colendi 
 Monstrarit ; varias ut vitas invenerit artes, 
 Et mores hominum cultu placarit agrestum: 
 " Te Superi Manesque colunt ; tu cserula coeli, 
 Et pelagi tractus, et magni moenia mundi 
 Sustentas, nigroque potens dominaris Averno. 
 Te duce, se glomerant nebulae ; te, decidit imber, 
 Semen alunt sulci, turgetque in palmite germen.
 
 CXX1V ELEUSIS. 
 
 Te, Dea, te metuunt liquidi per inania coeli 
 Aeriae volucres, metuunt te lustra ferarum, 
 Squamigerique angues, et nigri monstra profundi : 
 Te Terra agnoscit Dorainam ; quacunque moventur, 
 Usque tuse auscultant ccelestia sidera voci, 
 Et festinantes revolutis cursibus anni." 
 
 Ergo, si qua fides, ubi sancto in limine membra 
 Straverit, atque adyto trepidas admoverit aures, 
 Solennes inter cantus, pompamque nitentem, 
 Insolitas voces, neque adliuc vulganda profanis 
 Dicta bibit Mysta ; ut frustra sibi Graecia centum 
 Taurorum pingui placarit sanguine Divos, 
 Lenseum e pateris frustra libarit honorem, 
 Turicremosque focos, et inanes struxerit aras. 
 Unum namque sibi auctorem, finemque, Deumque 
 Naturae leges, et rerum arcana fateri 
 Fcedera, qui pulchram hanc florentemque ubere terram, 
 Et pelagi maria, et lati spatia ultima ccelu, 
 Imperils regit omnipotens, impletque, movetque, 
 Ad se cuncta trahens, sese per cuncta refundens 
 
 Haec olim cecinere, obscura exordia lucis 
 Venturas, dubiique incerta crepuscula veri. 
 At nondum erroris tenebras amovit inertes 
 Caeca Superstitio ; nondum aethere lucet aperto 
 Tota dies, largoque irrorat lumine mundum ; 
 Donee Tu, sanctis toties memorate Proplietis, 
 
 Ipsa Dei soboles, tandem ruortalibus segris 
 Exspectate venis ; tu summi jussa Parentis 
 Scilicet, aeternique operis Hysteria Verbi. 
 Te fracti aerumnis omnes, victique labore 
 Sponte petunt, ipsoque bibunt de fonte salutem. 
 Te, Deus, humano manifestum in corpore Numen, 
 Haud sterili pompa, aut caesis de more juvencis, 
 Sed cultu meliore, animoque et corde fideli 
 Prosequimur. Tu prisca luis contagia culpae 
 Morte tua ; tu das purgatis crimine sedes 
 Affectare tuas, propiusque accedere coelo. 
 
 G. HOWAKD, 
 
 Ex _32nE CHKISTI.
 
 BACH!. CX*v 
 
 BOUMAB BACIII. 
 TUB acrroMO MTB or -nor. 
 
 OU Ttvjr," naaA at UM e4 f 
 
 h T ---- amah mil, tin in Ttitrti 1" i r'-ir fwmrtt fan it i jliln. 
 
 of UM fcorvk, bat UM rlsji <4 Aarisat Ttaqr an al Ik* dMtasx* W sUmi *iU u Ux 
 MM W tlw rifec*. OB a**BiiBB UM kill i flat dfevctia*. in* *(**/ t liuMili. MM 
 ef wfck* U Mpfwwrf toUtfelMkb f Hector, trMB UMafr*aMBBaatf Hi W^aUfrow 
 
 M UM kill vkUi M to 
 
 ttribatod wUb ctrtalnir to UM Mrafe M* : allMUaa. kovrrtr, MMM 
 
 MM fcf M MMiMt c .Udci. CHl UM CMl ** tb bill trrviMlM la MMfi 
 Wf fOnlh u^J UM jf fflMt^FV, VWCB WWMB Ml A ffWHM lOW. 
 
 Tk* tmmt vt UM <* IJM MM M, *4 Ik* lkv UyU MUJM b OMV 
 ukr : <) UM]r point M* UM dte f UM SMKMI (! tovanl* UM oib- wwt of UM MM- 
 
 h UM E*M, vhitti BMMT B*cta. w4 afUr U- 
 of UM Tivja vat, ffM M yimy hi JHHMJ rfBMtf B*A<. 
 M UM *w of UM diy. J 
 
 M WE Irft || eooffir* plrauit abode at about mifidar. and twrr hot w 
 fbttftd it at iM; MT ride back va* to carry M by Bouoar Uacbi, rrpoted to 
 be tbe moM |4t*TT*Hff mle Mtigoed to aocii- nt Tror. We cruoul Uw rallrjr 
 and Hiram of tbc Tbimbrrk, or Tbymbra, and, on a neighbouring bright, 
 one marble fragment* of mint, which mar be the ramaltu of the ancient 
 town and temple of tbe Tnrmbnean Apollo ; but neither w*n we able to 
 conrenr with oar guide, nor, if we had been, do I apprehend that we >hould 
 have found him a competent archanlogut. We then pawed over a portion of 
 the coctMil** new large farm, on the very plain of Trov, where there wen 
 token* of incipient operations ; and after again fording the Simou at a M Iran 
 pot, we arrived at UM foot of the gentle dope on which *und* the raudl 
 Turkish village of Bounar Bachi, or * Head of the Spring.' A I hrn* fuuad 
 mve)f upon, not onlr the tnol claMicaJ, but abo the mort cootrorerted aitt 
 in the whole world, I thall be furytoB for dwelling upon it with KMne cutnpa* 
 rative minuteoea*.* It will be remembrml, that the dinpute in question, 
 which indeed has been oeauioaally eoodurtrd with a beat and a*perity 
 wortbr of the combatant* in the actual siege of Tror, involves tbe widest eon- 
 ori vable >lUom ; the aOMrtion on one aide being, * This is Trw* U re watt 
 the Scs?.in pate* bcre the beech hero tbe wild 6g.lrrc;* OH the other, 
 There never was any och city M Troy there ever was any Trojan war.' 
 
 " I hav* thoagkt it baft to coatpris* in this aeeovnt the iwadtoof Mondmor* 
 leisordy asjxctioa and MMM sohatqneat OBOsidsntkm.- srrf QrhttSi Dttry / 
 IVwiW in IWttatflMffo*
 
 CXXV1 BOUNAR BACHI, 
 
 Between these two points of minute identification and absolute scepticism, 
 oscillate the pretensions of various other sites Novum Ilium, as it is now ge- 
 nerally called, visited by Xerxes and Alexander as the real site of Troy, and 
 received as such by probably the larger portion of uninquiring antiquity, and 
 some moderns Pagus Iliensium, wherever it may have been, alleged doubt- 
 fully by Demetrius of Scepsis and Strabo Alexandria Troas, by Bclon and 
 Bryant, as far as the last will admit any site at all or relegated by Wood 
 into the far defiles of Ida. As I entirely acquiesce in the reasonings origi- 
 nally established by Chevalier v and subsequently defended with great ability by 
 Morritt, in behalf of Bouuar Bachi, 1 will first, for a moment, advert to the 
 only points that, as far as I can see, may be plausibly urged against them : 
 
 44 1. The position is too far from the sea ; and especially so with a view to 
 all that is alleged to have taken place in the movements of the two armies on 
 the day of the death of Patroclus. I think this distance of about seven miles 
 from the sea, and ten or eleven from the probable station of the Greek fleet, 
 must be admitted as a sound objection with reference to that single day ; but, 
 however authentic we may consider the tale of Troy divine, we can hardly 
 bind Homer to the precise accuracy of a gazette. Greater difficulties would 
 attach to almost every other site : Novum Ilium would have been too near the 
 fleet, 'between two and three miles, to admit of the operations of almost any 
 single day ; Alexandria Troas would have been at an impossible distance from 
 the Hellespont. 
 
 44 2. When Jupiter sits on Gargarus, he looks down upon the city of 
 
 Troy: 
 
 'Ilrjv <5' \Kavtv iroXinritiaica, fiqr'fpa Qrip&v, 
 Fapya/aov, fvGa Ik 01 Tiptvoc, /Sw/iof re Ovijiif. 
 
 ***** 
 A.vri>c F Iv KopvQyai KaOitTO KvSti yaiwv, 
 Eiaopouv Tpuuiv rt iroXiv Kai vfja^ ' Axaiiav.* 
 
 8. 47. 
 
 41 There can be no question, whatever Mr. Bryant, who had never been on 
 the spot, may think about Gargarus, the topmost height of Ida, it is as dis- 
 tinct as the summit of Snowdon or Skiddaw ; and it was the first thing I saw 
 every morning from my cabin in the ' Britannia ;' but I could not see it from 
 our supposed site of Troy. I indeed find it stated by Captain Francklin, 
 who published his ' Remarks on the Plain of Troy,' that from the summit 
 
 " " ' But when to Ida's topmost height he came, 
 
 (Fair nurse of fountains and of savage game,) 
 ***** 
 
 Thence his broad eye the subject world surveys, 
 The town, and tents, and navigable seas.' " POPE. 
 
 " Homer only mentions the town and ships : it is this limited particularity which 
 constitutes the objection.
 
 THE SUPPOSED SITE OF TROY. cxxvil 
 
 of Gargarus he could see this site. I infer from Mr. Morritt, who was much 
 interested to establish the point, that he did not. In any case, I think we 
 should be justified in allowing some latitude to immortal vision. 
 
 " 3. The principal argument in favour of Bounar Bachi is drawn from the 
 neighbourhood of the sources of the Scamander ; and can the insignificant, 
 shallow, short-coursed rill we produce be the real Scamander decidedly in- 
 ferior in volume of water, as well as length of course, to the Simois not 
 joining it, in express contradiction to Homer, but effecting a separate exit in 
 Besika Bay ? To which, exclusively of the confirmatory circumstances, it may 
 be replied, that there are perceptible traces of an old junction with the Simois, 
 and of an artificial divergence, made probably for the sake of a supply to some 
 mills, still existing, and still profiting by such supply : then, in Homer, the 
 river below the confluence manifestly appears to have been called the Sca- 
 mander, for it is the Scamander which calls upon the Simois to hasten down 
 with its streams to arrest the progress of Achilles, then fighting in the joint 
 channel ; if it had been above the confluence, the reinforcement of water 
 would have been unavailing. 
 
 'AXV BTrafivvf rd^iffra, Kai jU7ri7r\7j0t pstQpa 
 
 "Y^arof SK Trjjyswv, Travrag S' 6p66vvov ivavXovQ.* 
 
 *. 311. 
 
 " Mr. Bryant, indeed, pretends that, in all cases, the larger stream, above 
 the confluence, gives its name to the united rivers. Mr. Morritt confutes him 
 with an instance from the county to which he and I belong, where the small 
 Ouse gives its name to the larger streams of the Swale and Ure ; he might 
 have cited the largest confluence in our globe, which I have had the privilege 
 to see, where the far more limited previous course of the Mississippi does not 
 prevent it, after its junction with the giant Missouri, from imposing its own 
 name on the mingled flood. With respect to the real insignificance of the 
 most storied river, who that has seen the Ilissus can recoil from that objec- 
 tion ? It will also be recollected that, even at the moment when Homer re- 
 presents it as swelling, furious, and supernaturally excited, he yet bridges it 
 over by the fall of a single elm-tree. 
 
 6 Se Trri\ir)v 'i\t %Epff'iv 
 
 Eti^uea, fjLtya\r)V 77 ' IK piwv ipnrovffa 
 
 Kprjfivbv liiravra Si&ffiv, tTrkc-^t Se /caXa piiOpa 
 
 *O%otaiv irvKivolvc yttyvpwatv Ss jutv avrbv, 
 
 Eiffw Traer' ipnrova'.-\- 4>. 242. 
 
 * " Call then thy subject streams, and bid them roar, 
 
 From all thy fountains swell thy watery store." POPE. 
 
 t " ' On the border stood 
 
 A spreading elm, that overhung the flood ; 
 He seized a bending hough, his steps to stay ;
 
 CXXVlii BOUXAR BACIII, 
 
 I will now, with the utmost succinctness I can command, sum up the positive 
 arguments in favour of this site. 
 
 " It satisfies all the many characteristics bestowed by Homer on the actual 
 situation of the town : . 
 
 41 'Ev irtlitf, on the plain*- 
 
 ....... lirii ou;n*lXioc ipj) 
 
 'Ev viliift TTi 
 
 " The hill on which the modern village stands I have already called a 
 gentle slope ; on this side, and towards the assumed sources of the Scamander, 
 the ground trends down into the wide plain of the Troad, which immediately 
 here commences. Besides, I do not conceive that the expression ' on the 
 plain' need be taken quite absolutely : it is used, comparatively, with refe- 
 rence to the still older town, which probably stood on some almost inaccessible 
 crag, like so many in Greece and Asia : take Tchigri, the upper town in the 
 island of Calimno, Trikheri at the entrance of the Gulf of Volo. From the 
 village there is a long, very gradual rise, which has almost the character of 
 table-land, admirably adapted for the site of any town : behind this, the 
 ground stiffens into a steep craggy ascent, from the other three sides of which 
 it descends in almost perpendicular precipice immediately over the winding 
 gorge of the Simois. Hence, by an apparent inconsistency, which attracted 
 the animadversions of Mr. Bryant, who never was on the spot, but, as I think, 
 by a most convincing speciality, the town, which is not unnaturally said to 
 have been built in the plain, Homer also frequently calls 
 
 alirtivfiv, lofty ; 
 
 ftvtn6HTffai>, wind-swept, breezy. 
 
 "This must have been the place of the citadel the Pergamon, or Per- 
 gama, where Apollo kept his watch : 
 
 E. 460. 
 
 The plant, uprooted, to his weight gave way, 
 Heaving the land, and undermining all ; 
 Loud flash the waters to the rushing fall 
 Of the thick foliage. The largo trunk displayed, 
 Bridged the rough flood across.' POPE. 
 
 * " As Pope does not give the word in the passage already quoted (p. 74), I give 
 the passage here from Cowpcr : 
 
 " ' ere yet the sacred walls 
 
 Of Ilium rose, the glory of this plain.' 
 t " ' But Phoebus now from Ilion'a towering height.' POFE.
 
 THE SUPPOSED SITE OF TROY. CXX1X 
 
 and the train of Trojan matrons went up to the fane of Minerva : 
 
 vqbv 'iicavov 'A.6f)vt], tv iroXti dupy.* 
 
 Z. 279. 
 and the royal palaces stood : 
 
 'EyyvOt Tf Hpid/j.010 Kal "Eicropoc, tv iroXti aicpy.^ 
 
 Z. 317. 
 
 At the extreme corner of the hill you come to a ledge of rock, probably near 
 400 feet in direct ascent from the ground beneath, which would have exactly 
 served for the proposal to throw down the Wooden Horse : 
 
 "H Kara irtrpdw /3a\itiv ipvaavrag fir' dtcpag.'^ 
 
 e. 308.. Odyss. 
 
 The whole precinct of this upper town is, indeed, now completely overgrown 
 with brushwood, as correctly described by Lucan : 
 
 " ' tota teguntur 
 
 Pergama dumetis.' 
 Yet the well-known words that immediately follow are not wholly accurate : 
 
 '".... etiam periere ruinse ;' 
 
 the ground seems to have been levelled purposely ; most distinct lines of a 
 large surrounding wall can be traced ; in one spot we counted five tiers of 
 very big stones still standing ; there are great heaps of the same kind of stones 
 on the slope immediately below, where the wall appeared to have tumbled 
 down ; there are numerous lines of foundations within, which would have 
 served for streets and houses ; and all over both the higher hill of the citadel 
 and the lower hill of the city, there are innumerable stones which might have 
 made parts of buildings, and which altogether cease with the probable limits 
 of the town. 
 
 'EpjjSwXaKor, most fertile. 
 
 This epithet, of course, must belong to the district or plain, the Troad. As 
 to many portions of it, the character is eminently true to this day, as, I trust, 
 my friend Mr. Calvert will find the case on his farm, to his well- deserved 
 profit. 
 
 " Such general epithets as tvnixtov, well-walled, ivKTipivriv, well-built, 
 well-adapted for habitation, tvpvayviav, wide-streeted, I cer- 
 
 * " ' Soon as to Ilion's topmost tower they come, 
 
 And awful reach the high Palladian dome.' Ib. 
 f " ' Near Priam's court and Hector's palace stands 
 
 The pompous structure, and the town commands.' Ib. 
 
 J " ' part sentence gave 
 
 To plunge it headlong in the whelming wave.' POPE. 
 " ' All rude, all waste and desolate is laid, 
 
 And e'en the ruin'd Ruins are decay'd.' HOWE. 
 i
 
 CXXX BOUNAR BACHI, 
 
 tainly cannot exclusively claim content that they do not present one clashing 
 attribute. I must, however, assert my hold upon 
 
 'Epnrvi)i', desirable, lovely. 
 
 For strikingly, and to any one who has coasted the uniform shore of the 
 Hellespont, and crossed the tame low plain of the Troad, unexpectedly lovely 
 is this site of Troy, if Troy it was. I could give any Cumberland borderer the 
 best notion of it, by telling him that it wonderfully resembles the view from 
 the point of the hill just outside the Roman camp at Burdoswald : both have 
 that series of steep conical hills, with rock enough for wildness, and verdure 
 enough for softness ; both have that bright trail of a river creeping in and out 
 with the most continuous indentations ; the Simois has, in summer at least, 
 more silvery shelves of sand ; on the steep banks still graze the sheep of the 
 breed of Ida, tended by shepherds perhaps not precisely in Phrygian caps, but 
 with the most genuine crooks ; above all, to quote again from the same pas- 
 sage in Lucan, 
 
 " ' nullum est sine nomine saxum ;' * 
 
 and the reputed tomb of Hector, placed where, from the account in the Iliad, 
 it might have been expected, crowns the glorious summit. In the descent, it 
 is very easy to assign the quarter for the eptvtbc, or hill of wild fig-trees : 
 Aabv Si arr\aov trap' Ipivtbv tvOa /taXitrra 
 "AfifiaToc IOTI TroXtf, eai tTriSpo/Aov fjrXtro rtl^og.f 
 
 " From this comparison of the epithets contained in the Iliad with the 
 surviving appearances of the spot from the proved fact of a very considerable 
 city having existed here from its commanding site, its breezy exposure, its 
 neighbourhood to the plain, its lovely landscape, its distance from the requi- 
 site objects from all these essential conditions meeting and harmonizing 
 here, I should have been quite prepared to infer that it is the place which the 
 writer or writers of the Homeric poems (I hope that I express myself guard- 
 edly enough) intended for Troy. Strong additional confirmation appears to 
 me supplied by the relative position of the large barrow which has been sup- 
 posed to be the tomb of ^Esetes, that midway post between the city and the 
 ships from which Polites reconnoitred the Grecian armament : 
 "Oc Tpwwv. OKuirbc li, iroSiaiciiycn TrtTroiOtlif, 
 ITT' aeporar</> AiVu/jrao ytpovrof, 
 
 binroTt vavifiv d<f>op(i,r)9i'iti' 'A^mo/.J 
 
 B. 792. 
 
 * " ' Each rock, and every tree, recording tales adorn.' EOWE. 
 
 f " ' That quarter most the skilful Greeks annoy, 
 
 Where yon wild fig -trees join the walls of Troy.' POPE. 
 
 i ^flrho from .32setes' tomb observed the foes, 
 
 High on the mound ; from whence in prospect lay 
 The fields, the tents, the navy, and the bay.' Poru.
 
 THE SUPPOSED SITE OF TROY. cxxxi 
 
 This mound, precisely where it ought to be, commanding the whole shore, and 
 exposing a person stationed there to no risk of being cut off from the town, 
 still meets your eye, wherever you turn, throughout the whole extent of the 
 plain. The other barrows on the long stretch of shore commonly assigned to 
 Antilochus, Achilles, Patroclus, and Ajax, though they might not have been 
 good for much as insulated or unsupported testimony, yet in their adaptation 
 to tradition, and in the continuity of the tradition, are not without their im- 
 portance, especially in fixing the position of the Grecian fleet. The crowning 
 proof, however, of this whole undying geography, is the position of the 
 sources of the Scamander. What are the circumstances, as we know them 
 from the poem ? Hector had made his stand at the Scaean gates, obviously 
 the usual means of access to the city from the plain ; at the approach of 
 Achilles, seized with sudden panic, he flies ; the other pursues ; they pass by 
 the watch-tower, and hill of wild fig-trees, and, still under the wall, across 
 the high-road, and then come to the springs of the Scamander, which are thus 
 
 described : 
 
 Kpovvii) ' 'iKavov icaXXippww, tv Qa Si Trijyai 
 
 Aotac avatffffovfft Sica/jttvdpov SivrjtVTOf. 
 
 'H fj.iv yap 9' v$a.Ti Xiapif psti, d/4<j>i $e 
 
 Fiyvtrai f avrrje, werft irvpog ai 
 
 "H ' fTBpr] Qkpi'i irpopkti iiKvla ^ 
 
 "H \iovt ^VXP>J> f> t% vBaroQ KpvaTd 
 
 *EvQa ' STT' avrcuav TrXvvoi tvpetQ 
 
 KaXoi, Xatvtot, 081 iifiaTO aiyaXoivra 
 
 HXvvfOKOV Tpwwv aXo^oi, KaXat re Giiyarpeg, 
 
 To Trpiv iir' tipjyj/ijt;, irpiv t\0tiv vlag 'Axatwv.* 
 
 X. 148. 
 
 " Now for the present reality. At the bottom of the slope, not far from 
 the necessary position of the Scaean gates, the hill of wild fig-trees, and the 
 high road, amidst a tuft of verdure formed by willows, poplars, and the fes- 
 toons of the wild vine, among some smooth layers of rock, and one or two 
 slabs of marble, well out three or four springs of most transparent water, one 
 
 * " ' Next by Scamander's double source they bound, 
 
 Where two famed fountains burst the parted ground ; 
 
 This hot through scorching clefts is seen to rise, 
 
 With exhalations steaming to the skies ; 
 
 That the green banks in summer's heat o'erflows, 
 
 Like crystal clear, and cold as winter snows. 
 
 Each gushing fount a marble cistern fills, 
 
 Whose polished bed receives the falling rills ; 
 
 Where Trojan dames (ere yet alarm' d by Greece) 
 
 Wash'd their fair garments in the days of peace.' POPE.
 
 CXXX11 BOUNAR BACHI, ETC. 
 
 of which is of warmer temperature than the others, and in winter emits the 
 appearance of snioko or vapour. From this most embowered spot, between 
 flowerj- banks, 
 
 . Xn/twrt ^Ka^iavfpiy AvOfft6tvT.* B. 467. 
 
 the narrow silver rivulet proceeds to the plain, and to the clear basins of its 
 source the women of the modern village still descend to wash their linen. 
 
 " It does then, indeed, appear to me, that the whole case is irresistible for 
 the hill of Bounar Bachi being the Ilion of the Iliad ; and I cannot help 
 thinking that if Mr. Grote, always clear, cool, and logical, even when most 
 sceptical, had visited these scenes himself, he would have hesitated to affirm 
 that ' there is every reason for presuming that the Ilium visited by Xerxes 
 and Alexander was really the holy Ilium present to the mind of Homer.' It 
 has been no part of my present purpose to establish the further and distinct 
 proposition that the Iliad is real history so roundly denied by Bryant so 
 candidly questioned by Grote ; but a circumstance has been brought to light, 
 almost contemporaneously with my visit, which I do not allege as conveying 
 any positive proof of an inference, to which I conceive, however, that it may 
 plausibly point ; but if that inference could be made good, it would establish 
 not merely the identity of the poetical site, but the authenticity of the actual 
 history. Since Mr. Calvert has come into his recent possession of his Troad 
 farm, he has opened a mound which he found upon it, and within which, at 
 some depth below the surface, he has discovered a layer of calcined human 
 bones, about six feet in depth and thirty feet in diameter, with one skeleton 
 at the bottom, and below these a large quantity of ashes. The part where 
 the bones are, is surrounded by the remains of a wall of stones without cement. 
 Might not these, possibly, have been the bones of the Trojans burned during 
 the truce obtained by Priam in the seventh book of the Iliad ? 
 
 oi St ffitttiry 
 
 N*poi>c TfvpKaifjf iirtviivtov, a\vvfiivoi Kijp. 
 'Ev Si irvpl irpljffavrtc ifiav Trpori'lXtov <pjv.t H. 427. 
 The spot, between two and three miles from Troy, would be entirely suitable ; 
 not within, or just in front of the walls, like Hector, the real Astyanax, or 
 Lord of the City, more so than either his father or his son, with a lordly pile 
 of stones above him ; but the crowd of dead had their tomb at a convenient 
 distance the return to the town of the mourners being expressly men- 
 tioned ; and the absence of cement in the inclosing wall might indicate a hur- 
 ried construction, such as was to be expected from men who had to fight on 
 the morrow." Lord Carlisle's Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters. 
 
 * *' ' iScamander's flowery side.' 
 
 f " ' With silent haste 
 
 The bodies decent on their piles were placed ; 
 With melting hearts the cold remains they burn'd, 
 And sadly slow to sacred Troy return'd.' POPE.
 
 YORKSHIRE. cxxxiii 
 
 " YORKSHIRE." 
 
 The following poetical and historic view of the chief scenes of interest in Yorkshire, 
 taken by Lord Morpeth at the outset of his public career, was first published in 1832, as 
 the Address of the 
 
 " YOBKSHJBE ANNUAL." 
 
 Be not our title scorned if wide domain, 
 
 If smiling nature, if triumphant art, ' 
 If high tradition vindicate the strain, 
 
 Yorkshire may claim, and will maintain her part. 
 
 List, doubting jester if there be that jest 
 
 While with a faltering voice, and trembling hand, 
 
 I call proud names from their historic rest, 
 And point to all the beauties of our land. 
 
 Go where the Don's young waters brightly glide, 
 
 'Mid tufted woods and legendary caves ; 
 No dragon prowls on Wharncliffe's sylvan side, 
 
 Or scares the current of the peaceful waves.* 
 
 Then onward Sheffield's busier haunts survey, 
 
 Where art and industry their power reveal, 
 That power that moulds with well-adjusted sway, 
 
 Each pliant form of adamantine steel. 
 
 Pass not the lordly pile of Wentworth's line, 
 
 To patriot worth and social friendship dear;-]- 
 There love yet gilds Fitzwilliam's mild decline, 
 
 And gentle virtues weep round Milton's bier. J 
 
 Where Wakefield rears her fair and fretted spire, 
 
 No bannered roses float o'er fields of gore ; 
 Gay villas 'mid their clustering groves retire, 
 
 And golden Ceres piles her massive store. 
 
 * The Dragon of Wantley is the subject of a well-known legend, 
 t A mausoleum is erected in Wentworth Park to the memory of the Marquis of 
 Eockingham, containing the busts of his principal associates and friends. 
 J Viscountess Milton, obiit 1830. 
 A chapel of " small and delicate proportion," upon the bridge of Wakefield, still
 
 CXXXIV YORKSHIRE. 
 
 The muse, less daring than the Argive raft, 
 Shrinks from the classic region of the fleece ;* 
 
 How vain an idle rhymester's idle craft, . 
 
 To hymn the trophies of Britannia's peace ! 
 
 Still, commerce, thine unfettered track pursue, 
 Court torrid zephyrs, brave the icy gale, 
 
 Rivet creation's severed links anew, 
 
 With thy light rudder and thy roving sail. 
 
 Crowned with the myrtle, vine, and olive leaf, 
 Before thy peaceful keel chase gory strife, 
 
 Waft to each want that visits man, relief, 
 The lamp of knowledge, and the cross of life. 
 
 But thou, coy maiden of the rustic shell, 
 
 Hie from yon busy haunts, where Airedalef leads 
 
 Thy silent step, o'er tangled brake and dell, 
 Thro' wooded slopes and intermingled meads 
 
 Or where romantic Wharfe, 'mid wilder steeps, 
 Tosses the gladness of his torrent spray, 
 
 Hound Bolton's shrine, with softer murmurs creeps, 
 Then winds thro' owning plains his ampler way : 
 
 All lovely Bolton ! tho' no incense roll 
 
 O'er cloistered courts by holy footsteps trod, 
 
 Where, from earth's thousand altars could the soul 
 Hold a more rapt communion with its God ? 
 
 As Clifford}: erst in Barden's neighbouring tower, 
 The Shepherd Lord, unscathed by civil jars, 
 
 Undazzled by the blaze of sudden power, 
 Trained his meek spirit 'mid the silent stars ! 
 
 commemorates the decisive battle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians. The town 
 is now the chief place for warehousing corn in the north. 
 
 * Here begins the great woollen district, of which Leeds is the centre. 
 
 f In this most pleasing valley stands the picturesque ruin of Kirkstall Abbey. 
 
 J The history of Henry, the Shepherd Lord, may be found in the second volume of 
 Sir James Mackintosh's interesting Abridgment of the History of England, p. 46.
 
 YORKSHIRE. CXXXV 
 
 Vaunt not Helvetian hills, Ausonian vales, 
 
 Vaunt not each painted, each poetic scene, 
 Still, still I cling to Craven's pastoral dales, 
 
 Their purple heather, and their emerald green. 
 
 Pause, my bewildered harp, nor leave unpraised 
 Farnley's green upland, Harewood's stately glade, 
 
 The antique pile* by mail-clad Templars raised, 
 Backfall's wild glen, and Bramham's alleyed shade. 
 
 Ye towers of Pomfret ! in your blighted round ! 
 
 No rose shall blossom, and no muse shall sing, 
 Blood, blood bedews the rank and tainted ground, 
 
 Of unarmed nobles, t and an uncrowned King.J 
 
 Nor gaze unmoved on Ebor's ancient wall ! 
 
 The purple masters of imperial p6wer 
 Changed for its guarded hold, at honour's call, 
 
 Their Latin mount, or bright Byzantine bower : 
 
 Our peaceful streets no stranger legions fill, 
 
 No Eastern pomps in gay procession smile ? 
 But say, can Roman power, or Grecian skill, 
 
 O'ermatch the grandeur of our Gothic pile ? 
 
 This lyre might linger with too fond a praise, 
 
 O'er Vanburgh's|| airy domes and sculptured halls : 
 
 Or, to the sterner works of earlier days, 
 
 Byland's rent-fane, and Gilling's ivied walls. 
 
 In Helmsley's tower no Villiers^" revels now, 
 
 On yonder hills he met untimely doom ; 
 At Rivaulx' shrine no sandalled beadsmen bow, 
 
 But Nature's self has canonized their tomb. 
 
 * Temple Newsom. 
 
 f The Earl of Salisbury and twelve Yorkist chiefs, after the battle of Wakefield ; 
 Earl Rivers, Lord Richard Grey, &c., upon the death of Edward IV. 
 
 f Richird II. 
 
 Adrian, Caracalla, Geta, and probably Theodosius, served ; Septimus Severus, and 
 Constantius died ; Constautine was proclaimed Emperor, and perhaps was born, at York. 
 
 || Sir John Vanburgh was the architect of Castle Howard. 
 
 ^ George Villiers, the second Duke of Buckingham, died in the house of his agent,
 
 CXXXvi YORKSHIRE. 
 
 See Fountains' yet more massive glories rise, 
 On Studley's lawnsj see spring eternal bloom ; 
 
 Let Wensley's fertile vale arrest thine eyes, 
 Richmond's gay terraces and castled gloom. 
 
 From Calder's fount to Cleveland's mossy hill, 
 From Humber's tide to Skipton's mountain h/>ld, 
 
 All hues and forms the varied canvas fill, 
 The rich, the soft, the fertile, and the bold. 
 
 Mark where yon rocky barrier fronts the main, 
 And seems the guardian of the favoured land ; 
 
 Oft has its iron strength repelled the Dane, 
 Or the armed barks of Norway's rugged strand. 
 
 Mark Scarborough's keep, and Whitby's shattered aisle, f 
 Once the proud sea-mark of the troubled deep ; 
 
 While Mulgrave's tower still views old ocean smile 
 From its lone crag and wood -embosomed steep. 
 
 The darker spoils domestic struggles yield, 
 May not on page so light as mine be read ; 
 
 How Yorkshire mourned o'er Towton'sJ crimsoned field, 
 How Fairfax triumphed while her bravest bled. 
 
 Not now the theme : may all her future years 
 In peace, in wealth, in freedom roll along ; 
 
 Unstained by crimes, by conflicts, and by tears, 
 Brightened by Virtue, and adorned by Song. 
 
 at Kirby Moorside, in consequence of a cold he caught while seeing a fox dug. Helms- 
 ley Castle and Rivaulx Abbey are both in the beautiful grounds of Duncombe Park. 
 
 * The evergreens at Studley are particularly fine. 
 
 f A considerable part of the very striking ruin of the Abbey of Whitby has fallen re- 
 cently. 
 
 J At the battle of Towton, A.D. 1461, 37,000 Englishmen are said to have fallen. 
 
 Thomas, Lord Fairfax, a great general, and a worthy man. From a period of 
 mutual dissensions and errors, it is pleasing to select upon either side such names as 
 Fairfax and Falkland.
 
 SPEECHES AND ADDKESSES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EARL OF CARLISLE. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 
 
 CONFERRING OF DEGREES AND HONORS IN SAINT PATRICK'S 
 HALL, DUBLIN CASTLE. 
 
 [OCTOBEE llTH, 1855.] 
 
 WHEN x the conferring of Degrees and Honors had concluded, the 
 Vice- Chancellor of the Queen's University (the RIGHT HON. 
 MAZIERE BRADY), said:- 
 
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUB EXCELLENCY, 
 
 Having reached the close of our University proceedings, there remains 
 to me the grateful office of returning to you the thanks of the Senate 
 for the privilege you have been graciously pleased to accord to them 
 of holding their public meeting in this hall, and for the honour you 
 have done us in gracing our assembly with your presence. The Queen's 
 Colleges have received their foundation since the period of your Excel- 
 lency's former official connexion with this country; they have had to 
 sustain much, but I will still hope, a gradually decreasing opposition. 
 Their progress has been necessarily affected by the times of public ca- 
 lamity with which our country has so awfully been visited they have 
 difficulties to contend with ; some in the social condition of the people, 
 some in the pecuniary expenditure which the continuous course of study 
 established in them requires from the students ; but, perhaps, the great- 
 
 B
 
 2 EDUCATION. 
 
 est is the want of a good local supply of preparatory schools where the 
 young could be sufficiently educated to enter at once, and with adeqtfate 
 preliminary instruction, upon the more advanced courses of collegiate 
 instruction. We have further the satisfaction of knowing that our 
 courses of study and degrees have deservedly attracted the estimation 
 of learned men in other lands, who witnessed the success of students of 
 our Colleges in competition with members of every other seminary in 
 the United Kingdom. The Legislature has sanctioned additional aids to 
 the pecuniary resources of the Colleges ; and we have been honoured 
 from the commencement of our labours by the gracious support and fos- 
 tering encouragement of your Excellency's predecessors in the exalted 
 office which Her Majesty has intrusted to ycur charge. I venture to 
 assure myaelf and this institution that we build on no insecure foun- 
 dation, when we calculate that from your Excellency we shall receive a 
 no less favourable acceptance, a no less kind and encouraging support. 
 "We have already abundant evidence to satisfy us of the justice of these 
 expectations in the interest you have ever taken in the advancement 
 and prosperity of Ireland, the knowledge of her wants and her re- 
 sources, with which your official condition with this country has abun- 
 dantly supplied you, and the careful and benevolent anxiety you have 
 shown in your personal inspection and examination of the condition of 
 all the public establishments of the country. On the part of the Col- 
 leges and the University, I tender to your Excellency our acknow- 
 ledgment of the favour thus shown, and the value with which such a 
 recognition of the principle of examination must confer on the system 
 itself, and on the institutions under our care. I trust that they will 
 always be found deserving of your Excellency's support, and of the 
 honour such as that conferred upon us by your Excellency's presence 
 here to- day. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 MR. VICE-CHANCELLOB ASD GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I receive with pleasure and gratitude the compliment which has been 
 so obligingly proposed by you, and conferred upon me, on behalf of the 
 Senate. Let me assure the whole of the very learned and distinguished 
 assembly here convened, that it has been no common satisfaction to me 
 to have thus assisted at the proceedings which have now been brought 
 to a close. It is also gratifying to me as it must be to all, I ima-
 
 THE QUEEN S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 3 
 
 gine, to see noble and princely halls, like that in which we are now 
 assembled, and which are ordinarily set apart for lighter purposes, and 
 for the mere festivities of state, made thus ancillary to the highest 
 ends of science, art, and literature. After the similar functions which 
 have been discharged here in previous years, and especially after 
 the very full and lucid expositions which on this, as well as on former 
 occasions, have been delivered by the learned Vice- Chancellor of this 
 University, I should feel it worse than superfluous for me to dwell for 
 one moment on the nature and object of the institution with which we 
 are now concerned ; or on what I may term the statistics of learning 
 and instruction connected with it. I wish, indeed, that our meeting 
 of this afternoon could have been graced by the presence of my noble 
 friend and colleague, the Earl of Clarendon, the Chancellor of the 
 University, to whose fostering and enlightened care it owes already 
 so much ; but, as we know the war is pressing upon his attention, 
 we cannot wonder, however we may grieve, at his absence. Since 
 the foundation of the University under his auspices, its newborn uses 
 have been successively encouraged by the courteous chivalry of the 
 Earl of Eglinton, and the mild wisdom of Lord St. Germains 
 
 " Virtus Scipiadse et mitis sapientia Lseli." 
 
 Besides these high names, there is one other which I should not like to 
 pass over in total silence, on my addressing a meeting which has connex- 
 ion with the Queen's Colleges in Ireland. Those who know most of the 
 early history aad birth-struggles of this institution, will know best how 
 much they were indebted to the exertions of our present minister at 
 Athens, Mr. Wyse. When I was last with him, we explored together 
 the site of that ancient Academy that hill of Colonus of which Sophocles 
 sang, and the olive grove where Plato reasoned. I wish that he could 
 now be at my side, not to trace with fond reverence the dim vestiges of 
 buried glory, but to hail with joyous hope the future progress and ex- 
 panding triumphs of his living countrymen. As your Vice-Chancellor has 
 reminded you, the late period of my arrival in Ireland has only as yet 
 enabled me to visit one of the Queen's Colleges, that in Cork ; though 
 I trust that my acquaintance with the others will not long be delayed. 
 In the College at Cork, I was very glad to perceive, though so cursory 
 a visit as I was enabled to pay hardly warrants me in speaking further 
 of that degree of progress and prosperity which it has, I am happy to 
 
 B2
 
 4 EDUCATION. 
 
 say, BO undoubtedly attained, but I was glad, as far as what the eye 
 was concerned with, to see that a most suitable and comely architecture 
 has been called in to assist in the accommodation of those kindred 
 arts and sciences which lend to, and borrow from architecture, 
 so much mutual grace and spirit. Very pleasant, too, it is to find 
 in our honoured elder sister University of this capital, that this 
 happy union is now receiving such splendid illustration. All that 
 I have been enabled to gather of the working of these associated 
 seats of learning induces me to believe that they have adopted the 
 fortunate medium of combining those branches of study which have 
 hitherto always accompanied civilization, nurtured the intellect, and 
 embellished the tastes of mankind, with those new branches of study 
 which the discoveries of more recent times and the wide developments 
 of human industry and enterprise, render of such daily practical use, and 
 which, allow me to add, the probable increased adoption of the test of 
 merit in all the departments of national science, upon which your Vice- 
 Chancellor has remarked with so much just emphasis, will make still more 
 indispensable. It has been, as he has informed you, my endeavour, 
 within the narrow limits which have as yet been open to me, to adhere to 
 this principle in all the appointments that have been made in connexion 
 with the Queen's Colleges in Ireland. For the few moments longer 
 that can be allowed me, let me turn to those whom I am sure, even 
 these very conspicuous and eminent men who have recently formed the 
 Board of Examiners will yet allow me to consider that portion of the 
 numerous auditory which I address, which concentrates *iost your inte- 
 rest and hope, I mean,the young men who on this occasion have re- 
 ceived their Degrees, their Diplomas, and their distinctions of Honor. 
 "Will you, my young friends, accept from me my cordial congratulations 
 on what you have achieved, and my earnest exhortation to you to pursue 
 and persevere in that honourable and brilliant career, upon which you 
 have entered ? Believe me, that the conditions of the world in 
 which we live are becoming every day more and more such as to make 
 the possession of knowledge and the mastery of the mind the condition of 
 success, and the avenue of greatness. Believe me, also, that the exer- 
 cise and proper direction of the intellect, the taste, and the fancy, 
 bring with them pleasures and resources intrinsic to themselves, and 
 wholly independent of success and of their worldly results. But when 
 I talk to you of pleasure, and also when I talk of success, I feel that I
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 5 
 
 am using far too low a key-note. 'Pleasure, as I trust every one of you 
 will be delighted to admit with me, cannot be considered as the real 
 business or aim of life ; and as to success, although it has many lofty 
 and ennobling attributes when it is the reward of honest diligence, and 
 the test of fine powers conscientiously used, and though I am at this mo- 
 ment exhorting you in your future plans of life to emulate that success, 
 yet I would have you remember, at the same time, that success itself is 
 compatible with base principles, with vulgar feelings, and with vicious 
 habits, and may be reached by those who can show no claim to the 
 love of their fellow-men, or to the favour of their God. Let yours be a 
 yet higher and more real ambition. It is not who you are, but what 
 you are, that really signifies. The situations you may fill in life are be- 
 yond your control ; and even though they should be as exalted and splen- 
 did as your most soaring dreams could picture, yet they might leave you 
 mean, unhonoured, and unloved. The characters you may make for 
 yourselves, in humble dependence on the blessing from above, are in 
 your own power, and can never disappoint, or fail you. Every act in 
 obedience to a virtuous self-denial the active exercise of Christian love 
 the life-long obedience to faith these are the things which will secure 
 to you, not such transient honours and distinctions as we have this day 
 awarded to you, but the supreme blessing and the immortal crown. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OcTOBEB, 7lH, 1856.] 
 
 WHEN the Degrees, Diplomas, and Honors had been conferred, 
 the VICE-CHANCELLOB said : 
 
 MAT IT PLEASE TOUB. EXCELLENCY, 
 
 For the part you have thus been pleased to take in our proceedings of 
 the day for the gracious kindness with which you have placed this apart- 
 ment at our service, and for the honour you have conferred upon us by your 
 presence here, I beg to be permitted to return the grateful thanks of the 
 Senate of the Queen's University. At our last annual meeting I ventured
 
 6 EDUCATION. 
 
 to express the assurance we felt that from your Excellency we should 
 receive the same kind and courteous recognition, the same generous en- 
 couragement, and the same energetic support which we had heretofore 
 experienced from your predecessors in your high office. This assurance 
 has been amply confirmed ; and we look with confidence to the continu- 
 ance of the same good and gracious offices as long as it shall please Her 
 Majesty to intrust to your care the administration of the Government of 
 Ireland. In this exalted station your Excellency has again given the 
 henefit of your high sanction to the important principle of competitive 
 examination, on which I took occasion to make some remarks at our last 
 meeting, when submitting to that test the election of a Professor of the 
 Celtic Language in the Queen's College of Gal way. I believe that the 
 result of the examination has been perfectly satisfactory to your expec- 
 tations, and to those of the authorities of the College ; and I look to such 
 examples, and to the evidence so given of the general interest taken by 
 your Excellency in the welfare of oui^ institutions, as affording the 
 highest encouragement to their students, and to those who are yet but 
 preparing for entrance on a collegiate career. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 
 MY LORD CHANCELLOR, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I am exceedingly happy, after the lapse of a smooth and prosperous 
 year, in which peace has been maintained at home and restored abroad, 
 to have the opportunity of again meeting in the Queen's Castle of 
 Dublin this representative assembly of the Queen's Colleges in Ireland, 
 and to congratulate those who have proved themselves qualified for De- 
 grees, and entitled to Honors, upon the success which the proceedings 
 of this day have stamped upon their honourable and useful labours. I 
 have referred to the auspicious prevalence of foreign and domestic peace; 
 but you may be reminded, by the summary and results of your own la- 
 bours, that peace need not in any department of our national or individual 
 existence carry with it the notion of inactivity or sluggish repose in- 
 deed, I do not know whether in all the fields of intellectual and moral 
 exercise a period of peace does not ever seem to call for more sustained 
 and strenuous efforts. "NVe are told that peace has her victories, as well 
 as war ; and if she has her victories, you may also be sure she must 
 have her labours and her conflicts. The energies of you, young Irish- 
 men, are not now needed, like those of many of your countrymen,
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 7 
 
 to scale the parapet of the Redan, or to house yourselves within 
 Sebastopol ; hut you have already wisely recognised that life has some- 
 thing else to do than to lie in the sun or hask by the fireside ; and if it 
 be true upon which I now, of course, pronounce no opinion that the 
 standard of examination to which you have lately submitted your- 
 selves has been pitched already too high, it only confers greater credit 
 on those who have successfully emerged from it. Upon the topic of 
 peace, to which I have alluded, you will remember that the sound of 
 the great war immediately before the last in Europe had scarcely died 
 away when steam-boats began to ply and steam-engines to work in a 
 thousand trades railways to spread their iron lines, and gas to stretch 
 out its threads of fire and the electric telegraph to race with the light- 
 ning ; and the blessed application of chloroform to assuage ay, to 
 abolish pain. Now, the several studies through which you have all 
 passed will not guarantee you all singly becoming Watts, Pultons, or 
 Wheatstones, but it is their aim and their object, rightly understood, to 
 keep up and carry on, to say the very least, the processes of past 
 research and discovery at the highest level of efficiency, and to main- 
 tain that general tone of high acquirement and intelligence of noble 
 emulation and ambition, out of which kindred sparks may be struck, 
 and further victories achieved. Proof has been given within the year 
 that has now concluded, of the aptitude of the rising youth of Ireland 
 for praiseworthy distinction and brilliant success, of which I am happy 
 to find that one of your own Colleges has afforded so memorable an in- 
 stance. And rf, as was perhaps natural, the elder University of our land 
 has in point of numbers seemed to lead in the race, I am confident that 
 your younger academical institutions will feel that they have only to make 
 increased efforts which they owe to their country not to be distanced in 
 the future. Many of you whom I now address, and into some of whose 
 hands I have just had the high satisfaction of delivering the well-earned 
 marks of success and honour, will probably soon be dispersed over different 
 scenes of action, and transferred to new avocations. Be pleased then to 
 remember, my young friends, that the business of education does not 
 terminate with the college class, or with the professor's lecture, but 
 that every day of your lives may add to your knowledge, and every mo- 
 ment of time may promote your improvement. Strive always for the 
 highest exertions of usefulness for these man may aim at but be con- 
 tent with any opportunity of exerting them, for these God must decide
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 for you. I know not how many of you may become great, but I feel 
 sure that all of you may make yourselves good and happy. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 
 
 SPEECH OF THE EARL OF CARLISLE ON CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBER SRD, 1857.] 
 
 MR. VICE-CHANCELLOR, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T All extremely glad, not only to have again, in this place, the op- 
 -*- portunity of meeting the Authorities and Professors of the Queen's 
 University, and the youthful candidates for its Degrees and Honors, 
 but also, at the same time, to be able to congratulate them all upon the 
 circumstances which attend the present period of the annual examina- 
 tions. It appears from the list before us, as well as from the interesting 
 and lucid statement of your distinguished Vice-Chancellor, that the 
 number of successful candidates has on this occasion culminated to a 
 higher point than it has ever yet reached, and double that of last year. 
 It appears, further, that out of seventy candidates, there have been only 
 five rejections; and I apprehend that any one who will take the trouble 
 to make himself acquainted with the examination papers, and the literary 
 and intellectual tests that have been applied, will be amply satisfied that 
 this increase in the number of successful candidates, and this paucity in 
 the rejection of insufiicient candidates, have been in no respect caused 
 by any lowering of the standard of proficiency and success. I am tempted 
 also to observe what might not be so obvious at first sight that even 
 the amount of success as well as of attendance at these annual exami- 
 nations do not in themselves afford an accurate measure of the success 
 of the College education itself. I am informed that there are many in- 
 stances in which the education in the Colleges enables the students to 
 obtain employment which forces them to leave part of their academical 
 career unfinished. One of them, for instance, from the Queen's College at 
 Galway, would have been here to-day, had he not just obtained at a com- 
 petitive examination the post of master of an agricultural school, with 
 an annual salary of 120. Another, from the same College, has just been
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 9 
 
 appointed usher to the great school of science at Dungannon. "Why 
 have we not here to-day Mr. Devereux, Mr. Bartley, and Mr. Smith ? 
 Why, because at the recent examinations for the Civil Service of the 
 East India Company, they have respectively obtained first, and fourth, 
 and tenth places in that distinguished list. And when we remember 
 that the prizes at this Indian Examination are of so high a character as 
 to draw the foremost men from all the Universities of the empire, I 
 think any one who is interested in the character and credit of the Queen's 
 Colleges in Ireland will feel no slight satisfaction that, whereas in 
 former years two of those appointments were carried off by Cork, and 
 one by Galway, in the present year three of them have fallen to Belfast. 
 I am tempted, by the mention of that place, to remind my young friends 
 now here who come from it, that we must look to them as called upon in 
 some measure to redeem, as well as to adorn, that celebrated and thriv- 
 ing community. It is very painful to find in these modern days of 
 enlightenment and progress I might add, in these days of national 
 emergency and stern pressure an advanced and polite city like Belfast 
 disfigured by unseemly exhibitions of religious discord and if such a 
 violent contradiction of terms may be allowed of religions hatred. We 
 have heard, indeed, Belfast occasionally termed the Northern Athens : 
 I hope the future career of some whom I now see before me, will do 
 much to justify, and secure, and perpetuate that title; but if we were 
 only to give attention to some of the statements we have been lately 
 perusing of the bitter strife and contention amongst those who ought to 
 live as brothers, it would make us think that we were reading not so 
 much the annals of Athens as of Thebes. One further reflection I may 
 indulge in, feeling that it is suggested by the special sphere of action to 
 which some of your late associates are on the point of being called, and 
 whither, I hope, some more among you will follow them, I mean the 
 Civil Service of India. Other associations, alas ! are now mingled with 
 that name besides those of peaceful duties quietly performed, and sub- 
 stantial fortunes comfortably amassed. All who are now sent to that 
 stirring theatre whatever may be the precise character of their mis- 
 sion must be prepared for hardship, for danger, for much patient 
 endurance possibly for high, strong courage at all events, for sustained 
 and strenuous exertion. In the great drama of Indian re-conquest every 
 one must play his allotted part to the top of his bent ; and I fervently 
 hope that, among the honourable and enduring successes of the Queen's
 
 10 EDUCATION. 
 
 Colleges in Ireland, it may come to be recorded of them that the young 
 men whom they shall have trained for the business of active life have 
 borne a conspicuous and distinguished part in the great imperial task 
 which now devolves upon us as a people, of restoring upon a firmer, a 
 purer, a nobler basis than it ever yet rested on, the hold of civilized 
 and Christian England upon the regained millions of India. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBER 14TH, 1859.] 
 
 W 
 
 PHEN the conferring of Degrees and Honors had concluded, the 
 VICE-CHANCELLOR said: 
 
 MAT IT PLEASE TOUR ExCELLENCT, 
 
 It has already, on three or four occasions, been our fortunate privilege 
 to be thus honoured by your attendance at our annual meetings, while 
 filling the office of Her Majesty's representative. "We feel that it is of 
 no small advantage to have once more associated with us, if I may ven- 
 ture on the expression, in the person of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 
 the early, long-tried, consistent friend and advocate of civil and religious 
 liberty the supporter of every institution founded for the benefit of our 
 country, and the amelioration of the condition of her people, physically 
 and intellectually. It is a presence to us full of encouragement and 
 hope ; it justifies the past, it graces the present, it heralds the future ; 
 and in that future we have an abiding confidence that our progress will 
 advance with the advancing prosperity of the country, and will continue 
 to receive, as we think it has hitherto done, the approval and good 
 wishes of all who, like your Excellency, manifest their attachment to 
 the great national principles of united education. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 MR. VICE-CHANCELLOR AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I rise, with your permission, to return a few words of thanks for the 
 honour you have so courteously awarded me. The Vice- Chancellor of the
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 11 
 
 Queen's University laid before this assembly, with his usual clearness and 
 precision, all that pertains to the present circumstances and actual con- 
 dition of the institution in which he holds so eminent a post. Into that 
 branch of the subject, accordingly, I may congratulate both the meeting 
 and myself that I am not required to follow him. In meeting once more, 
 on this well-remembered spot, this annual congress of the Queen's Colleges 
 in Ireland, after a very short break of continuity, during which, all will 
 gratefully acknowledge, your academic institutions reposed under no un- 
 friendly auspices in this island, it is certainly very gratifying that I should 
 learn from so authentic a source that nothing has occurred in the history 
 of the Colleges of a retrograde or unfavourable character, but that the in- 
 tervening period has been marked by features of distinction and hope- 
 fulness. I infer, indeed, on this occasion, that there are two causes 
 one of a more local, and it may be transient, the other of a more general 
 and inherent character which may be considered to have operated 
 against a fuller attendance of competitors for the prizes and honors 
 which it has been my pleasing duty to award to the successful candi- 
 dates. The general cause to which I refer has been fully pointed out 
 by the Vice-Chancellor, the absence of a sufficient number of the inter- 
 mediate or middle-class schools, to act as feeders or tributaries to the 
 respective Colleges. This want is both recognised and appreciated by 
 the Government, and the subject is now engaging their serious at- 
 tention. It is not, however, without difficulties both intrinsic and 
 imported. The more local, and as yet at least partial cause is one 
 which I mention neither with a view on this occasion to the expression 
 of praise or blame, of sympathy or misgiving, but as a matter of positive 
 fact. We have been credibly assured, several young men, who would 
 otherwise have been here from the College at Belfast as competitors for 
 our Honors and Degrees, have been diverted from their purpose by the 
 engrossing interest excited by what is generally termed the Revival in 
 the North of Ireland. This is an incident worthy of being considered 
 with that cautious and reverent watchfulness which is eminently due 
 to the whole subject. If, however, there should appear to be temporary 
 deficiency in the number of candidates for the Degrees, I am happy to 
 find that there has been an increase in the total number of students in 
 actual attendance on their collegiate studies, amounting, I believe, at 
 present, to very few short of five hundred ; and I apprehend that 
 nothing can be more satisfactory than the quality of the instruc-
 
 12 EDUCATION. 
 
 tion imparted, the high and deserved eminence of the respective pro- 
 fessors, the elevatefl standard of the examinations as conducted in 
 this place; and the practical results exhibited at the competitive or- 
 deals for employment in the Civil, and more expressly, the Indian 
 Service, combine to place the credit of the Queen's University on 
 the most unassailable foundation in these respects. I learn, also, 
 with increasing pleasure, that the proportion of different religious 
 communions among the students at the Colleges is just what might be 
 expected and wished. The Vice-Chancellor has touched upon the ge- 
 neral and most important considerations connected with this topic. 
 Thoroughly unwilling as I should be to introduce into these precincts, 
 usually set apart to social festivity at this moment to the furtherance 
 of polite, useful, and liberal learning any subject or any syllable that 
 could tend to excite dissension or promote discord, yet there are periods 
 when the frank avowal of opinion is due from any seat of authority or 
 centre of influence. I do, then, continue to think.it most desirable that 
 in our great imperial community, where its citizens are to play united 
 parts, and discharge united functions to live, in short, an united life 
 the preparation for it should be laid and learned in an united edu- 
 cation. Such, surely, should be the case with respect to the trades and 
 professions which are to build up and perpetuate our united wealth 
 to the sciences which are to mould our united wisdom to the arts 
 which are to constitute our united enjoyment. I feel profoundly, at 
 the same time, that all that we are accustomed to gather under the name 
 of religion is of so paramount, so subtle, so ethereal a nature, that it 
 may properly require to be treated as something at once superior and 
 separate, which may repel all interference foreign to itself, and be com- 
 municated by no organs and ministrations but those exclusively and 
 distinctly its own. While I, therefore, cannot but wish that edu- 
 cation which is general and mainly secular should be united, I as 
 readily admit that what is expressly religious and mainly spiritual 
 ought to be separate. I will yield to none in respectful deference to the 
 clergy of all our religious communions; but, assuredly, to none what- 
 ever of them can I, either in a public or a private capacity, concede 
 the right of denying to the laity, of which I am myself a member, the 
 full power of acting upon the decisions of our own consciences, and of 
 regulating the education of our own children. I have never closed 
 the observations I have been called upon to make on these occa-
 
 THE QUEEN'S COLLEGE'. 13 
 
 sions without specially addressing a few short words to the young per- 
 sons I see before me. You are the main actors and principal objects in 
 the proceedings which will here terminate. As to all the elders here 
 assembled, myself amongst the number, we must feel that the pursuits 
 in which we are severally engaged, and the cares which occupy us, are 
 mainly carried on in behalf of the generation which is to follow us. 
 Your presence here proves that your careers hitherto have attained a 
 certain amount of success ; let your subsequent careers exhibit a diligent 
 pursuit of excellence in your several spheres of action; an honest desire 
 to apply your own faculties and opportunities to the benefit of your 
 fellow-men, a pervading consecration of your lives to the God who gave 
 them. "We introduce you, as it were, this day into a splendid arena, 
 the service of a great and noble country ; may you live to see it may 
 you contribute to make it yet greater, nobler, worthier than you have 
 found it. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S COLLEGE (CORK). 
 
 THE EARL OF CARLISLE'S SPEECH ON THE PRESENTATION OF PRIZES 
 TO THE STUDENTS. 
 
 [NOVEMBER HTH, 1859.] 
 
 ME. PRINCIPAL AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T EISE to return my sincere thanks to you for the honour you have 
 -*- just been pleased to bestow on me. I can assure you that I have 
 felt the greatest pleasure in discharging the honourable function which 
 has just been assigned to me of distributing the prizes to the successful 
 candidates of the Queen's College, Cork. This is not the first time I 
 have been within your walls ; and though they may not present those 
 associations of hoary antiquity those mellow mediaeval tints which 
 cling to the semi-cloisters and venerable groves of our older Universi- 
 ties it is most interesting and most encouraging to witness the vigorous 
 start of youthful impulses, and the promising dawn of your early powers. 
 I learn with satisfaction, from the very clear and able statement of your 
 distinguished principal, that the matriculations for the present year ex- 
 hibit some increase over those of past years, and that the natural propor-
 
 14 EDUCATION. 
 
 tion of the members of different religious creeds remains undisturbed. On 
 an occasion like this I impose upon myself the duty of recollecting that, 
 while there are times when a frank and distinct expression of opinion 
 may seem to be required, yet I should do very ill to introduce into those 
 peaceful haunts of learning and into the serene observances for doing 
 honour to literature and science, any topic that could savour of a contro- 
 versial or embittered character. "We know of old that at the sack of 
 ancient Thebes the great Emathian conqueror spared the house of 
 Pindarus, when temple and tower went to the ground ; so in these 
 peaceful bowers of the Muses we know nothing of the differences and 
 discord which agitate the world without It is to you, my young 
 friends, the prizemen and successful competitors of this afternoon, that 
 I would address the few remaining words I have to offer. It must have 
 been greatly gratifying to you, in the presence of this high academic 
 conclave, of so many of your most distinguished fellow-citizens, of so 
 many softer smiles of approval, to receive your well-earned and hardly- 
 won tokens of success. You will, I trust, not lag in that career upon 
 which you have so auspiciously entered. There is everything in the 
 character and reputation of the professors of this College to assist and to 
 encourage you. There is a burden of a modern popular song, " Excel- 
 sior," which ought to be your maxim in every field of exertion and in 
 every walk of life. But while I hope that your college careers will 
 exhibit the same honourable and successful perseverance which seems 
 to have distinguished their commencement, you will not fail to remember 
 that life does not end with the college class, or lecture, or examination, 
 or degree. Life and the world this bustling, battling world ! this our 
 mysterious human life loom beyond them. Win, my young friends, 
 win for yourselves, if you can, distinction, competence, wealth, station. 
 These are some of the hopes and purposes with which you have been 
 sent here ; these are some of the hopes and purposes which have led 
 to your successful exertions. But, besides these, and above these, there 
 are things more real, more precious, more enduring the force of cha- 
 racter, which each of you makes for yourself, will teach you how to use 
 those things, and how to do without them the kindness of heart which 
 will make mankind your well-wishers and friends ; the conscious thrill 
 of duty done ; the hopes and the assurance of the " world beyond the 
 skies."
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 15 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBEK 12TH, I860.] 
 
 WHEN the conferring of Degrees and Honors had concluded, and the 
 Vice- Chancellor of the University had delivered his Address, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 
 ME. YICE- CHANCELLOR AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 Ihave already had so accurate and continuous an experience of the ful- 
 ness and clearness with which the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Yice- 
 Chancellor of this University, enters into all tKe details and proceedings 
 which call for any remark in the history and constitution of the learned 
 body which, in this country, he so ably heads, since its last periodical 
 meeting, that I almost as much of necessity as of good- will abstain from 
 the ground thus pre- occupied. It may be permitted to me to express the 
 high satisfaction which I feel at learning that the career of the whole in- 
 stitution, if not convulsively rapid, has been steadily progressive, which 
 perhaps is the most promising condition of all others for stability and per- 
 manence; and that the examinations which have just now been brought 
 to a close do not only exhibit a more numerous array of candidates 
 than has been heretofore seen, but have been distinguished by a greater 
 ratio of successful competition, and by improved quality as well as 
 quantity. That the test of the progress of these our young institutions 
 is not yet confined to their own walls, or to their own examinations, is 
 evidenced most pre-eminently, perhaps, by the last Indian examinations, 
 and also by others connected with medicine and law. In these foreign, 
 as it were, and extrinsic competitions, it would hardly be fair not to re- 
 mark that the College of Belfast has occupied a very conspicuous posi- 
 tion. There is, probably, no one cause which has contributed so effi- 
 ciently to the just credit of the Queen's Colleges in Ireland, or to the 
 success which has distinguished the efforts of their students and scholars,
 
 16 EDUCATION. 
 
 as the remarkable merits and attainments of the men who have been 
 fortunately obtained as professors in the respective Colleges. But, even 
 as I make the remark, something in the way of drawback occurs to me, 
 and seems to qualify the complacency it naturally would engender 
 
 " Medio de fonte leporum 
 Surgit amari aliquid, quod inipsis floribua angat." 
 
 I have boasted that we obtain able and accomplished men as professors, 
 but do we always retain them ? On the contrary, juat when we have be- 
 gun to know them which is, in other words, to appreciate them do we 
 not often see them suddenly spirited away, and transferring themselves, 
 by their own choice too, it must be owned, even to bleaker and chiller 
 climes ? We cannot dissemble the fact that our Colleges are not territo- 
 rially endowed ; and for some time to come, I fear we must expect to 
 see far larger portions of the national revenue devoted to the arts of war 
 than to those of peace. The result, in plain terms, is, that our professors 
 are clearly under-paid. We hope slightly to modify an evil which we 
 certainly cannot wholly overcome, by reverting to the purpose origi- 
 nally entertained for somewhat limiting the number of chairs, as 
 vacancies may arise, and thus increasing the fund from which the re- 
 mainder will have to be paid. It is evident, however, that this can 
 only be a gradual process before it can be brought into full operation, 
 and I believe that some alterations of the present letters-patent will 
 be required. I have the pleasure of not coming unaccompanied to this 
 halL Besides your honoured Vice-Chancellor and his distinguished 
 official associates, I consider with pride as well as pleasure that I am 
 supported on this occasion by my own more immediate associate in the 
 discharge of the Government the Irish Chief Secretary, Mr. Cardwell. 
 Without entering further here upon topics not connected with the time, 
 place, and purpose of our present gathering, it is at least not inappro- 
 priate to remark, that in the manly and liberal studies of his own 
 University of Oxford he laid the foundation of that success which, by 
 bringing the results of careful and enlightened culture to bear upon an 
 eminently calm and clear understanding, he has since signally achieved 
 upon still wider and more important theatres of thought and action. 
 And I might cite many here present as witnesses, that he has devoted 
 in a marked degree his time, care, and judgment to the concerns of the 
 Queen's University in Ireland. We have also the high gratification of
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 17 
 
 seeing amongst us on this day a most accompished Irishman, Sir Thomas 
 "Wyse, who in the Parliament of the realm was the first to recom- 
 mend, and the steadiest to press for the establishment of those new seats 
 of learning in the provinces of Ireland. He had hardly seen the accom- 
 plishment of these his early and persevering aspirations brought about 
 by the ready appreciation and congenial sympathies of the late Sir 
 Robert Peel, when he was himself transferred to a remote, but it may 
 be well termed a still more classical sphere. How trustfully he may 
 have represented and promoted the interests of his country at the Court 
 of Greece, this is not the occasion to examine ; but I can at least de- 
 pose as a witness, that no more trustworthy, or thoroughly informed 
 guide could be found to guide the stranger over every inch of that sacred 
 soil, every fragment of that immortal Athens, the city of the violet 
 crown, the honied hills of Hymettus, the scarce seen waters of the 
 Ilissus, the patriot ravine of Thermopylae, the gleaming quarries of 
 Pentelicus, the unmatched glories of the Parthenon, the Olive Grove 
 of the Academy. No one, I well know, has been more intent to 
 watch, or more eager to fan the faintest sparks that yet lurk amidst 
 those smouldering embers of the old glory ; and it is the same spirit 
 which now watches the infant efforts of regenerate Greece, that for- 
 merly laboured to introduce new elements of art and knowledge into the 
 reviving civilization of Old Ireland ; and it will be a gratifying tribute 
 to what has been accomplished here, if on his return he shall be en- 
 abled to kindle the emulation of those who still tread the haunts of 
 Sophocles and Plato, by recounting what he shall have witnessed of 
 progress and energy in his native land. I have never closed the remarks 
 which it has now become to me a custom to make on these occasions 
 without addressing a few observations to the young men here assembled. 
 I fully believe that, unlike those who have mainly to look back only to 
 the memories of by-gone greatness and of glory, the period at which 
 you are called to enter upon the career of busy and active life is the 
 most prosperous and promising of any that could be selected in the his- 
 tory of your native land ; but, however that may be, it is the period, 
 and the only period, which is your own. You can do something every 
 collection of vigorous and aspiring young men can do something can 
 do much to make that period more beneficial and more brilliant than it 
 would be without them. Take your share in this just and noble ambi- 
 tion make your contemporaries, make posterity think better of the
 
 18 EDUCATION. 
 
 time in which you have lived of the couutry which bore you of the 
 College which fostered you, because of your conscientious industry, 
 because of your honourable exertions, because of your high-minded 
 services, because of your Christian lives. The hopes of the age must 
 always be in its rising generation may you contribute to the number of 
 its ornaments and worthies. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBER HTH, 1861.] 
 
 WHEN the conferring of Degrees and Honors had concluded, the 
 EARL OF CARLISLE said :- 
 
 MB. VICE-CHANCELLOR, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 I have already had sufficient experience, as the Lord Chancellor 
 has told you, for several successive years, of the able and complete 
 manner in which he sets before us the conditions, requirements, and pros- 
 pects of the institution in which he holds so distinguished a place, to 
 render it unnecessary that I, or that any one, should attempt to fill up 
 either the general outline or the minute details. It will not, however, 
 be thought presumptuous in me if I merely express to you the cordial 
 satisfaction which I feel at the considerable increase in the number of 
 students now in attendance ; at the adequate representation of the diffe- 
 rent denominations of creed in this country ; at the honourable places 
 they have held in the public competitions of the empire ; at the extension 
 which has been given to the education of the public at large, as evidenced 
 in the system of middle class examinations, and in the establishment of 
 what I remember at my own University, we used to call, perhaps with- 
 out due academic solemnity, the "Little-go;" and at the credit and 
 success which are attached to the exertions of the respective professors. 
 And here one only matter of regret occurs to me, that whereas last year 
 I expressed a hope that an arrangement would be speedily completed for 
 securing a moderate addition to the very limited scale of salaries, cir- 
 cumstances have as yet prevented the Treasury from giving effect to the
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 19 
 
 immediate realization of the scheme. I trust, however, that no long time 
 can elapse before at least a beginning shall he made. You have most 
 fitly reminded us, my Lord, that none of these recurring anniversaries 
 can take place without painfully reminding us of the losses and gaps 
 which have occurred in the interval. I cannot pass through the 
 next room to that in which we are now assembled without perceiving, 
 in the long series of portraits of Irish Viceroys, that two of them have 
 passed away from us within the present month. In that short period we 
 have lost the matured wisdom and unblemished rectitude of Fortescue, 
 and the generous spirit and chivalrous patriotism of Eglinton ; and I 
 feel tempted to quote once more the apposite lines which I remember 
 using before in this place in a happier hour. "We have lost from 
 among us 
 
 "Virtus Scipiadas et mitis sapientia Lseli." 
 
 I turn now, however, to a gladder theme. Our honoured and be- 
 loved Queen has recently visited these shores, where her presence was 
 hailed with fervent loyalty by every class of their warmhearted 
 inhabitants. It is true that the Queen's University in Ireland has 
 as yet no local habitation in Dublin, like her elder and celebrated 
 sister, the University of Dublin, which owes its foundation to ano- 
 ther British Queen. Had it been otherwise, I need not say how 
 joyfully our younger University would have welcomed within its 
 precincts a gentler and more virtuous Elizabeth. It will be in the 
 knowledge of those whom I address, that the Act which established 
 the Queen's Colleges in Ireland was passed during the administration 
 of the late Sir Robert Peel. Amongst the witnesses of their early 
 progress, I rejoice to see at my side to-day the son of that most eminent 
 statesman and friend of Ireland. There is no one who left a deeper 
 mark upon the recent annals of the country; there is no one whose 
 memory is more intimately associated with the marvellous work of Ire- 
 land's improvement and Ireland's progress than his honoured sire. 
 Most fervently I trust that the son is destined effectually to carry on 
 the same beneficent and exalted mission ; and that, among other sub- 
 jects of hereditary labour, these institutions will largely share and re- 
 ward his fostering care. I now beg to take my leave of you, my young 
 friends, the graduates, and prizemen of this day, with the most heart- 
 felt good wishes for your future distinction, happiness, and virtue. In 
 the course of these brief remarks, I have brought before you more than 
 
 c 2
 
 20 EDUCATION. 
 
 one illustrious name. I will not say that such elevated positions can 
 be within the reach of all ; but, in point of actual merit, there is no 
 human excellence which another man may not equal, and even surpass. 
 May the blessing of Him to whom all things are possible be ever with 
 you all. 
 
 SIR ROBERT PEEL,* Chief Secretary for Ireland, then ad- 
 dressed the University : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN^ 
 
 The ceremony of to-day has been deeply interesting and impres- 
 sive. We have witnessed the conferring of Degrees and Diplomas, 
 and the distribution of prizes to the successful candidates, by the 
 Senate of the affiliated Colleges constituting the Queen's Univer- 
 sity. We have heard the language of well-earned compliment, and 
 of earnest encouragement, which has been addressed to the students 
 of this most national institution. "We have seen the most eminent 
 and distinguished personages in this kingdom, the Viceroy and the 
 Lord Chancellor, taking an active part in the proceedings, surrounded 
 by the tlite of our society, and in the presence of all who, by their 
 character and countenance, can add weight and dignity to the oc- 
 casion. And if I now by desire, Ladies and Gentlemen, venture to 
 appear in this place to offer a few remarks, I do so with extreme diffi- 
 dence ; but, at the same time I can truly say that, on more grounds 
 than one, yes, personal as well as political, I have witnessed the cere- 
 mony of to-day with the liveliest emotion, not unmingled with recol- 
 lections of the past history of this institution. The Viceroy has been 
 pleased to allude to the originator of the scheme, and he has done so 
 with that feeling and eloquence which are the characteristics of a kind 
 and cultivated mind. I accept, gratefully accept, in the presence of the 
 Senate of this University, the compliment that has been paid paid 
 by one who unites to the highest official position and the qualities which 
 can adorn that position, that genial affability and those accomplishments 
 which endear him to the heart of every man who comes within his 
 sphere ; and if I may be permitted to allude to the originator of this 
 scheme of the Queen's Colleges as to a public man, I can say what has 
 been very truly said, that the welfare of Ireland I bear testimony 
 
 * See APPENDIX, Sir Robert Peel's Speech, October, 1864.
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 21 
 
 to a career of forty years was ever foremost in his thoughts ; and the 
 words, "Welfare of Ireland," stand conspicuous in bold characters 
 upon the bright pedestal of his political fame. As allusions have been 
 made to the originator of this scheme, I also must be permitted to 
 allude to one who, by his writings, by one of the most practical works 
 upon the improvement of Ireland, tended considerably to the establish- 
 ment of this institution one who came boldly forward and said " If 
 you want to solve this difficulty, Why Ireland, with its material and 
 natural advantages, with its people physically and morally not in- 
 ferior to the people of other countries was more backward than 
 other countries ? I will tell you (he said) why it is more backward. 
 Because there is a want of industrial education amongst her people." 
 And he laid down, with indisputable force, this ; that academic institu- 
 tions which would confer on men of all creeds the aid and advantages 
 of professors of science was perhaps the best, perhaps the only, 
 means of remedying the evil. These words were spoken long before 
 the question was agitated in Parliament as to the establishment of this 
 institution. And I am glad to have the opportunity of pointing, on this 
 occasion, to that man who I know took a very active and interesting 
 part in its establishment. I allude to the honoured President of the 
 Cork College, Sir Robert Kane. I have said that on more grounds 
 than one I take a deep interest in this institution. I have watched 
 it from its commencement, and I am glad to trace its development. 
 It has opened to three-fourths of the youth of Ireland those academic 
 advantages which they were before denied, and it has rendered im- 
 mense benefits, not only to the cause of popular education, but to the 
 good government and to the character of this country. And what is 
 the criterion of the success of this institution ? Not mere numbers 
 they would be very significant, if we looked only at that. But the 
 proof of its success is the great political gain which has been derived 
 by the establishment of a system in Ireland which has opened to men 
 of different religious denominations combined secular instruction on 
 the broad basis of religious equality. That was what mainly interested 
 Sir Robert Peel, when he introduced and originated in Parliament this 
 plan. Sir Robert Peel, I well recollect, said in the House of Commons, 
 " You may hold the opinion that you desire, but I shall relinquish 
 with the deepest regret the hopes of an education for Ireland which will 
 give combined instruction to the youth of the Roman Catholic, the Pro- 
 testant, and the Presbyterian creeds." Sir James Graham, who was one
 
 22 EDUCATION. 
 
 of Sir Robert Peel's wannest supporters in the establishment of these 
 Colleges, also said " Grant this system of education to Ireland, and 
 you will give her an education equal to that of the University of Scot- 
 land, or of Trinity College, Dublin." And I ask you, by the ceremony 
 of to-day, whether the result has not corresponded with the expectations 
 those men formed ? But, even still more remarkable, I can point to 
 the late Premier, Lord Derby : when, as Lord Stanley, he introduced 
 to the House of Lords the measure of Sir Robert Peel, he most 
 strenuously advocated this system. I heard the words which he 
 then expressed, and which were very remarkable. He said : " I think 
 that, as you have given your sanction to an exclusive system in 
 Trinity College, Dublin, for the purpose of supplying clergy for 
 the Established Church as you have connected the theological 
 tenets of the Presbyterian creed, with the College established in Bel- 
 fast so, I think, you have wisely and liberally agreed to aid the 
 education of the Roman Catholic priesthood, by endowing the College 
 of Maynooth. All these, however, are theological endowments. Now, 
 when dealing with the laity, I do intreat your Lordships to permit 
 the laity of Ireland to be educated in common, under the same 
 teachers, in all those branches of learning which do not and cannot 
 affect their religious opinions." "Well, Gentlemen, as the Lord Chan- 
 cellor has told you, many years have elapsed since this system has been 
 in operation ; and we are justified in asking, has it answered the expec- 
 tations of those men who founded it for the welfare of Ireland ? Now, 
 I have considered it for these eleven years, and it does appear to me 
 that, notwithstanding its progressive development notwithstanding the 
 benefits it has conferred upon Ireland there are wanting two things to 
 place this institution on that footing of comprehensive utility whicli it 
 is calculated and able to enjoy; and if you permit me, I shall allude 
 briefly to the first and most conspicuous of those points. It has been 
 very well observed by an intelligent writer, who probably may be in this 
 hall at this moment; speaking of these Colleges, he says: "They 
 are the centres which attract to them the highest and best of the national 
 intellect, and then, under the influence of sound knowledge, fructify 
 and develope it for the public advantage." That is true to a certain de- 
 gree, but not altogether. No doubt, the Roman Catholic and the Pres- 
 byterian laity have availed themselves to a very great extent of the 
 Colleges, in accordance with the hopes and expectations of those who 
 founded them. I believe, when these institutions were first founded,
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 23 
 
 there were six millions of Roman Catholics in this country, only 100 of 
 whom availed themselves of an academic education ; whereas at the 
 present day there are more Roman Catholics on the books of these 
 Colleges at one and the same time than there were Roman Catholics 
 who passed through Trinity College in fifteen years. Is not that a 
 proof of the advantages which this institution has conferred upon 
 Ireland ? Is it not a proof also that the Roman Catholic laity 
 have not shown themselves willing to accept Trinity College as 
 the source of academic instruction ? I may say the same in re- 
 ference to that most important and influential body, the Protestant Dis- 
 senters, who also have shown a great indisposition to avail themselves of 
 the education provided by Trinity College. "What do we find ? That 
 the provinces of Ulster, Monster, and Connaught have each of them a 
 College Belfast, Cork, and Galway. And what do we learn ? I have 
 gone through the rolls of these Colleges, and found that their educational 
 influences are almost entirely limited to the immediate districts in 
 which they are situated ; so that we have the metropolitan pro- 
 vince of Leinster and the capital city of Ireland, entirely unprovided 
 with those academic advantages which the youth of Ireland justly and 
 properly claim. This should not be so. "We should not have the me- 
 tropolitan province of Leinster, and the richest city in Ireland, uniting 
 within its limits a more influential Roman Catholic community than 
 I believe is to be found in any of the other three provinces, and also 
 that important body, the "Wesleyan communion, entirely deprived, as 
 the rolls of these Colleges show, of the advantages afforded by these in- 
 stitutions. Ladies and Gentlemen, that is one of the points which has 
 struck me as requiring the consideration of her Majesty's Government. 
 It does appear to me that an arrangement might be made, by which, by 
 extending this liberal system of education to all the provinces, you would 
 only be carrying out the original plan of those men who founded these 
 Colleges ; but which plan, at the moment, was temporarily adjourned, 
 for the purpose of subsequent adjustment. The other point to which 
 I may be permitted to refer is one which relates to placing this 
 University on a par with the University of Scotland and with Tri- 
 nity College. It is more easily dealt with, because we do not 
 want to go to Government for grants in order to effect it. By a 
 proper exercise and display of the public spirit of this country and 
 I believe there is in Ireland as much public spirit as in England or Scot- 
 land this can be accomplished. What is it I require ? I find that the
 
 24 EDUCATION. 
 
 youth of the Queen's University cannot compensate themselves with 
 those scholarships, and exhibitions, and prizes which are supplied by 
 the older Universities. I find, on reading over the memoranda of these 
 "Colleges, that there are only ten exhibitions for graduates connected 
 with these Colleges, of 40 a year each, tenable for one year ; and the 
 sum at the disposal of the authorities for giving prizes to under- 
 graduates is extremely small. It is given away in prizes of books, 
 and in affording means for the purpose of maintaining those stu- 
 dents in their University course. Compare this with what we find in 
 the older University, and it appears most inefficient ; and I say that the 
 public spirit of the country, looking at the good which has been achieved, 
 ought now to come forward, and of itself endeavour to place this 
 Queen's University on a footing with- other Academic Institutions. If 
 you allow me, then, I wish to take this opportunity of saying that, as 
 I am so firmly convinced of the immense advantages which would 
 accrue to the youth of this country by offering exhibitions for competi- 
 tion, I will myself, with the permission of the Senate, establish three 
 scholarships of 40 a year each one for each of the three Colleges 
 for the space of ten years. And I only hope that the example I set may 
 be followed by those who have a more direct interest in the welfare of 
 this country. I do not take credit to myself for doing this. I take it 
 as an honour to be able to assist in the work which was founded by my 
 father, and I accept the position, as I may almost say, on the plea of a 
 " founder's kin." I have spoken with the Secretary of this University 
 on the subject, and I have to-day placed in his hands a memorandum 
 bearing on it. I hope that others will come forward and assist in esta- 
 blishing ten or twelve scholarships or exhibitions whatever you 
 please to call them for the undergraduates of this University. At all 
 events, I myself, for a period of ten years, will establish annually 
 three scholarships of 40 each. I have, I fear, too long trespassed on 
 your time ; but before I sit down, I cannot refrain from saying that each 
 succeeding anniversary acknowledges that justice that nothing more or 
 less than justice has been paid to the youth of Ireland by the ex- 
 tension of academic institutions. Each succeeding anniversary acknow- 
 ledges that the exertions of those who laboured to remove the difficul- 
 ties which arise from various religious creeds have been crowned with 
 most eminent success. Yes, Ladies and Gentlemen, the in-gatherings of 
 the fruits of this system which we have witnessed this day is a proof 
 of the wisdom of the past. It is the reward, perhaps the only reward,
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. . 25 
 
 of the labours those" men who strove to improve the educational soil of 
 Ireland for the seedtime of a harvest from which Ireland is now reaping 
 such abundant and recurring crops ; and that man, no matter who he 
 is or where he may be, must indeed be callous and indifferent to the 
 welfare of his country, who will not join in thankfulness to God for 
 blessing a work from which such social improvement and sound learning 
 have flowed through all the channels and arteries of this country. One 
 word more, and I am done. Go on, I would say to the youth of 
 this University continue to advance in the career of knowledge and the 
 fear of God ; keep to those paths by which you have been enabled to 
 master not only the rudiments of classical knowledge, not only to be- 
 come proficients in the specialities of Arts, of Medicine, and of Law, 
 but which have enabled you thoroughly to appreciate those noblest crea- 
 tions of antiquity which, consecrated by the genius of Greece and Rome, 
 have become hallowed by the test of time. Yes, the youth of this 
 University, many of them now, for the first time, young and inex- 
 perienced in the world, are about to enter into a wider career a 
 career, perhaps of social, perhaps of political competition ; but, at all 
 events, before one and all of you lie open the struggles of life its in- 
 equalities, its difficulties, its temptations, and its success. Grapple with 
 these difficulties and these temptations with spirit and determination, 
 and success will crown your exertions ; but recollect, and be not un- 
 mindful in that moment, that your success, and the reward which will 
 accompany it, will not only be a source of gratification to your own indivi- 
 dual feelings of just and honourable ambition, but that it will not fail to 
 reflect a bright ray upon those who devoted in your youth their time to 
 your service, and who have laboured that you might become, in the prime 
 and manhood of your vigour, an ornament to society, and a benefit to 
 mankind. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVEKSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBER 16iri, 1862.] 
 
 I 
 
 MB. VICE-CHANCELLOB AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 again meet this distinguished body the Vice -Chancellor, the 
 Senate, the Presidents, the Professors, the Candidates, and Students
 
 26 EDUCATION. 
 
 of the Queen's University in Ireland with the same pleasure that I 
 have formerly felt, and which, so far from palling upon me from length 
 of experience and comparative want of novelty, receives a material in- 
 crease from the accounts I have received of the continued growth of this 
 our still young institution. , This has been in a most marked manner 
 the case on the present occasion. You have alluded, Sir, to this being 
 the seventh time of my discharging the present function, so you may 
 look upon it as a sort of Sabbatical celebration. From the interesting 
 and important statement of figures which you have laid before us, it 
 will be perceived that there has been within the last year a considerable 
 increase in the number of students at their respective Colleges; it 
 seems, indeed, to proceed at the rate of, at least, an additional hundred 
 every year. There is also a considerable increase in the number of can- 
 didates for Degrees. But what is, perhaps, a still more gratifying point 
 is quality ; and I hear from a source on which I can entirely rely that, 
 in respect of quality, there is a decided improvement in the character of 
 the examinations. This, I believe, is in some degree owing to the ope- 
 ration of the new ordinance which has established what we of the older 
 Universities were in the custom of calling the " Little go" or half-way 
 examination in the academic career thus setting free students who were 
 examined in the various branches of the minor examination for the more 
 specific studies to which they might feel inclined to devote their after 
 labours. Much of this improvement, no doubt, is due to the gene- 
 rous spirit of activity and progress which is so apparent, and which 
 incites both the older and more modern systems alike the most 
 venerable, and the freshest and youngest bodies into the noble arenas 
 of intellectual activity and competition. The results, as have been 
 already stated, of the Indian and Civil Service Examinations, show 
 that in these fields of competition the Queen's University in Ireland has 
 borne no undistinguished part. Amongst the other incentives to the 
 exertion and progress of our young generation, we may, as the Yice- 
 Chancellor has already forcibly reminded us, gratefully include the 
 handsome provision which, mainly by the impulse, example, and exer- 
 tion of Sir Robert Peel, has been added to the original stock. I gladly 
 leave to him, who is best entitled to furnish them, any explanations of 
 the arrangements which it is proposed to establish regarding this newly- 
 acquired fund ; and I have sanguine hopes that the benefits which may be 
 expected to be derived from it will be more and more increased and recog- 
 nised as we proceed further from the original date, and have opportunity
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 27 
 
 and leisure to count up the fertile products. I have the satisfaction of 
 being able to inform you that her Majesty's Treasury has assented to the 
 proposition of the Irish Government, pressed upon them originally by 
 Mr. Cardwell, who was so zealously followed by Sir Robert Peel, by 
 which a certain addition will be made to the existing salaries of the 
 able and distinguished professors of the Colleges. In this pleasing 
 retrospect I ought not omit what is certainly the most important cir- 
 cumstance of all, the pleasure I derive from hearing that the general 
 conduct and moral bearing of the students of the Colleges are equally 
 entitled to commendation with their intellectual and scholarlike acquire- 
 ments. It is, indeed, most pleasing to perceive these symptoms of ho- 
 nourable, and not unfriendly, competition pervade alike all of our aggre- 
 gated Colleges. Long may our territorial contests be of this description. 
 If we must put our North against our South if Cork holds the same 
 relative geographical position in Ireland which New Orleans holds on 
 the American continent if Belfast is here what Boston is there if 
 Galway may represent the Far West, happily these fair cities do not 
 send forth their several children to fighting fields and premature graves. 
 Our struggles for intellectual supeiiority are carried on in peaceful 
 halls, and are crowned with bloodless laurels. And now, my young 
 friends, I believe most, if not all, of you, are about shortly to enter 
 upon the busy stage of mature life, and the arduous work of indepen- 
 dent action. "Whatever your separate spheres of employment and duty 
 may be, I trust you will import into them the same spirit of diligence 
 and study which has procured for you such honourable notice here. 
 Still more do I hope that you will maintain throughout your entire 
 careers that strength of character and that tenacity of principle which 
 will alone give real value, and dignity to your future lives. I trust 
 your lot will be cast in times alike of tranquillity and of progress, 
 equally removed from disturbance and from stagnation, affording the 
 best conditions for the enjoyment of your existence and the development 
 of your powers ; and if some circumstances in our age and country I 
 say this entirely without meaning a one-sided or exclusive reference 
 if some circumstances should suggest any more specific wish, I trust 
 that the world in which you will have to play your future parts will 
 have grown wise enough not to feel it essential, while we exhibit a 
 conscientious and unswerving adherence to our own sense of right, at 
 the same time to think that it is any part of our duty to make ourselves
 
 28 EDUCATION. 
 
 offensive or disagreeable to those who hold a different set of opinions. 
 Every year every day which passes over my head convinces me more 
 and more not only of the entire wrongfulness, but also of the utter un- 
 reasonableness of intolerance intolerance in any matter, especially in 
 matters of religion. When we look around us, and consider that it has 
 pleased the Almighty to permit the various creeds and churches of Chris- 
 tendom to be supported and advocated by such men as Luther, Bossuet, 
 Fenelon, Jeremy Taylor, Bishop Butler, John Wesley, Robert Hall, Chal- 
 mers, and Channing men with the fire of Divine eloquence on their lips, 
 and the fervour of Divine piety in their hearts surely there can be none 
 of us who must not think how likely it is that in many points he may 
 be wrong how impossible it is that in all points he can be right. My 
 young friends, may the favour and guidance of Heaven ever rest upon 
 you, and consecrate your lives to works of usefulness done in the spirit 
 of faith and love. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CONFERRING DEGREES, ETC. 
 [OCTOBER 13xH, 1863.] 
 
 MR. VICE-CHANCELLOR AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 IT seems rather a perverse coincidence that in company with the in- 
 creasing dimensions and swelling fortunes of this institution, and of 
 the growing interest which is felt in it, we should, by the domestic 
 arrangements of the mansion in which we are met, be cooped into a 
 smaller space than usual ; and this only makes me wish the more eagerly 
 that the time may not be far distant when the University will have a 
 building of its own, duly accommodated to its high days and solemni- 
 ties 
 
 " Dignis in vita callida teraplis." 
 
 I always feel on these occasions that the Lord Chancellor the Vice- 
 Chancellor of the University has brought before you in an exhaustive 
 manner all the details connected with the progress of the University 
 and of its affiliated Colleges. Among the other circumstances of the day
 
 THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND. 29 
 
 I have been especially gratified at observing, seeking for ad eundem De- 
 grees, persons of conspicuous merit and fame in their own seats of 
 learning. But I have now so frequently discharged the gratifying duty 
 of distributing the prizes at this recurring celebration, and of addressing 
 to the youthful competitors -arrayed before us expressions of congratu- 
 lation at their well- won Honors, and of affectionate encouragement for 
 their future careers, that I should feel completely unable to vary in any 
 degree the utterances of former years were it not for one circumstance, 
 indeed of a most afflicting novelty. On most previous occasions I have 
 seen sitting beside me, in the highest place, highest in fame among the 
 gathered nobles of the realm, Richard Whately, Lord Archbishop of 
 Dublin. Within the previous week this great and good prelate has 
 been removed from us. Beside the graceful and touching allusion of the 
 Lord Chancellor, as the Yice-Chancellor of this University, to the loss 
 of his illustrious colleague in its senate, I feel profoundly that this is 
 not the place, and that I am not the person, to deal with the highest 
 aspects of this great bereavement. That pious office has been already 
 rendered in its appropriate place, the chapel of this palace, by lips youth- 
 ful indeed, but second in eloquence to none in Ireland, in a way in 
 which I exhaust the praise when I say it was entirely worthy of the 
 great theme. I stretch no daring hand to touch the cords of the hal- 
 lowed tabernacle ; but here, at least, in a learned assembly, met for a 
 purpose purely academical, it is permitted even to such as me to hang 
 one unavailing wreath upon the funeral bier of one whose mind and 
 whose existence were strongly impregnated with academic influences, 
 and who ever felt "and displayed the most large and generous sympathies 
 with every branch and form of learning. He came here from his own 
 Oxford, and perhaps no intellect ever reflected more accurately the ex- 
 haustive learning and transparent clearness of her favourite Aristotle, 
 though none would have more disdained to be slavishly bound by his or 
 by any other person's trammels : 
 
 " Magis arnica veritas" . 
 
 the love of truth, and the unfaltering desire to discover, develope, and 
 proclaim it, were the guiding instincts of his moral nature ; and to this 
 high bent he brought the aid of the highest gifts of mind a perception 
 alert, acute, and sagacious, a style of such marvellous perspicuity, that 
 the complacent reader and hearer became quite unconscious of the in-
 
 30 EDUCATION. 
 
 tricacies he threaded and the heights he surmounted ; and a power of 
 illustration in which I believe him to have been unparalleled by any 
 other man that ever lived. His large toleration, his abounding charity, 
 his luminous faith, I designedly leave to other pens or voices. He no 
 longer moves, converses, preaches amongst us ; but, though dead, he yet 
 speaketh. The lessons that once flowed in such resistless logic from 
 his living lips now breathe with scarcely less convincing clearness from 
 his honoured grave. Few of you, my young friends, can hope to rise 
 to so high a place either in Church or State, either in theology, litera- 
 ture, or science, as that which he filled and adorned ; but there is enough 
 to teach us that the causes why he was so admired in life and so mourned 
 in death were, not because his seat was exalted among the great of the 
 land, not because rank and station and authority will some few 
 hours hence follow his bier dowh the cathedral aisle, and the anthem 
 will peal above his cold remains, but because he did what every one of 
 you can do he studied how to make the best use of the talents his 
 Maker had confided to him, and devoted a life of conscientious and un- 
 flagging labour to his calling, his fellow-creatures, and his God. 
 
 THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 THE EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS IN TRAINING, NATIONAL MODEL 
 SCHOOLS, MARLBOROUGH-STREET. 
 
 [JUNE 16TH, 1857.] 
 
 T'HE Earl of Carlisle was received by the Right Hon. Alexander 
 -* MacDonnell, Resident Commissioner ; the Rev. Dr. Henry, Presi- 
 dent of the Queen's University, Belfast ; James Gibson, Esq., Q. C. ; 
 and Dr. Andrews, Q. C. 
 
 "When the Examination had concluded with an exhibition of the 
 "Drummond light," 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 As everything must pale after the light which has been named 
 after one who was my most esteemed friend and excellent colleague 
 in this country, the late Mr. Drummond I tliink we cannot better close 
 our proceedings than now. But you will allow me, before I leave you,
 
 THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. 31 
 
 in a few words and in a very few words to express to you how much 
 gratified I feel at having had this opportunity of attending you through 
 that wide, extensive, and varied field of examination over which we have" 
 travelled this afternoon. I say, with all sincerity, the results appear to 
 me to be most satisfactory ; and, considering the limited time for which 
 many of you have been here, I must say they seem to be quite sur- 
 prising, reflecting infinite credit upon the capacities and the varied ac- 
 quirements of those who teach, and upon the aptitude and flexibility of 
 those who learn. I suppose that a very short time will now transpose 
 you from those peaceful but busy haunts, and from your emulous but 
 not, I am sure, envious studies, to your own separate scenes and spheres 
 of action. I am sure no hint from me could be necessary to impress 
 upon you the usefulness and the dignity of the calling which you have 
 adopted. There may be other professions which attract more of public 
 notice and of vulgar applause, but I feel sure that there can be 
 none which, if faithfully and conscientiously pursued, is more calculated 
 to leave its impress upon the race, the race which is growing up around 
 us, and which will come after us. I have myself known some who 
 have passed from your ranks, from under the shelter of this institution, 
 who are now carrying on successful inroads against vice and ignorance 
 and degradation, and who deserve the gratitude of the posterities of 
 those whom they will have done so much to reclaim from sin and from 
 pollution, and to put on the road of self-reliance and of duty. There 
 is only one more practical suggestion which I would ask your leave to 
 make to you before you all disperse on your several paths; and it 
 is this I am happy to see amongst you who now sit before me, as well 
 as amongst those who are gathered behind me, members of different 
 religious persuasions. Now, I trust I should be the very last person to 
 call upon you to undervalue the importance of your different religious 
 convictions ; but I think you will yourselves have been able to ascertain, 
 during your sojourn here, how much good and worth there may be 
 amongst the members of different persuasions ; and you will have de- 
 rived no better lesson here than if, in your future lives, you inculcate 
 those results of your own happy experience upon those who will be 
 placed under your charge. Inculcate upon them the love of learning 
 for that is your special mission as schoolmasters ; inculcate upon them 
 the love of God for that is your foremost duty as Christian men ; and 
 as a branch, a main branch of that love, and the measure of your own
 
 32 EDUCATION. 
 
 experience here, inculcate upon them the love of one another : and may 
 the blessing of the Almighty be always with you. 
 
 THE " ALBERT MODEL FARM," GLASNEVIN, 
 
 IN CONNEXION WITH THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION, 
 MARLBOROUGH-STREET. 
 
 [DECEMBER 20iH, 1859.] 
 
 AFTER the distribution of Prizes, the EARL OF CARLISLE ad- 
 dressed the students, and said : 
 
 MY YOUNG FBIENDS, 
 
 I need not tell you how delighted I am to meet you all here on 
 the present occasion, and to distribute these Prizes which have been 
 awarded to you by your teachers and professors in their several depart- 
 ments. You are receiving here from the State very excellent instruction 
 of the best kind, and such as those who are placed over you have con- 
 sidered most suitable to the sphere of life which you have embraced. 
 I do not require to inform you how much you are indebted for the 
 education you receive, and for the kindness and attention paid to your 
 requirements by the superior and excellent teachers of the institution. 
 I have been told that some of the young men who have been educated 
 here have obtainad good situations some of them in the Colonies and I 
 trust that by their good conduct they will reflect credit on the establish- 
 ment in which they were trained, as well as on Old Ireland which gave 
 them birth. The excellent education imparted to you here will fit you 
 specially for improving the soil ; and it is expected that you will pay 
 back something of what you owe to your country, by making the sur- 
 face soil of our fair island more fertile, more ornamental, and more 
 productive than you found it. In conclusion, I have only again to re- 
 peat what very sincere pleasure it gives me to meet you all here, and 
 to state what great interest I take in your welfare; and to wish you in- 
 dividually, success when you enter on the real business of life.
 
 THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. 33 
 
 THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS IN TRAINING, NATIONAL MODEL 
 SCHOOLS, MARLBOROUGH-STREET. 
 
 [JUNE 18TH, I860.] 
 
 WHEN the examination of the teachers in training had concluded, 
 the EARL OF CARLISLE said: 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I wish in a very few words to express my satisfaction at the exami- 
 nations which have just been concluded. We have been carried through 
 a very varied range of acquirements, denoting great attention, intelli- 
 gence, and animation, on the part both of the teachers and the taught.. 
 I am very glad, too, to receive excellent reports upon the still more im- 
 portant points of your good conduct, and your friendly and brotherly 
 feelings towards one another. There is a still further gratification to 
 ,be derived from an occasion like this that the knowledge, the accom- 
 plishments, the aptitude, and the ability which you have brought under 
 our notice will not be confined to your single bosoms, or your individual 
 careers, but will be communicated to circles of more or less extent 
 around you ; and, as time rolls on, will, in the more fortunate instances, 
 spread the fruits of your teaching and your example over the district, 
 the county, and the kingdom. These are great opportunities they 
 are high prerogatives of the functions you will be called upon to exer- 
 cise : may you be fully alive to them. Allow me to wish you, one and 
 all, individually and collectively, every possible success and credit in 
 your several spheres of action ; and may you all have the satisfaction of 
 feeling, when your careers are closed, that you leave the portion of 
 society in which you have had to act, better than you found it.
 
 34 EDUCATION. 
 
 NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOLS, MARLBOROUGH-ST. 
 
 EXAMINATION OF THE TEACHERS IN TRAINING. 
 [JTJNE 16iH, 1862.] 
 
 "ITTHEN the examination had concluded, the EARL OF CARLISLE 
 ** said: 
 
 I cannot allow these proceedings to end without very briefly ex- 
 pressing the pleasure which I have felt in witnessing your examina- 
 tion here to-day. I have been very much struck with the extent and 
 variety of the branches of knowledge in which the examination has 
 been conducted, and with the readiness and accuracy which have been 
 exhibited on the part of the respective students. I am still more gra- 
 tified to hear the very striking testimony to your behaviour and con- 
 duct, which has been borne by Professor Butler, with respect to all 
 the classes which have attended this session. You are now, I believe, 
 about to separate, and proceed to your several destinations; and I am 
 sure that all who have been concerned in the work of your training 
 the able and zealous professors, the members of the Board, my valued 
 and beloved friend, the Resident Commissioner, Mr. MacDonnell and, 
 if you will allow me to be included in the number, I shall say myself 
 shall accompany you all with the sincerest good wishes, that what- 
 ever may be the functions or duties to which you are about to devote 
 yourselves, they will be fulfilled with credit and comfort to yourselves, 
 and with advantage and usefulness to others. You may probably be 
 aware, at all events you may become aware, that the system of mixed 
 training, in which you have borne a part, is not viewed in all quarters 
 with equal favour. Now, I have neither the right nor the inclination to 
 quarrel with any conscientious opinions. It is open to any people to ob- 
 ject to the system of mixed education and training ; it is open to them 
 to object to any education at all. I happen to differ with them ; but I 
 trust I have not passed through three scores of years without learning 
 what appears to me to be the most essential, but what human experience
 
 THE NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. 35 
 
 shows to be the most difficult of all lessons, that of full toleration for 
 the sincere convictions of our fellow-men. As, however, out of the large 
 number of years to which I have referred, a full dozen of them has been 
 spent in immediate official connexion with Ireland, I feel that I speak 
 with the authority of some experience concerning the National System of 
 Education, in which I have ever felt so strong an interest. Let any one, 
 then, attach what weight he will to any theoretical objections to the 
 system of mixed education ; but, with respect to the practical operations, 
 I have two broad facts, which, I believe, I am correct in stating 
 that, in all the training establishments under the National Board 
 there has not been a single instance in which any pupil or student 
 has relinquished the religious faith in which he was brought up ; and 
 next, that there has not been any known or appreciable instance of any 
 quarrel or disagreement among the young men themselves on account 
 of their religious opinions. Now, I cannot but consider this as a 
 valuable testimony to the actual operation of the system ; and allow me 
 to add, that it is a result the advantages of which ought not to be least 
 appreciated in Ireland. I will only say that it seems to me to be as 
 near an approach, as the necessary imperfections of human projects and 
 performances will admit, to the fulfilment of that great Christian com- 
 mandment of loving one another, which is to be a law for us on earth, 
 and a habit for us in heaven. 
 
 BELFAST NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOLS. 
 
 THE ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 [DECEMBER 17iH, 1862.] 
 
 WHEN the examination had concluded, the EARL OF CARLISLE 
 said : 
 
 MY LORDS, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 It has been a great satisfaction to me to have been able to devote a 
 short portion of the only time I am, unfortunately, able to spend in 
 Belfast, to the examination of the Belfast National Model School. The 
 
 D2
 
 36 EDUCATION. 
 
 numerous other avocations which I unfortunately have, precluded 
 me from lingering longer among 'you than I would otherwise have 
 wished, so that I have not been able to go over the whole cycle of in- 
 struction. However, I have heard both the boys and girls examined on 
 matters both various and sufficiently difficult to test the system under 
 which they have been brought up, and it seems to me that the answers 
 were delivered with great precision and accuracy. I am not surprised at 
 the excellence of the musical classes, when I find that they are still pre- 
 sided over by Mr. Washington. I have been very happy to renew the 
 pleasing impressions which I derived from the former visit which I paid 
 to this institution ; and I am most glad to find that it is in such a flourish- 
 ing condition, both with respect to the aggregate number who attend, 
 and also to the proportion of the respective Churches. It is not at all 
 necessary for me at this time of day to make use of any expression to 
 show my adhesion to the National System of Education in Ireland. The 
 fidelity of now thirty years is a sufficient voucher for me ; and the first 
 introduction and working of that system, and the continuous experience 
 I have had of it, have only renewed my adhesion to its broad and fun- 
 damental principles. The very few words which the other engagements 
 of the day admit of my making use of on this occasion are directed to 
 the young pupils and students, and are quite independent of the prin- 
 ciples of any system of education, or any maxims of State policy. 
 They lie outside of them, and they rise above them ; for I would desire to 
 convey to you, my young friends who are assembled here, and to those to 
 whom my words may perhaps be afterwards repeated, that it rests with 
 one and each of you all to bear your own part in life, to discharge your own 
 duties, to bear your own burdens, and to mould your own characters, and, 
 so far as may be, to a great extent, shape your future course in life, and, in 
 humble dependence on the Divine blessing, you may secure your own im- 
 mortality of happiness and glory. I do not wish to appear to assume too 
 solemn a tone, lest I should be thought to be encroaching on the province 
 of the right rev. lords and rev. and eminent divines whom I am so happy 
 to see here on this occasion ; therefore, I will conclude by asking the 
 authorities of this establishment to be so good, in commemoration of the 
 welcome I have received within these walls, and the good report I have 
 received of the general efficiency and conduct of the pupils, as to make 
 an increase of three days to the present vacation.
 
 NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOLS, MARLBOROUGH-STKEET. 37 
 
 NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOLS, MAKLBOKOUGH- 
 STREET. 
 
 THE EXAMINATION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE TEACHERS IN 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 [DECEMBER 21 ST, 1863.] 
 
 rTHE Earl of Carlisle was received by the Eight Hon. Alexander 
 -*- MacDonnell, Mr. Gibson, Q. C. ; and the Secretaries, Mr. James 
 Kelly, and Mr. M 'Greedy. There were also in attendance Dr. Sullivan, 
 and Messrs. P. J. Keenan and W. H. Newell. 
 
 When the examination had concluded, the EARL OF CARLISLE 
 said : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I regret that I was not here at a still earlier period of to-day's 
 examination; but I know, both from what I have heard of it, and 
 from former experience, and from what I well know of the attainments 
 of the distinguished Professors of this Institution, that the examination, 
 which is now brought to a close, has been both searching and satisfac- 
 tory. Most of those whom I now see before me have nearly finished 
 their useful and diligent labours upon this spot, and are about to apply 
 the lessons, and to exhibit the fruits of what they have acquired here, in 
 their respective localities. My friends, I have to wish you all the ut- 
 most credit and success in that noble work of tuition for which you 
 have been set apart; for I believe there is no calling and no class of 
 persons in the community who will have the opportunity of exercising 
 a more powerful influence, both for evil and for good, and who can go 
 so far, collectively, in moulding the hearts and the character of the 
 coming generation. Great is your responsibility, and great be the re- 
 ward you may all receive, both from the visible effects of your teaching, 
 and still more from the inward testimony of your own private con- 
 sciences. You may have learned here other lessons beside and beyond 
 those connected with the actual abstract knowledge of which you have 
 made yourselves masters you may have learned, you will have learned, 
 if the genius of the place has made itself rightly felt within you, how 
 
 384727
 
 38 EDUCATION. 
 
 young persons, it may be of different opinions whether secular or re- 
 ligious can be brought together, and can live together, and can enter- 
 tain mutual regard and friendship for each other together, without as- 
 sailing the opinions of others, and without compromising their own 
 how you may be all things to all men, and yet belong wholly to God. 
 This is the principle the living principle which has always made me 
 feel deeply attached to this parent institution, and to all those through- 
 out the land which are moulded in its form, and have embodied its 
 spirit. It is now thirty years if I may advert for a moment, before I 
 take leave of you, to myself it is now thirty years since I first gave my 
 adhesion to the system of National Education in Ireland. That system 
 has, in all essential particulars, remained the same. It has passed 
 through many phases of opposition, and lukewarmness, and misrepre- 
 sentations of violence, blowing with strange force from the most oppo- 
 site extremes 
 
 "Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt" 
 
 Even in the midst of all this encircling whirlwind, it has maintained for 
 itself a tranquil inner haven, where the moderate, the liberal, the peace- 
 loving might find secure refuge, and pursue their appointed work. It 
 has leavened, though not to the fullest possible extent, and with the 
 most entire success, the intellect of the country. It has inculcated 
 the value and the dignity of honest industry ; and where that industry 
 could not find a proper field for its employment at home, it has, as we 
 have been lately informed from an eminent quarter, stirred the stagnant 
 level of the peasant mind, and roused it to find elsewhere for that indus- 
 try more ample development and more secure reward. I have men- 
 tioned the period throughout which my allegiance to that system has 
 not faltered ; and, if I may judge of the future by the past, it is not 
 likely to do so.
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 39 
 
 SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT OF THE 
 
 COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL ON EDUCATION. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY, 
 AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, APPLIED TO MINING AND 
 THE ARTS, ST. STEPHEN' S-GREEN, DUBLIN. 
 
 % 
 
 [JUNE 17m, 1857.] 
 
 WHEN the presentation of medals and prizes had concluded, SIR 
 ROBERT KANE, Director of the Government School of Science, 
 said : 
 
 He had now to offer, on the part of the professors of the Institu- 
 tion, and on his own part, their grateful thanks for the considerate 
 kindness which had induced his Excellency to favour hy his presence, 
 and by the part he had taken in the proceedings of that occasion, their 
 humble efforts, for the advancement of the objects of popular and liberal 
 education, in the success of which it was well known that his Excel- 
 lency took the deepest interest. The presence on that occasion of the 
 representative of her Majesty a nobleman himself distinguished in the 
 field of literary achievement was a most useful stimulus to the exer- 
 tions of the pupils. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have to return my best and very grateful thanks for the most kind 
 expressions which have just been addressed to me by the Director of 
 this institution on his own part, and that of his colleagues, the profes- 
 sors and officers who have co-operated with him so ably and so effec- 
 tually in organizing those operations, of which we have had just pre- 
 sented to us so gratifying a summary. I can assure you that I rejoice 
 with very great sincerity to find that these your labours have received 
 at once their most satisfactory attestation and their best reward, in the 
 increase alike of numbers and of proficiency among those who have re- 
 sorted to your courses and classes. Your enlightened Director has 
 referred to the examination papers which have been placed before us ; 
 and it has often struck me on such occasions, as it does on the present,
 
 40 EDUCATION. 
 
 that it might have a very awkward effect if the tables were turned, and 
 if those who had been examined who had competed for premiums, and 
 received them were in their turn to subject to examination those who 
 assist, or even who preside, at these exhibitions. For instance, if I 
 was called on, in the geological science, " to give a sketch of the subject 
 of denudation and uncomfonnability" or if I were questioned as to 
 what was " the polygon of forces" or if I was asked to " convert four 
 volumes of deutoxide of nitrogen or nitrous oxide into protoxide of ni- 
 trogcn"-M>r, further, if I wore told to define what are " phyllodia and 
 phyllocadia" I fear it might lead to a very mortifying exposure; and 
 I do not know that it might not be proposed, and perhaps carried, that 
 I should be forthwith abolished. And, by the way, I am just tempted 
 to remark that I do not see among these classes any one in English 
 composition; if there had been, I should have been tempted to appeal 
 to them against the rebuke to which I see I have been exposed by cer- 
 tain writers for the public press, for having ventured to call a portion 
 of the community by the name of " persons." Now, I should have ap- 
 pealed with some confidence to them, that " persons" is the proper 
 English name, or noun of number, for any portion of the community 
 for men and women, whatever their social station may be. That, I 
 think, is a point of mock gentility on the part of my objectors ; but, 
 however that may be, I am very glad to see to-night such an assemblage 
 of attentive and interested "persons," to witness the honourable exer- 
 tions and applaud the well-earned triumphs of their fellow-citizens. 
 And heartily do I rejoice to observe the classes and sexes which are 
 drawn together to compete for these humble but honourable marks of 
 their meritorious exertions. I would beg leave cordially to exhort them to 
 persevere in that most becoming and creditable career in which they have 
 given such good promise of attaining almost any degree of success, which 
 always will follow on well -placed application. They will find the pur- 
 suit of knowledge delightful in itself, and that it will always lead them 
 onward to new resources of enjoyment, and fresh means of usefulness 
 to increased gratitude to their common Creator, and to expanded bene- 
 volence to the whole mass of their fellow-creatures.
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 41 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY 
 AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ST. STEPHEN'S-GREEN, 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 [OCTOBER 20iH, 1859.] 
 
 WHEN the presentation of medals and certificates had concluded, 
 SIR ROBERT KANE said : 
 
 It is now my duty to present to your Excellency, on the part of my 
 colleagues, the professors and officers of this institution, and of the stu- 
 dents that have heen to-night so highly honoured, our most sincere and 
 respectful thanks for the courtesy with which your Excellency complied 
 with our request, that you should honour this meeting with your pre- 
 sence, and also for the kindly sentiments of appreciation and sympathy 
 by which you so eloquently encouraged to further exertion and success 
 in life those whose ability and diligence had already come so favourably 
 under your Excellency's notice. It is no novel feature in the literary 
 and scientific history of these countries to recognise, as guiding the 
 neophyte in the arduous paths of science, or illustrating the pleasant 
 ways of literary research, those whose higher and more responsible po- 
 sitions have rendered them wielders of the nation's power, and the 
 champions of her liberties ; but it is not often that the disciples of lite- 
 rature and science are so favoured as on this occasion, when their exer- 
 tions have been rewarded by one who, to illustrious station and historic 
 ancestry, superadds the still nobler titles to reverence and esteem of 
 self-earned intellectual distinction. It is to us a further ground for sa- 
 tisfaction, in receiving your Excellency this evening, that we meet here 
 in an institution founded exclusively for the public good, and affording 
 a ground of general co-operation, where all the various classes of the 
 " community, too much and too long separated by the jars and conflicts 
 of worldly objects, may amicably meet, and on which all may cordially 
 work together. Long may such ground be preserved sacred and in- 
 violate, and wider and wider may its range of influence always tend ; 
 and, certainly, by your Excellency's presence on this occasion, we may 
 hope that still further confidence may be felt in the success and diffu- 
 sion of industrial education, for which this institution has been founded. 
 My colleagues, therefore, through me, beg to tender to your Excellency 
 their respectful thanks.
 
 1 1 EDUCATION. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 
 SIB ROBERT KANE, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I rise to return my thanks in the first instance for the invitation 
 with which I was favoured to be present on this occasion, and next for 
 the great kindness with which I have been received. This is not the 
 first, nor even the second time of my having the honour and the plea- 
 sure of assisting at the delivery of the prizes and certificates which are 
 awarded in the Museum of Irish Industry. I believe, indeed, the first 
 occasion of my being present was when the prizes were first awarded. 
 On the last occasion the duties which I am now so well satisfied to re- 
 sume were discharged by my immediate predecessor, the Earl of Eglin- 
 ton, with his accustomed taste and courtesy. It is with the highest 
 satisfaction that I learn, from the clear and able statement which we 
 have just listened to from the Director, that in the interval since I 
 was last among you on this occasion, he can give so favourable a 
 report of the progress of the institution with respect both to the 
 increase in the numbers of those who attended its classes, the exactness 
 of their answers in the very difficult examinations through which I 
 know they have to pass, and to the general full development of the 
 purposes for which this institution was founded. It is, I confess, very 
 satisfactory and very refreshing for me to feel, on an occasion like this, 
 that we are not breathing any possible atmosphere of controversy. I 
 feel that I have not risen to-night with any fear that the words which 
 drop from my lips need be watched with any suspicion, or interpreted 
 with any anxious misgivings. The products of nature, the materials 
 of industry, the deductions of science, which form the special and ex- 
 clusive subjects of attention and study within these walls, have nothing 
 in common with the passions of the parties of the passing hour. We 
 are here treading the serene temple of knowledge, which is pursued for 
 its own bright sake with a homage which is perfectly disinterested. 
 The rivalries of creeds and parties can find no admission here ; and as 
 for worldly honour and emoluments, the most lucrative rewards that 
 we can offer to you are, the humble, but honourable prizes and certi- 
 ficates which it has just been my privilege to deliver. It will further, 
 I am sure, be looked upon as a most satisfactory incident in these pro- 
 ceedings, that as no distinction of class, or creed, or opinion, can find 
 admission, so likewise there is no monopoly of sex. The laurels that
 
 THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 43 
 
 are to be gathered here are twined around fair as well as around manly 
 brows. And I feel assured that all, while they enter with zest and 
 real enjoyment into the several branches of study to which they are 
 pleased to addict themselves, will only be taught by success to exhibit 
 that modesty which is the natural accompaniment of all true know- 
 ledge. I will likewise venture to hope that the contemplation of the 
 marvellous fertility of nature, and of its wonderful adaptation to the 
 wants and uses of mankind, will strengthen their piety to look up from 
 the gift to the All-powerful and All- wise Giver. Amongst all the won- 
 drous additions to the civilization and knowledge of the times in which 
 we live, I feel that perhaps the most general drawback to that civili- 
 zation is to be found in the habits which prevail amongst large portions 
 of our population of indulging immoderately in intoxicating drinks. 
 Tou will not think that I mean this reproach to apply to any of those 
 who would naturally frequent the classes of an institution like this ; 
 least of all, I am sure, can it apply to our fair competitors. Still 
 I do feel that, in whatever degree the tastes and aspirations of the 
 public can be directed to intellectual, to refining, to elevating pursuits 
 and studies, just in the same degree will a counterbalancing check be 
 provided against those degrading and brutalizing habits to which I have 
 referred; and such I conceive to be the liberal, the elevating, and the 
 ameliorating tendency of such an institution as this. One expression 
 struck rather disagreeably, and it was the only thing that did so, on 
 my ears, in the statement of the Director, when he told you that some 
 of the medals could not be delivered last year in consequence of their 
 not having been forwarded in sufficient time from London. Why should 
 it be necessary to send to London for the medals which are to grace and 
 adorn the possessors of Irish genius ? Surely we ought not to allow it 
 to be said, if you allow me to quote a line from the Roman poet 
 
 " Excudit alii sperantia serae." 
 
 "Why should not Ireland cast her own medals as well as nurture her 
 own successful prizemen ? I feel assured that the students at large 
 are sensible of the debt of gratitude which they owe, and which the 
 country at large owes, to the enlightened Director of this institution, 
 and to its staff of able and eminent professors, who, I have no doubt, 
 will, on the other hand, find their best reward in witnessing the pro- 
 gress, the acquirements, and the careers of such a band of disciples as 
 that by which we are this night surrounded.
 
 44 EDUCATION. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY 
 AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ST. STEPHEN'S-GREEN, 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 [JTINE 25TH, I860.] 
 
 SIB ROBEET KANE, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T BEG leave to return my sincere thanks to you all for sanctioning 
 * the proposal which has been so kindly submitted to you. There is 
 one point upon which, on ' this occasion, I am inclined to entertain a 
 feeling almost akin to despair, that whereas it has become a sort of 
 yearly duty of mine to offer some observation to you from this chair, 
 I can entertain but very slight hopes of infusing any novelty or variety 
 into them. I know the privilege is .great, th'e pleasure is great, the 
 honour is great, but the novelty is not forthcoming. In the first place, 
 we almost all know why we are met together ; the actual routine of the 
 proceedings is familiar to most of us ; and I am specially forbidden by 
 the nature of these proceedings, by the very genius of the place, from 
 making the slightest allusion to general politics or difference of religion. 
 I am addressing an audience with far too good taste to put up with 
 anything so vapid as general unmeaning compliments ; and as for the 
 particular subjects which form the materials of the competition for the 
 respective prizes which have just been adjudged, it would be very soon 
 discovered, not only by the eminent professors by whom I am more im- 
 mediately surrounded, but by the more youthful candidates and prize- 
 bearers who now front me, how ill qualified I should be to bear any 
 personal part in such a high and difficult disquisition. I can, then, only 
 congratulate you all, which I do most sincerely, on the useful and lofty 
 pursuits to which you have devoted your leisure hours not too abun- 
 dant, I know, as must be the case with many of you, for such a purpose 
 and on the very creditable degree of proficiency to which it has been 
 proved by the proceedings of the evening you have attained. I am sure 
 all the company must have seen with the same pleasure as myself, to 
 select merely one of the competitors, that Miss Hester Harman has re- 
 ceived the highest number of marks at the examination in two such 
 arduous and interesting branches of study as botany and practical 
 zoology j and she is surrounded by those who do not grudge, but who 
 emulate her success. The company will have heard with much grati-
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 45 
 
 fication of the very interesting and important additions which the zeal 
 and diligence of the accomplished Director, Sir Eobert Kane, have made 
 within the year to the valuable collections in the galleries of this Mu- 
 seum; part of them, he has told us, is calculated to throw light on a 
 manufacture which might have been this year, which very probably 
 will be in future years, of great interest and importance to all classes in 
 this country the manufacture of paper though I perhaps only heard 
 with mitigated regret that Ireland is losing her pre-eminence in the 
 production of rags. Special allusion has been made by Sir Eobert Kane, 
 in his interesting, luminous, and suggestive address, to the late increase 
 in the production of the mines of the county of Wicklow. We learn from 
 him that the vale of Ovoca, dear to song as 
 
 " the vale in whose bosom the bright waters meet," 
 
 is now not only famous because nature has 
 
 "shed o'er the scene 
 Her purest of crystal, and brightest of green ;" 
 
 that this valley has not only 
 
 "the soft magic of streamlet and rill ;" 
 but, hold ! am I justified in saying that it has 
 
 " something more exquisite still ?" . 
 
 For what is it that it has ? Copper and sulphur. Now these do not seem 
 at the first sound the most romantic or the most fragrant of articles ; 
 but I take courage, and I will maintain that there is something yet 
 more exquisite than all the soft witchery of romance, or even all the 
 ardent loveliness of nature, and that is honest, hearty, human in- 
 dustry, exercising the body, developing the intellect, bracing the ener- 
 gies, sustaining the family, benefiting the district, enriching the 
 country. You will have remarked, too, how the short-sightedness or 
 the selfishness of man appears to be overruled to promote the general 
 onward progress of human civilization. You have heard how the late 
 King of Naples, not actuated probably by a desire to promote the prin- 
 ciple of free trade, perhaps not out of a feeling of any great partiality 
 to this country, gave a monopoly of the exportation of sulphur to ano- 
 ther nation ; yet true it is that this temporary stoppage in the supply 
 of the natural article has stimulated the working of the sulphur ore in
 
 46 EDUCATION. 
 
 Wieklow, and the removal of that sulphur ore has opened the way to 
 the more unencumbered working of the copper ore also. It is thus that, 
 by the overruling of a gracious Providence, even the jealousies and mis- 
 takes of men and of nations are yet destined to work for the common 
 good of the human family. It is most gratifying to me to see the large 
 assemblies attracted, and the obvious interest elicited by these anniver- 
 saries. It is true that we are not enabled at present, in this our Irish 
 capital, to offer the same stirring and animating spectacle which at- 
 tracted the admiration of the metropolis of England on Saturday last ; 
 but yet, in a more limited space, and in a more quiet scene, here are our 
 Dublin Volunteers. They have not been taken into the ranks by the 
 prospect of pay or promotion, or any tangible reward, but they have 
 been brought here together by the desire to slake their thirst at the pure 
 fountain of knowledge, and to become thoroughly versed in those pur- 
 suits of peaceful industry and humanizing science which have for their 
 unmixed end to augment the stock of human happiness, and to leave 
 their humanizing impress upon the welfare and the character of the 
 coming generation. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY 
 AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ST. STEPHEN'S-GREEN, 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 [OCTOBER SRD, 1861.] 
 
 SIR EGBERT KANE, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I BELIEVE it is customary on these occasions for the Lord Lieutenant, 
 after discharging the agreeable duty of delivering the prizes to 
 the respective successful candidates, to say a few words "of his own 
 bat," if I may borrow an expression from a game which seems to 
 have become a favourite with the citizens of Dublin in acknowledging 
 the vote of thanks with which the Director has kindly closed the pro- 
 ceedings. While I hope, however, that for this, and for other purposes, 
 there will be no break in the continuity of Irish Viceroys, I must say, 
 as Sir Eobert Kane has already hinted to you, if you wish to ob- 
 tain any variety in the observations which are thus periodically addressed 
 to you, you must also secure some variety in the persons who fill that 
 distinguished office. And while I thus happen to mention Irish Viceroys,
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 47 
 
 I must speak with concern and apprehension about the health of one of 
 the most valued and beloved of the whole catalogue, my predecessor, 
 the Earl of Eglinton, of whom very uneasy accounts have been received 
 this day. "While, however, I fill the same position, it will be always a 
 great satisfaction to me to have the opportunity of listening to the full, 
 able, and suggestive addresses to which that of to-night forms no ex- 
 ception which are delivered to you on these occasions by your distin- 
 guished Director, Sir Robert Kane, and at the same time of bearing my 
 far less adequate testimony to the intrinsic merits of the pursuits which 
 this institution encourages and promotes, and of the painstaking and 
 laudable exertions of those who take part in them. I sincerely rejoice 
 to collect that so much of progress and success has marked the latest an- 
 nals of this Museum. I am sure we all must have listened with interest 
 to the flourishing accounts which have been laid before us this night as 
 to the mining prospects of Ireland. With respect to this new species of 
 currency which has been placed in my hands, I certainly am glad to 
 hear of any contrivance which has a tendency to diminish drunkenness 
 amongst so valuable a portion of your population ; and I suppose, after 
 the very recent repeal of the paper duty two days ago, this mode of cur- 
 rency will become even cheaper. At all events, it holds out to our min- 
 ing population the opportunity of complying with that line of the poet, 
 
 " To eye the mine without a wish for gold." 
 
 It is always a pleasing feature in the proceedings here, that whereas in 
 almost every other quarter where we hear of classes and lectures and com- 
 petitive examinations, the actors in these operations are almost exclusively 
 of the sterner sex, while here, without any departure from the rigid rule 
 of impartiality, the lists are entered, and the palm is, as we have seen, fre- 
 quently carried off by gentler aspirants. And, indeed, it seems only fitting 
 and becoming in a country where one illustrious lady fills the highest 
 place in the realm, that all classes of our women should have the oppor- 
 tunity of showing that they can excel in the accomplishments and attain- 
 ments which are consistent with the grace and modesty of the female cha- 
 racter. Having thus casually alluded to our gracious Queen, whose 
 arrival in our crowded thoroughfares all classes in this city had so much 
 pleasure in witnessing, and receiving her, as they did, with so much deli- 
 cacy and with so much fervour, I feel myself at liberty to take this first 
 subsequent opportunity of mentioning which I am fully authorized
 
 48 EDUCATION. 
 
 to do that her Majesty expressed herself highly gratified by every cir- 
 cumstance of her visit to Ireland ; not only with the noble plains of the 
 Curragh, and with the unmatched loveliness of the Lakes of Killarney, 
 but with the loyalty, the warmth, and the whole demeanour of her Irish 
 people. Greatly pleased and struck, indeed, her Majesty could not fail 
 to be with the obvious marks of progress and improvement in this portion 
 of her dominions. They meet us in every branch of occupation, and in 
 every field of exertion. I know that I have been sometimes charged 
 with presenting almost too favourable and highly coloured a picture of 
 the condition of the country ; but I do not conceal from myself that the 
 entire of the season through which we have already passed, and the 
 great prevalence of more than even our usual watery skies, must 
 inspire us with some uneasiness, lest there may not be a corresponding 
 amount of precaution, if distress is to be apprehended in the ensuing 
 winter. These may be all matters for action and watchfulness ; but 
 let us not, in any case, forget that the proper result of privation is 
 patience, and that difficulties are sent to call forth the energies with 
 which to conquer them ; and it will go far to ennoble the pursuits and 
 studies which engage you in this place, if you accustom yourselves, not 
 merely to consider them as the pastime of an idle hour, or as the extra 
 gilding of the stern realities of life, but as the means of imparting addi- 
 tional strength and solidity to your intellectual powers, and, perhaps, of 
 furnishing you with a safe and enduring protection against the rude 
 weather and the storms which disturb the moral as well as the material 
 world. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AT THE MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY 
 AND GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ST. STEPHEN'S-GREEN, 
 DUBLIN. 
 
 [DECEMBER 22ND, 1862.] 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I AM extremely obliged to you for the cordial manner in which you 
 have assented to the kindly proposition of your accomplished Pre- 
 sident. As I have on several occasions before discharged the same
 
 MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY. 49 
 
 agreeable function of delivering the prizes to the candidates, I am 
 happy to say of both sexes, who have proved themselves worthy of dis- 
 tinction ; and as I do not by any means come here as a stranger, I should 
 indeed have found it difficult to impart the slightest novelty to any re- 
 marks I have to make ; but this is a matter which can fortunately be 
 dispensed with on the present occasion, in consequence of the happy 
 idea of introducing a lecture by the President himself; and I am sure, 
 we all here agree that that lecture has been an eminently instructive 
 and interesting one. Sir Robert Kane has shown us how out of the 
 darkest, and duskiest, and grimiest material of nature, there can be 
 brought the most gaudy rays of colour, the tenderest tints of beauty, the 
 most exquisite delicacies of scent. And is it not true that this is a law 
 which seems to pervade both the natural and the moral world. The 
 night gives way to morning ; the icy blasts of winter herald the balmy . 
 breezes of spring ; the howling storm to which we often are doomed to 
 listen, purifies our atmospere ; everything in a state of violence and dis- 
 turbance seems to give way to a settled order and regularity. The 
 slimy silkworm produces the lustrous silk, and even the dusky char- 
 coal emits the blazing diamond ; and so the very privations and strug- 
 gles which thicken round the doors of the less opulent and favoured 
 members of society engender the industry, the invention, the enterprise, 
 the patient toil, the manly bearing, the Christian faith, which only 
 meets difficulties to master them. It is said, perhaps in the most per- 
 fect of all poems, 
 
 " Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 
 
 Some heart ouce pregnant with celestial fire, 
 Hands, that the rod of empire might have swayM, 
 Or wak'd to ecstacy the living lyre." 
 
 And this is the merit of an institution like this, that if there are the 
 seeds of success in handicraft, in art, in science, in literature, latent 
 amongst us, by your lectures, by your studies, by your competitions 
 here, there is at least an opportunity given for discovering and for de- 
 veloping them. We heard to-night of what occurred in the case of a 
 Pontifex. If we had him here, I would not say I would confer the order 
 of knighthood upon him, but I would dub him Pontifex Maximus. I 
 rejoice to hear from Sir Robert Kane so agreeable and satisfactory an 
 account of the progress of the institution, and of the studies and compe-
 
 50 EDUCATION. 
 
 titions which we hear have been carried on ; and, thanking you for the 
 kindness with which you have personally received me, I hope you will 
 allow me to wish you all a happy Christmas and a prosperous new 
 year. 
 
 SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT OF THE COM- 
 MITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL ON EDUCATION. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES MUSEUM OF IRISH INDUSTRY AND 
 GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, STEPHEN'S- GREEN, DUBLIN. 
 
 [OCTOBER 1ST, 1863.] 
 
 SIR ROBERT KANE, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I AM very glad to have once more an opportunity of performing the 
 agreeable office of distributing the prizes to the successful candidates 
 in the classes of this institution. I rejoice to hear that in the past 
 season the attendance has been so large, and the prizes and medals 
 awarded so numerous. Probably most of you are aware that the af- 
 fairs of this institution have been the subject of some discussion. Now, 
 I feel that this is not the time, this is not the place, and, most of all, 
 I am not the person, to enter on any controversial topics. I feel it to 
 be my duty always, when properly called on, to give such an opinion as 
 my opportunities enable me to form ; that opinion has always been given 
 in commendation of this institution. I believe that much work has 
 been done here. I believe that the work has been done well. I be- 
 lieve that the officers attached to the institution are able and eminent 
 men, who zealously and conscientiously devote their time and abilities 
 to the work set before them ; and my general feeling in such matters is, 
 that while we cannot hope to obtain perfection in an institution, or in 
 any system, it is always the wisest and safest course to let well alone. 
 Your able and accomplished Director, Sir Robert Kane, has this evening 
 given us a most interesting lecture upon the making of matches. I 
 suppose he does not wish to consider himself our incendiary, although 
 at times we might almost believe that he was going to show his abilities 
 in that quarter. I suppose he will be content if we dub him " the
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 51 
 
 great matchmaker;" and I only hope that the parents of the young 
 ladies and gentlemen who come to these classes the ladies, by-the- 
 bye, having been this evening conspicuous by their absence will not 
 think he carries that capacity beyond the bounds of prudence. Ladies 
 and Gentlemen, this city has jfceen much engrossed this week by the 
 Channel Fleet. Now, this is a subject not directly akin to the business 
 of this institution, whose object is certainly not to raise seamen for 
 Her Majesty's navy ; but I think it was impossible to pass under those 
 mighty fabrics which I saw yesterday, not exactly answering to the 
 language used by Canning, in one of the most brilliant passages of his 
 matchless rhetoric " Reposing upon their shadows in perfect stillness." 
 But, as I saw them, I could not fail to become intensely conscious how 
 much every principle of science and every nicety of manufacture must 
 have contributed to the ultimate object and perfection of those con- 
 structions ; and you will all do well to bear in mind that there is no 
 pursuit or project of industry upon which science does not send her 
 guiding ray ; and that without exercising the spirit of constant perse- 
 verance, and the travail of patient labour, no success or excellence can 
 finally be obtained. With the best wishes for the institution collec- 
 tively, and for you, Ladies and Gentlemen, individually, I beg respect- 
 fully to take my leave. 
 
 EOYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES SCHOOL OF ART. 
 [MARCH 31si, I860.] 
 
 MR- MACRORY returned thanks to His Excellency, on behalf of the 
 "-* Committee of Fine Arts, for his kindness in presiding over the 
 proceedings of that day. He was sure it was no small source of grati- 
 fication to the pupils that they had received their respective rewards 
 from the Representative of Majesty in this country. 
 
 The HON. GEORGE HANDCOCK seconded the rote of thanks. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 EDUCATION. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg, briefly, but most sincerely, to return thanks to one and all of 
 you, for the kind reception you have gwen to the proposal of a vote of 
 thanks which has just been submitted to you. Let me assure you, on 
 my own part, that I have had the greatest pleasure in resuming the 
 functions which I once, at least, exercised before of distributing, 
 as I have just now done, the respective prizes to the successful competi- 
 tors in the Royal Dublin Society's School of Art, which has thus be- 
 come housed and fostered in the precincts of the Royal Dublin Society. 
 It occurs to me how most appropriate to the functions in which we are 
 engaged is the very spot where we are assembled, surrounded as we 
 are by those types and models of antique and heroic art, which of 
 themselves probably furnish a considerable part of the inspiration that 
 has prompted the work which has been this day so honourably distin- 
 guished. I learn, with great pleasure, that this branch of your in- 
 stitution is making such decided progress. I collect, in the first place, 
 in the mere item of number, that during the last year the number of 
 students has increased from 600 to 730, being an addition of 130 within 
 a period of a single year. The mover of the vote of thanks, for which 
 I am now expressing my acknowledgments, appropriately reminded you 
 of the different classes which contributed to the exertions of the past 
 year, and to the exhibition of this afternoon ; and it is plain, from what 
 we have witnessed to-day, that aptitude for art, as well as propriety 
 of demeanour and intelligence of countenance, are not exclusive appen- 
 dages of any class or calling in our country, or in the city of Dublin. 
 I think it is gratifying to observe the number of callings and avocations 
 of those who contribute their quota to the pupils of this institution. I 
 perceive by the Report that mention is made of their respective pursuits 
 and employments, and of those who are stated to have no occupations 
 there are 320. Now, I hope, and I am sure, this does not intend to de- 
 note that those persons are without any occupation or employment 
 whatsoever in life ; and I must express my belief that if it were so, they 
 would be probably, of all human beings, the most unhappy. Perhaps 
 every profession and pursuit has its peculiar annoyances, drudgery, and 
 drawback ; but, depend upon it, the most irksome and tedious of all 
 careers is a life of idleness. However, I must assume that this large
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 53 
 
 item chiefly comprises, not those who do not intend to betake themselves 
 to any pursuit or calling in life, but those who feel such an aptitude and 
 genius that they intend to make Art a profession. I would only give 
 a caution to such of my young friends, that they should be very careful 
 before dedicating themselves solely to such a calling, without having in 
 view some more substantial reliance in life. Such a pursuit, I believe, 
 is calculated to add to the general knowledge of those who are anxious 
 to study, and is followed for the purpose of acquiring a greater pro- 
 ficiency in the fine arts, which are such useful adjuncts to almost every 
 calling in human industry, and which in themselves exercise such re- 
 viving and ennobling influence on all who cultivate them in a proper 
 spirit. Your excellent Secretary, in his opening remarks, referred to 
 the aptitude for artistic study which distinguishes the people of Ireland. 
 I had only last night an opportunity of witnessing the proficiency of 
 those who cultivate the divine art of music ; and am proud and happy, 
 on this afternoon, to find such successful exertions on the part of those 
 who have chosen to pursue those not less noble arts of sculpture and of 
 painting. I have not come here, Ladies and Gentlemen, to deliver a 
 lecture to you on the fine arts in general. The auditory I have now the 
 pleasure to address, composed of those who have attended on the classes 
 of the schools, have been competitors, and received rewards ; and those 
 who come to witness the recognition of their merits show, by their pre- 
 sence here to-day, that they amply appreciate the value, dignity, and 
 nobility of true art. It only, therefore, remains for me to compliment, 
 as I do from my heart, the students, their families, the very able chief 
 teacher and his skilful assistants, on the great and marked progress, and 
 the success which has attended their exertions, and which have been 
 crowned to-day in this institution.
 
 54 EDUCATION. 
 
 EOYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES, SCHOOL OF ART. 
 Y 2?TH, 1862.] 
 
 WHEN the Prizes had been distributed, the EARL OF CAR- 
 LISLE said: 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I do not know whether I may assume that the motion so obligingly 
 made has been adopted by the meeting. As this, however, appears 
 to be so, I beg to return my very sincere thanks to you for the kind- 
 ness that you have shown ; and I beg to congratulate the members and 
 friends of the Royal Dublin Society on the degree of activity and pro- 
 gress which has marked the proceedings of this not the least interesting 
 and attractive of the departments in this liberal and enlightened in- 
 stitution. The merits of the compositions to which prizes have been 
 assigned speak in the most telling way their own story, by being ex- 
 posed to public view and criticism ; and, as far as I am able to judge 
 from a very cursory and retrospective view, I must say that the pro- 
 ductions appear to me to evince a very considerable degree of merit 
 and promise, so as to lead me to indulge the hope that the advice so 
 very impressively given will be acted upon, and that the winners of 
 the prizes will persevere in the delightful pursuit that they have 
 adopted. It has been mentioned, in the course of these proceedings, 
 that this distribution of prizes has taken place at a somewhat later 
 period than was originally proposed, in consequence of that event which 
 has been so greatly and universally deplored the death of His Royal 
 Highness the late Prince Consort. We are now specially concerned 
 with a subject which engaged his constant, unflagging, and enlightened 
 interest the promotion of the art of the country ; and it is touching 
 to remember that the last visit which he paid to any exhibition of those 
 fine arts which he loved so well, and fostered so wisely, must have been 
 to the collection which proved so attractive last year'within the walls
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 55 
 
 of this institution. I feel it would be impertinence in me to wander 
 beyond the strict boundaries of the present subject and the present oc- 
 casion. It is no doubt true that there are many higher spheres of 
 duty than the domain of the fine arts, and there were in the lamented 
 Prince far loftier and more ethereal qualities of soul. But it is enough 
 for the present purpose to mention, that I think, without doubt, no one 
 in the British Empire did nearly so much to implant a taste and ca- 
 pacity for the enjoyment of refined pursuits, or to organize those great 
 centres of competition which have given in our time such a large im- 
 pulse to our modern industry and art. It seemed to be given to him 
 to reflect the best attributes of the ancient worthies : he was the Arthur 
 of our courtly chivalry, and the Alfred of our enlightened civilization. 
 I have already adverted to the collection of the fine arts which took 
 place during the summer and autumn. I need not dilate upon the 
 variety and the interest of that exhibition ; and I trust that so spirited 
 an undertaking has not been without a marked benefit on the taste and 
 intelligence of the community amongst which it was held. I quite 
 agree with Mr. Maunsell in the panegyric which he pronounced upon 
 the improved architecture of this city. It is true that, in past times, 
 you had very fine models to go upon ; but still, until within a compara- 
 tively recent period, very little has been done. It is now impossible 
 not to perceive the marked improvement in architecture, whether in 
 churches, in museums, in clubs, and what is perhaps not least impor- 
 tant, in the shop fronts of your streets. It is still further very gratify- 
 ing to reflect that, besides such occasional exhibitions as we all enjoyed 
 for the last season, we have the prospect of seeing very soon a perma- 
 nent gallery for the reception of works of art opened within the pre- 
 cincts of the Royal Dublin Society ; and I trust that this new gallery 
 is. destined in the largest degree to direct the taste, to guide the fancy, 
 and to stimulate the exertions of the present and future generations of 
 the inhabitants of Dublin, by the exhibitions of the models of de- 
 parted excellence. Ladies and Gentlemen, I have again very grate- 
 fully to thank you.
 
 56 EDUCATION. 
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES, SCHOOL OF ART. 
 [DECKMBEB. 23BD, 1863.] 
 
 A FTER the Prizes had been awarded, the Lord Justice of Appeal, the 
 " EIGHT HON. F. BLACKBURNE, proposed a vote of thanks to 
 His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, which was seconded by Mr. G. W. 
 MAUNSELL. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I do not know that I ought to put the motion which has been moved 
 and seconded. Perhaps I may assume that there is no one opposed 
 to it. I can assure you, Ladies and Gentlemen, that it has been a great 
 pleasure to me to come here once more, to have heard the interesting 
 information which is supplied to us, and to have borne my part in the 
 distribution of the medals, whether local or national, to the successful 
 candidates. I will no longer risk my character by detaining in my 
 hands a cheque for 10, but I transfer it with the greatest possible 
 pleasure and with sincere congratulations to the successful candidate for 
 the Taylor Prize, Mr. O'Hea. I have always thought it was a very 
 wise and considerate piece of forethought on the part of the Royal 
 Dublin Society to add to the many other branches of science and indus- 
 try which come under their fostering care a School of Design, and a de- 
 partment for the cultivation and encouragement of the Fine Arts. To 
 be sure, the subject matter in which we are engaged to-day affords a 
 remarkable contrast although, I think, not an irreconcileable contrast 
 to the spectacle which was exhibited in an adjoining building last week. 
 We there saw a goodly array of fat beeves, well-fed sheep, and more 
 than well-fed swine, to say nothing of the poultry of Cochin China. 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, all these specimens of animal nature ought also 
 to exhibit, to a certain extent, lines of a good and proper symmetry and 
 proportion, and great pains are taken with them for the purpose. Still 
 we must acknowledge that the contours and outlines which they present 
 to us differed somewhat from the exquisite form of the Yenus, or the
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 57 
 
 faultless shape of the Apollo. At all events, I congratulate you that 
 this department of the Fine Arts will receive very shortly a more ap- 
 propriate accession and aid, and that too within the precincts of this 
 institution, by the opening of the new National Gallery of Ireland. I 
 quite endorse the opinion which Mr. Maunsell, in his spirited and ex- 
 cellent remarks, told me that I used before in congratulating the public 
 in Dublin upon the manifest improvement which, within a very short 
 memory, has taken place in the architectural appearance of the me- 
 tropolis, in its houses, shop-fronts, schools, hospitals, galleries, and 
 churches of all religious denominations. Even some improvement is 
 traceable in the domestic furniture now used ; and in this respect I 
 cordially subscribe to his opinion, that the classes of such an institution 
 as this, by the care which they bestow upon the nicety of hand and ac- 
 curacy of eye, form the most powerful auxiliary to this improvement 
 that can be imagined ; and I trust that those model schools are likely to 
 supply Ireland with a great many Deanes, Lanyons, and M'Carthys. I 
 congratulate the department upon the acquisition made by the engage- 
 ment of the new principal Master, Mr. Lyne, a person whose admirable 
 antecedents speak for themselves ; and I feel sanguine of the efficiency 
 which will be displayed by Miss Julyan in her new capacity. I am 
 happy to see amongst the distinguished company present one of my own 
 colleagues in the government of this country, Sir Robert Peel, and I 
 feel confident he will never fail to show the utmost sympathy for, and 
 give encouragement to, the interests of this department. I have long 
 felt that Irishmen do not fail in any native susceptibility for art, though 
 they may labour under the disadvantages of not having due cultivation 
 and encouragement of art ; but I trust that this institution will have a 
 powerful effect in developing and guiding that native susceptibility 
 which is not only not wanting, but is very marked and distinguished in 
 the Irish character. I thank you for the kind reception you have given 
 me, and beg to express my most cordial wishes for the development and 
 continued success of this institution.
 
 58 EDUCATION. 
 
 ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. 
 
 PRESENTATION OF MEDALS AWARDED BY COUNCIL. 
 [MAECH 16ra, 1862.] 
 
 HPHE President, the Very Rev. Dean Graves, having presented the 
 -*- Cunningham. Medal to the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, for his researches in 
 physical optics and magnetism ; to Mr. Whitley Stokes, for his work on 
 Irish Glosses, edited for the Irish Archaeological Society ; to Mr. Robert 
 Mallet, for his researches into the theory of earthquakes ; and to Mr. 
 John Gilbert, for his " History of the City of Dublin," 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I feel sure that I shall command the unanimous assent of the assem- 
 bly which I have the honour to address, in submitting to them a pro- 
 posal for requesting the Very Rev. the Dean of the Chapel Royal to 
 permit the able, interesting, and instructive address or addresses which 
 he has just delivered to be printed. It would be at once beside the pur- 
 pose and beyond my power to travel again over the ground which has 
 been so fully and luminously explored by him. Most of all should I 
 shrink from entering upon the domain of Dr. Lloyd's researches and 
 discoveries. Of a truth indeed I can say, 
 
 " Ne has possum naturae accedere partes 
 Frigidus obsteterit circum praecordia sanguis." 
 
 I will only say, it is not possible to hear or think of Dr. Lloyd without 
 being reminded that even the severe studies and loftier views of science 
 seem, in his case, to be almost effaced by the modest and unassuming 
 graces of his demeanour, character, and life. With reference to Mr. 
 Mallet, whom I think, Sir, you next touched upon, he seems to be to 
 the earthquake something of what Dr. Franklin was to the lightning ; 
 but though he has shown himself able to detect and track its footsteps, 
 I fear he will not be equally enabled to arrest or intercept its force. 
 The President has eloquently remarked that Mr. Mallet has "followed
 
 ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. 51) 
 
 the course of those tremendous breakers which have rolled in upon the 
 trembling shores, even at vast distances from the points where the 
 ocean bed has been agitated by subterraneous commotion." Our lan- 
 guage seems hardly dignified enough for such magnificent ideas ; and if 
 Horace had been alive, he would have called Mr. Mallet Gaiecochos En- 
 nosigaios. The President, I think, next touched upon Dr. Stokes, and 
 I am sure our worthy President was quite in his element when he di- 
 lated upon Irish philology ; and most pleasing it is, indeed, to find the 
 son of a father who has done so much to lighten suffering and prolong 
 life, himself showing so much bright promise in the cultivation of those 
 pursuits and humanities which so powerfully contribute to dignify and 
 adorn it. I am sure we shall hail with pleasure the promising career 
 of such a son of such a father. "With respect to Mr. Gilbert, I feel it 
 most gratifying to have our attention directed to so full and accurate a 
 history of the city in which most of the assembly whom I see before me 
 are now living in which I myself have spent many eventful and I 
 may add many happy years ; and I anticipate great additional interest 
 to the walks, and rides, and drives which I may happen to take, by 
 having it in my power to learn more of those objects of antique associa- 
 tion, or of historical record, with which the capital and its delightful 
 environs are so copiously studded. I only feel warranted in saying fur- 
 ther, that the pleasure with which I find myself among the members of 
 this dignified society is greatly enhanced on this occasion by our being 
 met under the presidency of the Very Rev. Dean, in whom, besides his 
 special adaptation for those immediate stations and pursuits which be- 
 long to this institution, I have found, by competent experience, as com- 
 plete a proficiency in all the branches of polished learning, in the ame- 
 nities of social intercourse, in true kindness and impartiality of judg- 
 ment, in the benevolence and consistency of the whole Christian cha- 
 racter. I beg to conclude with moving that the address to which we 
 have listened to-night should be printed.
 
 60 EDUCATION. 
 
 MEDICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 LAYING THE FIRST STONE OF THE NEW COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. 
 [JULY STH, 1862.] 
 
 DR. CORRIGAN, President, said: 
 "We feel proud of the presence of your Excellency as our Vice- 
 roy, the representative of our Queen, and of such a Queen. No further 
 expression of eulogy will I attempt ; for no words of mine could ade- 
 quately convey the feelings of loyalty to her throne, and of devotion to 
 Her Majesty, which we cherish. Although engaged in the pursuit of a 
 science which presents few opportunities for the adornments of literature, 
 we hope we are not the less capable of appreciating those literary attain- 
 ments which add lustre to rank, and when, moreover, past and present 
 unite to twine together the names of MORPETH and CARLISLE, we feel 
 that we have indeed many good reasons to make us gratified and proud 
 of your Excellency's presence. The King and Queen's College of Phy- 
 sicians in Ireland is one of our oldest corporations, having obtained its 
 original Charter from Charles I. The Charter under which we are at 
 present incorporated was granted by William and Mary, and hence the 
 name which our College bears, " The King and Queen's College of Phy- 
 sicians." By a recent Act of Parliament we are privileged to assume 
 the title of "Royal," bat we are so much attached to the name of 
 " Queen," that w r e have determined not to avail ourselves of the privi- 
 lege, but to retain our present title. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE, having been requested to lay the first 
 stone of the New College, said : 
 
 DE. COERIGAN, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I consider it both an honour and happiness to perform my part in 
 the good work of laying the foundation of the New Hall of the King 
 and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. This city of Dublin is 
 not without its fair allowance of comely architectural buildings, whe- 
 ther for the purpose of business, of pleasure, of learning, or charity. 
 But, surely, none can have been raised for a nobler or more benevolent
 
 . DR. STEEVENS' HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE. 61 
 
 end than that which we are here met to inaugurate. The immediate 
 site on which we stand has, till very recently, been applied to the uses 
 of social intercourse and good fellowship. We grudge them not the 
 ampler space and proportions which they have now obtained hard by ; 
 but, certainly, if to soothe and to save life is a higher function than 
 merely to enjoy it, this spot will lose nothing of interest or dignity in 
 its new consecration. Glad I therefore must justly be to find myself in 
 any way united with the objects and members of a profession who fill 
 so exalted a place in the service of humanity. Among the medical body 
 of Dublin it has been my happy fortune to know many who have cou- 
 pled their special professional gifts with all the qualifications that can 
 exalt, and all the graces that can adorn our life. I think it a happy 
 omen for the work of this day that the profession has found a president 
 so entirely worthy to represent it as Dr. Corrigan. May the blessings 
 of the Most High rest on this undertaking. May those who fill a high 
 place in the medical profession of this country be evermore associated 
 with the high ability and conscientious worth which have heretofore 
 rendered it illustrious, and which have attracted to this city from all 
 shores crowds who deemed it a privilege to sit at their feet and profit by 
 their lessons ; and may the building of which we have just laid the first 
 stone ever take within and send without its portals a long succession of 
 pupils and students, who shall carry from those honoured walls the 
 learning, the skill, and the devotedness which shall soothe suffering, pro- 
 long life, and increase the happiness of the coming generation. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES AND CERTIFICATES DR. STEEVENS' 
 HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 [NOVEMBER TTH, 1862.] 
 
 DR. HAMILTON, Honorary Secretary to the institution, having read 
 the Report of the Committee, 
 The EARL OP CARLISLE said:- 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I can assure you that I feel a very high degree of satisfaction at 
 having been intrusted with the honourable function which I have this
 
 62 EDUCATION. 
 
 day discharged. It is very gratifying thus to meet within the bounda- 
 ries of an institution first founded by an eminent member of the me- 
 dical profession, and completed by womanly love and piety, and whose 
 whole subsequent history has been marked by a series of splendid ser- 
 vices to the most suffering class of mankind the sick poor. It is very 
 satisfactory to reflect that this noble institution has not exhibited any 
 symptoms of stagnation within mere prescribed routine ; but, on the 
 contrary, during the past few years, the Governors have most promptly 
 and efficiently acted upon the recommendation submitted to them for 
 the foundation of a Medical School, of which to-day we see some of 
 the happy and promising fruits. It is also pleasing to see, in the num- 
 ber and character of the company here assembled, a testimony to the 
 interest which all classes, independently of those immediately connected 
 with the place and the profession, take in the credit and success of this 
 establishment, and indeed in the general progress of medical science. I 
 do not, however, forget, in consequence of the part which I am called upon 
 to take in the daily business of the country, what valuable assistance this 
 Hospital is constantly rendering to that admirable body of men, the Con- 
 stabulary Force of this country, whom the wear and tear of duty, expo- 
 sure to weather, varied by accidents and injuries, render most proper 
 subjects for its treatment ; and I will only further mention, among the 
 many claims for interest and sympathy, the touching circumstance con- 
 nected with the Medals which I, cannot say I have this day delivered, 
 but which are represented by the papers which I have put into the 
 hands of the successful students that they have been provided by the 
 liberality and filial piety of Mr. Cusack, who thus prolongs the connexion 
 between this Hospital and his honoured father, who, during his illus- 
 trious life, was its main support and ornament. Gentlemen, the prize- 
 men of this day, whom I have now the pleasure to see immediately 
 before me, will not need, at all events from lips so uninstructed as mine, 
 any further incentive or panegyric, beyond the honourable certificates 
 of their merit which they have just received. In the military and 
 naval professions, the stars and crosses which glitter upon the breasts of 
 their heroes do not merely serve as a recognition of their past achieve- 
 ments, but also supply an assurance that in any future hour of their 
 country's danger she may confidently rely upon them for their voices 
 in council and their arms in fight. And with respect to the Medals 
 which you shall shortly receive, I feel that they may equally be re-
 
 CARMICHAEL SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 63 
 
 garded as a pledge upon your part that in any of those hours of trial 
 which most of you in the profession you have chosen will have to meet, 
 when the steady eye, the resolute hand, and unflinching nerve, may be 
 required in any decisive operation, when contagion may hover around 
 unseen, bringing the pestilence that walks in darkness, and the sickness 
 that destroys in the noon-day, we may be confident that you will exhi- 
 bit as brave and unshrinking courage in the work of preserving life as 
 ever has been lavished upon the work of destroying it. I do not doubt, 
 Gentlemen, that the pupils and students of this Hospital will not be slow 
 to profit by the advantages which are here provided for them ; and I 
 may be allowed to express a hope that they may seek to be improved 
 by the perusal of that excellent address which it was my good fortune 
 to hear only two days ago within the walls of a kindred institution, de- 
 livered by a living light of the profession, Dr. Stokes. They will gather 
 from it how formidable, it is true, but at the same time how honourable 
 a task is set before the genuine student of medical science how it be- 
 hoves them to obtain a mastery over almost overy branch of knowledge. 
 Yes, my young friends, stir yourselves up for the full purpose and dig- 
 nity of your calling. Man the sentient, living man is the subject of 
 your treatment ; and if it be true that the diapason of nature ended full 
 in man, you should learn how to penetrate all her laws how to blend 
 all her harmonies. I feel I must not trespass upon ground far too high 
 for my imperfect insight ; but from my soul I wish you all every degree 
 of credit and of usefulness in the honourable career which you have 
 marked out for your future lives. 
 
 LAYING THE FIRST STONE OF THE "CARMICHAEL SCHOOL OF 
 
 MEDICINE." 
 
 [MAECH 29m, 1864.] 
 
 DR. R. M'DONNELL said: In the absence of Dr. Mayne, who is 
 prevented from attending by indisposition, the duty of reading the 
 address to your Excellency has been deputed to me. We regret his ab- 
 sence, because he is one of whom we are all justly proud. He has been
 
 64 EDUCATION. 
 
 the master of us all ; he is now our colleague, and our very valued 
 friend. I regret that he is not here on the present occasion to perform 
 the pleasing duty which I perform for him. 
 
 MAT IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY, 
 
 Being the Senior Lecturer at the Old Carmichael School of Medi- 
 cine, I have been deputed by Mrs. Carmichael and my colleagues to ex- 
 press to your Excellency our grateful acknowledgments for the high 
 honour you have conferred upon us in graciously consenting to lay the 
 foundation stone of the New Carmichael School this day. By Mrs. 
 Carmichael and by all of us your presence at this ceremonial is hailed 
 as an auspicious omen of the success of an undertaking which we owe 
 to the princely liberality of her late illustrious husband, Richard Car- 
 michael. Your Excellency will permit me to add, that we never for one 
 moment doubted that your Excellency's reply to our humble request 
 would have been in the affirmative ; for the whole history of your Vice- 
 royalty has shown the deep interest which you have at all times taken in 
 every enterprise calculated to develope the resources of this country 
 art, science, and literature, commerce, trade, and agriculture, having 
 each in turn, as occasion offered, received your patronage and support. 
 * # * * * # * 
 
 I have only further to say, that the time and labour which they have 
 hitherto devoted to the Old Carmichael School shall be henceforth de- 
 voted with increased assiduity to the New Carmichael School ; and that 
 this noble educational establishment, worthy of the name and worthy 
 of the fame of Richard Carmichael, shall never fail from any short- 
 coming on their part. On such a theme, were I to follow the bent of 
 my own inclinations, much more might be said ; but the sentiment of 
 the Roman poet forcibly occurs to me, and my classical friends will 
 agree with me, and my fair friends will, I trust, pardon me for address- 
 ing you in his words : 
 
 "Cum tot sustineas in publica commoda, peccem 
 Si longo sermone morer tua tempora." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I have accepted most gratefully, and indeed with a deep sense of 
 personal obligation, the invitation to lay the first stone of the New Car- 
 michael School. It would be most superfluous here, in the heart of
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 65 
 
 Dublin, in the immediate neighbourhood of the noble clustre of the sur- 
 rounding hospitals and, above all, in the presence of so many of his own 
 associates, pupils, and admirers, to recur to the professional reputation, 
 memorable achievements, or not less signal personal qualities of Richard 
 Carmichael. I would merely remark that there is a most appropriate 
 and admirable consistency between the engrossing and devoted labours 
 of his illustrious life, and that parting and posthumous bequest of 
 which, by our act of this afternoon, we are about to realize the benefi- 
 cent results. In drawing an omen from the past efficiency of the Rich- 
 mond Hospital, or Old Carmichael School, it must be most gratifying to 
 see the inaugural work on which we are now engaged graced by the 
 presence of Mr. Adams, who was one of the original colleagues of Mr. 
 Carmichael in founding the primary institution, and who has trod the 
 same path of honour and usefulness. This brief address would be in- 
 deed most incomplete if it made no mention of her who had the most 
 interest in the fame of her husband, and who has done more than all 
 others to extend and perpetuate it ; who, showing a wiser as well as a 
 nobler love than the Carian Queen of old, has not sought to raise over 
 his cold remains her mausoleum in the dumb marble or lifeless statuary, 
 but has caused him, though dead, still to speak in precious services to 
 suffering humanity still to live in the thanks and blessings of rescued 
 multitudes. 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 [NOVEMBER 21ST, I860.] 
 
 fFHE Auditor, Mr. F. C. "Wills, A.B., having delivered the usual 
 J- Address, the EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 Mr LORD CHANCELLOR AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 When I was favoured with the invitation, as kind as it was re- 
 spectful, to attend this meeting of the Historical Society of Trinity 
 College, I stated two things one, that I should be very glad, indeed, 
 to come ; the other, that I only could come in the strict character of a 
 listener. I clearly do not mean to deviate in any but the slightest de-
 
 G6 EDUCATION. 
 
 gree from the performance of that character, in which, indeed, I have 
 been amply rewarded by listening to the instructive, reasoned, and elo- 
 quent address of your Auditor ; and, if I should appear to trespass for a 
 moment beyond those far more agreeable acoustic functions to which I 
 propose to confine myself, it is just to tell you with what deep sincerity 
 I appreciate the honour which has just been so to me agreeably pro- 
 posed, so graciously received, and the hearty kindness of your reception. 
 Well, indeed, Gentlemen, may I congratulate myself that I am not 
 called upon to provoke any further contrast with the genius and elo- 
 quence of which your Society, through so many years, has been the ho- 
 nored depository, and which has received such frequent, though not 
 wholly uninterrupted echoes within these classic walls. Happy, beyond 
 dispute, should I be if, by any humble instrumentality of mine, I could 
 hope to establish any more intimate connexion between those who go- 
 vern and those who adorn the community; or, to localize my idea, in 
 plain terms, between the Castle and the College. And I felt that it was 
 only by at once accepting your courteous invitation that I could in any 
 degree appropriate to myself the boast once uttered by an English mi- 
 nister 
 
 "Non obtusa adeo, gestaijus pectora Poeni ; 
 Nee tarn aversus equos, Tyria, Sol jungit ab urbe." 
 
 And it is indeed a great additional pleasure to stand within the noble 
 precincts of Trinity College, beneath the august names of her early 
 judges and her sainted prelates, her favourite orators ay, and I hope 
 ere long, too, in the immediate neighbourhood of her inspired bards. 
 Pleasant indeed it is to do this, and that at a time when the native 
 pursuits of the place are showing such a large increase of efficiency and 
 expansiveness. Well, this College, to all her old elements of renown, 
 is adding new cycles of instruction, and new careers of usefulness, when 
 she is sending forth relay after relay of her sons to fresh theatres of 
 usefulness, and to regions yet unexplored Super Garamantas et Indos. 
 I have again, Gentlemen, to thank you, and take my leave of you, with 
 the most cordial good wishes for the continued character and fame of 
 this special institution, and with a beautiful prayer Floreat Academia.
 
 THE DUBLIN STATISTICAL SOCIETY. 07 
 
 THE DUBLIN STATISTICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS, DELIVERED BY J. A. LAWSON, ESQ., Q.C., 
 SOLICITOR-GENERAL FOR IRELAND. 
 
 26TH, 1862.] 
 
 "TjE. W. KEILSON HANCOCK having moved the thanks of the So- 
 U ciety to the Earl of Carlisle, for his many services in promoting 
 the progress of Social Science, John Lentaigne, Esq., D. L., seconded the 
 resolution. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 LADIES AND GEKTLEMEN, 
 
 I am extremely obliged to you for the high compliment you have 
 just been pleased to pay me. Though there were reasons just now for 
 my having remained in seclusion, yet I could not break an engagement 
 which secured me the pleasure of attending the meeting of a Society 
 actuated by such laudable motives, and directed to such beneficent ends : 
 a Society of which, I am glad to find for I own I had forgotten it I 
 have the honour to be an Honorary Member. That pleasure has been 
 much enhanced to me, on this occasion, when the address of the even- 
 ing was delivered by a person for whom I entertain confidence as an 
 official adviser, and regard as a private friend ; and when that address, 
 to which we all have had the pleasure of listening, was signalized by so 
 much ability, clearness, and large-hearted philanthropy. It will not 
 be required from me, and I certainly should be quite unequal to the 
 task, to follow the Solicitor-General in a review of those topics which 
 he has treated with so much fulness and precision. I will permit my- 
 self one remark suggested by the existence of such a Society, and by the 
 encouragement which I rejoice to find it has received in this intelligent 
 and spirited metropolis. The social disorders which it is the main pro- 
 vince of the Society to examine, and as far as may be possible to sug- 
 gest appropriate cures for, may still prevail with a frequency and an 
 intensity with which the progress of education, of knowledge, of inven- 
 tion, of civilization, of Christianity itself, has hitherto but imperfectly 
 grappled. For while we most thankfully record that within our times 
 
 F 2
 
 68 EDUCATION. 
 
 and within our memory, schools, asylums, institutes, hospitals, churches 
 have been most thickly multiplied, still we cannot shut our eyes to the 
 melancholy and mortifying fact that gross ignorance, fearful want, cruel 
 suffering, unabashed profligacy, flagrant Impiety, are still rife and ram- 
 pant around us. A great source of comfort and hopefulness which 
 seems to present itself in subordination to those vigorous agencies which 
 guide the planets in their course, and men in their waywardness and 
 darkness, is this, that at no previous period, I believe, in the history of 
 the world has there been such a fixed desire and positive determination 
 thoroughly to probe every wound, to bare every latent symptom, to 
 dissect every complication, to throw light on every dark hole and 
 corner, to discover all that is wrong, in order that we may see and know 
 how to do all that is right. Hence it is that the condition of our poor- 
 houses, our lunatic asylums, our hospitals, the social evil in our streets, 
 the best mode of dealing with our convicts both within the prisons and 
 without them, the agrarian assassin in one place, the stealthy garotter 
 in another, questions of sewage and ventilation, the best mode of ob- 
 taining a supply of fresh air and pure water, the laws of population, 
 the incidents of rent, the rate of wages, the preference to be given to 
 agriculture or pasture all these varied and multiplied questions are 
 receiving such intelligent, such zealous, and, above all, searching 
 investigation. Well, then, Ladies and Gentlemen, I believe that this 
 Society faithfully reflects one of the leading and most wholesome in- 
 fluences of the age in which we live. On this account I wish it all 
 success ; and I trust that in its proper sphere and range it may contri- 
 bute its efforts so to deal with the knotty and tangled past and present, 
 as. to add powerfully to the light and lustre of the future.
 
 PUBLIC LECTURES. G9 
 
 PUBLIC LECTURES. 
 
 ADDRESS OF PROFESSOR CAIRNS, ON THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 AT THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 [OCXOBEE 30TH, 1862.] 
 
 "\I7HEX the Lecturer concluded, the EARL OF CARLISLE 
 ' * said : 
 
 MY LOED BISHOP, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I assure you I have felt great pleasure in having found myself able 
 to attend at the opening of another winter session of this flourishing and 
 valuable institution ; and I gladly discharge the honourable office which 
 has been upon former occasions assigned to me, of asking all present to 
 join with me in a cordial vote of thanks to the accomplished Lecturer, 
 for his most able and eloquent address. It is not the first time of my 
 becoming acquainted with Professor Cairns. I remember that I first 
 heard him some years ago discussing, with singular clearness and ability, 
 some very knotty points of political economy, at the meeting of the 
 British Association within the walls of Trinity College ; and what I 
 heard from him, and of him, made me exceedingly glad when I had the 
 opportunity of conferring upon him the vacant chair at the Queen's 
 College, Gahvay. With respect to the Lecture which we have just 
 heard with such gratified attention, I believe that the subject, especially 
 at the present moment, is second to none in importance and delicacy ; 
 and the light in which Professor Cairns has presented it does not in any 
 way detract from its importance, or the responsibility of those who have 
 to deal with it. It perhaps had a more intimate interest for me, inas- 
 much as I have myself visited the great American continent, and have 
 become familiar with many of the actual battle grounds and scenes of 
 conflict. The broad Potomac, the winding James, the gentle Ohio, the 
 brimming Mississippi, still glide before my memory with all their dis- 
 tinctive features. Most shocking, indeed, it is to me when I reflect 
 that all this wealth of waters formed by the Almighty to fertilize the 
 earth, and blend its myriad families, of late should only have wafted 
 the instruments of mutual torture; and that those endless slopes of
 
 70 EDUCATION. 
 
 waving verdure on which I have gazed with such fond admiration 
 should have been reddened with the hlood of fellow-countrymen and 
 kinsmen their own kinsmen and ours. I feel that I shall best fall in 
 with that, as it appears to me, wise principle of neutrality which the 
 Government to which I have the high honour to belong, backed I be- 
 lieve by the general sense of the people, have hitherto maintained 
 through these distressing conflicts ; and I am sure that, maintaining that 
 principle, and not presuming to express any opinion myself upon the 
 respective merits of the conflicting parties, I yet shall be giving vent to 
 the wish which must pervade every Christian assemblage, when I ex- 
 press a hope that, under the overruling shapings of Divine Providence, 
 more moderate counsels and a milder spirit may for the future prevail 
 that slavery may loosen its hideous grasp, and peace resume its blessed 
 sway. I beg to move that the cordial thanks of this meeting be given 
 to Professor Cairns for his most able and eloquent address. 
 
 ROYAL HIBERNIAN MILITARY SCHOOL, 
 
 PHCENIX PARK. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE "CRIMEAN BANQUET FUND" PRIZES. 
 [DECEMBER 22ND, 1863.] 
 
 W 
 
 HEX the Prizes had been distributed, the EARL OP CARLISLE 
 said : 
 
 SIB GEOKGE BROWN, COLONEL WYNYARD, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY MY YOUNG PfilENDS HERE, 
 
 I believe you will all be aware, and even the youngest among you as 
 well as the others, what sincere pleasure it gives me on all occasions to 
 come within these walls, and to be present, whether it is as a spectator 
 of your summer sports, when you assault a New Zealand pah, or make 
 an attack even on the Imperial Throne of the Emperor of China, or at 
 a more serious moment to assist in the distribution of these annual 
 Prizes, and, above all, to hear of your proficiency in your studies ; or,
 
 ROYAL HIBERNIAN MILITARY SCHOOL. 71 
 
 still more, that your general conduct and character have merited the ap- 
 probation of your superiors. Indeed, if I could change ages with any one 
 of you, and put my gray hairs under one of your light caps, I do not 
 know where I could find a person under whose governance I should like 
 more to be placed than that of your excellent principal, Colonel Wyn- 
 yard ; and I know that he is assisted in his conscientious works of love 
 by many others who co-operate with him in carrying on so successfully 
 the affairs of this institution. I may mention my friend Major Speedy, 
 and the other gentlemen associated with him ; and, amongst others, your 
 excellent head master, Mr. Gibbons, than whom I never met a more able 
 or competent one. What I am anxious, therefore, for is, that you 
 should none of you neglect the golden opportunities which are here 
 placed within your reach; butthat you should, by your orderly behaviour, 
 by your docility and obedience to your superiors, by your cheerful good 
 humour amongst each other, by your diligent attention to your studies, 
 and by the cultivation of real earnest religion, make those hours of 
 youth now vouchsafed to you sweet to look back upon, and thus leave 
 the best foundation for your future comfort, credit, and honour in life. 
 You see before you in the front forms the former pupils of this institu- 
 tion : what good specimens of British soldiers you may all one day 
 hope to be, if you will follow their good example ! I have been grati- 
 fied at hearing the announcement made by Colonel "Wynyard respecting 
 the completion of the arrangement by which we hope that noble insti- 
 tution left by Alderman Drummond will be made available for those in 
 whom I am sure you all feel the liveliest and the most affectionate in- 
 terest, and many of whom are the sisters of your own homes. The 
 State, which is perhaps a convenient form of using an expression when 
 nobody may particularly like to take the responsibility, has not seen its 
 way to make an addition to that generous bequest ; but it all the more, 
 therefore, devolves on individuals to supply what the State cannot do, 
 according to their opportunity to follow so beneficent and generous an 
 example. I have told you that it gives me great pleasure to come 
 among you on these anniversaries, as well as on all other occasions ; 
 and I -am reminded by the inscriptions around the room that though it 
 may not be your lot and as a man of peace, I hope it will not be 
 your lot ever to be called on to scale such ridges as the Alma, under so 
 brave a leader as my friend Sir George Brown, or to join in so desperate a 
 charge as that of Balaklava, or to bear the brunt of such a fierce stand-up
 
 72 EDUCATION. 
 
 fight as that of Inkerman, yet you will all have opportunities, if you do 
 not neglect them, of proving yourselves in the future life on which, 
 when you leave these walls, you will have to enter, that you can acquit 
 yourselves as good soldiers, good citizens, and good Christians. I have 
 no more to say to you than to wish very cordially that you may all bear 
 an honourable part in the common life in which we have all to discharge 
 our several duties ; and that you may have reason to look back with 
 pleasure and gratitude to the time spent within the walls of the Koyal 
 Hibernian Military School. 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 
 
 FIFTH CONGRESS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE 
 PROMOTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. 
 
 [AUGUST HXH, 1861.] 
 
 T OltD BllOUGHAM, the President of the Association, having deli- 
 *-* vercd the opening address, 
 
 The EAltL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LOUD BROUGHAM, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have not risen with the presumptuous intention of pointing out or 
 pourtraying the various merits of that full, able, and eloquent address 
 to which we have just had the pleasure and privilege of listening. Ita 
 rich copiousness of topics belongs to the several departments of inquiry 
 now about to be opened in this present meeting. The eminent and en- 
 lightened men who constitute those sections will bring to that address 
 all the discriminating attention which its importance so amply deserves. 
 But about the author of that address, the renowned President of our So- 
 cial Congress, though he has himself given me warning that panegyrics 
 are not popular, yet I may be permitted to say what shall neverthe- 
 less be a very few words. These words, indeed, might be many, if 
 they endeavoured to follow the brilliant track of his lengthened career, 
 or to sum up the diversified list of his powers, and the thick amount of 
 his achievements. I will not rekindle the ashes of any ancient contro- 
 versy, nor run the risk of awakening the sparks of new ones. I will 
 not utter even one of those breathing and burning words which have
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 73 
 
 formed the battle-cries of contending parties ; but I will only ask what 
 great cause has triumphed within the memory of the present century 
 which is not associated with the name, the labours, and the triumphs of 
 Henry Erougham and of Lord Brougham. Without trenching too much 
 upon what is merely personal, I may mention the delight it has been to 
 me to bring to a meeting like this, as my honoured guest, the person 
 who, above thirty years ago, was my own colleague in the representa- 
 tion of what was then by far the largest constituency in the United 
 Kingdom. Often have I heard him, as was said of the great orator of 
 old, whom he has been one of the foremost to appreciate and to ap- 
 proach 
 
 " Torrentem et pleni moderantem frsena theatri ;" 
 
 and it is indeed now a rare and a refreshing spectacle to see him, at 
 the period of life which he has reached, with a milder and mellower 
 wisdom filling up the large outlines of his past career, and crowning his 
 life-long work of public spirit and benevolence. A few words more I 
 feel to be due to the occasion of our being here assembled ; and I may, 
 from the circumstance of the post which I now have the honour to fill in 
 this country, avail myself of a some what representative capacity in bidding 
 welcome to the Association for the Promotion of Social Science within 
 the ancient capital of Ireland. It has been my gratifying lot to serve in 
 the ranks of this Association when it held one of its meetings upon 
 English soil, in the great town of Liverpool, and I then formed a high 
 estimate of its capacities for usefulness. Besides the amount of actual 
 knowledge imparted, and of ideas interchanged, the main advantage de- 
 rived from the concourse of so much intelligence and benevolence is the 
 stimulus and guidance which it affords to private effort ; and it may 
 well happen that statesmen and legislators may derive some of their 
 happiest and most pregnant inspirations from the hints thrown out and 
 picked up in the quiet but earnest gatherings of the sections of this As- 
 sociation. The Association, Ladies and Gentlemen, has for two or three 
 successive years held its meetings in England and Scotland. It now 
 opens this evening its beneficent mission among a quick-witted, an im- 
 pulsive, and a generous people ; and I firmly trust that the results of its 
 being gathered in Dublin and in Ireland will be mutually satisfactory 
 and salutary. I now beg to move " That this Association offers to 
 Lord Brougham its warm thanks for the eloquent address now delivered, 
 and for his unwearied exertions in its support."
 
 ( 74 ) 
 
 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS, CITY. IMPROVEMENTS, &c. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. JOSEPH BOYCE, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [APRIL 26tH, 1855.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LOHD MATOK, MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I RISE to return my most sincere thanks for the kind the more than 
 kind and cordial manner in which the mention of my name has 
 been received by this numerous and distinguished company, assembled, 
 as all companies ought to be, in this great civic hall, and on those festive 
 occasions, without any exclusiveness of class, or distinction of party. I 
 have great reason to be much gratified by the different demonstrations of 
 welcome which I have met with during the past fortnight, capped by 
 your acknowledgments of this evening. The Lord Mayor, our excellent 
 host, has alluded in the most considerate terms to my former residence 
 in this country ; but I am bound to say that in one respect my present 
 experience contrasts happily with my past, because, although I trust 
 that during my former residence there were not wanting many inter- 
 changes of good feeling and good fellowship between the members of 
 the Corporation of Dublin and myself, in which none more conspicuously 
 took a part than your Lordship (the Lord Mayor), yet undoubtedly 
 public causes did then prevent me ever being a guest in this stately 
 hall not that I have been- wanting in some experiences of Dublin festi-
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 75 
 
 vities ; for I can remember, as well as some that are now present, that 
 in the year 1828 a large assembly of the public met in Ireland did 
 then, at a dinner in Dublin, cheer my first young efforts in Parlia- 
 mentary life. Again, in the year 1841, a still larger assembly, at a 
 dinner in the Theatre of Dublin, were pleased to crown my long official 
 career in this country; and now, in 1855, we are thus met together, 
 perhaps not without the memory being somewhat saddened when it re- 
 verts to the associations that have been snapped, and to friends that 
 have passed away ; but still with much matter of high compensation, 
 with, I trust, many national evils much diminished ; many national 
 trials altered ; many national differences composed, and many national 
 feuds buried, I trust to revive no more. And, if we are thus destined 
 to mark each recurring decade by continuous festivities, I have only to 
 hope that we may often again thus meet together, and ever find some 
 new topic of mutual congratulation. I am most pleased to find that, in 
 the toast which your Lordship (the Lord Mayor) has been pleased to 
 propose, with my name is coupled that of "Prosperity to Ireland." 
 And I do believe and hope that we are justified in forming an encou- 
 raging view of the present condition and prospects of Ireland. I know 
 that such views ought always to be entertained in the spirit of humble 
 gratitude, and not of arrogant confidence ; but I do collect from the 
 most authentic sources that are at my command at the present period, 
 the national peace within this island is hardly anywhere seriously 
 disturbed that crime has sensibly diminished that agriculture is 
 undergoing systematic and scientific enlargement that wages are 
 higher that there is rather an under than an over supply of candidates 
 for employment that the task of the ministers of justice is materially 
 diminished that schools for instruction and temples for divine worship 
 are multiplied ; and that the services of those Avho minister within them 
 are sedulously and reverentially attended to. There never has been a 
 deficiency in Ireland of alert heads and active hands ; and if they are set 
 to work in the spirit of perseverance, industry, and self-reliance, there 
 are not in our day wanting legitimate vents for their laudable exercise. 
 Would that I might add that those energies and exertions were only to 
 be drawn upon for the pursuits of civilization, benevolence, and peace ! 
 But the fell spirit of war seems unhappily to be still in the ascendant. 
 Well, then, Gentlemen, if we are under that stern necessity, we have in 
 the first place the consolation of the noble alliance which has been so
 
 76 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 appropriately dwelt upon by the foreign functionary who has addressed 
 you, and who has almost made us feel that our languages as well as our 
 course are the same. And, speaking to an assembly composed mainly 
 of Irishmen, I may say that I do feel a confident expectation that the 
 valour of Ireland will not decline, as it has never yet declined at the 
 most trying epoch of this fearful summons. Why, Gentlemen, the 
 strongest of your means, and the bravest of your blood has already been 
 freely expended on the embattled slopes of the Taurian Chersonese, or 
 in the long line of hospitals that stud the Bosphorus and the Euxine. 
 And we have read no later than last week that the shout of the Con- 
 naught Hangers rose the loudest above the deadly gripe of the bayonet 
 on the blood-stained parapet of the latest midnight assault. Well, 
 Gentlemen, I am sure that we all sympathize with the sufferings of our 
 countrymen, we all thrill with admiration at their heroic exploits. 
 But with what gratitude and with what triumph shall we hail the re- 
 turn of our heroes in peace ! Gentlemen, I have to repeat my thanks 
 for the kind and cordial reception I have met with at your hands, 
 and I feel that I cannot better embody that feeling of gratitude than 
 by calling on you all now to join with me in drinking the health of 
 our worthy host, the Chief Magistrate of Dublin. I feel it is not for 
 the person who has last arrived in this assembly adequately to delineate 
 the merits which have won the regard and confidence of his fellow- 
 citizens; but I can at least assure him that no one will join with 
 greater pleasure and cordiality in the welcome which I am sure you 
 will one and all accord to the mention of his name.
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 77 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. FERGUS FARRELL, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [JANTJAEY 31sT, 1856.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 11 The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LORD MAYOE, MY LOEDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T BEG to return you my best thanks for the honour and the kindness 
 * which, as the Representative of our gracious Sovereign, I have just 
 received from the loyal body over which your Lordship now presides, 
 and from the distinguished company which you have this night assem- 
 bled. When I had last the honour of being within this brilliant circle 
 I speak with literal architectural accuracy I expressed the high 
 opinion and the good wishes which I entertained of your Lordship's re- 
 spected predecessor, who then filled the chief place in this apartment. 
 His career and services in all respects fully bore out that opinion and 
 those wishes ; and I have now to congratulate your Lordship on the 
 unanimous feeling of assent and approval from all classes of this com- 
 munity which have sanctioned the choice of your colleagues, and on 
 the happy auguries which, whether I speak with respect to what 
 personally concerns yourself, or to the external circumstance of the 
 times, marked your entry on your civic reign. The condition of this 
 great city, from the uninterrupted spectacle of tranquillity and order 
 which it exhibits, happily affords no room for comment. It was the 
 honourable privilege of the late Lord Mayor to distinguish his period of 
 service by a great benefit bestowed upon the cause of public sobriety 
 and morality and I have no fear that your Lordship will sanction the 
 recurrence to contrary habits ; nor is it, I conceive, slight praise to all 
 classes of the citizens of Dublin, that few, if any, were found to grudge 
 some sacrifice of the jollity and merriment so congenial to their gay and 
 lively tempers, when they once became convinced that the serious risk and 
 mischief far outweighed the transient enjoyment. While I thus venture 
 to hold out to your Lordship and your respected colleagues excellent ex-
 
 78 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 araples, let me only say, besides, take care of our healths as well as of 
 our morals, and, in addition to dry cups at Donnybrook, give us dry 
 footing in Dublin. If we extend our glance from the city to the coun- 
 try at large, though there are strips of its territory in which sad warn- 
 ing has not been wanting of the necessity of continued vigilance and 
 even of stern repression, yet upon the whole broad surface of its ter- 
 ritory we may acknowledge with thankfulness a wonderful absence 
 of disorder, turbulence, and crime ; and though the last lesson which 
 such blessed intervals ought to teach us is wantonly to presume upon 
 their continuance, still I cannot but indulge the hope that in the im- 
 proved condition and habits of the bulk of the people, in the interest 
 which is felt in many quarters in the promotion of their education, and, 
 perhaps the most remarkable of all, in their increased spirit of industry, 
 enterprise, and self-reliance, fair promise is given of a long Irish sum- 
 mertide of peace and plenteousness. But when an occasion like this, 
 which assembles so many distinguished men from all quarters of the 
 country and of the empire, and especially on the very first day of the 
 reassembling of the Imperial Parliament, we cannot wholly restrict our 
 sympathies to our streets, or even to our own shores. I cannot, of 
 course, make any such authentic announcement as was made by the 
 Sovereign whom it is my high office to represent in this country to her 
 assembled Houses of Parliament on this very afternoon, still, thanks to 
 the marvels of modern discovery, we are enabled to form a tolerably 
 precise notion of the contents of what was then delivered ; and we know 
 that from her gracious lips has fallen to-day perhaps the most gracious 
 word that can be vouchsafed to human utterance, and that word is Peace. 
 Let me not be here mistaken. I feel confident that from neither the Sove- 
 reign, nor the Government, nor the Parliament, nor the people of this 
 country, can a consent be extorted to any peace which shall not substan- 
 tially satisfy the grounds upon which recourse was had to the dreadful 
 extremity of war, and which would not be consonant with the fair claims 
 of national good faith, justice, and honour. With respect to my own 
 feelings, I certainly cannot charge myself with any indifference either 
 to the endurance or to the renown of our brave countrymen in arms ; 
 and proudly indeed may Ireland count up the services and the triumphs 
 of her sons on many a corpse-strewn field and many a blood-stained 
 rampart, Even in this peaceful and festal assembly I am not a little pleased 
 to come amongst you attended by several gallant youths, who have
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 79 
 
 borne their full brunt of toil and peril in the bivouac, in the trench, and 
 in the battle, and you may see honourable marks about them, and 
 who do honour even to the exalted position which it is my fate to fill, 
 by spending with me the brief period of inaction which recent wounds, 
 or shattered health, or the compulsory regulations of the Service neces- 
 sarily impose upon them ; and who, I know with most certain know- 
 ledge, ' are panting for the time of resuming active service at the first 
 summons "of their Sovereign and the earliest call of honour. They might 
 not, then, perhaps feel full sympathy with me ; but I know I might ap- 
 peal for full sympathy, had not circumstances unfortunately prevented 
 his being present on this occasion, to that distinguished and gallant ve- 
 teran, the Commander of the Forces in this country, who has in many 
 portions of the globe served the public with such fulness of credit and 
 honour. I know he would feel full sympathy with me when I proceed 
 to state that, assuming as I know we may assume that all claims of 
 national faith and honour will be completely secured by whatever con- 
 ditions of peace shall be adopted, I shall hail with unmeasured joy and 
 thankfulness the advent of peace itself. To pretend, after all that our 
 military forces have done, and dared, and suffered, and with the know- 
 ledge which we have of the bristling state of equipment, efficiency, and 
 vigour with which they are now braced up for any number of campaigns 
 that may follow to pretend that, with such a past and with such a pre- 
 sent, the military renown of this empire has suffered any tarnish, seems 
 to me to be only more absurd than it is calumnious. From one thing, 
 indeed, I should think that the fair fame of England would suffer tar- 
 nish, if for the sake of effect for the sake of a more imposing attitude 
 at the dropping of the curtain if for the sake of an additional gloss upon 
 her well- won laurels she were to consent to one hour of unnecessary 
 war. But these are matters which I will not anticipate. I shall rather 
 express my fervent hope and prayer that you, my Lord Mayor, and 
 the long series of your successors, may exercise your high functions 
 through an unbroken period of restored peace, of reviving industry, and 
 of confirmed national prosperity.
 
 80 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. RICHARD ATKINSON, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [FEBRUARY 19m, 1857.] 
 
 TUIE LORD MAYOR said : 
 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have now the honour to propose a toast which, I am sure, will be 
 received with that respect and enthusiasm which it so highly merits ; it 
 is the health of a distinguished nobleman, who has for many years 
 evinced an untiring solicitude to promote the best interests of Ireland 
 whose sound, statesmanlike views, great talents, and discrimination, 
 have been devoted for many years to serve our common country. I 
 therefore give you, with much pleasure, the health of His Excellency 
 the Lord Lieutenant. Any panegyric from me would be unbecoming 
 and uncalled-for, and in the presence of our illustrious guest would be 
 painful to his feelings. I shall therefore merely give you 
 
 " His Excellency the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD MAYOR, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I rise to return my thanks for the honour you have just been good 
 enough to pay me. I feel that my increasing familiarity with the festivals 
 held within these walls only inspires me with fresh motives to derive 
 satisfaction and pleasure from their recurrence. Among the most 
 prominent of those motives, on this occasion, is the circumstance of my 
 having just had the honour to have my health proposed to you by a 
 Chief Magistrate who, a very short time ago, made such a speech as that 
 uttered by you, my Lord, on the occasion of your inauguration to your 
 present high office ; for I may truly say that, to my mind, that speech 
 contained a retrospect, and described a career, and imparted advice which 
 made it one of the most well-timed and impressive addresses that could
 
 MANSION HOUSE. . 81 
 
 be delivered. It placed before us a spectacle than which some may be 
 more exciting or dazzling, but none, I am clear, can be more really ho- 
 nourable or more conformable to the best spirit of our institutions the 
 spectacle of a life spent in the pursuits of honest industry and sober en- 
 terprise mellowing into an age of comprehensive charity, and now draw- 
 ing its crowning reward and honour from those among whose ranks his 
 day of labour and burden was spent, the body of his fellow- citizens. I 
 have the further pleasure of seeing at your Lordship's side your re- 
 spected predecessor in the office ; and I am sure I only add to the echo 
 of the general tribute to the friendly and honourable mode in which he 
 fulfilled the duties of his honourable post. And, perhaps from a most 
 pleasing reminiscence, I am especially led to remark on the great zeal, 
 tact, and successful eifort which he brought to bear upon a most memo- 
 rable occasion, the Crimean Banquet of Dublin, when the inhabitants 
 of this city, or perhaps I may say with more truth of this island at 
 large, eclipsed, unquestionably, all other portions of this empire, in the 
 splendour and heartiness with which they celebrated that feast of 
 heroes. There is one other motive, slightly more personal to myself, 
 which causes me more eagerly to appreciate the kindness with which 
 you have received me this evening ; for I perceive that there are quar- 
 ters from which I in common, indeed, with all the future Lord Lieu- 
 tenants of Ireland have been threatened with a deposition from my 
 present viceregal state. I certainly have received no official intimation 
 on the subject. Our most gracious Sovereign has not made me believe 
 that there is any intention of depriving me of that delegated authority 
 which I so unworthily wield in her name. And I cannot pretend to 
 say that I have received my doom in the countenances or demeanour of 
 the Irish people, or even of this brilliant assembly. I therefore will 
 only conclude that that question, in Parliamentary parlance, has been 
 indefinitely adjourned. But, being now in my place, I should find it 
 impossible, and I should think it unjust and ungenerous if it were pos- 
 sible, to refrain from congratulating the inhabitants of this city, and of 
 the country at large, upon the general symptoms of prosperity and pro- 
 gress which are now in active and healthy operation around us. It 
 would, indeed, be little suitable to an occasion of relaxation and festi- 
 vity like this, if I were to assail such a company as the present with an 
 array of statistics. They are the proper food and material for council 
 chambers and deputations, and do not properly enter within such a
 
 82 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 charmed circle as this. Now here in Dublin, notwithstanding the sin- 
 cere respect which we all feel for the present Commissioners of the Dublin 
 Police, yet sometimes an opinion will ooze out that they form rather an 
 expensive bulwark for our properties and persons. But just to show 
 you that there is value received, as well as value paid, I would ask you 
 to compare, for instance, the year 1838, which was the first year of the 
 introduction of the present police in this metropolis, and the year 1855, 
 the last year for which the full returns have been made out. In the 
 first year of my comparison (1838), I myself spent a considerable por- 
 tion of the year in the neighbourhood of Dublin, and certainly, not- 
 withstanding some faction fights, and funeral fights, and combinations, 
 and strikes of workmen, and "slating" obnoxious individuals the 
 feuds of bludgeons and Billy -welters I found it by no means an into- 
 lerable place of residence ; but, looking to the authentic contrast, I find 
 that in that first year, 1838, the persons arrested in the Dublin police 
 district for manslaughter and assaults with intent to murder, amounted 
 to eighty-six; in the year 1855 they amounted not to eighty-six, but 
 to one. The total number of offences, including all offences, both 
 against the person and against property, in the first of these years, was 
 30,000 and odd ; and it is now, notwithstanding a much more efficient 
 system of detection and repression, fallen down to 18,000 and odd. 
 With respect to the Poor Law there is less plain sailing, because, as 
 many of you must be aware, it operates more severely on the districts 
 of Dublin than on any other portion of the country, from causes on 
 which I need not now enlarge ; but still I hope that even in this respect 
 'the corner has at length been turned. In January, 1856, in the North 
 Dublin Union there were 2,871 inmates, who have fallen in 1857 to 
 2,500. In the South Dublin Workhouse there were 3,417 ; the num- 
 ber has fallen now to 3100. And the decrease of the rates is still more 
 favourable; for in 1856 the rate in the North Union was struck at 
 2. lid., it has now been struck at Is. Gd. ; in the South Union, at 
 2*. 3d., and now at 1*. 4d. But if we compare the state of Ireland ge- 
 nerally, in respect of crime, even with England herself, though, from 
 time to time, there are still occurring events here which must disturb 
 undue complaisance, and stimulate increased vigilance and caution, yet 
 still the whole results must be regarded as most favourable. If we can 
 credit all we read, the English mind of late seems almost disturbed from 
 its accustomed propriety about tickets-of-leave ; and there would appear
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 83 
 
 no shore or region on which it is not eager to pour forth its criminal po- 
 pulation. Now, in Ireland, what in the last six years has been the di- 
 minution of sentences of penal servitude or transportation? In 1851 
 there were 864 so sentenced; in 1852, 1,358; in 1853, 1,013; in 
 1854, 692; in 1855, 521 ; in 1856, 375. You will admit that is a 
 gratifying descent from 864 to 375. In the past there have been con- 
 fined, under intermediary or probationary stages of punishment, 750 
 male convicts, and among the whole 750 only six or seven very slight 
 offences have occurred. "With respect to tickets- of-leave, 400 male con- 
 victs had been discharged with those tickets and licences, and out of 
 that number it has been found necessary to recall the licences of seven- 
 teen. The state of the female convicts is, perhaps, still more satisfac- 
 tory. There have been sent to houses of refuge, in 1856, fifty-two fe- 
 male convicts; of these there are thirty satisfactorily employed, and 
 there has not been one single instance of complaint or misconduct. 
 Now, my Lord, I state these to be the results which have occurred under 
 a system confessedly in its infancy, and while there are various plans 
 for its improvement and development still in preparation. Other reme- 
 dial measures are, no doubt, called for, amongst which I will only men- 
 tion an improved system of classification in the county prisons of Ire- 
 land, which ought to be the rule, instead of being at present the bright 
 exception. These results seem to me to have been deserving of this 
 special mention, redounding, as they do, to the just credit, primarily, of 
 the Irish people, and next to that of the administrators and officers 
 under which they have been obtained. I have only further to remark 
 to you, that when I addressed you from this place one year ago, the 
 country was still exposed to the dangers and burdens of war, and some 
 of those honoured guests whom I now see at your Lordship's table were 
 wandering upon a distant and a foreign strand. We meet them now 
 here in the midst of light, and goblets, and song ; and I may add, I am 
 sure, we shall not return the grasp of their manly hand with a less cor- 
 dial pressure, because we are no longer called on to assist the growth of 
 their laurels by a war income tax. I feel I cannot well carry my topics 
 of felicitation further, and therefore I beg now to thank your Lordship 
 and your numerous guests, and to wish you all length of life and health 
 to enjoy the relief.
 
 84 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE afterwards rose and said : 
 I have reason, my Lords and Gentlemen, to think that you will ac- 
 cept a toast which is better than a speech from me, and I also think you 
 will anticipate that it is the health of the giver of this splendid enter- 
 tainment. I have already endeavoured to express what I feel concern- 
 ing the Lord Mayor, and I can rely upon all that I have said, as well 
 as what I have left unsaid, being confirmed and supplemented by the 
 company that I see around me, and by the whole bulk of his fellow- 
 citizens. Let us, then, drink with the cordiality the toast deserves, 
 " The Health of the present Chief Magistrate of the City of Dublin ;" 
 and I feel sure that he will not resent the allusion, when I say that from 
 my heart I cordially wish that the texture of his remaining days may be 
 as soft, as rich, and as bright as that beautiful fabric with which he has 
 done so much to enrich the manufacture of his native land. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. JOHN CAMPBELL, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [FEBRUARY 4xn, 1858.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MT LORD MAYOR, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I BEG to return my best thanks to this numerous and brilliant assem- 
 bly for the kind, and more than kind manner in which they have 
 just been pleased to drink my health. I might almost have begun to 
 fear that my appearance on these annual occasions would have become 
 rather a monotonous occurrence ; but at all events they give me an op- 
 portunity of paying a very sincere compliment to the continuance of the 
 orderly and peaceable condition by which the city in which we live has 
 been for a long time pre-eminently distinguished, and upon the respect- 
 able manner in which the series of its chief magistrates is prolonged and
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 85 
 
 renewed. "We have not far to fetch our specimens. Your immediate 
 predecessor, my Lord, who now sits beside you, by a long career 
 of unremitting industry and unswerving integrity attained a position 
 equally high in civic dignity and in the estimation of his fellow-citi- 
 zens ; and among the happy incidents of his year of office I may men- 
 tion the cordial and courteous manner in which he received that body of 
 eminently scientific men who formed the British Association. Your 
 antecedents, my Lord, are similarly honourable ; and I wish you from my 
 heart a similarly prosperous year of administration. It may be allowed 
 to me to observe, especially after you have just drunk my health in so 
 friendly and encouraging a manner, that a certain degree of interest, to 
 which your Lordship has yourself referred, may at this period attach 
 itself to the office the high office which I have the honour to fill, and 
 which I certainly could not claim personally for myself. But, as 
 we have seen it announced of late in several quarters, and with a cer- 
 tain appearance of gravity, that it has been in the contemplation of the 
 Government to put an extinguisher at once upon an office so elevated 
 and a person so humble, I can only say that such a project is without 
 my privity, as it clearly would be without my sympathy. In glancing 
 at the general condition of the country at large, it must be admitted 
 frankly that since we last met within this hospitable and radiant circle 
 to use a term of literally descriptive propriety the financial prosperity 
 of the country lias met with some checks and rubs ; and the internal 
 tranquillity of the country, though, I am happy to say, in very scattered 
 instances, has been somewhat marred by occasional exhibitions of out- 
 break and a spirit of combination ; yet, upon the whole retrospect, I 
 may frankly and fairly congratulate the finance and commerce of Ire- 
 land upon the singular calmness and steadiness, rendered still more re- 
 markable by contrast, with which they have encountered the monetary 
 trials which sorely shook more extensive and populous communities. 
 And I may also truly commend the people of Ireland at large for the 
 prevailing absence of crime and violence which has blessed their borders. 
 There is one lesson I feel a very strong wish to inculcate, and I need not 
 again go further for illustration and example than the practice of the 
 distinguished Corporation which it is now my privilege to address. I 
 is now a matter of happy notoriety with what signal success the evil 
 genius of religious discord has been kept aloof from all questions bearing 
 on the succession of the Chief Magistracy, and I believe I may add from
 
 8C MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 the Civic Council generally. "Would that this feeling and habit, so 
 happy and honourable to the city, could be fully engrafted on the 
 country at large. I know it would very ill indeed become me on such 
 an occasion as this to assume the office of a lecturer, if the reflections I 
 permit myself to make did not apply equally to all sides and parties. 
 Indeed, I cannot but be aware that the conduct of the Government itself, 
 and my own conduct, are tolerably sure of encountering censure per- 
 haps just censure now from one side, and now from the other. But, 
 with whatever risk of the imputation of presumption or self-sufficiency, 
 I cannot yet dissemble my strong conviction that amongst many and 
 striking instances of progress and improvement in Ireland, there is still 
 the great, and I fear in some respects it might be said almost the in- 
 creasing drawback of alienation and animosity founded on differences of 
 relig'ious creeds and worship. The Imperial Government of France, in- 
 deed, has lately issued a command to the press to abstain entirely from 
 topics of religious controversy. You will not suspect me of any wish to 
 enforce such a prohibition here. It would, indeed, be easier to roll 
 back the Liffey to its source, or to submerge the Hill of Howth in mid- 
 channel. Still, right pleasant it would be if the practice of mutual for- 
 bearance, respect, and tenderness, could spring up not in consequence 
 of the decree of absolute power, but under the constraining influences of 
 Christian gentleness and love. It would be difficult, my Lords and 
 Gentlemen, for any large number of our countrymen to be brought to- 
 gether at this period, without their thoughts being directed to that great 
 imperial struggle which is now being waged in India, without their 
 pulses being quickened at the brilliant exploits of our brethren in 
 arms without their heartstrings thrilling at the sufferings of our bre- 
 thren and our sisters in that stormy trial. True it is, indeed, that in 
 some dark lurking-places of shame and disgrace, even in this fair island, 
 contrary sentiments had been avowed, and contrary sympathies in- 
 dulged in. Perish at once and for ever this unworthy discord ! But if 
 it be indeed true that a few frantic outbursts of disaffection have es- 
 caped from Irish lips, for their rebuke and refutation I would not resort 
 to any arguments of a general bearing, or to any pleas of imperial his- 
 tories : I would appeal to the valour of Ireland, which is now scouring 
 the plain and storming the rampart I would appeal to the blood of 
 Ireland which is being shed like water on that burning soil. And 
 truly may it be attributed to Ireland, that while she acknowledges in a
 
 MANSION HQUSE. 87 
 
 spirit of generous emulation the brilliant feats of Englishmen in this 
 sharp crisis of our empire while she exults that the combined races 
 should be headed by a leader so competent and admirable as the Scot- 
 tish Campbell she has not borne any backward part herself, in that 
 mighty struggle. Truly may she so boast while she refers to the con- 
 summate statesmanship and the temperate vigour of both the Law- 
 rences while she weeps over the bier of Nicholson while she sees 
 every rank and class of her children press forward to a career of duty 
 and honour, whether they bear names like Pakenham that race so 
 prodigal of its blood or like Cavanagh, of whom two have been sin- 
 gled out from humbler classes for most conspicuous mention. "What 
 Irishmen have been they will continue to be, whether they are enrolled 
 in our old regiments, or whether they shall enlist in the revived Eoyal 
 Irish Dragoons, whom, in common with another Irish regiment our 
 glorious Queen, in mark of her admiration of Irish bravery, and her 
 confidence in Irish loyalty, is now recalling to her standard ; and we, 
 while we dwell in our quiet homes, or gather round our peaceful gob- 
 lets, shall hear with grateful exultation of their exploits, and shall wish 
 our heroes a safe and a triumphant return.
 
 88 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. REDMOND CARROLL, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [FEBRUARY 20ra, I860.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 "The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 rTHE EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD MAYOR, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I thank you very sincerely for the honour you have just been 
 pleased to pay me. Being allowed, after a very short interval, to be 
 present at this annual festival, to which we are the bidden guests of the 
 Chief Magistrate of the city of Dublin, I have to thank you all for re- 
 suming on your parts also those sounds and signs of welcome which now 
 seem familiar to my experience, and which come like natural echoes 
 from these hospitable walls. In addressing this numerous and brilliant 
 company, it is an immense satisfaction to me to feel that I may take 
 up unbroken that chain of congratulation which I and my immediate 
 honoured predecessor have been led to indulge in, with respect to the 
 general flourishing condition of the empire at large, and of Ireland in 
 particular. It would indeed be superfluous for me to congratulate your 
 Lordship and your associates in the municipality of this town on the 
 singular spirit of order and tranquillity which have for a long period 
 honourably distinguished this metropolitan city. We must all grate- 
 fully acknowledge that this character contributes to make it a right 
 pleasant place to live in. With respect to myself, I perceive that an old 
 and very agreeable friend of mine has recently complained that I invest 
 the office which it is my high honour to hold with not a sufficient de- 
 gree of solemnity and gravity. I confess that this is not the precise 
 charge which I should most readily have exp'ectcd from that quarter. 
 As to the real force of such a charge, I feel this the time has been,
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 89 
 
 within the fresh memories of most of us, in days of national gloom and 
 distress, when the shrill wail of famine and the low moan of fever rose 
 in almost every street, and thrilled through every hovel when the 
 unwholesome produce rotted in the untended field and the graves 
 scarcely sufficed for the neglected dead. I know, then, that predeces- 
 sors of mine were content to give the long hours of day and of night to 
 the toil of devising remedies for enormous evils, and for lessening the 
 sufferings of a stricken population. But now, when, to speak compa- 
 ratively at least, and admitting fully that there are still cases of great 
 individual suffering and privation, nay, and moreover, in some districts 
 limited, I am justified in saying the occurrence of outrage seems still 
 to call for daily vigilance ; yet looking to the condition of the country 
 generally, now that, under the blessing of Almighty goodness, the sore 
 pressure and the dark blight of the old evils have been lightened or re- 
 moved now that the earth renews her harvest, and the clouds drop 
 fatness now that the rewards of industry are daily increasing, that 
 your workhouses are all but emptied, and your gaols greatly thinned of 
 their inhabitants now I feel that, as we are told by your own poet, Erin 
 has the smile as well as the tear in her eye, I know that I am not low- 
 ering my position, ,and that I am acting up to all its requirements, by 
 the fullest sympathy with every pulse of your gladness as well as of 
 your sorrows. And, be the subject matter which calls forth your ener- 
 gies what it may, be it the improvement of your agriculture, the ex- 
 tension of your trade, now about, I hope, to receive a greatly accelerated 
 impulse the spread of your education, the spell of your music, the 
 progress of your architecture, the fame of your literature, or the feats of 
 your heroes into all with you will I enter, and bask myself in the 
 brightness to which I know there is nothing that I can contribute. The 
 only overt crime I find alleged against me is, that I opened baths and 
 wash-houses. "Well, I confess that I am ready to do the same any 
 number of times again. I hope it will not be thought a mortal sin that 
 I am at this moment engaged in putting up a drinking fountain. Nay, 
 moreover, I shall hail with the utmost pleasure though, of course, I do 
 not breathe a syllable about the most proper means of accomplishing it 
 the bringing into all the streets and houses and rooms of Dublin a co- 
 pious supply of pure and wholesome water. And, if I should not be 
 thought diving too low, I have no scruple in wishing the utmost possi-
 
 90 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 ble prosperity to the penny banks of this city. But, to rise to subjects 
 more imposing and picturesque at least, there embarked within the last 
 week from the quays of this city a cavalry regiment, entirely raised, 
 horsed, and equipped in Ireland, the 5th. Royal Irish Lancers, which, I 
 am informed by competent authority, will be able to pass muster with 
 the proudest and oldest cavalry regiments of the British service. With 
 respect to individual Irish enterprise, have we not recently welcomed 
 the return from his voluntary service of hardy daring the gallant young 
 M'Clintock? and no later than to-morrow will the venerable University 
 of Ireland hard-by assign her appropriate honours to the illustrious Sir 
 John Lawrence. No one can walk the streets and squares of this me- 
 tropolis without being struck with the great improvements in the ap- 
 pearance of the shop-fronts and the buildings which are springing up in 
 so many quarters ; and I trust you will persevere in adorning your no- 
 ble spaces with more statues of her most eminent poets, warriors, and 
 statesmen ; and altogether, not to intrude upon you longer, I feel that the 
 Ireland of to-day deserves a large share in those noble lines which were 
 addressed to an Irishman of a former generation 
 
 " Bid harbours open public ways extend, 
 Bid temples worthier of the God ascend, 
 Bid the broad arch the dangerous flood contain, 
 The mole projected break the roaring main, 
 Back to their bounds his subject sea command, 
 And roll obedient rivers through the land : 
 These honours peace to happy Britain brings ; 
 These are imperial works, and worthy kings."
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 91 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. RICHARD ATKINSON, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN.* 
 [FEBBTJARY 7xH, 1861.] 
 
 rPHE LORD MAYOR said : 
 
 MY LOEDS AXD GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have now the honour to propose a toast which I am sure will be 
 received with that respect and enthusiasm which it so highly merits 
 it is the health of a nobleman who has for many years been the Repre- 
 sentative of Her Majesty in this country, and who has at all times 
 evinced untiring solicitude to promote the best interests of Ireland. 
 The toast I am about to propose is, " The Health of the Lord Lieutenant 
 of Ireland" a nobleman distinguished for his great talents, adminis- 
 trative capacity, and, beyond all, by his high intellectual and moral 
 worth, which have gained for him the respect and esteem of the people 
 of this country, and all who know him. It is unnecessary in an as- 
 semblage of Irishmen to dilate on those qualities of head and heart 
 which so eminently distinguish His Excellency, therefore I will simply 
 give yon 
 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD MAYOK, MY LOKDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I thank your Lordship and all your honoured guests very much for the 
 way in which you have been pleased to receive my name and drink 
 my health. I have indeed much pleasure in being again a guest at this 
 right hospitable board, and the pleasure of which is enhanced when I 
 
 * The late Earl of Carlisle was so much pleased with the public spirit and patriotism 
 of the Lord Mayor (Alderman Richard Atkinson) in giving such a magnificent ball, at 
 his sole expense, to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, on the occasion of hia visit 
 to Dublin, that he immediately sent a letter to his Lordship, offering the highest honour 
 in his power to bestow, viz., knighthood, but which his Lordship respectfully declined. 
 See Appendix the Earl of Carlisle's letter.
 
 92 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 find myself for the second time the guest especially of your Lordship. 
 I felt, as soon as I heard of your re-election, my Lord, that it was a 
 presage of reconcilement and peace ; and that it would be your high 
 privilege to come forward, not only as the chief magistrate of this an- 
 cient city, but also like one of the famous heralds of the earlier times, 
 at whose gentle bidding and before whose unpresuming aspect the ex- 
 cited combatants would be parted, and the uplifted weapons would 
 drop. And I sincerely trust that this image will prove an augury of 
 the spirit of good-will and comity which may prevail throughout the 
 whole period of your renewed tenure of office ; and that herein, more- 
 over, the example of the capital shall serve as a copy for the entire 
 country. It happened, my Lord, that almost as soon as you re-occupied 
 your old position, we found ourselves engaged in some correspondence. 
 You, my Lord, did me the honour to address a question to me upon a 
 subject of much immediate interest indeed to myself, but of more 
 permanent and abiding interest to a large proportion of those by 
 whom I have the pleasure of seeing myself surrounded. I feel that I 
 answered that question with all the distinctness and plainness which 
 my duty and position admitted of. It is not the first time that I state 
 to the members of the municipality of Dublin it is not the first time 
 that I state in this room my dissent from the policy of abolishing the 
 Irish Viceroyalty. Moreover, in accordance with what I wrote to your 
 Lordship, I fully believe that Her Majesty's Government have neither 
 the intention nor the wish to bring forward any such proposition. If it 
 is further put to me what, under any possible contingencies, they might 
 feel it necessary to do, I can only say that I should have thought my- 
 self unwarranted in making any such inquiry from them, as I am sure 
 they would have thought it inconsistent with their duty to have told 
 me. My belief is, that the question lies mainly with Irish representa- 
 tives and Irish constituencies. I will do what in me lies to prevent the 
 abolition of the viceroyalty ; and, I may say, that to secure the perma- 
 nence of the union between the two countries, I should think it unwise 
 at this period to set the example of disturbing an essential provision of 
 the Act of Union, and I relegate to the other side of the Atlantic all 
 secessions and separations. If, indeed, I might avow an individual 
 preference for any scheme, I shoxild be inclined to express my partiality 
 for a proposition which I believe was mooted before the corporation of 
 quintupling my official income ; and all I can say is, that if such a pro-
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 93 
 
 position should be carried into effect, I will answer for spending the 
 whole of it in Dublin. I do not know, my Lord, that there is anything 
 within your immediate jurisdiction which would seem to call for much 
 comment from me on an occasion like the present. I think no one can 
 fail to be struck with the improved appearance which in many respects 
 the city of Dublin now presents. Though there is undoubtedly much 
 which still remains to be wished, and I hope still remains to be done, 
 there is a marked progress in the architectural improvement of your 
 shops and houses ; and it is gratifying to see that the members of both 
 of the two great religious persuasions which divide our society seem in- 
 tent upon improving the character and enhancing the dignity of eccle- 
 siastical architecture. I would not be thought to lay an undue stress 
 upon these outward demonstrations of piety, but I think still there is 
 an incongruity in seeing the skill and genius of our artists lavished upon 
 our private dwellings and the various purposes of civil life, while we 
 are content to leave in comparative neglect the temple of the Most 
 High ; and, warned by the experience of the past year, I trust that no 
 long period will elapse before this city procures a supply of water both 
 plentiful and pure, and also takes sufficient guarantees against the re- 
 currence of loss to property and life from fires. The general aspect of 
 the country, I think we may gratefully acknowledge, bears all the 
 marks of continued prosperity and progress. No doubt the unfavour- 
 able weather, which in many ways marked the whole of the year 1860, 
 has been the cause of considerable privations, especially in districts 
 where they mainly depended upon turf and peat for fuel, and there has 
 been in many parts of the country a great deficiency of fodder. How- 
 ever, our recent legislation has done much, very much, to surmount the 
 exigencies even of such an exceptional year as the last. There is one 
 consideration more painful still, we cannot boast that Ireland, nor even 
 the city of Dublin, has been wholly exempt from those crimes of ap- 
 palling violence which, within the last year, have disgraced the cri- 
 minal annals <5f the United Kingdom. However, we may thank God 
 that these crimes, execrable as they are, are still partial in their occur- 
 rence in this country ; and, when we hear of the assizes for the North 
 Biding of Tipperary furnishing only one prisoner for trial, there is 
 hardly any future improvement of which I feel we need despair. If we 
 extend for a moment our view over a still wider horizon, I fear it can- 
 not be said that the aspect of the world at large presents the placid fea-
 
 94 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 turcs of composure and repose. Europe is still comforted with the pro- 
 fessions of peace, but at the same time hears much still of the prepara- 
 tions for war. Asia has been the scene of many a bloody conflict. It 
 cannot be said that America is in a state of perfect quiescence. I be- 
 lieve that Irish valour has not belied itself on any field ; and with re- 
 spect to its latest exhibition on the distant shores of China, I am sure it 
 has called forth one universal feeling of admiration and sympathy for the 
 hard fate of the gallant and gifted Brabazon. I am sure you will ex- 
 cuse me, my Lord, for mixing the pledges of your festal wine cups with 
 this brief tribute to departed heroism ; but I feel sure that all here will 
 be united in the common wish that the noble empire of which this 
 country every year forms a more flourishing and efficient portion will 
 not only within its own boundaries preserve the invaluable blessings of 
 peace, but that also, by its high influence and disinterested efforts, it 
 will do much and, with the favour of Heaven, it can do much to pre- 
 serve the harmony and advance the civilization of the whole human 
 family. 
 
 LORD CARLISLE again rose, and said, he was sure the company 
 would excuse him for trespassing upon them again for a few minutes. 
 He had already taken the opportunity of expressing the opinion he en- 
 tertained of the character and influence of the worthy gentleman whom 
 they had twice placed in the highest seat in the city. The fact of 
 their having done so must go farther than than any compliment or eu- 
 logium that he could devise. He lately had an opportunity of looking 
 at a portrait of the Lord Mayor in the " Illustrated London Xews," but, 
 without meaning to derogate from the ability of the artist, he would 
 prefer the original. He was sure they would all join in one cordial ex- 
 pression of admiration, not only of the general character and qualities 
 of the Lord Mayor, but also of 'his splendid municipal hospitality, which 
 on that occasion had overflowed its usual bounds. 
 
 The LORD MAYOR rose amid loud applause, and said 1 For the high 
 honour conferred on me by his Excellency in proposing my health, and 
 for the kind and, I may add, too partial estimate of my humble deserts 
 by His Excellency, and also for the cordial and flattering response by this 
 distinguished assembly, I return my sincere and grateful thanks. I 
 feel, indeed, that I do not deserve such high commendation ; but I hope 
 and trust, with Divine aid, the only effect it will have on me, will be
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 95 
 
 to stimulate me to fresh exertion, to encourage me to increased efforts 
 to discharge the onerous and responsible duties that necessarily devolve 
 on me as Chief Magistrate, so as to give such satisfaction, that at the end 
 of my year of office I may still retain that which I prize and value so 
 much the confidence and approbation of Her Majesty's respected repre- 
 sentative, the Earl of Carlisle, each individual in this distinguished as- 
 sembly, and my fellow-citizens generally, which I have now the honour 
 and gratification of enjoying. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. DENIS MOYLAN, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN 
 [FEBB.TJARY 4ra, 1862.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 "The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LOUD MATOE, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T THANK you from the bottom of my heart for the warm and kind 
 -*- welcome you have given to my name. It has not been possible, 
 perhaps, to listen to the toasts of customary observance which have al- 
 ready been given from the chair, even if they had not been accompanied 
 by the touching and appropriate comments which the Lord Mayor has 
 made use of, without being struck and pained by the memories which 
 they awaken and the contrasts they suggest. It is not, however, 
 amidst the accompaniments of such a scene as this it is not amidst the 
 blaze of lights and the flow of goblets, that I should seek to dwell upon 
 the gloom of the grave or the wail of a nation's sorrow. We run no 
 risk of forgetting that the place of him who stood next to the person 
 next, in very truth, to the heart of our beloved Sovereign has become 
 suddenly vacant. May the loss that can never be repaired be softened 
 by Divine goodness to her who is the chief mourner. May the memory 
 that never can be effaced be hallowed to the improvement of all her 
 fellow -mourners, who -are co-extensive with her people. With respect
 
 M MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 to the circumstances under which we meet (his night, it is true, as the 
 Lord Mayor has reminded you, that I flatter myself I need not consider 
 myself a stranger to this assembly. It has been my lot to witness a 
 considerable scries of the Chief Magistrates of the city of Dublin ; and it 
 affords, indeed, very gratifying matter for reflection when, as in the 
 case immediately before us, a gentleman like the late Lord Mayor, be- 
 longing to one of the large religious divisions of the empire, justly re- 
 markable by his old, unblemished probity of conduct, and his long ca- 
 reer of sustained benevolence, is replaced by a successor belonging to 
 another great religious division, which he adorns by similar qualities 
 and virtues. It is if I may permit myself the comparison like what 
 happens to the traveller who may chance, on a few nights in the year, 
 to stand at the hour of sunset upon the cliffs of Tornea ; he looks upon 
 the sun in his full red orb sinking slowly upon the far horizon, but before 
 he has quite disappeared he resumes his upward course through the still 
 unclouded sky, and joins the yesterday and the morrow without an in- 
 stant's interval of night. Casting our eyes round the wide horizon, we 
 must all feel grateful and relieved that we can still, without any sacrifice 
 of national honour, retain the invaluable blessings of peace. When it ap- 
 peared for a moment that under the shelter of our honoured flag the ho- 
 noured right of asylum might have been violated, I believe the country 
 at large applauds the spirit, the promptitude, and the efficiency with 
 which preparations were made to exact due reparation. That object has 
 been fully and happily achieved ; and while we thankfully feel that we 
 are not ourselves called upon to draw the avenging sword, would that 
 we could plant the olive of peace between the two contending bands, 
 both springing from our own race " Propice tela manu, sanguis meus." 
 But, as I think we have justly determined to observe a strict neutrality, 
 I feel it might be, perhaps, departing from a strict consistency with that 
 course if I were to seek to pronounce any formal judgment between 
 the combatants on both sides. One thing I am anxious about, that in 
 the shifting and changing relations which must always wait upon such 
 protracted struggles, we shall never suffer our national conscience to be 
 tarnished by losing sight of those principles of right which are absolute 
 and eternal. I may mention by way of illustration, that I trust no 
 conceivable circumstances could lead these free and imperial islands to 
 recede one jot from their undying abhorrence of slavery. With respect 
 to our own Ireland, I do not know that there is any subject which calls
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 97 
 
 for very prominent remark ; and it is, perhaps, well on the whole for the 
 general condition and prospects of the country, that this should be the 
 case. The undoubted improvement observable in most parts of the 
 country, and certainly not least in its capital, has had to struggle with 
 several unfavourable seasons. I am disposed to hope that they have not 
 been without their effect in calling forth the benevolence and the energy 
 of resident proprietors and the lords of the soil. And I think we may 
 fervently assume that such is one of the main objects which they are 
 intended to promote. In the city of Dublin, it is at least gratifying to 
 know that, within the last ten years, the decrease of offences of all 
 kinds has been at the rate of 56 per cent. The decrease even of arrests 
 for drunkenness about which I entertained some apprehensions has 
 been at the rate of 28 per cent. The letting value of houses in the city 
 has increased 25 per cent, within the last five years. Complaints, I 
 know, have been made, and justly made, of the condition of some of 
 the lodgings of the poor. At the same time, I think it would be un- 
 fair not to admit that the accumulation of filth in the streets and lanes, 
 even if still it can be detected, has been materially diminished. In 
 such an assembly as I have now the pleasure to see around me, I feel 
 encouraged to congratulate Ireland upon the diminution I could say 
 upon the total disappearance of religious animosities. I remember well 
 the impressive and eloquent advice which was given upon this point 
 last year by your learned and accomplished Recorder ; and of a truth 
 there is little else wanting to remove almost all the political and moral 
 evils which are still allowed to check and retard the full growth of Irish 
 tranquillity and prosperity. My Lords and Gentlemen, the more I be- 
 lieve that religion is the most powerful motive, and the most transcen- 
 dant quality in the universe, the more I feel how utterly inconsistent 
 with it, and incommensurate with it, are our social glosses and mise- 
 rable discords. If we could only come to the conclusion that not only 
 the chief duties but the chief difficulties of religion are independent of 
 denominational disputes and divisions, we should no longer think it 
 necessary to adjust with scrupulous precision the respective claims of 
 King James or King "William. If contending armies were now leaguered 
 under the walls of Deny or of Limerick, of course then at that time of 
 day every honest patriot would take the part which his own principles 
 and conscience commended to him. But surely in this hour of the 
 world, the only rational and ennobling competition with each other
 
 98 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 ought to be, whose virtue is most manifest, whose faith i most opera- 
 tive, who has the largest share of the higher life, the heavenly temper, 
 the immortal hope. I believe, my Lords and Gentlemen, that Ireland 
 has every material of greatness and of happiness, if she will only live 
 up to the full extent of her opportunities and her capacities. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 [FEBRUARY 13in, 1863.] 
 THE RIGHT HON. JOHN P. VEREKER, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 
 1 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LOUD MAYOR, MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T has happened to me now so often to stand in this place, and to return 
 thanks for the same honour which has just been paid me with the 
 same unabated kindness, that I almost flatter myself that I have accom- 
 plished rather a difficult feat, which is to have become acquainted with 
 the divers echoes of this large circumference within which we are assem- 
 bled. It has also happened to me, within the same protracted experience, 
 to have sat at those large and genial banquets under varied auspices as 
 the guest of Chief Magistrates sometimes of one political creed, and 
 sometimes of another of each sometimes and generally of men who, 
 in the different paths of honourable and persevering industry, have 
 founded their well-earned affluence and position upon their own exer- 
 tions ; and to-night I certainly find it no unpleasing novelty to see in 
 this ancient office of the Lord Mayor of Dublin a gentleman directly 
 connected with the hereditary nobility of the land. On a smaller 
 theatre I had already seen such a connexion established among my 
 own neighbours in the instance of the Lord Mayor of the city of 
 York ; and I am glad to find the same connexion has now been adopted 
 in the metropolis of Ireland, because it seems to me an appropriate illus- 
 tration of those reciprocal relations which unite the great abiding interest
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 99 
 
 of agriculture with the varied and multiform operations of commerce, 
 and which, in this free and equal country, bind all the separate portions 
 of our society into one not homogeneous but harmonious home. On 
 some previous occasions it has been my good fortune in this place to 
 dilate upon the favourable condition and satisfactory aspect of the coun- 
 try. On some previous occasions, I say, it has been my good fortune, 
 without contradiction or objection, to do so. Last year I was not enabled 
 to take so sanguine a view ; and this year I feel more strongly, in com- 
 mon with the Lord Mayor, who has already addressed some observations 
 to you on the subject, that three moist and ungenial summers have left 
 their traces upon the land, and upon those who live by it. I concede 
 that it is impossible to deny that considerable pressure now rests upon 
 most of the agricultural classes. It has not, I am proud to think, made 
 them indifferent to widespread distress in other quarters ; and I trust 
 that they will find such alleviation as may be requisite in local benevo- 
 lence, and in local exertions, whether in the form of increased attention 
 to drainage, or other methods of agricultural improvement. It is satis- 
 factory to think that a considerable surplus is now still vested under the 
 Landed Improvements Act, which may be applied to those purposes; 
 and I cannnot fail with humble humility to breathe a fervent hope that 
 under the blessing of Almighty Providence, and in accordance with 
 what we may anticipate from its ascertained processes, a favourable 
 cycle of seasons may soon await us. The city of Dublin has naturally 
 had its share in the pressure of the times, which has been felt by the 
 country at large ; still these are not too discouraging circumstances. I 
 find that the rateable valuation of the city of Dublin has sensibly 
 increased, and that the rates proposed to be levied by the Collector- 
 General for the ensuing year are lower in amount than they have been 
 in the past years. It cannot, I think, be denied that a very gratifying 
 improvement must be acknowledged by all who walk the streets to have 
 taken place in the architecture, not only of the more ambitious build- 
 ings, such as museums and churches, but in the shop fronts and in 
 private dwellings ; and, if we cannot get new bridges over our rivers, 
 we are at least offered them over our streets. A considerable and very 
 primary progress has been made in what concerns those two leading 
 forces of our nature fire and water. I believe a very well devised 
 scheme to be in operation for putting at the command of the citizens of 
 this metropolis a most abundant supply of pure fresh water ; and by the 
 
 H 2
 
 100 MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 time that this new supply shall serve the tops of all your houses and 
 sparkle in your fountains, I am glad to find that one, certainly not the 
 least, of the advantages of a water supply will have been promoted by 
 the formation of a Fire Brigade, which, under the auspices of this Cor- 
 poration, is now in the course of operation. My Lords, the empire at 
 large does not furnish me with any very salient grounds for comment, 
 and as Her Majesty, in her own gracious speech to her Parliament, 
 omitted any mention of particular measures, it does not seem to me to 
 be incumbent upon her Viceroy to deviate from so august a model. The 
 empire, we must all thankfully acknowledge, both at home and abroad, 
 is in a state of profound tranquillity and peace ; and even where there 
 have been suffering and privation, the exemplary patriotism and unin- 
 terrupted harmony of all classes have only come out in more brilliant 
 relief. Would that we could waft this blessed olive branch I mean 
 on the Galway line of packets would that we could in any way waft 
 this olive branch of our own ark of safety to our warring and bleeding 
 brethren in the other hemisphere. I do not believe, in the present 
 position of circumstances in that great continent, and amidst the present 
 passions of men's minds, the occasion has yet arisen when we could 
 interfere with advantage or with efficacy. There are two points on 
 which I feel anxious with respect to our own country. One is that, 
 while we do not precipitate, we should not churlishly neglect any avail- 
 able opportunity for counselling peace. The other, which I feel still 
 more strongly, is that we should keep ourselves thoroughly and entirely 
 clear from complicity with slavery. I cannot, before I conclude, omit 
 to advert to one topic which has already been the subject of graceful 
 comment by the Lord Mayor I mean the auspicious event shortly about 
 to occur in the highest family in the realm. In this same gay apart- 
 ment many of us not long ago saw the Prince of -Wales joining in the 
 festive amusements which became his youth and station, and we have 
 now in the same room pledged the full wine cup to his approaching 
 bridal day. Our hearts were with our act and with our voices not 
 merely, I will take upon myself to say, because the Prince of Wales is the 
 heir apparent to the Throne of this wide- spread empire not merely 
 because he bears in his veins the blood of a hundred kings not merely 
 because the ice-bound tracts of Canada and the torrid plains of India, 
 and the yet untrodden pastures of Australia shall call him master, but 
 because he has his being in the sanctified love which nursed his cradle
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 101 
 
 and which watched his youth, and because, so far as we know, he has 
 secured by his own choice those pure and unalloyed treasures of domes- 
 tic happiness which, while they cheer and gild the lowly stations of this 
 earth, also adorn and elevate the highest. 
 
 MANSION HOUSE MUNICIPAL BANQUET. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. PETER PAUL M'SWINEY, LORD MAYOR OF DUBLIN. 
 [FEBRUARY 4TH, 1864.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 T RET TJKN" you my very sincere thanks for the honour you have done 
 * me in drinking my health, and for coupling it with that which is very 
 near to my heart the prosperity of Ireland. It is always with the 
 utmost readiness and good will that I attend the summons of the Chief 
 Magistrate of the city of Dublin to be present at the hospitable and 
 imposing banquet which so brilliantly ushers in the civic new year. 
 On this occasion the presence of the late Lord Mayor serves to remind 
 us of the welcome and courtesy which we experienced during the last 
 year ; and the auspices under which we are now assembled give us every 
 assurance that the chain of good feeling and good fellowship will remain 
 unbroken. I feel only tempted to express some misgiving lest you 
 should think it a matter of complaint that the same variety which you 
 experience in your Lord Mayors does not follow you in the persons of 
 your Viceroys, and that on this head you may have a well-founded 
 charge of monotony and satiety. I shall best, perhaps, reassure myself 
 by looking a very little way below me at your Kecorder, whose unfailing 
 attendance here is always greeted with the same pleasure, and who, I hope,
 
 1 _' MUNICIPAL BANQUETS. 
 
 long after my voice is hushed here, and my presence shall be forgotten, 
 will continue to fill his place at your board, respected, welcomed, and 
 beloved. My Lords and Gentlemen, I do not feel that there is much in 
 our internal affairs which appears to me to call for any especial comment 
 from me on the present occasion, and, amidst a convulsed and warring; 
 world, this is not a little thing to say for ourselves ; and I think it may 
 in a great degree account for there being no exceptional mention of 
 Ireland in Her Majesty's speech. The protracted pressure of unfavour- 
 able seasons, somewhat lightened and relieved by the last, has continued 
 to make its strain felt upon the material resources of this country. 
 Attention has been latterly directed to that which the Lord Mayor 
 touched upon, to the greatly increased rate at which emigration from 
 these shores is still going on. Now, undoubtedly it would be a much 
 more agreeable subject of contemplation 'if we could witness the simul- 
 taneous boost of both wealth and population. It seems to be the modern 
 idea of flourishing communities. I cannot, indeed, go along with the 
 pathetic complaint of the pleasing poet with whose statue we have 
 lately adorned our highways, when he says, 
 
 " III fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, 
 Where wealth accumulates, and men decay." 
 
 I believe there would be much more truth in the converse, and that 
 worse would fare the land where men accumulate and wealth decays. 
 The gentlemen below wish for more mouths, and less food to fill them. 
 This state of things is not desirable ; and least of all do I wish, and much 
 do I regret, that Ireland should part with any of her hardy and gene- 
 rous sons merely to supply food for the vultures which howr over the 
 Lethean plains of Virginia and Tennessee. But with respect to the 
 general course and current of emigration, while any attempt forcibly to 
 arrest it would be impossible as it would be cruel, I for one am not pre- 
 pared to repine at it until the general average rate of wages in this 
 country shall amount to at least 10s. a week. This is very far from 
 being universally the case at present. I certainly am not prepared to 
 follow the Lord Mayor into the details of the political questions, some 
 of a very delicate nature, of which he has laid the heads before you. I 
 think that one great want of Ireland is what sounds of a very homely 
 and prosaic character; but I believe one great lever of Irish improvement 
 would be found not so much in any great principle or doctrine, or in
 
 MANSION HOUSE. 103 
 
 any adjustment of rival creeds and races, so much as in the adoption, 
 the general adoption, of a better system of farming. Let her children 
 attend to her fertile soil ; let them consult the genius of her mild hut 
 variable atmosphere ; let them readily and with alacrity seize upon such 
 openings as the extension of the linen trade and the opportunity for 
 flax culture now offer to them, and, without presuming to guarantee 
 any sudden or startling results, I think there is every hope for sure and 
 progressive ones. And, upon this head, I have read with extreme 
 pleasure the communications which have lately passed between the enter- 
 prising community of Belfast and the spirited Mayor of the city of Cork ; 
 and, though Dublin may not be exactly a party to those negotiations, 
 yet, I have every confidence that when Belfast and Cork shall be sowing 
 to any considerable extent, they will leave some rich droppings midway, 
 for Dublin, on their passage. And with respect, Gentlemen, to your own 
 city of Dublin, notwithstanding the fact of the severe pressure upon the 
 country generally, Dublin could not fail to bear its share, yet I fail to 
 discern any marks of a stagnant or retrograde community. The unin- 
 habited houses, which seven years ago amounted to above 1,900, are 
 now only 700. An enterprising firm has commenced considerable 
 operations for the building of iron ships and the making of ocean steamers. 
 An entirely new business in Ireland, that of a sugar refinery, is in the 
 process of being introduced into Dublin. But, apart, Gentlemen, from 
 these minute statistics, for which I do not feel a meeting like this to be 
 the occasion, I will only speak of what I have seen achieved here in 
 Dublin during the period of my own Viceroyalty. Putting aside schools, 
 prisons, reformatories, those weapons of warfare which society must be 
 always waging with ignorance, violence, and crime putting aside the 
 undeniable improvements visible everywhere in the aspect of private 
 houses, of shop fronts, of banks, of insurance offices, and other commer- 
 cial buildings of a like class I have seen myself the rise of manifold 
 churches of all denominations in a style of architecture of which, at least, 
 none of them need be ashamed. Need I mention that vast cathedral 
 restoration which reproduces the piety of the mediaeval ages amongst us ? 
 I have seen two noble museums opened one in the College Park, the 
 other upon Leinster Lawn ; I have seen a new bridge opened ; I have 
 seen a large dock opened ; I have seen a very spacious cattle market 
 opened ; I have seen three statues to eminent men rise in the most com-
 
 104 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 mandiug positions of your thoroughfares ; I have seen the foundation 
 laid of a splendid winter garden ; I have seen inaugurated a magnificent 
 system of waterworks, and only yesterday I witnessed the efficient 
 provision made for the extinction of fires ; and, what I am sure gratifies 
 me more than all the rest, I have seen three ample and commodious 
 hospitals thrown open for the relief of human disease and Buffering. 
 Boldened thus hy what has hecn already done, I venture to cast my 
 eyes forward, and to anticipate the time when Dublin, having gradually 
 cleared itself of its impurities, its squalid buildings, and its choked-up 
 thoroughfares, shall display on that broad slope which stretches from 
 its heathery mountains down to its sapphire seas, rows of gay villas and 
 shining terraces, of stately buildings and fine philanthropic institutions, 
 all constructed in a style of architecture worthy of its unparalleled site, 
 and in accordance with its past renown and its future fortunes. 
 
 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, ROYAL DUBLIN 
 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 CEREMONY OF LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE. 
 [MARCH Tin, 1856.] 
 
 T E. FOOT, Esq., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the Society, 
 *-* ' having read the Address, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied in the following terms : 
 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I take a very special pleasure in bearing the part in the interesting 
 ceremonial of the day which you have been good enough to allot to me. 
 The undertaking we are thus about to initiate has attracted the species 
 of support which is most in harmony with the prevailing spirit of our 
 institutions. It has received that degree of countenance from the State
 
 MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 105 
 
 which it should be the province and the pride of a paternal Government 
 to manifest towards every design to promote the enjoyment and eleva- 
 tion of the community at large ; and at the same time it has elicited the 
 amount of -individual effort and liberality which is the best guarantee 
 of a continued interest and encouragement. Under these united aus- 
 pices I trust I am amply justified in the hope that the building about to 
 arise on the spot already connected with high ancestral recollections of 
 Ireland may, with its kindred departments, furnish ever-increasing 
 accommodation for the pursuits of useful knowledge and humanizing 
 accomplishments, and open for the coming generations worthy temples 
 of science, art, and learning, at whose shrine they may be taught how 
 most to reverence their Creator, and how best to benefit their fellow- 
 creatures. 
 
 HENRY KEHMIS, Esq., Q. C., one of the Vice-Presidents of the 
 Royal Dublin Society, having returned thanks to the Earl of Carlisle, 
 said in conclusion: Your Excellency has on this day expressed, in 
 terms more graceful and eloquent than I could venture to do, your 
 feelings upon the subject, and I feel sure that one who takes so deep an 
 interest in all questions affecting the arts and sciences as your Excel- 
 lency, must rejoice that the extended nature of the Society's operations 
 has necessitated that enlargement of its premises of which it is now 
 taking the initiatory step. I must also remind your Excellency that the 
 Society is one into which no differences of sect or diversity of opinion 
 upon religion or politics ever intruded ; but all its members concur in 
 forwarding the object of the day, and in endeavouring to keep pace with 
 the growing requirements of an age of civilization. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE, in returning thanks, said : 
 
 ME. ViCE-PllESIDENT, MY LoEDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg to return my best thanks for the kind expressions you have 
 just addressed to me. I fully recognise, as must every well-wisher of 
 Ireland, the eminent services which the Society, of whose origin you 
 have now spoken, has rendered to the best interests of science, art, and 
 literature ; and I trust that the new Museum, of which we have j ust 
 laid the first stone, may, by its future results and history, cause us al- 
 ways to feel pride and pleasure in the good work in which we have now 
 been sharers. I shall but say in addition, that the first use which I 
 shall make of the stone now laid^here His Excellency stood upon the
 
 10G INAUGURATION OF MOORE'S STATUE. 
 
 block of granite] is to use it as a vantage-ground from which to ask 
 you all to join with me in giving three cheers for Her Majesty the 
 Queen. 
 
 THE INAUGURATION OF MOORE'S STATUE. 
 
 [OCTOBEK 14lH, 1857.] 
 
 MY LOKD CHAELEMONT, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 is no need that I should tell you how glad I feel to take my 
 * part in the work of this day. It is well for you now, men and wo- 
 men of Dublin it will sound well for you in all time to come, that it 
 can be said of you that you have got the start of London itself in rais- 
 ing an out-of-door statue to one of the sacred band of poets. Kings, 
 warriors, and statesmen have their statues to meet the public gaze 
 under the open vault of heaven. The sister capital of Scotland has the 
 statue of her great true-born son, Sir "Walter Scott ; and I trust you will 
 all give me credit for being enough of an Irishman to feel glad and 
 proud to join you in placing here, in the heart of the city of Dublin, 
 while an Earl of Charleraont sits in the chair beside me, the statue of 
 Thomas Moore. It has been a most lawful, as well as a most grace- 
 ful, debt for Ireland to pay. The genius, the temperament, and the 
 affections of Moore were all eminently Irish ; they had all that mellow 
 and tender glow, like the atmosphere which melts round your native 
 hills 
 
 " More dear in thy sorrow, thy clouds, and thy tears, 
 Than the rest of the world in its sunniest spheres." 
 
 X 
 
 I hope you will bear with me when endeavouring, as I go along, as 
 much as possible, to illumine my rugged prose with gleams of his song. 
 Our bard, as all who hear me must be aware, had very strong national 
 and political feelings ; indeed, he could not feel at all without feeling 
 warmly ; but I know it will be felt on all sides, why, in an hour like 
 this, we should steer quite clear of any topic of controversy. Yet I 
 cannot, even in compliment to such an hour and to such a man, consent
 
 INAUGURATION OF MOORE'S STATUE. 107 
 
 so wholly to pass over what is due to still higher claims as not to admit 
 that, with the many calls upon our sympathy an dour admiration, there 
 was something to rebuke, especially in connexion with his early life 
 and youthful muse. Let us, however, now only remember that, if our 
 bard at one time flew to the bower " where pleasure lies carelessly 
 smiling at fame," he, as you have been well reminded, was the same 
 bard who strung such strains as these to his maturer lyre : 
 
 " False is the light on glory's plume, 
 
 As fading hues of even ; 
 And love and hope and beauty's bloom 
 Are blossoms gathered for the tomb ; 
 There's nothing bright but Heaven." 
 
 And, what is still more valuable as the touchstone of character, there 
 was no one by whom the most essential, and loving, and holy relations 
 of life as son, as brother, as husband, as father, and as friend were 
 more tenderly and steadfastly fulfilled. It is, however, in the lustre of 
 his poetical reputation that we have chiefly to regard him to-day ; and 
 probably there never was one who bore the bright name of poet who 
 ever equalled or approached him in the union of the most exquisite ear 
 for melody and metre with the liveliest play of wit, the most sparkling 
 warmth of fancy, and the tenderest susceptibility of feeling. In his 
 most sustained effort he devoted those qualities to that far country 
 which now engages so many of our painful anxieties the gorgeous and 
 mysterious East. But it was to his own green Erin to her legends 
 and her melodies that the most thrilling and impassioned accents of 
 his lyre were tuned ; to the harp of Tara, the glories of Brian, to the 
 golden collar of Malachi, to the crystal of Avoca, to the round towers 
 beneath Lough Xeagh, to Hoyle's roaring waters, to the bed of St. 
 Kevin, to the white steed of the O'Donohoe, to the eyes of Nora 
 Creina, to 
 
 " The chosen leaf of bard and chief, ^ 
 
 The green immortal shamrock." 
 
 So that it might truthfully be said of himself 
 
 "Dear harp of my country, in darkness I found thee; 
 The cold chain of silence had hung o'er thee long. 
 Till proudly, my own island harp, I unbound thee, 
 And gave thy full chords to light, freedom, and song."
 
 108 INAUGURATION OF THE DUBLIN ART EXHIBITION. 
 
 I am admonished by my voice as well as by other things, that I must not 
 trespass too long upon your attention. Well, will this statue this 
 counterpart, as I can myself witness, of the features I remember so 
 well well will it stand in this spot this spot so happy in its archi- 
 tectural combinations so rich in its historic associations ; here, beneath 
 the grey walls of the venerable College which sheltered his buoyant 
 youth, opposite the august portico of his nation's hall of legislation ? 
 And here let me ask, why should not this method of decoration be ex- 
 tended why should not other worthies adorn your noble thorough- 
 fares ? why, since to-day we have to do with poets why should not 
 a monument to another consummate Irish minstrel, Oliver Goldsmith, 
 be nestled within the shadows of his own University ? However, our 
 special business to-day is with Moore, and amply he suffices for the oc- 
 casion. I congratulate you I congratulate the inhabitants of Dublin 
 upon the completing of this act of honour to their own poet; and, 
 though the fame of Moore will always be mainly linked with that lyre 
 which he could touch alike to melt and to burn though his lay, accom- 
 panying the language of our country, which now girds every quarter of 
 the globe, will always be the delight of every social board, and of every 
 refined circle, will still thrill on the lips of beauty, and fire the pulse of 
 patriotism, I yet do sincerely rejoice that you have given a local habita- 
 tion and a life-like embodiment to Thomas Moore within his own Dublin. 
 
 INAUGURATION OF THE DUBLIN ART EXHIBITION. 
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 [MAY 24-rii, 1861.] 
 
 p ILBERT SANDERS, Esq., Chairman of the Fine Arts Exhibition, 
 ' having read the Address, the EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LOIIDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have often found myself associated with your respected and spirited 
 Society in promoting the high interests of science and agriculture.
 
 INAUGURATION OF THE DUBLIN ART EXHIBITION. 109 
 
 I will not seek to establish distinctive grades of usefulness between the 
 different branches of mental and social attainments ; but we shall surely 
 seek in vain for more elevating and refining developments of them than 
 in the domain of the fine arts. You have, therefore, done well to add 
 to those important realities of life with which it is generally your pro- 
 vince to deal, the grace and the charm which the fine arts generally, 
 and perhaps the art of painting especially, are calculated to impart. 
 Before I actually make the inspection by which I am about to be grati- 
 fied, it would be premature to express an opinion upon the precise merits 
 of the Exhibition. I have little doubt, however, that a close inspection 
 of the details will only confirm the effect of the rich and glowing 
 spectacle which, as I stand here, I see before and around me. I con- 
 gratulate the Society on the general co-operation with which they have 
 been honoured from crowned heads, especially from our own beloved 
 Queen ; and I think there is every reason to hope that we may be 
 gratified by seeing among the spectators of this Exhibition His Royal 
 Highness the Prince of Wales, during his auspicious residence in Ire- 
 land. The collection now about to be opened to the public gaze, besides 
 its illustrations of ancient and modern art, will trace some of the mani- 
 fold connexions between art and manufacturing skill, and will thus add 
 point to the pleasing contrast adverted to in your address, that while in 
 other regions and communities, either the baleful blight of war is ravag- 
 ing the fair face of nature, or discord is summoning brothers to worse 
 than warlike strife, we, the loyal subjects of our common Sovereign, the 
 tranquil citizens of one united empire, the peaceful friends of the whole 
 family of nations, are in new temples celebrating the high festivals of 
 industry, art, and concord.
 
 1 10 THE " VARTRY" WATERWORKS. 
 
 THE "VARTRY" WATERWORKS. 
 30in, 1863.] 
 
 THE following Address was presented to the EARL OF CARLISLE, 
 on the occasion of his diverting the waters of the " Vartry" from 
 the old river channel into the new conduit intended to convey them to 
 the city of Dublin for the supply of its inhabitants : 
 
 " MAY IT PLEASE TOUK EXCELLENCY, 
 
 " We, the Waterworks Committee of the Municipal Council, in the 
 name of the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of Dublin, beg leave 
 to tender to your Excellency our warmest thanks for the cordial interest 
 you continue to take in the progress of this the greatest public work 
 undertaken by the municipality of Dublin since its first incorporation. 
 Some months have elapsed since you kindly consented, at a period when 
 doubts and misgivings as to the future still haunted the minds of many, 
 to become sponsor for the Vartry Waterworks, testifying your well- 
 grounded faith in the project by laying the first stone of our service 
 reservoir, and not hesitating to identify with our undertaking the name 
 of the Prince who is heir to the Throne of these realms, and whose vir- 
 tues have already won for him the affections and the loyalty of this 
 people. 
 
 " It cannot fail to prove gratifying to your Excellency to learn that 
 the doubts and misgivings have passed away, and that all controversy 
 aa to the suitability of the project is at an end. Mr. Bateman a man 
 whose name is imperishably connected with the great Lough Katrine 
 Works, and whose high repute gave scientific authority and engineering 
 vitality to the doubts of the less skilful many has recently re-investi- 
 gated the whole project, under the sense of official responsibility, and, 
 after a most rigid scrutiny of all its details, has confirmed the favourable 
 opinions pronounced by your Excellency as to the essential soundness 
 and certain success of the undertaking. 
 
 "To your Excellency, and to the members of your Government, 
 whose co-operation you procured for us, we are indebted for the financial 
 facilities which enabled us to prosecute these works to the state of 
 advancement you have to-day witnessed. To that co-operation we owe
 
 THE "VARTRY" WATERWORKS. Ill 
 
 the success of our application for a loan of 250,000, and the reduction 
 of the interest on that loan from five to four per cent. In the conse- 
 quent diminution of their burdens to the extent of 2,500 a year, and 
 in the abundant guarantee thereby afforded that we will be able to com- 
 plete all our works without increasing either our borrowing powers or 
 our present taxation, the citizens of Dublin will feel the benefit of the 
 warm interest you have taken in their welfare, for which we now desire, 
 in their name, to express our deep and lasting gratitude. 
 
 " The waters of this river have passed for countless ages through the 
 channel in which they flow to-day for the last time. A new channel, 
 intended to conduct them to more useful ends, has been designed by the 
 skill of our engineers, and constructed under the direction of the eminent 
 contractor, Mr. M'Cormick, to whose experienced and practised judg- 
 ment we confidently intrusted all our works. Nearly two thousand 
 native workmen, doomed to eat bread in the sweat of their brow, have 
 here found their laborious industry requited by good wages, bringing in 
 their train contentment and abundance ; and your Excellency will learn 
 with satisfaction that their conduct has been throughout marked by 
 good order and disciplined obedience. 
 
 " It now only remains for the Waterworks Committee, in the name 
 of the ancient and loyal Corporation of Dublin, respectfully to ask your 
 Excellency to close this old channel now and for ever, and to command 
 that ' the beautiful waters of the Vartry ' shall henceforth flow through 
 their new conduit, dedicated throughout all time to come to the high 
 and holy purposes of ministering to the domestic wants, the physical 
 health, and the moral elevation of the three hundred thousand people, 
 in whose name and for whose use we humbly implore the Author of all 
 good to bless, to sanctify, and to perpetuate the work you are now about 
 to accomplish. 
 
 "JOHN GRAY, 
 "Chairman of the Waterworks Committee. 
 
 "Tuesday, June 30th, 1863." 
 
 The EAEL OF CARLISLE replied as follows : 
 
 I have to thank the "Waterworks Committee of the Municipal Council 
 of the city of Dublin alike for a friendly address, a picturesque expedi- 
 tion, and a very interesting and imposing ceremony. I well remember 
 the inaugurative function of this great undertaking, and I cordially join
 
 112 THE "VARTRY" WATERWORKS. 
 
 with you in rejoicing that it should have advanced thus far, smoothly 
 and prosperously, in its progress towards completion. I almost i'eel that 
 you invest me with powers to which neither my imagination nor my am- 
 bition ever soared, when you call upon me to divert the crystal waters 
 from the course they have probably followed since these purple Wicklow 
 hills emerged from the earth's crust, and to bid them flow in a new and 
 virgin channel. I well know that this marvel has been achieved by 
 high engineering genius, and by the scarcely less necessary co-operation 
 of a hardy and honest industry. I fervently echo your prayer that the 
 results of this spirited* enterprise may fully accomplish all the purposes 
 which have inspired its conception and progress. If in a neighbouring 
 valley the eye of genius could see in the social pleasures which were 
 gathered round " the Meeting of the "Waters" a magic more exquisite than 
 their own, so here we consecrate the parting of the waters to a still 
 higher mission, to promote the health, comfort, and civilization of 
 countless families. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE, after a brief pause, addressing the 
 assemblage, said : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have a very few words to add on this occasion. I wish to give a 
 practical proof of the value I attach to this undertaking, by making a 
 special recognition, in the only way open to me, of the indefatigable 
 zeal and high ability evinced by the Chairman of the Waterworks Com- 
 mittee throughout the whole progress of the undertaking. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE then commanded Dr. Gray to kneel 
 down, and, receiving a sword from the Aide-de-camp in Waiting, laid it 
 successively on each shoulder, using at the same time the words, 
 " RISE, SIR JOHN GRAY."
 
 THE "VARTRY" WATERWORKS. 113 
 
 THE GRAND DEJEUNER AT THE VARTRY. 
 
 [JlTNE 30TH, 1863.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 "The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said: 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T BEG to return you my very sincere thanks for the honour you have 
 -- done me in so kindly drinking my health. I can assure you that 
 it has heen no common gratification to me to have found myself on such 
 an occasion one of a party so distinguished and so full of friendly sym- 
 pathy. I must say that in all the elements which constitute success, 
 whether it has heen the weather, or the scenery, or the object of the 
 day, or the company, or the host, we may look upon this day as a per- 
 fect success. I have already fully availed myself of the privilege of 
 giving expression to the emotion of the hour, both in the way of words 
 and in the way of action ; and if I wished to give any further utterance 
 to the feeling with which I contemplate such works as that of which 
 we have seen the performance to-day, I would prefer not having re- 
 course to any language of my own, but I would choose the words of 
 one whom I must regard as the most exquisite poet of the civilized age, 
 who says, with respect to such undertakings as that of which we have 
 .witnessed the successful progress this day 
 
 " Bid harbours open, public ways extend, 
 Bid temples worthier of the God ascend, 
 Bid the broad arch the dangerous flood contain, 
 The mole projected break the roaring main ; 
 Back to his bounds their subject sea command, 
 And roll obedient rivers through the land. 
 These honours peace to hopeful Ireland brings 
 These are imperial works, and worthy kings." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE, after a short pause, rose and said : 
 I rise again to propose a toast which I am sure you will think it due 
 
 i
 
 114 ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. 
 
 from me to give, and due from you to receive. I wish you to drink, as 
 it deserves to be' drunk, the health of our excellent entertainer, Mr. 
 M'Cormick. This tribute is due from us on this occasion in two points 
 of view we owe it to the man who has applied the energies of a vigo- 
 rous and manly understanding to those works in this country, and not 
 in this country alone, which employ the honest labour of the people in 
 developing the resources of the country, and in adding to the mastery 
 of man over nature ; and I am sure you will further agree with me that 
 this tribute is also due to our spirited and generous entertainer. It is 
 true that the business of the day has been solely concerned with water, 
 but he has not limited us to water supply. Therefore, in the more ge- 
 nerous beverages which are spread before you I ask you to drink as it 
 it ought to be drunk, " The Health of Mr. M'Cormick." 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. 
 
 CEREMONY OF LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE. 
 [AUGTTST HTH, 1862.] 
 
 "IT7HEN the ceremony of laying the stone was completed, and the 
 Address from the Churchwardens, &c., of the parish had been de- 
 livered, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said:- 
 
 I pray the clergy, churchwardens, and the parishioners of St. An- 
 drew's Parish to receive my very warm thanks for their loyal and kindly 
 Address. I feel very happy and very grateful to have been enabled to 
 join myself to them and to our fellow-Churchmen of Dublin generally, 
 in the interesting and solemn work of laying the first stone of their new 
 parish church. It is gratifying to find that thus much has been already 
 secured by the liberality of the community. But I must be allowed to 
 express my earnest hope that nothing will be left undone to complete 
 the design of the accomplished architect, and to make the new building
 
 THE DUBLIN EXHIBITION PALACE. 115 
 
 a credit to the city, and not an unfit embodiment of its high and holy 
 destination. "We know that the worship of the devout lip, and the con- 
 trite heart, and the aspiring spirit do not depend upon art or man's de- 
 sign. In rural and sequestered quarters nothing may be required but 
 
 " Such special roofs as piety can raise, 
 And only vocal with the Maker's praise." 
 
 But here upon the spot where I now stand here in the very heart 
 the busy central heart of Dublin here within sight of the noblest 
 monuments of our architecture, let no niggard shortcomings be a blot 
 alike upon our taste and our piety. I have a sincere and sanguine hope 
 that, when the new church shall first be thrown open, whoever may be 
 the Viceroy who shall assist at its solemn consecration, he will then see 
 before him an edifice of spacious and comely proportions. It is then my 
 most deep and fervent hope that within the walls which shall yet re- 
 ceive great crowds of worshippers, the voice of prayer the swelling 
 song of praise the oracles of the eternal Gospel may never more be 
 silent 
 
 THE DUBLIN EXHIBITION PALACE, AND WINTER 
 
 GARDEN.- 
 
 CEREMONY OF LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE. 
 [JUNE 12iH, 1863.] 
 
 rjIHE Address having been read, the EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I can assure you that I have come to the discharge of my allotted 
 part in the ceremony of this day with special pleasure. I feel this 
 in two capacities. In the first, as one of your brother-shareholders, I 
 cannot fail to witness with interest and hope the inauguration, under 
 such auspicious circumstances, of an undertaking which, I trust, in ad- 
 dition to other advantages to which in a moment I will allude, will 
 prove highly remunerative. Next, as the chief Governor, for the time 
 being, of this country, I cordially sympathize with the higher and more 
 disinterested motives which have presided over the whole progress of 
 
 12
 
 110 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 
 
 i 
 
 the design. I rejoice sincerely that among the multiplied instances of 
 the increasing enterprise and improving taste of this community among 
 the number of ecclesiastical, collegiate, municipal, and commercial struc- 
 tures which rise on every side of us, one spot should he set apart for 
 bringing rational and refined entertainment within the reach of all classes, 
 and adding to the public stock of blameless amusement. It will indeed 
 be the best, though we do not wish it to be the only reward of the 
 friends and patrons of this enterprise, when they shall be enabled to see 
 large numbers of their fellow-citizens, with their wives and families, 
 issuing perhaps from humble homes, and closing the labours of the 
 counter and the factory, in the unrebuked enjoyment of the beauties of 
 nature and the treasures of art. The list which your address presents of 
 the varied attractions which are to be gathered on this favoured spot 
 pourtrays an enchanted scene, where Flora is to girdle the shrine of 
 every Grace and every Muse. I feel, however, that we have no need 
 to resort to fable or to fancy, when we find our undertaking fostered 
 and supported by the genial patronage of Leinster the untiring bene- 
 volence of Guinness the practical energy of Dargan. May the blessing 
 from on High allow, prosper, and hallow our work. 
 
 THE INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 
 
 [JAXUAEY STH, 1864.] 
 
 PROFESSOR j. K. INGRAM, LL. D., F. T. c. D., read the foiiow- 
 
 * ing Address to His Excellency : 
 
 "The Goldsmith Statue Committee, having completed the task in- 
 trusted to them, desire to state briefly to the subscribers and to the Irish 
 public the circumstances under which this enterprise was undertaken, 
 and to place on record their acknowledgments for the support by which 
 they have been enabled to bring it to a successful issue. The project 
 of a national memorial of Oliver Goldsmith was originated by His Ex- 
 cellency the Earl of Carlisle, who has thus shown an interest in the 
 literary glories of our country which is well worthy of the imitation of 
 Irishmen. His Excellency headed the subscription list with a munifi-
 
 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 117 
 
 cent donation to the fund, and seconded the efforts of the Committee 
 throughout the course of their labours by his cordial and generous en- 
 couragement. Her Majesty the Queen and the late illustrious Prince 
 Consort honoured the movement with their gracious favour, and aided 
 it with their Royal bounty. The country generally responded to the 
 appeal of the Committee, and contributions were received not only from 
 every part of the United Kingdom, but also from Irish residents in 
 India, and settlers in the Australian Colonies. The execution of the 
 Statue was intrusted by the unanimous vote of the Committee to John 
 Henry Foley, Esq , an Irishman, and confessedly one of the first sculp- 
 tors of our time. Mr. Foley generously subscribed towards the expense 
 of the work the sum of one hundred pounds, and, zealous for the 
 honour of his native country, exerted all the powers of his art on what, 
 to him, was truly a labour of love. The Statue has been for some time 
 placed on a temporary pedestal, in order that the Committee might be 
 able to form a correct judgment as to the best position in which it could 
 be placed. An opportunity has thus been afforded of obtaining the 
 verdict of the public on the merits of the work ; and there has been an 
 unanimous expression of opinion that it is one of which Ireland may 
 justly feel proud, not only as a worthy memorial of historic greatness, 
 but as an evidence and trophy of living genius. It was the wish of 
 His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant that the Statue should be erected 
 on such a site that, whilst it would contribute to the adornment of the 
 city, it would associate the memory of the poet with the University in 
 which his early studies where pursued. The Board of Trinity College 
 thus became specially interested in the work, and the Committee have 
 owed much to their kind and liberal patronage. They not only from 
 the first warmly entertained the project, but subscribed largely to the 
 fund, and have at their own expense erected the permanent pedestal on 
 which the figure of the poet now stands. It only remains for the Com- 
 mittee on the part of the general body of subscribers, to present the 
 Statue, now happily completed and placed on its final site, to the Provost, 
 Fellows, and Scholars of Trinity College. It will remain to our poste- 
 rity, and especially to the youth who frequent this seat of learning, a 
 visible symbol of the grateful and affectionate admiration which Irish- 
 men must ever feel for the genius and writings of Oliver Goldsmith." 
 
 In obedience to His Excellency's command, the green drapery that 
 concealed the Statue was withdrawn, and the Statue was displayed on
 
 118 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 
 
 its pcrmcnant pedestal, and in all its artistic beauty, amid enthusiastic 
 applause. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 It is now about six years ago since I stood a short distance from a 
 spot not out of sight of us, to do honour to a truly Irish and most de- 
 lightful poet, Thomas Moore. In the performance of that grateful act 
 of homage, I took it upon me to suggest that on the spot where we now 
 are there should be raised a Statue of Oliver Goldsmith. The proposal 
 seemed to be at once approved of: I will not say it has been hurried 
 into completion ; still, by the zeal and liberality of the many interested, 
 it has been accomplished. Though not exposed for the first time to the 
 view of the citizens, the figure now stands upon its appropriate pedestal, 
 and I think we shall agree that any delay which may have occurred in 
 the proceedings has been amply made up for by the grace, dignity, and 
 excellence of the finished work. Look on him as he stands before you : 
 the genial-hearted Irishman, the gentle moralist, the consummate poet 
 stands in front of that College which gave him shelter in his early 
 youth, but which I cannot affirm that he repaid with uniform docility. 
 His subsequent fame, however, has more than made up that debt. 
 Happily, indeed, for myself, and most happily for you, under this 
 wintry sky, I am spared all necessity of detailing to you the adventures 
 of his various career, or of dilating upon the characteristics of his no 
 less various genius. Living biographers have done full justice to his 
 history ; and an eminent orator, at once the representative and ornament 
 of this University, has unfolded all his high gifts of mind, and filial re- 
 verence, and congenial ability. "We contemplate a career not free from 
 imprudence, from error, nor even from ridicule, but redeemed by the 
 most guileless simplicity, by the most romantic benevolence, by the 
 most manly independence. "We contemplate a genius of which no more 
 accurate or pithy a summary can be given than in the words which his 
 great friend, Dr. Johnson, inscribed upon the stone which bears his 
 name in "Westminster Abbey. " There was no style of composition he 
 did not essay; none he essayed which he did not adorn." Out of so 
 much variety, and so much excellence, if I were called upon to select 
 the most striking specimens, I should naturally name the " Deserted 
 Village," the "Traveller," and above all, perhaps, the "Vicar of 
 "Wakefield." "Why, the walls of the Royal Academy of England would
 
 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 119 
 
 not know themselves if a single year came round without exhibiting a 
 subject from the " Vicar of "Wakefield." Still, novelist, historian, 
 satirist, essayist, dramatist, as he was, it is mainly as a poet that we 
 represent to ourselves Oliver Goldsmith. If I were to seek for an ad- 
 jective by which to distinguish his poetry, I do not think I could find 
 one so fitting as " exquisita" Others have soared to greater heights, 
 and shed intenser light in the poetical heaven ; but where was ever 
 combined more perfect rhythm, more mellow harmony, more refined sim- 
 plicity, more graceful truth? Short as my limits must needs be, I 
 would justify my praise by the most convincing process I could use by 
 recalling a few notes of the music of his strains to your, I feel sure, not un- 
 accustomed ears. Take the decline of a virtuous old age, lines I once heard 
 with singular effect applied by Lord Brougham to Mr. "Wilberforce : 
 
 " For him no wretches, born to work and weep, 
 Explore the mine, or tempt the dangerous deep ; 
 No surly porter stands, in guilty state, 
 To spurn imploring famine from the gate ; 
 But on he moves, to meet his latter end, 
 Angels around befriending virtue's friend, 
 Bends to the grave with unperceiv'd decay, 
 While resignation gently slopes the way ; 
 And, all his prospects brightening to the last, 
 His heaven commences ere the world be pass'd." 
 
 From this it is no violent transition to the Country Clergyman. It is 
 very refreshing to observe how Goldsmith, amidst all his own irregula- 
 rities and weaknesses, cherishes in his heart of hearts the most genuine 
 and fervid sympathy with goodness. In the case before us this feeling 
 is probably heightened by both his filial and fraternal affection : 
 
 " At church, with meek and unaffected grace, 
 His looks adorn'd the venerable place, 
 Truth from his lips prevail'd with double sway, 
 And fools, who came to scoff, remain'd to pray. 
 The service pass'd, around the pious man, 
 With steady zeal, each honest rustic ran ; 
 E'en children followed with endearing wile 
 And pluck'd his gown, to share the good man's smile. 
 His ready smile a parent's warmth express'd, 
 Their welfare pleased him, and their cares distress'd ; 
 To them his heart, his love, his griefs were given, 
 But all his serious thoughts had rest in heaven.
 
 120 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 
 
 As some tall cliff that lifts its awful form, 
 Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm ; 
 Though round its breast the rolling clouds are spread, 
 Eternal sunshine settles on its head." 
 
 Goldsmith had a most happy gift of satire. I consider Pope to have been 
 the greatest master that ever lived both of the most exquisite panegyric 
 and of the most fierce and flaying invective. Between these two ex- 
 tremes Goldsmith could hit off the character of his acquaintance with a 
 touch that was keen, incisive, but never ungentle. Thus, of his great 
 friend Edmund Burke, of whom I shall still have to say a word more 
 
 " There lies our good Edmund, whose genius was such, 
 We scarcely can praise it, or blame it too much ; 
 Who, born for the universe, narrow'd his mind, 
 And to party gave up what was meant for mankind. 
 Though equal to all things, for all things unfit ; 
 Too nice for a statesman, too proud for a wit ; 
 For a patriot too cool, for a drudge disobedient, 
 And too fond of the right to pursue the expedient." 
 
 Then of Garrick 
 
 " There lies David Garrick, describe him who can, 
 An abridgment of all that was pleasant in man. 
 On the stage he was natural, simple, affecting ; 
 'Twas only that when he was off he was acting. 
 With no reason on earth to go out of his way, 
 He turn'd and he varied full ten times a day ; 
 Though secure of our hearts, yet confoundedly sick 
 If they were not his own by finessing and trick : 
 He cast off his friends, as a huntsman his pack, 
 For he knew when he pleas'd he could whistle them back." 
 
 It is difficult to say in these instances whether the praise or blame pre- 
 dominates, as must naturally happen when mixed characters are the 
 subject, save only when he comes to Sir Joshua Reynolds, of whom he felt 
 and delighted to feel that there was nothing but praise to be spoken : 
 
 " There Reynolds is laid, and, to tell you my mind, 
 He has not left a wiser or better behind, 
 Still born to improve us in every part 
 lib pencil our facca, his manners our heart."
 
 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 121 
 
 I remember no English poet, except indeed it be Milton, who made 
 more harmonious use of proper names in his verses. Thus : 
 
 '' On Idria's cliffs as Arno's shelvy side," 
 
 " The lifted axe, the agonizing wheel ; 
 Zeck's iron crown, and Damiens' bed of steel." 
 
 " Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around, 
 And Niagara stuns with thundering sound." 
 
 " Through torrid tracks with fainting steps they go, 
 Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe." 
 
 I remember consoling myself with that last couplet for a whole day when 
 I was becalmed off the mouth of the Altama. But, above all, his skill in 
 producing harmonious sounds is manifest in a passage which I shall 
 quote for other reasons, not the least of them being that it seems to me 
 to be strung to the loftiest chord in the whole compass of his lyre. 
 
 " And thou, sweet poetry ! thou loveliest maid, 
 Still first to fly where sensual joys invade ; 
 Unfit in these degenerate times of shame 
 to catch the heart, or strike for honest fame. 
 Dear charming nymph, neglected and decried, 
 My shame in crowds, my solitary pride ! 
 Thou guide by which the nobler arts excel 
 Thou nurse of every virtue fare thee well!" 
 
 Now for the full burst of harmony : 
 
 " Farewell ! and oh ! where'er thy voice be tried, 
 On Tornea's cliffs, or Pambamarca's side, 
 Whether where equinoctial fervours glow, 
 Or winter wraps the Polar world in snow 
 Still let thy voice, prevailing over time, 
 Redress the rigours of th' inclement cHrae. 
 Aid slighted truth : with thy persuasive strain, 
 Teach erring man to spurn the rage of gain ; 
 Teach him that states of native strength possess'd, 
 Though very poor, may still be very blest; 
 That trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay, 
 As ocean sweeps the labour'd mole away 
 While self-dependent power can time defy, 
 As rocks resist the billows and the skv."
 
 122 INAUGURATION OF GOLDSMITH'S STATUE. 
 
 Just let us pause to consider his reference to poetry : 
 
 Neglected and decried, 
 
 My shame in crowds, my solitary pride." 
 
 Well, these tables are turned, at all events. Why* are we met here to- 
 day, the goodliest of the city rank, authority, talent, beauty but to 
 pay honour to what he thought neglected and decried, to what was his 
 shame in crowds ; here, in front of his own University, where he was 
 the obscure sizar, but where he has given occasion to every sizar since 
 to feel proud of his position ; even here, where we are told that he was 
 laid prostrate on the floor by his brutal tutor, Mr. Wilder ? there arc 
 no such tutors in Trinity College now, the home of all dignified and 
 gentle learning under the mild sway of the venerable Provost even 
 here we are gathered round the poet's Statue, before London has 
 erected a single statue in the open air to one of England's mighty bards. 
 Mr. Foley has amply atoned for Mr. Wilder. At the beginning of these 
 remarks I referred to the fact, that, while engaged in the inauguration 
 of the Statue of Moore, I ventured to anticipate our work of this day in 
 presenting to Dublin the Statue of Goldsmith. This was six years ago ; 
 but let not six years now elapse before we shall have erected the Statue 
 of Burke. See, the College authorities have most wisely and consider- 
 ately left a corresponding space, which absolutely requires some one to 
 fill it ; and who so fit for it as he who was probably the greatest intellect 
 of Ireland, the consummate orator, philosopher, and statesman, Edmund 
 Burke ? See, the very Statue of our Goldsmith seems to invite the pre- 
 sence of him who was both the most cherished companion of his social 
 hours, and the readiest and the truest friend in his sore and frequent 
 need. I know my sympathizing hearers men of high station, men of 
 various bearing, men of large heart nor will I wholly omit you, fair 
 daughters of Dublin, who have full sympathies for genius and for virtue, 
 you will not be wanting to this most obvious and most patriotic duty. 
 I know that this work has already enlisted the sympathy and exertions 
 of many eminent and public-spirited citizens. I trust that no long time 
 will elapse before, on this very spot, where the historic recollections, the 
 architectural beauties, the main thoroughfares, all the pulses of Dublin 
 life most converge, the passer-by as he halts for a moment, may look 
 up, not without patriotic pride and emotion, to the Statues of Goldsmith 
 and Burke.
 
 OPENING OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF IRELAND. 123 
 
 OPENING OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF 
 IRELAND, 
 
 AND INAUGURATION OF THE "DARGAN STATUE." 
 30iH, 1864.] 
 
 rTHE EAEL OF CARLISLE, who was accompanied by the Marquis 
 -*- and Marchioness of Kildare, was received by Lord Talbot de Mala- 
 hide, the Lord Justice of Appeal, John Lentaigne, Esq., and Joseph 
 Boyce, Esq., Trustees. 
 
 ALEXANDER BOYLE, Esq., Honorary Secretary to the Dargan 
 Statue Committee having read the Address, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE directed the Statue to be unveiled. 
 He said : 
 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 "We have just performed our part together in a most just and be- 
 coming tribute to the excellent public servant and citizen whose Statue 
 we have now unveiled. His natural modesty, almost as remarkable as 
 his merit, has prevented our seeing him at my side this day ; but at all 
 events I believe the talent of another citizen of Dublin, Mr. Fan-ell, 
 enables us to recognise the form and features of William Dargan. The 
 erection of public statues has always been considered to be the highest 
 honour which free states and cities can pay to living merit. They have 
 been frequently erected to kings and emperors, to warriors, statesmen, 
 patriots, and, in Dublin at least, we may say to poets. But never could 
 there have been a more appropriate memorial than that which we now 
 place upon this ground to "William Dargan. It is true that he wears 
 neither the diadem of monarchs, nor the laurels of conquerors; his 
 hands do not " sway the rod of empire, or wake the living lyre ;'' and we 
 cannot pretend that his sturdy form and truthful lineaments are exactly 
 cast in the mould of the Apollo Belvidere. But we raise his Statue be- 
 cause he supplies a memorable instance of how a simple, earnest, honest 
 man, without any help from birth or fortune, by the energetic exercise 
 of the faculties which God has given him, may not only raise himself to 
 a commanding level beyond his own original position, but may also confer
 
 124 OPENING OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF IRELAND. 
 
 signal benefits upon the men of his day, and upon the country which 
 has learned to be proud of him, and thus prides to show it. And we 
 place his Statue here, because on this very ground before us it was that the 
 patient zeal, the strong faith, the disinterested liberality of Mr. Dargan 
 brought to a successful issue that great Dublin Exhibition which gave 
 a fresh impulse to the undertakings of art and science, of which we see 
 the imposing monuments before us. In the adjoining building, which 
 we are about to open, we shall pay fitting honour to those fine arts which 
 bespeak the highest progress of refinement, and adorn the summit of 
 the social column. While thus recognising upon our way these illus- 
 trious workmen, we do well to mark that the true basis of all national 
 prosperity is to be found in the steady industry of which William 
 Dargan was so eminently the type and teacher. 
 
 An Address having been presented by the Trustees of the National 
 Gallery, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return my very sincere thanks to the Governors and Guardians of 
 the National Gallery of Ireland for the Address they have presented to 
 me, and for the share they have allotted me in the gratifying and aus- 
 picious proceedings of the day. The Address fully and clearly recounts 
 the history of the origin and rise of this undertaking till the present 
 hour ; and I feel sure that no one can survey the noble proportions of 
 the building which has been thus completed, or the works of art which 
 already adorn its walls, without feeling conscious of the difficulties 
 which must have been encountered, and grateful for the zeal, liberality, 
 and judgment by which they have been thus far surmounted. No 
 slight share of these qualities has been applied to this honourable and 
 patriotic task by my distinguished colleague the Lord Chancellor. It 
 would be hardly open to me to signalize the names of other contributors ; 
 but it will be allowed to me, in passing, to lament that the imposing 
 assemblage now gathered here could not have been further graced by 
 the venerable form and genial encouragement of the late Earl of Charle- 
 mont. Such losses naturally suggest that the delightful arts to which 
 this building is more especially consecrated, painting and sculpture, be- 
 sides their other happy influences in charming the eye, refining the 
 taste, and elevating the soul of successive generations, have the inesti- 
 mable privilege of transmitting to distant time the lineaments of de-
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY AND FESTIVAL BANQUET. 125 
 
 parted greatness, genius, and virtue. The previous course of Irish his- 
 tory has scarcely run smooth enough to foster the growth of galleries or 
 museums of the fine arts ; while, at the same time, neither the Irish 
 mind nor the Irish hand have shown any want of susceptibility or 
 adaptation to them. It is my very earnest wish that the institution 
 which we now inaugurate may, hy the display of foreign excellence, 
 supply a fresh incentive and starting post to your own. It is now my 
 pleasing office to declare the National Gallery of Ireland open. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY AND FESTIVAL 
 BANQUET, STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 
 
 19TH, 1864.] 
 
 HPHE noble Chairman, the EARL OF CARLISLE, on rising to pro- 
 
 -L pose 
 
 " The Queen," 
 
 said he was unwilling, even in giving that toast, to divert from the im- 
 mediate purpose of the day ; but Shakspeare himself supplied, in part, a 
 most fitting description of the character of the Monarch now happily 
 reigning over this country : 
 
 " She shall be 
 
 " A pattern to all princes living with her, 
 "And all that shall succeed. 
 
 * * All princely graces, 
 
 " With all the virtues that attend the good, 
 
 " Shall still be doubled on her ; truth shall nurse her, 
 
 " Holy and heavenly thoughts still counsel her." 
 
 The Chairman next gave 
 
 " The Prince and Princess of Wales, and the rest of the Royal Family." 
 
 He said that with respect to the illustrious couple who headed the toast, 
 it would not be inappropriate to resort to the court of Denmark for a 
 description of them. He would characterize them as 
 
 " The expectancy and rose of the fair State, 
 " The glass of fashion, and the mould of form, 
 " The observed of all observers."
 
 126 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY AND FESTIVAL BANQUET. 
 
 The Chairman next rose and said : Ladies and Gentlemen, I come 
 now to what we sometimes hear called "the toast of the evening" 
 yes, and the toast of the year ; and I may with truth call it the toast of 
 my life. This may give a hint to me, before I say one word more, that 
 I ought in some way to account for being where I am. I will make no 
 excuse for my own on worthiness, because, if we come to that, who can 
 be deemed worthy to speak in behalf of Shakspeare ? Plato might write 
 of Socrates, but who could be the interpreter of Shakspeare? I believe 
 that I am wholly indebted for the signal honour I am now possessed of 
 to the circumstance of my having filled the office of Chief Commissioner 
 of "Woods and Forests when some negotiations were being carried on re- 
 specting the purchase of Shakspeare' s house in this town, which appa- 
 rently established a kindly feeling between me and the inhabitants of 
 Stratford-upon-Avon, which may have naturally led to their recurring 
 to their previous recollections in connexion with the present celebra- 
 tion. In my case, it is a distinction which, as it was the last I should 
 have anticipated for myself, I also thought the last that ought to be de- 
 clined. I pass on to worthier themes. I heartily approve the idea of 
 this festival. I think the leading events, epochs, and persons of this our 
 earth require their occasional commemoration. Life is stagnant enough ; 
 men and women are commonplace enough, to avoid the risk of such dis- 
 turbances cropping up too frequently. Least of all can the nation which 
 boasts of Shakspeare fear to misplace her homage ; and as I think it right 
 that such a celebration should be held, I am not less clear that the right 
 place to hold it in was Stratford-upon-Avon his own Stratford-upon- 
 Avon that Stratford-upon-Avon around which all we know of Shak- 
 speare all except his undying works, is exclusively clustered here, on 
 about the most central ground of his own fair England, where I cannot 
 but fancy that the whole impress of the scenery and rural life around is 
 BO unmistakeably English, that we like to be reminded how home-like 
 and special and insular was the cradle of that poet for whom we claim 
 the mastery over the universal heart of man, the password over the 
 earth, and the many worlds beyond it. We are following, too, the 
 good English rule of precedent, which was set for us by the celebration 
 at Stratford in the last century, mainly under the auspices of him who 
 seems to be universally acknowledged, out of the long line of illustrious 
 players, of either sex, dead or living, who have distinguished, and in 
 some instances identified themselves with the leading characters of
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENAEY AND FESTIVAL BANQUET. 127 
 
 Shakspeare, to have held the foremost place as the interpreter of 
 Shakspeare David Garrick. But since that well-timed homage of the 
 England of the eighteenth century to the memory of Shakspeare, with 
 what colossal strides has his fame advanced in the estimation of mankind ! 
 In our own country, at the previous period, the puhlic taste still allowed 
 the representation of his plays to he overlaid hy the clumsy alterations 
 and tinsel additions of Dryden, of Cibher, and of Garrick himself Et 
 tu, Urute ! I need not point out the gratifying contrast which the re- 
 verential and affectionate retention and restoration of the original text, 
 and let me add the scrupulous attention to the whole keeping and 
 chronology of the minutest accessories of the representation, supplies in 
 our days. Then, ahroad, the middle of the last century was the time 
 when fast and fierce flew the arrows against the alleged harbarism of 
 Shakspeare, aimed from the sarcastic armoury of Yoltaire, which did 
 not spare higher things than Shakspeare himself. Consult the first 
 living names in the brilliant literature of France, and mark, not how al- 
 tered, but how reversed the tone is in which Shakspeare is now spoken 
 of and judged. As to Germany, I believe her boast is that she reveres, 
 understands, and fathers him even more thoroughly than ourselves. I 
 believe I may cite Goethe as the most representative name in the varied 
 and teeming range of German literature ; how does he designate Shak- 
 speare ? As the greatest traveller in the journey of life. Happily any 
 endeavour to define or gauge the genius of Shakspeare would be as 
 much beyond my mark as it would be beyond the limits and require- 
 ments of a scene like this. I think he would be a very clumsy wor- 
 shipper at his immortal shrine who would not admit that his merits and 
 beauties, while they are transcendant, are still unequal ; and that in the 
 whole range of his thirty- six admitted plays, in some of these he not only 
 falls below his own level, but that of several of his contemporaries and 
 successors. But take him in his height, and who may approach him ? 
 Presumptuous as the endeavour may appear to classify, there would seem 
 to be a few great tragedies which occupy summits of their own " Mac- 
 beth," "Hamlet," " Lear," " Othello ;" I feel we may take our stand 
 within that unassailable quadrilateral, and give our challenge to all the 
 world. I feel indeed tempted to upbraid myself when I think of all the 
 outlying realms of strength and comeliness which I thus seem to leave out- 
 side the stately forms of Roman heroes, the chivalry marshalled around 
 our Plantagenet kings, the wit of Hercutio, Beatrice, and Falstaff, the
 
 THE CRIMEAN BANQL1 , 
 
 maiden grace of Imogen and Miranda, Ariel the dainty sprite, Oberou 
 and his clphin court, the memories which people the glades of the Ar- 
 dennes, the Kialto of Venice, the garden of Verona, giving to each glo- 
 rious scene and sunny shore a stronger lien upon our associations than 
 is possessed even by their own native land. It is time that I should 
 call upon you, in the right of all the recollections which must throng in 
 your own breasts far more copiously and vividly than I could hope to 
 present them to you by the thrill you have felt in the crowded theatre, 
 amid all the splendour of dramatic pageantry by the calmer enjoyment 
 of your closet leisure by the rising of your soul when the lines which 
 breathe and worm have led you to recognise and adore the Oiver of such 
 gifts to men, to join me in drinking, not with the solemn silence which 
 a more recent death might have enjoined, but with the reverential love 
 and the admiring fervour due to the day and the man 
 MEMORY OF SHAKSPEAAE." 
 
 THE GREAT NATIONAL CRIMEAN BANQUET, 
 
 DUBLIN. 
 [OCTOBER 22xi>, 1856.] 
 
 SOLDIERS OF THE CRIMEA, 
 
 F' wish now is not to speak long, but loud. I wish that every man 
 I see before me could hear me say how proud I feel to be one of 
 them this day. In the place I fill I have the right to tell you, in the 
 name of the good Queen I serve, that her fine troops are welcome. I 
 have the right to tell you, in the name of the Irish people, that they 
 love brave men that they know that you, one and all, have fought and 
 toiled, and bled, and would have died at your posts ; and so they have 
 wished this day to fill your cups to the brim, and to give you the fat 
 of the land. Not for the worth of the thing, not for the sake of gorging 
 you with food, not for the stir of one short hour; but to show you and 
 those who will come after you, and who, some day, will march under 
 the same flags that your countrymen, and your countrywomen, too, 
 all wish to thank you for what you have done, and to show you that 
 they remember you still in peace, when the din of war is over, and that
 
 THE CRIMEAN BANQUET, DUBLIN. 129 
 
 they will toast you at their feasts, and bless you in their prayers. AVe 
 are thrown upon Irish ground, and Ireland has a right to give a wel- 
 come to heroes, because she has sent forth many to every grade in your 
 ranks. But Irish hospitality is not stinted to her own children as it 
 was not asked, when the cheer rose loudest in your charge, whether it 
 had most of the English, Scotch, or Irish accent as it was not asked, 
 when the red blood flowed in the field or in the trench, whether it 
 gushed from English, Scotch, or Irish veins ; and here to-day you are 
 seated side by side at the same board, and you need no other passport 
 but the bright medal which glows upon your manly breasts. It is in- 
 deed a deep cause of thankfulness to see you thus you, who have 
 breasted the steep slopes of the Alma you, who have dashed along 
 the fatal pass of Balaklava you, who have held the blood- red heights 
 of Inkerman you, who have survived the midnight trench, the thunder- 
 ing rampart, and the deadly hospital it is a matter of deep gratitude to 
 see you thus under a roof of peace, and before a board of plenty. I 
 know well, my friends, that your strength and your blood would be 
 again given to your country, if your country should require them of 
 you again. But I humbly trust that it will be so ordered that those 
 faces I now see lighted up with such an honest glow will never again 
 be darkened by a frown upon an enemy, but may ever beam with good 
 will towards your fellow-men, and gratitude towards your God. I have 
 now only to add that, in my belief, neither a Lord Lieutenant nor any 
 other person ever had his health drunk by such a body of men ; and I 
 have only now to say, which I do from my very heart, to one and all 
 of you, May God bless you.
 
 130 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS. 
 
 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS 
 
 TO THE EIGHTEENTH ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT, PHOZNIX PARK. 
 [AUGUST 24iH, 1856.] 
 
 OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, AND PRIVATES OF THE 
 ROYAL IRISH REGIMENT, 
 
 I BELIEVE that at almost the first moment of your arrival from fo- 
 reign lands your fine regiment had the honour of being inspected 
 by our beloved Queen, and that she directed to be conveyed to you her 
 gracious approval of your gallant services. It is only, of course, in the 
 character of her representative that I have now the extreme honour of 
 delivering these new colours to a body of men thus distinguished both 
 by Royal approbation, and still more by their own brave deeds. In 
 addressing the Regiment of the Royal Irish upon so interesting and 
 happy an occasion, the first of the kind that has occurred in the ancient 
 capital of Ireland since the close of the late memorable war, I almost 
 feel that I might carry my view even beyond your own well-filled ranks, 
 and include all your countrymen who, by the side of their intrepid bre- 
 thren of England and Scotland, and of our brave allies, have maintained 
 the honour of their Sovereign and their race, alike by their brilliant va- 
 lour and their heroic endurance throughout every turn and period of the 
 desperate struggle. The ridges and dales of the fair Crimea, the deadly 
 trench and bloody parapet, all are crowded with their thousand proofs 
 that the heroic courage of Ireland has exhibited no falling off in the 
 very newest of her sons. Confining myself, however, on this occasion, 
 aa is my proper business, to your Regiment alone, and to the services 
 attested by those old colours now about to be replaced, and not, it must 
 be acknowledged, before the necessity for doing so has become tolerably 
 obvious to all who look upon those honoured shreds, I find certainly 
 quite a sufficient abundance of glorious and stirring recollections to 
 make a selection, within such limits as my time and my voice place at 
 my disposal, no easy matter. In the earliest annals of this Regiment, 
 under the immediate eye and guidance of a new King, it planted its colours 
 on the breach of Namur ; and accordingly those colours to this day bear
 
 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS. 131 
 
 the name of Namur, and quartered, with the Lions of Nassau, and the 
 Harp and Crown of y our own native Ireland. From that they follow a yet 
 more consummate General the great Duke of Marlborough through 
 alhhis campaigns and all his victories; at the sieges of Venloo, Liege, 
 Menin, Lisle, and Tournay over the hattle-fields of Blenheim, Ramillies, 
 Outenard, and Malplaquet. Perhaps I may record with less pleasure that 
 your Regiment crossed swords with our American kinsmen at Bunker's 
 Hill ; but there, as elsewhere, they nobly did their duty. I have 
 alluded to their services under Marlborough ; we have had in our own 
 day a chieftain more illustrious than even Marlborough, but the duties 
 of distant service prevented the Royal Irish Regiment from actually 
 fighting under Wellington. I speak, however, almost within the sha- 
 dow of the monument raised by his countrymen on his own native soil, 
 to that great warrior. I speak more touching association still in the 
 presence of those whose hoary hairs still recall the bright career of 
 glory which they pursued may I say learned ? under that great 
 commander ; and I call upon that grey pillar I call upon their time- 
 worn and honoured forms, as my witnesses that the great Duke himself 
 would have approved and sanctioned the ceremony of to-day. But I 
 have not even yet exhausted the trophies of the Royal Irish Regiment. 
 I find them serving, for the most part under Irish commanders, at 
 A lexandria under Cradock, still in Egypt under JIutcMnson, in China 
 under Gougli that revered Irish veteran, now happily here to witness 
 your array in peace as he swayed your energies in war. The Sphinx of 
 your flag speaks for Egypt, the Dragon for China. Further, your impe- 
 tuous onset carried the Pagod of Martiban in the last Burmese war ; and, 
 latest of all, the memorable day, the 1 8th of June saw you actually housed 
 within Sevastopol ; and the name of that great Russian stronghold, now 
 just added to your victorious colours closes, up to this day at least, the 
 long list of your glories. Such are the colours I may now deliver to 
 your faithful keeping your Regiment has won these honourable em- 
 blems in every quarter of the globe. In addition to the duties as sol- 
 diers, you are now called upon to exhibit your virtues as citizens ; and 
 let me remind you that one of those is to live in brotherly union, and 
 not to think hardly of each other, though you may worship your 
 Common Father in different houses of prayer. I feel sure, however, 
 that no such lesson is needed under your present excellent officers. 
 Receive, then, your new colours, men of the Royal Irish Regiment, at 
 
 K 2
 
 132 INSTALLATION OF LORD GOUGH. 
 
 % 
 
 my unworthy hands ; and it can scarcely be unsuitable for me at such a 
 moment to put up a fervent prayer to the God of Armies, that they may 
 still, as even heretofore, be the rallying point of victory during war, 
 and float above you in blameless honour during peace. 
 
 INSTALLATION OF LORD GOUGH AS KNIGHT OF 
 ST. PATRICK. 
 
 THE BANQUET AT DUBLIN CASTLE. 
 30iH, 1857.] 
 
 117ITH respect to our newest Knight, I feel, on the one hand, that the 
 * * only point on which I cannot congratulate him is extreme youth. 
 At this, however, he cannot repine, when every year that has gathered 
 round that comely and revered head has been marked by a series of 
 services and of glories. To present an accurate record of so illustrious a 
 life would far exceed the limits of the present occasion. Under the 
 greatest of our commanders, Irishborn like himself, he learned the ways 
 of heroes ; he had the happy art of inspiring the ardour which he felt 
 for which I might refer to that 87fh Regiment which he led through a 
 succession of triumphs ; and even his recent achievements on a wider 
 theatre have not effaced the renown of the stand he made at Tariffa. 
 When he had emerged to supreme command, he did not find even the 
 enormous empires of China and India fields either too remote or too 
 extensive for the flash of his onset or the laurels of his victories. I 
 might appeal to the soldiers whom he led, and to the family which loves 
 him, whether his heart is not as warm and tender as it is resolute and 
 daring. Now that he is restored to the peaceful bosom of his own Ire- 
 land, I own I feel pride in thus having the opportunity, in the pre- 
 sence of his brother Knights, of so many of his countrywomen, whom I 
 am confident he will think no disparagement even to that high company, 
 of his brave companion in arms, himself a foremost ornament of that 
 military service which they both have elevated, the present Commander 
 of the Forces in Ireland, now to bid welcome and God speed to this
 
 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS. 133 
 
 * 
 
 additional and most appropriate member of the special Order of the Na- 
 tional Chivalry ; and I ask you all to drink " Length of health, honour, 
 and happiness to Lord Viscount Gough. 
 
 PEESENTATION OF COLOURS 
 
 TO THE SECOND BATTALION OF THE EIGHTEENTH ROYAL -IRISH, 
 PHOENIX PARK. 
 
 [ATTGUST 24iH, 1859.] 
 
 COLONEL CAMPBELL, OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, AND 
 PRIVATES OF THE SECOND BATTALION OF THE ROYAL IRISH 
 REGIMENT, 
 
 T AM, in good truth, glad to meet you here to-day. I am proud you 
 should take from my hands the colours I have placed in yours. I feel 
 this from more than one cause. In the first place, three short years hack, 
 on the self-same day, it was my high honour, not on the same spot, hut 
 still on the green Irish sod, to present the colours of the other and older 
 Battalion of the same Royal Irish Regiment, acting in behalf of that much 
 beloved Queen whom I still here represent ; next, because the flag that I, 
 then gave to their charge has been held by no unworthy hands, but has 
 been borne on to noble fortunes. It was my part to tell them there how 
 the brave band over which it waved had fought all the fights of the great 
 Duke of Harlborough, how it shared in the great wars of Egypt and 
 China, under our own veteran hero, Lord Gough, and how, in the days 
 that seem scarce yet passed, it had been what I took on me to call 
 "housed in Sebastopol." These brave fellows did not go to sleep on their 
 laurels, but have since the time they last left this shore been doing the 
 tough bloody work of their Queen and country on the hot plains and 
 midst the fierce mutinies of India, more to be feared and deplored than 
 the most destructive efforts of the foreign and open foe. Thus far I have 
 spoken mainly of your associates in the other Battalion ; but as you will 
 bear the same name as you will march under a like flag as you spring 
 for the most part from the same race I have no fear that you will in 
 any way fall short of what they are and what they have done, and that 
 the only doubt will be of which of the two Battalions of the Royal Irish,
 
 134 PRESENTATION OF COLOURS. 
 
 the service and the Queen and your own old Ireland will have most 
 reason to be proud. I am pleased to hear that since the orders came 
 out for the formation of the second battalions the ranks of no regi- 
 ment could have been more promptly and closely filled than your 
 own ; still more pleased, too, am I to learn that since the time of its 
 being assembled here the Regiment not only presents the fine appearance 
 which all around can judge, but by its good conduct and discipline has 
 earned the approval of the commanding officer, and of the distinguished 
 general, that excellent soldier and excellent man, who has the chief 
 military command in this country Lord Seaton. Little now remains 
 but that I should give these, your new colours, to your own good keep- 
 ing. It is not given to me, or to any man, to foresee under what cir- 
 cumstances you may have to use them, or whither they may be privi- 
 leged to lead you. You receive them under what, as a not fighting 
 man, I may allow myself to call happy conditions here, under the 
 eye of brave comrades, of approved commander, of sympathizing beauty, 
 upon the noblest of Irish swards, beneath skies of more than accus- 
 tomed lustre, at a time when a generous God has permitted our homes 
 to repose and our harvest to be gathered in peace has quelled the 
 frenzies of rebellion has saved us from the shock of contending na- 
 tions. The soldier can never tell how soon these fair conditions may be 
 reversed how soon he may be exposed to unhealthy climates, to severe 
 privations, to all the risks of battle, to the deathbed of fame. I am sure 
 I am not wrong in thinking that I see men before me prepared for all 
 fortunes. Take, then, these honoured colours may the Almighty bless 
 them to you in peace and in war, in sunshine and in storm. Hold fast 
 to them and to all the high efforts of which they are the signs and sym- 
 bols, even as you hold fast to the ways of honour and the hopes of heaven. 
 
 THE DEJEUNER. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel CAMPBELL having proposed 
 
 " The Heal tli of the Earl of Carlisle," 
 His Lordship said : 
 
 LIEUTENANT-COLONEL CAMPBELL, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I need not tell you that I feel very sincerely your having just done 
 me the honour of drinking my health. I feel that I have lost my voice 
 in the service of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Irish ; but when I know
 
 ADDRESS TO CAPTAIN SIR LEOPOLD M'CLINTOCK. 135 
 
 f 
 
 many I see now before me are prepared not only to risk their voices but 
 their lives for the credit of that gallant Regiment, I do not think I can 
 make much of my own privations. I had an opportunity of saying 
 nearly all that occurred to me on behalf of your noble Eegiment. I hope 
 you will make yourselves the equals of the first Battalion you cannot 
 do more, nor will Colonel Campbell or yourselves be satisfied with your 
 being or doing less. I have nothing more to do except to say that to 
 all the other merits of the Regiment they add that of a most liberal and 
 gracious hospitality ; and, therefore, Ladies and Gentlemen, who are 
 now their guests, we feel ourselves sufficiently primed to drink, with 
 right good will and sounder lungs than I can at this moment command, 
 to the honour and prosperity of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Irish. 
 Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, I propose " Colonel Campbell and the 
 Royal Irish Regiment !" 
 
 ADDRESS TO CAPTAIN SIR LEOPOLD M'CLINTOCK, 
 
 BY THE MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. 
 [MARCH 15in, I860.] 
 
 "TvR. WALLER having read the Address, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 SIR LEOPOLD H'CLINTOCK, 
 
 I consider it a high and fortunate privilege for myself, that by 
 virtue of the position which I fill in this country, and specially in 
 this Society, I am charged with the duty of placing the very interesting 
 and appropriate Address to which we have just listened, in your own 
 brave and honest hands. The document itself amply and sufficiently 
 sets forth the exact grounds upon which this recognition and distinction 
 have been awarded to you by the eminent body which is now gathered 
 around you. It is not the first body from which such tokens have pro- 
 ceeded it will not be the last. "We are echoing here to-day the ex- 
 pressions of welcome and approval which have already found utterance
 
 136 ADDRESS TO CAPTAIN SIR LEOPOLD M'CLINTOCK. 
 
 from the Corporations of Dublin and London from the Parliament of 
 the united realm from the Royal lips which have supplied the new- 
 title by which I have addressed you. The qualities of disinterested and 
 chivalrous enterprise, of manly hardihood, of self-collected calmness in 
 perplexity and danger, are obvious to all who have followed your 
 eventful story. The contributions you have made to geography, to na- 
 tural history, and to science generally, can be best appreciated by this 
 and other kindred learned bodies. But if I may speak for myself and 
 I may say, in passing, that if it had not been for a very special interest 
 in the proceedings of the day a recent family bereavement would have 
 kept me in privacy if I may assign weight to my own immediate im- 
 pressionsabove the mere attributes of bravery and fortitude, common, 
 we may proudly think, to so many of your countrymen, and certainly 
 to so many of your associates above any additions to our geographical 
 and scientific knowledge, however intrinsically important, I should 
 class that genuine, thorough absence of all assumption and affectation 
 that pervading modesty of the manners and the heart, which is typified 
 in your whole career, in the clear, transparent current of your narrative, 
 most of all, perhaps, in your breathing and living presence. None, in- 
 deed, like the brave and trusty companions of your wanderings and your 
 perils, can have felt the force and the contagion of that even spirit 
 that hopeful cheerfulness that sober piety, as unostentatious, and 
 more precious than all the rest. Yes, and they must have felt during 
 that long unbroken night of Arctic winter, when no change of hue re- 
 lieved the leaden sky when no sound of life broke upon the icy air, 
 that though the material sun had departed from their gaze, and ceased 
 to mark their day from their night, there was a moral light and a moral 
 warmth among them, which, in the darkest and the dreariest hour, kept 
 clear for them the path of their duty and fed the beacon of their hope. 
 Receive, then, Sir, even from these inefficient hands, the Address which 
 the Royal Dublin Society now tender to you. Perhaps, from a man 
 who, in his day and vocation, has done so much, it would hardly be fair 
 to expect that any more remained to be done ; but whatever may be the 
 Divine will in this respect, I am sure that we all join in wishing that 
 you may very long enjoy the affectionate intercourse of your friends and 
 the admiring gratitude of your countrymen.
 
 DEJEUNER ON BOARD THE " ADRIATIC" STEAMER. 137 
 
 THE DEJEUNER ON BOARD THE "ADRIATIC" 
 STEAMER, KINGSTOWN HARBOUR, 
 
 GIVEN BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE GALWAY ROYAL MAIL STEAM- 
 PACKET COMPANY. 
 
 [JTTLY 30iH, 1863.] 
 
 THE Chairman, J. CHAPMAN, Esq., rose, and said that one of the 
 most gratifying duties which a person in his position had to dis- 
 charge was when he had the opportunity, rarely afforded him, of pro- 
 posing the health of a high and distinguished officer of the State, of one 
 occupying the exalted position of Her Majesty's representative in Ire- 
 land. In proposing the health of His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, 
 who had so kindly honoured them with his presence that day, he felt he 
 was proposing the health of one who had endeared himself to the Irish 
 people. In speaking of His Excellency he could not forget that he re- 
 ferred to one to whose family his (the Chairman's) family were deeply 
 indebted in days gone by. Amongst the most delightful recollections of 
 the sunny days of his boyhood were those on which in his grandfather's 
 old yellow chariot he enjoyed the pleasure of being driven through the 
 majestic glades and avenues of Castle Howard. At that period he could 
 never have imagined that he would stand there, a white-haired man, the 
 Chairman of the Galway Packet Company, to propose the health of the 
 head of that distinguished family, now occupying the high position of 
 Viceroy of Ireland. He felt, therefore, peculiar pleasure in proposing 
 the health of His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, and prosperity to Ire- 
 land. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 Mr. CHAIRMAN, MY LOBDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I am sure you will allow one white-haired man to return thanks for 
 the courtesy and kindness that have been bestowed on him by another 
 white-haired man. In taking advantage of the very kind invitation of 
 the company to inspect this noble ship and to partake of its liberal hos- 
 pitality, I am most glad to express the hearty good wishes I feel for the 
 future success and prosperity of the Royal Atlantic Mail Steam
 
 138 DEJEUNER ON BOARD THE "ADRIATIC" STEAMER. 
 
 gation Company. I do not forget, my Lords and Gentlemen, that it is 
 not open to me to take any credit to myself or to my colleagues in the 
 Imperial Government for whatever merit may be justly due to those who 
 originally set on foot this undertaking. It is no part of our present 
 business, however, to refer to the contrasts or the controversies of the 
 past, and I fully subscribe to the philosophy of the old saying, 
 
 " All's well that ends well." 
 
 With respect to the future I yield to no man in the heartiness of 
 my wish for the complete success of the whole undertaking; and 
 I am sure that the proceedings of the Company could not have 
 been better inaugurated than on board the magnificent vessel in which 
 we are now assembled this sumptuous ocean palace, in which I 
 am only too proud to discharge the functions assigned of old to the 
 Doges of Yenice of wedding the State to our new " Adriatic." May all 
 happy influence flow from this auspicious connexion ! Safe be your 
 voyages, propitious your winds, large your cargoes, skilful your captains, 
 active and healthy your crews, remunerative your returns 1 And if I 
 may express any further wishes, distinct from the internal affairs and 
 functions of the Company itself, it would be that, when these noble ves- 
 sels have sped their useful and civilizing errands across the broad At- 
 lantic, they may bring back to us the joyful tidings that the blood of our 
 brethren has ceased to flow in murderous conflict, and that the nations 
 and races once more repose in peace. 
 
 The EAEL OF CAELISLE again rose, and said: 
 
 He had already had an opportunity of expressing his admiration of 
 the noble vessel on board of which they were assembled, and his good 
 wishes for the success of the Company. He was sure he would best em- 
 body that feeling, as well as the gratitude which they all felt towards 
 their hospitable entertainer, by calling on them to drink the health of the 
 Chairman. Those who knew most of the affairs of the Company were 
 best aware how much they owed to the active and zealous co-operation 
 of the Chairman with the eminent persons with whom he was associated. 
 He begged, therefore, to give them the health of the Chairman of the 
 Royal Atlantic Steam Navigation Company.
 
 1 
 
 LAUNCH OF THE " KNIGHT COMMANDER." 139 
 
 THE LAUNCH OF THE IRON SHIP, 
 
 "KNIGHT COMMANDER." 
 [FEBRUARY 24TH, 1864.] 
 
 THE DEJEUNEK. 
 
 TOAST : 
 "The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 LADIES, MY Loans, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 BEG to return you my very sincere thanks for the honour which 
 has been so kindly, so aptly, and so considerately proposed, and so 
 cordially received. I am always most desirous for the prosperity of 
 Ireland, at the same time that I feel most diffident about my name 
 being coupled with the sentiment; but, however that may be, I feel 
 sure that the work in which we have been engaged this morning is 
 most properly associated with the prosperity of Ireland. You have all, 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, seen the ship launched ; you have been able to 
 judge of her size, of her lines, and her proportions. I have always 
 thought that the successful launch of a large ship, taking into account 
 all it presents to the eye and suggests to the mind, is a sight which has 
 few parallels. This is, I believe, the largest vessel that has ever been 
 built in Dublin ; and when we remember that the spot upon which it 
 has been built, and upon which it has acquired all its beauty, was, not 
 two years ago, only a bed of oozy mud, over which the advancing and 
 receding tide sluggishly rolled, I trust we may consider the achieve- 
 ment of to-day to be a promise of many similar and even greater 
 triumphs, and in the still water, view a type of the onward progress of 
 universal Ireland from the sediments of langour and stagnation to all 
 the busy impulses of steady industry and successful enterprise. Our 
 good vessel of to-day, the "Knight Commander," has been launched 
 and christened under the brightest and fairest auspices, and I am sure 
 that we, one and all, win the heartiest wishes that the favour of Him 
 " in whose breast are the winds and the waves, and in whose gift the 
 silver and the gold," will always give it prosperous voyages and remune- 
 rative returns. You will, I am sure, allow me to propose to you a
 
 140 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 
 
 toast which has many claims upon your cordial acceptance, inasmuch as 
 it combines not only in his own individual capacity the Chairman who 
 has shown us how aptly he is qualified to preside on such an occasion 
 as this, but also the respected firm of builders who have accomplished 
 so much in the complete vessel we have seen. launched to-day ; and, in 
 passing, I may express my regret that, from peculiar circumstances, we 
 could not have the pleasure of seeing amongst us the elder Mr. Bewley, 
 who is so appreciated and respected by all the inhabitants of our city, 
 and not the least to say the gentlemen who have provided us with this 
 magnificent entertainment, which we have also much pleasure in enjoy- 
 ing. I beg leave to propose the health of the builders of the ship, and 
 to connect that toast specially with the name of Mr. "Webb. 
 
 INAUGURATION OF THE STATUE TO THE 
 EARL OF BELFAST, 
 
 ONLY SON OF THE MARQUIS OF DONEGAL. 
 [NOVEMBER 1ST, 1855.] 
 
 THE Chairman of the Committee of the Memorial to the late Earl of 
 Belfast, LORD DUFFERIN, .having handed over the statue 
 (Mac Do well, artist) to the Mayor, Thomas Verner, Esq., to be pre- 
 served by him, as a possession of that great town whose name he bore, 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE delivered the following Inaugural 
 Address :* 
 
 ME. MAYOR, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 In commencing the part assigned to me in the solemn and affecting 
 office for which we have been brought together, I feel that I ought to 
 
 * " The inauguration address of the Earl of Carlisle was a noble tribute to the memory 
 of the Earl of Belfast. One of the first literary men of the day, who listened with un- 
 bounded delight to it, exclaimed at its close, ' 'Twas a glorious address. I would not 
 have missed it for any consideration.' The Earl of Carlisle is a poet, a philosopher, and
 
 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 141 
 
 state, in the outset, that though I have come here on this occasion, sur- 
 rounded by the respect and courtesy which is usually conferred upon 
 the high office that I have now the honour to fill in this country, yet it 
 was not in any public or official capacity that I was first summoned to 
 this pious duty, nor is it ifterely as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland that 
 I now take my stand under this still monument. Long before I had the 
 slightest idea of being again called to any public function in Ireland 
 on the plea of personal regard and sympathy at the special desire, 
 which I at once felt to be imperative, of the honoured parents of him 
 who is no more, I was invited, and undertook to be present at the in- 
 auguration of the Statue of the late Earl of Belfast, and there to speak 
 such words as the occasion, and as the feelings of my heart might ap- 
 pear to warrant. But, Ladies and Gentlemen, though I may thus 
 appear to divest myself of all my official attributes in the task which I 
 am now endeavouring to fulfil, yet I am far from wishing to represent 
 it as devoid of a public a national and even an universal interest. 
 For what purpose, let me ask, is it that we are now assembled ? To pass 
 what, in both ancient and modern nations, has been always reckoned as 
 the highest and culminating honour which can attach to the departed 
 to raise a Statue to their memory, in the full light of day, where the 
 concourse of men is thickest. And to whom, let me ask, also, is this 
 honour to be assigned ? Is it to the successful warrior, who has de- 
 fended the firesides, and upheld the glories, of his native land ? Is it 
 to the veteran statesman, whose long career of honoured years has been 
 numbered by successive benefits bestowed on his fellow-citizens ? Is it 
 to the powerful monarch whose will is law whose breath is patron- 
 age? No; but to a young man who had only attained the age of 
 
 a Christian, and never have his high talents and elevated, chaste, and generous feelings 
 been exhibited to greater or more deserved admiration. His Excellency spoke with 
 great eloquence and power. No hearts were untouched by his moving and most graceful 
 reference to the early and deplored death of Lord Belfast, to his genius and rare virtues, 
 and to the singular forebodings which seemed to have preyed on the mind of the youthful 
 Earl that his years were to. be few. With great tact Lord Carlisle set forth before the 
 multitude, who hung upon his words, the most prominent of the leading traits of the 
 Earl of Belfast's mind and character ; and as these were glanced at, all must have felt 
 how worthy the departed Noble was, of all the honour done to his memory, and how 
 peculiarly auspicious it was that it had devolved on one so lofty in worth, and genius, 
 and position, as the Earl of Carlisle, to preside at the inauguration ceremony."
 
 142 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 
 
 twenty-five years, who had never filled any public station, and who, if 
 connected with the people of this district by the ties of hereditary de- 
 scent and anticipated inheritance of property, yet now, from his cold 
 grave, cannot remunerate, or even thank, one human being. From the 
 narrow scope of a life so short a career so modest, let me endeavour, 
 with the brevity which time and other duties enjoin, to gather a very 
 few of those prominent reasons which have procured for Frederick 
 Richard Earl of Belfast, this touching and remarkable commemoration 
 of sorrow and of love. Upon the affection of his friends, upon the idolatry 
 of his family, I make no pause. It is not these which have reared this 
 Statue, though how proudly their breasts will throb at this emphatic 
 recognition of all that they so fondly honoured and loved ! Notwith- 
 standing his short space of life, he published several compositions in 
 various walks of literature. But neither upon these do I propose to 
 exercise the office of a critic. Of what has been given to the public the 
 public is the only competent judge. I am content with being able to 
 pronounce upon them the most essential of all praises 
 
 " Dying, he left no line he wished to blot." 
 
 But it is some praise that a young man of one of the first families 
 in the country born, so to speak, in the purple reared amidst 
 all softness inclined, as well by temperament as by training, to 
 the keenest susceptibilities of refinement, to the polished and ima- 
 ginative side of human existence, to the soft influences of art, and 
 music, and song should not yet have confined himself to those 
 smooth limits and trim enclosures from which the bleak winds of our 
 working-day world are shut out so carefully, but should have taken the 
 more real, as well as the more generous, view of the true purposes of 
 human existence. From the days of his early boyhood he had a strong, 
 I may say a fervent wish to apply the faculties which his Creator had 
 given him to the service of his fellow- men, and especially of his fellow- 
 countrymen. Yes, men of Belfast, this it is which gives its special ap- 
 propriateness to the site selected for his image. It was the country of 
 his sires it was the city of his name that filled his constant day 
 dream, and inspired his continuous effort. I have hinted at his aptitude 
 for musical composition, in which he showed such remarkable profi- 
 ciency. Well, I find that the sale of his earliest musical compositions 
 brought him the sum of 100, which he applied to the relief of the suf- 
 ferers by famine in the dreadful years of 1846 and 1847, the horrors of
 
 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 143 
 
 which were felt even in your rich and busy Ulster, and which excited 
 in his young heart, as well as in that of others to whom I should be 
 proud to refer, such heartfelt sympathy. He had long entertained an 
 eager hope of founding in this city an Institution, combining read- 
 ing and lecture rooms for the working classes, with a gallery for 
 painting and sculpture arts which he loved and appreciated so well. 
 I have a mournful satisfaction in referring to him as an associate in the 
 delivery of lectures in public assemblies ; and many of you, I doubt 
 not, will remember with pleasure the promptitude with which he came 
 forward to make his first speech in public, on a sudden emergency, at 
 the opening of the Belfast School of Design, and acquitted himself so 
 creditably as to occasion the absence of even Mr. Charles Dickens to be 
 scarcely regretted. I am told that, during almost the latest days of his 
 life he was busily engaged in preparing a series of lectures for the 
 people of Belfast, on the literature of America, and in planning premiums 
 for the best essay, by a working man, for the Working Classes' Asso- 
 ciation. And during his last and fatal joiirney his thoughts still clung 
 to Ireland. Hear his own words from a private letter : " We coasted 
 along the beautiful rocky shore of Southern Trance, which could be 
 already seen in the brilliant starlight, while a long line of white foam, 
 sparkling with phosphorescent light, marked our course over the un- 
 ruffled expanse of the dark blue water. I sat on the deck, and made the 
 shore echo back the lovely airs of Ireland, which I whistled loudly as I 
 went but not for want of thought for I thought of Ireland, and of 
 Malone, and of many happy and peaceful hours passed beneath its roof; 
 and I thought myself a patriot, and felt that, were it not for that (to 
 me) most trying climate, I myself would be an Irishman one by prac- 
 tice as by precept for, by love for my country, and by a devoted affec- 
 tion and interest in her welfare, and by a deep sense of all that is 
 poetical, and is esteemed chivalrous in that fated nation, I am already 
 a patriot !" And do thou, fair Ireland, appreciate the filial affection of 
 your sons ! It has not always been so constant. 
 
 "His heart, untravell'd, fondly turned to thee." 
 
 His young days seem to have caught the shadow of that dim presenti- 
 ment of his death, which is so often conjoined to delicate and susceptible 
 temperaments. "When he was quite a boy, he wrote a letter, begging 
 pardon for some boyish fault, to his mother (I almost recoil from the 
 ideas of sorrow and of love connected with that name), in which he
 
 144 STATUE TO THE EARL OF BELFAST. 
 
 says : " I entreat you to put an end to your silence, as I feel persuaded 
 I have not long to enjoy your tenderness or care. It may be a morbid 
 conviction, but it is one deeply rooted within me." And then, leaving 
 England for the last time, he made the thoughtful arrangements for 
 those who had served him, and for those who were loved by him, as if, 
 to use his own words on the occasion, they were preparations, not for a 
 journey, but for death. This is the knell often heard in the inmost 
 recesses of the human bosom, without the privity of the outside world, 
 hushing other angry discords, and lulling every pulse of life into even- 
 ness and harmony with itself. Much to be envied is he who learns be- 
 times to listen to that still, solemn melody. I should leave even this 
 very rapid sketch incomplete, if I forebore to mention that there are 
 evidences scattered over the letters and manuscripts, as well as over the 
 tenor of his whole conduct, which indicate an early and an abiding 
 habit of deep, unostentatious piety. I might refer to some prayers 
 which were found written when he was quite a boy, and really of a 
 most comprehensive character ; but I feel that the surest test in these 
 matters is supplied by a life, the presiding aim of which was usefulness, 
 and the pervading atmosphere was love. If, then, inhabitants of Belfast, 
 you have at all gone with me in the interpretation which I have feebly 
 endeavoured to put upon the life and character of the late Earl of Bel- 
 fast, you will know why the posthumous image which is to record them 
 is now about to meet the gaze of your public thoroughfares. And I 
 trust it will not be without its useful effect on the generations rising 
 around us upon those which are to succeed us that even at a time 
 when the national mind is engrossed by high feats of military glory, and 
 kindled by the daring valour and admirable fortitude of our country- 
 men in arms at that very time, a great and thriving community should 
 have paused to render this signal homage to peaceful, private, youthful, 
 modest virtue. Such a combination irresistibly, recalls to me words in 
 which I had rather leave my parting impressions with you than in any 
 of my own. They are from the lines addressed by Pope to the youthful 
 Duke of Buckingham : 
 
 " Yet softer honours, and less noisy fame, 
 Attend the shade of gentle Buckingham, 
 In whom a race for courage famed and art 
 Ends in the milder merits of the heart ; 
 And, chiefs or sages, long to Britain given, 
 Pays the last tribute of a Saint to Heaven."
 
 THE BANQUET. 145 
 
 As these last words were uttered the veil was withdrawn, and the 
 Statue stood revealed, bearing the following inscription, written by the 
 Earl of Carlisle : 
 
 , TEarl of 
 
 BORN NOVEMBER 5lH,1827; 
 DIED FEBRUARY UTH, 1853 : 
 HE WAS PERMITTED, IN A CAREER THUS BRIEF, 
 
 AND IN A PRIVATE STATION, 
 TO EXHIBIT RARE ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND VIRTUES. 
 
 IN SORROWFUL COMMEMORATION 
 
 OF THEIR BRIGHT PROMISE, AND EARLY CLOSE, 
 
 ALL CLASSES OF HIS FELLOW- CITIZENS 
 
 HAVE RAISED THIS STATUE. 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle." 
 rPHE EARL OF CAELISLE said : 
 
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUR WORSHIP, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I certainly do think it a very great, and the crowning honour to the 
 warmth of welcome which I have experienced on this, my first visit to 
 the North of Ireland and the town of Belfast, to have had my name re- 
 
 * In allusion to the young Earl of Belfast's death having happened at Naples, the 
 Ode by Denis Florence M'Carthy opens with the following softly-flowing, cadenced 
 Proem : 
 
 " Maidens of Italy, Stricken down instantly, 
 
 Napoli's daughters, Wrapped in death's gloominess 
 
 Send the sad requiem While, 'neath his window rose, 
 
 Over the waters; Living and luminous 
 
 Over the waters, Azure-hued golden waves. 
 Solemnly, slowly, Parthenopsean 
 
 Sing the sad requiem, Up to the Lord of Life 
 
 Mournfullj', lowly; Singing their paean. 
 
 Sing the sad requiem, Borrow their musical 
 
 Chaunt the low ditty, Murmur, ye maidens, 
 
 Maids of the golden-shored Weak words of elegy 
 
 Heaven-cinctured city. Borrow their cadence. 
 
 Ye who beheld him last, Wail him beside the blue 
 
 Fair with life's youthfulness, Lazulite waters, 
 
 Heart-warm with nobleness, Maidens of Italy, 
 
 Soul-proud with truthfulness, Napoli's daughters."
 
 146 THE EARL OF CARLISLE'S FIRST VISIT TO BELFAST. 
 
 ceived as it has just been by such a company as that which is now as- 
 sembled here. I see among you, Gentlemen, men of large hereditary 
 property and high historic descent ; members of all our leading profes- 
 sions, including the heroic ornaments of our military service ; I see fa- 
 thers of the Church, and lights of the law ; and, especially, many of the 
 enlightened and spirited architects of their own fortunes who, by their 
 enterprise, intelligence, and integrity, have done so much in nurturing 
 the marvellous progress of Belfast and its whole adjacent region. I am 
 conscious, Gentlemen, that I sustain one great disadvantage from never 
 having been here before. I can perceive, and can wonder at, the indi- 
 cations of activity, wealth, industry, and public spirit which surround 
 me on every side. But I cannot compare the present with the past, from 
 which it has emerged. I can see how much has been done, but I can- 
 not rightly estimate how much of it has been done by the active hands 
 and thinking heads which now throng your streets, or are gathered to- 
 gether around this very board. I cannot tell how rapidly achieved has 
 been the contrast between the present aspect of your wards and tho- 
 roughfares, and that period when the Lough only gleamed between the 
 silent hills, and when neither chimneys nor palaces fringed the sides of 
 the Lagan. It seems to me, Gentlemen, rather a piece of superfluous 
 impertinence when a stranger, who has been the last to arrive, proceeds 
 to drench those who have been all their lives inmates of the place, with 
 a copious dose of their own statistics and Belfast is sufficiently pro- 
 vided with merchants, with manufacturers, with professors of science 
 and literature, to furnish all the information that can be needed respect- 
 ing its progress in commerce, manufactures, wealth, and education. It 
 has many useful and noble institutions for the instruction of youth, and 
 for the promotion of knowledge and religion. May it ever find a great 
 many to profit by them. It has, as I have witnessed to-day, as good a 
 prison as any in the world may it find very few to profit by it ! I have 
 no doubt that, like all other great commercial communities, this district 
 sustains its periods of reverse and depression ; and I doubt not that the 
 terrific war which is now shaking Europe to its centre, must make it- 
 self felt in the conduct of business so extensive as yours, and which 
 leans so much upon the supply of the raw material from such a wide 
 circumference. What influence this ought to have upon the cultivation 
 of flax in your own fields I must leave to practical men to decide ; but 
 while matters such as this must be decided, and can only be decided, by
 
 THE BANQUET. 147 
 
 considerations of material interest, yet I do know where more interested 
 considerations had no weight at all. I have had an opportunity of 
 seeing how many of the men of Belfast, and Antrim, and Down, and of 
 Ulster, as well as of all the other Irish Provinces, have returned from 
 the seat of war, piteously wounded and disabled indeed, but exhibiting 
 as much of patience and exemplary fortitude in their lorn condition as 
 they had of heroic daring in the deadly trenches and on the crimsoned 
 battle-field. I make no scruple to declare that every day that passes 
 over our heads only makes me intensely long for the day when the 
 sword can be sheathed with honour ; and, as it is the happy fortune of 
 this country to be able, when its sons assemble for festive purposes, to 
 drink the health of so many Sovereigns as its allies, I for one shall hail 
 with pleasure such an elongated list of toasts as shall comprise every 
 Sovereign in Europe, without exception ; but, till the attainment of a 
 peace which shall be at once fair, safe, and honourable, I feel confident 
 that, while our soldiers are thus prodigal of life and limb, our citizens 
 will be cheerful and resolute in making the exertions which such a 
 struggle entails ; and that you, Gentlemen of Ulster, will show your- 
 selves equal to the sacrifices of the war, as you have, in times past, 
 shown yourselves able to reap the noblest laurels of peace. With 
 respect, Gentlemen, to my own share in the proceedings of this evening, 
 and of the two busy days which preceded and are to follow, you are, I 
 believe, aware that I came hither, originally, more upon a matter of 
 private and domestic than of public, and certainly in no degree of what 
 is usually termed political concerns. And, now that we are assembled 
 here in more festal guise, and more after the usual manner of public as- 
 semblies, I feel confident that no political difference will obtrude itself 
 between us. In the higher and more true sense of politics, indeed 
 how to govern countries by the light of temperate wisdom, and in the 
 paths of Heaven- decreed order how to turn citizens to the blessed pur- 
 pose of their existence here I trust no essential difference will be found 
 among parties, however opposed, or Churches, however divided. In 
 these respects we can all widely benefit both the country and the age to 
 which we belong, by cheerful obedience to the laws of the realm by 
 that spirit of conciliation, forbearance, and love, which is the higher law 
 of Heaven. The condition of Ireland is at present such, on the whole, 
 as gives rise, in my mind, to the strongest feelings of satisfaction and 
 of hope. There is, generally, a manifest decrease of outrage and crime, 
 
 L2
 
 148 THE EARL OF CARLISLE'S FIRST VISIT TO BELFAST. 
 
 with one or two occasional hideous exceptions, sufficient to warn us 
 where human conduct is concerned, never to presume. Agriculture is 
 undergoing an immense development and improvement ; and it must be 
 the care of many of you, Gentlemen, to see that our manufacturing pro- 
 cesses exhibit a similar progress. New schools of education new Col- 
 leges of learning new temples of religion are multiplied on every 
 side, and the general condition of the people has strikingly advanced in 
 ease and comfort. They are better fed they are better clothed there 
 is an infinitely greater proportion of shoes and stockings than when I 
 was in Ireland last ; and the new complaint of Ireland is, that there are 
 almost too few hands to work, and too few mouths to be fed. I indeed 
 heard lately something of neAV arrivals being expected in this country 
 from America. Well, then, Gentlemen, will they be those of Irishmen 
 returning home to till their fields again to work their looms again to 
 kiss their wives and families again. If so, we will bid them heartily 
 welcome, provided, at least, they come in some moderation. Can it be 
 that they could come here with any hostile intention ? I feel sure that 
 the good sense, as well as the good feeling of all true-hearted Irishmen 
 or Americans would repudiate the monstrous supposition. But we 
 will not let such preposterous images mar our social harmony ; and I 
 would rather leave you with the bright impressions about you of suc- 
 cessful commerce, rewarded industry, restored peace, and expanding 
 civilization. These ideas connect themselves prominently with the 
 town of Belfast ; and the best way for me to embody them is, to ask you 
 to drink the health of its First Magistrate the Chairman who has so 
 ably presided over the proceedings of the evening. I give you "The 
 health of the Chairman of the evening, the Mayor, and the Corporation 
 of the Town of Belfast."
 
 ( 149 ) 
 AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS, 
 
 THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY OF IRELAND, 
 AND THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOWS. 
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE 
 
 SHOW. 
 
 [APEIL 12TH, 1855.] 
 
 T E. FOOT, Esq., having read the Address, 
 
 The EAEL OF CARLISLE said : 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg to assure you that I receive with peculiar gratification the 
 Address of the Yice-Presidents, Council, and Memhers of the Royal 
 Dublin Society. The official capacity with which I have just been in- 
 vested confers upon me the honourable distinction of being its President ; 
 but the interest I must feel in its prosperity and progress does not date, as 
 you have kindly reminded me, from my latest arrival in Ireland, and is not 
 confined to any merely formal or nominal connexion. I am aware that 
 since my former residence in this capital the schemes and operations of 
 your Society have received considerable modifications and enlargements ; 
 and I look forward with much interest to the opportunities which my re- 
 newed sojourn will give me of marking the various stages of growth and 
 development which you have already attained, and attending if I dare 
 hardly say assisting any onward advances which it may still be in your 
 power to accomplish. The promotion of husbandry and other useful 
 arts in Ireland must be objects appealing to the best sympathies, and 
 commanding the united efforts of all her true-hearted sons. The proofs 
 of her agricultural prowess are gathered round us at this moment, I trust, 
 and I doubt not, to find similar symptoms 1 of activity and success in 
 other pursuits, which tend, through the researches of the studious and
 
 150 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW 
 
 the thoughtful, to improve the details and habits of our daily and practical 
 life, and to promote the enjoyment and elevation of the whole body of 
 our people. I rejoice that, in the enlarged sphere of your operations, 
 you have not declined to associate some of the ornamental pursuits and 
 humanizing accomplishments with the graver branches of scientific and 
 mechanical knowledge that the Museum co-exists with the Laboratory, 
 and the Garden with the Cattle Show Yard. I have a firm belief that 
 all science and all art, all usefulness and all beauty, are formed to pro- 
 mote and to re-act upon each other ; and I trust that in employing 
 their united influence to the glory of our common Creator, and the 
 good of His creatures, the Royal Dublin Society will ever hold an 
 honourable and conspicuous position. 
 
 EVENING MEETING ADJUDICATION OF PRIZES. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE rose, and said: 
 MY LOKDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I trust you will not be disposed to measure the value which I set 
 upon the objects that have brought us together this evening, or my own 
 sense of that respectful warmth of welcome with which you have re- 
 ceived me, by the contracted limits of the reply which I propose to ad- 
 dress to you. But, over and above the many interesting and copious 
 matters which have already engaged our attention this evening, I think 
 that I have three good pleas for the utmost conciseness in my remarks. 
 The first is, that my faculties of mind and body have hardly yet reco- 
 vered their normal state of evenness after the very stormy condition of 
 the sea which I crossed yesterday ; the next is, that I have really an- 
 swered so many addresses to-day that I begin to lose all discrimination 
 respecting appropriate topics ; and, thirdly and chiefly, I feel that I am, 
 for the present, too raw in the business in hand. I have too lately on 
 this occasion set my foot on Irish soil to enable me to take a sufficiently 
 accurate or just view of the various matters which have engaged, so pro- 
 fitably and honourably, the attention of this Society, or of awarding 
 amongst them the proper amount of comment or admiration. I may 
 just remark, that during my last residence in Ireland, if I remember 
 rightly, the Royal Society for the Improvement of Agriculture had not 
 then even started into life ; and most of you, Gentlemen, know best the
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 151 
 
 great advances in the science and practice of agriculture which the ex- 
 ertions of that Society, acting with the Koyal Dublin Society, in no un- 
 friendly spirit, have subsequently made, and are able, therefore, to per- 
 ceive how much I have to learn as to what has been done in the interval, 
 and how much reason I have to anticipate pleasures from the strides 
 the gigantic strides I hope to find them which Irish agriculture has 
 been enabled to make. We are told, in the interesting remarks made 
 by Lord Talbot de Malahide, that the exhibitions of live stock, which 
 began with about a score, have already amounted to 300 ; so we may say 
 of the lawn in Merrion- square, 
 
 " Tercentum nivii tondunt dumeta juvenci." 
 
 I remember thinking formerly, when I traversed large tracts of your 
 country, seldom deficient either in the richness of its soil or beauty of 
 its outlines, after all, that the sight, from its novelty, which most glad- 
 dened the eyes was a field of turnips. But I am sure no one could have 
 gone through the show-yard to-day without feeling that there must 
 indeed now be a very large portion of land devoted to the cultivation 
 of every kind of green crop to produce such a display as is there exhi- 
 bited. To say nothing of the sleek bullocks and oxen of Meath, or the 
 elfin form of the Kerry mountaineers, I find you have been successful 
 in adopting almost every variety of English stock our short-horns and 
 Devons ; and among our sheep the Leicesters, South Downs, Cheviots, 
 and Cotswolds; and although Ireland, I thought, justly prided herself 
 on her breed of pigs, I even find that you have naturalized amongst you 
 the Berkshire breed, and one, to my unlearned eye, bearing nearly the 
 appearance of being marked like Zebras. And myself being engaged 
 occasionally in breeding stock in a limited way in my own home not 
 at all like Mr. Charles Towneley not having the victorious propensi- 
 ties, I feel I should shrink from competition with what I saw to-day, 
 as I should be sorry to expose the Yiceregal dignity to such a humi- 
 liating discomfiture. Besides the interesting topic of agriculture, which 
 occupies so much attention in this country, we have had our attention 
 called to-night by the very able and elaborate statement of the services 
 this Society has rendered to Ireland ; and, no doubt, it was highly cre- 
 ditable to find how early it was in the field for the protection of orna- 
 mental art, and that now it was girding itself to meet the peculiar strain 
 and competition that have arrayed itself against it. We have also had 
 our attention called to the subject of manures, which, perhaps, does not
 
 152 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 seem the most savoury theme ; nevertheless, those who are best ac- 
 quainted with agriculture will feel it is second to none in importance, 
 and that none can bear more striking testimony to that beautiful ar- 
 rangement of Providence which orders that nothing shall be without its 
 use, and which calls out of that which, unless duly appreciated, would 
 only tend to produce disgust, or generate disease, the elements of ferti- 
 lity and health, Hence it is, Gentlemen, that the rose and the violet 
 are often found only 
 
 " To waste their sweetness on the desert air," 
 
 while those substances that are most unlike the rose and the violet in 
 their fragrance, may, if properly husbanded and applied, be found most 
 useful, not only in invigorating our bodies, but in stocking our purses. 
 Well, my Lords and Gentlemen, I am sure you all feel the paramount 
 importance which the systematic and successful cultivation of agricul- 
 ture, of art, and of science, must bestow on every country, and especially 
 on a country which has had to cope with such difficulties as Ireland. 
 And I trust that even that time of pressure and of suffering through 
 which Ireland has passed, may be found not to have been without its 
 redeeming features ; and while we most earnestly pray against its re- 
 currence, we still find that it had its advantages in the spirit of self- 
 reliance and energy on the one side, and the kindliness, the compassion, 
 and the pity on the other, which it may have been the means of extract- 
 ing out of the blackened surface of calamity. You will only, perhaps, 
 further permit me to add, that I think it especially refreshing at this time 
 to see the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, and the bloodless triumphs of 
 art duly encouraged and fostered by the inhabitants of our country, 
 many other sons of which are shedding their best blood at the call of 
 their Sovereign and their country ; and I am sure you will alike feel 
 that every call of duty ought to be energetically responded to and en- 
 thusiastically honoured. Still we cannot repine, but the contrary, when 
 the result of these exertions we encourage and uphold is not to shorten, 
 to cripple, or to destroy human life, but to prolong, to enrich, and to 
 adorn it.
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CARLOW. 153 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 THE GREAT ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CARLOW. 
 
 [AUGUST TTH, 
 
 H 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 IS GRACE THE DUKE OF LEINSTER, Chairman, said : 
 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 It gives me very great pleasure to rise to propose to you the health 
 of His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. My Lords and 
 Gentlemen, I have had the honour and pleasure of his acquaintance 
 during many years, and a more amiable nobleman does not exist. Since 
 he first entered public life he has had, I know, the interest of this 
 country at heart ; and I am sure you will most cordially join me in 
 drinking " The Health of the Lord Lieutenant, and Prosperity to Ire- 
 land." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD DUKE, MY LOEDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 I beg to return you my sincere thanks for the distinction you have 
 been pleased to confer upon me in coupling my name with a wish so 
 near to all your own hearts as that of " Prosperity to Ireland." It is 
 an honour that I am fully sensible is due to the position which I have 
 been appointed to fill, but which, you will allow me to say, is very largely 
 enhanced by the cordial manner in which it has on this occasion been 
 conferred. I am not by any means a stranger to agriculture, on a largo
 
 154 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CARLOW. 
 
 scale, in my own country of England ; but this is the first time I have 
 had the opportunity of assisting at the annual gathering of the Royal 
 Agricultural Improvement Society in the provinces of Ireland. I be- 
 lieve that this Society entered upon its career its most important and 
 auspicious career at the period when my first official connexion with 
 this country came to a close ; but not before I had the opportunity of 
 conferring upon the subject with one whom you will all admit to have 
 been one of its most public-spirited and efficient promoters, if I may not 
 call him entirely its founder I mean the late Mr. Peter PurcelL To 
 prove how far it has since proceeded and prospered, I have only to refer 
 to the large dimensions, the excellent arrangements, the quantity and the 
 quality that have been this day displayed upon the verdant banks of the 
 Barrow. Since the period to which I have referred the period of its 
 birth allow me to cast a brief retrospective glance upon its prominent 
 operations in the subsequent interval. This Society wisely resolved to 
 encourage affiliated societies, and I learn that there are at this moment 
 upwards of seventy such branch societies established in Ireland. By 
 this method, and by holding its annual meetings in the principal towns 
 of Ireland in succession, it has carried its own experience through every 
 district, each in its turn, and has thereby tended to fuse together the 
 knowledge of the best specialities of each, whether in tillage or in pas- 
 ture, in cereals or in green crops, or in the breeding and fattening of 
 cattle ; and I have little doubt that, without slighting other most 
 \yeighty influences which have been at work upon the social condition 
 of the Irish people some of them of a mingled character without 
 slighting the due weight to be attached to these influences, I have 
 little doubt that the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ire- 
 land has greatly assisted the extension and improvement of agriculture 
 which has so largely marked the last twenty years in the annals of your . 
 country. For example, let me just mention that I find, by the late 
 official returns, that the quantity of land under cultivation in Ireland 
 in 1841 was 13,564,300 acres; in the year 1851 it had amounted to 
 14,802,581 acres; and then, as to the value of live stock, it was in 
 1841 computed to be 19,399,000; and in 1851 it had reached the 
 figure of 27,326,000; in 1853 it had further increased to 31,844,000 ; 
 and in the last year, 1 854, it is computed to have reached 33,508,000. 
 But, observe, this does not give even the quite accurate measure of in-
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CARLOW. 155 
 
 crease ; because, for the sake of forming a comparison, the same prices 
 were affixed to the relative number of cattle in each of the two periods, 
 whereas, I take it, the true increase has been in the better description of 
 stock ; and that, as the quality has improved still more than the quan- 
 tity, we may assume, without fear of exaggeration, that the value of 
 the live stock of Ireland now may at least be put at double the amount 
 that it was worth when your Society began its career. Again, one of 
 the most important operations of this Society must have been to make 
 it manifest for what species of production the soil and climate of Ireland 
 were most suited, and for what species of production the different parts 
 of Ireland itself were most suited. I believe of late years it will be 
 found that the growth of wheat has diminished, but that of oats and 
 barley has increased ; but the increase is still more striking with respect 
 to green crops turnips and mangel-wurzel; for I believe it is true 
 that in 1841 there was one acre of green crops to every two of corn 
 crops'; even so far back as 1847 the proportion had shifted, and there 
 was an acre of green crops to four to two and upwards of corn crops. 
 I beg pardon that there is now, in 1855, an acre of green crops to 
 every two acres of corn crops; and no longer ago than 1847 the pro- 
 portion of green crops was one acre to four and upwards of corn crops. 
 Then, with respect to one of the agricultural productions, and a very 
 important one it is the flax crop for which the climate and soil of 
 Ireland have been thought particularly suited, and to the growth of 
 which the present war with Russia has given great additional impor- 
 tance now, the flax crops in 1849 occupied 6314 acres; but in the 
 year 1853 they occupied 174,379 acres. Chiefly, I believe, the amount 
 of flax grown is confined to the North of Ireland ; but there are not 
 wanting now many enlightened proprietors in the West and South to 
 make the experiment ; and I have no doubt that, if it be found remu- 
 nerative which, I beg to remind you, is the sure and sound test of 
 every production if this be the case, I have no doubt their patriotic 
 example will be largely followed. But the crop of flax is too bulky in 
 proportion to the fibre to bear the cost of carriage, without the aid of 
 scutch-mills. I find that the scutch-mills last year amounted to 1100. 
 Therefore, there is every reason to believe that this important article of 
 produce is being largely cultivated. Then, you must not forget, 
 while the productions of Ireland have increased, that it is true to some
 
 156 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CARLOW. 
 
 extent that your population has diminished. Therefore, the condition 
 of the remaining portion of the population, I take it, has heen benefited 
 in two ways ; and, so far as their means of command over the necessa- 
 ries of life and the chief articles of sustenance are concerned, not only 
 has the amount of food at their command been increased, but there has 
 been also a marked improvement in the soundness and nutritive cha- 
 racter of that food. Then, my Lords and Gentlemen, if such has been 
 the continued progress, despite the blight of famine, and the drain of 
 emigration, and the more frightful calamity of war, altogether, whether 
 we refer to the productiveness of the soil, the enterprise of the proprie- 
 tors, or the general condition of the people, may not our hopes for the 
 future sobered, indeed, by reliance upon the inscrutable will of an all- 
 ruling Providence but may not our hopes for the future be most en- 
 couraging and sanguine ? If such is the general improvement in Irish 
 agriculture, and the social condition of the Irish people, let me add my 
 earnest hope that this Society the Eoyal Irish Agricultural Sociely it- 
 self may long continue to witness and to develope those inestimable ad- 
 vantages under the honoured auspices of your Grace ; and that gather- 
 ing still increasing support from all classes, and all orders from those 
 who represent the most ancient lineage and the largest wealth of the 
 country from those whose hard-working and honest industry and la- 
 bour support the wide basis of our social fabric, borrowing all new 
 lights from science, applying all such new methods, and perfecting all 
 such old ones as experience may approve this Society may long con- 
 tinue to work each future year, as it has done each past year of its valu- 
 able existence, and find its best reward in the acknowledgments of 
 new advantages conferred upon a peaceful, a prosperous, and a grateful 
 people. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE again rose, and said : 
 MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I feel I shall best embody the sentiments I ventured to express con- 
 cerning the Royal Agricultural Society, by now calling on you to do 
 honour to its distinguished President. The obligations of this Society 
 to the Duke of Leinster, and his discharge through life of every public 
 and private duty, amply entitle him to such distinction. Long habits 
 of personal intercourse, and the memory of frequent kindnesses received,
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 157 
 
 make it especially agreeable to my own feelings to propose it ; but if I 
 were to say all I think, all that you think, and all that his country 
 thinks of the Duke of Leinster, standing in his near neighbourhood, I 
 should almost be afraid of some personal violence ; therefore, I have 
 only to call on you to fill full glasses to the good health, the long life 
 and when I mention his own health, and his own life, he will know all 
 besides I mean and include when I add, to the uninterrupted happiness 
 of the Duke of Leinster. 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 THE GREAT ANNUAL ^CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 
 [AUGTTST 13XH, 1856.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LOED DUKE, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T HA YE to thank you very sincerely for the demonstration of loyalty 
 -* which you have made in receiving this toast, and for the great per- 
 sonal cordiality with which you have drank it. It is indeed very 
 agreeable to me to have been able to pay this second visit to the annual 
 meeting of this great Society ; and it seems to me that in very many 
 points of view the Royal Agricultural Society could not have selected a 
 happier or more appropriate spot as the scene of its annual gathering 
 than here at Aiklone. Seated as it is on the greatest river of our island, 
 upon the central point of that river and its site in itself nearly the 
 centre of Ireland ; and, as if not content with that gleaming liquid high-
 
 158 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 
 
 way, now stretching out its new iron links, first, to the great fairs of Hul- 
 lingar and Ballinasloe, and then onward to the splendid ocean and hays of 
 Gal way on the one side, and Dublin on the other, where could we have 
 placed Irish agriculture on a more befitting throne ? Nor are there 
 wanting some very gratifying points of contrast with the times that have 
 passed away. This same majestic Shannon formerly separated Con- 
 naught almost as a distinct country from the rest of Ireland. Some- 
 times, indeed, Connaught was represented as being one side of a less 
 polite alternative ; and this very day the most brilliant of historians has 
 described to us how the inhabitants of the same realm guarded those 
 lines, and watched those fords, and reddened those plains in deadly con- 
 flict. Now, the same stream washes the confines of ten peaceful Irish 
 counties, and benefits them all; and so, on this day, brings together a 
 large unarmed assembly, to meet in peaceful lists, where there is no more 
 destructive rivalry than that between Polled Anguses and Kerries. 
 Still, on the subject of this great river much pains have been taken of 
 late years to heighten its natural capabilities by improving the naviga- 
 tion and by diminishing the overflow of its banks, to which it was so 
 much subject. And I am not sure whether our great imperial ally 
 might not borrow some very useful hints from us as to how to deal with 
 those disastrous inundations which on a large scale have so recently oc- 
 curred on the banks of the Loire and the Rhone. But, with respect to 
 ourselves, this deepening of the channels of rivers, and straightening of 
 their courses, and reduction of their waters to their summer level, pre- 
 faces the way most usefully for other drainage, and I rejoice to find how 
 much of this beneficial work is going on over Ireland generally. I learn 
 that since 1848, 176,000 acres have been drained by the Board of 
 Works, and I imagine more than double that by private hands. The 
 deep draining and surface draining on mountain lands have followed, 
 with results of a like benefit to the upland farmers and graziers. Now, 
 I need not point out to the practical and enlightened men who now sur- 
 round me, how all-important drainage must be to a country like Ireland, 
 where the insular climate must necessarily cause so great an abundance 
 of moisture, and where we cannot always rely on those brilliant sun- 
 shines with which we have been lately favoured. Nor can I be debarred, 
 even by the golden promise of those harvests which now gladden our 
 eyes from urging you to bear in mind what nature in her wise economy
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 159 
 
 seems specially to have fitted this island for is to be the mother of flocks 
 and herds to be, if I may say so, the larder and dairy of the world 
 to send rations of beef and bales of bacon to our armies wherever they 
 are whether they are to be found, as many of my friends here to-night 
 can speak of them being, upon the distant ranges of the Caucasus, or 
 elsewhere and to send firkins of butter to every sea and harbour of the 
 habitable globe. Now, this comparative abundance of moisture, which 
 is the cause of fertility when only regulated and turned to use, becomes 
 the reverse when it is neglected. The natural conformation of the soil 
 also points out the expediency of great attention to drainage ; your great 
 mountain ranges surround on every side a great central limestone plain, 
 and the strata of that plain present many obstacles to sufficient outlets 
 for the rain that falls upon its surface. As an instance, this great Shan- 
 non itself, in its course of 140 miles, has only 160 feet of a fall. The 
 same obstructions to the outflow of the waters present themselves in 
 many districts of Ireland. Now, these are difficulties contrived by na- 
 ture to stimulate the energy and reward the industry of man, which can 
 be removed by science, industry, and skilL Those efforts and improve- 
 ments upon any large or pervading scale may be made by the liberality 
 of governments, or the expenditure of public funds ; but the activity of 
 any government and the outlay of any public funds of the State, how- 
 ever buoyant, can never be sufficient to control and insure steady and 
 continuous action. It is to private enterprise, guided and stimulated by 
 such Societies as I have now the honour to address, that the coun- 
 try must mainly look for any sustained exertions. I feel confident 
 that, as in the past this Society has not been wanting in this good and 
 useful course, so it will not be found wanting in the future. I leave it 
 to those who are more competent to speak upon the subject to dilate 
 upon the merits of the Exhibition we have had so much pleasure in wit- 
 nessing this day. But I know that I am not advising any sluggish 
 community upon these subjects. Within the last twenty years more 
 than a million of Irish acres have been reclaimed from waste. In 1841 
 to eight millions of people, there were thirty millions of cultivated 
 acres in Ireland. Now, perhaps more than one million has been sub- 
 tracted from the population, and more than a million of acres has been 
 added to our cultivated area. I wish, however, not to deal in generali- 
 ties on an occasion of this sort, but I will confine myself to actual con- 
 trast to the actual progress, as contrasted between the present year and
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 
 
 that which immediately preceded. I derive my information from tho 
 very valuable returns collected by the Constabulary of this country ; and 
 this is a matter in which I conceive that you in Ireland have got a mate- 
 rial start over your proud neighbours in England. These returns, as you 
 are well aware, are collected annually, and, be it spoken to the great 
 credit of tho Irish gentry, farmers, and people, they are collected 
 voluntarily. And none, indeed, are tho instances in which the in- 
 formation requested is not supplied with the utmost alacrity and good 
 will I find from these returns, which have not yet been given to tho 
 public that, comparing this year with the last, there is a decrease 
 of some amount in the growth of oats and barley, but there is an increase 
 in the growth of wheat of 83,683 acres. The increase in green crops 
 amounts to no less than 1 14,774 acres ; and, although I must admit that 
 potatoes keep by far the largest item, yet I am in hopes that potatoes 
 themselves are grown now somewhat more as a fanner's crop than with 
 a view to tho exclusive subsistence of the country people. The in- 
 crease in flax, which I am especially glad to learn covers 9,000 acres, 
 and the increase of the whole extent under tillage this year, as compared 
 with the last, amounts to 65,573 acres. So with respect to live stock. 
 The increase in the number of horses amounts to 18,000 ; on the head 
 of cattle, to 25,000 ; on the number of sheep, to 90,000. There is a very 
 large increase observable in pigs, amounting to no less than 250,000 
 head ; but it is thought by those who are charged with the collection of 
 these returns, that this is owing to their having been made up at an 
 earlier period than usual, because I believe the farmers generally like 
 to have their breeds of pigs to feed when they have the largest quantity 
 of the farm produce to give them. However, that is a matter which 
 must be tested by subsequent inquiries. Now, I have the pleasure of 
 seeing opposite to me, on this occasion, a most useful public officer, 
 Mr. Donnelly. I cannot see him without remembering that both he and 
 I have striven to inculcate how much use it would be to effect a still 
 larger destruction of roadside weeds. I do not like to go on ground 
 which I have trodden before. I believe and I hope much has been 
 done, and is doing, in this respect. I know some railway companies 
 good enough to give very useful directions on this head, and I believe 
 both they and the grand juries, and the road contractors, and the pro- 
 prietary at large, might do still more. I do not wish at all to treat even 
 the unproductive pauper as a human weed ; I should be very sorry to
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW ATHLONE. 101 
 
 represent him in that light ; but I am happy to say that this crop shows 
 a great deficiency as compared with its state last year ; for, upon inquiry, 
 what are the numbers in the workhouse ? I am informed that in the last 
 week there are 17,711 fewer than in the same week of August, 1855, 
 and that there were 1571 fewer last week than in the week before. 
 Indeed, there is no circumstance in the present social condition of Ire- 
 land which inspires me with more satisfaction than what I believe to be 
 the use, perhaps the gradual, but the general use perhaps the slow, but 
 I believe certain, and I trust permanent, rise in the present rate of 
 wages ; and if there are any here to whom that consideration has a very 
 comfortable sound, I would entreat them to remember that low wages 
 by no means represented cheap labour, and that no real or permanent 
 prosperity can be expected in a country unless it is grounded upon a 
 prosperous and contented tenant and labouring class ; and only let me 
 add, Gentlemen, that it is thus, amid the harmony of classes, the co- 
 operation of interests, the blessings of external peace and internal con- 
 cord, that I trust the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland is destined 
 to pursue its honourable and beneficent career.
 
 1G2 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW WATERFORD. 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 THE GREAT ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW WATERFORD. 
 [ATTGTJST 13TH, 1857.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 THE noble Chairman, the MARQUIS OF WATERFORD, said: 
 Some were born with such talents as rendered, to them, most difficult 
 objects easy of accomplishment; others were born blessed with a deter- 
 mination zealously to perform the duties of their position. He proposed 
 to them to drink the health of one who combined both these qualities 
 the " Health of His Excellency the Earl of Carlisle." 
 
 The EAKL OF CAELISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD WATERFOBD, MY Loans, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return my most sincere thanks to this very numerous and most 
 distinguished company for the warm and kind manner in which they 
 have been pleased to receive my name, and to drink my health. I re- 
 joice that the annual cycle of the Royal Irish Agricultural Society has 
 brought us on this occasion to the prosperous county and pleasing city 
 of "Waterford. We are here assembled at the very portals of our land. 
 Time was, indeed, when that was more peculiarly their characteristic, 
 and when Waterford was more commonly even the place of arrival from 
 the sister country, than the metropolis itself. For it was at "Waterford, 
 as many will remember, that King Henry IT., King John, and King 
 Richard II. first planted their mailed feet upon the strand of Ireland ; 
 and I make no doubt that if in those days they could have been sure of 
 finding here collected as goodly a muster of beeves and sheep as have 
 this day greeted and gladdened our eyes, the visits of the Norman and
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW WATERFORD. 163 
 
 Plantagenet kings would have been still more frequent, and their 
 armies still more strong than they were. However, in these times of 
 peace and settlement, so far indeed as relates to the European world, 
 I think it will be admitted that a better locality could hardly have been 
 selected for the exhibition of your Society, with all our green island as 
 a back country to furnish its evidence of agricultural advancement, and 
 inviting the whole outside world to send its products in through your 
 port and noble river. Owing to the time at which these annual exhi- 
 bitions are held, I am empowered to gain the earliest insight into an 
 abstract of the agricultural statistics for the year just closed, which are 
 always furnished by the industry and under the enlightened superin- 
 tendence of the Registrar-General, Mr. Donnelly. This is a branch of 
 knowledge in which our opposite neighbours in old England are still 
 content to lag far behind you in Ireland. I will only present you 
 with a very short summary of the leading results of what has been 
 ascertained respecting the growth of cereal crops and green crops, and 
 the quantity of live stock in the year that has just closed as compared 
 with the year immediately preceding. In the growtli of wheat crops in 
 the year ending in 1857, as compared with the year ending in 1856, 
 there is an increase of the acres under cultivation of 34,000 ; in barley 
 and rye crops of 27,000 acres. This is met by a decrease in the quan- 
 tity of acres under oats to the extent of 55,000. But the whole increase 
 of the cereal crops in 1857, as compared with 1856, may be reckoned at 
 3,000 acres. "With respect to green crops, there is an increase of 41,000 
 acres under cultivation for the potato. In other green crops, except 
 turnips, in which there has been a small decrease, there is an increase 
 of about 8,000 acres; and, on the whole, the total increase of acres under 
 cultivation for green crops is 49,000. The increase in the number of 
 acres under meadow and clover amounts to 65,000 ; and the total in- 
 crease in the extent of land under crops in Ireland this year, as compared 
 with the last year, is 105,000 acres. With respect to the quantity of 
 live stock in Ireland, there is an increase in the number of horses of 
 27,000, of cattle 30,000; and there is an increase in the number of 
 pigs to the extent of 332,000 ; but that is met by a decrease in the 
 number of sheep amounting to 241,000. This decrease in the num- 
 ber of sheep seems to me to be \vorthy of your consideration. I do not 
 know to what causes it is exactly to be attributed. Perhaps the most 
 pleasant cause to which to attribute it is the great demand for mutton, 
 
 M2
 
 164 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW WATERFORD. 
 
 and in consequence of which there has been a premature run upon lean 
 sheep. Now, these results seem to me, though on the whole of a satis- 
 factory and encouraging character, not to be such as should make us 
 content with the state of advancement to which you have already at- 
 tained, but such as to stimulate you to continued and increased exertions 
 in those pursuits which are healthful for the body, good for the mind, 
 which we may be sure are public-spirited and patriotic, and which we 
 may venture also to hope, though perhaps in a less exalted strain, will 
 be found to be self-rewarding and remunerative. I do not know 
 whether it will be reckoned one of the proper functions of a Viceroy to 
 use the office of admonition, as well as the more grateful and royal office 
 of approval. Perhaps this maybe one of the uses of a Viceroy which 
 we have heard called in question. A Viceroy may admonish where a 
 Sovereign only could approve. Well, I have heard it insinuated, Gentle- 
 men, that even in this fame.d county of Waterford, which I dare say 
 may afford the same condition of things as many of the other counties 
 of Ireland, that while there has been a very marked improvement 
 within the two or three last years, both in tillage and in stock, in drain- 
 age, and in the raising of fences, yet still landlords and tenants are to 
 be found who allow themselves to be negligent about the state of open 
 main drains. It is a subject, I take it, of very intimate concern to the 
 well-being of their estates ; and I also think that, notwithstanding the 
 active and even enthusiastic exertions of my friend Mr. Donnelly 
 whose many public services I am happy to see Her Majesty has lately 
 been pleased to recognise, although some think not quite as appropri- 
 ately as they might have been made Companion of the Bath, and not 
 of the Thistle still it is feared that, notwithstanding these exertions, 
 the actual surface of Ireland does still continue to exhibit more than at 
 least its proper proportion of weeds. I know that the total extinction 
 of weeds must be a work of time, and of gradual and continued effort, 
 like all other great works. But, Gentlemen, Delhi has not fallen yet, 
 as far as we know, and Irish weeds are not yet extirpated, and I be- 
 lieve the one to be as essential to the real regeneration of Irish agricul- 
 ture as the other is to the martial glory and stability of the empire. 
 With respect to the exhibition of this day, I believe we shall all be 
 justified in regarding it with unmixed feelings of approval and compla- 
 cency; and I am sure that there can be but one opinion as to the 
 admirable character of the arrangements, and of the accommodation
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW WATERFORD. 165 
 
 
 
 that has been supplied. However, Gentlemen, on these points you will 
 have more precise and discriminating opinions from those who are far 
 more competent to speak upon such subjects than I can be. I find that 
 in the course of the session, the labours of which are not yet brought to 
 a close, I was something very like denounced, because it was presumed 
 that I could distinguish a cow from a sheep. I do not know what will be 
 said of my Viceregal degeneracy to-day, when it becomes bruited that I 
 have had what I consider a great honour that I have had a prize as- 
 signed to me for a breeding sow. However, Gentlemen, I consider that 
 a very shallow criticism which would represent an interest in agricul- 
 ture and a pride in its advancement as qualities not desirable in an Irish 
 ruler ; for you cannot take into consideration the whole condition and 
 circumstances of Ireland herf ertile but varied soil her wealth of 
 rivers and harbours the habits and character of her population, and 
 even her changeful climate, and her weeping skies (which, however, 
 have been in such happy suspension this day) you cannot take all these 
 features and characteristics of Ireland into consideration without coming 
 to the conviction that agriculture is the special field for the develop- 
 ment of Ireland's prosperity, and I will even add of Ireland's greatness. 
 I consider her destinies are very much bound up in the manner in which 
 she turns to advantage the capacities with which Providence has en- 
 dowed both her soil and her people ; and if this was the wish of the 
 latest Viceroy a case, however, I am far from wishing to anticipate 
 I should feel neither regret nor shame if that wish could be embodied in 
 the form of prosperity to Irish agriculture. 
 
 The EAEL OF CARLISLE again rose, and said : 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I am sure you will continue your indulgence to me so far as to allow 
 me to propose a toast to you. When that toast has been proposed, it will 
 need no other commendation than itself. I alluded just now, in the ob- 
 servations which I addressed to you, to an old English Sovereign, King 
 Henry II. "With that monarch came over to these shores the ancestors 
 of our noble Chairman ; and most pleasing it is to see that the descen- 
 dants of the armed invaders of this country may now be reckoned 
 amongst the most prominent of its supporters and ornaments. The noble 
 Chairman who presides over us this evening has made the princely 
 domain where, like a true-born and loyal-hearted Irishman, he so
 
 16(5 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 
 
 much resides not more remarkable for all its features of natural beauty 
 and its glorious swells of wood and upland, than it now is for the im- 
 provement of its agricultural capacities, and the comfort of a thriving 
 tenantry and a grateful peasantry. In gratitude to the Noble Lord for 
 all that he has given to Ireland, and, permit me to add, for all that he 
 has brought to Ireland, I may ask you now to drink " The health of 
 the Marquis of Waterford." 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND. 
 
 GREAT ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 
 [JULY 27iH, 1859.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 T1HE Chairman, the EARL OF ERNE, rose, and said: He felt 
 * extreme pleasure in proposing the health of a Noble Lord who had 
 held the reins of government in Ireland for several years, with a short 
 interval. He meant His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant. He (Lord Erne) 
 could state, without fear of contradiction, that there never was a nobleman 
 who presided over Ireland more anxious than Lord Carlisle- to do every- 
 thing in his power to promote the welfare of the country, and to promote 
 agriculture. With a keen and perceptive eye His Excellency soon 
 found that Ireland was an agricultural country, and therefore used every 
 exertion in his power to advance agriculture in all its branches. He 
 had done the Society the honour of becoming its Vice-patron ; he had 
 even been a large subscriber to it, and for the time he held the office of 
 Secretary he had attended every one of the Shows of the Society. As 
 they all knew the character of His Excellency, he (Lord Erne) would do
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 1(57 
 
 no more than simply propose the " Health of His Excellency the Earl 
 of Carlisle," coupling with it the good old national saying, 
 " Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 The EAEL OF CAELISLE rose, and said: 
 MY LORD ERNE, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I am extremely obliged to you for the cordial reception you have been 
 pleased to give the toast which has just been submitted to your no- 
 tice. As your Noble President has said, this is by no means the first 
 time I find myself the visitor and the guest of the Royal Agricultural 
 Society of Ireland, and I have the satisfaction of seeing that you are not 
 inclined to consider me a stranger. Indeed, my fears might have run in 
 a contrary direction. I might have- apprehended that just as by the 
 judicious regulations of your show yards the same animals are not 
 allowed to compete for an indefinite number of times, but that there 
 are strict limitations of " two year olds," " three year olds," and, 
 "four year olds," which must not be transgressed, I might have 
 apprehended that I should be considered too stale an object to be 
 produced again on this occasion. Most happy shall I feel myself, 
 in connexion with my renewed term of office in Ireland, if I shall 
 happen to be classed amongst that species of stock which no longer is 
 entitled to compete for the prize, but is entered simply as " commended." 
 However this may be, my noble friend has rightly assumed that I must 
 feel great pleasure in finding myself again amongst the members of your 
 flourishing and vigorous Society, and especially to have the privilege 
 of being at an exhibition which, in all respects, has been so entirely 
 worthy of their past renown and their advancing usefulness. Nearly 
 all the points connected with the present Show, and with the immediate 
 condition of the Society's affairs, I clearly shall do best to leave to those 
 who, from familiar acquaintance with the whole subject of Irish agri- 
 culture, and from their having been, unlike myself, enabled by con- 
 tinuous and unbroken residence to keep their attention directed to the 
 current transactions of the Society, shall be thus qualified to speak with 
 weight and authority on an occasion like the present. I may permit 
 myself to say, in passing, that the spot for the exhibition appears to me 
 to have been this year most happily chosen under those umbrageous 
 glades in which we were clustered to-day, within easy reach of railway 
 communication, close to an important town, whose very name shows its
 
 1G8 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 
 
 ancient origin Dundalgan the old fort of Dalgan, which, so far back 
 as the year 1001, witnessed the battles of the great Brian Born and 
 even then the surrounding district was no stranger to agriculture, be- 
 cause it is specially recorded that an army destroyed the grain and til- 
 lage of the plain. Then, afterwards, as the border land of the Pale, it 
 was often the scene of exploits in which Scot and Dane were mixed ; and 
 though we cannot precisely boast at the present day that feuds, and 
 wars, and bloodshed have disappeared from the earth witness the gi- 
 gantic carnage of Magenta and Solferino yet we may thankfully ac- 
 knowledge that the show yard of Dundalk, as we saw it to-day, with its 
 long lines of stalled cattle, and its well-filled sheds of peaceful imple- 
 ments, afforded a gratifying and delightful contrast both to the barbarous 
 broils of the old Septs, and if to the more scientific, yet the still deadlier 
 massacres of modern warfare. Gentlemen, as our interest to-day is 
 mainly centred in our Irish soil, perhaps you will allow me for a very 
 short time to occupy the sort of vantage ground which this annual 
 meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society presents to us, and to glance 
 at the one or two of the leading features of the prospects we may thus 
 take in of the general condition of the country. Now, on looking into 
 authentic documents, I find that the land under tillage in Ireland in the 
 first year when these returns were calculated in the year 1847 
 twelve years ago amounted to 5,238,575 acres. In the year we have 
 just completed, in the year 1858, they had increased to 5, 882, 152 acres, 
 being an increase in these twelve years of 643 acres, or at the rate of 12 
 per cent, in eleven years. Now, the climate and circumstances con- 
 nected with it have with the true spirit of economy produced that result 
 in the different kinds of culture. The grain crops have given way in a 
 great degree to those more succulent and humid vegetables which 
 are classed as green crops ; and accordingly I find, in the same period to 
 which I have referred, that the cereal crops have diminished by not less 
 than 565,000 acres, or 1 7 per cent, of the whole amount. The green crops 
 have increased in nearly the same proportion. The live stock in Ire- 
 land, which was valued in 1841 at 19,375,000, is valued now in the 
 last year at 34,616,000. With respect to the size of farms farms 
 under five acres, in 1841, amounted to 310,000. In 1858, instead 
 of 310,000, they have decreased to, 83,000. The farms above 30 
 acres, in 1841, were 48,000, and in 1858 they have amounted to up- 
 wards of 156,000. Now, the absorption of small holdings I know is
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 169 
 
 considered by some in this country as injurious ; by others it is looked 
 upon as a step in advance but it is a fact that the application of capital 
 to land necessarily leads to this result, just as in manufactures we 
 see factories draw to themselves the labour that formerly was expended 
 on cottage looms. I take this to be according to the inevitable course 
 of events ; and, whatever we may think of it, surely it is our duty to 
 watch all such tendencies, and to adapt our measures to them. Among 
 other improvements in our country, I believe progress has been nowhere 
 more remarkable than in the dwellings of the labouring classes. The 
 subject is now under the immediate consideration of the Imperial Legis- 
 lature, a bill having been brought in upon the matter by an excellent 
 gentleman of a neighbouring county, Sir "William Somerville. I know 
 that the subject has largely engaged the attention of another gentleman 
 from the same county, whom I have the happiness of seeing at this 
 board, Mr. Naper, and I find with great satisfaction that the Royal 
 Agricultural Society of Ireland, which is peculiarly qualified by its 
 position and its objects to take the lead upon such a subject, announces 
 it as one of its constituent and primary objects to promote improvement 
 in the dwellings and domestic condition of the people of Ireland, and 
 they have founded prizes for the best cottages. Equally, if not still 
 more gratifying has been the rapid diminution of pauperism in this 
 "country. It appears that in Dundalk Workhouse in the town where 
 we are now assembled in the last ten years the inmates have fallen 
 from 1,264 to 263 ; from 107 able-bodied males they have decreased 
 to 31. The Commissioners for Inquiry into the Condition of the Poorer 
 Classes in Ireland, in the first Report, made in the year 1836, estimated 
 the number of persons out of work and in distress during thirty weeks 
 of the year, or upwards of half the year, as 558,000, and the persons 
 depending on them as 1,800,000, or nearly one-third of the whole 
 population. There are now in all the workhouses in Ireland only 
 37,000 inmates, with only 14,000 persons receiving outdoor relief. 
 Mendicancy is nearly completely extinct, and wages are very nearly 
 doubled. Now, the last element to which I will refer in this rapid 
 contrast is crime. I do not seek, Gentlemen, to deny that our ears are 
 sometimes startled and our minds shocked by the occurrence of some 
 fearful agrarian outrage, deepening occasionally into the darkest shade 
 of guilt ; but looking at the general amount of crime, and embracing in 
 our view the country at large, the change is as remarkable of late years
 
 170 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW DUNDALK. 
 
 as it is a blessed one. In this county of Louth the criminal calendar 
 this year, has been, I believe, wonderfully light. The system of re- 
 porting outrages by the Constabulary is singularly full and complete, 
 and it is a point in which we are far ahead here of anything of the 
 kind in England. Now, take the period of the last ten years the out- 
 rages reported in Ireland in the year 1848 were upwards of 14,000 ; in 
 1858 they had sunk to 3,492. Those of an agrarian character in 1848 
 were 795 ; in 1858 no more than 225. Now, Gentlemen, taking all those 
 various items that enter so largely into the condition of the country as 
 a whole, surely we must feel that it presents a picture which may still 
 to some extent be of a chequered character, and upon parts of which the 
 shadows of scattered clouds may still be resting ; but still in all its 
 broader spaces it is bright with all the hues of hope, and has the sun- 
 light of heaven to gild and to gladden it. I feel that this is not the time 
 or place to pause upon such matters as those remarkable demonstrations 
 which have of late excited much attention and much anxiety, and much, 
 I would fain believe, of hope in the northern districts of this island. 
 This I am sure of that the old anniversaries of the present month have 
 passed off with less of mutual provocation and bitterness, with more of 
 Christian calmness and consideration, than ever had been the case be- 
 fore. And if, Gentlemen, I may have appeared to have been too minute 
 in this summing up of the signs and omens of present and future good 
 before a company who are mainly brought together to promote the pur- 
 suits of agriculture, and to pay attention to what may seem at first 
 sight the material wealth and progress of the country, yet I do feel that 
 this great pursuit of the science of agriculture, acts with rapid and im- 
 mediate contact upon all the fibres of Ireland's happiness and Ireland's 
 glory; and that I have been addressing those who, besides the stake and 
 interest which they feel and which they possess in her green soil, are 
 further keenly alive to all the yet even higher impulses which add to 
 her just renown, and advance her in the scale of nations. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE again rose and said: 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 Even recently as I have addressed you, I am sure you will allow 
 nay, more, that you will approve of my rising immediately again to 
 propose a toast which I count upon as meeting your enthusiastic and 
 most cordial acceptance. I am sure, Gentlemen, that, one and all of you
 
 ADDRESS TO THE EARL OF CARLISLE. 171 
 
 are in the first place prepared to mark your respect for the Chairman of 
 the evening, and the President of the Society ; but I do not wish this 
 toast to have so much of an official character as to make it absorb the 
 private and personal claims it has to your regard. The Earl of Erne 
 is one of the best of the Irish resident country gentlemen a character 
 honourable and useful in every corner of the globe, but certainly not 
 least useful and not least honourable in Ireland. You will then, I am 
 sure, mix with the tokens of respect which you owe to Lord Erne, in 
 his official capacity, all that warmth of regard and affection which are 
 due to his private qualities and his private virtues. 1 beg to give you 
 " The President of the evening, Lord Erne." 
 
 ADDRESS TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE EARL OF 
 CARLISLE, 
 
 FROM THE TOWN AND HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS OF DUNDALK. 
 [JULY 27ra, 1859.] 
 
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY, 
 
 WE, the Commissioners of the Town and Harbour of Dundalk, beg 
 respectfully to give your Excellency a sincere and hearty welcome 
 to our ancient town. "With warm feelings of loyalty and attachment to 
 the British Throne we greet your Excellency as the representative of our 
 illustrious and beloved Queen, under whose beneficent reign we enjoy 
 the blessings of independence and freedom. We also welcome your 
 Excellency as a nobleman in whose person are combined those sterling 
 qualities which so peculiarly fit your Excellency for the high and im- 
 portant office of Chief Governor of Ireland. We cannot but revert to 
 the happy and auspicious occasion which has led to your Excellency's 
 first visit to the town of Dundalk, the grand national exhibition of the 
 Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland, in honour of which are assembled 
 those of every class, from the high and noble who direct and govern the
 
 172 ADDRESS TO THE EARL OF CARLISLE. 
 
 
 
 national affaire to the citizen and mechanic employed in giving practical 
 effect to the designs of art and science the peer and the peasant the 
 richand the poor of Ireland, England, and Scotland, associatedin the great 
 and noble undertaking, the development of Irish national resources 
 her native industry and the products of her fertile soil. We rejoice to 
 be able to welcome your Excellency to a country in which the spirit of 
 industry happily prevails, and which has of late years so greatly ad- 
 vanced ; and we feel proud to think that our countrymen generally have 
 directed their energies to progress, and have attained a distinguished 
 position in everything connected with agricultural improvement. We 
 sincerely wish your Excellency long life and every happiness. 
 (Signed), 
 
 J. H. M'AEDLE, J.P., Chairman, Town Commissioners. 
 
 T. J. TURNER, J. P., Chairman, Harbour Commissioners. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE replied : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg to return the Commissioners of the Town and Harbour of Dun- 
 dalk my cordial thanks for their assurances of attached loyalty to the 
 Throne of these realms, as well as of considerate courtesy which they 
 have been pleased to use towards myself. I entirely partake in the 
 feeling of satisfaction which you have gracefully expressed that my first 
 visit to this ancient and historic town, and this fair and thriving dis- 
 trict, should have occurred on an occasion which has brought together, 
 on the adjoining sward, so splendid an exhibition of the material pro- 
 gress of Ireland, and so harmonious a fusion of class, occupation, creed, 
 and race, to witness and appreciate her still expanding resources, her 
 matured, but not stagnant, energies. It is my sincere hope that the 
 town and neighbourhood of Dundalk may amply share in the bounties 
 and blessings which I trust that a merciful Providence has in store for 
 the entire country.
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOW. 173 
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOW. 
 HTH, 186^0.] 
 
 T ORD CLANCARTY rose to present the thanks of the Society to His 
 ^ Excellency the Lord Lieutenant for presiding over the proceedings, 
 and for the interest he always evinced in the welfare of the Society 
 and the country at large. It was a gratifying fact that the Prize Cup 
 had been taken by an Irish animal, the property of an Irishman, out 
 of English hands ; and he said so, not through any feeling of jealousy 
 towards their English friends. He congratulated His Excellency on being 
 a second time called on to occupy the Viceregal throne during a period 
 of Ireland's greatest prosperity ; and he was sure he expressed the 
 feelings of all present, when he said they believed that His Excellency's 
 first wish, as Her Majesty's Viceroy in this country, was that Ireland 
 should be prosperous and happy. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I rise to return my very sincere thanks for the honour which has 
 been so kindly and courteously proposed. I can assure you that I re- 
 sume with great satisfaction the distinguished station of President of 
 those annual spring meetings of the Royal Dublin Society. Some years 
 have elapsed to be quite precise, I believe, it is five years exactly, al- 
 most to an hour, since I first discharged that honourable function. It 
 is true, there has been some break in the continuity of my performance ; 
 but you will not need to be reminded how well the place was filled, and 
 the duties performed, by my respected and accomplished predecessor, 
 who, as he was keenly alive to all that concerned the welfare of Ireland 
 generally, could not and did not fail to be specially interested in the 
 progress of Irish agriculture. So, I trust, Gentlemen, it will long con- 
 tinue ; and that, however lengthened the series of Irish Viceroys may be 
 destined to be, it will, as in that custom of antiquity of which we read, 
 when the lighted torch was delivered from the hand of one runner, to
 
 174 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 another, and, although different arms held the blazing brand aloft, the 
 bright flame still burned on steady and unquenched through whatever 
 changes of successive hands its was transmitted. It would be, indeed, 
 impossible for any ruler or any native of Ireland to be indifferent to her 
 agricultural success ; for Ireland, however fondly her poets and orators 
 may recur to the memories and legends of the past, ia in fact becoming 
 in every successive year more and more a nation ; for, in what does the 
 life of a nation mainly consist but in the industry, the enterprise, the 
 encouragement, and the welfare of the people that inhabit it ? And if 
 she becomes still more and more of a nation, it also follows, from the 
 circumstances of climate, of position, of temperament, that she will be, 
 above all things, on agricultural nation. And if we descend further into 
 the particulars of the species of agriculture by which she will become, 
 certainly not exclusively, but still very prominently distinguished, they 
 must be the richness of land held in pasture, and the quality of live 
 stock. Now, for a nation so circumstanced, a central and metropolitan 
 exhibition like this must be of the very highest importance ; and, in 
 common with those who have preceded me, I feel that I can cordially 
 congratulate the present company, and the Members of the Royal 
 Dublin Society, and all the well-wishers of Irish agriculture generally, 
 upon the results which we have witnessed in the Show to-day. Like 
 my excellent friend, your Honorary Secretary, who opened these pro- 
 ceedings, I confess that I had felt some apprehension that the dismal 
 and ungenial weather with which it has been our disagreeable lot to be 
 visited of late our protracted winter, the blasts of March, and the 
 snows of April would have told with untoward effect on the varied and 
 animated assembly in the courts below. Far otherwise, however, has 
 been the case ; and true it is that, although the leaves hardly peep as 
 yet from the trees although the hedges have no fresh shoots, and the 
 banks no primroses although our gardens grow blacker instead of 
 greener, and our asparagus refuse to swell, yet out come our short-horns 
 and Kerries with more rounded proportion of form, and more silky 
 glossiness of skin than ever out comes in unrivalled majesty and rotun- 
 dity of form " Dr. M'Hale" himself. Who could look upon him with- 
 out being reminded of the snow-white herds of Clytumnus ? did he not 
 look like the great sacrificial victim, maximum taurus vidimus ? But, so 
 far from the entries being at all diminished in consequence of the unfa- 
 vourable nature of the season, I find that the entries in short-horn year-
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S CATTLE SHOW. 175 
 
 ling bulls amount to no less than 120, or an increase over last year of 
 thirty- seven head ; and of sheep, eighty -five lots, being an increase of 
 eighteen lots over last year, or an increase in the total number of sheep 
 of 108. Now, I think, considering the circumstances to which I allude, 
 and that quality has been at least equal with quantity, that this is a 
 very gratifying result. I know that attention has been drawn of late 
 to the circumstance of there seeming to have been a deficiency of produce 
 in corn and several other crops in Ireland, as appears from the returns 
 of the Registrar-General, during last year. Now, every one must be 
 aware that, under the permanent influence of weather and climate, as 
 well as the thousand causes which must tell upon a year's supply and 
 demand, it would be utterly delusive to lay stress upon the actual amount 
 of cultivation or rate of production in any single or successive number of 
 years. But the general question of national progress or decay must be 
 gathered from a much more extensive summary ; and, looking upon the 
 condition of Ireland in another point of view, I find that since the 
 census of 1841, not twenty years ago, there have been reclaimed of 
 waste lands no less than a million and a half of acres. Half a million 
 of acres have been added to the land actually under tillage a point 
 where a deficiency for the time was complained of ; and with respect to 
 liv.e stock, the value since the period I have named has more than 
 doubled. The quantity itself has fully doubled, and the value, I believe, 
 has increased in a far greater proportion ; and, what I value still more 
 than even the symmetry or substance of the best Durhams or Devons 
 the best Leicesters or Cotswolds, is that the wages of the people them- 
 selves of those by whose strength and skill this vast amount of animal 
 growth anct development, as well as of that varied vegetable produce 
 which sustains man and beast, is produced, and tended, and improved, 
 has exhibited at least a corresponding ratio of increase. The Irish la- 
 bourer is infinitely better fed, better clothed, better tended in sickness, 
 and, I think, under the operation of a recent Act of Parliament, I may 
 say soon, with the same confidence, better housed than he has ever been 
 before. I know there are still higher influences to be brought to bear 
 upon him and upon all of us, than the bread we are to eat or the rai- 
 ment we put on ; but still I contend that agriculture in our day holds a 
 very high position, when its processes generally have attained to the 
 dignity of a science, and when its daily work corresponds with the best- 
 directed efforts of patriotism and of charity.
 
 170 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 GREAT ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 
 [JULY 25ra, I860.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 ; ' The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 TlHE noble Chairman, LORD CLONBROCK, said it gave him sincere 
 pleasure to propose " The Health of the Lord Lieutenant," and he 
 knew it would be most heartily received. They were all anxious to pay 
 that nobleman that honour and respect due to him not only officially, as 
 the Representative of Her Majesty, but also personally, as the warm friend 
 of Ireland. Ever alive to the best interests of the country over which he 
 so worthily presided, His Excellency was ever ready to afford the advan- 
 tage and honour of his presence upon all occasions important to those 
 interests, whether of a local or more general nature whether, taking 
 advantage of our geographical position, the magnificent project is enter- 
 tained of spanning the ocean with a magnetic wire, and thereby joining 
 together the interests and destinies of the Old World and the New ; or, 
 whether the foundation stone is to be laid of a building devoted either 
 to scientific or other useful purposes ; or whether, as on the last occasion 
 of His Excellency's visit here, a rich country is to be opened by a new 
 line of railway on all these occasions we find His Excellency at his 
 post, and, in that graceful and eloquent language which is peculiarly his 
 own, encouraging our hopes, and bidding us " God speed." To his 
 name most appropriately is added " Prosperity to Ireland," which 
 prosperity is the object of His Excellency's best wishes. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD CLOU BROCK, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 For the great honour which has been so kindly and warmly paid me, 
 I beg to return my best thanks to this numerous and distinguished
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 177 
 
 company. I can assure you all that I look upon it as one of the most 
 pleasant of my functions when I had the privilege to attend those great 
 annual gatherings of the Royal Agricultural Society ; for, besides the 
 animation and the gaiety which lie upon the surface, I attach a deep 
 and wide I might say a national importance to those occasions. It 
 assumes, from the very nature of things, that agriculture in Ireland is 
 the most important of all subjects connected with her prosperity. 
 Agriculture employs, as appears from the Census returns of the year 
 1851, more than 53 per cent, of the whole population ; while those oc- 
 cupied in trade and manufacture some of them, again, pertaining them- 
 selves to agriculture only amounted to 24 per cent. It may be men- 
 tioned, however, that this proportion is diminished, and that the num- 
 ber represented in 1851 by 53 per cent, stood as high in 1841 as 64 per 
 cent. ; but it cannot be doubted that varied occupations are advan- 
 tageous to the full development of the talent and faculties of an advancing 
 people. In sight of this noble harbour and those beautiful waters, I 
 need not remind you that it is not one branch of industry or one kind of 
 element which should engross the industry and enterprise of an alert 
 and quick-witted race. Our business, however, to-night, is especially 
 with agriculture. Now, the crops and produce of any country must 
 depend mainly upon her structure, position, and climate ; not but that 
 the law of the market, as well as the law of the season, will have con- 
 siderable influence upon the degree in which it may be advantageous to 
 grow one kind of production or another, even sometimes at greater cost, 
 or under comparative difficulties. Now, with reference to the climate 
 of Ireland, perhaps some of you may remember the very beautiful 
 passage in Vhich the late lamented Lord Macaulay speaks of the un- 
 rivalled beauties of the scenery in the neighbouring county of Kerry. 
 He says, in his "History" : " The south-west district of Kerry is now 
 well known as the most beautiful tract in the British Isles. The beau- 
 ties of that county, indeed, are too often hidden in the mist and rain 
 which the west winds bring up from a boundless ocean; but, on the 
 rare days when the sun shines out in all his glory, the landscape has a 
 freshness and warmth of colouring seldom found in our latitude. The 
 myrtle loves the soil ; the arbutus thrives better than on the sunny 
 shores of Calabria ; the turf is of a livelier hue than elsewhere ; the 
 hills glow with a richer purple ; the varnish of the holly and ivy is 
 more glossy, and berries of a brighter red peep through foliage of a 
 
 N
 
 178 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 
 
 brighter green. Now, these laws of moisture appear upon a wider ex- 
 tent than the gleaming lakes and fair shores of Killarney. The heat of 
 the land of Europe, exceeding that of the ocean through a great portion 
 of the year, draws towards it the western sea breeze; and the atmosphere, 
 thus charged with humidity, which breaks upon the surface of Ireland, 
 which, through more than three-quarters of its extent consisting mainly 
 of limestone, does not rise above 500 feet over the surface of the sea, and 
 yet is fringed by mountains ready to condense the vapour suspended 
 in the air, necessarily produces a large allowance of rain without great 
 mixtures of extreme heat or cold." Here, we find in the soil and the 
 climate the conditions best suited for pasture, and pasture frequently of 
 too rich a kind to be good for several species of sheep, which (I say it in 
 the face of the splendid show of sheep in the yard hard-by) will often 
 be found to browse better in such hilly uplands as Scotland abounds in. 
 Hence, it appears that cattle, above all things, seem to be rendered, by 
 the conditions of soil and climate, the most appropriate stock for Ire- 
 land. And the laws of the market, to which I have before adverted, 
 co-operate in recommending this source of supply. Corn, you all know, 
 can be brought from one country to another from a great distance, at 
 comparatively small freights. It is not so with cattle. Hence, the 
 great hives of industry in England and Scotland, across the Channel, 
 can draw their frequent shiploads of corn from more southern and drier 
 climates, but they must have a constant dependence upon Ireland for an 
 abundant supply of meat. Now, the precise test of a very few figures 
 will be found to confirm these general remarks. In the year 1 859 I 
 compare Scotland and Ireland the heads of cattle in Scotland were 
 974,437, in Ireland they were 3,630,954. This shows the immense 
 preponderance of cattle in this country. With sheep, as I have said 
 before, it is the reverse. Scotland produced 5,683,068 sheep, Ireland 
 only 3,452,952 ; but it appears that, whether for cattle or for sheep, 
 nearly one-half of the surface of Ireland was devoted to pasture. Now, 
 it is obvious, that with this immense quantity of your capital vested in 
 live stock, too much caution and vigilance cannot be taken in providing 
 against the recurrence of occasional bad seasons such as that in a great 
 measure, through which we have lately passed, and which, I fear, will 
 be found to have inflicted very serious injury, especially upon the small 
 classes of farmers. The moral of what I am drawing your attention to 
 is this that the country ought not to be covered with stock according
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 179 
 
 to the measure of the food which may naturally be produced in one or 
 two very favourable seasons. For instance, you ought not to calculate 
 on the abundance of one year very favourable to the growth of hay, at 
 the risk of its being succeeded by another year, which will prove to be 
 very short in the hay crop whether from drought, or over-much rain. 
 To show you how difficult it is to calculate upon the same sort of sea- 
 sons, I may just mention that in 1857 the rain- fall in May was less 
 than the third of the average of that month. In June it was below the 
 average; whereas in the present year, 1860, the rain-fall in May was 
 five times as much as the average, and in June it was more than twice 
 as much. Hence arises the necessity for those who give their attention 
 to the production and rearing of stock of being sure, and being always 
 provided with a sufficient supply of green crops, and with due provision 
 for stall-feeding. Arthur Young, the writer, who wrote upon the agri- 
 culture of the United Kingdom and foreign countries, in 1776, said he 
 had seen four men in a field hoeing turnips in Ireland, and it gave him 
 as much pleasure as if he had seen four emperors. Now, we are very 
 much in advance of that ; but still it is very essential to note, that the 
 growth of turnips and of other green crops does not seem to be increas- 
 ing as much as they ought. In 1859 there were 22,000 fewer acres of 
 turnips than in 1858. In 1859 there were 3000 fewer acres of man- 
 gold than in the preceding year. Vetches, cabbage, and carrots show a 
 proportional diminution. Now, there was but scant provision for the 
 very cold and unfavourable winter, and the spring through which we 
 have just passed and I think it cannot be too much inculcated on all 
 who have the interest of Irish agriculture and of Irish stock at heart 
 to pay due attention to the encouragement of turnips and green crops, 
 for I fear it will be found, when the annual return of the Registrar- 
 General shall have been made up, that serious loss will have been sus- 
 tained in those particulars. The fine old Irish crop of oats, which was 
 at one time considered the staple of Ireland, still maintains its own pre- 
 eminence, it being still the largest tilled crop in Ireland. Potatoes hold 
 the second place ; but it is satisfactory to know that the large extent of 
 potatoes, which used to be grown in much larger proportion upon very 
 small and inadequate holdings, now is generally grown by farmers who 
 can better sustain the loss to which that very tender crop is subject. 
 With respect, more especially to the agriculture of the county of Cork, in 
 which we are now met together, I am happy to find that there is reason 
 
 N 2
 
 180 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 
 
 to congratulate the inhabitants of this large and important county upon 
 the general results of their agricultural work. Within twenty years 
 there has been an increase in the county of Cork of 100,000 acres of land, 
 producing food crops of one kind or another. The corn crops have, 
 since 1847, diminished by 55,000 acres, but the green crops have in- 
 creased by above 70,000 acres. Horses and sheep have slightly in- 
 creased. Pigs have somewhat decreased ; but cattle to which I called 
 your attention as being the most appropriate stock for Ireland at large 
 in the county of Cork, within twenty years, have more than doubled. 
 Twenty years ago they were 152,000. Now they are 333,000 head, 
 and the estimated value of the whole live stock, taking it at prices esti- 
 mated in 1841, which would be an inadequate measure of quality as well 
 as quantity, have improved since. The value has increased above a 
 million. It would be bad taste to speak of agricultural statistics in the 
 county and city of Cork without one word upon butter. I find that the 
 number of firkins of butter, so short a time back as 1847, amounted to 
 253,000. In 1858, they amounted to 420,000, or about double; and 
 the exported butter amounts, in annual value, to a million of money. I 
 fear, my Lords and Gentlemen, that I have detained you longer than I 
 have any pretension to, upon the subject of agriculture. The splendour 
 and success of the present Show will receive more appropriate and dis- 
 criminating praise from those who are most competent to address you 
 upon such a subject. "With reference to the general concerns of 
 Ireland, I feel that I am justified in speaking to you, upon the whole, 
 in the terms of congratulation and hopefulness. The number of persons 
 relieved from the poor-rate in Ireland I do not assume this as an ab- 
 solute measure of the number needing relief, but I do assume it as a 
 pretty accurate return of the wholly destitute the number of persons 
 relieved in Ireland form only one per cent, of the whole of the population ; 
 in England they form 4 J per cent. ; in Scotland, 4 per cent. The ex- 
 penditure for the relief of the poor in England on the whole population 
 is 6s. per head; in Scotland, it is 4*. ; in Ireland, it is Is. 6d. Then, 
 with respect so those " mud cabins" which were formerly the great op- 
 probrium of the country, and which excited the censure and condemna- 
 tion of all travellers, also the regret of all those public-spirited inhabit- 
 ants who mourned over a state of things which they were not enabled, 
 at all events at once, to relieve the mud cabins of Ireland amounted in 
 1841, not twenty years ago, to 491,000; they have now diminished to
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW CORK. 181 
 
 125,000. The number of emigrants, which had been gradually decreas- 
 ing for some years, has somewhat increased in the last and present 
 years. They are generally from a superior class in life to those who 
 formed the bulk of former emigrants. They now comprise many young 
 people of both sexes, who have been comparatively well educated, and 
 who hope to find ,in a less crowded community a better market for 
 their industry, and a more adequate demand for their natural and ac- 
 quired intelligence ; but I conceive this is not a symptom, with what- 
 ever immediate and local inconvenience it may no doubt be attended, at 
 which, viewed at large, we ought to repine. The success of those who 
 go out will prove a stimulus both to those who are induced to follow 
 them beneath other skies, and also to those who cling to their native 
 soil and to their accustomed homes. Wages in Ireland incline to look 
 up. This is a most hopeful and agreeable " sign of the times." They 
 have generally and considerably improved, and frequently now rate 
 three times as much as what they were when many of us were young. 
 Education has been much more widely extended, and is improved both 
 in quality and quantity ; and we can gather from official returns, from 
 the addresses and charges of judges, and from the experience of every 
 one of you at your own door, that, with increasing knowledge we have 
 decreasing crime. I do not pretend to say, my Lords and Gentlemen, 
 that there is no drawback to this improving picture no scattered clouds 
 amidst this brightening sky ; but I do tell all the ill-wishers of this 
 country's progress, and all the disturbers of the country's peace, that 
 we have better hopes and better omens. 
 
 Proud, impious man, think' st thou yon sanguine cloud, 
 Raised by thy breath, can quench the orb of day ? 
 
 To-morrow he repairs his golden flood, 
 And warms the nations with redoubled ray.
 
 182 THE KOYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPUING CATTLE 
 
 SHOW. 
 
 ANNUAL SPRING EXHIBITION. 
 
 EVENING MEETING FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRIZES. 
 [APRIL SED, 1861.] 
 
 O IR ROBERT PAUL said, the pleasing duty devolved upon him of 
 moving a vote of thanks to His Excellency for his kindness in visit- 
 ing the Show-yard in the afternoon, and presiding at their meeting that 
 evening. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I am reluctantly compelled to infer that the resolution which has 
 just been moved and seconded has been adopted by the meeting. Such 
 being the case, in returning my thanks to the meeting for the great 
 honour they have been induced to pay me, not indeed for the first time, 
 I can only wish that, while the gratitude I feel must necessarily have 
 received an increase in its amount, I could succeed in imparting any 
 novelty or variety to the expression of it. I feel very certain that those 
 whom I have the pleasure to address do not need to be assured of the 
 real interest which I feel in the Exhibitions of this Society, connected 
 as I conceive them to be with the advancing progress of Irish agricul- 
 ture. I am only copying the example of the Prime Minister of Eng- 
 land, and, I have no'doubt, anticipating the example of the Chancellor 
 of the Exchequer, when he brings forward his approaching budget, 
 when I make some allusion to the inclement character of the seasons 
 through which we have recently passed. True it is, the spring, summer, 
 autumn, and winter have conformed to the usual law and course of 
 nature in the respective lengths of their nights and days ; but hail, rain, 
 frost, and storm have appeared to occupy a joint preponderance through- 
 out the whole of those seasons. Seldom indeed have these island shores 
 been more strewn with wrecks; and we have had to lament the loss 
 outweighing unnumbered argosies of brave human life. But difficul- 
 ties and drawbacks seem to be the appointed schooling through which 
 improved agriculture, as well as everything else that is sterling and 
 valuable in our knowledge, is destined to struggle, to emerge, and to
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 183 
 
 thrive. And I think it may justly be said that the Show in your yards 
 this afternoon has given good proof that even the weather of last year 
 has not impaired the vigour, or the beauty, or the lusty proportions of 
 the Irish stock. I think no one can have witnessed the exhibition of 
 this day without feeling an increased confirmation of the conviction 
 which we must have long entertained of the progressive character of 
 Irish agriculture. The agricultural returns which are collected every 
 year, while they record the material changes in various crops, and 
 the general condition of agriculture, uniformly exhibit a steady in- 
 crease in the quantity of live stock. It is true that these returns, 
 while they tell us of quantity, are necessarily silent with respect to 
 quality. It is to general observation and to advancing prices that we 
 must look for information in that particular ; and such Shows as those 
 of Baker- street in London, or in Kildare- street here, give the very best 
 opportunities for this purpose, taken in conjunction with the circulating 
 visits of the agricultural societies through the various counties of the 
 land. It seems to me and I wish we could have had fuller testimony 
 from those who could speak with authority on the subject that the 
 very highest excellence marked the exhibition to-day throughout its 
 various departments, from the lordly bull down to the less grand but 
 far more loquacious poultry. It is obvious that the increase of skill 
 and the application of science to agriculture must tend to make us more 
 and more independent of weather. The increase of agricultural ma- 
 chinery both enables us to save many crops which the accidents of a 
 precarious climate would otherwise only damage and destroy, and it 
 further enables us to improve our labourers in mefllods which call forth 
 thought and develope skill. And there is no one circumstance connected 
 with the whole subject more important and more gratifying than the 
 certainty that the introduction of machinery, so far from injuring the 
 labouring classes, advances them in the scale of society. To appeal to 
 the most obvious test, the rate of their wages throughout this country 
 already exhibits a very considerable increase. All the departments of 
 agriculture, you may depend upon it, hang together ; and in improving 
 the whole, we improve every part of it, and also the condition of those 
 who contribute to its respective branches. I have alluded, Gentlemen, 
 to the return of agricultural statistics, the possession of which places 
 this country in a much more advantageous position, so far as that is con- 
 cerned, than the sister countries (and for them we are mainly indebted
 
 184 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 to the wise foresight of my distinguished predecessor, the Eurl of 
 Clarendon) ; but over and above the numbering of our oxen, our sheep, 
 our horses, and our swine, we are all about to undergo the process of 
 being numbered 
 
 " The diapason ended full in man." 
 
 I believe the agricultural returns contain particulars of the respective 
 ages of our yearlings and our two-year olds. I understand that a scru- 
 pulous degree of accuracy will be directed to ascertaining the ages of 
 our ladies. However, Gentlemen, the census, when completed, will tell 
 us what the exact number of our population is, and also will enable us 
 to infer with tolerable accuracy the extent of the emigration going on 
 amongst us. Now, I am not one of those who consider with any un- 
 easiness the general results of emigration. Of course, when exile from 
 home is occasioned by suifering and privation, it must be an object of 
 regret to all well-constituted minds ; but considered in its broad results, 
 I believe that, while emigration fulfils the general destiny of our race in 
 peopling the whole earth, it ordinarily will be found to improve the 
 condition of those who go and of those who remain. It is possible that 
 the approaching census to which I have referred may exhibit some 
 slight diminution of the population ; but as the strength of an army does 
 not depend so much on its mere numbers as on its discipline and its or- 
 ganization, so, depend upon it, the good condition of a country results 
 far less from its actual increase in numbers than from its command of 
 the comforts of life, its industry, its intelligence, and its moral charac- 
 ter. Well, Gentlemen, I feel I am justified in heartily congratulating 
 the friends and promoters of Irish agriculture generally, and the mem- 
 bers of the Royal Dublin Society specially, upon the exhibition of this 
 week. The members of this Society bring together the peaceful pur- 
 suits, the industry, and the arts of this country into close and immediate 
 proximity, thus symbolizing the real interdependence and connexion 
 which they have with each other. Already, as Mr. Foot has inti- 
 mated to you upon your ample Lawn here, which has so long been 
 devoted to agricultural displays, and where the live stock, the imple- 
 ments, and the husbandry of the country in all its branches have now met 
 in friendly rivalry already on one flank we see the fair length of the 
 Museum of Natural History, and on the other flank there is approaching 
 to its completion a corresponding building, destined to be a National
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOAV. 185 
 
 Gallery for Painting and for Sculpture. But I agree with Mr. Foot that 
 these last pursuits seem to require something placid and composed for 
 their immediate framework. "We have heard that there was a time 
 when the flock strayed in the centre of the Roman forum, but that was 
 before its pillared arcades became the centre of business and of worship. 
 So I rejoice to know that it is sought to guard with additional sanctity 
 the Lawn of Leinster House; and that there is a hope, to which I shall 
 willingly give any efforts of my own, to contribute to provide a separate 
 and still more convenient site for the general agricultural displays closely 
 adjacent to the recently constructed handsome covered hall. But what- 
 ever your own exertions, or whatever the help of the State may enable 
 to be accomplished, you will still do well to remember that the real in- 
 terests, and success, and glory of all such exhibitions consist in the 
 intrinsic merits of what is exhibited ; and I trust that all present on 
 this occasion will often meet here to renew I cannot venture to say 
 to increase the admiration which the exhibition of this week has now 
 kindled. 
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPEING CATTLE 
 
 SHOW. 
 
 ANNUAL SPRING EXHIBITION. 
 
 EVENING MEETING FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRIZES. 
 [APEIL 22ND, 1862.] 
 
 THE EARL OF CLANG ARTY, as senior Vice-President, said, that it 
 became his duty to convey to His Excellency the thanks of the So- 
 ciety for his attendance that evening, and for the interest which he had 
 evinced in the success of their Exhibition. The Society had a great ad- 
 vantage in being presided over by one so capable of appreciating the 
 value of their work, and who on all occasions so cordially associated him- 
 self in the efforts there made to develope the resources of the country, 
 its industry, its artistic talent, and above all, its agriculture, for the 
 promotion of which latter object the Society was originally established 
 and endowed by Parliament. Within the walls of that Society the
 
 18G THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 works of Irish manufacturers had more than once been submitted to the 
 discerning judgment of His Excellency ; the students of art had fre- 
 quently received the kindly encouragement of one who was peculiarly 
 qualified to appreciate artistic taste ; and on this, as on other occasions, 
 His Excellency had not failed to afford the agricultural department of 
 the Society the advantage and honour of his inspection. I am glad 
 to find that specimens of peat fuel, which may prove so useful to the 
 country, have found a place in the Shows. Ireland is mainly dependent 
 for her wealth and social improvement on the development of her agri- 
 cultural resources. I feel that the diminished cultivation of cereal 
 crops in Ireland is not a matter of regret ; and I believe that the poor are 
 better off now than ever they were before, being better clothed, better 
 housed, and better fed that the destitute are all provided for and 
 that the condition of the country generally has undergone a great im- 
 provement. His Lordship concluded by moving a vote of thanks to the 
 Lord Lieutenant. 
 
 J. W. NAPER, Esq., D. L., seconded the motion. He felt bound 
 to express the gratitude which he felt as an Irishman to an Eng- 
 lish nobleman and gentleman who had for so many years applied 
 his mind and his talents to the advancement of the prosperity of this 
 country. The attention which His Excellency had given to Irish affairs 
 had caused men of his (Mr. Naper's) age and experience to have the 
 greatest confidence in his opinion. In the course of some further ob- 
 servations, Mr. Naper said that it had taken twenty-five years to bring 
 the breeding stock in Ireland to its present state of excellence ; and he 
 believed it would take twenty-five years more to bring the people of the 
 country to a similar condition. This was a subject in which they all 
 had the deepest interest, and it was their duty to do everything in 
 their power to elevate the condition of the humbler classes. He trusted 
 that some of them would live to see the people of Ireland enjoying those 
 comforts in which they were now so deficient occupying better houses, 
 and living on more nutritious food. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 If I may assume that the consent of this meeting to this motion 
 which the noble Earl has moved will be given, I now beg to return my
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPBING CATTLE SHOW. 187 
 
 sincere thanks to this numerous and distinguished meeting for the ho- 
 nour which they have just been pleased to pay me ; and I can assure 
 you it is with even more than usual satisfaction that I find that I need 
 not depart on this occasion from that uniform strain of compliment and 
 congratulation which it has hitherto been my happy privilege to address 
 to the members of the Eoyal Dublin Society at the period of their an- 
 nual Easter meetings ; for I will own to you that I was not without 
 some degree of misgiving on this subject. I knew that the recent cycles 
 of seasons through which we have passed have been of the most trying 
 and unpropitious character. In the year 1 859 there was a feature which 
 has certainly since been very amply, too amply, atoned for there was 
 a prolonged absence of rain, which materially injured our pasture. In 
 the years!860, '61, 1 need hardly remind you there was agreatexcess of 
 rain, which did infinite damage to the country which covered our plains 
 with inundations, not yet wholly subsided, and which added a severe 
 scarcity of fuel to the diminished production of food. Of course these 
 results could not take place without occasioning much partial distress. 
 I naturally should not think of entering now upon any controversy as 
 to the extent and amount of that distress. Most trying it is, indeed, to 
 those who are intrusted with any discretion or responsibility at such 
 periods to refrain from having resort to the most obvious and immediate 
 methods of relief ; and I believe there have been and until very lately 
 have been conditions of Irish society in which there might have been 
 an overpowering necessity for applying the most inartificial and blun- 
 dering efforts of relief. The land was, to a great extent, divided be- 
 tween a sinking proprietary and a pauper peasantry. But now, except 
 in very rare instances, it is in the district in which it is effected by the 
 persons who are themselves interested it is by spontaneous and inde- 
 pendent effort that the struggle is made, and for the most part made 
 successfully. Of course, we must still reckon upon encountering the occa- 
 sional rigour of the seasons, just as in the sister countries probably still 
 wider ravages are being now inflicted by the shocks of foreign conflicts 
 and the stoppage of raw materials. But I trust it will prove to be with 
 the passions and the wrath of man as we know it will be with the strife 
 and turbulence of the elements since nature is always found to remedy 
 her own excesses and in sufficient periods to maintain her own ave- 
 rages. However, I entirely agree with the general bearing of the re- 
 marks which have been made by the Earl of Clancarty that, whether
 
 188 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 we look to the geographical position of Ireland, or to the character of 
 her soil, there will be always such a prevalence of moisture and humi- 
 dity as will make pasturage, and the production of animals, the most 
 secure and remunerating form which our national industry can assume. 
 I do not of course mean, as I am sure he did not mean, or no friend of 
 Ireland could mean, to disparage tillage, or the proper production of corn 
 crops in those districts which are by nature suited for them. Those 
 districts abound in Ireland, and more especially is this the case with 
 regard to oats. But still, coupling the physical condition of the coun- 
 try with the close proximity of those large English and Scotch markets, 
 where there is such a vast consumption of meat, I believe that Provi- 
 dence has mainly appointed Ireland to be the mother of flocks and 
 herds, and I consequently believe that she will fare all the better the 
 more truly she keeps to her natural vocation. And in this useful and 
 patriotic path no more salutary or efficient encouragement can be afforded 
 her tli an is supplied by these annual spring exhibitions, coupled with 
 those of the Royal Agricultural Society these annual exhibitions which 
 take place under the auspices of the Royal Dublin Society. These ex- 
 hibitions, within the comparatively short limits of my own experience, 
 have evinced a most remarkable progress. It is within these limits that 
 you have housed your cattle, and we hear that in another year you are 
 likely to roof your implements. I need not point out to you what an 
 interesting and suggestive exhibition the implements collected in your 
 yards to-day furnish to you, or over how wide an extent of usefulness 
 they range. The facility of transport, for which we are indebted to our 
 railway friends, has done an infinite deal in promoting every kind of 
 agricultural competition ; and we read now, too, of international exhi- 
 bitions. The Emperor of the French has, with great sagacity, instituted 
 them in his capital ; and I am sure that we shall be glad to find that 
 one of our most well-known exhibiters, who has obtained a prize in the 
 competition of to-day, not content with the laurels he gathers in our 
 show I refer to Mr. Ball has carried away the prize for heifers in the 
 capital of France. I need not say how entirely I agree with the refe- 
 rence which Mr. Naper so aptly made even to the superior care and 
 anxiety which we owe to the permanent welfare of those labourers who 
 in fact really furnish the national wealth which it should be the object 
 of this exhibition to promote. "We know that in the last twenty years, 
 notwithstanding many of the drawbacks and vicissitudes to which I
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST. Itfi) 
 
 have referred, and of which we lately had experience, yet the stock of 
 Ireland has increased in value within that period from 21,000,000 to 
 33,000,000. And with respect to quality, I think it is very probable 
 that almost the worst animal in the yard to-day was as good a one as the 
 prize animal of the same period back. I trust earnestly, my Lords and 
 Gentlemen, that the varied excellences of these exhibitions the numbers 
 by which they are attended, the patronage by which they are honoured, 
 the skill by which they are fostered may all progressively advance. It 
 is true that we cannot warm our skies with unclouded sunshine, we 
 cannot mature failing crops, we cannot guard our sheep and cattle from 
 all kinds of diseases ; but we may continually furnish fresh aids to man 
 in the struggle which he must always have to keep up with nature, 
 giving the largest command over her bounties, and making difficulties 
 themselves the spurs to his industry, and the elements of his success.. 
 
 THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND.* 
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST. 
 [AUGUST QTH, 1861.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 rTHE President of the Society, LORD ABERCOKN", said : 
 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have now the pleasing task of proposing the health of our distin- 
 guished guest, the Lord Lieutenant. I am well aware, Gentlemen, that 
 it is only necessary to name the Lord Lieutenant to ensure the most en- 
 thusiastic reception to the toast connected with his name and office. 
 
 * This Society having become a corporate body, and taken out a Royal Charter, 
 the word " Improvement" is omitted from the title.
 
 100 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST. 
 
 Not only for official reasons, but also on the highest grounds of per- 
 sonal respect and attachment, we have every reason to express our gra- 
 titude to the distinguished nobleman who now so worthily represents 
 Her Majesty in this country. Our Society has often been favoured by 
 his presence ; and it is a cheering prospect to us, and cannot but be so 
 to him, that the annual meeting of our Society bears such strong evi- 
 dence of that increased prosperity, of that advancement of the country, 
 which it has ever been the anxiety of the noble lord to promote, and 
 which has been one of the prominent features of his rule in this country. 
 My Lords and Gentlemen, there is but one opinion as to the intellectual 
 attainments of my noble friend as to that polished eloquence and re- 
 fined courtesy with which he carries out the duties of his high office ; 
 but it is upon even higher grounds than these it is upon the interest 
 and attachment he has ever shown to Ireland it is upon the ability 
 and the anxiety with which he has always endeavoured to develope its 
 industrial resources that we feel his name is most well and fittingly 
 associated with the prosperity of the country a prosperity of which he 
 has often been the true prophet, of which he has been one of the chief 
 promoters and instruments, and in which he, no doubt, feels the highest 
 satisfaction. I beg to give " The Health of the Lord Lieutenant." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE then said : 
 
 Mr LORD ABERCORN, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return you very sincere thanks for the honour you have paid me 
 in drinking my health, which has been on this occasion so very kindly 
 proposed, and so warmly received. I thank you also for coupling my 
 name with that which I claim to hold very dear the prosperity of Ire- 
 land ; and allow me to remark that these words have their peculiar 
 weight and meaning at the present moment. If this were the time and 
 the occasion which happily it is not for a mere party speech, or a sort 
 of political survey of passing events, I might possibly light upon one or 
 two considerations and incidents connected with Ireland which might 
 not seem to be altogether of so comfortable and reassuring a character ; 
 but, Gentlemen, standing here as the guest of the Royal Agricultural 
 Society as a visitor to the splendid Show of the year 1861, in the town 
 of Belfast I feel, I thankfully feel, that I am placed on a higher level, 
 and command a far wider field of a noble horizon from this vantage
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST. 191 
 
 ground. -Thus I say it with all the experience of my twelfth year of 
 direct connexion with the Government of Ireland I say it with the 
 reservation that some elements of future uneasiness and disturhance may 
 not even now he wanting, yet, in my judgment, Ireland has never exhi- 
 bited such an exemption from general crime, from political agitation, 
 or from physical distress and privation as that which she now enjoys. 
 And I need not say, Gentlemen, that these are considerations which far 
 outweigh all others in the satisfaction they impart ; and with the full 
 consciousness how small any personal contribution might he to those 
 mighty blessings, it is enough for happiness and for gratitude to have 
 been allowed to witness them. But I can almost fancy that some one 
 might here interpose, and say, " Talk to us of prosperity, when the re- 
 turns of last year undoubtedly show a falling-off in some kinds of agri- 
 cultural produce, especially, perhaps, in the yield of wheat, and when 
 the census of the last decade, or interval of ten years, shows a decrease 
 of nearly a million souls." Now, with respect to this decrease of the 
 population, there can be no doubt that the famine and pestilence which 
 worked such fearful havoc upon the immediately preceding decade left 
 its mark also upon that which has succeeded it ; but there is no question 
 that the continuous flow of emigration is the chief cause of the great 
 reduction which has ensued in the number of the people. If the num- 
 ber of emigrants from Ireland itself, exclusive of those who have left 
 other ports of the United Kingdom, is allowed for, there would have 
 been in the last decade, from 1851 to 1861, an increase in Ireland close 
 upon 40,000. This decrease has been least observable in the province 
 of Ulster, which seems mainly, I imagine, to be attributable to that 
 mixed agricultural and manufacturing industry which there prevails. I 
 need not tell you that no such decrease at all has taken place in the 
 town of Belfast. With respect to the place in which we are now as- 
 sembled, I shall give only the dates of three successive periods, which 
 sufficiently tell their own story. The population of Belfast one hundred 
 years ago, in 1760, amounted to 8,600 souls ; in 1831, thirty years ago, 
 it amounted to 48,224 ; and in the year 1861, in which I now address 
 you, it amounts to 119,200 souls. Nor has wealth been left behind 
 population. I find in the valuation for local assessment the fixed ca- 
 pital in building and other rateable property in Belfast was a quarter of a 
 century ago, in 1836; 115,000; in 1861 ithasrisento 305,000. His- 
 tory bears record to the efforts of successive Viceroys, from the Earl of
 
 192 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST 
 
 Stratford to the Eurl of Clarendon, to advance the linen manufactures of 
 the North of Ireland. Probably the moisture of the climate (may I 
 admit so much ?) is more favourable to the production of flax than of 
 other cereal growths. I need not remind you in Belfast how much that 
 place owes to her Murlands and Mulhollands, and many more. It may 
 be sufficient to mention that in the last year there were exported from 
 Belfast 65,000,000, or upwards, yards of linen, valued at about 
 2,000,000 sterling, and at the same time yarns and threads to the 
 amount of 3,000,000 pounds weight, valued at 764,000. The im- 
 provements which have been effected in the noble harbour of this town 
 have amounted within twenty years to half a million of money, and this 
 without any aid from public grants ; and within the same comparatively 
 short period the tonnage of vessels and the harbour receipts have been 
 much more than doubled. Now, it may be inferred how material a 
 contribution this liberal and splendid community, together with its 
 group of connected and associated towns, must have made to the con- 
 sumption of agricultural produce. But I have already stated to you, 
 Gentlemen, the amount of decrease which has occurred on the whole 
 population of Ireland in the last ten years. Now, with respect to the 
 productiveness of the country within the same period, the land under 
 cultivation either under tillage or in mcadowing and pasture in 1841 
 was 13,000,000 acres ; in 1851 I suppress the slight addition that the 
 odd hundreds would make it was above 14,000,000; in 1861 it is 
 above 15,000,000 of acres. The live stock, which form so interesting 
 an item in the exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society, was valued 
 in 1841 at 21,000,000; in 1851, at 27,000,000; in 1861, at 
 33,000,000 ; and this independently of the improvement of quality in 
 the animals, which I believe is by every one admitted to be very great, 
 amounting perhaps to 25 per cent. Along with this great increase of 
 productiveness there has been a very striking diminution of the small 
 holdings and of the wretched cabins of the peasantry. Now, Gentle- 
 men, these figures, which I have passed in rapid review I am afraid 
 not quite sufficiently rapid, for I know that figures are apt to be tedious, 
 especially after dinner but they surely show that, with largely increased 
 production and a largely increasing producing area, there has been a 
 considerable diminution of population. Now, taking these two together, 
 we must look upon the result as being occasioned by better labour, better 
 directed, with a larger application of capital. The social and the neces-
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW BELFAST. 193 
 
 sary consequence of this is, that the working classes must ohtain better 
 wages ; they are better fed, better clothed, better lodged ; they can get 
 better education for their children ; and most gratifying it is to me to 
 find that in Ulster, or, I believe, to speak with more strict accuracy, in 
 the two counties of Down and Armagh, one-sixth of the population is 
 in attendance in the primary schools either those under the National 
 Education Board, or under the Church Education Society which is an 
 average equal to that of Prussia, where the attendance of the children 
 is compelled by law. I referred before to the diminution of physical 
 suffering. Now, what is the case with respect to the direct expendi- 
 ture for the relief of the poor all over Ireland ? The fund from which 
 it is drawn has, there is no doubt, largely increased. The value of 
 property rated to the relief of the poor in 1851 was 11,614,000. In 
 1860 it had increased nearly a million it was 12,280,000. Now, 
 with this larger amount of funds for the purpose of drawing upon, I 
 find that the total expenditure of the medical as well as ordinary poor 
 law relief in 1851 amounted to 1,150,000. In 1860 it had fallen to 
 558,000, being less than half what it was ten years ago. And, lastly, 
 with respect to crime, to which I also referred, it appears that those 
 specially reported to head-quarters in 1850 amounted to 10,639; in 
 1860 they had fallen to 3,531. Now, my Lords and Gentlemen, it 
 seems to me that this constitutes a summary of which Ireland may be 
 justly proud. Not indolently proud. I would advise her to be grateful 
 for the past, and alert and emulous for the future. There are many here, 
 some of whom will follow me to-night, who can speak with far greater 
 knowledge and authority of the characteristic features of the Show 
 which we have witnessed in the Show-yard for these two days. They 
 will be able to tell you of any shortcomings if shortcomings there are 
 and of those excellencies which I feel no doubt in my own mind are 
 great and striking. If the condition and prosperity of agriculture in 
 Ireland suggest any prominent point of advice, in my judgment it 
 would be, I would say to you, to take care of your green crops, of 
 your provision of winter food for cattle, so that you may be supplied 
 with a greater quantity of manure than is now possessed in many dis- 
 tricts, which is an indispensable groundwork of 'increased tillage ; and I 
 think it may be worthy of some consideration whether planting might 
 not be resorted to with advantage in some of the more hilly and ex- 
 posed districts of this country for the shelter of cattle. However,
 
 194 ANNUAL HORTICULTURAL SHOW BELFAST. 
 
 Gentlemen, I feel most thankful that the genius of Ireland is becoming 
 every day more and more awake to the manifold and multifarious refine- 
 ments and claims of her agriculture ; and most pleasing indeed, in one 
 point of view, though painful to excess in another, is the contrast which 
 is presented by such a sight as the Show-yard now open in Belfast with 
 the scenes which are being enacted among that great people which has 
 so many common ties and common interests with us across the western 
 waters. Here, Gentlemen, we scan an area itself connected with all 
 the operations of busy and extended commerce now spread before our 
 gaze the representative specimens of every form of peaceful agricul- 
 ture the sleek herds and fleecy flocks, the iron implements and 
 lustrous damasks; there, Gentlemen, we read of nothing but masked 
 batteries, and the angry glare of bayonets, and the fierce charge and 
 the panic rout. May the time soon come which will enable us and 
 other friendly well-wishers as I am sure in our hearts we all are of 
 that great country will enable us and others to interpose our. friendly 
 mediation, if (which would be far better) they do not themselves com- 
 pose their sad and guilty quarrels. But, however that may be, I trust, 
 Gentlemen, that we at least, with humble and hopeful hearts, may 
 long preserve the inestimable blessings we enjoy, and strive to transmit 
 them bright and undimmed to the coming generations. 
 
 ROYAL BELFAST HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 ANNUAL SHOW. 
 
 [AUGUST STH, 1861.] 
 
 rPHE REV. WILLIAM BRUCE, Chairman of the Society, having 
 * read an Address, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 MK. BRUCE, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return you my very sincere thanks for so kindly welcoming me 
 upon this my second visit to these delightful Gardens. In truth, they 
 are very well worthy to be revisited. It is true that upon this day they 
 are adorned with beauties and attractions from other portions of the 
 country beyond their own native ones. But I feel sure that all whom I
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW LIMERICK. 195 
 
 address will agree with me, that the Committee of the Royal Belfast Hor- 
 ticultural Society deserve much praise for having introduced among the 
 busy operations of this flourishing commercial community so refined a 
 taste for flowers, whether to adorn the lordly conservatory or bring 
 beauty and variety to the humblest cottage door. And now, Ladies 
 and Gentlemen, I will, with the permission of those whom I am glad to 
 see assembled here, perform a ceremony which I make bold to think 
 will meet with universal approbation. I propose to confer the honour 
 of Knighthood upon the Mayor of Belfast. I do this upon two grounds 
 the first, to pay a mark of respect and consideration to the important 
 town of Belfast, and to the enterprising and energetic community of 
 which it is the head and representative. My other reason applies to 
 him, not in his representative, but in his individual capacity it is be- 
 cause I understand that the high character he bears among his fellow- 
 citizens, and his life of active practical benevolence, will confer more 
 honour upon the order he is about to enter, than he will receive from it. 
 The EARL OP CARLISLE, addressing the Mayor, said Will you 
 kindly kneel down, Mr. Mayor ? 
 
 The MAYOR, in compliance with the command, knelt down. 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE, placing the sword upon his shoulder, 
 
 said 
 
 " RISE, SIE EDWAED COEY." 
 
 ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW LIMERICK. 
 [AUGUST GTH, 1862.] 
 
 THE B ANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 rTHE EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LOED CLANCAETY, MY LOEDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 I return very sincere thanks to you for the honour you have done me 
 in drinking my health with such kindness. I always feel on these oc- 
 
 o2
 
 196 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW LIMERICK. 
 
 casions that I had better leave the details connected with the meeting 
 which we are holding to those who must be more competent than myself 
 from their pursuits and knowledge to give their weighty authority con- 
 cerning them. I believe in the Show of this year there is very much 
 to approve and to applaud, except indeed in the point of weather. I 
 believe, too, that with respect to the number of cattle exhibited, a 
 county with which I am connected, the county of Yorkshire, may have 
 had some share in diminishing the numbers exhibited on this occasion, 
 the Show in that county, which has great attractions for all the North 
 of England, being held in this very week. There can be no doubt that 
 in point of quality there has been a most valuable exhibition of stock ; 
 and I believe it will be admitted on all sides that most just praise is due 
 to the produce of your dairy farms, and your sheepfolds too. During 
 all my earlier visits to the meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society of 
 Ireland I have been enabled to use the almost unqualified language of 
 congratulation and hopefulness. Seasons had been favourable, produce 
 had been on the increase, and crime was greatly diminished. The Ire- 
 land of the present seems scarcely to be the same as the Ireland of the 
 past, and there were hardly any limits to the glowing anticipations we 
 might form respecting the Ireland of the future. In many points on 
 this occasion I am compelled to take a soberer and more chastened 
 view, especially with reference to one topic, which I cannot omit to 
 mention, but having done which, I will at once dismiss both because 
 it is the most painful of all, and one which has only an indirect con- 
 nexion with the object of the present meeting. I allude to the reap- 
 pearance of crime. Old crimes, which we had fondly flattered ourselves 
 had been nearly extinguished and well nigh forgotten, have shown their 
 horrid front again amongst our rural population. Even the soil of this 
 county has been reddened with blood, though in this county it has 
 been happily avenged perhaps "happily" was not the word to use 
 I will say rightfully avenged. This has been brought about, under God, 
 by the fearless and conscientious discharge of their duties by all persons 
 concerned by counsel, by judges, by jurors, by the magistracy, and by 
 the constabulary. In mentioning the last body, I must take this oppor- 
 tunity to say that I do not think that on all occasions they have been 
 quite fairly treated. I admit that there may be modifications which it 
 would be right to introduce, and to acknowledge the impossibility of 
 their doing all that sometimes seems to be required of them seeing
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW LIMERICK. 197 
 
 into the inside of rooms at a great distance from them, and receiving 
 information which nobody will give them ; hut knowing as I do how 
 much they daily do and dare for the maintenance of order and for the 
 safety of life, I must consider that some of the attacks which are occa- 
 sionally levelled against them are scarcely just or generous. I need 
 not point out to you that agrarian crime, if suffered to remain un- 
 checked, would prove a worse enemy to the progress of agriculture even 
 in its strict and narrower sense, than either blight, or drought, or rain, 
 or storm, or the worst enmity of the seasons. Of the enmity of the 
 seasons there has no doubt been of late no lack. From the year 1852 
 to 1858 there have been in Ireland a series of remarkably favourable 
 seasons. Since 1858 we have suffered from a series entirely the reverse. 
 In 1859 we suffered from the drought. In 1860-61, and up to the 6th 
 of August, 1 862, we are suffering from deluge. I might call even as a 
 witness into court that broad and noble stream which flows within this 
 town, so formed by nature to adorn, defend, and enrich the district 
 which it waters, but which of late years has certainly given somewhat 
 of an overplus of its wealth of moisture. Now, to these fluctuations of the 
 seasons we have always been liable in Ireland, and always, I fear, must 
 be. They are mainly owing to the geographical position of the country, 
 which we cannot hope to shift or change. I am aware that fault has 
 been found with me once and again for dwelling upon the superior adap- 
 tation of the country to purposes of pasture, and the rearing of cattle, 
 and so seeming by implication to discourage tillage and the growth of 
 crops. Now, no one could refuse to give to tillage and the growth of 
 crops their proper opportunity and their proper sphere ; but surely it is 
 the part of a prudent man to take things as they are, and to follow the 
 indisputable law of nature. It is undoubtedly true that for a late sea- 
 son or two there has been a material falling- off in what may be termed 
 the general agricultural income of the country ; but it is as true, and 
 can be proved from authentic documents, that this decrease has fallen 
 upon tillage and crops, whereas the value of stock has actually increased. 
 I am sure you will excuse me for pointing your attention to this sub- 
 ject, which does seem to me entitled to your most serious attention ; and 
 it appears to me to establish incontrovertibly that in Ireland stock is the 
 most steady and permanent part of rural income. I think we should 
 be quite wrong to consider that the increase of cattle necessarily leads 
 to the decrease of tillage. Modern husbandry has introduced stall-
 
 198 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW LIMERICK. 
 
 feeding stall -feeding increases manure, which is the surest staple of 
 tillage ; and I believe it to be true, notwithstanding the decrease for the 
 last few years in the value of crops, still that all the processes and me- 
 thods of agriculture in Ireland are exhibiting continued improvement. 
 Much capital has been devoted to drainage; and whether we consider 
 the character of the crops, the soil, or the climate, there is no doubt that 
 agricultural speculation could not take a more beneficial direction. The 
 late Report of the Commissioners of Public Works shows that in Ireland 
 on 200,000 acres thorough draining, in a great part subsoiling, has 
 been carried into succcessful operation since 1848. The amount ex- 
 pended in the last few years was, in 1859, 30,000 ; in 1860, 32,000 ; 
 in 1861, 36,000; and in the first half of the present year, 32,000. 
 In the county of Limerick alone the gross expenditure contemplated and 
 in progress under the last improvements has been 188,000, of which 
 9,000 has been for labourers' dwellings. This quota is above the ave- 
 rage of the other Irish counties, and is only exceeded by Cork and 
 Kerry. Now, this process of drainage naturally gives room for the in- 
 troduction of improved implements, such as we saw with pleasure at the 
 Show-yard to-day, by which, being enabled to conduct all the operations 
 of agriculture more rapidly, we may render ourselves less dependent on 
 climate or weather, or, in the literal words of the old proverb, we may 
 be thus enabled to " make hay while the sun shines." I am aware to 
 what disadvantage the cutting of hay and corn, and the stacking of turf 
 must be exposed in some of the rainy seasons with which we are so 
 often visited ; but I cannot help thinking that by a more vigilant and 
 determined attention to such opportunities as present themselves, even 
 in the most untoward seasons, a great deal of that which is now lost 
 might be made comparatively safe. I have admitted, then, that there 
 is certainly something of gloom in the circumstances which have of late 
 surrounded us ; but I feel sure that every lesson borrowed both from the 
 past, the present, and the future, warns us against giving way to de- 
 spondency. Even now, in many crops, and in many districts, there are 
 manifest signs of progress and improvement. I earnestly trust that a 
 fine autumn may give us a turning point in the character of the late 
 seasons. There are some, though I cannot pretend to dive into their 
 mysteries, who, from magnetic and electrical observations, feel justified 
 in assuming that they will be able to ascertain more accurately those ge- 
 neral laws which regulate the character of the seasons, and of the wea-
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 199 
 
 ther ; but I trust that in any case the agriculturists of Ireland will profit 
 by experience in the same way in which they so largely did after the 
 disastrous period which intervened from 1845 to 1849. In the remarks 
 which I have thus taken the liberty to address to you, I have mainly 
 confined myself, as I was bound to do, to the topics and prospects of 
 Irish agriculture, but both within and without their range there has 
 been of late no lack of disturbing causes. Europe, Asia, and above all 
 America, have heaved and are heaving with convulsions. We have 
 sustained one famine in Ireland ; we are now suffering in some degree, 
 though in a very mitigated degree, from deficient harvests. The 
 wealthiest district of England seems now all but paralyzed by the sudden 
 withdrawal of its most vital element. The commerce of the world has 
 altered its laws and its actions. Steam and railways have changed the 
 whole condition of transit. Such changes, so extensive such shocks, so 
 violent defy all calculation ; but they should not shake our confidence 
 in Him who gives the sunshine as well as the storm the fertilizing rain 
 as well as the drought manna, the milk and the honey, as well as the 
 stony rock and the sandy desert who from evil bringeth good, and in 
 judgment remembers mercy. 
 
 EOYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 MEETING FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRIZES. 
 [APEII STH, 1863.] 
 
 T OKD DUNLO moved a vote of thanks to His Excellency for 
 *-* his kindness in attending on that occasion, as well as on every 
 other occasion when the industrial resources of the country could pos- 
 sibly be forwarded. It was the good fortune of the Society on such oc- 
 casions to be aided by the presence of those who held the high position 
 of Viceroy ; and he was proud to say that amongst them none did more 
 than His Excellency to promote agricultural progress. It was gratify- 
 ing to the Society to find His Excellency still entertained a good feeling 
 towards them, because it still required a good deal of assistance, both 
 private and public. He had much pleasure in moving the marked 
 thanks of the Society to His Excellency.
 
 200 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 F. MACDOXOGH, Esq., Q. C., M. P., seconded the motion. Un- 
 expected as the honour was, he discharged it with pleasure, be- 
 cause he thought no Irish gentleman could avoid expressing his deep 
 sense of the services rendered to the industrial resources of Ireland by 
 Lord Carlisle. Every man who knew Lord Carlisle, and his devotion 
 to the interests of this country, should acknowledge that his attendance 
 there that night was but one of his many gracious acts towards Ireland. 
 He would say of Lord Carlisle that he believed, if he were not born in 
 the purple, that he would, by his talents and by the invariable course 
 of conduct which his noble nature would have prompted him to pursue, 
 have been raised to the highest dignity. 
 
 The EAKL OF CARLISLE said :_ 
 GENTLEJTEX, 
 
 I beg to return my very sincere thanks for the vote which has been 
 so kindly moved, seconded, and accepted. I confess it seems to me, 
 Gentlemen, that we have come here together under somewhat cheering 
 circumstances. In the first place, the Show itself, which is the proper 
 and main business of the place and time, has been eminently successful. 
 This is a topic which I always leave to those who are more specially 
 cognizant of the subject, and who therefore are enabled to render it 
 more accurate justice. That has been very clearly and ably set forth 
 by Mr. Maunsell, in his opening address. He was pleased to refer to 
 some rather delicate, and not very peaceful functions of an ancestor of 
 mine. Well, Gentlemen, it was the business of Belted "Will, to whom 
 he refers, to keep peace upon the Border a mere imaginary line. It 
 will be a happier and more cheering duty for his descendant, if he could 
 hope to join his efforts to those of so many others in promoting feelings 
 of the utmost good will and unity between the two spirited nations on 
 either side of the broad Irish Channel. I quite agree with iny noble 
 friend, Lord Dunlo, as to the pleasure that most of us feel in finding 
 that the accommodation for this exhibition furnished upon the premises 
 of the Royal Dublin Society has received such ample extension and 
 development. Indeed, the accommodation seems to me now to be so 
 nearly complete as to leave little more to be desired. Great credit is 
 due to those gentlemen who so nobly stepped forward to supply the 
 deficiency ; and I wish, in common with some who have gone before 
 me, that we had an opportunity of informing Sir Richard Griffith to his 
 face how kindly we feel his exertions and public spirit. The accom-
 
 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 201 
 
 plished Secretary of the Dublin Society, Dr. Steele, has furnished you 
 with a most striking catalogue of many useful and spirited undertak- 
 ings which have been effected, or are in course of progress, under the 
 fostering care of this Society ; and I join with him and others in wish- 
 ing that this undertaking may receive in all quarters adequate recogni- 
 tion and encouragement. We cannot, Gentlemen, have advanced thus 
 far in the year 1863 without permitting ourselves to congratulate one 
 another upon the very improved- character of the season as far as we 
 have hitherto had experience of it. I know, Gentlemen, that upon al- 
 ritost all human things there are two parties one which takes the best 
 possible view, and the other the worst possible view of everything. 
 This has been the case with respect to the condition and general pros- 
 pects of Ireland. The truth generally may be found to lie between the 
 two extremes ; but I think no one upon either side the pessimus or the 
 optimus side will be found to differ as to the extreme ungeniality and 
 untoward character of the three summers through which we have 
 passed; and it is not to be denied that bad effects naturally resulted 
 in all departments of industry our corn crops, green crops, our herds 
 and our flocks. I am far from attempting to dogmatize or prophesy 
 upon so mysterious and subtle a matter as the weather ; but I do believe 
 there is a growing persuasion, partly derived from the actual observa- 
 tion of the seasons, and partly from independent scientific speculations 
 among the rest, from observations upon the spots of the sun, and from 
 magnetic currents upon the earth which tend to bring about the belief 
 that there is some law which regulates the recurrences of cycles of more 
 or less favourable weather ; and therefore, when we have hitherto ex- 
 perienced a spring which in its warm dryness and its early bloom 
 reminds us of what we all imagine to be the springs of our youth, Ave 
 cannot help indulging in further visions of bright summers, golden 
 harvests, and overflowing granaries. One point, however, is clear 
 that until we obtain a more accurate knowledge of the laws which 
 regulate the seasons and the conditions of climate, and can act more 
 securely upon them, our caution ought to keep close company with our 
 ignorance ; and, gratifying as has been the sight presented to us in our 
 yards to-day these long ranges of well-limbed, even-backed, silk- 
 skinned cattle, these pens of soft and snowy fleeces, these ingenious mar- 
 vels of machinery and fresh as I am from admiring and eA r en handling 
 the " Royal Butterfly" and " Soubadar," yet I must not forget that I
 
 202 ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 have heard within a few days a piteous complaint from my own country 
 (Yorkshire), respecting diseased cattle from various parts of Ireland. 
 I will just read the extract from the letter of my correspondent : " "We 
 have been suffering very serious loss for some time past I have, no 
 doubt, not been alone, but throughout the whole neighbourhood on 
 account of the diseased state of the imported Irish cattle. I have 
 thought the cause arose from the treatment they received on shipboard, 
 and in being driven about to different parts ; but, although I have no 
 doubt that that increases the complaint, I have been informed from a 
 reliable source that the foundation was laid in Ireland, in want of care on 
 the part of the breeders in not providing proper shelter for them during 
 the winter seasons. . . . The severe seasons have, no doubt, some- 
 thing to do in laying the foundation of the disease in question." I 
 have always, not without incurring some reproach, laid great stress 
 upon the adaptabilities of the Irish soil and climate to pasture, and the 
 rearing of flocks and herds. I shall not now in any way depart from 
 that creed ; but it is obvious that it must be a damaging and self- 
 punishing process to multiply, or in any way extend the growth and 
 rearing of flocks and herds, without taking care that due provision is 
 made both for a sufficient quantity of green crops for their feeding, and 
 for shelter against any unusual rigour and severity of climate. There 
 is nothing like caution and care in preventing these ills, which I will 
 not say the caprices, but the irregularities of nature must expose us all 
 to. There is one other still more grave and more inveterate drawback 
 to Irish agriculture, and indeed to Irish prosperity generally, which I 
 do not like to pass entirely without noticing, though I feel it is not the 
 proper time and opportunity to dwell upon it ; but I cannot help ob- 
 serving upon an evil which is more mischievous and damaging than the 
 
 damp of the moistest summers, or the blast of the chilliest winters I 
 
 mean the spread of disaffection to the laws, and of recourse to deeds of 
 violence and agrarian crime. Comparing, however, Ireland of to-day 
 with Ireland as it once was, and indeed as I myself remember it, it 
 would be gross injustice not to admit that rapid and manifest progress 
 has been made, not merely in the material improvements, and in those 
 varied processes to which your Exhibition has borne such splendid testi- 
 mony, but also both in the condition and character of the people, and 
 the feelings of the different classes towards each other.
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 203 
 
 ROYAL AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 
 [AUGUST 26-ra, 1863.] 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 TOAST : 
 "The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 rFHE EARL OF BESSBOROUGH, Chairman, and President of the 
 -* Society, said : 
 
 MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 It requires but few words from me to induce you to drink with 
 enthusiasm the toast I am about to propose, the health of His Ex- 
 cellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who has honoured us 
 with his presence here to-day. It is difficult for me to speak iu 
 the presence of His Excellency it is more particularly so, perhaps, 
 that I am connected with him by long ties of friendship to speak 
 of His Excellency in those terms which I, in accordance with your and 
 my feelings, would be prompted to use, and in which, I am sure 
 if I was to give utterance to the feelings I entertain, I would certainly 
 speak. I say, that whatever political difference any person may enter- 
 tain in opinion with His Excellency, there is no person who does not 
 admire the high, just, and moderate spirit which has caused him to make 
 his rule distinguished by the strictest justice and fair dealing towards 
 every political party. As far as the Society which I represent is con- 
 cerned, he has always acted in the most friendly manner, and it owes, 
 perhaps, more to him than any other. At whatever personal incon- 
 venience it may have been attended with, I believe that on no one 
 anniversary occasion has he ever missed attending the dinner of the 
 Society during his residence here. But, in addition to this, he has, by 
 the admirable practical remarks he offers, given most excellent advice
 
 204 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 
 
 to the agriculturists of this country. I trust you will drink his health 
 in such a manner as will show that the people of Kilkenny can welcome 
 one who loves Ireland as much, or perhaps more than many Irishmen. 
 
 The EAEL OF CAELISLE said : 
 
 Mr LORD BESSBOROTJGH, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have reason to return yon my deep and heartfelt thanks for the 
 honour you have done me, and so kindly done me, in drinking my 
 health. My noble friend, your President, has alluded to the frequent 
 occasions on which it has heen such a deep source of gratification to me 
 to attend the meetings of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of Ireland, 
 which have now carried me happily over the whole surface of the coun- 
 try. But I can assure you that this feeling of satisfaction has never 
 been more fervently felt by me than on the occasion of our being as- 
 sembled within the ancient city of Kilkenny ; for, without pausing to 
 dwell on its picturesque site, or its historic lore its silver Nore, sweep- 
 ing under the battlements of the lordly Butlers ; its ancient shrines and 
 rising temples ; not to call to remembrance the almost unparalleled list 
 of men of eminence who received their education in its ancient School 
 or College I need only mention Dean Swift, Farquhar, the dramatist ; 
 Congreve, the dramatist; Steele, the essayist; Berkeley, the philosopher ; 
 Bishop Flood, the orator ; Yelverton, the Chief Justice ; but I myself 
 remember, in my early years, the renown of its spirited gentry, and its 
 social gaiety. The Bushes, the Powers, the Beechers, the Behans, and 
 what is closest to my own heart, its sunny slopes and mountain sum- 
 mits, are allied in my mind with the nearest and tenderest memories. 
 However, these are hardly topics for the present hour, and I pass to the 
 more special business of the day. Upon a later occasion of these annual 
 meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society, and especially at the last of 
 all, which was held in Limerick, it was my painful duty to speak in 
 rather gloomy tones of the then subsisting agricultural condition and 
 prospects of the country. It is true that four successive most unfavour- 
 able seasons have preceded the present year. 1859 was a year of usual 
 drought, which made an inroad on our live stock that has hardly yet 
 been repaired, and with this perished a great quantity of our manure. 
 Then three summers of almost incessant rain followed. The crops one 
 by one felt the unhappy influence ; land dropped out of cultivation, and
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 205 
 
 the last year was the worst of all. So that, if we were now obliged to 
 confine ourselves wholly to retrospect, and not to indulge at all in pros- 
 pect if we only dealt with memory, and did not consider what was due 
 to hope this would be the very moment of the greatest depression. 
 But you will all remember in the sacred page how, when the Prophet 
 stood on the ridge of Cannel, he was told six times that there was no 
 prospect of relief in the parched earth or in the burning sky ; yet on 
 the seventh occasion he gathered from the sight of a small cloud, like a 
 man's hand, a presage of the coming deliverance, which then came in 
 the form of rain. So we, I trust, may thank God that we can read in 
 the sunbeams which have gladdened our eyes tokens of returning plenty 
 and recovery. I observed that the land, under the baneful influence of the 
 seasons, fell from time to time out of cultivation, and naturally the last 
 reclaimed and the least productive lands were the first to be given up, and 
 in the same gradation the best land was the last retained in tillage, and 
 it is of that best land that we may now hope to enjoy the fruits under 
 the best influence of a mended climate. And it was gratifying to me 
 to find that it has been computed by most trustworthy persons, that if 
 the crops of this season only equal the average yield of the last ten 
 years, their value supposing there should be no great disturbance in 
 price would exceed the value of the crops of 1862 by some ten millions 
 of money. And if they should exceed that average of the last ten years, 
 of course the gain would receive a proportionate increase. Amidst the 
 general depression which affected almost every kind of agricultural pro- 
 duce, I find an exception in the article of flax, and I learn that this 
 year 60,000 more acres of flax have been sown than the last ten years, 
 or probably more than ever were yet sown in Ireland ; and the activity 
 of the linen trade, in such marked contrast with that of the cotton trade, 
 encourages the hope that the flax crop, over and above its abundance, 
 will realize satisfactory prices. "With respect to other crops, which can- 
 not attain that amount which the favourable nature of the present 
 season might otherwise have secured to them if land had not been pre- 
 viously thrown out of cultivation, we may hope that, whereas the suf- 
 ferings of a bad year are nearly mainly confined to the year itself, the 
 caution and resources which are altogether best learned and only 
 learned in seasons of difficulty and trial will bring with them salutary 
 permanent results. I think it may be a matter of serious reflection 
 whether the least favoured lands ought to be restored to a more pre-
 
 200 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 
 
 carious crop, as I believe that lands that have hitherto been devoted to 
 wheat would be much better applied to those grains that suit better with 
 cold and moister climates. No lesson of the past has been more perma- 
 nently taught than the necessity of continued attention to drainage ; and I 
 rejoice to find that, two measures have been adopted in the last session 
 of Parliament forgiving facilities to proprietors for making outlets to their 
 drains, and for enabling them to form drainage districts to effect a more 
 complete arterial drainage. And 1 believe these two measures rest on the 
 sound principle of facilitating proprietors in executing the works them- 
 selves, without any undue influence on the part of the Government. 
 The competition of the whole world, acting now upon us through new 
 facilities of transit and new means of access, of which the Galway line 
 is the last, of course continually grows more intense. The great enter- 
 prise of your neighbours, the pork merchants of Waterford, has given 
 activity to the bacon trade, of which this city may be considered in 
 some respects the centre ; and the vigorous promise of the potato crop bids 
 fair for we all know the connexion between pigs and potatoes to con- 
 tribute to the further extension of the pig trade in Ireland. I believe 
 almost the only article of food the importation of which into the United 
 Kingdom has been diminished within the past year is butter. Now, the 
 state of Ireland affords considerable facilities for that trade, which it has 
 long enjoyed, and I trust that continued attention to dairy farming will 
 carry on and advance its prosperity. I had wished almost to indulge 
 myself in some little reflections upon certain processes of hay-making 
 which I observe carried on in Ireland ; but I have found my views so 
 completely summed up in the old " Survey of the county of Kilkenny," 
 written, I believe, by the father of my excellent and honoured host, 
 Colonel Tighe, that I cannot help quoting what he says, rather regretting 
 that the subsequent amendment has not been as complete as we might 
 have hoped. " The principal faults," he says, " in common practice are 
 drying the hay too much, and exposing it too long to injury in every 
 way. The great object seems to me to be to prevent heating, to accom- 
 plish which the wind and rain often extract all the nutritious parts of 
 the hay long before it quits the field. There can be no doubt that it 
 is highly useful for the hay to heat moderately. If it is cut while 
 the grass is succulent, and permitted to heat, the saccharine process 
 takes place, and an additional quantity of saccharine matter one of the 
 most nutritious substances is formed by combination with the oxygen ;
 
 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 207 
 
 it only requires that it should not be allowed to go too far. It often 
 happens that the hay is allowed to remain too long in the fields. It 
 loses then in the saccharine matter, and there is also the additional dis- 
 advantage that the ground is debarred from the benefits which it 
 would otherwise receive from exposure to the light.and air of heaven." 
 Such topics as the better selection of seeds, the questions of 
 the steam plough, the treatment of the disease of cattle and sheep, 
 I wish entirely to leave to those better competent to offer an 
 opinion upon these subjects, as well as upon the particular merits of the 
 very successful Show we have witnessed this day. I am very glad to 
 perceive that among other objects which the Society has cordially 
 adopted is one institution, patronized, I am very gratified to see, by the 
 ladies of Ireland, and by some of the highest, the fairest, and best 
 amongst them. They have become associates of the Royal Agricultural 
 Society for the special object of improving the dwellings and domestic 
 condition of the agricultural population of Ireland. I am sincerely 
 anxious that the tenements of the labourers should be made to keep an 
 equal pace of improvement with the care bestowed on your flocks and 
 on your herds. Looking for a moment, and only for a moment, to the 
 general condition of the country, apart from the special province of 
 agriculture, although the distress caused by the late inclement seasons 
 has naturally told with great and distressing effect in the several dis- 
 tricts of the country, yet it appears that the rate per head on the popu- 
 lation for the relief of the poor in Ireland amounts at present to 2s. 6d., 
 whereas the rate per head in both England and Wales reaches up to 6*. 
 per head. With respect to that most important subject, the education 
 of the people, it appears that in the year 1841, 54 per cent, of the male 
 population, and 41 of the female could read. In 1851 this proportion 
 had risen to 58 per cent, of the male population, and 49 of the female ; 
 and in the last census, 1861, the proportion had further obtained the 
 gratifying increase to 65 per cent, of the male population, and 58 of the 
 female. And in the county of Kilkenny, in our immediate neighbour- 
 hood, I am glad to find that while the attendance in the National 
 Schools in 1851 was 1 in 10 of the population, in 1861 the attendance 
 had risen to 1 in 6 of the population. There is a small ifem in statis- 
 tics that I have ascertained, and which affords me some astonishment, 
 I confess. In the last census of 1861 there were in Great Britain of
 
 208 ANNUAL CATTLE SHOW KILKENNY. 
 
 persons 100 years of age and upwards, 201. How many do you think 
 were in Ireland, in not nearly so large a population ? 765. That fact 
 speaks highly for the health of the old men and old women. The only 
 thing further I have to add to my summary of statistics, and perhaps I 
 should consider it the most important, is, that in the last year there has 
 been a sensible decrease of crime as compared with preceding years. 
 Now, my Lord and Gentlemen, I will only add that this is not a coun- 
 try to despond about. There are now two sets of principles and of in- 
 fluences at work for mastery over its future destinies. On that moun- 
 tain top which overlooks so great a portion of the country on the ma- 
 jestic Slievenamon one set of those principles and influences finds its 
 vent in shrill and ill-omened shrieks for strife, for discord, and for the 
 bloodshed of those who possess and those who till the soil ; the other 
 or counter set of principles breathes through such organs of peace as this 
 and other kindred societies, of which it is the harmonizing and healing 
 purpose to spread the knowledge of useful improvement, to encourage 
 the proprietors of the land to reside on their estates, and to take an in- 
 terest in the land they live on and the men they live with, and to unite 
 all classes and all grades, landlords and tenants, farmers and labourers, 
 in one blessed reciprocity of good will and good deeds. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE again rose, and said: 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have risen to propose a toast one which will meet with your warm, 
 and cordial, and hearty concurrence I mean, " The health of the Presi- 
 dent, the Earl of Bessborough." N"o\v, I only feel that the modesty of 
 my noble friend might induce me to be too short in my observations in 
 proposing this toast, while my own feelings of regard and friendship 
 might only tempt me to be too long in dwelling upon the claims which 
 that toast has upon us. Sprung from a race distinguished alike for their 
 public spirit and their service to their country, descended from a father 
 who at one time filled the highest office in this country, and at all 
 times filled the most useful office, that of a resident proprietor, not 
 only residing on the soil, but metamorphosing the appearance of his 
 property. My noble friend carries on the principle and the prac- 
 tice of those who have gone before him. There cannot, perhaps, be a
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 209 
 
 surer and safer test of the character of a landlord than the condition of 
 his property. I will only say that what the Bessborough property is as 
 an estate, and what Piltown is as a village, such is the Earl of Bessbo- 
 rough as a landlord. 
 
 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE 
 
 SHOW. 
 
 EVENING MEETING FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRIZES. 
 [MABCH 30TH, 1864.] 
 
 I BELIEVE I may gather that the resolution, so kindly proposed by 
 my friend, the Hon. Mr. Handcock, has been endorsed by your accep- 
 tance. I can only assure you that I receive this and similar demon- 
 strations in this theatre with great pleasure and gratitude. I feel 
 particular pleasure in thinking that we may be confident that the Show 
 which we have witnessed this day is one of continued and gaining suc- 
 cess. I must content myself with referring to the instructive speech 
 of Mr. Maunsell, who can speak with a much nicer degree of discrimi- 
 nation upon the peculiar merits of that Exhibition than I could ; but its 
 general merits must have been obvious even to spectators as unqualified 
 and superficial as myself. It is very pleasing to find every time I come 
 here that the Royal Dublin Society has provided fresh appliances, new 
 accommodation, new sheds, yards, and galleries, so that we are now no 
 longer obliged to poach upon Leinster Lawn, but resign its unbroken 
 sward for purposes of flower beds or parterres, or for the Statues of more 
 Irish worthies. I feel that when I take occasion to commend Exhibi- 
 tions of live stock upon this and similar occasions I run one risk I 
 know I am liable to be told that I take much more care of the cattle, 
 and sheep, and swine, and perhaps even of the poultry of the country 
 than of the nobler species man himself; and that, in my anxiety to 
 prove that Ireland should be the mother of flocks and herds, I compara- 
 tively leave ought of sight and do not care what becomes of Irishmen.
 
 210 THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY'S SPRING CATTLE SHOW. 
 
 Now, if I thought this required a serious answer, which I do not think 
 it does, I might say that I have reiterated on former occasions my ap- 
 proval of and sympathy with that movement, which I believe the Royal 
 Agricultural Society of Ireland has sought to encourage and promote, 
 the construction of better dwellings and cottages for the agricultural 
 labourers. 1 might also say that I have taken the most public oppor- 
 tunity I could find of giving vent to my regret that the bone and mar- 
 row of the rising youth of Ireland, instead of being expended in 
 wholesome labour upon their own fertile soil, should be allowed to rot 
 and moulder on the far battlefields of America. But, Gentlemen, I 
 humbly conceive that, to furnish them with that employment which I 
 covet for them to secure them those wages which I fain would see 
 rewarding their well-directed labours, there can be no method so ob- 
 vious or so sure as the processes by which this Society, and in connexion 
 with it the Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland, have for their special 
 province that is, to improve in every point the agriculture of the 
 country to perfect every breed of animals employed in husbandry to 
 make generally known and bring into common use the most useful im- 
 provements, and, where the occasion may invite, to furnish new growths 
 and new crops, such, for instance, as that we have just heard allusion 
 made to the flax crop in this country, to the promotion of which every 
 one will rejoice that the Government has given, through this Society, 
 its aid and co-operation. It is precisely in this spirit and in this direc- 
 tion that the poet, in one line, when addressing his country, utters 
 magna frugem parent and, in the next line says, magna virum; and I 
 believe this is not a fanciful collocation, but that it is from a well-cul- 
 tivated and well-farmed country that we are most likely to see emerge 
 an industrious, contented, and honest peasantry. Returning you my 
 thanks for the kindness I have received, let me express my pleasure at 
 meeting you this day in the noble yard of this Society, and to anticipate, 
 whether I am here to witness them or not, many future Shows, as 
 gratifying and as full of promise and of hope as that which we have 
 assisted at this day.
 
 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW SALTHILL. 211 
 
 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW- 
 SALTHILL. 
 
 THE ANNUAL DINNER. 
 [SEPTEMBER 4TH, 1856.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MY LORD CHANCELLOR, MY LORD MAYOR, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I BEG to return you my very sincere thanks for the honour you have 
 done me in so kindly drinking my health. This is certainly not 
 the first occasion of my witnessing the exhibitions of the Royal Horti- 
 cultural Society of Ireland, hut is the first on which I have partaken 
 in so solid and excellent a form of its entertainments ; and I am sure, in 
 reference to the Lord Chancellor's generous invitation, that I have had 
 every temptation this evening to renew my experience of your hos- 
 pitality. I can sincerely congratulate you, Gentlemen, on the strides 
 which the science and practice of Horticulture have made in Ireland, 
 even within my own experience. I believe for those strides the science 
 is mainly indebted to the members of the Royal Horticultural Society. 
 I am sure it must be your first wish, not only that your own exhibi- 
 tions should be attended with success which hitherto accompanied 
 them, but that they should be largely imitated in the provinces, and 
 amongst all classes of people in Ireland. I myself had the gratification 
 only two days ago of witnessing a very successful Horticultural Show 
 in a very secluded part of the neighbouring county of Wicklow ; and I 
 had the pleasure of learning there, that within the very short period 
 during which the local Society had been established, there has been a 
 most perceptible and marked advance in the endeavours both of farmers 
 and cottagers to improve the gardens round their humble homesteads. 
 This is as it should be ; for I am sure it ought to be the first aim and 
 object of us all in promoting the science of Horticulture, not merely to 
 
 p2
 
 212 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW SALTHILL. 
 
 desire success in displaying splendid exotics and wondrous epiphytes, 
 but also to see that every cottage, no matter how humble, may have its 
 neat flower bed in front, and its well-stocked kitchen garden at its side, 
 and even its smiling orchard behind. Reference has been made by your 
 Lordship to kindred societies at which it has been my privilege to be 
 present. Not long ago I had the high gratification of visiting the 
 meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society at Athlone, and I there had 
 abundant opportunity of witnessing the signal improvement which has 
 taken place in Irish agriculture within the last score of years. I sup- 
 pose the Horticultural Society of Ireland is not yet furnished with such 
 an imposing array of statistics as belong to the sister Society for the 
 promotion of Agriculture ; but I make no doubt that almost as great an 
 advance has been made in the floral as in the cereal experience of Ire- 
 land. I can only exhort you according to your several opportunities to 
 persevere in your laudable endeavours to improve the Horticulture of this 
 country, and in so doing you will add grace to the lovely landscapes of 
 Ireland, beauties by which they were not before adorned. The science 
 has not only an ornamental, but has directly a utilitarian character, and 
 it is in that respect that I cordially wish all possible success may attend 
 its efforts. "With that hope I beg leave to propose as a toast, 
 " Success to the Royal Horticultural Society ;"
 
 ( 213 ) 
 
 VICEREGAL VISITS, OPENING AND EXTENSION OF 
 IRISH RAILWAYS, &c., &c, 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 [JULY 9iH, 1856.] 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 TN proposing the toast, the Mayor, J. SPAIGHT, Esq., ob- 
 -* served that the Representative of our most gracious and well- 
 beloved Queen was justly entitled at their hands to every mark of 
 respect which their duty and loyalty could suggest ; but when, in ad- 
 dition to these high claims on their consideration, they had a liberal 
 statesman an accomplished scholar a finished gentleman a kind 
 and courteous friend he felt that their respect must rise to admi- 
 ration, and their loyalty kindle to enthusiasm. The Mayor having al- 
 luded to the buildings, institutions, and schools, to illustrate the material 
 and moral progress that had taken place in the town, concluded by 
 saying that there was no man who heard him, whether he be Benedict 
 or Bachelor, who would not appreciate His Excellency's danger when 
 he found himself amongst the bright eyes and beaming smiles of the 
 ladies of Limerick ; and when His Excellency rose to address them, and 
 fixed his gaze upon that coronet of beauty that so gracefully adorned 
 their banquet, he would warn him that he would be exposed to a fire 
 more fatal and searching than that which swept the breach to the great 
 Bedan ; and so utterly untenable did he consider His Excellency's posi- 
 tion under such a fire, that it would not surprise him if he felt bound 
 to haul down his standard of single blessedness on the spot.
 
 3>14 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said: - 
 
 MK. MAYOR, MY LOKDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 You may well imagine that I shall find it far from easy to express 
 in any corresponding language my deep and grateful sense of the kind 
 and hearty reception with which I have been honoured this day first, 
 in the streets of your ancient city by its stalwart sons ; and let me add, 
 by its comely daughters and now within these walls, with a distin- 
 guished and brilliant company assembled within this radiant circuit 
 And I cannot proceed further without thanking your "Worship from my 
 heart for the timely, and I confess very necessary caution, which you in 
 your magisterial responsibility for my safe keeping during this too brief 
 visit have thought yourself called upon to supply. Forewarned is 
 indeed forearmed ; but when I look around, I cannot wonder that your 
 "Worship has already yielded. I trust, Gentlemen, I know how to 
 exercise due discrimination in distributing the warmth and effusion 
 which have been so strikingly manifested on this occasion among 
 other exciting causes, between the feeling of respect naturally assigned 
 to the higher position I have been appointed to fill as the Representative 
 in this country of our beloved Queen between your kindly recognition 
 of my past connexion with this country, and your indulgent estimate of 
 my present services. The comparison between that past and this pre- 
 sent, presents within my own Irish experience, many gratifying sugges- 
 tions of encouragement and hope ; and I believe I have good reason 
 more expressly to congratulate the present assembly that in the ad- 
 vancing career of national improvement and progress, the county and city 
 of Limerick have borne a very distinguished and prominent part. It so 
 happens that, as it has been arranged that I throw off instead of wind- 
 ing up my visit to this festal gathering, I am not necessarily qualified 
 so well to speak from personal observation as I trust in a day or two 
 hence to be, concerning what has been effected both by public and pri- 
 vate enterprise ; but this at all events is a very pleasant reflection, that 
 if I have found your streets thronged, and your banquet halls overflow- 
 ing, I have also found your prisons comparatively empty. If I am 
 shown, as has been promised to me and I doubt not I shall find the 
 promise realized if I am to be shown schools well attended, docks and 
 quays well furnished, homes for the accommodation of literature, and 
 temples of Divine worship multiplied, so I also am informed that the
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 215 
 
 criminal papers of the city of Limerick at the present assizes, up to this 
 week at least, did not contain a single name, and the criminal paper for 
 this great and populous county only four. Then, with respect to what 
 I should be inclined to put only second to the diminution of crime I 
 mean the diminution of pauperism I find that in the union of Lime- 
 rick I am happy to say that other unions in the country present the 
 same proportion that whereas the expenditure for poor relief in 1849, 
 of which we have such painful remembrances, amounted to 53,000, 
 in the year before last it had fallen to 15,000 ; the expenditure of the 
 very last year showing, in contrast with its immediate predecessor, a 
 diminution of one-third. And with respect to the number of persons 
 relieved, which in the year 1849 was 46,000, it had fallen in the year 
 before last to 1 3,000, and it fell in the last year to 10,000. The com- 
 parison of persons relieved thus exhibited in the last two years a dimi- 
 nution of one-fourth ; but it is further most satisfactory to know, that if 
 we enlarge our horizon so as to take in the whole of Ireland, the land- 
 scape will not lose in scarcely any quarter its calm and radiant aspect. 
 I should indeed be adopting a course utterly unworthy of the position 
 which I fill, and of that clear-sighted and sagacious community over 
 whose affairs I have been appointed to preside, if I could endeavour to 
 pourtray any over-coloured or merely flattering representation of their 
 condition or their character. I do seek to conceal that in the whole ex- 
 tent of Ireland there are still to be found sufficient instances of excep- 
 tional crime to deter us from dispensing at once with all methods of 
 exceptional repression. I cannot wholly suppress the wish, both because 
 I think that the reproach which it may be thought to imply attaches 
 equally to all parties, and still more because the presence at your board 
 to-night of the two Right Rev. Prelates, which I hail with such cordial 
 pleasure, gives me the hope that any such reproach would attach with 
 comparative lightness here ; but the wish to which I return is, that all 
 sides would feel rather more disposed to employ that religious zeal 
 which is the glory of the human character more in adorning their own 
 faith than in impugning that of their neighbours. But I pass gladly 
 from such themes of which, after all, the individual conscience must be 
 the supreme judge to those topics of common interest and concern, 
 honourable to all and happy for all alike, which consist in the decrease 
 of pauperism, the growth of agriculture, the extension of commerce, 
 the improvement in the dwellings, the clothing, and the diet of thepeo-
 
 21 G VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 
 
 pie, and the disappoaramce of crime. These are matters of which Ire- 
 land has a right to feel proud, and which give us a right to be hopeful 
 for Ireland. It is now just one hundred and sixty-six years ago since 
 hostile armies were encamped in the surrounding marsh, within hearing 
 of those very spots now only resonant of loyalty and good- will, and the 
 blood of brethren flowed profusely in civil strife around the battered ram- 
 part. How is all now changed all save that first, as it has been 
 rightly described all save that noblest of Ireland's rivers, which still 
 bathes your walls all save that valour which has recently lined the 
 trench and scaled the parapet ! But now, not as then, it has been dis- 
 played in our united armies against a foreign foe. "Well, Gentlemen, 
 peace has been happily restored to the East of Europe ; and I trust that 
 your noble stream may never waft to that great Western "World which 
 first confronts its advancing billows any messages save those of extend- 
 ing commerce and unbroken concord. I wish from my heart that this 
 whole district may very largely share in all the glory and in all the 
 blessings of a peaceful and improving era ; and it only remains for me 
 to repeat to you, Gentlemen, that you have this day given me a recep- 
 tion which I shall never forget. I wish I deserved it- I know I am 
 thankful for it. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE again rose, and said : 
 I beg leave to be allowed to propose a toast ; and although I believe 
 almost every one whom I have the honour to address has had the ad- 
 vantage of knowing the object of that toast for a longer time, and more 
 about him than I do myself, yet I feel, even if our acquaintance only 
 dated from this evening, that I know quite enough of him to make me 
 sure that you will receive the toast most readily and joyfully. It is 
 stated, and I believe stated with authority, that the Mayoralty of 
 Limerick preceded by eleven years the Mayoralty of London. I dare 
 not say in the worshipful presence of the Mayors of Cork, Waterford, 
 and Clonmel, how much it preceded the other Irish Corporations ; but 
 I will almost make bold to say that in the long list of Limerick Mayors 
 that office was never filled by a more competent, more eloquent, or a 
 more worthy Mayor than he whose health I may now call upon you to 
 drink as you ought 
 
 "The Chairman of the evening, the Mayor of Limerick."
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 217 
 
 
 
 OPENING OF THE FOYNES RAILWAY. 
 
 [JULY 10TH, 1856.] 
 
 THE DEJEUNER. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 THE Chairman, the EAEL OF DTJNRAVEN, said He could not 
 sufficiently express the feelings of gratification at the honour done 
 him by His Excellency's condescending to visit him in his ancestral 
 home. It was indeed, a source of great pride to him, and he was aware 
 how little he deserved the honour for which he was most deeply 
 grateful. K"ext to that, it gave him most sincere pleasure to see them 
 all there witnessing the presence of a Viceroy for the first time, he 
 might say, perhaps for centuries, within the walls of that ancient and 
 historic castle. They were aware that it had belonged to both branches of 
 one of the greatest and the foremost families the Fitzgeralds. If they 
 reflected upon the revelling and the banquetting that had taken place 
 there, either the precursors of, or following scenes of strife and blood, 
 he was sure they would agree with him in the expression of the happi- 
 ness they felt in meeting in that place the Lord Lieutenant that day to 
 inaugurate a work of a very different character. There had issued 
 forth from these walls predecessors of his noble friend the Lord Lieute- 
 nant ; but there had also gone forth chieftains in some cases to combat 
 against the British Crown, and in others to combat against the liberties 
 of the people of Ireland. He would venture to say that his noble 
 friend was the first instance there of a nobleman who was the Re- 
 presentative of the British Crown, and at the same time the zealous 
 supporter of the rights of the Irish people. He would not, as he would 
 highly wish to do, then attempt to express in his presence the opinions 
 he entertained personally of the noble Earl of Carlisle ; but he would say 
 that it gave him, as he was sure it did all others present, the highest 
 gratification to think that His Excellency had come to Limerick with 
 the express purpose of opening the Railway to Foynes. They were
 
 218 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 
 
 nwure of the feeling created in the hearts of Irishmen, by the recollec- 
 tion of the name of Morpeth. Ho was about to say that this remem- 
 brance would likely be affected; but they would not regret, when 
 they reflected that the only mode in which it might be eclipsed would 
 be by the superior lustre which would in future attach to the name of 
 " Carlisle." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 Mr LORD, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg most sincerely to thank you for the honour you have just paid 
 me in so very warm and hearty a manner. You will easily credit me 
 when I express to you the extreme pleasure it has given me to have 
 been allowed to take my share in the proceedings of the day, which 
 everyone of you will acknowledge have been most imposing and most 
 agreeable. Your Lordship has adverted with great truth and propriety 
 to the striking and touching associations of the scene and the time to 
 meet amid the eternal verdure of those walls within the old Castle of 
 the Desmonds to celebrate the opening of a modern railway does 
 indeed connect in the most striking manner the past with the present, 
 and exhibit that eminent principle of contrast and continuity which runs 
 through the whole progress of our national prosperity and glory. With 
 respect to the prospects of the undertaking, of course I leave them in 
 the hands of their official and responsible sponsors. I hope from the 
 promising prelude which has this day been given to them that we may 
 augur the best results which the most sanguine anticipations could 
 have pourtrayed, and I wish heartily to the spirited undertaking the 
 utmost possible success to the future passengers I wish agreeable trips 
 and light fares, and to the shareholders quick returns and heavy profits. 
 I am sure I cannot better express the feelings of all who have partaken 
 of the pleasure of the day, than by asking you to drink with every feel- 
 ing of acknowledgment and gratitude to the good health, individually 
 and collectively, to the prosperity of our honoured, my own honoured 
 host, the proprietor of these fair domains ; and I can assure him that 
 the attractions I have already had an opportunity of witnessing with him 
 will make my remembrance only too eager to profit by his kind invita- 
 tion to return to them. Let me beg of you to drink to 
 
 "The Health of the Earl of Dunraven, and the Directors of the Limerick and Foynes 
 
 Railway."
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 219 
 
 \ 
 REPLY TO THE ADDRESS FROM THE CORPORATION OF LIMERICK. 
 
 [JULY QTH, 1856.] 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I" BEG to convey to the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of Limerick 
 - my assurance of the respectful gratitude inspired by their cordial 
 welcome and considerate Address. It gives me very sincere pleasure to 
 renew within this ancient city the recollections of years which you kindly 
 inform me are not far enough removed to be obliterated from your me- 
 mories. The intervening period has been marked by dispensations 
 and changes calculated to leave enduring impressions upon the condi- 
 tion of the country and its inhabitants. The processes thus prepared 
 by Heaven are purposed alike to stimulate the energies, and soften the 
 asperities of human societies. I rejoice extremely to gather from all 
 I have heard, as I trust I shall from all I am about to see, that your 
 spirited community has been enabled to engraft upon the honoured 
 stock of the historical past so much of the energy and enterprise which 
 vivify the present and will master the future. 
 
 REPLY TO THE ADDRESS FROM THE LIMERICK CHAMBER OF 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 [JULY 9iH, 1856.] 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I HAVE listened with great satisfaction to the loyal and cordial Ad- 
 dress of the President and Members of the Corporation of the 
 Chamber of Commerce in Limerick. It is very gratifying to learn 
 that such a body is intent upon aiding and guiding the community 
 around them in the laudable endeavour to profit by the rich opportuni- 
 ties which their local position and the bounty of Providence place 
 within their reach communicating on the one hand with districts pro- 
 verbial for their fertility even in your green isle, and on the other with
 
 220 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LIMERICK. 
 
 your noble Shannon and the near Atlantic. It would indeed be matter 
 of shame, as well as of regret, if the industry and energy of man could 
 not second the magnificent provision of Nature. I trust that all whom 
 you comprise, and all whom you can influence, will steadily advance in 
 so honourable and benificent a career ; and I join from my heart in the 
 hope that the happy restoration of peace may promote all the genial 
 activities of commerce, and augment the general happiness of the human 
 family. 
 
 REPLY TO THE ADDRESS FROM THE CONGREGATED TRADES OF 
 
 LIMERICK. 
 
 [JULY 9iH, 1856.] 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I INDEED find it difficult to acknowledge in adequate terms the ex- 
 treme warmth and heartiness of the Address which has just been 
 presented to me by the office-bearers and members of the Congregated 
 Trades of Limerick. I do not learn now for the first time that many of 
 you, by enrolling yourselves in the Mechanics' Institute, have found 
 leisure, even amidst the engrossing demands of daily toil, to devote some 
 care to the noble objects of intellectual culture and mental improvement. 
 Allow me to tell you that you have done well. "Work pursued in any 
 honest calling in itself does honour to the industrious hand and patient 
 spirit which are exercised by it. Honour to it, then, for its own sake. 
 But it deserves all the more to be lightened and elevated by the same 
 pleasures of knowledge and refinement which confer delight and lustre 
 upon superior wealth and station. Accept my earnest prayer, that the 
 Divine blessing may prosper the work of your hands, follow you to your 
 homes and families, and crown all your days with plenty, and all your 
 nights with peace.
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO CORK. 221 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT CORK. 
 
 [NOVEMBEE 10TH, 1859.] 
 
 LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE OF ST. PATRICK'S BRIDGE. 
 
 E Mayor, JOHN ARNOTT, Esq., M. P., having read the Address 
 from the citizens of Cork, 
 
 The EAEL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I beg to return to the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the city 
 of Cork, my respectful and grateful thanks for their gracious welcome 
 within the boundaries of their fine city. I rejoice that my visit at this 
 period should enable me to afford a practical proof of the interest which 
 I feel in the prosperity of Cork, by assisting at the inauguration of a 
 work of such essential and unceasing importance to the commercial 
 comfort of the entire community as the proposed restoration of St. 
 Patrick's Bridge, of which I am about to replace the first stone. I can- 
 not but look upon this as a most appropriate question at the present 
 moment. If the city of Cork has any ambition to be considered on the 
 highway of nations, it is at least suitable that she should provide in a 
 comely and durable manner for the transit of her own citizens. 
 
 SIR JOHN BENSON then presented His Excellency with a silver 
 trowel, on which was engraved the following inscription : "Presented 
 to His Excellency George William Frederick Howard, Earl of Carlisle, 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, on laying the Foundation Stone of St. 
 Patrick's Bridge, Cork, November 10, 1859. Sir John Benson, En- 
 gineer." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 I declare this foundation stone duly and truly laid. It is now my 
 wish, acting on the part of our gracious Queen, as a mark of my interest 
 in the undertaking commenced this day, as a mark of respect for the
 
 V1CEBKGAL VISIT TO CORK. 
 
 community of the city of Cork, and as a mark of respect for the excel- 
 lent personal qualities of the individual himself to confer the honour 
 of knighthood on your worthy Mayor. 
 
 The MAYOR then knelt down, and His Excellency having received 
 the Sword of State from Major Forster, laid it gently on His Worship's 
 shoulder, saying, 
 
 " RISE, SIR JOHN ARNOTT." 
 
 OPENING OF THE CORK AND YOUGIIAL RAILWAY. 
 [NOVEMBER lOin, 1859.] 
 
 1 
 
 THE DEJEUNER. 
 
 TOAST : 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 MR. CHAIRMAN, MY LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 BEG to return my very sincere thanks to you for the compliment you 
 have just been pleased to pay me. I never feel the significance of 
 the name of the Lord Lieutenant being coupled with "prosperity to 
 Ireland" so sensibly, as when I am permitted to associate with Irishmen 
 in the inauguration of these undertakings of individual enterprise and 
 of national usefulness. It has accordingly given me the greatest satis- 
 faction to have been able to take a part in the proceedings of this day. 
 It is true, indeed, that it is no very great length of railway we have 
 opened this morning. Nine miles of a new line does not seem in itself 
 to be any gigantic operation, and may, indeed, be almost measured by a 
 few puffs of the steam-engine. But it is as a promise and a part of 
 more extended communication that what we have achieved to-day ac- 
 quires its real value as a link of what will actually be supplied by it 
 as first-fruits of the promises which it may eventually fulfil. A line, 
 when completed, from Cork to Youghal, will open a fertile, capable, 
 and improving district. A line when completed from Cork to Queens- 
 town, viewed in the first place with respect only to its two terminating
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO CORK. 223 
 
 points, will be a vast and daily addition to the convenience of a popu- 
 lous community for every purpose of business, health, and pleasure. 
 But, looking beyond this limited range, and without attempting to 
 grasp at any monopoly, it certainly affords room for speculations of far 
 wider extent and significance. I gladly leave to Sir Cusack Honey, who 
 has just favoured us with a most valuable and clear-sighted statement, 
 and to others who share with him the immediate responsibility of these 
 railway operations I leave it to them to decide how far they may safely 
 indulge their hopeful anticipations. I will be content with reminding 
 you, that though the point from which we started this morning, the vil- 
 lage of Dunkettle, may as yet be a rather obscure name on the map 
 of the world, yet it has Europe behind it, and America before it. Such 
 names, Gentlemen, are big enough to suggest any amount of speculation 
 that we may reasonably indulge in ; and with all the favourable antici- 
 pations which are encouraged by the proceedings of this day, I am sure 
 I shall be giving eifect to the feeling by which all I now have the ho- 
 nour to address are animated, by asking you to join with me in drinking 
 " Prosperity to the Cork and Youghal Railway, and to the Cork and 
 Queenstown Branch ;" and I couple with them the name of the Chair- 
 man of the Companies, Sir Cusack Honey. 
 
 BANQUET IN THE CORK ATHEN^UM. 
 [NOVEMBER HTH, 1859.] 
 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 FTHE EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 ME. MA.YOK, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 Allow me to thank you deeply from my heart for the extreme cor- 
 diality with which you have received the toast just proposed to you. 
 I can assure you that it is no common gratification to me, on this oc- 
 casion of my second visit to your fair and ancient city, as the Represen-
 
 '2-24 VICEREGAL VISIT TO CORK. 
 
 tative of our beloved Queen, to find, by the renewed, and allow me to 
 say the greatly increased warmth of your welcome, that your feelings 
 of loyalty and attachment to a constitutional throne, so far from having 
 sustained any decrease, have only found vent in a more distinct and ma- 
 nifest expression. It might, indeed, have been considered strange if it 
 had been otherwise. "We are living under the shelter of equal laws and 
 enlightened institutions with no exclusive barriers against any class or 
 creed against the profession of the faith which every man owes to his 
 God, or against the exercise of those faculties and abilities which his 
 God has given him. Since we last met here, some regions of the globe, 
 and those amongst the fairest and brightest which gem its varied sur- 
 face, have been visited by the afflictions of violence and war. In some 
 of them the clouds of civil commotion and change have gathered, or the 
 fiery thunderbolts of war have burst, while we have to thank a gracious 
 Providence that we have been enabled to till our own fields in ease and 
 security to reap the rich abundance of peaceful harvests. There is no 
 point upon which, in a world so full of change, and in a modern society 
 like ours, so full of complications, that I would wish to express myself 
 with any degree of assurance and presumption. Still, we must grate- 
 fully admit that within our own borders poverty has been diminished ; 
 crime, except in a few dark spots, has greatly decreased ; agriculture 
 has been improved ; trade has been enlarged, and peace has been pre- 
 served. We hear elsewhere of a vast manufactory of Minie rifles, and 
 of Armstrong guns ; and very glad too am I to hear of them, and I 
 think very possibly that more of them might be well bestowed on 
 Spike Island, or the forts at the entrance of Cork Harbour. Still, I feel 
 it is news of better omen to the world at large to know, as we did to- 
 night, from the lips of our worthy Chairman, that the exports from 
 Cork have enormously increased in so very un warlike and yielding an 
 article as butter. "We read in sundry places of the appearance of pesti- 
 lence and cholera ; but I reflect with satisfaction that my friend, Dr. 
 Barter, is ready to supply an unlimited quantity of Turkish baths, from 
 one of which I have just issued. With respect to your own good city 
 of Cork, I am sure I could not tell you how glad I am to meet so re- 
 spectable and brilliant a company again in this noble space, so radiantly 
 lighted above, surrounded by the names of the sons of men of this 
 country, of whom generous Ireland may be justly proud, and below them 
 adorned in a manner certainly not less attractive by her living daugh-
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO CORK. 225 
 
 ters. I have felt, however, Gentlemen, that the pleasure which I have 
 derived, in every point of view, from my present visit, has been most 
 materially enhanced by the several works of obvious public usefulness 
 with which it has been associated and connected, which indeed centre 
 mainly in your own city, but which are calculated to radiate to many 
 collateral advantages for the whole surrounding district and the country 
 at large. In the first place, we have joined together in laying the 
 foundation of a noble bridge over your pleasant River Lee, which, if we 
 lay the stress upon as the signal ornament which it will be to this city, 
 it is only because it will in a vastly superior degree contribute to the 
 convenience and comfort of every class of its inhabitants. Next, we 
 opened a great portion of a new line of railway from Cork to Toughal, 
 which will connect your beautiful Cove with the fine estuary of the 
 Blackwater ; and, further, we gave the starting point to that most im- 
 portant branch which will connect Cork with Queenstown. Before 
 such an audience as this I need not dilate upon the importance of fur- 
 ther cementing that most important connexion. What the Piraeus of 
 old was to Athens what Kingstown is now to Dublin Queenstown is, 
 and will be, to Cork. But may we not look still further ? May we not 
 cast our eyes beyond the sinuous and silvery Cove beneath your town, 
 even to that world of Atlantic waters which toss and foam beyond ? Of 
 course I am not here to speak with any precision on details which do 
 not come properly before me. Still less am I here to undervalue the 
 just claims of any corresponding and kindred undertaking. But with 
 facts we may deal ; and we know that in twenty hours from London, and 
 in five hours from Kingstown, heavy mail bags were safely stowed in 
 the Harbour of Cork, on board of the packets which were to proceed to 
 the "Western World. We know, too, that if any one had preferred that 
 conveyance, they would have saved themselves at least some twenty-four 
 hours, not very pleasantly spent on a wintry and stormy sea. I almost 
 shrink from touching upon this point. I do not like the appearance, 
 even for the sake of Ireland, of endeavouring to make capital out of 
 events of sorrow and calamity. Still it is another of the facts to which 
 I have referred, that within the last few weeks the Channel between our 
 islands has been the scene of heart-rending disasters. I cannot refrain 
 from applying to the case of Ireland on this subject^-thoughl ought to 
 make some apology for doing so some noble lines of the Roman poet, 
 Claudian, which he addressed to one of his hearers when he represented 
 
 Q
 
 226 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LURGAN. 
 
 the storms of winter and the winds of heaven as conspiring to assist his 
 efforts to insure his victory 
 
 " Cui fundit ab antris 
 
 vKul us armatoa hycmcs ; cui militat aether, 
 
 t conjurati veniunt ad classica vcnti !" 
 
 But whatever may be the issue and event of any special enterprise or 
 undertaking, I feel confident that it is in enterprises which have for their 
 aim to augment the resources, to promote the intercourse, to prolong the 
 friendship of the great family of man, that nations will find their 
 highest honour and their richest reward. TVe do not envy the trophies 
 of Magenta or Solferino. We deplore, while we honour, the brave blood 
 that has been shed on the banks of the Ganges and Peiho ; but we exult 
 with joy without alloy, and without repentance, when we feel that we 
 have borne a share in undertakings which will augment the stock of 
 national wealth, oivili/ation, and beneficence when we feel that we 
 have extended the basis for the civilizing influence of peace and com- 
 merce, and that we have added new links to the chain of human brother- 
 hood. 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LURGAN. 
 [AUGUST GTH, 1861.] 
 
 AN Address having been read by "WILLIAM PAUL, Esq., who was 
 introduced to His Excellency by LORD LURGAN, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said: 
 
 I beg to express to the Town Commissioners, and through them to 
 the inhabitants of the thriving and spirited town of Lurgan, my most 
 sincere thanks for their loyal and friendly Address. Knowing well that 
 every effort has been made in this industrious neighbourhood to develope 
 the great staple trade of the Province of Ulster, I earnestly sympathize 
 with the painful interest you must have felt in watching the progress of 
 the civil strife which has suddenly blasted the prosperity of that im- 
 mense region which is naturally your most populous market ; and I fer- 
 vently echo your prayer that ere long we may receive, and by the
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO LURGAN. 227 
 
 speediest conveyance, the joyful assurance of restored peace. My col- 
 leagues in the Imperial Government will learn with the same pleasure 
 as myself that the recent commercial treaty which they have formed 
 with the great empire of Trance, has already worked perceptibly for the 
 advantage of this district. I gladly anticipate that the other nations of 
 Europe will be speedily induced to follow the example of two countries 
 so well qualified to take the lead in all the noble ways of peaceful glory. 
 Amidst so much to gladden the eye and delight the heart in this ad- 
 vanced and advancing district, the occasional outburst of religious ani- 
 mosities among its intelligent and manly population has formed almost 
 the only drawback to the full complacency of the contemplation. It 
 has given me real joy that the great improvement recently observable in 
 this respect has enabled me to dispense, before coming among you, with 
 some of the precautions which had previously seemed to be necessary. 
 But if precaution is sometimes the duty, confidence is the glory of Go- 
 vernments. The generosity of the men of Ulster will give me no occa- 
 sion to regret that which I now repose in them. I rejoice to hear of 
 the steady increase of your population in numbers, surpassing that of 
 any other town in Ireland within the last ten years ; and still more, of 
 the extent to which they have been wise enough to provide aids and ap- 
 pliances for intellectual and moral improvement. If anything could add 
 to the satisfaction I have in meeting the sympathizing representatives 
 of so enlightened a community, it is that I come among them as the 
 guest of a nobleman whom I may truly call their fellow-townsman, 
 whose residence, whose family, whose character comprise the refine- 
 ments, the graces and the virtues which soften, adorn, and elevate our 
 common human existence.
 
 228 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DONEGAL. 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DONEGAL. 
 
 DEJEUNER AT THE INAUGURATION OF THE FINN VALLEY 
 RAILWAY. 
 
 [SEPTEMBER 2lsT, 1863.] 
 
 THE Chairman, LORD LIFFORD, said he had a toast to propose 
 which, he was sure, they would drink with more than ordinary en- 
 thusiasm. They were all happy in this country in having a Lord Lieu- 
 tenant who did not shut himself up in solitary state in Dublin Castle, 
 or in the Viceregal Lodge, or who associated with only one class of the 
 Queen's subjects, but who came amongst them to learn their habits and 
 understand their wants who loved their beautiful scenery, and bore 
 towards them the same warmth of heart that Irishmen always bore to 
 those who they felt did them justice. He would not weary His Ex- 
 cellency or those present by dwelling on the many points which pecu- 
 liarly fitted him for the post of Lord Lieutenant ; but this he would say, 
 standing by his side, as he had said when standing opposite him as his 
 political opponent, that as Viceroy of Ireland he was not the minister 
 of a party, but the Eepresentative of Her Majesty, whose only object 
 was to secure the welfare of her subjects. He would give them " The 
 health of the Earl of Carlisle," to whom he desired to convey his thanks 
 for appearing amongst them on that occasion, and a warm welcome 
 to the wilds of Donegal, and " Prosperity to Ireland," as connected with 
 his name. 
 
 The EAEL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 LORD LIFFORD, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return you my very sincere thanks for the kind and cordial 
 manner in which you have been pleased on this occasion to accept the 
 mention of my name. It is a matter of great congratulation not now 
 for the first time to have that name coupled with the wish of prospe- 
 rity to Ireland for certainly that is a wish very near to my own heart. 
 The prosperity of Ireland seems to-day to be more especially identified 
 with the extension of its railway system ; and I assure you that it has
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DONEGAL 229 
 
 given me the greatest pleasure to have made this, I may call it opening 
 or inaugural trip down this cheerful and rich Finn Valley, and I have 
 had the advantage of seeing it both in its smiles and in its tears. It is 
 true there may be railways of greater extent and compass, that may have 
 cost a far greater amount to construct, but cheapest construction is one 
 of the surest elements of success to railways ; and if it be true, as we 
 have been informed, and as we shall hear by-and-bye from more com- 
 petent authority, that this railway was constructed at the cost of little 
 more than 5,000 a mile, I must say it will have afforded a very 
 useful and very effective hint to other railways, both in this kingdom, 
 in England, and in the world at large. Hitherto the county of Donegal 
 may be considered to bear the character of a remote and distant region. 
 It is about the furthest from the capital of Ireland, about the furthest 
 from England, and it fronts the* broad Atlantic, and is in fact nearest 
 to that great country, where I wish the inhabitants would learn to live 
 in peace and harmony, after the example of the men of Donegal. I, at 
 all events, have shown my partiality for Donegal by visiting it for the 
 second time in the same year ; and I trust that the railway which we 
 have opened this day will be the means of bringing to the heart of this 
 beautiful district not only such idle travellers as myself though I will 
 not indeed admit that it is wholly an idle thing in one placed in the po- 
 sition which I have the honour to fill, to make myself acquainted both 
 with the beauties of your natural scenery, and with the general condi- 
 tion of the inhabitants but I trust this railway, besides the access it 
 gives to your mountains and glens, and matchless sea cliffs, will also be 
 the means of bringing among you all the more substantial products of 
 material wealth, and all the benefits of a progressive civilization. I am 
 sure, Ladies and Gentlemen, I shall best evince the gratitude which I 
 unaffectedly feel, by asking your leave to propose a toast. You know 
 how much this rail way is indebted to my noble fiiend and host, Viscount 
 Lifford ; and I am sure that the public gratitude is due to him, as I 
 know my own to be in a most eminent degree, and therefore on every 
 ground, both personal and public, allow me, as the best means of em- 
 bodying the sentiments I now feel, to propose to you 
 
 "The Health of Viscount Lifford, and success to the Finn Valley Railway."
 
 230 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DEKRY. 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DERRY. 
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE CORPORATION. 
 [SEPTEMBER 25TH, 1863.] 
 
 A LEXANDER LINDSAY, Esq., Mayor of Deny, having welcomed 
 " the EARL OE CARLISLE on behalf of the Citizens and Corpora- 
 tion within the walls of their Ancient City, and 
 
 The Town Clerk, J". "W. GREGG, Esq., having read a suitable Ad- 
 dress, 
 
 The EARL OE CARLISLE said : 
 
 I beg to offer the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the City 
 of Londonderry, my very respectful and grateful thanks for their 
 most loyal and considerate Address, and for the kind welcome they 
 have afforded to me, upon the occasion of my first visit to their ancient 
 and most famous City. I would not fail to echo from my heart the 
 graceful tribute which you have paid to the queenly qualities and 
 personal virtues of our beloved and honoured Sovereign. It would 
 indeed be impossible for me to express all that I feel of the in- 
 dulgent and generous estimate which you have been led to form 
 of my individual services. The very highest amount, however, 
 of gratification I could have received on an occasion like this you 
 have yourselves now supplied. To hear from such independent and 
 competent witnesses that within their own ample and well-instructed 
 experience, quiet and content have more abounded, crime has dwindled, 
 and almost disappeared, strife and discord have melted under more ge- 
 nial influences ; and in the districts formerly consigned to barrenness and 
 sterility, improved cultivation, expanding commerce, extended inter- 
 course, the practical ingenuity of science, and the honest vigour of in- 
 dustry, are adding to the national resources, and promoting the peace- 
 ful co-operation of nations these are views delightful indeed to the 
 ears of any rulers. But they serve to show how much of such results 
 must be due to the combined efforts of all ranks, all callings, all creeds, 
 all parties amongst us, and more plainly still how deep should be our
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DERBY. 231 
 
 gratitude, and how entire our dependence upon the wonder-working 
 hand of Heaven. I rejoice sincerely that this distinguished City and its 
 enterprising inhabitants should largely share in this growing welfare. I 
 trust that they may receive from every quarter the encouragement and 
 facilities to which they may be justly entitled. And I pray that the 
 industry, the enterprise, the self-reliance, the loyalty, the harmony 
 which shall prevail among you may he guided by a blessing from on 
 high into the development of great, manifold, and continuous pros- 
 perity. 
 
 The MAYOR OF DERRY then presented the Freedom of the City 
 to His Excellency. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said: 
 
 ME. MATOE, AND GENTLEMEN or THE COEPOEATION, 
 
 Let me assure you that I very gratefully receive the certificate of 
 this hereditary honour which you have now so kindly awarded me. I 
 know full well how many illustrious men have previously borne this 
 distinction. I cordially appreciate the manner in which it has now been 
 bestowed upon me, and I shall feel proud to consider myself a Freeman 
 of the ancient and loyal City of Deny. Ladies and Gentlemen, the 
 Mayor, in his opening observations, was pleased to say that this part of 
 the kingdom had been called occasionally but I think by some ill- 
 minded libeller the cold and black North. I can only say, from my 
 experience of the welcome I received in the streets, that I shall always 
 consider it the warm-hearted North ; and, judging from some of the 
 complexions I see before me, I shall also consider it the lily-white North. 
 
 OPENING OF THE NEW IRON BRIDGE. 
 [SEPTEMBEE 25ra, 1863.] 
 
 JOHN BARRE BERESFORD, Esq., D. L. and J. P., Chairman of 
 the Bridge Commissioners, having addressed His Excellency, and 
 A. H. STEWART, Esq., Secretary, having read an Address from the 
 Commissioners,
 
 232 VICEKEGAL VISIT TO DERRY. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE then replied : 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I thank you very sincerely for the honour you have done me by 
 your most acceptable invitation for me to be present upon this inte- 
 resting and auspicious occasion, and for the kind and friendly terms of 
 the Address which you have just presented to me. As I have now had 
 the opportunity of inspecting this important work, I may more freely 
 express my admiration of its elaborate and graceful structure, and its 
 solid and permanent usefulness. You have recounted the different 
 transitional steps in the communication between the counties of Derry 
 and Donegal ; how the ferry gave way to the timber ; how the timber 
 now yields to the iron. May this be the type of the progress in every- 
 thing around us. May agriculture rise from one improved process to 
 another; may trade and commerce discard their obsolete methods, and 
 go straight to their point ; and as this thin but tenacious network links 
 together the opposite shores, may the silken cord of love unite all hearts 
 in one common brotherhood. Well have you accomplished your noble 
 task. "We bid the work good-speed, and now declare the New Bridge 
 of Londonderry open for public traffic. 
 
 THE BANQUET. 
 
 [SEPTEMBER 25iH, 1863.] 
 
 E Chairman, J. B. BERESFORD, Esq., said :_ 
 
 MY LOEDS AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I must now ask you to drink " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle," 
 a nobleman who, after a long acquaintance with Ireland as Chief Se- 
 cretary and Lord Lieutenant, and imbued with a sincere desire of 
 advancing her material interests, along with a most cultivated mind, 
 and an affable disposition, is justly considered a most popular and effi- 
 cient Viceroy.
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DERRY. 233 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MR. CHAIBMAN, MY LOEDS, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg to return my very sincere thanks in the first place, for the 
 very kind manner in which the toast has been proposed, and next for 
 the more than cordial way in which you have been pleased to receive it. 
 I can assure you all, Gentlemen, that my reception here, from the first 
 moment of my entering this ancient City to that in which I am now 
 addressing you, has been fraught with matter of the highest gratifica- 
 tion to me. It would be impossible I think it would be unworthy 
 under any circumstances, or in any assembly of men, to refuse all ex- 
 pression of such a sentiment it would be impossible to pass, for the 
 first time, within those Walls without feeling the thrill of heroic recol- 
 lections recollections which are at once sobered and elevated by the 
 reflection that all the inhabitants of this land now acknowledge the 
 authority and revere the virtues of one common and beloved Sovereign, 
 and that Irish genius and Irish glory are now the inheritance of all 
 her creeds and all her classes. The varied and imposing aspects of the 
 place have, it is true, come before me now with all the force and charm 
 of contrast. It was lately but a few hours ago indeed my lot to 
 stand near a giant cliff which runs down with a descent of 2000 feet 
 into the Atlantic breakers. I have stood front to front with all the 
 grandeur and sublimity, and at the same time with the sternness, the 
 sterility, and the solitude of nature. Thence I came here, and have 
 seen brought in changeful series before me waving harvests, a noble 
 estuary, tiers of shipping, communication by road, by rail, by water, by 
 bridge all the concerns of human business stirring all the pulses of 
 human life beating the well-ordered array of factories ; noble educa- 
 tional and philanthropic institutions ; the orderly gladness of cheering 
 crowds ; at this moment excellent and eminent companionship, and 
 listening beauty. You are aware, Gentlemen, that the main inte- 
 rest of the day was centred in that noble bridge which has now been 
 completed, and in the interesting ceremony with which it was this day 
 opened ; and I feel sure that, while you are all pleased with the archi- 
 tectural effects of the structure, you yet find your highest impressions 
 of admiration kindled by your sense of its abiding usefulness. So 
 true is the maxim in art, as well as in composition, that splendour bor- 
 rows all its rays from sense. Whether, in the splendour of their hospi-
 
 234 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DERRY. 
 
 tality, the Bridge Commissioners have not given us more good things 
 than would be quite useful for us, it is not part of my business ; but I 
 feel sure that you all unite with me in a thankful appreciation of their 
 generous liberality ; and I can assure you that the feeling of gratitude 
 which I entertain towards them, my special hosts at this moment, and 
 with them towards the citizens of Deny, is a feeling of which I will 
 not reiterate the utterance, but of which I can never adequately express 
 the amount. 
 
 ADDRESS FBOM THE INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN OF BUNCRANA. 
 [SEPTEMBER 26m, 1863.J 
 
 nnilE Address having been read, 
 
 The EARL OF CARISLE replied: 
 
 I have the pleasure of returning my very sincere thanks to the 
 warm-hearted inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood of Buncrana 
 for their loyal Address and hearty welcome. I might have felt sure 
 of being generally received amongst you as the representative of our 
 beloved Queen. I was also aware that my arrival on this spot would 
 not lose in acceptance because it was made under the guidance of one 
 whose judicious foresight and persevering zeal had accomplished so 
 much for these regions as Mr. M'Cormick. I trust that, under such 
 enlightened auspices, bringing into active co-operation the industry and 
 enterprise native to the soil, the prospects of future improvement which 
 you have pourtrayed will be speedily realized, and that the time may 
 not be distant when the broad waters of Lough Swilly shall reflect the 
 sails and funnels of a thriving traffic, and the hum of busy labour shall 
 find an echo in the deepest recesses of Innishowcn.
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT TO DERBY. 235 
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE PORT AND HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS OF 
 LONDONDERRY. 
 
 [SEPTEMBER 26TH, 1863.] 
 
 A. H. STEWART, Esq., Secretary, having read an Address, 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have accepted with grateful pleasure the courteous invitation of 
 the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commissioners to view the varied 
 and picturesque scenery of Lough Foyle, and at the same time to make 
 myself acquainted with the important and efficacious improvements to 
 which their spirited and wise liberality has given birth. My enjoy- 
 ment you have indeed amply secured. I need not say how inexpres- 
 sibly gratifying to me it would be if I could associate with the 
 recollection of these bright seas and swelling shores the thought that I 
 had found an occasion of rendering any practical service. 
 
 THE DEJEUNER. 
 [SEPTEMBER 26iH, 1863.] 
 
 THE Chairman, SAMUEL GILLILAND, Esq., having proposed the 
 usual introductory toasts, then gave, in complimentary terms, " The 
 Health of the Earl of Carlisle." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have certainly not for the first time within this week to ex- 
 press my sincere gratitude for the great cordiality with which my health 
 has been received. I have enjoyed not only the good fare, but also 
 what I value more the good feeling and warm welcome of the people 
 of Deny follow me both by land and by sea, and I am only too grate-
 
 23() \ 7 ICEREGAL VISIT TO DERBY. 
 
 ful to be allowed to again return you thanks, which I can do in every way 
 except in an upright capacity (His Lordship heing unable to stand alto- 
 gether upright in the cabin, owing to the platform on which he stood 
 being elevated above the cabin floor). I am not sure whether I have 
 not indeed forfeited all claims to any allegiance which you may be dis- 
 posed to pay me, because I believe my jurisdiction entirely ceases with 
 the land ; and I imagine that, as you have carried me out to sea, I have 
 forfeited all authority over you. But, Gentlemen, though I may have 
 forfeited my authority, I am willing to pay my allegiance to the Lon- 
 donderry Port and Harbour Commissioners, who administer with so 
 much justice and liberality the high trust which is confided to them. 
 I am most happy in having been afforded an opportunity of viewing the 
 beauties, of which I had heard so much, that decorate either banks of 
 Lough Foyle, and I am glad to have seen them before my excellent 
 friend Mr. M'Cormick reclaims them all. I have been struck with 
 wonder to-day at the marvellous conversion he has made of sterile slob 
 to fields of smiling and abundant harvest. I only trust he will be so 
 considerate as to leave some little room for the passage of vessels up 
 your noble river, and for anchoring the Channel Fleet in your waters. 
 Gentlemen, this is probably the last opportunity which I may have at 
 present of meeting any collective assembly of the inhabitants of the good 
 City of Deny and its neighbourhood ; and I cannot refrain from assur- 
 ing you all how deeply gratified and touched I have been by alt the 
 circumstances connected with my reception and sojourn among you. I 
 have had the opportunity of making friends with many good men ; and 
 I feel that the warmth of my reception by all classes has not been 
 limited to the cold greetings of official formality, but has borne all the 
 tokens of a friendly and personal welcome. I can answer for it that I 
 shall ever retain in my mind the recollections of Derry's scenery, and 
 the kindness of Deny people. I now feel that I shall best convey, not 
 only my own gratitude, but that which all the guests of the Commis- 
 sioners feel, by asking you to drink cordially, for the liberal entertain- 
 ment and enjoyment they have now given us, "The Port and Harbour 
 Commissioners," and with it the health of our most excellent and effi- 
 cient Chairman who now presides over us.
 
 OPENING OF THE RAILWAY TO WICKLOW. 237 
 
 OPENING OF THE DUBLIN AND WICKLOW RAIL- 
 WAY WICKLOW. 
 
 [OCTOBER 25TH, 1855.] 
 
 IN reply to the Address presented by the inhabitants of Wicklow and 
 its vicinity, 
 
 The EAKL OF CARLISLE said : 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I know not how sufficiently to thank you for the terms of an Ad- 
 dress so gratifying to me in every point of view. Though you refer 
 with kind recollections to the period of my former official connexion 
 with Ireland, yet this is the first opportunity which I have enjoyed of 
 visiting the town of Wicklow ; and it is at least a great satisfaction to 
 me that my earliest personal acquaintance with the place and its in- 
 habitants should coincide with the completion of an undertaking which, 
 I trust, is destined to serve as a date to them of largely increased pros- 
 perity. It is my earnest wish that the blue breadth of waters which 
 bounds your borders may not only form the beauteous setting to your 
 emerald fields, but may waft the useful and abundant tributes of com- 
 merce to your improved harbour and enlarged quays, and that the storied 
 spots of your romantic county may not only delight the eye and refine 
 the taste of the traveller and the artist, but be the happy abodes of a 
 peaceful, industrious, and virtuous population. 
 
 At the Dejeuner given to celebrate the Opening of the Railway, the 
 Chairman, JOSEPH COWPER, Esq., proposed " The Health of His 
 Excellency the Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said: 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I think it is rather more difficult than usual to address a company 
 when one is shot in, in cold blood, at the tail of a feast, without being 
 primed and warmed up by the good fellowship which, no doubt, has 
 signalized the meeting.* However, I am most happy, under any cir- 
 
 * His Excellency, having been engaged inspecting the town and harbour of 
 "Wicklow, did not arrive until the Dejeuner had nearly concluded.
 
 238 OPENING OF THE RAILWAY TO WICKLOW. 
 
 cumstances, to return my best thanks to you for the very kind and 
 cordial manner in which you have received the mention of my name. I 
 have already taken the appropriate opportunity of expressing the grati- 
 fication it has given me to make my first acquaintance with the county 
 town of "Wicklow on so interesting an occasion ; and I feel that I may 
 congratulate all those who are concerned and interested in the welfare 
 of the place on the auspicious commencement of the new Line of Rail- 
 way which will connect them with the metropolis of Ireland. I know 
 it has sometimes been the fashion, in the indulgence of what I think a 
 rather sickly sentimentalism, to object to the introduction of railways 
 into the picturesque spots of our globe ; but so far from repining that 
 the iron belt of a railway should tread the bays of the ocean or gird the 
 rock-built sides of the mountain as we have seen done in our line to- 
 day in so remarkably transcendant a manner I, on the other hand, 
 think that there is not a single Nereid of the wave or Naiad of the foun- 
 tain that ought to feel too coy to welcome the warm wooing of the 
 wizard of steam, when we reflect how great a number of the sons 
 of labour are thus admitted into a closer contact with the fresh 
 breeze of health and the new sense of beauty. It has been on all occa- 
 sions, and it has been to-day, a real pleasure to me to assist at any 
 development or extension of the railway enterprise of Ireland, because 
 I am convinced there is no more efficient method of assisting that 
 spirit of healthful industry which, without in the least degree impairing 
 those generous and imaginative impulses which have heretofore given 
 so much interest and grace to the Irish character, will secure its deve- 
 lopment and promote its free and healthy exercise in the new standing 
 and position which it has assumed in the great industrial competition of 
 nations. That this and every kindred development of the enterprise 
 and industry of Ireland may mark her subsequent history, and that the 
 efforts and self-reliance of her sons may be crowned, under the blessing 
 of Providence, with continued and ever-growing increase with this 
 wish in my heart, I feel that I can give it no more appropriate connexion 
 with the business which has engaged us to-day than by asking you all 
 to fill a bumper, and to drain it with your best wishes for the success of 
 the Dublin and Wicklow Railroad, which sentiment I beg to couple 
 with the health of its Chairman and Directors.
 
 THE TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH VALENTIA. 239 
 
 THE TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH VALENTIA. 
 
 [AUGUST 4iH, 1857.] 
 
 THE DEJEUNER. 
 
 TOAST : 
 
 " The Health of the Earl of Carlisle, and Prosperity to Ireland." 
 
 HPHE Chairman (the KNIGHT OF KERRY) having proposed the 
 - toast, 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said': 
 
 ME. CHAIRMAN, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I beg to return you my very hearty thanks for the honour you have 
 done me in so kindly drinking my health. I believe, as your worthy 
 Chairman has already hinted, that I am probably the first Lord Lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland who ever appeared upon this lovely strand. At all 
 events, no Lord Lieutenant could have come amongst you on an occa- 
 sion like the present. Amidst all the just pride and stirring hopes 
 which cluster around the work of this week, we ought still to remember 
 that we must speak with modesty of those who begin, and not of those 
 who close an experiment ; and it behoves us to remember that the 
 pathway to great achievements has frequently to be hewn out amidst 
 risks and difficulties, and that preliminary failure is ever the law and 
 condition of the ultimate success. Therefore, whatever disappointments 
 may possibly be in store, I must yet insinuate to you that in a cause 
 like this it would be criminal to feel discouragement. In the very de- 
 sign and endeavour to establish the Atlantic Telegraph, there is almost 
 enough of glory. It is true, if it only be an attempt, there would not 
 be quite enough of profit. I hope that will come too ; but there is enough of 
 public spirit, of love for science, for our country, for the human race, 
 almost to suffice in themselves. However, upon this rocky frontlet of 
 Ireland, at all events to-day, we will presume upon success. "VVe are 
 about either by this sundown, or by to-morrow's dawn, to establish a
 
 2 10 THK TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH VALEUTLL 
 
 new material link between the Old World and the New. Moral links 
 there have been links of race, links of commerce, links of friendship, 
 links of literature, links of glory ; but this our new link, instead of 
 superseding and supplanting the old ones, is to give them a life and an 
 intensity which they never had before. Highly as I value the reputa- 
 tions of those who have conceived and those who have contributed to 
 carry out this bright design and I wish that so many of them had not 
 been unavoidably prevented from being amongst us at this moment 
 highly as I estimate their reputations yet I do not compliment them 
 with the idea that they are to efface or dim the glory of that Columbus 
 who, when the large vessels in the harbour of Cork yesterday weighed 
 their anchors, did so just on that very day 365 years ago it would have 
 been called in Hebrew writ, "a year of years" and set sail upon his 
 glorious enterprise of discovery. They, I say, will not dim or efface his 
 glory, but they are now giving the last finish and consummation to his 
 work. Hitherto the inhabitants of the two worlds have associated per- 
 haps in the chilling atmosphere of distance with each other at a sort 
 of bowing distance ; but now we can be hand in hand, grasp to grasp, 
 pulse to pulse. The link which is now to connect us, like the insect 
 in the immortal couplet of our poet, while 
 
 " Exquisitely fine, 
 Feels at each thread and lives along the line." 
 
 And we may feel, Gentlemen of Ireland, of England, and of America, 
 who may happen to be present, that we may take our stand here upon 
 the extreme rocky ledge of our beloved Ireland ; we may, as it were, 
 leave in our rear, behind us the wars, the strifes, and the bloodshed of 
 the elder Europe, and I fear I may say of the elder Asia; and we may 
 pledge ourselves weak as our agency may be imperfect as our 
 powers may be inadequate in strict diplomatic form as our credentials 
 may be yet in the face of the unparalleled circumstances of the place 
 and of the hour in the immediate neighbourhood of the mighty vessels 
 whose appearance may be beautiful on the waters, even as are the feet 
 upon the mountains of those who preach the Gospel of Peace as a ho- 
 mage due to that serene science which often affords higher and holier 
 lessons of harmony and good-will than the wayward passions of man 
 arc always apt to learn in the face and in the strength of such cir- 
 cumstance*, let us pledge ourselves to eternal peace between the Old 
 "World and the New. Why, Gentlemen, what excuse would there be
 
 THE TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH VALENTIA. 241 
 
 for misunderstanding what justification could there be for war, when 
 the disarming message when the full explanation when the genial 
 and healing counsel may be wafted even across the mighty Atlantic 
 quicker than the sunbeam's path or the lightning's flash. I feel, Gen- 
 tlemen, that I shall best embody the sentiments which I am sure per- 
 vade this entire meeting the sentiments most akin to this company 
 and this hour if, after having drunk the health of the gentle Mis- 
 tress of the British Islands, I now call upon you to drink with conge- 
 nial honours to the lasting friendship of the British Islands and Ame- 
 rica, and to 
 
 "The health, and welfare of the President of the United States." 
 
 At a later period, the EARL OF CARLISLE rose, and said : 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have obtained permission to propose a toast which I am sure will 
 meet from you a ready and delighted reception. We have already in 
 the course of this afternoon been called on to drink " The Kingdom of 
 Kerry." I do not know whether it would become ine to inquire too 
 curiously whether there is any King of Kerry. If so, I might feel myself 
 called upon to raise the standard of the gracious Queen I serve, and in- 
 stitute a civil war. But, whether there be a King of Kerry or not, we 
 all know full well that there is a Knight of Kerry. Allusion has been 
 already made in the most appropriate and feeling terms to the hereditary 
 claims which that title has upon your regard and affections. It was my 
 happiness to know the late Knight of Kerry, often to have seen him in 
 the Parliament of our country, and in the mansions of the wealthy and 
 the great; and I rejoice to find, as I did not doubt I should find, that 
 his memory is redolent among the rocky slopes of his own Kerry 
 among the fairy bays of his own Yalentia. "With respect to the present 
 holder of that title, I always feel it best to leave a man to the estimate 
 of his own friends and neighbours. I am sure I may safely do so on 
 this occasion, when I, who have only had the pleasure of an acquain- 
 tance of one day, feel that I have already cemented I trust he will 
 allow me to say so a friendship for my life. His good head, as well as 
 his good heart, has prompted him to associate himself prominently with 
 the great undertaking of this week ; and I beg to express my fervent 
 hope that amongst its other, wider, even world-wide results, it may also 
 be the means of reflecting some incidental advantages upon the Island
 
 242 THE TRANSATLANTIC TELKGR.VPH VALENTIA. 
 
 of Valentia, and upon his own honoured roof-tree. I beg you to drink 
 as it ought to be drunk 
 
 " The health, long life, and lasting prosperity of our efficient Chairman and liberal 
 entertainer, the Knight of Kerry." 
 
 Before the close of the proceedings, the EARL OF CARLISLE 
 said : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have received a command to propose a toast, and such is the 
 shortness of the intimation, that I should have thought myself justified 
 in resisting it, if the toast had been any other than what it is. We 
 have drunk the healths of many of the stronger sex, who had manifest 
 claims to our homage on this occasion. I am sure you will agree with 
 me that we ought not to limit our homage to one half of the creation. 
 I have already seen enough during my very limited sojourn in this 
 Island I have seen enough within these walls and without them, of clear 
 olive in the cheek and of bright sparkle in the dark eye to convince me 
 that this rocky portal of the land is not deficient in its quota to the 
 universal attribute of Irish beauty. You will forgive me for not lin- 
 gering longer on this toast ; for I feel, if we wish to preserve those clear 
 complexions which we so much admire, we should not expose them to 
 further confinement in a necessarily heated atmosphere. I call upon 
 you, therefore, to drink with me to 
 
 " The health of the Matrons and Lasses of Valentia." ' 
 
 HAULING THE CABLE ASHORE VALENTIA. 
 [AUGUST STH, 1857.] 
 
 E end of the Telegraphic cable having been hauled ashore, a 
 prayer for success on the undertaking was pronounced. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE then said : 
 
 MY AMERICAN, ENGLISH, AND IRISH FRIENDS, 
 I feel that at such a moment as this, no language can be becoming 
 except that of prayer and praise. However, it is allowable to any
 
 THE TRANSATLANTIC TELEGRAPH VALENTIA. 243 
 
 huraaa lips, though they have not been specially qualified for the office, to 
 raise the ascription of" Glory to God in the highest, and on earth, peace, 
 good- will toward men." That, I believe, is the spirit in which this great 
 work has been undertaken, and it is this reflection that encourages me to 
 feel confident hopes of its final success. I believe that the undertaking 
 now so happily begun will eventually accomplish many great and noble 
 purposes of trade, of national policy, and of empire. But there is only 
 one view in which I will present it to those whom I have the pleasure 
 to address. You are aware you must know, some of you from your 
 own experience that many of your dear friends and near relatives have 
 left their native land to receive hospitable shelter in America. "Well, 
 then, I do not expect that all of you can understand the wondrous me- 
 chanism by which this great undertaking is to be carried on. But this 
 I think you will all of you understand : if you wished to communicate 
 some piece of intelligence straightway to your relatives across the wide 
 world of waters if you wished to tell those whom you knew it would 
 interest in their heart of hearts, of a birth, a marriage, or, alas, a death 
 amongst you, the little cord which we have now hauled up to the shore 
 will impart that tidings quicker than the flash of the lightning. Let us 
 indeed hope let us pray, that the hopes of those who have undertaken 
 this great design may be rewarded by its entire success ; and let us hope, 
 further, that this Atlantic Cable will only in all future time serve as an 
 emblem of that strong cord of love which I trust will always unite the 
 British Islands to the great Continent of America ; and join with me in 
 my fervent wish that the great Giver of all good who has enabled some 
 of His servants to discern so much of the working of the mighty laws by 
 which He rules the universe, and permits each in it to accomplish this 
 wonderful work, will further so bless its operations as to make it ever- 
 more to serve the high purpose of the good of man and His own great 
 glory. And now, all my friends, as there can be no project or under- 
 taking which ought not to receive the approbation and applause of the 
 people, will you join with me in giving three hearty cheers for 
 three cheers are not enough for me they are what we give on common 
 occasions and as it is for the success of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 
 I must have at least one dozen cheers.
 
 244 BALLINASLOE GREAT FAIR. 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT BALLINASLOE GREAT FAIR. 
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE TOWN COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 [OCTOBEK 3RD, 1863.] 
 
 rFHE EARL OF CARLISLE, in reply to the Address, which was 
 *- read by the Hon. R. Trench, said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I return very sincere thanks to the Town Commissioners and 
 other inhabitants of Ballinasloe, for the honour they have done me 
 in presenting to me an Address drawn up in such loyal and consi- 
 derate terms. This is not the first visit I have paid to this place, and 
 to the hospitable roof of the Earl of Clancarty, during the period of 
 your annual Fairs, which exhibit in an interesting series those animal 
 tribes, for the production and rearing of which Ireland has special apti- 
 tude, and which contribute in no mean degree to the resources and 
 prosperity of our common country. I humbly trust that the Divine 
 Goodness will bless the entire produce of the earth, and spread plenty 
 and content among the dwellings of all families of our people. 
 
 VICEREGAL VISIT CLIFDEN. 
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE CLERGY AND GENTRY. 
 [OCTOBEK GTH, 1863.] 
 
 TlHE Address having been presented, the EARL OF CARLISLE, in 
 *- reply, said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I heartily thank you for your loyal Address and kindly welcome. 
 It ie a great satisfaction for me to perceive that the indulgent estimate
 
 THE CORPORATION OF DUBLIN. 245 
 
 of my services which I have found to prevail in other districts of Ire- 
 land has not failed me in the far wilds of Connemara. It is impossible 
 to tread your mountain passes, or to stand here upon the extreme 
 verge of the vexed Atlantic, without being made conscious of the struggle 
 and the conflicts which the inhabitants of such regions must have 
 been called upon to wage with the seasons and the storms. I confi- 
 dently believe that the Supreme Disposer has so contrived the order of 
 nature as to cause the energies of man to strive with it, and to give him 
 the final mastery. My fervent prayer shall be, that your industry and 
 virtue may deserve this triumph, and long enjoy it. 
 
 THE CORPORATION OF DUBLIN. 
 
 THE EARL OF CARLISLE'S REPLY TO THE FIRST ADDRESS FROM THE 
 RIGHT HON. THE LORD MAYOR, ALDERMEN, AND BURGESSES. 
 
 [APKIL 12TH, 1855.] 
 
 MY LORD MATOB AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 T BEG to present my best thanks to you the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, 
 * and Burgesses of Dublin for the manner in which, while you convey 
 the expression of your undoubted loyalty to Her Majesty's Throne 
 and person, you have been pleased to make mention of my appearance 
 as her Byepresentative in her renowned and ancient capital. Fully con- 
 scious of the grave responsibilities which are attached to an office at 
 once so distinguished and arduous, I hail, in the cordial tone of sym- 
 pathy and encouragement which has proceeded from a body like yours, 
 not merely a fresh motive for exertion, but a material element of suc- 
 cess. In the retrospect which you have been led to cast over the more 
 recent occurrences of Irish history, you have naturally adverted to a 
 period of severe and general suffering. Amidst our humble gratitude 
 for the apparent termination of the long blight of famine, we may per- 
 mit ourselves to trace the mercy which converts even such seasons of 
 trial into stages of progress and schools of virtue ; and I feel convinced
 
 24G THE CORPORATION OF DUBLIN. 
 
 that in mainly attributing the improved condition of the Irish people, 
 under Divine Providence, to their own intrinsic fortitude, patience, and 
 energy, you have explained the true law, and exhibited the efficient 
 method by which nations become great and happy, because they have 
 determined, and thus deserve to be so. It is the more limited, but still 
 highly useful function of legislature and governments attentively to 
 watch, and diligently to second these promising directions of the Na- 
 tional efforts to remove all necessary obstacles to their development, and 
 to secure for them, to the fullest and most impartial extent, the essen- 
 tial conditions of liberty and order. In prescribing this course for 
 myself within my allotted sphere, I shall best prove that I inherit the 
 laudable intentions of those who have gone before me here. I shall 
 next hope to continue the peaceable and prosperous career of my imme- 
 diate predecessor ; and, at the outset of my administration, I am sure you 
 will feel that it is not misplaced to invoke for its guidance and protec- 
 tion that Almighty blessing, from which alone can come the endeavour 
 and the success. "With respect to the undisturbed continuance of the 
 high office which I have now the honour, by favour of my gracious 
 Sovereign, to fill, I am happy to feel assured that no intention exists 
 on the part of Her Majesty's present advisers at variance with the 
 sentiments which you have expressed. Former experience has made 
 me well acquainted with the just pride which the people of Ireland feel 
 in the military, charitable, and educational hospitals, by which the city 
 of Dublin has long been distinguished. No proper exertion shall be 
 wanting on my part to prove that I fully share the interest which they 
 take in this most important subject. In the many legitimate claims of 
 the Irish people which you enumerate to the care and consideration of 
 the Imperial Legislature, you have not unnaturally included the bril- 
 liant services which they are now rendering in Her Majesty's fleets and 
 armies. The names of regiments which Ireland may almost appropriate 
 have never been wanting from the roll-call of duty and danger, even to 
 the latest night combat. It has thus become almost our daily lot to 
 read, with mingled emotions, of the blood of our countrymen poured out 
 upon the fields, in the same trenches, over the same parapet, without 
 distinction of race or creed of prayers put up from adjoining pallets, 
 above the sick and wounded, perhaps in different rituals, but in the 
 same spirit of Christian consolation and immortal hope. Let it be our 
 hearts' desire that this noble harmony, which goes far to soothe even the
 
 THE CORPORATION OF DUBLIN. 247 
 
 deadliest horrors of war, may be reserved for us to emulate and per- 
 petuate under the more blessed influence of peace. Some expressions 
 occur in your Address containing a personal reference to myself. I 
 cannot indeed forget that I do not come to your shores as a wholly 
 untried stranger. It was my lot to receive, in connexion with the Go- 
 vernment of Ireland, a long public training. The memories of past 
 kindness and her warmth of renewed welcome speak powerfully to my 
 feelings. It was HERE I BEGAN M.Y OFFICIAL LIFE ; HERE I SHALL BE 
 
 WELL CONTENT TO CLOSE IT. HAPPY INDEED IF I SHALL BE ENABLED, WHF.N 
 THAT PERIOD ARRIVES, AGAIN TO LEAVE YOUR LAND WITHOUT THE CON- 
 SCIOUSNESS OF ANY ENMITY WILFULLY INCURRED, OR OF ANY DUTY WAN- 
 TONLY NEGLECTED.
 
 ( 248 ) 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING) ELECTION. 
 [AUGUST 5ra, 1830.] 
 
 LORD VISCOUNT MORPETH, having been proposed by SIR JOHN 
 VANDEN B. JOHNSTONE, Bart., and seconded by C. WOOD, 
 Esq., said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I am here before you in a situation at once new, fearful, and highly 
 elating. It is new and elating for me to have been thought worthy of 
 being proposed, or mentioned, or even thought of, as a candidate for the 
 representation of the county of York. But it is fearful for me to reflect 
 upon the high qualifications which that post demands, the arduous duties 
 it entails, and then upon the inability of which I cannot but be conscious 
 in myself satisfactorily to encounter and fulfil them. Under this, which 
 is so entirely disheartening a consideration, my first consolation is de- 
 rived from the circumstances which have placed me where I now stand 
 not, Gentlemen, my own presumption, not my own forwardness, nor my 
 own suggestion but the voice of several of my friends and fellow-coun- 
 trymen which has twice called me forward, and, though not indifferent to 
 it, I was once disobedient to it; for it would have involved an expense 
 unjustifiable for me to incur, and discreditable for you to encourage. 
 The call, Gentlemen, has now been renewed, on the condition that the 
 result of this election is to be decided, not by the purses or acres of your 
 candidates, but by the free votes and unbought support of the electors. 
 You, Gentlemen, have had the virtue to re-echo that call, and I will not 
 have the faint-heartedness to decline it; for I well know, Gentlemen, that 
 your invitation, and that my chance of success, depend not indeed 
 upon my personal fitness, which my friends op each side of me have
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 249 
 
 dwelt upon in far too flattering terms, but upon the attachment to those 
 principles which I believe we hold and love in common. Under this 
 view it is indeed a high gratification to me to present myself to this as- 
 sembly the honest yeomanry and skilful manufacturers of York- 
 shire. We are sometimes accused of taking a foolish pride in our 
 county a pride in our county I hope we shall always feel ; but it would 
 be a foolish pride if we placed it exclusively, or even principally, on the 
 richness of our soil, the extent of our borders, the beauties of our 
 scenery, or even the products of our industry; but it ceases to be a 
 foolish pride if we make it consist in setting an example to England of 
 maintaining the purity of the elective franchise, of befriending the 
 claims of humanity, and of vindicating the cause of freedom. It is 
 fitting, Gentlemen, for me, and for the post to which I aspire, that I 
 should now not merely apply for your support, but appeal to your 
 judgment not only ask you for your votes, but state to you my princi- 
 ples. In stating to you what those principles are, it seems natural to 
 me to begin with the highest, which is religion. I hope that I may 
 say, without incurring any charge of cant or hypocrisy, that however 
 inadequate my performances may always be, I trust I have a due sense 
 of that principle which is the only safe guarantee of every other. I do 
 not of course allude to the different forms and sects which divide the 
 opinion of this country, but to that which I hope includes us all the 
 worship of a common Creator, the doctrines of a common Gospel, and 
 the faith of a common Cross. But upon public and political subjects, 
 of all the principles which can guide individuals and advance commu- 
 nities which can raise the character, or promote the happiness of the 
 human race next to religion, the first and best is freedom. You will 
 ask me, Gentlemen, how I apply this principle to the particular ques- 
 tions of our own time. I am as ready as any one to admit that the in- 
 stitutions under which we live embrace a very high degree of civil and 
 religious freedom, but at the same time I think free scope and additional 
 security may be given to the exercise of that principle. I think, espe- 
 cially, that there is much ground for improvement in the representation 
 of the people in Parliament. Many classes of this great community 
 many of those whose representatives I may say I see around me, or, to 
 say better in one word, the main body of the people, are not in my opi- 
 nion adequately represented. Peers are represented within the walls of 
 the House of Commons, corporations are represented, and rotten bo-
 
 250 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 roughs are represented there ; but Leeds, and Sheffield, and Birming- 
 ham, and Glasgow, and Manchester, and other towns are not represented. 
 Now, Gentlemen, till this be so till the voice of the people is heard in 
 Parliament with a force which Government must acknowledge, and 
 which Legislatures must obey I doubt whether the interests of the 
 people will meet with sufficient attention, or their wants with adequate 
 relief. The wasteful system of expenditure, whether in our civil 
 charges, in our diplomacy, or in our colonies, will not be reformed the 
 numberless fountain-heads of corruption will not till then be effectually 
 dried up; the amount of taxation which presses heavily upon your 
 energies, and forbids them to attain their natural scope, will not till 
 you exert yourselves by your representatives be removed or adequately 
 lightened. I think, too, Gentlemen, that a reformed House of Commons 
 would have far more strength to defeat some of those monopolies which 
 go hand in hand with excessive taxation to contract the national re- 
 sources. Can you doubt, Gentlemen, that, if the large manufacturing 
 towns were represented in Parliament, a monopoly, for instance, like 
 that of the East India Company, would be swept away in an hour ? a 
 monopoly which excludes the products of Yorkshire and England at 
 large from one of the most capacious markets in the world, in our own 
 dominions, among our own fellow-subjects, whom otherwise we should 
 help to civilize, whilst we enriched ourselves. There is another subject 
 of legislation which I desire to see veiy much altered the Corn Laws. 
 I know that I am addressing a mixed assembly, both of consumers and 
 producers of corn ; but you are, Gentlemen, one and all of you, eaters 
 of bread ; and it never can make a country rich, it never will enable our 
 industry to thrive or commerce to extend, if we unnecessarily raise the 
 price, and stint the quantity of the daily bread we eat. But believe me, 
 Gentlemen, whether you belong, like myself, to the landed interest, 
 whether, as workmen, you handle the spade or the shuttle, or whether, 
 in higher ranks of society you live upon the labours of an industrious 
 tenantry, or the honourable enterprise of commerce, our interests are not 
 separate and single, but reciprocal and united. "We are members of the 
 same community ; our depressions and our successes must affect each 
 other, and while our duty instructs us that we ought to be the best 
 friends, our interests teach us that we are the best customers for each 
 other. It is this sympathy which above all things besides I wish to see 
 exist and grow among all classes and all ranks, when the wealthy por-
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 251 
 
 tion of the community shall feel that their most real security is in the 
 comfort of the industrious, and when the higher classes shall know that 
 their most true support is in the contentment of the lower. It is this 
 same feeling which leads me to entertain a decided hostility to the pre- 
 sent system of the Game Laws. I think them conceived in a bad spirit, 
 and that they have a bad tendency ; they make neighbours unfriendly, 
 landlords unpopular, and their tenants disaffected. And indeed who 
 could have any doubt of this, when we see what is the practical cost of 
 protection, which leads to tumultuous scenes, turbulent habits, vindic- 
 tive feuds, long and demoralizing imprisonments, and occasionally to 
 midnight bloodshed ? These are the principal reflections which occur to 
 me with reference to the topics which most interest us at home. A 
 very short glimpse will suffice for those that concern us abroad. The 
 country which is nearest to our own, with which we have had most 
 frequent collisions in all the passages of our history, is France. France 
 is now the scene of memorable events. Let us hope that they may con- 
 tain in them the seeds of a better and happier era. But, whatever may 
 be their bearing upon France and upon England, I trust there is one 
 rule which we in England shall rigidly prescribe to ourselves not to in- 
 terfere. Let us leave to France the management of her own concerns. 
 We have had too much, we have paid too much, for a contrary course. 
 We still, I trust, are able to wield the sword, but we cannot defray the 
 cost of the laurel. Or, if there is any lesson to be derived from what is 
 passing there, let it teach us to regard with additional care and zeal the 
 laws' and liberties which the rulers of France have been mad enough to 
 invade ; and thus, while we may share in her attachment to freedom 
 we shall escape the tears which she is doomed to pay as the price of its 
 purchase. Gentlemen, while as a patriot and a philanthropist I cannot 
 help expressing my general wishes for the triumphant and bloodless 
 march of freedom in every corner of the globe whether it sweeps away 
 a Bourbon, a Don Miguel, or a Grand Turk whether it inspires France, 
 or revives Portugal, or regenerates Greece we must not forget that it 
 is a still more especial duty of our own to take care that the blessings 
 of freedom should be extended and felt in our own dominions, and 
 among our own fellow- subjects. I am sure you all, Gentlemen, desire 
 and demand the speediest possible abolition of Negro slavery. You 
 have heard much to his credit from Mr. Buncombe. I believe you will 
 hear from all the candidates assurances of their concurrence in this
 
 252 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 Christian object. I believe this has not been, as somebody has hinted, 
 the reason exclusively, yet certainly very signally, why you have 
 claimed and secured for yourselves the consummate mind and unrivalled 
 energies of Mr. Brougham ; and happy and proud for you will be that 
 day, fellow-countrymen, when you will be able to reflect that in conse- 
 quence of your efforts, and of the efforts of those whom you have encou- 
 raged and incited, and in consequence, too, of your example, the slave, 
 now groaning under a brutalizing bondage, will be able to drop on his 
 knee to thank Heaven for its greatest blessing, and to spring again to 
 the earth without a chain and without a master. These, Gentlemen, 
 are all the topics that occur to me to mention. If your support should 
 enable me ever to boast that in the profession of such sentiments I re- 
 present the opinions of Yorkshire, believe me, Gentlemen, that I shall 
 feel in my heart all the warmth, and I trust I may display in my con- 
 duct all the sincerity, of my gratitude. 
 
 FINAL STATE OF THE POLL. 
 
 LORD MORPETH, 1,464 
 
 MR. HENRY (now LORD) BROFGHAH, 1,295 
 
 MR. BUNCOMBE, 1,123 
 
 MR. BETHELL (now LORD WESTBCRY), 1,064 
 
 MB. STAPYLTON, 94 
 
 After the declaration of the poll, LORD MOHPETH again came 
 forward, and said : 
 
 That what with the great quantity of speaking there had been in 
 the morning, and the lateness of the hour at which the business had 
 closed in the evening, he was of opinion two things must have occurred, 
 namely, that the lungs of the candidates and the patience of the free- 
 holders were exhausted ; he should therefore be as brief as possible. 
 He begged the freeholders to accept his heartfelt thanks for the high 
 honour they had conferred upon him, by placing him in such a distin- 
 guished situation on the poll. To be in any place on the poll for the 
 representation of this county was, he was conscious, as far above his de- 
 serts as it was a short time ago beyond his expectation. It was impos- 
 sible for him to feel insensible to the honour they had done him by 
 giving him their free, unbiassed, and unpaid votes. Until they met 
 again, he respectfully took his grateful farewell of them.
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 253 
 
 YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING) ELECTION. 
 [MAY GTH, 1831.] 
 
 T ORD VISCOUNT MORPETH, having been proposed by SIR 
 -U EDWARD YAYASOUR, Bart., and seconded by J. MARSHALL, 
 
 Jun., Esq., said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 If there could be any one circumstance which could occasion me not 
 to regret the failure of the Reform Bill, in support and furtherance of 
 which we are now assembled if there could be any circumstance to 
 console me for the delay which has adjourned its progress towards the 
 triumphant issue to which it is now hastening, it would be the being 
 allowed to look once more upon the beautiful spectacle now before 
 me of the freeholders of the yet undivided county of York gathered to- 
 gether in this ancient and noble precinct to select their representatives 
 in the Commons House of Parliament. It necessarily presses upon our 
 attention at once the sameness of the scene which upon the same spot 
 was exhibited to us in the summer of last year, and the difference of 
 circumstances under which it now recurs. Then we hailed with 
 anxious expectation the accession to the throne of a Monarch who, we 
 fondly hoped, would repay the confidence of his loyal subjects. Now 
 we find our expectations more than realized, and mingle with our con- 
 stitutional allegiance to the King our yet more warm attachment to the 
 friend of his people. Then we were rather laying, as it were, the first 
 stone of Parliamentary Reform ; now we are putting the finishing and 
 crowning work to the all but completed edifice. Then, although one of 
 your candidates was the wondrously gifted man whom the Sovereign, 
 taking the hint from Yorkshire, has preferred to the highest civil 
 station in his realms, yet it was the object of your exertions to re- 
 turn two Reforming Members. Now you are invited to present your 
 county with four. I feel that at any other time it might not appear 
 entirely modest in any party to put forward so engrossing a pretension ; 
 but in a conjuncture like the present, a duty, nay, a necessity, devolved
 
 254 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 upon us to task our euergies to the utmost. The principle of Reform is 
 fairly pitted against the authority of ancient abuses. If our cause has 
 the vigour of youth, it has to contend against the bulk of ages, and we 
 cannot spare one stone from our sling -to slay the giant. Of my late 
 colleagues in the high trust of your representation, whether in their pre- 
 sence or absence, I can never wish to speak but in one manner. It would 
 not be merely a want of courtesy, but it would be a denial of justice to 
 withhold from them the praise of strict honour, of assiduous industry, 
 of conscientious conduct. But it is a matter of no doubt with respect to 
 the one, and it is a matter of no doubt with respect to the other, whe- 
 ther they were prepared to wage the whole of our battle. The one upon 
 this occasion refused altogether to pronounce the other did not pro- 
 nounce with a sufficiently determined accent the necessary password for 
 admission into our camp. Gentlemen, I feel that it would be superfluous 
 to press upon your notice the circumstances that attend and distinguish 
 the present general elections. The Bill the Reform Bill is the promi- 
 nent feature and pervading motive. That Bill united, upon more friendly 
 terms than have perhaps ever yet subsisted between them, King, Go- 
 vernment, and people. For the virtual rejection of the Bill, the late Par- 
 liament was dissolved for a fair and impartial verdict upon that Bill, 
 the people of England are now convened in all their towns, cities, and 
 counties. The reasons why I think a favourable verdict shall be re- 
 turned by the people of England, and consequently by the people of 
 Yorkshire for the county of York is a splendid epitome of the 
 wealth, industry, fertility, enterprise, and intelligence of England I 
 will endeavour to comprise in a few brief sentences. Since the first 
 framework of our Parliamentary representation was cast, and after much 
 alteration and variety finally fixed as at present, new populations, new 
 wealth, new wants, new intelligence, have everywhere arisen. These 
 assuredly require, not any dislocation or subversion of the existing sys- 
 tem, but such an accommodation and adaptation of it as the several cir- 
 cumstances indicate. Such an object the present Bill appears to me 
 admirably calculated to accomplish, by transferring the right of voting 
 from places made either infamous by their corruption, despicable by 
 their servility, or ridiculous by the fewness of their elective bodies, to 
 great and opulent towns, and large agricultural districts. The qualifi- 
 cations which the Bill introduces for the right of voting I likewise 
 think entitled to much approbation, because it provides that right which
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 255 
 
 a free and intelligent people will always esteem as a high privilege 
 upon a reasonable basis of property, high enough to inspire a due re- 
 gard to the inestimable blessing of public order, but not too high to put 
 it out of the reach of the efforte of honest industry, to which it will act 
 at once as a stimulus and a reward. Be this, then, the general title of 
 the measure to your acceptance, Gentlemen, that it will rest upon the 
 property, that it will comprise the intelligence, and that it will encou- 
 rage the industry of the country. It has many other less comprehen- 
 sive, but hardly less important claims to favour, such as the disfran- 
 chisement of non-residents, the curtailment of time of elections, the 
 limitation of the distance for taking the poll, and other matters of 
 economical arrangement ; so that I hope the Bill, in the due progress of 
 its operation, will not only give the right of election to Leeds and 
 Sheffield, but freedom of election to Newark and Knaresborough, and 
 purity of election to Beverley and Pontefract. The advantage, however, 
 which I would most fondly anticipate from the adoption of such a mea- 
 sure of reform is an increase of good understanding, and a return of 
 confidence between the different classes and the various interests mixed 
 up in our body politic, including high and low, rich and poor, agricul- 
 ture, trade, and commerce, since it is upon the wholesome state and just 
 coincidence of the whole that the vigour, the happiness, and the virtue 
 of a nation must mainly depend. Allow me also to hope, without de- 
 viating upon this occasion into the other topics which severally engage 
 public attention the most, and upon which I have already had the op- 
 portunity which your kindness gave me of explaining myself from this 
 place, that many other objects which I know you have most at heart will 
 be essentially assisted and advanced by the adoption of a safe and sub- 
 stantial measure of Parliamentary Reform. There is reason to hope that 
 a House of Commons representing more directly the sentiments and 
 opinions of their countrymen will, in these comparatively more en- 
 lightened times, avoid any recurrence to useless expenditure and unne- 
 cessary wars that they will promote in all possible degrees the comfort 
 of the labouring classes that they will no longer be parties to such le- 
 gislative barbarism as that which excludes the produce of British indus- 
 try and skill from countless tribes and boundless regions that, together 
 with the measures of a wise economy, they will not neglect those of a 
 just humanity that they may have the glory of relaxing the severity 
 of our penal code, and of giving liberty and light to the unhappy Negro
 
 25G ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 race, which has long eaten the scanty bread of slavery without an interval 
 of rest here, or a hope of it hereafter. What, then, is the cry against 
 us ? One cry is " Dictation." Is it the dictation of the "West ? "Why, 
 then, I can only say that my colleagues *nd myself have found through- 
 out our extensive canvass that the North and the East are as imperious 
 as the "West. I do not understand the term " dictation," when applied 
 to an intelligent, independent, and immense body of men. It is the 
 dictation of the cook who sets out some dishes for your dinner, and you, 
 poor weak soul, are cowed into eating them. All I can say for myself 
 is, that I disclaim being the instrument of any such dictation ; and if 
 any one person who hears me feels dissatisfied with my conduct, or has 
 no reliance on my character, him I beg to withhold his vote from me. 
 Another cry is, " Revolution." We are branded as disaffected and dis- 
 loyal men, enemies to the Constitution, and traitors to the Throne. 
 Gentlemen, I will not insult you by endeavouring to refute that charge 
 in your behalf. Allow me to say one word in my own. It so happens, 
 by the chance of my birth, that I share in the accident of a high and his- 
 toric name. I feel put upon my defence, and you will excuse this per- 
 sonal reference ; but often as the name of Howard may be found on the 
 page of British story though it has been the rallying shout of many a 
 well-fought field though it rose above the wrecks of the Armada it 
 never appeared in a more ennobling crisis, and never performed a more 
 acceptable service than when he who is now its head, the present 
 Duke of Norfolk, stepped forward, and in the place in Parliament to 
 which he had lately been restored sacrificed the oligarchical privilege 
 which he had inherited from his ancestors for the benefit of that commu- 
 nity of which he thinks it honour enough to be the foremost citizen ; 
 while I, who bear his name, but cannot emulate his sacrifice, feel that 
 I .shall most nearly tread in his steps by joining heart and hand with 
 you, my countrymen, in accomplishing the work before us, which, as it 
 strengthens the Crown by basing it upon the love, so it will support the 
 aristocracy by inciting them to win the respect of the people. And I 
 will only add a prayer to Almighty Goodness that He may deign to 
 sanction this attempt to achieve a great act of national conciliation, by 
 infusing amongst us, in every walk and every work of life such a spirit 
 of order, such a spirit of union, such a spirit of piety, as can alone make 
 us capable and worthy of enjoying all those blessings of peace, and pros- 
 perity, and plenty, which He alone can give !
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 257 
 
 ELECTION AT WAKEFIELD. 
 
 [JUNE 28iH, 1841.] 
 
 T ORD VISCOUNT MORPETH, having been proposed by F. H. 
 ^ FAWKES, Esq., and seconded by JAMES LEES, Esq., said : 
 MEN OF YORKSHIRE, 
 
 I hope you are all inclined to agree with the advice so properly given 
 by the proposer of Mr. Pitkeithley, which was to hear all parties with 
 patience, and await the result with order. The attention which I crave 
 from you I shall be happy to give, and I hope that my friends will give 
 it to those who are particularly representing your different opinions. It 
 can be no matter of complaint to me that candidates representing every 
 class of society and every shade of opinion should be submitted to your 
 choice and your decision. I have as little right to complain that every 
 opportunity should be afforded to you of choosing a Chartist as of choos- 
 ing a Tory member ; but the line of duty which seems to lie before me 
 is, that holding opinions widely distinct from either, I should set before 
 you, Gentlemen, who form this thronged assembly, and through you to 
 this great Riding, the reason of the appeal which I now come forward 
 to make to you on my own part. I do not make that appeal entirely in 
 a single capacity. I make it both as a Minister of the Crown, and I 
 make it in what, without pretence or flattery, is to me a still more valid 
 title I make it as your already tried and often chosen Representative. 
 With the close of last week, Lord Milton and myself concluded our can- 
 vass throughout the whole of this extensive and populous Riding ; and 
 with some slight alteration of feeling in particular districts, arising upon 
 different subjects, I can say with perfect truth that our general recep- 
 tion has been all that I could desire, and far more, I most unfeignedly 
 feel, than I could deserve. Of course, Gentlemen, I attribute the 
 general cordiality and warmth which have hailed and accompanied 
 our progress to the important public questions which have been 
 brought prominently under notice. There was another distinguishing 
 feature of our canvass to which I must advert in justice to you, 
 
 s
 
 258 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 although it has no reference to us. Although' I believe that the 
 pressure and difficulties of the times have been very considerable 
 although certain questions which were necessarily brought under notice 
 might be supposed to be of rather an exciting character, and to have a 
 tendency to create animosities, and array opposing interests against each 
 other indeed, it has been alleged against the Government that such 
 results were part of the game they were playing yet I must say that 
 I never can recollect or scarcely could imagine a more striking exhibi- 
 tion of patience and endurance among all classes of the people under 
 privations, often I fear but too severe ; and, coupled with this consider- 
 ing the nature of the questions and their effects upon all parties, I must 
 say that I thought there was a most remarkable degree of forbear- 
 ance and good temper among contending parties and competing colours. 
 And therefore, Gentlemen, if it had been a part of our policy to stir up 
 the depths of a rancorous agitation, or to raise the turbid waters of party 
 strife, I can only say that I am glad that it has been proved that so 
 odious a design, if it had ever been entertained, must have met with a 
 signal and decisive failure. But, on the other hand, I humbly conceive 
 that these exhibitions of patience and endurance among all classes of 
 the people ought not to defeat or postpone, but rather to enhance and 
 to expedite their claims to all possible consideration, and to every 
 feasible mode of relief which their case admits of. Perhaps these are 
 words that all can now say, and probably no one would have the hardi- 
 hood to question the propriety of the assertion I have now made. But 
 what I conceive, Gentlemen, is the question with which the constituency 
 of this Biding and the constituency of the Empire have to deal is, the 
 choice between the practical line of conduct set before them by ourselves 
 and by our opponents. "When I talk of opponents, I mean to signify 
 Mr. Wortley and Mr. Beckett Denison, because, with all the deference 
 which may be due to Mr. Harney and Mr. Pitkeithley, I cannot consi- 
 der them as our substantially and bond fide antagonists in the present 
 election. I might have adverted to some of the topics which were 
 briefly glanced at by the proposers and seconders of the candidates 
 who are opposed to me. I might advert to some of the topics 
 briefly glanced at by the gentlemen who moved and seconded Mr. 
 Harney and Mr. Pitkeithley ; but, as I do not think the real brunt of 
 the battle lies in that direction, and as the time for immediate action
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 259 
 
 draws near, I will not suffer my forces to be diverted by any side 
 skirmishes, but will throw them at once upon the real heat and heart 
 of the fray. I do not propose to advert on this occasion to the general 
 conduct of the Government to the battles they have fought and won 
 in the cause of civil and religious freedom or even to the battles which 
 they have lost in the cause of more general and enlightened education. 
 In the department more immediately confided to me I have striven to 
 do what justice I could to our fellow-countrymen in Ireland. But, 
 Gentlemen, I pass on to topics more immediately before us. Nor will I 
 even enter into anyformal review of those points which are either admitted 
 upon all sides, or which must have become sufficiently obvious and fami- 
 liar in the reiterated discussions which have lately been held upon them. 
 The point which all will be disposed to admit, no matter by whose fault 
 it came, is, that a large deficiency does exist at present in the public in- 
 come of the country ; and also that, be the causes what they may, consi- 
 derable distress prevails over a large portion of our land, and has visited 
 many classes of its inhabitants, and affected many branches of labour. The 
 question, then, is the practical question for you and the people is What 
 is to be done ? If you, the gentlemen opposite (the Chartists) will have 
 nothing to say to our doings, what will you do yourselves? It is upon this 
 simple question upon this plain issue that hitherto, up to the present 
 moment, whether in Parliament, on the hustings, in speeches, in addresses, 
 anywhere at all, no shadow of an intimation, no ray of light, has been 
 suffered to fall. The great oracle of Tamworth has indeed again spoken, 
 but no intimation of the future has issued from the shrine. Stress has 
 been laid on the disturbed condition of several foreign countries, as 
 affording a clue to the depression of your domestic industry. Well, 
 but what if the disturbed relations of these countries with us and with 
 each other should not amend ? What if they should continue ? What 
 if they should even increase ? Hostility is deprecated with America. 
 I echo from my heart that philanthropic prayer, but I wish to devise 
 new and additional guarantees for the harmony of nations. We have 
 enough of fancied and trivial causes for war ; give us real and solid mo- 
 tives for keeping peace. I fear that peace will never be long secured by 
 the arguments of philosophers, or by the reasonings of political econo- 
 mists, or by the praises of poets, nor even, I fear, as the world goes now, 
 by the precepts of divines. We cannot make the lion lie down with the 
 
 s2
 
 2<iO ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 lamb ; but we may create a profitable trade between the woollens of 
 Leeds and the sugars of the Tropics. "We cannot make mankind beat 
 their spears into ploughshares, but we can exchange the steel of Sheffield 
 for the harvests of Poland and the flour of America. I believe that 
 statesmen will never be so safe as when they act upon general and com- 
 prehensive principles. I believe that the most effectual way of putting 
 an end to the slave trade, which we are charged with encouraging, will 
 be by proving to the slave-owner that the labour of slaves is dearer than 
 the labour of free men. I believe that the best mode of banishing from 
 the world the scourge of war is to make all countries wish for each 
 other's good, and gain by each other's welfare. Commerce, which is 
 sometimes made the subject of a sneer, is not in itself civilization it is 
 not in itself Christianity but I believe it is destined in a great degree 
 to be the channel and pioneer of both. But, Gentlemen, I was saying 
 that we have at least this advantage over our opponents, that while both 
 confess the difficulty, we do suggest a remedy. We do not sit with our 
 arms folded before us, waiting to see what will turn up next hoping 
 that the banks of North America will correct their circulation, or that the 
 blockades of South America will be brought to an end. What is it, 
 then, that we do propose ? We have made no secret of the measures we 
 have brought forward. The deficiency in the public revenue being ad- 
 mitted, and acknowledged to be greater than any possible reduction of 
 the public expenditure would succeed in meeting; the distress also 
 which prevails in various parts of the country, and the depressed state 
 of the market for your labour and industry being obvious, and being ad- 
 mitted, it is our wish to supply the deficiency without adding to the 
 distress. We thought we could not do this by additional taxation, be- 
 cause we concluded that a small addition of taxes would be likely to 
 fail again, as it failed last year, in supplying the deficiency which then 
 existed ; and because we thought that a large addition of taxes could not 
 be carried into effect, without perhaps in a considerable degree adding 
 further to the existing distress, entrenching further on the already 
 straitened and labouring industry of the country, and driving capital 
 still further from our shores. It then appeared to us, Gentlemen, that 
 the high price which articles paying duty upon their entrance into this 
 country, and entering largely into general use, bore in the market, put 
 them out of the reach of a comparative number of the whole body of
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 261 
 
 consumers. We therefore wished to cheapen and steady the duties levied 
 upon these articles, hoping that we should thus put a far larger supply 
 . of them within the reach of all classes and all interests ; and that by 
 these means we might collect a larger and a more secure permanent in- 
 come, if these articles were made at once cheaper and more plentiful, 
 than could he raised from the same articles, paying indeed a higher 
 duty, but limited in quantity and in consumption. I do not believe that 
 the calculations upon which we founded our expectations of arriving at 
 this result have ever been successfully found fault with. On the con- 
 trary, when we say how small an increase to the general consumption 
 would remedy the present deficiency, our opponents turn round on us, 
 and say, what a small benefit you propose to the people ! But I believe, 
 Gentlemen, that the relaxation of the restrictions which we have pro- 
 posed with reference to sugar, to timber, and to corn, and the other ar- 
 ticles to which we wish to extend the same principle, would not only in 
 a short time have remedied the existing deficiency, but would in all 
 probability have enabled us at no distant day to repeal other burdens 
 obnoxious to the people and injurious to their industry. However, 
 Gentlemen, I am content to found the claims of our measures on public 
 support on that which is their professed object that is, to supply the 
 present deficiency by the same means whereby we also hope to allay 
 present distress, and to give free scope and play to industry. To 
 dispense with new taxes and with existing burdens to recruit the 
 exhausted public treasury out of the increased spread of ease and 
 plenty, instead of recruiting it from harder toil and augmented exer- 
 tion this is our principle, and on it were grounded the measures 
 which we proposed to the late House of Commons. They did not, as 
 you know, find favour with those who opposed us there, or with those 
 who opposed us here'. We say that, if you do not adopt our mode of re- 
 lief, you have no other prospect of mitigating the present distress but by 
 submitting to the necessity of imposing new taxes. I do not wish to 
 put forth any predictions of my own as to what our plans will do ; but 
 when we say what we are prepared to do, and ask our opponents what 
 they can do instead, why then they tell us, ' ' nothing." The Parliament 
 reject our measures. Well, then, we might have acted on the hint, and 
 taken that hostile decision as the signal for our dismissal from the Go- 
 vernment. But as we had brought forward these measures for what we 
 thought to be the people's interest, and as we conceived them to be the
 
 202 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 people's concern more than our own, we thought it right that we 
 should not concede them when our opponents had nothing else to sug- 
 gest that we should not consign the people of this country to no better 
 prospect than their too shadowy hopes, and their too palpable taxation. 
 At least, if this were to be the case, we determined that the question 
 should not be decided without a struggle. In that struggle we are now 
 engaged; and by the people, to the people to you, Gentlemen, the ap- 
 peal is now made, and from you the decision must come. I do not pre- 
 tend that we have in our hands the exclusive possession of the golden 
 gates of plenty. I do not impute to our opponents that they came for- 
 ward as the advocates of grisly want and famine ; but I do say, I will say, 
 and the question I will put to you high above all opposing clamour is 
 that we do hold out a prospect to remedy the evils which surround us, 
 and for those which impend over us, and that this whicli we do our oppo- 
 nents do not. Well, then, I assure you I am not going to trespass 
 longer upon that patience and indulgence which upon the whole you 
 have given me ; but I thought it right to bring thus prominently before 
 you the real object of the struggle between us. I do not conceal from 
 myself that that struggle may be a hard one. But we have had strug- 
 gles before ; and, Gentlemen, we have not yet been beaten, and I hail 
 in the present assembly the presage of the coming poll. The Govern- 
 ment and the party to which I belong have struck to the ground other 
 monopolies before. There has scarcely been a year in their ministerial 
 career which is not marked by some great abuse overthrown, by some 
 baneful restriction extirpated. We have now come forward to attack 
 what I call the monopoly of the purse. And, Gentlemen, although the 
 struggle may be more violent and more desperate than any of its prede- 
 cessors, yet, even so, with all the boasting of our opponents, the 
 death-cry of this monopoly is on the gale. I am not now presuming to 
 tell you, what will be the ultimate balance of political parties I am 
 not calculating on the precise tenure of any administration I am not 
 even pinning my faith, when I say this, on my own return. I calcu- 
 late upon the results which I believe will be furnished by the dictates 
 of your good sense, and the energy of your determination. But not 
 even on these will I presume happen what may to any political party 
 come what will to any administration be my own prospects of success 
 what you choose to make them yet I fully believe that we have already 
 given to the claims of industry and labour such an impetus, that although
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 2(53 
 
 the combined force of interest and prejudice may succeed for a time in 
 retarding them, they will never be able to overcome them. Well, Gen- 
 tlemen, I care little in comparison with that. The Government may 
 fall in the high and generous attempt; but I believe it has already 
 passed on the watchword which will be the rallying cry of the contest, 
 and the crowning shout of triumph. With respect to myself, Gentle- 
 men, I cannot yet bring myself to the belief that in the "West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, in a cause like this, I am doomed to defeat. I believe, 
 Gentlemen, that you may win if you choose. As long as you command, 
 I am prepared to follow as long as you sustain me, I am sure to con- 
 quer. 
 
 LORD VISCOUNT MORPETH'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 [1841.] 
 
 INHABITANTS or THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, 
 
 I come yet once again before you, in the order duly assigned to 
 me, as the lowest on the poll. I should be the last person, and it 
 would be the last object I could have in view, to aim at concealing 
 the magnitude of the triumph which our opponents have wrested 
 from us; on the contrary, I clearly think it the most signal and the 
 most decisive which has as yet been attached to the car of Con- 
 servative reaction. I have to resign the representation of the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire into the hands of Mr. Wortley I say, of Mr. 
 Wortley; for let my defeat have at least this alleviation I must 
 consider him as my immediate conqueror. We are the old compe- 
 titors ; we have met each other twice before in no inglorious warfare. 
 He knows better than I can tell him, that there are recollections and 
 passages of our former lives which must make me prefer him to almost 
 any other man as my successful rival ; but in transferring my late po- 
 sition to his more fortunate hands, I cannot dissemble the price and 
 splendour of the dower. I have been too fond of it, too proud of it for 
 that. Some topics were glanced at by Mr. Wortley, which might 
 seem to call for some comment I will not say for some recrimination. 
 But on such topics I cannot linger now. Mr. Wortley has, indeed, 
 reproached us with having taken a leaf out of their book, and of aiming
 
 264 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 at a monopoly of representation. Now, Gentlemen, notwithstanding 
 the issue of our recent struggle, I, for one, can never regret that we 
 have fought it double-handed, for I think, looking to what the decided 
 opinions of this Riding have hitherto been, and to the nature of the 
 questions submitted to its decision, that the defeat of one candidate 
 would have been tantamount to the prostration of both. The public 
 questions at issue must, of course, form the really important part 
 of such a transaction as the present. With respect to them, also, I 
 cannot fail to be sensible to the grave and intimate bearing which the 
 decision of this great constituency must have, in the present con- 
 juncture of affairs, upon the concerns of finance, trade, and commerce. 
 Not, Gentlemen, that I can feel in a greater measure now than here- 
 tofore much of doubt or misgiving as to the ultimate success of the 
 principles upon which the Government have staked their credit, and, 
 as it would seem, perilled their existence. No, Gentlemen, not less 
 in this hour of defeat than when I stood in this place on Monday 
 last, surrounded by all the appearances at least, and perhaps some 
 of the anticipations of triumph not less do I feel persuaded that the 
 opinions and measures of which I was then the feeble representative 
 and advocate, are even now moving in their onward though unseen track, 
 and hastening to their accomplishment. It is but too possible that the 
 verdict passed upon them by this large Riding, and by some of the 
 more important towns within it, may postpone the time for gathering the 
 first-fruits, and may aggravate the burthen and inflame the heat of the 
 day but I most faithfully and hopefully believe that, happily for the 
 prosperity of our species, the cause of truth and justice, on whatsoever 
 side it lies, is, however slowly, sure in the end to be uppermost and 
 if there is one subject more than another on which a nation is most likely 
 ultimately to see itself righted, it is on that which concerns its food. 
 But, Gentlemen, I feel that I am no longer in a position which warrants 
 me in troubling you with my opinions upon political questions, or upon 
 matters relating to your own concerns. To yourselves I may properly 
 and safely leave them. You have already in your day and generation 
 done noble service to the cause of our common countiy. I trust that 
 many more of such bright achievements are still in store for you, under 
 whatever auspices they may be conducted. But, after the long period of 
 our connexion, which has now lasted through eleven years, and five Par- 
 liaments after the transactions to which Ave have been parties, and the
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 2 65 
 
 terms we have been on together, I would fain hope that before we 
 part you will allow me to say a few words further on matters more 
 pertaining to my own relations with you. I am willing to flatter my- 
 self that even with my political opponents I leave behind nothing but 
 political difference, and that we separate without any ground for angry 
 retrospect, or for personal offence. But as to those with whom I have 
 had the greater happiness of agreeing, now that so many recollections of 
 considerate kindness, of disinterested zeal, of generous forbearance, of 
 past struggles, and of past victories, are rushing at once upon my mind, 
 I feel what language cannot embody, and thanks cannot convey. I have 
 learned, Gentlemen, to love even the inanimate features of your lovely 
 landscapes, with which I have grown familiar during my repeated can- 
 vasses among your heath-clad hills, and your wide-spreading valleys 
 but how much more has my spirit bounded in answer to the cheers 
 which roused the mountain echoes, or to the welcome which ushered me 
 into the busiest haunts of your living industry ! I trust I need not debar 
 myself from the hope, that in the various courses of life, opportunities may 
 present themselves to me of showing an abiding sense of gratitude for 
 your past favours ; and I cannot help declaring, though it may seem to 
 bespeak a more poignant sense of the loss I have sustained, that I do 
 not think I could reconcile myself, for the present, to occupy any other 
 seat, or to represent any other men. And now, Gentlemen, that I have 
 to take my leave of you, bear with me, if I adopt for one moment a more 
 solemn tone than I might otherwise have thought it fit to use on such 
 an occasion ; but I cannot refrain from putting up one fervent petition 
 that the Disposer of all events and the Giver of all good may visit each 
 and all of you with His choicest and most abundant blessings ! May He 
 store your garners with increase, and reward your industry with plenty ! 
 May He scatter the seeds of order, of temperance, and of domestic and 
 public virtues, far and wide, amidst all your dwellings ! May He crown 
 each hearth and home with peace, with comfort, with content, and with 
 thanksgiving, and ever supply you with those who can, I will not say 
 more faithfully, but more efficiently, serve you ! These, Gentlemen, are 
 my latest words ; thanks again fare you well, and all good be with you !
 
 266 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 THE ELECTION FOR THE WEST RIDING OF 
 YORKSHIRE 
 
 [FEBRUARY 4m, 1846.] 
 
 T OBD VISCOUNT MOKPETH said: 
 
 GENTLEMEN, ELECTORS OF THE WEST BIDING, AND, LET ME ADD, 
 OLD FRIENDS, 
 
 It is not it cannot be without varied and very deep emotions, 
 that I find myself here again before you. Yes, even here in Wakefield, 
 before a constituency of the West Biding, do I, the beaten and rejected 
 candidate of 1841, now come forward in 1846, without having offered 
 myself, without having canvassed, and, as it now seems, without being 
 opposed. Not that we had not some rumours and some demonstrations 
 of opposition. There has been plenty of blowing of trumpets at least 
 there has been plenty of braying. We first heard of the pretensions of 
 Mr. Archer Gurney, of " Bock Yale, in the county of Devon." That 
 sounds very picturesque ; but I believe that the gentle stranger has re- 
 turned to his sequestered home. I am told that he appointed a meeting 
 in Wakefield, and that there met him there four Protectionists and 
 seven reporters. All I hope is, that he did not convert the reporters, 
 because I rate their intelligence sufficiently high to be persuaded that, 
 whatever their employers may be, they are on the side of free trade. 
 Well, next to Mr. Archer Gurney, we had a gentleman who, as I am 
 reminded, speaks in somewhat harsher accents. He was not so much 
 a candidate himself as a sort of godfather of candidates ; only his god- 
 children have turned rather rusty. He has hit upon two gentlemen, 
 both bearing names that have long been highly respected in the West 
 Biding. But the first object of his application chose to go fight the 
 battle of "native industry" in that particularly independent and self- 
 directing borough the borough of Bipon. It seemed a little cruel in 
 him towards the godfather ; but I think that Mr. Ferrand exercised
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 2(57 
 
 most cruelty himself towards his next candidate, because, if I am 
 rightly informed, he has sent a certificate to state that he is not well 
 enough to perform the duties of a high sheriff, which, I regret to say, 
 cannot be performed either to-day, by the highly honourable gentleman 
 who now holds that office. But, honourable and onerous as those duties 
 may be, I dare, from experience, to assert that those of a representative 
 of the West Riding are infinitely more trying to the health. The 
 result is, that this day, when the question has been put to you, no 
 opponent has come forward to dispute your choice. And how is it 
 that this has come to pass ? Will you, in my anxiety to account for it, 
 allow me for a moment to refer to the last occasion of my meeting you 
 in this town, and then take some credit to myself for having exhibited 
 something of the spirit of prophecy in the remarks I then ventured to 
 make. I said upon that occasion that the opinions and the measures of 
 which I was then the advocate " are now moving on their onward, 
 though unseen track, and hastening to their accomplishment." And I 
 added, " if there is one 'subject more than another on which a nation is 
 most likely ultimately to see itself righted, it is on that which concerns 
 its food." And it is upon this question of food this question which 
 has stirred the mind of England to its inmost depths, that I am now 
 come again to ask, and, as I believe to receive, the recovered suffrages 
 of the West Biding. I further said, on that occasion, that the triumph 
 of our opponents was the most signal and the most decisive which had 
 yet been attached to the car of Conservative reaction. And may I not, 
 Gentlemen, now say with equal truth that my return to-day my unso- 
 licited, uncanvassed, unopposed return will lay the corner-stone of a 
 great electoral reaction, upon which other constituencies and their re- 
 presentatives nay, and higher than all, a sympathizing Sovereign her- 
 self will come to erect the finished temple of perfect free trade ! For 
 I do feel that often as we may have met, and fully as we may have 
 sympathized before, there never yet has been an occasion upon which 
 our opinions and our hopes have been so much in unison as the present. 
 I do flatter myself that the great mass whom I see before me con- 
 sists of honest and simple hearts, wound up to a common aim. For 
 I put it to you, what subject is there which can come so closely home 
 to your interests, to your business, to your every-day life, as these laws 
 which profess to regulate, and which do in fact regulate, your daily 
 meal which concern every class and condition amongst you which
 
 268 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 concern every man whom I address ; and not only you, but every 
 one of your wives, whom you have left beside the kitchen oven, 
 and every one of your children, who, though he may not be able to ask 
 for food, at least can cry for it ! I have already reverted to the past ; 
 and while I certainly should think it my duty to address myself mainly 
 to the great question now before the nation, I hope you will not think 
 that I unduly dwell upon any topics relating to myself. But when a 
 candidate comes to present him self to the choice of a constituency, some 
 degree of egotism is almost rendered necessary by the circumstances of 
 his position. In addition, then, to what I have already quoted of 
 former sayings of mine, you may remember that when I was last before 
 you I also stated that I did not think I could reconcile it to myself to 
 occupy any other seat, or to represent any other men. Now, Gentle- 
 men, it is true that a great number of the inhabitants of the Riding, in 
 an address which they were good enough to present to me, absolved me 
 from all that could be considered binding in that engagement ; and the 
 time had probably come when I might have thought it my duty to re- 
 embark in the struggles of public life ; but how I do rejoice now that I 
 have not entered into any other service that I have called no other men 
 my masters that I have reserved myself for this cause and for this 
 hour and that, if you shall shortly confirm my election, I shall go into 
 the House of Commons as Member of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 and vote for the total and immediate [the conclusion of the sentence 
 was interrupted by deafening thunders of applause]. I think you seem 
 to be aware that " Repeal of the Corn Laws was meant to finish that 
 sentence. Bear in mind that this was the main subject upon which I 
 sustained defeat, and the Liberal party in the Riding sustained defeat 
 with me at the last general election ; I was then opposed and I was then 
 beaten by the exertions of a great body of the landed interest, and other 
 friends of monopoly in the Riding, because they said I had adopted a very 
 violent and revolutionary course in recommending a fixed duty of eight 
 shillings. I think they would be slightly obliged to me if I could secure it 
 to them now. But that scrip has gone down in the market ; and not 
 all the elforts of the biggest " stag" in all their parks can get it up 
 again. However, the revolutionary Whigs were got rid of. In the 
 meantime a youthful League had sprouted up. But they did not mind 
 that not they. They brought in an amended Corn Law Bill of their 
 own, which provided moi*e of the machinery of the old sliding scale,
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 2<>9 
 
 with what they call some additional " rests" a most delusive word for 
 whatever are the beatitudes of the present Corn Law, " rest" is not 
 the element in which it was destined to breathe. However, there were 
 two or three good harvests in succession, and matters went on with 
 comparative quietness for a year or two ; but then came the events of the 
 last autumn, with which most of you maybe sufficiently familiar. The 
 average price of the quarter of wheat was 13s. or 14s. higher than it had 
 been the year before. The price of the best wheat in the market was 
 full 20s. higher ; and, in addition to this, the potato crop was subject to 
 certainly a considerable, and still unknown and mysterious, degree of 
 pestilence, both in England, in Scotland, and in Ireland too. Under 
 these circumstances, all we knew of the movements of Government was, 
 that several Cabinet Councils had met, and had broken up, and had 
 " made no sign." In this state of things the League came to dine at 
 Leeds, and I wrote them a letter there. Now, I know that I have some 
 fastidious friends who will tell me " It was very well to express your- 
 self as strongly as you pleased in favour of the repeal of the Corn Laws, 
 but you had no business to give your money to the League." I feel 
 that any connexion I may have formed with the League will not be 
 looked upon as a very grave offence in your eyes, and I need hardly 
 trouble myself with any lengthened apology upon that score. But as 
 on an occasion like this there is no objection on the part of any portion 
 of my well-wishers which I would not wish to meet, I will briefly say 
 just this much, that in the first place the very little bit of money that 
 has been mentioned behind, which I sent to the League, was given to 
 promote the local registration of electors in the West Riding mainly ; 
 and as the former roll and list of electors had turned me out, I think I 
 cannot be held much to blame if I co-operate with others to rectify what, 
 in my opinion, was a mistake in judgment, and to enlighten the future 
 constituency. But further than this, Gentlemen, with reference to the 
 League again, I cannot look back at the events of the last few years, 
 and dissemble from myself, that although many members of the League 
 may occasionally have said things in which I cannot agree, and may 
 perhaps have done things to which I cannot wholly subscribe, yet I do 
 feel that the question of the repeal of the Corn Laws owes its present 
 position mainly to the League, and to its unwearied exertions, and to the 
 ability and energy of its leader ; and I do not like the notion of reaping 
 the fruit of other men's labours, without assigning the reward which is
 
 270 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 due to the work. I think it would, be reversing, and not following the 
 parable, if it was the labourer who came in at the eleventh hour that 
 should be the party, himself, to make the objection to the wages as- 
 signed to him who had worked from the first. And though I do not 
 think large self-constituted bodies, whether you call them Leagues or 
 Associations, are the desirable method or machinery for working out 
 legislative measures and changes, yet there are questions of such im- 
 portance as to compel objectionable modes even of overcoming the ob- 
 stinacy of the resistance with which they are met. And knowing how 
 powerful and how multiplied are the interests combined, I may say 
 leagued, against the repeal of the Corn Laws viewing these Corn Laws 
 as we now do, toppling to their fall, I could not, such was the feeling 
 in my bosom withhold my earnest good wishes, and that without 
 which good wishes were but hypocrisy, and what Sir John Tyrrell calls 
 "humbug,'' my avowed and acknowledged support. Next in order 
 came all the Ministerial changes, and the changing and crashing of Ca- 
 binets. This, Gentlemen, has now become a rather old story, with 
 which we have not much concern. You will remember that Sir R. 
 Peel, though at the head of large majorities in both Houses of Parlia- 
 ment, felt it his duty to resign the Government. Lord J. Kussell was 
 honoured by Her Majesty with a commission to form an administration 
 in his stead. Now, all with which I have to concern myself is, that I 
 consented to accept office in a Government every member of which had 
 unanimously agreed to propose a total and immediate repeal of the Corn 
 Laws. Well, that endeavour was not made. It was interrupted by 
 causes wholly independent of that question. They do not concern us 
 now, and I will not enter on their consideration, though I have a 
 strong opinion about them. And I never will conceal my wish that my 
 pure and high-minded friend, Lord J. Russell the statesman who pro- 
 posed the abolition of the Corporation and Test Acts the statesman 
 who introduced into Parliament the Reform Bill should also have been 
 the person to propose to the Legislature of this country the final aboli- 
 tion of the Corn Laws. However, I certainly myself shall feel, and I 
 am sure you will feel, that any individual or any party disappointment 
 will be compensated, and more than compensated, if it should turn out 
 that this great question itself the question of Free Trade has more 
 chance of being brought to a satisfactory and triumphant issue by a Go- 
 vernment in the hands of Sir R. Peel, rather than our own. And more,
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 271 
 
 Gentlemen, I think the dispersion of the Whig leaders would have me- 
 rited still graver reprehension I think their hesitation would have de- 
 generated into cowardice, and their caution into treason, if they had not 
 felt they had reason to believe that the Government of which Sir R. Peel 
 is the head, was prepared to do great things for Free Trade. That ex- 
 pectation, Gentlemen, has been borne out. I think no man will deny, 
 that in the recent proposal to Parliament Sir R. Peel has done great 
 things for Free Trade. I reserve to myself the consideration of the pre- 
 cise details, but I cordially approve of the great features of the measure. 
 I rejoice in the instant admission, free of duty, of Colonial corn, Indian 
 corn, of meat salt and fresh, and of live cattle. I know that in this I 
 may differ from many of my friends, and ardent free-traders in general ; 
 but I am not sure that I should feel myself called upon to dissent from 
 the difference Sir R. Peel still wishes to maintain between the admission 
 of free and slave-grown sugars. My doubt is whether he can, in prac- 
 tice, realize that difference. But if he can, great as are the lengths to 
 which I would go on behalf of Free Trade, I must disconnect from all 
 fellowship with that glorious cause the blood-red flag of the slave trade. 
 But with respect to the measure, as to corn, I wish to avoid the three 
 years' delay, before we arrive at the totally free admission of corn. I 
 object to it as much with reference to the agricultural as with reference 
 to any other interest. I am not sure whether, in the end, it may not 
 fall more prejudicially on them than on any other class. And if any 
 amendment or motion should be made, I shall be ready to vote for it, 
 that we may have Free Trade at once rather than three years hence. 
 Gentlemen, if you send me to Parliament I shall act as I have ex- 
 plained, but on the whole I shall give my cordial support to the mea- 
 sures just submitted to the Legislature ; and in this state of things, now 
 that this great proposal has been launched in the House of Commons, 
 while the whole mind of the country is intent on the reception it is there 
 to meet with, it happens that by the will of Providence, by the sudden 
 and unexpected death of a nobleman (Lord Wharncliffe), to whom and 
 whose race I have been ever opposed in my whole public career, but to 
 whom no one of his most determined opponents will refuse the just 
 praise of having been an upright, high-minded, and most useful public 
 servant it happens by the vacancy made by his death that the consi- 
 deration of the proposal made by the Prime Minister is just at this im- 
 portant and critical moment submitted to that constituency which is
 
 272 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 not only the largest in the kingdom, hut which has a greater interest in 
 having the question solved than any other in the realm. Yes, Gentle- 
 men, the West Hiding of Yorkshire, comprising Leeds with its woollens, 
 Bradford with its worsteds, Huddersfield with its fancy goods, Halifax 
 with its piece goods, Sheffield with its cutlery, Rotherham with its iron, 
 and Barnsley with its linen, besides a far and fair domain of agricul- 
 tural industry, is now to say aye or no shall there he a total repeal of the 
 Corn Laws ? That, Gentlemen, is the hanner which we have planted 
 in our van, and which we engage to make good against every assailant. 
 I cannot he sorry, though Free Traders (as such) recognise no party 
 and we are glad to enlist supporters from every party in the State to 
 see so prevalent the complexion of our own old colour. I remember on 
 one of our former contests having christened it the sun's own colour ; 
 to-day I will call it the colour of the golden wheat sheaf, which the 
 same sun is now ripening on thousands of shores, but which the legis- 
 lation of man has hitherto kept from our ports and markets. They may 
 talk of a black cloud in the West ; but the harvest sun has a ray warm 
 enough to scatter it. We hear that on the other side of the Atlantic 
 they are using big words about Oregon ; we hear that the inhabitants 
 of the Western States of the American Republic talk very loudly 
 on the subject, and are anxious to have a brush with us, while the 
 people of the Eastern States are more pacific in their disposition. Why 
 is this, Gentlemen ? It is not in the natural order of things that men 
 should grow more warlike as they live further west. No, Gentlemen, 
 it is because the inhabitants of the Eastern States have a large sea- 
 board, large manufacturing towns, and ships, and harbours, and com- 
 merce. They do not like to risk these things ; therefore they are na- 
 turally and very laudably inclined to peace. But it is different with the 
 Western States. In the first place, they cannot easily be got at. In the 
 next place, they turn out nothing but agricultural produce. And they 
 know, that besides living five or six thousand miles away from us, if 
 the quarter of wheat they would send over has to pay a duty of 20s. 
 when it arrives here, they will not be able to get rid of a bushel of it. 
 Therefore their feelings are in favour of war. But give them the same 
 motives for peace as the inhabitants of the Eastern States have they 
 being sprung from the same stock as their brethren in Boston, New 
 York, and Philadelphia being sons of the Puritans and broad-brims 
 themselves, they will be actiiated by the same motives as their more se-
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 273 
 
 date and sober fellow-citizens; and instead of wishing themselves to go 
 thousands of miles further west, where they meet with more tribes of 
 wild Indians than draughts of fresh water on the way, and then to go 
 to war with us for the possession of a number of uninhabited pine 
 swamps, they might think it worth their while to bestow additional 
 labour and skill on the rich clay bottoms -around them, to give them the 
 means of taking your woollens, worsteds, cottons, and hardware in ex- 
 change for what they would send us, whether of wheat or Indian corn, 
 a food hitherto little known among us, but which from experience I can 
 recommend to those who can get hold of it. I will answer for it that 
 you will find the Johnny cakes which it makes go far to rival the York- 
 shire cakes themselves. What I have said applies most strongly to the 
 Eastern States, with which we have most intercourse ; and it applies 
 still more to the countries of Europe, in proportion to their nearness. I 
 rejoice that, in extending and encouraging universal commerce, we take 
 the best means to extend and encourage universal peace. I was much 
 struck a year or two ago, in conversing with a neighbouring farmer in 
 a county north of this, on the prospects of agriculture, when he said, 
 with a sigh, " Ah, there never was a friend to the farmer like" do you 
 think he said Richmond, or Buckingham, or Hudson, the Railway 
 King ? no, Napoleon Bonaparte. " There never was such a friend to 
 the farmer as Bonaparte." I thought I never heard put in such close 
 but unconscious allocation the genius of monopoly and the genius of 
 war. What was the state of the world at the time he alluded to ? 
 Wheat was 136s. a quarter in 1812. The quartern loaf was at Is. 6^d. 
 We, were at war all over the world. At home we heard of nothing but 
 Orders in Council, which our Saddleworth friends will well remember. 
 Give me then, I say, the commerce, not the conquest of the world the 
 large loaf, and not the empty laurel open ports and free produce, not 
 decrees of non-intercourse and proclamations of embargo. Dependence ! 
 I would even say, I am anxious that we should be still more dependent on 
 foreign countries, instead of being in a state of independent isolation. De- 
 pendence on foreigners ! This is the favourite bugbear with which the 
 sleek monopolist tries to bamboozle a gaping crowd of rustic auditors. 
 Ask him how he could do without dependence. You need not ask whe- 
 ther his wives and daughters would be able to rustle in the silks of 
 France, or adorn themselves with the velvet of Italy, or the lace of Flan- 
 ders ; but ask him whether he does not drink tea from China, coffee
 
 274 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 from Brazil ; and whether he does not wear the fleece of Saxony, and 
 perhaps smoke the cigars of the Savannah. And if he does these things, 
 ask him why you may not, in your turn, eat the wheat of the Elhe and 
 the bacon of the Ohio. I believe that it is not in diminishing, but in 
 increasing our dependence on foreigners, that we shall best follow out 
 the laws of nature and the will of Providence, and enter into the 
 strongest recognizances for the harmony, the peace, the civilization, and 
 the progress of the world. For, let me put it to you, what is the case of 
 those manufactures which the mistaken friends of the landed interest 
 sometimes present to us with so unreasonable and unfounded a jea- 
 lousy ? what are all the manufactures you turn out woollen, cotton, 
 worsted, or silk what are they but work ? Where there is work, there 
 must be hands ; and where there are hands, there must be mouths. 
 These mouths are filled with the beef, the mutton, the beer, the bread, 
 which are raised on the soil by the landlords and farmers of England. 
 They say we want to transfer the supply of the manufacturing towns 
 and the large mass of the population from the native to the foreign 
 grower ; and you will remember that I just now spoke of the wheat of 
 the Elbe and the bacon of the Ohio. But the foreigners will not give us 
 bread and bacon for nothing. ' They may have a very good opinion of 
 the manufacturers of Yorkshire and of England generally. They may 
 have a better opinion of them than Mr. Busfeild Ferrand has. But still, 
 though they may think them very fine fellows, they are not likely 
 to supply them gratis. They will ask a fair and what they' consider a 
 remunerative price. If they do not get it, they will not send their corn, 
 and there will be an end to the alarm about the transfer of supply. But 
 I hope they will send a great quantity that they will ask a fair price, 
 which they must receive in the manufactures or work you turn out, 
 either directly or in the money for which you will have previously ex- 
 changed your work. To turn out fresh work, you must have fresh hands, 
 accompanied by fresh mouths. And I believe that the additional hands 
 will pretty nearly absorb the additional corn which may be imported, 
 so that the demand upon our native soil will be pretty much what it is 
 now. What I am tempted to look forward to as the result of the entire 
 repeal of the Corn Laws will be the effect of such a change in our po- 
 licy as will be equivalent to a perpetual succession of good harvests. 
 There will be more to eat in the land ; and when there is, depend upon 
 it, there will be plenty of mouths to take it. I cannot but suspect the
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 275 
 
 motives, or rather, I would say, I cannot but object to the reasonings 
 of those who shrink from abundance. The blessing of Heaven cannot 
 be the bane of man. It is not so much to any absolute diminution of 
 the price of corn that I look, as the result of the alteration in the law, 
 as to an uninterrupted and steady trade to an increased supply follow- 
 ing an increased demand more to do, and more to eat, which I believe 
 will be the consequence of a repeal of the Corn Laws. Supposing, as a 
 mere matter of fancy, that some foreigners should be so absolutely smitten 
 with love of us as to send us every year large cargoes of provisions 
 gratis, as a present, in token of their admiration of the British people, I 
 think, we should hardly refuse the gift. However, this extravagant 
 supposition is not so favourable to the British corn-growers as the na- 
 tural state of things. Foreign corn must be paid for in manufactures. 
 They will call for fresh hands, causing an increased demand for home 
 as well as foreign-grown food. Are these all crude and unsupported 
 theories ? "Will they not stand the test of facts ? Our more recent ex- 
 perience sufficiently shows that I am speaking only the words of truth 
 and soberness. We have had within very recent memory periods of 
 dear years and periods of cheap years. That point was fully stated in 
 the House of Commons last year by Sir James Graham, and it has been 
 stated very fully by Sir Robert Peel, and it has been stated nowhere 
 better than in our excellent weekly instructor, " The Leeds Mercury." 
 But these periods of cheap and dear years, if I remember right, were 
 thus there were two periods of dear years, and these were from 1828 
 to 1831, and from 1839 to 1842; and there were periods of cheap years 
 from 1833 to 1836, and again from 1842 to 1845. Now, what has been 
 the natural result of these varying periods ? Why, the dear years have 
 brought with them diminished foreign commerce, diminished home 
 trade, diminished wages, diminished revenue, but an increased amount 
 of poor rates, of turbulence, and crime, while the cheap years as regu- 
 larly and unfailingly have exhibited an increase in wages and in employ- 
 ment in every department of industry, and they have swelled the public 
 revenue they have comparatively set open the doors of our work- 
 houses and prisons. In the summer of 1842, which closed the last pe- 
 riod of dear years, we saw every large manufacturing town invaded, and 
 every mill barricaded ; whilst in the last summer, which for the present, 
 though I hope not ultimately, has closed the period of cheap years, 
 what was the spectacle presented ? Every man, from the Premier to the
 
 276 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 " navvy" was digging up sods of new railways, and the great difficulty 
 was, how to prevent people from throwing away their good money too 
 fast. Gentlemen, I am sorry to trouble you with these details ; hut the 
 question now is one of such importance, that I wish to leave nothing 
 cursorily glided over. I will not trespass much longer upon your pa- 
 tience ; but I wish to observe that we are often charged with reckless, 
 and almost revolutionary conduct, in suddenly proposing to subvert 
 long-established protections, and to upset deeply-rooted habits of indus- 
 try. Now, with respect to the suddenness of our proceeding, I think 
 the events of last autumn, to which I have referred, will sufficiently ac- 
 quit us in this respect. I have told you the rises in the averages of 
 wheat, and the rise in the prices of the best wheat, and in fact how the 
 price of wheat had varied in the same market from 36s. to 72s. What 
 is the result of this variation I may quote from one of the agricultural 
 papers, " The Mark Lane Express" "The very inferior quality of a 
 large proportion of the wheat has this year prevented the duty from re- 
 ceding more than a step or two. Had the quality of the new produce 
 been tolerably good, the duty would, it cannot be doubted, ere now 
 have fallen to 10s. ; for the better qualities have risen to 70s., and in 
 some cases to 80s. a quarter. It will readily be conceived, therefore, 
 how bad must be the quality of the common runs, to have kept the ge- 
 neral average below 60s. The last returns were only 59s. The average 
 duty, therefore, is no indication of the real quality." There is also the 
 failure of the potato crop. I do not wish to multiply quotations, but I 
 must give you one passage from the report of the Dublin Mansion House 
 Committee " "We are unfortunately able to proclaim that in Ireland 
 famine is immediately pressing, and that pestilence of the most fright- 
 ful kind is certain, unless prevented." Now, in this state of things, 
 however Protection Societies may declaim or protest, I appeal to you 
 whether the Prime Minister of this country could lay his head on his 
 pillow, and if he had not taken every means in his power to augment 
 the stock of food in the country could feel secure that he would not be 
 roused by the sharp cry of the nation's famine. With respect to the 
 more prominent charge, that there is something revolutionary in our 
 proceedings, I say at once, that while there are many things in the con- 
 stitution of this country, in our ways of thought and habits of feeling, 
 and in the whole framework of our national existence, which I trust to 
 be undying and eternal, yet there is one feature one painful and per-
 
 ELECTION SPEECHES. 277 
 
 vading feature of our condition, which any one, and every one especially 
 who has been like myself to the younger world across the waters, where 
 they will have seen many things which I should be the last person to 
 wish to copy or transfer here, yet with reference to this one feature, this 
 one abiding plague-spot, I would be ready to give almost all the wealth 
 of both worlds to reform it. "What I allude to is, the striking and pain- 
 ful inequality between the two extremes of society the extreme of 
 wealth and the extreme of poverty. I am not declaiming against 
 wealth wealth we must have in the country, to feed our millions. I 
 am not trying to stir up your minds so as to repine against poverty ; for, 
 while there are these numbers to cover these spaces, poverty we must 
 have. But I confess I could not lament overmuch any change that 
 should have a tendency to reduce the extreme unevenness of the balance. 
 For what is it I see among my countrymen ? what is it I see amongst 
 the inhabitants of the "West Riding who, in the multiplicity of their 
 employments, are a very apt representation of the community at large ? 
 I see industry without limit, without parallel, lining the valleys, plying 
 the rivers, choking the very railways, and in extent and variety of pro- 
 duction calculated to warm, to clothe, to arm, to adorn the whole world, 
 if they would be our customers. But what is it that in this toiling, 
 swarming, struggling mass of life and energy, alone seems wanting? 
 "Why, more meat a larger loaf, a fuller meal. I sometimes feel that 
 the very strength of our case consists in its weakness. I feel sometimes 
 to shrink from putting it in its full outline before you. I almost wish 
 sometimes that I may have made a mistake in the extent of injury 
 which I conceive to have been brought about by your present restrictive 
 and exclusive laws. But is it not so ? Looking at the whole popula- 
 tion together, can it be said that we have all of us enough to live upon ; 
 and is there no reason to believe that by the removal of restrictions, by 
 the cessation of prohibitions, by the admission of foreign corn, by the 
 downfall of monopoly, we can get much more to live upon ? I know it 
 always bears an appearance of invidiousness to quote or rely on any reli- 
 gious ground as the means of enforcing a political question ; and I quite 
 agree that it is most invidious and most objectionable, if we assume to 
 ourselves that we are more guided by conscientious and religious mo- 
 tives than our opponents ; but still I think that the persons who discard 
 all the religious motives which can be brought in favour of this question 
 of Free Trade, and Free Corn, show themselves strangely wanting in
 
 278 ELECTION SPEECHES. 
 
 their estimate of the real importance and urgency of this healing mea- 
 sure ; and though I do not much dwell or insist on this ground, I can- 
 not, before closing these remarks, refrain from asking why, in the face 
 of those evils which we have experienced, and in the face of those ad- 
 vantages which we may hope to realize I cannot refrain from asking 
 why may not human legislators sometimes endeavour to act in the spirit 
 of that blessing which the National Church repeats on every Christmas 
 morning, " I will bless her fruits with increase, and will satisfy her 
 poor with bread ?" And as I may be asked whether the chosen people 
 of old in reference to whom these words are used were confined to the 
 limits of their own rocky and barren Judea, I would quote again, in re- 
 ference to the foreign modes of supply which might be pursued by them, 
 " The kings of Tarshish and of the Isles shall bring presents ; the kings 
 of Arabia and Sheba shall bring gifts : there shall be a handful of corn 
 on the earth, on the tops of the mountains." I will not venture to re- 
 commend the great cause we have in hand to any meaner consideration ; 
 I will not let my argument stoop from the height to which it may truly 
 be raised, but I commend the whole question of Free Trade, Free Corn, 
 and Free Food to the reason, the feelings, and the consciences of man- 
 kind. 
 
 The UKDEE-SHEEIFF having formally declared LOED YIS- 
 COUNT MOEPETH duly elected, he came forward, and said : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, AND I MAY NOW AGAIN ADD, CONSTITUENTS, 
 This is indeed like old times, and recalls many stirring memories. 
 "We have, Gentlemen, as I remember Sir Eobert Peel to have said and 
 Liberals are now able to quote Sir Eobert Peel in talking of our last 
 victories in India, coming after the preceding reverses, " we have effaced 
 the memory of our shame upon the field of our previous disasters." The 
 West Eiding, I am told, has its own again. There is no title in the 
 gift of the monarch, the minister, or the people, which I should be so 
 proud of as the " West Eiding's Own." And, Gentlemen, it is no sel- 
 fish or personal victory that we have won to-day. Broad as is this 
 Eiding, multiplied as its interests are, the effects of our struggle and 
 our triumph cannot be confined to any local bounds ; I hope it cannot 
 be confined to any single constituency in its ultimate effects cannot 
 be confined to any nation or any quarter of the world even of the round 
 globe we live on ; but I hope the shout of our triumph will go over the
 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN. 279 
 
 broad fields of England, and find an echo within the walls of the Im- 
 perial Legislature ; and that it will be stamped, and ratified, and blessed 
 to all future times in the confirmed intercourse and increased plenty of 
 nations. You see, Gentlemen, I do not lightly estimate the efforts you 
 have made, the front you have shown, the good-will with which you 
 have silenced at once the hiss of monopoly, the firm tread with which 
 you have planted the glorious banner of Free Trade ; and I hope, when- 
 ever we may meet again, it will be to congratulate each other on our 
 consummate triumph. After the singular patience and indulgence with 
 which you have already heard me, I will no longer trespass on your 
 kind attention that attention to which I never yet appealed in vain 
 that consideration which did not fail me in the moment of defeat and 
 which I am glad to see to-day renewed in the glorious shout of our 
 finished victory. 
 
 THE EARL OF CARLISLE IN ABERDEEN. 
 
 INSTALLATION OF THE EARL OF CARLISLE AS LORD RECTOR OF 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 
 
 [MARCH 31si, 1853.] 
 
 FFHE inauguration took place within the Hall of the College, which, 
 together with all the passages leading thereto, was crowded by the 
 students, and a most respectable assemblage both of ladies and gentle- 
 men. The Magistrates and Council, with the Dean of Faculty of the 
 University, the Lord Rector's Assessors, and the Professors and Lec- 
 turers, accompanied His L*ordship, who, on entering the Hall, and 
 taking his place on the platform, attired in the robes of office, was most 
 enthusiastically cheered. Lady Elizabeth Grey (His Lordship's sister) ; 
 Lady Bruce, of Scotstown ; Mrs. Thomson, of Banchory ; Mrs. Captain 
 Leith ; and Mrs. Principal Dewar, with a number of other ladies, occu- 
 pied seats near the platform. 
 
 The VERY REV. PRINCIPAL DEWAR opened the proceedings 
 with an appropriate prayer ; after which DR. CRUICKSHANK ad-
 
 280 INSTALLATION AS LORD RECTOR, 
 
 ministered the usual oath to His Lordship, who, being then duly in- 
 stalled, took his place at the head of the University, and delivered the 
 following Address : 
 
 GENTLEMEN, 
 
 The first accents which you must hear from my lips are those of 
 gratitude simple and deep. I presume, indeed, that they must form 
 the accustomed prelude to every Address from a new Lord Rector, and 
 they must be familiar to the echoes of these honoured walls, within 
 which it is now my privilege to meet you. They must have in turn 
 proceeded from a long series of distinguished predecessors ; for I know 
 that, in the ancestral pedigree of my office, I should find very many 
 names connected with the learning, the genius, the chivalry of Scotland, 
 besides some which have shed lustre on the Empire at large. With the 
 nobleman whom I immediately succeed the Earl of Eglinton and 
 "Win ton I have not the advantage of more than a slight personal ac- 
 quaintance ; but I believe there are few who have found a more direct 
 access to the hearts of men ; and, in laying down his Viceregal, as well 
 as his Rectorial sceptre, he will be able to retain in his pleased remem- 
 brance how the applauses of Ireland have ratified the affections of his 
 native Scotland. It must consequently result that I should appreciate 
 in no common degree the distinction that you have been pleased to 
 confer upon me, and feel the whole weight of obligation that it imposes. 
 You are far indeed from having exhausted the many high claims, in 
 respect both of lineage and of merit, which your own division of our 
 island might have enabled you to supply; as, however, the County of 
 Aberdeen has given its present Prime Minister to the Empire, it is 
 surely allowable that an Englishman should be taken as the Rector of 
 an University of Aberdeen an office that, notwithstanding its honoura- 
 ble character and illustrious precedents, I flatter myself it is not quite 
 so difficult to fill. It can hardly, then, be made a matter of reproach, 
 that you should have thought fit to cast your eyes even as far as that 
 " debateable land" which lines your ancient realm, and to summon 
 thence an unworthy Borderer to commit a raid upon the high places and 
 choice honours of your northern domain ; and certainly, far beyond 
 the limits within which the spear of my ancestor Belted Will ever 
 carried apprehension or sustained discomfiture, you have, in a spirit of 
 generous reaction, thrown open your lettered retreats and b'owcrs of
 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN. 281 
 
 learning to his peaceful and, I trust, more docile descendant. As a 
 stranger within your walls up to the present moment, I should feel it 
 to be almost officious, and it would, at all events, be only to retrace 
 ground which has been on previous occasions sufficiently occupied, if 
 I should attempt to recapitulate the justly-celebrated names which, in 
 almost every department of science and literature, have, from time to 
 time, adorned, as they continue to adorn, this distinguished Uni- 
 versity. Such an eminent succession in the past is in itself one of the 
 surest guarantees against degeneracy in the future. Nor can I forget 
 that, when the celebrated Scottish historian and philosopher of the 
 last century David Hume the merits of whose diction ought never 
 to make us forget that, while there is not a great deal of honesty in his 
 History, there is still less of truth in his philosophy when, in the 
 zenith of his reputation and popularity, he employed his winning pen 
 to sap the foundations of immortal hope, perhaps the first of the faithful 
 voices that were raised to rebuke and to disarm him proceeded, in ac- 
 cents it is true, of courtesy and gentleness, from Dr. Campbell, of this 
 University. Perhaps, too, you will just allow me to add that my at- 
 tention has happened to have been recently directed to the writings of 
 our English poet, Gray, and I find that it was proposed to confer upon 
 him an Honorary Degree of this University, at the suggestion of one of 
 its most conspicuous ornaments, Dr. Beattie. It is pleasant to be thus 
 able to associate the authors of " The Elegy" and " The Minstrel." It 
 is pleasant, when coming from the cultivated lea, the fantastic beeches, 
 the antique towers, of our level but not unpoetic England, to pass on- 
 wards to the more rugged haunts and sterner beauties which give a 
 colour to the noble lines written under the immediate inspiration of the 
 scenes around us 
 
 " Oh ! how can'st them renounce the boundless store 
 Of charms which Nature to her votary yields, 
 
 The warbling woodlands, the resounding shore, 
 The pomp of groves, and garniture of fields ; 
 
 All that the genial ray of morning gilds, 
 And all that echoes to the song of even, 
 
 All that the mountain's sheltering bosom shields, 
 And all the dread magnificence of Heaven 
 
 Oh ! how can'st thou renounce, and hope to be forgiven ?" 
 
 Had it been for nothing else, it would be in my mind to have offered 
 my thanks to you for having brought me within the pale and influence
 
 282 INSTALLATION AS LORD RECTOR, 
 
 of Academic life once more. I cannot pretend to having led a very 
 eventful or stormy life, but I have mingled to a sufficient degree at 
 least in the stir and strife of parties, politics, crowds, and cities ; and 
 most refreshing it is, after all their hardening and roughening gusts 
 have passed over the mature brow, to he brought again even into mo- 
 mentary association with the serene quiet of College existence the 
 studies which engross without ruffling the mind, the day-dreams which 
 stimulate without perverting the fancy, the friendships as yet without 
 the taint of worldliness, the revered brow of learning, the sacred pre- 
 sence of ingenuous youth. To wish perpetuity and progress to the pur- 
 suits and studies which have long distinguished this seat of liberal edu- 
 cation and sound learning, would be not natural merely, but unavoidable 
 indeed, even for a person in no way connected with this Institution. I 
 trust that I should not have been wanting in any such aspiration, even 
 before I had the honour of becoming your Lord Rector. "With respect 
 to proficiency in science generally, I feel absolved from obtruding any 
 remark first, because, unhappily for myself, I am not in any way qua- 
 lified to enter upon such high matters 
 
 " Has Naturae accedere partes ;" 
 
 and next, because I am of opinion that, in an eminently practical, and 
 as it may be termed utilitarian age, there is comparatively little risk 
 that those branches of instruction which have for their main purpose to 
 wield the powers of Nature, or discipline the processes of thought for 
 the service of life to ascertain and apply truth will not be both 
 ardently explored and steadily mastered. Unknown planets are tracked 
 in the firmament, and unsuspected metals leap from the earth ; but al- 
 though such facts embody the essence of the sublimest poetry, it is to 
 geologists and astronomers, and not to Homers or Shakspeares, that we 
 look for their discovery. If I lir.ger for a moment longer on the claims 
 of classical learning and polite literature to your tenacious regard, it is 
 not merely because I might apprehend that the material spirit of the 
 times would be disposed to cast a cold glance at them, but we also have 
 perceived of late that, in some of the most civilized portions of the 
 globe, religion herself has been stimulated to throw her awful frown 
 upon them. I am much gratified to see that an accomplished Professor 
 of this University Dr. Maclure has very recently addressed you in a 
 most generous and enlightened strain, upon this very subject I think, 
 indeed, that a radical mistake, and indeed a grievous error, would be
 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN. 283 
 
 made, if we should resort to the writers of Heathen antiquity for the 
 true motives of conduct for our rule in life, or our hope in death. 
 This would, in truth, be but seeking to draw the living waters of the 
 Gospel from the perforated casks of Pagan Mythology, to borrow one of 
 her own illustrations. But, when we not only find in classic literature, 
 especially among the writers of Greece, the laws of all taste, and the 
 patterns of all excellence when we not only derive from her historians, 
 philosophers, and orators, examples for all time of the closest accuracy 
 of thought, the most complete simplicity, energy, and majesty of dic- 
 tion, and from her violet-crowned Muses the perfect mastery over every 
 mode of the lyre (I had rather refer to such images in the harmony of 
 their own native tones 
 
 opfiiy% ATTO\\U- 
 
 lOTT\OKa(Jl(i)V 
 
 Moiaav KTtavov, 
 
 but when, besides all these sources of what may be esteemed as mere 
 pleasure and delight, we proceed to infer that the supreme Governor of 
 the universe must have deemed it good in His inscrutable counsels to 
 have furnished and arrayed all this wondrous development of human 
 intellect and genius, as if with the purpose of proving how high they 
 could soar, how low they must sink, without the accompaniment of His 
 special revelation; and then to have made this very language, thus 
 fraught beforehand with all the treasures of this world's cunning, and 
 adapted by the marvellous pliancy of its mechanism to the expression 
 of all human thought, susceptible of a still higher destination in being 
 the chief channel in communicating the simple and weighty terms 
 of that Revelation to the world ; just as also the Imperial power of 
 Rome was the appointed instrument first for opposing, then for exalt- 
 ing, and then for diffusing the true religion amongst mankind when 
 we further find every day fresh manuscripts unhoused from Thracian or 
 Syrian monasteries, throwing new and unexpected lights both upon 
 the interpretation of the sacred text, and the history of the early Church, 
 at once vindicating the truth of Scripture, and stripping the false pre- 
 tensions and usurpations of man when the great German people, with 
 its hosts of acute critics and laborious scholars, are exercising their in- 
 genuity upon all that has been discovered, and upon a great deal that 
 has not I argue both from this pervading and continuing correspon- 
 dence between the literature that has been termed sacred and been
 
 284 INSTALLATION AS LORD EECTOK, 
 
 termed profane, as well as from the general truth that the Author of 
 the Universe is the source of all its beauty, and all its inspiration, that 
 it can be no more our duty to leave the excellencies of classical litera- 
 ture unexplored and uncared for, than it would be for the tourist or 
 painter to track the upward course of the fair stream which waters 
 your town, and not let his enthusiasm thrill with a livelier pulse amid 
 the ravines of Braemar, or his reverence kindle into a warmer glow 
 under the crests of Lochnagar. I wish, however, principally, within 
 such short limit of time as still remains to me, instead of dilating fur- 
 ther upon the character of those studies in these seats of learning, 
 whether literary or scientific, which have already sufficiently com- 
 mended themselves to the approval of mankind, to enter into somewhat 
 more of immediate communication with the living mass of youth which 
 I survey around me ; and as it is by their favour that I have been thus 
 invested with the privilege to address and even to counsel them, I trust 
 they will pardon the endeavour to establish, during the short period al- 
 lotted to our intercourse, the impressions of a more close, and real, and 
 lasting sympathy between us. It is indeed not without emotion that 
 I am now looking upon you, a portion of the rising youth and hope of 
 Scotland I may more fitly say of our common country of our com- 
 mon race of man. It is impossible for me, or for any one, to decipher 
 what amount of promise there may be among the active forms and in- 
 genuous countenances now gathered here, buoyant and ardent with all 
 the energies of youth. It is quite possible that there may be among 
 them the germs of the most splendid contributions to the service or the 
 delight of the world; and that even I, little worthy as I maybe of such 
 a function, may at this moment be addressing men destined, in the 
 good Providence of God, to make their country greater, and their race 
 happier, than they found it. But Avithout anticipating more than any 
 ordinary measure of the favours of Heaven, and the fortunes of men 
 without assuming that there are to issue from among you any prodigies 
 of genius or virtue still to the most sober and least visionary apprehen- 
 sion, what is the spectacle here presented ? I see those who are to 
 emerge from these walls as soon as the academical course has closed, and 
 to enter upon the many paths of active life some in all the busy calls 
 of trade some in the honourable competition of mercantile enterprise 
 some to administer or expound the laws of their country, and bring jus- 
 tice home to the poor man's dwelling some in that holy profession of
 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN. 285 
 
 healing, which is entitled to the epithet, if for no other reason than that 
 it was exalted by the practice of our Divine Master himself some in 
 the varied pursuits of science, art, and literature, among whom, per- 
 haps, there will not be wanting those who will return to the well- 
 remembered abode which they now inhabit here, and restore the full 
 stream of their matured acquirements to its native well-head some, 
 above all, in your old honoured Scottish pulpits; and here you will 
 allow one who is a stranger in your country, and not an adherent to your 
 Church, to speak without any reference to the later divisions which have 
 prevailed within it ; but I never can speak of the history, or the minis- 
 ters of the Church of Scotland without respect and gratitude for her 
 steady consistency in all her seasons of shade and sunshine, to both the 
 simplicity and fervour of Gospel truth. "When, however, I place the 
 profession of a minister of the Gospel high above all others, as I as- 
 suredly consider it to be in dignity, in privilege, in importance, I by 
 no means intend to convey that it behoves every one to aim at making 
 it his own ; on the contrary, I hold it to be the clear duty, of a man to 
 ascertain, with as much sincerity of mind as he can bring to the mo- 
 mentous inquiry, what the calling in life is for which the apparent 
 arrangements of Providence, and his own natural gifts, best adapt him ; 
 and then, when he has made the decision (I am of course speaking thus 
 of the general run of cases, as there can scarcely be any universal or 
 unbending rule applicable to such matters), to adhere to the course he 
 has entered upon with the utmost steadfastness of purpose. This, it 
 will be always fair for him to presume, is his allotted sphere, his ap- 
 propriate theatre of action ; keeping within this, he appears warranted 
 to hope for the blessing from above departing from this, he seems to 
 throw all on his own responsibility ; he is in danger of incurring the 
 reproach of Reuben "Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel." 
 To exhort you, collectively, to diligence, to stimulate you to ardour, 
 during those golden hours now at your command for the undisturbed 
 pursuit of your respective studies, while the dull surge of the outward 
 world only booms in the distance, would be not only a very obvious 
 task in itself, but one also I trust, for the most part superfluous with 
 reference to you. The desire for success in life is so general, and the 
 ingredients of that success so palpable, that where these fail in suggest- 
 ing and exciting the requisite exertion, the voice of the speaker can 
 have little hope of being effective. Upon consulting and diving back
 
 286 INSTALLATION AS LORD RECTOR, 
 
 into ray own post experience, whether derived from observation of my 
 fellows in the career of life, or still more consciously and painfully from 
 the testimony of my own self-knowledge, I am inclined to think that 
 the tendency against which we ought most to be on our guard in School 
 and College life in this country, and I doubt not in others, is the spirit 
 of too decided emulation with one another, arising from the too eager 
 desire of applause. I would be far from wishing to be understood aa 
 seeking to quench or supersede this powerful incentive to young and 
 ardent dispositions ; Providence has implanted it, and the whole consti- 
 tution of the world in which we live teems with matter for its fuel and 
 aliment ; but, like many of the best endowments of our race, it requires 
 to be watched, guided, subordinated. I perceive that my accomplished 
 predecessor the Earl of Eglinton, in his inaugural Address, quoted one 
 of those old Homeric lines which stir us like a war- trumpet, and it will 
 furnish me with just the distinction which I want to establish 
 
 Allv dtpiaTivtiv, rat turf /po^ov tfifitvai aXXaiv : 
 " Always excel, and tower above the rest." 
 
 In the first section of this line, nilv apimeveiv, "al way excel, "the genius 
 of Paganism and the genius of Christianity may take common ground, 
 and impart a common lesson " always excel." To the soldier, when 
 the ranks rush together to the sailor, when the storm sweeps down 
 upon him to the statesman, in the hottest strife of faction to the 
 ploughman, even on your granite hill-sides to the physician or sur- 
 geon, by the couch of the sick, or maimed to the clergyman, by the 
 bed of the dying duty has but one voice "Always excel." But 
 for the next half of the line, " and tower above the rest," there the 
 genius of Paganism goes on ; the genius of Christianity halts. To tower 
 above the rest may be the result of your excellence ; it cannot safely 
 be its motive. Christianity here comes in with other motives, and with 
 maxims which are at once immeasurably more humble, inconceivably 
 more lofty. " Charity seeketh not her own" "In honour preferring 
 one another" these, depend upon it, young friends, these are the rules 
 to test your moral progress, to measure your heavenward growth. 
 Most sincere indeed is my wish for you all that, when amid all the di- 
 verging paths and multifarious duties of your after lives, you look 
 back upon the years that are now gliding too swiftly past you here, 
 it may be to recognise in them the starting point of your several
 
 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 287 
 
 careers of eminence and distinction, enriched by the acquisitions with 
 which you will have stored your own minds, and ennobled by the pur- 
 poses of usefulness and philanthropy to which you will hereafter conse- 
 crate them. It should, however, be never left out of view, that emi- 
 nence and distinction, in their very nature, cannot be the lot of all ; 
 they do not always follow upon endeavour they do not invariably at- 
 tend desert. But you may have learned better things from the mental 
 and intellectual training of this place ; you never could have learned 
 them more effectively than from one of my most honoured predecessors 
 in office the learned and excellent Dr. Abercrombie whose inaugural 
 Address from this chair is a perfect manual for the discipline of the 
 mind and understanding, showing most powerfully to what a matter of 
 science, and almost of certainty, it can be reduced ; and in how great a 
 degree, if properly pursued and improved upon, it makes the mind its 
 own supreme master and lawgiver. But most of all do I wish for you 
 to look back on these sunny days of youth as the season of solemn 
 resolve that you will put before you the one true ambition, and embrace 
 the one paramount purpose of life the ambition and the purpose to do 
 the will of our God, and copy the character of His Christ. 
 
 PRESENTATION OF THE FKEEDOM OF ABERDEEN TO THE EARL 
 
 OF CARLISLE. 
 
 [Arm, IST, 1853.] 
 
 rFHE LORD PROVOST said : 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I have now the honour to discharge the most pleasant duty of the 
 day, in calling especial attention to the distinguished nobleman on my 
 right. You are all aware that Lord Carlisle has held important office 
 in the State, and that he has devoted much of his valuable time and 
 great talents for the benefit of his country, and the welfare of mankind. 
 His exertions in the cause of philanthropy and literature are acknow-
 
 288 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 
 
 ledged and appreciated by all ranks and classes of his fellow-country- 
 men. Sure I am, Gentlemen, that, without one dissenting voice, the 
 inhabitants of our large and flourishing city cordially approve of the 
 resolution of the Magistrates and Town Council to confer upon the 
 noble Lord the highest honour in their power to bestow namely, the 
 freedom of our ancient and royal burgh. I have now to request Mr. 
 Angus, Town Clerk, to read the Burgess Act of enrolment. 
 
 "Aberdoniae prid. Kal. April. 
 Anno millesimo octingentesimo quinquagesimo tertio. 
 
 Praefectus cseterique Magistrates et Commune Concilium 
 
 Civitatis Aberdonensis 
 
 Virum admodum Honoratum 
 
 GEORGIUM GULIELMUM FREDERICUM HOWARD 
 
 COMITEM CARLEOLENSEM, 
 Academiae Marischallanse Rectorem 
 
 etc. etc. etc. 
 ut observantiam testarentur in hominem 
 
 de patria 
 
 multis nominibus optime meritum 
 civitate donaverunt. 
 
 Quapropter hocce diploma conscribendum 
 sigilloque publico et scribae Communis 
 chirographo muniendum curarunt 
 JOANNES ANGUS 
 
 Scrib. Com." 
 
 After which, having affixed the ticket to Lord Carlisle's hat by a 
 piece of broad riband, he handed it to the Lord Provost, who placed it 
 on the noble Earl's head, and said : And now, my Lord Carlisle, I 
 have the honour, in name of the Magistrates and Council, and of the 
 community at large, to express the high gratification we feel in having 
 had the honour to enrol your Lordship among the Burgesses of Bon- 
 Accord. Ladies and Gentlemen, I now request that you will drink 
 with me this flowing bumper to 
 
 " The Health and Happiness of the Earl of Carlisle." 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE said : 
 
 MY LORD PROVOST, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 Having been thus invested with the insignia of my new office, I 
 for the first time divest myself of its blushing honours [taking off his
 
 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 289 
 
 hat, adorned with the burgess ticket], in order that I may express to 
 you my deep acknowledgments for the distinction thus conferred upon 
 me. I can assure you that when I first received the summons that has 
 brought me upon this occasion to the ancient City of Aberdeen, I cer- 
 tainly imagined that the only public body there with which I should be 
 brought into contact was one of its venerable Universities ; and that the 
 honours reserved for my humble brow would be of a purely academic, 
 without any mixture of a municipal character. In this expectation 
 the courteous and impressive proceeding in which we have just partici- 
 pated proved that I was destined to be splendidly disappointed. Not 
 that perhaps I ought to feel surprise at any such conj unction of civic 
 and academic functions or sympathies. You will well remember that, 
 in the days of the ancient Athens, it was at the time when the groves of 
 her Academe were most open to scholars and sages, when science was 
 most cultivated, and literature most honoured, it was then that her 
 neighbouring harbour of Piraeus was most crowded with ships it was 
 then that the stone, the granite, and the marble descended from all her 
 neighbouring heights, to be hewn into walls, and quays, and piers, and 
 breakwaters ; and that her youths, fresh from the exercises of her 
 schools and discipline of her classes, embarked with unwonted ardour 
 in the most spirited enterprises of commerce and colonization. Now, I 
 trust that your two sister Universities I trust especially that the one 
 of which I have the honour now to be Lord Rector will duly act up to 
 the part in this parallel appertaining to them; but there are indeed 
 many happy symptoms that the civic rulers and population of Aberdeen 
 are not wanting to their part in this same brilliant parallel. I am not 
 going to stray so much into the world of modern politics as to inquire 
 whether the Earl of Aberdeen can be looked upon as a proper represen- 
 tative for Pericles. We know that long ago he was called Athenian 
 Aberdeen called so by a poet to whom indeed the county of Aberdeen 
 did not give birth, but whose young muse it inspired by its mountain 
 breezes and romantic beauties, as he himself has told us : 
 
 " The boyish rapture still survived the boy, 
 And Lochnagar with Ida look'd o'er Troy ; 
 The North and Nature taught me to adore 
 Their scenes sublime, from scenes beloved before." 
 
 But, to return to the City of Aberdeen, with which is my more imme- 
 diate concern ; and, first, to its outward aspect, I hope in some of your
 
 21)0 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 
 
 architects might be found proper representatives of the Athenian 
 Phidias ; but you may safely defy any other town in the kingdom to 
 surpass you in the material of your buildings. Where else shall we find 
 a Granite City ? I am probably the person least qualified in this whole 
 concourse, comprising all who most dignify, and most adorn your com- 
 munity I, your newest citizen, am on that very account the least 
 qualified, as I said, to estimate the amount of improvement which has 
 been effected within recent memory. I see all around me the stirring 
 signs of life, and enterprise, and progress ; but of course I am not aware 
 from what comparative condition they have emerged. I find, however, 
 that the most undeniable testimony to the reality of your progress can 
 be supplied from the most authentic sources. I trust that my hearers 
 will not feel alarmed at my manifesting a prepense design to quote 
 from an official paper, but I plead guilty; and as in my remarks hitherto, 
 I suppose with my recollections of yesterday fresh about me, I have al- 
 lowed myself to be somewhat classical in my allusion, I am going for 
 about the space of a minute to be very statistical. I find that in the 
 last decade, from the year 1840 to the year 1850, you will see that, 
 while the British shipping entered inwards has- increased in ten years 
 from 16,245 tons to 21,985 tons, foreign shipping has declined from 
 8,627 tons to 7,988 tons, which shows that Aberdeen builders and mer- 
 chants, while they rely upon their own spirited exertions, have little to 
 fear from foreign competition. A similar fact may be inferred from the 
 outward entries. The coasting trade shows a very large increase the 
 entire inwards having increased from 1 89,343 tons to 275,397 tons ; and 
 outwards, from 111,802 tons to 237,070 tons. The registered tonnage 
 belonging to the port has increased in the same time from 48,237 tons 
 to 62,234 tons. Lastly, the revenue from Customs has increased from 
 80,019 in 1841, to 94,593 in 1 850, notwithstanding the large reduc- 
 tions which in the meantime took place in the rates charged under the 
 various reforms of our general tariff. Nor is it in the mere respect of 
 quantity that your merchants and shipbuilders seem to be achieving the 
 way to eminence ; they wisely bestow .their care upon quality as well 
 as quantity, and study the most approved models for the shape of their 
 vessels ; indeed, if I may give credit to the outlines I have seen pour- 
 trayed in that graphic chronicle of all that deserves contemporary ad- 
 miration, " The Illustrated London News," I trust that the new Aber- 
 deen clipper, "Cairngorm," together with vessels of such well-esta-
 
 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 291 
 
 blished repute as the " Granite City," and " Stornoway," may be 
 destined to match all contemporary craft, be it Scotch, English, or 
 American, in the beauty of its lines, the celebrity of its voyages, and 
 the prosperity of its returns ; and thus, while it puts our own breakfast 
 and tea-tables within earlier reach of the fragrant herb of China, spread 
 among those populous shores and island-spangled seas the growing re- 
 putation of the Aberdeen build. Let me touch, however, for one mo- 
 ment here upon a point, which I think does your community more real 
 honour than either the perfection of your vessels or the prosperity of 
 your commerce. I find that the Town Council of Aberdeen took a very 
 decided part in petitioning the Legislature in behalf of the retention of 
 the African Squadron, and other active measures for the suppression of 
 the Slave Trade. The result has amply justified their foresight ; but I 
 took the liberty of making this reference, because, .unhappily, it is not 
 so sure of happening as it ought to be. "Where there is most of activity, 
 enterprise, and success, there also should be the most resolute opposition 
 to the foulest degradation which ever sullied the fair name of trade, or 
 entered into the composition of the profoundest human guilt and human 
 woe. I feel then, Gentlemen, how cordially I ought to be gratified at 
 having been thus honourably admitted to the freedom of no mean city. 
 I feel it all the more, inasmuch as I have received this act of graceful 
 courtesy at a period when it cannot be connected with any merely poli- 
 tical consideration ; you have not thus chosen to distinguish me when 
 invested with any of the attractions of official patronage, nor yet when 
 we might be banded together by any feeling of fellow-favour in attack- 
 ing the administration of the day. It is true that there is a higher 
 sense of the term politics, which is also its original sense, as you may 
 learn from your neighbours at the Universities, and in this sense I 
 should be glad to think that my hearers of this day were not wholly 
 dissociated from politics. Thus understood, they signify all that con- 
 cerns the regulation and advancement of cities and communities ; in this 
 sense it behoves both me and every one whom I address to be politi- 
 cians, and it is in connexion with this sense of the word that I should 
 most like to think, and indeed by the terms made use of in the docu- 
 ment of my admission, I am somewhat encouraged to think, that I may 
 view myself as mainly indebted for the honours of my citizenship. I 
 allow myself to consider that you have looked upon me as one who, 
 though born in a position which I found ready-made for me, and had 
 
 TJ 2
 
 21)2 PRESENTATION OF THE FREEDOM OF ABERDEEN. 
 
 not to make for myself one perhaps naturally disposed to the lighter 
 pursuits of literature, and a more dreaming kind of life .has nevertheless 
 felt that what the nature of the times and the aspects of our social con- 
 dition eminently require is for the different classes of society, not in- 
 deed to obliterate the divisions which the positive institutions of their 
 country have raised about them, and reduce all the large undulating 
 varieties of our world to one common flat tame level, but to come toge- 
 ther in a spirit of thorough sympathy, to promote common objects and 
 the general good, to diffuse an interest for whatever refines, and what- 
 ever elevates the harsh lineaments of our native ruggedness, and to 
 make, as occasions and facilities present themselves, the beautiful in na- 
 ture, and the fair in art ; the lovely in character, the sublime in duty, 
 the common heritage of the whole human family. It is not for me to 
 remind you how dimly we all fill up the outline of our own perceptions, 
 or how lamentably our performance falls short of our purpose ; but it 
 will remain among the lasting gratifications of my life, that even such 
 imperfect perceptions, and such inadequate performance, shall have 
 been kindly and generously estimated by my fellow-citizens of Aber- 
 deen. 
 
 The EARL OF CARLISLE again rose, and said : 
 
 As youngest Burgess of the City of Aberdeen, he hoped they would 
 allow him to propose a toast ; having more work before him in the 
 evening, he would not detain them long for, although it was a labour 
 of love he had to perform, yet it required some time and some labour of 
 the lungs. They were aware how much the safety and good order of a 
 community depended upon the magistrates ; and, from all he had seen 
 and heard, the present civic rulers of Aberdeen were every way worthy 
 of the confidence of the citizens. He would therefore propose 
 
 " The Health of the Lord Provost, the Magistrates, and Town Council of Aberdeen."
 
 THE YORKSHIRE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. 203 
 
 THE YORKSHIRE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 MEETING AT THE FESTIVAL CONCERT ROOM, YORK. 
 
 [OCTOBEE 30TH, 1861.] 
 
 AT a Meeting in aid of the Yorkshire School for the Blind, His Grace 
 the ARCHBISHOP OF YORK presiding, the EARL OF CAR- 
 LISLE moved the first resolution : 
 
 "That subscriptions be entered into and promoted throughout the 
 county for the purposes of opening the doors of the Wilberforce School 
 to the many blind persons needing instruction who are as yet ex- 
 cluded from it, and for facilitating the efforts of the blind and skilled 
 adults to obtain a livelihood." In bringing this resolution under your 
 notice, I may premise that I am not quite sure that I should be 
 willing to examine closely whether a mixed feeling has not brought 
 me here to-day the claims of positive abstract duty on the one hand, 
 and the claims of memory and association on the other. I hope, how- 
 ever, in the short time during which I shall presume to occupy the at- 
 tention of this meeting, to show that on both these accounts there were 
 very good grounds for coming. I will begin with the claims of me- 
 mory. The meeting at which I last assisted on this subject and in this 
 place, which was the meeting also which originated the Wilberforce 
 School for the Blind, and which took place now twenty-eight years ago, is 
 still at this moment most present to my eyes. In the chair sat one whom 
 it was my good fortune to call my kinsman the Archbishop of the day 
 Archbishop Harcourt whom your Grace so worthily replaces, and in 
 whom there- was very much which your Grace's own character vividly 
 recalls. On the right hand of the chair, in the place I now occupy, 
 stood the then Lord Chancellor of England, Henry Lord Brougham, 
 who, after a life of unequalled energy, was then in the highest position 
 which he as a British subject could attain, and who, if it had not been
 
 294 THE YORKSHIRE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 for what I trust is u mere passing indisposition,* would have been here 
 to-day to reawaken the echoes with his eloquence, and to rekindle the 
 flow of that ardent philanthropy which glows as warmly at the age of 
 eighty as it did in the hundred fights of the Forum and the Senate. On 
 that day there was announced to us the munificent liberality of Lords 
 Fitzwilliam and Feversham ; and on that day, too, we hailed the first 
 early promise of a dawn too soon withdrawn from us in the first public 
 essay of the young Lord Milton ; and I at least cannot forget that here 
 too sat my own honoured father. These several distinguished persons 
 were brought here by a wish certainly to provide for the necessities of the 
 blind poor, but also by an especial desire to connect that work of mercy 
 with the memory of one just taken away from that sc'ene which he had 
 so long conspicuously occupied whom Yorkshire had so long regarded 
 as her foremost ornament, England as her purest patriot, and, not un- 
 duly to limit the range of his influence and his fame the world as its 
 best benefactor of William Wilberforce, whose son is here to-day to 
 represent him in the tones of his melodious voice, and in the fervour of 
 his benevolent heart. So much for the claims of memory and associa- 
 tion in connexion with this institution. In respect to the claims of 
 present positive duty, I thankfully feel that very little need be said by 
 me, both because the matter is so obvious in itself, and because it turns 
 so much upon figures and statistics which have already been placed very 
 amply before us. Into that dominion, therefore, I do not propose to 
 enter, but I will put it to you all whether this is a matter in which 
 Yorkshiremen ought to be content to be so far behind. His Grace has 
 very forcibly reminded you that in this respect, in connexion with your 
 
 * Lord Brougham, who was prevented by indisposition from being present, ad- 
 dressed a note to the Archbishop, in which he stated " I need hardly say how I 
 lament my inability to go to York. The subject is most interesting. Indeed, the 
 name of the school commands my most fixed regard. It remains ever in my bosom 
 one in which veneration and love strive for the mastery." 
 
 The following noblemen and gentlemen were present at this important meet- 
 ing: The Bishop of Oxford; Viscount Falkland; the Right Hon. T. Sotheron 
 Estcourt, M. P. ; Mr. R. Monckton Milnes, M. P. ; Sir J. B. Johnstone, M. P. ; the 
 Hon. E. Lascelles, M. P. ; the Hon. and Rev. the Dean of York ; Canon Vernon 
 Harcourt; the Rev. W. Wilberforce ; Mr. Childers ; Mr. G. Leeman ; Lord Mayor of 
 York, &c.
 
 THE YORKSHIRE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND- 295 
 
 blind poor, the whole county of Yorkshire does infinitely less than the 
 one Lancashire town of Liverpool. "Well may our pale rose blush at the 
 comparison. With respect to the adult blind poor, I believe the county 
 does absolutely nothing, and I need not tell you how much as a class 
 they are entitled to consideration and compassion. Taught just enough 
 by education and training to be aware of the duty and the dignity of 
 exertion able in a great measure to become profitable to themselves 
 and to the community at large, yet unable, by the obvious circumstances 
 of the case, to meet the wholly sound and seeing part of the community 
 on an equal footing, this only can be accomplished by special appliances, 
 by associated labour, by such machinery of workrooms and workshops 
 as it is now proposed to establish. We have the best reasons for think- 
 ing that, with these appliances, the labour of the skilled adult might be 
 made wholly self-supporting. I will here only say, in passing, that 
 however large as large I hope they will be the additions may be, in 
 consequence of the division of the pecuniary resources of the institution, 
 I trust that enlargement will not induce any who are concerned in its 
 management to dispense with the utmost available economy. I have 
 asked you whether in this matter Yorkshire ought to lag behind ; for 
 you surely cannot doubt that the blind poor are proper objects to call 
 forth your best and tenderest sympathies. Why are they among us ? 
 You have heard of the frightful number of those who are afflicted with 
 this great calamity. You know from the highest of all sources that it 
 is not to be attributed to their sin or to that of their parents ; and, while 
 we may reverently hope that the same Almighty Being who has visited 
 them with this immense privation has also in His unstinted abundance 
 immense resources of compensation for them ; and that, although they 
 may not gaze upon the variegated face of nature, sometimes, perhaps, 
 their ear may be tuned to a more exquisite sense of melody, and the 
 fresh breeze of heaven may play upon their cheeks with a purer and 
 more thrilling touch ; though they cannot distinguish the gorgeous hues 
 of sunrise and sunset, yet sometimes to them may be given a more un- 
 clouded sunshine of the soul; though, saddest of all, they may not 
 watch the lineaments of the human countenance, yet they may have a 
 fuller consciousness of a deeper and richer emphasis in the accents of 
 friendship and of love. While we hope, I say, that there may be much 
 of this compensatory process vouchsafed to them, yet in their presence 
 among us, to limit the case to ourselves, there can be no mistake. They
 
 2% THE YORKSHIRE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 are here as the most prominent and expressive objects to call forth our 
 sympathy, our tenderness, our active and Christian aid ; and though 
 we cannot, like the Divine Master we profess to serve, by a word of 
 power, or by a gesture of command, call the light of day to visit their 
 sightless orbs, yet we shall most really imitate and adopt His example 
 if we do our utmost to surround these orphans of the senses with all the 
 alleviations, the comforts, and the compensations which their case ad- 
 mits of, and thus endeavour in some degree to make our bounty keep 
 pace with their bereavement.
 
 OCCASIONAL POEMS 
 
 'PRAY WITHOUT CEASING." 
 
 [1828.] 
 
 Go when the morning shineth, 
 
 Go when the moon is bright, 
 Go when the eve declineth, 
 
 Go in the hush of night : 
 Go with pure mind and feeling, 
 
 Fling earthly thoughts away, 
 And in thy chamber kneeling, 
 
 Do thou in secret pray. 
 
 Remember all who love thee, 
 
 All who are loved by thee ; 
 Pray too for those who hate thee, 
 
 If any such there be ; 
 Then for thyself in meekness 
 
 A blessing humbly claim, 
 And link with each petition 
 
 Thy great Redeemer's name. 
 
 But if 'tis e'er denied thee 
 
 In solitude to pray, 
 Should holy thoughts come o'er thee 
 
 When friends are round thy way ; 
 E'en then, the silent breathing 
 
 Of thy spirit raised above 
 Shall reach His throne of glory, 
 
 Who is mercy, truth, and love-
 
 208 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 Oh, not a joy or blessing 
 
 With this can we compare, 
 The power that He hath given us 
 
 To pour our souls m prayer. 
 Whene'er thou pin'st in sadness, 
 
 Before His footstool fall ; 
 Remember, in thy gladness, 
 
 His love who gave thee all. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 [1829.] 
 i. 
 
 ON SEEING A TREE IN THE ISOLA BELLA, UPON WHICH BUONAPARTK HAD 
 CARVED SOME LETTERS TWO DAYS BEFORE THE BATTLE OF MARENGO. 
 
 PERCHANCE as here, beside the crystal flood, 
 In pleased repose the hero-despot stood, 
 Where art and nature emulously smile 
 With all their charms on each enchanted isle, 
 The scene's own soft contagion gently stole 
 O'er each stern purpose of his toil-worn soul ; 
 Perchance e'en here he grieved awhile to mar 
 Such climes of beauty with the waste of war ; 
 Wish'd that the tumult of his days might cease 
 In some bright vale, in some blest home of peace ; 
 Sigh'd for the joys he ne'er was doom'd to gain ; 
 Then rush'd to conquer on Marengo's plain. 
 
 II. 
 
 ON LEAVING BOLOGNA. 
 
 FAREWELL, Bologna ! Peace be on thy walls, 
 Thy long-drawn porticoes, thy marble halls ! 
 I sing not, that thy broad and sunny plain 
 With plenty girds the Adriatic main ; 
 That the pale olive and the purple vine 
 Love to ascend thy neighb'ring Apennine. 
 The muse for thee would fondly seek to raise 
 At Painting's sister-shrine one note of praise.
 
 ITALY. 299 
 
 With art unerring, since to nature true, 
 The bold design here each Caracci drew ; 
 Here great Domenichino caught the flame, 
 Equall'd, but not obscur'd, his master's fame ; 
 Here on the canvass Guido learn'd to trace 
 The might of passion and the soul of grace ; 
 "With darker lineaments, and sterner shade, 
 Guercino's skill each manly form array'd ; 
 While soft Albano from the Paphian grove 
 Stole every gentle form of infant love. 
 
 in. 
 
 ROME. 
 
 THOU eternal Rome ! for to have been 
 Is still to be the world's imperial Queen ; 
 Who, but must feel thy tale of parted fame 
 O'er his full heart a wide dominion claim, 
 As when, on conquest's wing, thy eagle flew 
 Where'er the billows rolled, the breezes blew 
 As when the Sun, beneath his fav'ring ray, 
 Saw not thy rival, beamed but on thy sway. 
 
 'Mid each dim vestige of thy sevenfold hill, 
 How fallen, but how lovely art thou still ! 
 Home of the wise, the warlike, and the free, 
 E'en in thy ruin, what is like to Thee ? 
 The Earth's wide circuit boasts no scene so bright 
 As the lone relics of thy vanished might. 
 
 Nor could the sons of all thy pomp and power 
 
 More fondly love thee, in thy loftiest hour ; 
 
 Not 'mid the Lictor band's encircling state, 
 
 Not in the Forum's high and free debate, 
 
 Not in the mingling frenzy of the war, 
 
 Not in the rapture of the victor's car, 
 
 Than he, who dares to tune this feeble lay 
 
 In mournful homage of thy mightier day ; 
 
 Who, wandering 'mid these scattered wrecks alone, 
 
 In thy dread destinies forgets his own ; 
 
 Explores the broken arch, the crumbling fane, 
 
 The doubtful hill, the desolated plain ; 
 
 Or, idly stoops to cull the flowers that wave, 
 
 Fair and inglorious, o'er a Caesar's grave.
 
 ',00 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 ON VIRGIL'S TOMB. 
 AND dost thou rest e'en here, thou mighty shade? 
 
 Can yon gray mound be so indeed divine P 
 Was all of thee that could remain here laid ? 
 
 All save thy deathless, save thy matchless line ? 
 
 For none like thine, howe'er the creed be wrong, 
 E'er o'er my soul held such transcendant sway ; 
 
 Not e'en blind Homer's universal song, 
 Not my own Shakspeare's wild and passion'd lay. 
 
 And, oh ! the vision to my view unfurl'd, 
 
 That makes thy tomb be worthy e'en of thee ! 
 
 Earth, sea, and sky, the brightest of the world : 
 Beneath me is my own Parthenope. 
 
 Still where the vine's young tendrils freshest creep, 
 Where all is lovely that is not sublime, 
 
 Honour'd thy grave, and peaceful be thy sleep, 
 Art's fav'rite son, 'mid nature's fairest clime. 
 
 v. 
 
 ON LEAVING ITALY. 
 
 MY steps are turn'd to England yet I sigh 
 To leave Ausonia's blue and balmy sky ; 
 I fain would linger 'mid her hills and plains, 
 Their living beauties, or their bright remains ; 
 Still tread each ruin's haunted round, and still 
 Explore the windings of each storied rill, 
 The cypress grove, the vineyard's trelliss'd shade, 
 The olive thicket, and the poplar glade. 
 
 My steps are turn'd to England yet I grieve 
 That this should be my last Italian eve. 
 And ye eternal snows ! whom now I hail 
 In twilight's rosy hues from Turin's vale, 
 Whom nature to the land a barrier gave, 
 Sublime to view, but impotent to save,
 
 THE YORK BAZAAR. 301 
 
 Thus the next sun shall o'er ye set, but I 
 Must gaze upon it in a colder sky . 
 
 My steps are turn'd to England and oh, shame 
 To son of her's who thrills not at that name ! 
 Call'd by the inspiring sound, before my eyes 
 My home's loved scenes, my country's glories rise ; 
 The free and mighty land that gave me birth, 
 Her moral beauty, and her public worth ; 
 All that can make the patriot bosom swell 
 Yet one more sigh bright Italy, farewell ! 
 
 IMPROMPTU ON THE YORK BAZAAR OF 1829.* 
 
 LADY, I covet not that radiant heap, 
 
 With more than all the rainbow's colours warm ; 
 
 The rich mosaic of embroid'ry keep, 
 
 The pencil'd landscape, and the painted form. 
 
 If round my senses thou would'st cast thy spell, 
 
 If o'er my coffers thy dominion prove, 
 Sell me the beauties that in Grantham dwell,f 
 
 Her mouth of softness, and her smile of love : 
 
 Sell me the smile on Fox's dimpling face,J 
 The form she borrow'd from Titania's dance ; 
 
 Stourton's mild lustre,|| Buncombe's tap 'ring grace, 
 York's full bright orb, and Howard's kindred glance :^[ 
 
 * This Bazaar realized upwards of 2000 for the York Infirmary. 
 
 f Lady Grantham was afterwards Countess de Grey ; she was the mother of the 
 Countess Cowper and Lady M. Vyner. 
 
 J Lady Charlotte Osborne, married Mr. Sackville Fox. 
 
 || Catherine Howard, sister of Philip H. Howard, of Corby Castle, then wife (now 
 widow) of the Hon. Philip Stourton, Holme Hall, York. 
 
 Lady Charlotte Buncombe. 
 
 IT Mrs. York, of Beverley, and Mrs. Howard, wife of the present Dean of Litch- 
 fi eld, were sisters ; their maiden name was Wright.
 
 302 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 Sell me the loveliness, sedate and high, 
 
 Twin'd in the bridal wreath round Petre's head ;* 
 
 The laughter-loving blue of Vernon's eye, 
 Herbert's young bloom, f and Milner's high-born tread, 
 
 Such are the peerless charms that price defy, 
 Above the weight of silver and of gold ; 
 
 For when thy winning voice would bid me buy, 
 I feel, alas ! that I myself am sold. 
 
 HALLOWED JOYS. 
 
 REJOICE not, if the rosy smile 
 Of woman's love thy path beguile ; 
 If mirth and music charm thy bower, 
 If pleasure wing each honied hour. 
 Rejoice if, in a world of pain, 
 Its sorrow may efface its stain. 
 
 Rejoice not, if the trump of fame 
 Ring to the echo of thy name ; 
 If thronging crowds around thee press, 
 If monarch- live and nations bless. 
 Rejoice that on the Eternal Throne 
 The Saviour marks thee for His own. 
 
 Rejoice not, if the tuneful lay 
 Roll through thy lips its sounding way ; 
 If thy hand wake to life and fire 
 The breathing and the burning lyre. 
 Rejoice if thy faint note of praise 
 Shall swell the strain that seraphs raise. 
 
 * Hon. Laura Maria Jcrmingham, daughter of Lord and Lady Stafford. On the 
 death of her husband, the Hon. E. R. Petre, Mrs. Petre entered a convent, and is 
 now a nun. 
 
 t Miss Louisa Herbert, daughter of the Hon. and Rev. "William Herbert; is now 
 the wife of Colonel Mundy. 
 
 J Lady Milner.
 
 THE BIRTH OF RHODES. 303 
 
 Rejoice not, if this earth display 
 The wealth and wonder of her day ; 
 Her gay delights of sound and scene 
 The vocal grove, the vernal green. 
 Rejoice that to the meek are given 
 The golden palaces of Heaven. 
 
 RHODES. 
 
 " UPON his departure we weighed anchor, and saw the shores of Rhodes fade from our 
 sight, under the youngest crescent of the new moon. Mr. Newton comes with us as 
 far as the island of Calimno, whither I believe he is bound rather more on antiqua- 
 rian than on strictly consular business. It is a happy circumstance that our public 
 servants should be able to employ any leisure from their official duties in pursuits 
 which are likely not to be without direct benefit to the national stock of knowledge 
 and taste. I trust I do not leave this fair island and hospitable roof-tree, without 
 fervent gratitude for all the mercies received there, of many of which my good friend 
 has been empowered to be so active an instrument. 
 
 " In a lighter strain, I may remark that it would have appeared somewhat un- 
 grateful in this island to have given me a grave ; in proof of which I append two 
 paraphrases that I made very many years ago, of the beautiful legend of the birth of 
 Rhodes in Pindar, 01. 7." Diary of Travel in Turkish and Greek Waters. 
 
 " CUM fati imperio, prima sub origine mundi, 
 
 Eligerent propriam Dique Deaeque larem, 
 Turn sibi Junonem dites cepere Mycenae, 
 
 Cepit in umbrosis saltibus Ida Jovem ; 
 Turn Venus est sortita Paphon, turn celsa Cythera ; 
 
 Turn juga Cecropii casta ISlinerva soli ; 
 At Phrebo, rutili dextra dum fraena diei 
 
 Tenderet, haud Phcebo contigit ulla domus ; 
 Ille autem, liquidi mersam sub marmore ponti 
 
 Vidit adhuc parvam delituisse Rhodon, 
 Jamdudum e pelago crescentem, aurasque petentem 
 
 Vidit, et in cano prata virere salo ; 
 * Hanc, Pater, hanc concede domum, tuque insula,' clamat, 
 
 ' Ocyus e vitreis exoriare vadis, 
 Exoriare, potens armis, atque ubere felix, 
 
 Magna parens ovium, magna futura virum ; 
 Do tibi, tranquillo facilem parere colono, 
 
 Do tibi, nativis imperitare fretis.' "
 
 304 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 u WIIKN at Creation's radiunt dawn uncurled, 
 Rolled the grey vapours from a new-made world. 
 Each bright Immortal chose a home below, 
 Which most his presence and his name should know. 
 Then Jove first trod his Ida's forest bower, 
 Then Juno reared Mycenae's royal tower; 
 Minerva sat on Sunium's rocky throne, 
 And claimed the Attic olive for her own ; 
 While Venus shed the lustre of her smile 
 Round high Cithera, and her Paphian isle : 
 No Deity but owned some honoured hill, 
 Some solemn grove, or consecrated rill. 
 Phoebus alone, as on th' ethereal way 
 He sped the flaming coursers of the day, 
 Amid the conclave of the clouds forgot, 
 Upon the earth he gladdens found no lot : 
 When lo ! far down beneath the glassy tide 
 One hidden shore he viewed, then joyful cried : 
 ' Change not for me th' allotments of the sky, 
 Nought can escape Apollo's piercing eye ; 
 See, in the folds of Ocean's azure vest, 
 A brighter, greener bower than all the rest. 
 Rise, lovely Island, from the crystal flood, 
 Rise, clothed with harvest, vintage, lawn, and wood ; 
 Rhodes be thy name ! With shoot elastic, rise, 
 Spurn the salt depths, and bask beneath the skies ; 
 From thy moist surface heave the silvery spray, 
 Spread thy young bosom to my golden ray ; 
 On thee through all the year shall breathe and gleam 
 My balmiest zephyr, and my brightest beam ; 
 Cities and harbours shall adorn thy coast, 
 War, commerce, art, shall be alike thy boast, 
 Thy maids all beautiful, thy sons all brave, 
 And thou, the mistress of thy natal wave.' "
 
 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 305 
 
 MY JESSAMINE TREE. 
 
 MY slight and slender Jessamine tree, 
 
 That bloomest on my Border tow'r, 
 Thou art more dearly lov'd by me, 
 
 Than all the wreaths of fairy bow'r ; 
 I ask not while I near thee dwell, 
 
 Arabia's spice or Syria's rose ; 
 Thy light festoons more freshly smell, 
 
 Thy virgin white more purely glows. 
 
 My wild and winsome Jessamine tree, 
 
 That climbest up the dark grey wall ; 
 Thy tiny flow'rets seem in glee 
 
 Like silver spray drops down to fall : 
 Say did they from their leaves thus peep, 
 
 When mail'd moss troopers rode the hill : 
 When helmed warders paced the keep, 
 
 And bugles blew for Belted Will? 
 
 My free and feathery Jessamine tree, 
 
 Within the fragrance of thy breath, 
 Yon dungeon grated to its key, 
 
 And the chained captive sigh'd for death 
 On border fray, on feudal crime, 
 
 I dream not, while I gaze on thee : 
 The chieftains of that stern old time 
 
 Could ne'er have lov'd a Jessamine tree. 
 
 WHO HAS NOT FELT, 'NEATH AZURE SKIES. 
 
 WHO has not felt, 'neath azure skies, 
 
 At glowing noon, or golden even, 
 A soft and mellow sadness rise, 
 
 And tinge with Earth the hues of Heaven. 
 x
 
 306 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 That shadowy consciousness will steal 
 O'er every scene of fond desire ; 
 
 Linger in laughter's gayest peal ; 
 And close each cadence of the Lyre. 
 
 In the most radiant landscape round, 
 Lurk the dim haunts of crime and care ; 
 
 Man's toil must plough the teeming ground, 
 His sigh must load the perfum'd air. 
 
 Oh ! for the suns that never part, 
 
 The fields with hues unfading dress'd ; 
 
 Th' unfalt'ring strain th' unbounded heart, 
 The joy ! the triumph ! and the rest. 
 
 NIAGARA. 
 
 THERE'S nothing great or bright, thou glorious Fall, 
 
 Thou may'st not to the fancy's sense recall : 
 
 The thunder-riven cloud, the lightning's leap, 
 
 The stirring of the chambers of the deep ; 
 
 Earth's emerald green, and many tinted dyes, 
 
 The fleecy whiteness of the upper skies ; 
 
 The tread of armies, thick'ning as they come, 
 
 The boom of cannon and the beat of drum ; 
 
 The brow of beauty and the form of grace, 
 
 The passion and the prowess of our race : 
 
 The song of Homer in its loftiest hour, 
 
 The unresisted sweep of Roman power ; 
 
 Britannia's trident on the azure sea ; 
 
 America's young shout of liberty ! 
 
 Oh ! may the wars that madden in thy deeps, 
 
 There spend their rage, nor climb the encircling steeps, 
 
 And till the conflict of thy surges cease, 
 
 The nations on thy banks repose in peace.
 
 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 307 
 
 BLOW, GENTLE AIRS. 
 
 " Bright, soft day, along the Syrian coast. I must make this a rhymed entry." 
 
 Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters. 
 
 BLOW, gentle airs ! but on your balmy wing 
 
 I ask no flowery tribute of the spring, 
 
 No spicy buds in Antioch's vale that bloom, 
 
 No silken stores from rich Aleppo's loom, 
 
 Nor all the wealth that down Orontes' tide 
 
 With Syrian softness hardier climes supplied.* 
 
 Blow, gentle airs ! on this fair eastern eve, 
 
 With breath as holy as the land ye leave ; 
 
 From Lebanon's peaks, from blue Gennesareth's shore, 
 
 On the worn heart divine refreshment pour ; 
 
 From Nazareth's slope, from high Capernaum's crest, 
 
 Shed heavenly healing on the sinful breast ; 
 
 And in the calm and brightness mirror'd here, 
 
 Waft the blest presage of a purer sphere. 
 
 PINUS INSIGNIS, 
 
 PLANTED BY HEE EXCELLENCY THE COUNTESS OF Si. GEBMANS, IN THE 
 VICEREGAL GARDENS, PH<ENIX PARK, DUBLIN. 
 
 JANUARY, 1855. 
 [1856.] 
 
 POOR tree, a gentle mistress plac'd thee here, 
 
 To be the glory of the glade around ; 
 Thy life has not surviv'd one fleeting year, 
 
 And she, too, sleeps beneath another mound. 
 
 Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes." Juv. HI. 62. 
 x2
 
 308 OCCASIONAL POEMS. 
 
 But mark, what difFring terms your fates allow, 
 Though like the period of your swift decay ; 
 
 Thine, are the sapless root and wither'd bough ; 
 Her's the green mem'ry and immortal day. 
 
 "OH, COME TO SEE ME." 
 LINES ON A HAWTHORN THEE IN THE VICEREGAL GARDENS, WHICH is 
 
 PARTLY COVERED WITH IVY. 
 
 [1862.] 
 
 OH, come to see me, when the soft warm May 
 Bids all my boughs their gay embroidery wear, 
 
 In my bright season's transitory day, 
 While my young perfume loads the enamoured air. 
 
 Oh, come to see me, when the sky is blue, 
 And backs my spangles with an azure ground, 
 
 While the thick ivy bosses, clustering through, 
 See their dark tufts with silvery circlets crowned. 
 
 Then be the spring in all its pomp arrayed, 
 
 The lilac's blossom, the laburnum's blaze; 
 Nature has reared, beyond this hawthorn shade, 
 
 No fairer altar to her Maker's praise.
 
 ( 309 ) 
 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL: 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IN a very able and elaborate work lately published by Mr. Buckle, the first volume 
 of the History of Civilization in England, it is much insisted upon that the greatness 
 and happiness of nations increase in almost parallel proportions with their sceptical 
 tendencies. I do not wish to fix upon the term of scepticism a more offensive im- 
 port than the author himself assigns to it; and if I can judge of myself aright, there 
 can be nothing which I should more wish to avoid than any approach to dogmatism 
 in the discussion of religious subjects, and still more especially of Scriptural Pro- 
 phecy. I must further admit myself not to be aware how far critical research and 
 investigation have been brought to bear upon the composition of the Book of-the 
 Prophet Daniel. It has long, however, appeared to me that if the eighth Chapter of 
 this marvellous Book, of which, principally with the view of calling increased atten- 
 tion to it at the present period, I have attempted the following Paraphrase in verse, 
 does really stand, as it is assumed to do in our Bibles, without addition, interpola- 
 tion, or corruption, these three points are established. 
 
 1. The inspiration of the sacred text. 
 
 2. The immediate superintendence of Divine Providence in the order of events, 
 and in the government oT the world. 
 
 3. The high probability, when the Chapter is viewed in connexion with the asso- 
 ciated Prophecies and Chronologies of the Books of Daniel and of the Revelations, 
 that we are even now upon the threshold of great events, and of the close of our pre- 
 sent economy. 
 
 DANIEL, CHAP. VIII. 
 
 1 In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even 
 unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first. 
 
 2 And I saw in a vision ; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan 
 in the palace, which is in the province of Elam ; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the 
 river of Vlai. 
 
 3 Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a 
 ram which had two horns : and the two horns were high ; but one was higher than the 
 other, and the higher came up last. 
 
 4 I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so that no 
 beasts might ttand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; 
 but he did according to his will, and became great. 
 
 5 And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of
 
 310 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 
 
 the whole earth, and touched not the ground; and the goat had a notable horn between 
 his eyes. 
 
 6 And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the 
 river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power. 
 
 7 And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against 
 him, and smote the ram, andbrake his two horns : and there was no power in the ram 
 to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and 
 there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand. 
 
 8 Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn 
 was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven. 
 
 9 And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, to- 
 ward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land. 
 
 10 And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the 
 host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them. 
 
 1 1 Fea, he magnifiedhimself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sa- 
 crifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. 
 
 12 And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, 
 and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered. 
 
 13 IT Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain 
 saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the 
 transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden wider 
 foot? 
 
 14 And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days ; then shall 
 the sanctuary be cleansed. 
 
 15 And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, and sought for 
 the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man. 
 
 16 And I heard a man's voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, 
 Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision. 
 
 17 So he came near where I stood, and when he came, 1 was afraid, and fell upon 
 my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man : for at the time of the end 
 shall be the vision. 
 
 18 Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face toward the 
 ground : but he touched me, and set me upright, 
 
 19 And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the 
 indignation : for at the time appointed the end shall be. 
 
 20 The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia. 
 
 21 And the rough goat is the king of Grecia : and the great horn that is between his 
 eyes is the first king. 
 
 22 Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand 
 up out of the nation, but not in his power. 
 
 23 And in fhe latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the 
 full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up, 
 
 24 And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power : and he shall destroy 
 wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy 
 people. 
 
 25 And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand ; and he 
 shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many : he shall also stand 
 up against the Prince of princes ; but he shall be broken without hand.
 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 311 
 
 26 And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is true : wherefore 
 shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many days. 
 
 27 And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days ; afterward I rose up, and did 
 the king's business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it. 
 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 
 IN* that still hour, b when the declining sun, 
 Gilded the towers of mighty Babylon, 
 While from Belshazzar's hall upon the breeze 
 Came fitful strains of festal harmonies, 
 Apart to Israel's God I watch'd, and wept, c 
 'Till peace came o'er my spirit, and I slept. 
 Kapt d in the vision of my mystic dream, 
 I stood by clear Ulai's 6 royal stream, 
 Where Susa's glitt'ring palaces f record 
 Th' unnumber'd trophies of the Persian sword.s 
 Round Cyrus, call'd of Judah's God, h behold 
 The 1 silken Lydian pour his hoarded gold ! j 
 Thron'd k 'mid the circuit of her hundred gates, 
 Imperial Babylon her victor waits : l 
 
 a " In the third year of the reign of king Belshaz/ar a vision appeared unto me." 
 Daniel viii. 1. 
 
 b B. c. 553. 
 
 c " And I set my face unto the Lord God, to seek by prayer and supplications, 
 with fasting, and sackcloth, and ashes." Daniel, ix. 3. 
 
 d "And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that 1 was at 
 Shushan in the palace." Ver. 2. 
 
 e " I was by the river of Ulai." Ver. 2. The Eulseus. Susa was built between 
 the rivers Eulaeus and Choaspes, both famous for their delicious water. " Parthorum 
 reges ex Choaspe et Eulaeo tantum bibunt." PLINY, H. N., 31. 21. 
 
 " The drink of none but kings." MILTON, Par. Eeg. III. 289. 
 
 f " Thus the great palace at Persopolis contained inscriptions of Darius, Xerxes, 
 and later kings." Note to Rawlinson's Herodotus. 
 
 s " There stood before the river a ram which had two horns." Ver 3. 
 
 " The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and 
 Persia." Ver. 20. 
 
 h " That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd." Isaiah, xliv. 28. 
 
 * " I saw the ram pushing northward ... he did according to his will, and be- 
 came great." Ver. 4. 
 
 J Croesus was taken prisoner by Cyrus, B. c. 549. 
 
 k Southward. 
 
 1 Babylon was taken by Cyrus, B. c. 539. Herodotus mentions the hundred gates.
 
 312 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 
 
 Flush'd with mad pride, behold Cambyses" run 
 
 To the far chambers of the western sun ! 
 
 Yet from that West in turn more fierce alarms 
 
 Rouse the pale East to unexpected? arms, 
 
 He comes, by gifted eye descried afar, 
 
 Monarch of men, and Thunderbolt" 1 of war ! 
 
 Through' the cleft air with lightning leap he springs 
 
 O'er subject provinces, and suppliant Kings. 
 
 Speak, chafd Granicus ! 9 red Arbela, say !* 
 
 What gory horrors crown'd each dreadful day. 
 
 See u Media's elder diadem unbound ! 
 
 See Persia's loftier sceptre kiss the ground ! 
 
 Sea-girt in vain, mourn, desolated Tyre! r 
 
 Wrap thy proud domes, Persepolis, w in fire ! 
 
 Him, climes and tribes he knew not, learn to know, 
 
 The Parthian arrow, 1 and the Bactrian bow ; 
 
 Indus? his wat'ry barrier rolls aside, 
 
 Hydaspes wafts him on his fabled 2 tide ; 
 
 m Westward. 
 
 n Cambyses invaded Egypt, B. c. 525. 
 
 " An he goat came from the west, and the goat had a notable horn between his 
 eyes." Ver. 5. 
 
 " The rough goat is the king of Grecia : and the great horn that is between his 
 eyes is the first king." Ver. 21. 
 
 P " By a fatal imprudence the Persians permitted Alexander to carry over without 
 opposition his grand army into Asia in the spring of 334 B. c." GROTE, vol. xii., p. 1 04. 
 
 q " Fulmen belli." Vmo. Mn. vi. 841. 
 
 r " The goat came on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground." 
 Ver. 5. 
 
 9 Battle of the Granicus, B. c. 334. 
 
 * Battle of Arbela, B. c. 331. 
 
 u " The ram had two horns : and the two horns were high ; but one was higher 
 than the other, and the higher came up last." Ver. 3. 
 
 " And the goat came to the ram that had two horns, and ran unto him in the fury 
 of his power." Ver. 6. 
 
 " The goat smote the ram, and brake his two horns, cast him down to the ground, 
 and stamped upon him." Ver. 7. 
 
 T Tyre taken, B. c. 332. 
 
 w Persepolis burned, B. c. 330. 
 
 1 Parthia subdued, B. c. 330 ; Bactria, B. c. 329. 
 > Indus crossed Hydaspes forced, B. c. 326. 
 
 * " Fabulosus Hydaspes." HOR. i. 22.
 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 313 
 
 The* Hero-King adoring nations own, 
 And Asia kneels at Alexander's throne. 
 
 With glories radiant as the noonday sun, 
 He sits aloft in ancient Babylon ; 
 In Babylon the royal feast is spread, 
 In Babylon the Hero-King lies dead. b 
 
 With feebler sway, from these great obsequies, 
 Four c sceptred dynasties together rise : d 
 This, o'er their native Macedon bears sway, 
 And Greece's 6 silver isles and shores obey ; 
 This, rules o'er many a tempest-batter'd race, 
 From rich f Bithynia to the steeps of Thrace ; 
 This, as o'er Carmel breathes the fragrant gale, 
 Gathers the spices of each Syrian vale ; 
 This, sees the Nile his bounteous vest 6 expand, 
 And clothe with plenty Afric's glowing sand. 
 'Mid the dim twilight of declining power, 
 They fill th' allotted space, and bide th' appointed hour. h 
 
 * " The he goat waxed very great ; and when he was strong, the great horn was 
 broken." Ver. 8. 
 
 b Alexander died at Babylon, B. c. 323, immediately after the feast in honour of 
 the obsequies of Hephaestion. 
 
 c " For it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven." Ver. 8. 
 
 " Four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power." 
 Ver. 22. 
 
 d The four kingdoms may be assumed to be that of Cassander, in Macedon and 
 Greece ; of Lysimachus, in Thrace and Bithynia ; of Seleucus, in Syria ; and of 
 Ptolemy, in Egypt 
 
 " Nitentes Cyclades." HOB. i. 14. 
 
 f The plain of Broussa retains to this day its ancient fertility. 
 
 e " Nilum tota veste vocantem." VIKG. JEn. viii. 711. 
 
 h This may be said to conclude the first portion or half of the Prophecy ; and thus 
 far, the authenticity of the text being taken for granted, there is no room for ambi- 
 guity, doubt, or denial ; the interpreting Angel says directly, " This is the king of 
 Persia : this is the king of Greece ;" and their real histories are accurately pour- 
 trayed. For the solution of the remaining portion we are left to our own conjec- 
 tures, and there has accordingly been a great variety of interpretation. By most of 
 the older commentators, " The little horn," or" The king of fierce countenance, and 
 understanding dark sentences," was supposed to be Antiochus Epiphanes. By Bishop 
 Newton, and Sir Isaac Newton the one an high authority upon Prophecy, the other
 
 314 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 
 
 . The lab'ring centuries in long career 
 Weave their dark web of wonder and of fear ; 
 The days of Rome's long glories wax and wane, 
 The vex'd earth moans beneath her guilty reign :' 
 E'en at that hour, in Mecca's rocky cell,-" 
 The k Warrior-Prophet frames his wizard spell, 
 Cons the dark sentence and the mystic lore, 
 Then bids the nations tremble, and adore. 1 
 O'er all the slumb'ring myriads burst afar 
 The flashes of the Moslem scymetar ; 
 The turban'd hordes of Araby advance, 
 Urge the fleet barb, and hurl th' unerring lance. 
 'Mid m Egypt's Temples," and o'er Barca's sands, 
 Copt, Moor, and Goth, uplift submissive hands : 
 On p Xeres' bank, and Andalusia's plain, 
 Cowers all the recreant chivalry of Spain : 
 Wealth^ sits enthron'd 'mid Cordova's 1 high towers, 
 And Science dwells in soft Granada's bowers. 
 
 the highest of all human authorities in nearly every respect the Roman Empire 
 was understood to be signified. Mr. Faber, in his " Sacred Calendar of Prophecy," 
 adopts the religion of Mahomet and the Saracen dominion. Mr. Elliot, in his 
 " Horae Apocalypticse," prefers the Empire of the Ottoman Turks. It will be seen 
 that I have selected Mr. Faber's interpretation, as it appears to me to proceed upon 
 the most plausible system of dates, and to have generally the greatest marks of im- 
 portance and propriety. I have naturally not attempted to put the figures of dates 
 into rhyme. 
 
 1 " In the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the 
 full." Ver. 23. 
 
 J The cave of Hera, three miles from Mecca. GIBBON, c. i 
 
 k "A king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand 
 up." Ver. 23. 
 
 1 The copy of the Koran was said to have been brought down to Mahomet by the 
 Angel Gabriel. GIBBON. 
 
 m " The little horn waxed exceeding great toward the south." Ver. 9. 
 
 " He shall destroy wonderfully." Ver. 24. 
 
 n Amram occupied Egypt the Coptic Christians submitted, A. D. 638. 
 
 Abdallah subdued the sea coast of Barbary, A. D. 647. 
 
 P Tarik landed in Spain, A. D. 710. The Gothic Monarchy was overthrown at 
 the battle of Xeres, A. D. 711. 
 
 1 " He shall prosper and practise." Ver. 24. 
 
 r Cordova contained 600 mosques, 900 baths, 200,000 houses. GIBBON.
 
 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 315 
 
 Nor 5 less, where Eastern ethers brightly smile, 
 To* the chill Oxus from the sultry Nile, 
 The dusky tribes receive the Prophet's law, 
 And to his Caliphs bend with prostrate awe. 
 Cashmere's green vales obey the stern command, 
 Bassora's u wharves, and marts of Samarcand," 
 And names to Greek and Roman arms unknown 
 Swell the proud pomp of Delhi's jewell'd throne. w 
 
 Vain 1 are the legions of Byzantium's Lord* 
 'Gainst the dread sweep of CaledV gleaming sword : 
 Vain thy bright stores of luxury and toil, 
 Damascus,* loveliest scene on mortal soil ! b 
 Where perfum'd gales from Lebanon descend, 
 And Pharpar's streams with clear Abana blend. 
 Thou, d too, fair Zion's consecrated hill, 
 Kedron's scant brook, and lone Siloam's rill, 
 Haunts of my Saviour, footsteps of my God, 
 Down to the dust by new Blasphemers trod! 8 
 
 1 " And toward the east." Ver. 9. 
 
 1 The successful leader (Omar) neither halted nor reposed till his foaming cavalry 
 had tasted the waters of the Oxus. GIBBON, c. LT. 
 
 u Bassora, on the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, was founded ahout A. D. 
 636. 
 
 T Paper is said to have been first manufactured in Samarcand. 
 
 w In the year 1858, the reader will not need to be reminded of the Mogul dy- 
 nasty of Delhi. 
 
 * "And towards the pleasant land." Ver. 9. (Always understood to be Pales- 
 tine.) 
 
 " He shall destroy the mighty and the holy people." Ver. 24. 
 
 y The armies of the Emperor Heraclius were defeated by Caled at Aiznadin, 
 A. D. 633, and Yermuk, A. D. 636. 
 
 1 Caled was called the Sword of God. 
 
 a Damascus was taken, A. D. 634. 
 
 b Tije 'Ewag cnraffrjG 600aX/i6c- Epistles attributed to Julian. 
 
 c " Are not Abana and Pharphar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the rivers 
 of Israel ?" 2 Kings, v. 12. 
 
 d Jerusalem capitulated, A. D. 637- 
 
 f " He magnified himself even to the prince of the host . . . and the place of 
 his sanctuary was cast down." Ver. 11. 
 
 " He shall stand up against the Prince of princes." Ver. 25.
 
 316 THE SECOND VISION OF DANIEL. 
 
 Where Bethlehem nursed Creation's lowly Lord, 
 Hark ! the fierce shout, " The Koran or the Sword !" f 
 In warlike pomp the haughty Emirs ride 
 By the still hamlets on Gennesareth's tide, 
 And crafty g seers proclaim a heav'n of guilt, 
 Where the pure blood of Calvary was spilt. 
 Yet, ere the vision fades before my eyes, 
 See the regenerating dawn arise ! 
 Before the radiance of the Gospel beam, 1 " 
 Down, baffled Crescent ! shrink, Euphrates' stream !' 
 Return, ye ransom'd, to your promised home ! 
 Feet, that are beauteous on the mountain, come ! 
 Foul bigotry, avaunt ! fierce Discord, cease ! 
 Earth, sea, and sky, be glad, before the Prince of Peace ! 
 
 f I confess that I perceive with surprise Mr. Buckle's very favourable estimate 
 of the Mahomedan religion, especially as proceeding from one who generally pro- 
 fesses himself so much, averse to mere military prowess. 
 
 e " Through his policy he shall cause craft to prosper." Ver. 25. 
 
 h " He shall be broken without hand." Ver. 25. 
 
 4 And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates ; and 
 the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be pre- 
 pared." Rev. xvi. 12.
 
 ( 317 ) 
 
 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; 
 
 OB, 
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE: 
 
 & Cragebg. 
 [1828.] 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IT will easily be perceived that the following Play, if for no other reason than the uni- 
 form progress of the story towards an inevitable catastrophe, would be ill adapted to dra- 
 matic representation. I fear that the experiment which I have now ventured to make 
 may only have the effect of teaching me, that it is not much better calculated to be read. 
 I have, however, been willing to hope that the events which are now attracting so much 
 of public attention in the East of Europe, though they did not suggest the undertaking, 
 may confer upon it a portion of interest which it could not have commanded by any 
 merit of its own. 
 
 It is hardly requisite to observe, that Miss Baillie has published a Tragedy upon the 
 same subject I should naturally shrink from entering into such formidable competi- 
 tion ; but I believe that, except hi so far as our common authorities have necessarily led 
 us to allude to the same prominent events, we shall not be found to have clashed. 
 
 PROLOGUE. 
 
 WHILE in rapt mood the fancy loved to stray 
 
 O'er the bright realms of her peculiar sway, 
 
 And saw in mystic vision pass along 
 
 The buried forms of glory and of song, 
 
 The nymphs, the heroes, and the gods, whose love 
 
 Stooped from the sky to deify the grove ; 
 
 What was the angry sound that dared invade 
 
 The solemn stillness of each haunted glade, 
 
 O'ercame the murmurs of Castalia's rill, 
 
 The leafy whispers of Dodona's hill, 
 
 And filled the shore, the islands, and the main, 
 
 From (Eta's caverns to Messene's plain ? 
 
 It was the clang of arms the cry of strife 
 
 The shout of Freedom starting into life.
 
 318 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 There went a voice of mourning through the land : 
 
 Lo ! by yon rampart on the sea-beat strand, 
 
 A sad and solitary form is seen ; 
 
 Pale is his brow, and proud, yet calm, his mien ; 
 
 His curling lip seems formed for scornful ire, 
 
 But in his eye there gleams a poet's fire ; 
 
 The bay-leaf girds his hair I know him well ; 
 
 'Tis He the master of the chorded shell. 
 
 The Muse, that loved and mourned him, could not save 
 
 From grief, from error, and an early grave. 
 
 Yet here at least let angry censure cease ; 
 
 Honour to BYRON, when the theme is Greece. 
 
 But hark ! another and a louder wail 
 O'er the far billow loads the western gale. 
 Land of the wise, the eloquent, the free, 
 Weep for a stranger, worthy e'en of Thee ; 
 Whose lips drank deep of all thy springs ; whose mind 
 Learned of thy lore to fascinate mankind ; 
 Who loved thee in his boyhood's careless hour, 
 Who pitied in his high career of power, 
 Who would have saved on thine Achaian shore, 
 Mourn, Freedom, mourn for CANNING is no more. 
 
 Yet rear again thy drooping head, and raise 
 The choral paeans of forgotten days, 
 The strains once chaunted on thine azure sea, 
 The songs of Salamis and Mycale. 
 Ne'er were thy hopes more fair, than when the day 
 Gilt the armed prows in Navarino's bay ; 
 Ne'er was thy star more high, than when the night 
 Closed on the smouldering horrors of the fight. 
 Though not thine own the glory of the deed, 
 It is enough of triumph to be freed. 
 Roll swiftly on, ye numbered hours ! unfold 
 New arts, new honours, and revive the old : 
 Not e'en one shattered link of Moslem chains 
 Shall mar the fertile gladness of the plains ; 
 Where only anchored round the Colian cliff 
 The pirate's pinnace, or the fisher's skiff, 
 Commerce shall bid her sons unarmed resort, 
 And peaceful navies crowd the friendly port ; 
 While Liberty shall bless the toils of peace, 
 And Bards and Patriots live again for Greece.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 319 
 
 DRAMATIS PERSONS. 
 
 CONSTANTINE PAL^EOLOGUS Emperor of the Greeks. 
 
 GIUSTINIANI, General of the Genoese forces. 
 
 CARDINAL ISIDORE. 
 
 PHRANZA, Great Chamberlain. 
 
 LASCARIS, , Son to Phranza. 
 
 ALCIPHRON, . . . . \ 
 
 THEODORE, .... > Greek Officers. 
 
 ALEXIUS, / 
 
 MANUEL, An Old Soldier. 
 
 Turkish Officers. 
 
 CARAZES, ; 
 
 EVANTHE, Daughter to Phranza. 
 
 THOMAIS, A Widow. 
 
 Officers, Soldiers, Son to THOMAIS, Servants. 
 SC ENE CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 ACT I SCENE I. 
 
 A Street or Square. A crowd of Soldiers and Citizens discovered : ALCI- 
 PHROX and MANUEL among them. 
 
 Voice without. A sally from the rampart. Hoa ! this way. 
 
 2716? Voice. More soldiers to the rampart. 
 
 Alciphron. On, ye sluggards ; 
 
 On this last effort all our hopes now hang. 
 Move forward. 
 
 Voice without. Send more soldiers : as ye prize 
 
 Your lives, no more delay. 
 
 Ale. Now follow me, 
 
 Each one of you that dares. 
 
 [Exit, with some of the soldiers. 
 
 Manuel. Alas the day ! 
 
 These aged limbs can carry me no further. 
 They talk of fighting, where I must not follow ; 
 I hear of danger, which I may not face.
 
 320 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 1st Soldier. I will not to the walls. 
 
 2nd Soldier. Nor I. 
 
 Man. You will not ? 
 
 1st Sol. We but expose ourselves to certain death, 
 Perched up together on the naked wall, 
 A mark for all their murderous instruments. 
 
 2nd Soldier. Besides, no change can make us suffer more 
 Than we endure now daily ; danger, toil, 
 Perpetual watching, hunger, thirst, disease : 
 What can the Turks inflict more terrible ? 
 What heed we, if a master must be o'er us, 
 Whether 'tis Constantino or Mahomet ? 
 
 Man. Shame on ye, factious, heartless citizens, 
 On ye and on your sons, inglorious brawlers. 
 Oh, for an hour of vigour in this arm ; 
 I swear I would not wreak it on the foe, 
 Till it had taught ye all to know what are 
 The duties of a man. 
 
 1st Sol. Old man, 'tis well 
 
 For such as you to speak, who never saw 
 These new invented thunderbolts, contrived 
 By hellish powers, and most infernal magic, 
 That sweep away whole ranks of us at once, 
 Make breaches in our thickest walls, and cleave 
 Our stoutest breast-plates and best tempered armour, 
 As the east wind sports with the gossamer 
 On a clear morning. 
 
 Man. Sally forth hem them in 
 
 Among their own unwieldy batteries, 
 And turn their thunder back on them ; I warrant 
 The devil, if he made them, will play fair 
 To either side. 
 
 Voices without. Rescue! Rescue! Rescue! 
 
 The Emperor is surrounded. 
 
 Enter LASCARIS. 
 
 Lascaris. Slaves and cowards ! 
 
 Heard ye that shout, and stand ye here and gape ?
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 321 
 
 By Heaven, I kill the man that does not move. 
 Constantine to the rescue ! Constantine ! 
 
 [Exit, with most of the soldiers. 
 
 Enter THOMAIS, trying to detain her Son. 
 
 Thomais. My son, my' son, oh ! go not hence. He will ! 
 Oh ! stop him, sirs, let him not pass ; my son, 
 Leave me not, for mercy. 
 
 Son. Heard ye not the cry, 
 
 Constantine to the rescue, ho ! [Exit. 
 
 Thorn. He goes ; 
 
 He heeds me not, ungrateful boy ! I lost 
 His father in the siege, and he too now 
 Leaves me thus desolate. 
 
 Man. Be comforted. 
 
 Let him at once avenge his father's death, 
 And save his sovereign's life. 
 
 Thorn. He'll lose his own. 
 
 Man. Think better of it ; no pitched battle this, 
 'Tis but a moment's skirmish near the gate, 
 And they'll be here again. 
 
 Thorn. Would we could hear 
 
 Something of what is passing. 
 
 Man. Ha ! a shout, 
 
 A glad one too, I think. 
 
 Thorn. Pray Heaven it prove so ! 
 
 Enter ALCIPHRON and Soldiers. 
 Man. What from the field ? 
 
 Ale. The foe has been repulsed, 
 
 And Constantine's again among his troops, 
 Unhurt, tho' desperate has been the struggle. 
 In our last sally from the town, some chance 
 Had left him nearly single 'mid a crowd 
 Of angry foes ; with fearless energy 
 He long maintained his ground, and many fell 
 Around ; at last the throng had borne him down,
 
 322 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 When on a sudden valiant Lascaris, 
 With a most well-timed succour from the town, 
 Burst in upon the knot of men, beat off, 
 Slew, scattered them, and saved the Emperor. 
 I lost my sword in the thick of it, and go 
 To fetch another. 
 
 Enter Soldier. 
 
 Sol. A truce, a truce. 
 
 Ale. Ha ! 
 
 What means this ? 
 
 Sol. Till to-morrow's dawn a truce, 
 
 At Mahomet's request. 
 
 2nd Sol. We want it more 
 
 Than he can do. But let us hence, and look 
 About for some refreshment and repose. 
 I'm sure we've earned it. 
 
 1st Sol. Come this way with me. 
 
 (To Thomais) Neighbour, thy son is dead. 
 
 Thorn. Tell me once more, 
 
 But be quite sure before you speak. 
 
 \st Sol. 'Tis so. 
 
 I saw it done. 
 
 Ale. Was he the youth that fell 
 
 In the last onset by that Tartar's lance ? 
 
 1st Sol. The same. 
 
 Ale. Then mourn not, nor look wild with grief. 
 
 Thou shalt be honoured among Grecian mothers ; 
 For mark me while I tell thee how he fell. 
 Thou heard'st me saying how the Emperor 
 Was overborne by numbers, ere the band 
 Brought up by Lascaris had time to reach him. 
 Stretched on the ground he lay ; a savage Ismaelite 
 With his long lance had marked him for his own. 
 The space that there was yet between them seemed 
 Quite to preclude all hope, when from the midst 
 Darted a youth ; more quick than mortal thought 
 Onward he rushed, and with a desperate bound
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 323 
 
 Sprang full upon the body ; as he fell 
 
 His breast received the weapon, that for him 
 
 Was meant not. It was thus that thy son died. 
 
 Thorn. Can this then comfort me ? or shall I weep 
 One drop the less because he saved a life 
 I care not for, and lost his own, in which 
 I lived, and breathed, and moved ? O cant of comfort ! 
 My only son ! my brave and dark-haired boy ! 
 Shall I not see thee more for all my life ? 
 'Tis much too wretched. 
 
 Ale. Be more moderate. 
 
 The matrons of old Greece received not thus 
 The tidings of their sons in battle slain. 
 
 Thorn. And think'st thou that I wish to be like them ? 
 They mothers ! but they never knew their sons, 
 They never reared them, never lived with them. 
 Thou know'st not what he was to me : kind, gentle, 
 Patient, unmurmuring ; prop of my age, 
 Joy of my eyes, and solace of my soul. 
 My heart must break. 
 
 Ale. I'm sorry for thy loss, 
 
 But we I fear can do thee little good : 
 So God befriend thee in thy need. 
 
 Thorn. Yet stay. 
 
 Where is he ? I must see him, must embrace 
 Oh, miserable thought ! must bury him. 
 Lead me to find him. 
 
 Man. I will with thee, woman, 
 
 We are both old and feeble, and alone 
 On the wide earth ; but none will seek to hurt us. 
 Worldly privations give the privilege 
 To pass along unquestioned, and secure 
 From further harm. No enemies are found 
 So fierce, but pay respect to misery. 
 Come, lean on me this way. 
 
 Thorn. Look upon me, 
 
 Ye conquerors ! ye men of arms and blood ! 
 Ye that lay waste this fair and bounteous earth, 
 Her peopled cities, and her teeming plains : 
 
 Y 2
 
 324 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Ye that drill men like slaves, slay them like sheep, 
 
 To purchase sway or fame (just Heaven above !). 
 
 Look on me now ; for, stern and pitiless 
 
 As ye must be, if once ye could but feel 
 
 One little part of all the pangs that rack 
 
 My bleeding breast, ye would in mercy sheathe 
 
 Your murderous swords, and let the world be glad. 
 
 SCENE II. 
 
 An Apartment in the house O/PHHANZA. 
 EVANTHE standing at a window. 
 
 Evan. The morning air comes softly thro' the lattice ; 
 The summer breathes out from her jessamine bowers, 
 As tho' there were not war and death around 
 To taint their new-born fragrance. When our fate 
 Brings no congenial promise of enjoyment, 
 There is a gloom in nature's loveliness. 
 What profit have we in the clear blue heaven, 
 The scented air, the many-coloured earth, 
 The groves, the gardens, and the porticoes 
 That line our beauteous seas, while here we sit 
 Hemmed and pent in 'mid armed battlements ? 
 'Tis strange my father comes not ; sure his age 
 Braves not the leaguered wall, nor tented plain, 
 The scenes where younger men must fight and bleed. 
 Ah for the woes of Greece ! when will an end 
 Be put to all their dreary catalogue ? 
 But some one passes thro' the court ; I know 
 The footsteps of my sire. 
 
 Enter PHRANZA. 
 
 My dearest father ! 
 
 Phran. Heaven bless my child ; butthou look'st pale and harassed, 
 And thy pulse flutters. Hast thou waited long ? 
 
 Evan. Oh ! very long, but you are come at last ; 
 And my worn spirits, and my watching eyes, 
 Forget all else in your reviving presence.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 325 
 
 May but my gratitude be strong enough 
 For your continued safety ! But now speak 
 Of all that has been done since last we met. 
 
 Phran. My anxious child, but seldom from that time 
 Have I been parted from the Emperor's side ; 
 And if in such a season of dismay 
 A feeling as of comfort could have cheered 
 My aged breast, it would have been called forth 
 By the fair spectacle my eyes surveyed. 
 Hadst thou but seen him, as he trod the round 
 Of the long rampart, share each painful toil 
 With all the meanest of his troops, breathe life 
 And energy within their sinking hearts, 
 Appease the sullen, animate the stout, 
 Make faction tame, and cowardice alert, 
 And all with such a mild considerate goodness, 
 Such high resolve, such dignified endurance, 
 Thou would'st have deemed the ills that close around him 
 "Were but the appointed instruments to call 
 His goodness forth, in all its truth and lustre. 
 
 Evan. Speak on, my futher ; let me hear yet more, 
 For I should ne'er grow weary of the theme. 
 
 Phran. 'Tis rightly said; it pleases me to find 
 That thou art glad to hear thy sovereign's praise. 
 Thy brother too has earned most high renown ; 
 By a hot sally from the town he saved 
 The Emperor's life, and made our foes retreat. 
 
 Evan. My valiant brother saved his Emperor's life ! 
 What pride and glorious joy must now be his ! 
 Is he still fighting ? 
 
 Phran. No, we have a truce 
 
 Until the dawning of to-morrow's sun. 
 Ere long the Turkish sultan Mahomet 
 Will send his final terms to Constantine. 
 They must decide our fate. 
 
 Evan. And do you think 
 
 They will be such as he can listen to ? 
 
 Phran. To nothing will he listen, be assured, 
 That honour can condemn.
 
 326 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Evan. I will swear to that. 
 
 Which of his subjects would not do the same ? 
 
 Phran. My poor excited girl, could all our men, 
 Citizens, soldiers, nay, grave senators, 
 Feel in their cold and calculating hearts 
 But half the eager loyalty that dwells 
 Upon thy artless lips, the days of Greece 
 Might not e'en now be numbered. Kiss thy sire, 
 I like thee for't. 
 
 Evan. But see, my brother comes. 
 
 Enter GIUSTINIANI and LASCARIS. 
 
 Welcome, most dear and honoured Lascaris ; 
 I feel such pride in thee ; never till now 
 Have I quite known how tenderly I loved thee. 
 
 Lasc. My good Evanthe, seest thou not our guest ? 
 The brave and chivalrous Giustiniani 
 Honours my father's roof; he thinks, no doubt, 
 The dames of Genoa would not thus accost 
 A stranger and a hero. 
 
 Giust. I beseech you, 
 
 Talk not of Genoa's dames, or any stock 
 Of our more coarse Italians, while my eyes 
 Have the blest privilege to gaze on charms 
 That make their clumsier beauties valueless. 
 Where should we find among our mongrel race 
 Of trading merchants, or of Gothic nobles, 
 That faultless symmetry of form and motion, 
 That perfect outline of the classic face, 
 Which mark the pure descent of Greece ? 
 
 Evan. My Lord, 
 
 Mock me not thus, because in these rough times 
 I chance to be without the wonted veil 
 Our maidens ever wear in such high presence. 
 
 Phran. Nay, I am sure the brave Giustiniani 
 Will not reprove our lack of ceremony ; 
 Council and war must need engross our time ; 
 And since there's much demand for both, Evanthe,
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 327 
 
 Offer the wine-cup to our noble guest, 
 
 We will then onward to the Emperor ; 
 
 Much he may need our prompt advice, and much 
 
 Our stout adherence. 
 
 Lose. Pledge me, honoured warrior, 
 
 Fledge me in yonder mantling grape of Chios. 
 We'll drain it to the glory of the brave 
 Who die in battle. 
 
 dust. Tis too stern a pledge, 
 
 While there is gentler inspiration here. 
 This to the fairest of the maids of Greece, 
 The bright Evanthe. 
 
 EC an. Grecian maids, my Lord, 
 
 Now only strive for one pre-eminence 
 Which best shall love their monarch. 
 
 Giust. This it is, 
 
 I see, to have an emperor unwed. 
 
 Evan. With your permission I retire, my father, 
 My presence cannot suit your grave debates. 
 
 Phran. Go not, my child ; we must ourselves away ; 
 May we soon meet again ; till then dismiss 
 Every uneasy thought, and hope the best. 
 
 Late. Evanthe, fare thee well. 
 
 Giust. And in his turn, 
 
 Albeit unworthy of your favour, lady, 
 The humblest of his vassals takes his leave. 
 
 [Exeunt all but Evanthe. 
 
 Evan. I like not that bold stranger : I could see 
 The angry shadow flit across bis brow, 
 When 1 seemed moved not by his formal phrase. 
 He wears a satisfied and conscious air 
 In all his strained and laboured courtesies, 
 As if not meant to honour their poor object, 
 But rather show how great a man it is 
 Who stoops thus low. Oh 1 how unlike to some, 
 And greater far than him, who only seek 
 To gladden, and in their own eyes exalt 
 All whom their ready notice greets ; whose smile
 
 328 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 And look, and slightest word, are sure all round 
 To scatter pleasure, for they wish to please. 
 But whither rove ye, vain and idle thoughts ? 
 Back, back into my bosom ; droop and mourn 
 In silence there, and learn to be forgotten. 
 
 Enter Servant. 
 
 Ser. A stranger, lady, in the Turkish garb 
 Desires to speak with you. 
 
 Evan. A Turk with me ! 
 
 What does he here at all ? 
 
 Ser. It is the truce, 
 
 And he is one of those the Sultan sends 
 To lay his terms before our Emperor. 
 
 Evan. Tell him my father is already gone, 
 And he will find him at his prince's side ; 
 For me he cannot want. 
 
 Ser. I've told him this ; 
 
 But something, said he, to your father's welfare 
 Of intimate concern, most privately 
 He wishes to impart. 
 
 Evan. Ha ! said he so ? 
 
 Admit him instantly. [Exit Servant. 
 
 I have no choice, 
 But what does this portend ? 
 
 Servant introduces CARAZES. 
 
 Car. Your pardon, lady, 
 
 That I have now thus ventured to obtrude 
 A foreign, and I fear a hated presence, 
 ' Upon your privacy. I wish to serve 
 Your father and his house ; let that at least 
 Bear no offence with it. 
 
 Evan. Most courteous stranger, 
 
 Whatever be the purpose of your visit, 
 Receive for its most friendly opening thanks. 
 
 Car. I am the son of Calil Bassa, lady, 
 First vizir of the Sultan Mahomet :
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 329 
 
 Who, when your sire, the just and learned Phranza, 
 Came to the Othman court ambassador, 
 While Sultan Amurath yet filled the throne, 
 And Greek and Turk most happily for both 
 Were joined in peace, did in his house receive, 
 Attend, and honour him with meet observance. 
 But amply did he think himself repaid 
 Jn the rich converse and the smooth demeanour 
 Of his good guest : he was not wont to meet such, 
 I e'en must own it, 'mid his kindred tribes. 
 Many rich presents they exchanged at parting, 
 And further promised, in their hour of need, "** 
 If one could have assistance from the other, 
 He should command his friendly offices. 
 Thus did our sires ; but now, where there was peace, 
 Is war. I come within these walls with Isinael, 
 The prince of rich Sinope, who is charged 
 With offers to your Emperor from our camp. 
 This by my father's credit has been wrought. 
 May Alia speed the issue ! but perchance 
 His sovereign will has otherwise decreed. 
 It therefore was the vizir's further wish, 
 That here beneath his roof we should devise 
 What might insure the safety of his friend. 
 
 Evan. Show but one way in which he can be safe, 
 And I will bless you for the pious counsel. 
 
 Car. The sea and shore are ours ; a bark, a steed 
 Might bear him undiscovered hence. 
 
 Evan. Oh! Sir, 
 
 Judge not thus poorly of my loyal sire 
 That he would leave his country and his prince 
 At their last gasp of life. 
 
 Car. We knew, alas ! 
 
 Your father's soul, and feared its stubborn virtue, 
 That makes e'en ruin duty. Listen then 
 To what I next propose, for this at least 
 A foe may offer, and a patriot hear. 
 There is an angle in the line of rampart. 
 You may remember, where the western wall 
 Close to the brink of the Propontis runs,
 
 330 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Of access almost desperate, and thence 
 But feebly guarded ; at the hour of sunset 
 Walk there, and you shall learn, if aught of note, 
 Is brewing in the Moslem camp ; you then 
 May shape such measures as you list. 
 
 Evan. I hear, 
 
 And am most grateful ; whatsoe'er the event, 
 My soul has told me it may fully trust you. 
 I will remember faithfully. 
 
 Car. But hark ! 
 
 The trumpeLpalls me to our solemn audience. 
 So fare you well, most bright and gentle lady. 
 You will not scorn my heart's unfeigned petition, 
 Tho' it comes breathed from unbelieving lips : 
 The blessings of the just be on your house. [Exeunt. 
 
 ACT II SCENE I. 
 
 A Street. 
 Enter ALCIPHKON and THEODORK. 
 
 Ale. At length a few short moments of repose 
 Suspend the labours of ill-fated Greece. 
 For fifty days we've seen without a pause 
 The work of desolation move along ; 
 Each night upon our chance-found post we've laid 
 Our bodies wearied with their rough day's toil, 
 To be awakened by the morrow's cannon. 
 Now all around is still : the shout, the groan, 
 The many-voiced confusion of the war, 
 The clang of hollow hoofs, and rattling mail, 
 The thunder of the loud artillery, 
 The fiery onset, and the desperate rescue, 
 Have ceased to echo round the walls' wide circuit, 
 While either army, hushed in stern repose, 
 Breathe from their wonted task of blood. 
 
 Theo. Alas! 
 
 What can this short-lived interval of rest
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 331 
 
 Do but retard our ruin ? Or, if not 
 
 Our ruin must I speak it our dishonour ? 
 
 Ale. Full well I know our lone and perilous state ; 
 But come what may, be sure that Constantine 
 Can brave defeat and death, but not dishonour. 
 
 Theo. Not less than you, brave Alciphron, my Prince 
 I venerate, and it were shame I should not. 
 But he is man ; if Heaven declares against him, 
 What can he do ? 
 
 Ale. That will this hour decide. 
 
 You know that in pursuance of the truce 
 The ambassadors of Mahomet ere long 
 Will have pronounced their master's latest will. 
 What that may be, we've yet to learn, but still 
 Must fear the worst ; for if our Emperor 
 Can boast a soul that will not stoop to baseness, 
 The savage Sultan is as deaf to pity. 
 
 Theo. Alexius comes this way ; he seems in haste, 
 And may have more to tell. 
 
 Enter ALEXIUS, 
 
 Alex. Well met, my friends. 
 
 Will ye not hear the doom that seals our fate? 
 
 Theo. Is the time come ? 
 
 Alex. The Turkish ministers 
 
 Are now within the walls ; next time perhaps 
 They will not come in peace. 
 
 Ale. Where does Constantine 
 
 Receive their message ? 
 
 Alex. In the Hippodrome, 
 
 Surrounded by his troops, and court, and nobles, 
 His faithful people, and his brave allies ; 
 Such was his will, and for the last time, haply, 
 Constantinople puts on all her grandeur. 
 
 Theo. May she not wear it as her funeral robe ! 
 
 Ale. And if she does, she dies becomingly. 
 This clouded period of her last decline 
 Is not least, glorious in Byzantium's annals.
 
 332 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Nor would I seek to change the expiring throes 
 Of hopeless bravery for many a year 
 Of guilty splendour and successful crime. 
 
 Alex. I hear the stirring note of martial music. 
 They will have met. Let us to the Hippodrome. [Exeunt. 
 
 Si i:.\ K II. 
 The Hippodrome. 
 
 The troops entering, and placing themselves. Enter on one side, as described, 
 Ai-CiruuoN, THEODORE, and ALEXIUS. The others afterwards. 
 
 Ale. By heaven these troops still wear a goodly show. 
 
 Theo. Aye, if they would but fight. The old Greek valour 
 Has fallen off apace in these last days, 
 They lead the pageant, or they swell the train 
 With gay and gorgeous bearing, as you see ; 
 But when the work begins in earnest 
 
 Alex. Then, 
 
 Those that now follow have the hands to fight. 
 
 Ale. You rate them right ; the Emperor's body-guard 
 Oft have I seen them on the well-fought day 
 Ply on their steady valour, which the Turk 
 May yet know more of. Lo ! as bold a band, 
 Tho' more irregular their bravery, 
 Albania's mountain sons ; their crags at least 
 Are still unconquered the last haunts of Freedom. 
 
 Alex. But see, the sons of commerce and of war 
 Whom Genoa sends to aid us, and, oh ! shame 
 To all the Western world, she sends alone. 
 
 Theo. Mark you how o'er them all superior moves 
 The proud Giustiniani ; he is deemed 
 The model and the rule of chivalry ; 
 In all the laws of courtesy and honour 
 Most delicate, and of approved experience : 
 May his days set in glory ! 
 
 Alex. Next moves on 
 
 The peaceful train of lazy senators,
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 333 
 
 The lords of villas, theatres, and gardens, 
 
 The hoarders of the wealth that might have saved us.* 
 
 Ale. And now the more distinguished few advance, 
 The pillars of the state, and throne, and army ; 
 The reverend Patriarch of our holy church, 
 With him the Roman legate Isidore, 
 The warlike Lascaris, the prudent Phranza, 
 And, blow, ye trumpets blow the Emperor ! 
 
 CONSTANTINE takes his seat upon his throne ; the others stand round. 
 
 Const. Princes, and Senators, to whose high charge 
 The welfare of the East has been consigned, 
 My valiant Generals, my brave allies, 
 Associates of my counsels as my arms, 
 I have assembled you this day to hear 
 The last proposals of our enemy ; 
 That if in any wise I seem to make 
 An answer unbecoming of my station, 
 Or of my fortunes, you may interpose 
 Your sage advice. 
 
 Isidore. May the Most High, my son, 
 
 Direct you right. 
 
 Giust. We throw ourselves, great Sir, 
 
 Implicitly on your imperial wisdom. 
 
 Const. Give entrance to the Sultan's messengers. 
 
 Officers of the Court introduce ISMAEL, CARAZES, Turks, Sfc. 
 
 Ambassadors of Sultan Mahomet, 
 
 We wait to hear what you are charged to speak. 
 
 Ism. The Lord of nations, and the King of kings, 
 The vicar of the one and only God, 
 And of his holy Prophet upon earth, 
 Our mighty Sultan, Mahomet the Second, 
 To the Greek Prince of Constantinople, thus 
 * Speaks forth his sovereign pleasure. 
 
 * See that fine passage in Irene 
 
 " That wealth, too pleasing for their country's use," &c.
 
 334 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Lasc. Shall I strike 
 
 The mad blasphemer down ? 
 
 Const. Peace, good Lascaris, 
 
 And let us hear him patiently. Say on. 
 
 Ism, Mine are the kingdoms which thy fathers ruled, 
 Mine are the seas on which thy navies sailed, 
 And mine the armies on a thousand plains. 
 My arm is stretched above thee ; in my grasp 
 '1 hyself, thy city, and thy provinces, 
 Are placed; and if I speak the word, I crush thee. 
 Yet if thou wilt implore my power to spare, 
 I grant thee three alternatives of safety : 
 Embrace them, or reject them, as thou wilt. 
 
 Const. Name the conditions. 
 
 Ism. Acknowledge Mahomet 
 
 Thy rightful sovereign by the laws of conquest ; 
 Be first among his tributaries ; 
 And for his gracious sufferance to worship 
 God in the darkened faith thy fathers taught thee, 
 Pay every year what in this scroll is marked. 
 
 [Delivers a scroll. 
 
 Const. Answer thy Sultan, that I know not how 
 An empty treasury, a starving people, 
 Could e'er supply the sum that he demands. 
 But further tell him, were the added wealth 
 Of Europe and of Asia ours to give him, 
 The produce of each realm that e'er obeyed 
 The sceptre of my great progenitors, 
 Constantinople scorns the name of tribute. 
 And bounded as is now her flight of empire, 
 The Roman eagle ne'er shall stoop so low, 
 In base submission to the Moslem crescent. 
 
 Ism. Hear what his mercy next vouchsafes to yield ; 
 To every Greek a free and full permission 
 To leave their native city, to embark 
 Their wives, their children, and their property, 
 And seek some other shore in peace and safety. 
 
 Const. "What, leave our city ! leave Constantinople ! 
 Does he not know then, vain unhappy man,
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 335 
 
 The thrilling magic in the name of country ? 
 The sons of rapine that infest his ranks, 
 The wandering Tartar, and the houseless Turkman, 
 May leave without a pang their barren wilds, 
 To wanton in the sunny plains of Greece. 
 But educated man, endowed with reason, 
 Clings with an offspring's fondness to the land 
 That saw his birth, and holds his father's ashes. 
 Let loose, then, all your dark reserves of wrath ;' 
 Butcher our citizens, and raze our homes ; 
 We'll find a grave among our country's ruins : 
 For, oh ! I feel, my own thrice beauteous city, 
 That I can die for thee, but not desert thee. 
 
 Car. (aside) How his words move me ! Pardon, Emperor, 
 That youth like mine should dare to interpose. 
 Your thoughts are noble, and bespeak a soul, 
 Albeit a foe, I cannot but admire. 
 But, e'er it be too late, reflect awhile 
 Upon the city's lone and lost condition. 
 No progress made your numbers thinned each day 
 And e'en the remnant scantily supplied 
 Want, mutiny, disease, all thickening round, 
 Nor yet one possible hope of late deliverance. 
 
 Const. I thank thee, courteous stranger ; but one thing 
 Survives e'en hope itself, and that is, honour. 
 
 Car. Honour can ne'er demand our country's ruin. 
 Const. No, but it counts no ruin like disgrace. 
 Car. By numbers overpowered, the bravest yield. 
 
 Const. But court the danger when their choice is insult. 
 I know our risk is great, and our hope must be 
 Most, as it ought, in Heaven. But look around, 
 I am not all deserted on the earth ; 
 There lives a remnant of the sons of Greece, 
 Who feel for what a land they fight ; my guard, 
 My own imperial guard, still cleave to me. 
 Behold Albania's bowmen ; and see here 
 The lances of my Latin chivalry. 
 Hast thou forgot the day who could forget ? 
 When five adventurous barks, with their stout crews,
 
 33C THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 % 
 Burst through your crowded navy ? From the shore, 
 
 Where on his steed, secure of victory, 
 
 As at some costly spectacle he sat, 
 
 Your Sultan saw, and maddened as he saw, 
 
 The foul defeat ; while from her ramparts Greece 
 
 Beheld the triumph, and dismissed her sorrows. 
 
 Car. But think within these walls 
 
 Const. Hast thou forgot 
 Huniades and Scanderbeg still live, 
 And live to conquer, as they oft have done ? 
 The clans of Hungary still brood reve'nge : 
 Nay more, religious faction is asleep ; 
 The holy father of the Roman Church 
 (This reverend Cardinal will be my witness) 
 Has deigned to consecrate our pious warfare. 
 The united call will wake the Western world, 
 Range at our side the hardy Russian tribes, 
 In honour's cause rouse France's gallant nobles, 
 And arm for Greece the fearless sons of Britain. 
 
 Ism. Peace, Carazes ; you only swell their pride. 
 If they are obstinate on their undoing, 
 On their own heads be it. Yet one choice remains ; 
 Give it thy answer, and we then depart. 
 Embrace the Prophet's faith, the Koran's creed, 
 And be our friends and equals ; share our reign, 
 Honoured of men, and favourites of Heaven. 
 
 Const. My friends, my countrymen, my fellow-Christians, 
 Now are we humbled and abased indeed. 
 The worshippers of Mahomet have asked us 
 To change our faith and we have lived to hear it. 
 Oh ! may our swords at least give fitting answer. 
 I must away with courtesy's tame forms 
 And phrases ; I must tell thee, infidel, 
 How my soul sickens at thy faith, thy Prophet, 
 And all his creed of blood and sensual joys. 
 Ye first have called on us to pay ye tribute 
 That touched our honour. Ye next bade us leave 
 Our country ; that was twined around our hearts. 
 Now ye would make us sacrifice religion, 
 The God we worship, and the Heaven we hope for.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 337 
 
 Back to thy master ! tell him that the men 
 He dares insult, but shall not trample on, 
 Eeject his offers, care not for his friendship, 
 Heed him not, fear him not, and do defy him. 
 
 Ism. Come, Carazes, from this doomed place. 
 
 Car. Alas ! 
 
 This bodes a fearful sequeL 
 
 Const. Give them conduct" 
 
 Far as the gates. k [Exeunt Ismael, Carazes, Turks, 8fc. 
 
 The assembly is dissolved. 
 
 Thou, Phranza, stay. Farewell, my honoured lords, 
 We meet ere long. [Exeunt all but Constantine and Phranza. 
 
 Draw near, my faithful friend. 
 Our fate is sealed. 
 
 PJiran. It is. 
 
 Const. Have I done wrong ? 
 
 Was I too hasty, or too plain ? 
 
 PJiran. My liege, 
 
 Such was your duty ; and if conscious pride 
 Or joy at such a season could be felt, 
 They should be yours, for having stoutly done it. 
 
 Const. The siege will be renewed without delay. 
 Hast thou the lists which thou didst promise me 
 Of all on whom we may rely to bear 
 Their part in the great struggle we must make ? 
 
 Phran. With sorrow and deep shame I must confess, 
 That of the city's thronged inhabitants 
 We may not count above five thousand men, 
 Able or willing to bear arms for all 
 That makes the life they cling to worth possessing. 
 
 Const. The spiritless cowards ! and these are Greeks. 
 Phran. They once were called so. 
 
 Const. Oh ! my soul is sick, 
 
 Sick unto death. 
 
 Phran. Droop not, my Emperor, 
 
 Still I conjure you droop not ; summon forth
 
 338 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 The deep resources and high energies 
 
 That dwell iu you, and will appear when bidden. 
 
 Success has left us : be content with glory. 
 
 Const. What can a single arm, unseconded, 
 Do among failing thousands ? Hard the task, 
 To wake a race of profligates to virtue, 
 To fire with bravery a herd of cowards, 
 And goad a helpless rabble on to slaughter. 
 
 Phran. Why, this was not the mien, nor these the words, 
 Which to the infidel but now revealed 
 A soul to every ill superior. 
 
 Const. No : 
 
 My ardour with its provocation vanished ; 
 The succours that I boasted are not nigh ; 
 The hopes I spoke of died upon my lips. 
 
 Phran, The lot we may not choose, we must fulfil. 
 I know a common soul might well shrink back, 
 For all now rests upon your single head. 
 Think what her monarch owes to Greece. 
 
 Const. Alas ! 
 
 I can bequeath no kingdom to her sons. 
 
 Phran. You can bequeath them more a bright example. 
 'Twas all Leonidas could do before you. 
 
 Const. But grant the struggle ended ; when our blood 
 Has flowed, and life has fled, in honour's cause, 
 What then remains for those we leave behind 
 The old the tender, and oh ! my best friend 
 Thou hast a daughter 
 
 Phran. Touch not on that chord, 
 
 I do implore you ; spare a doating father, 
 Nor speak of that on which I dare not think. 
 
 Const. My poor devoted country, mark the fate ! 
 That in its wakened justice Heaven decrees 
 For guilty empires, that like ours have run 
 Thro' long dark zeras of disgrace and crime. 
 What is the tale our annals tell ? A throne 
 Often usurped, and often won by blood ;
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 339 
 
 Uncharitable priests, unwarlike nobles, 
 
 An idle, discontented populace ; 
 
 Lust in our chambers, faction in our streets ; 
 
 And through each rank and order of the state 
 
 One wide, unawed, and withering corruption. 
 
 Our sins are wreathed around our neck ; our days 
 
 Are counted ; we are judged, and are condemned. 
 
 Phran. Had more among our sovereigns been like him 
 Before me now, we had not thus been lost 
 To virtue, or to glory. 
 
 Const. I must tell 
 
 My counsellor 'tis no time for flattery. 
 
 Phran. You never found me much disposed to use it ; 
 Nor will I now, when I remind my Emperor 
 'Tis no time for despair. Shall it be said 
 In future ages, when they read our story, 
 Constantinople yielded to her foes, 
 And sued a heathen freebooter for leave 
 To change her master, and renounce her faith , 
 Because her Prince 
 
 Const, No more : I own the call, 
 
 And here I shake forth from my soul all doubt, 
 All fear, all lingering in the onward path 
 Of dreadful duty. Stern resolution, chase 
 Each weakness that besets the mortal frame, 
 From me, and from my people ; nerve our limbs, 
 And steel our hearts ; in watching and in war 
 Make us resigned, and vigilant, and valiant ; 
 And force the nations round us to confess, 
 Howe'er we lived, at least like Greeks we died. \Exeunt. 
 
 ACT III. SCENE I. 
 The Rampart. Enter EVANTHE. 
 
 Evan. This is the place appointed, and the hour ; 
 But neither have my ear nor eye received 
 A sound or symbol of intelligence, 
 z 2
 
 340 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Did the young focman mean perchance to mock 
 
 My foolish hope? or, as I rather guess 
 
 From his ingenuous presence, is the wish 
 
 Unaided by the power to serve ? How still 
 
 All seems around, which to a lonely woman 
 
 Is yet more awful than the din and strife 
 
 Of war itself. I must not yet turn back ; 
 
 I will go onward to that farthest bastion, 
 
 Then to my home again. [Exit. 
 
 Enter CONSTANTINK. 
 
 Const. The sun has sunk ; 
 
 But still a bright reflected line of light 
 Plays on the outline of the opposite hills ; 
 While nearer me the palaces and domes 
 Of the fair city, and the lawns and gardens 
 Along the beach of either continent, 
 Sleep in the pale soft twilight. Scarce a breeze 
 Shakes the tall cypress branches, or a ripple 
 Stirs the calm surface of the wide Propontis. 
 Oh, sight of matchless and o'erwhelming beauty 1 
 Thus dark and silent seem to sleep together' 
 Europe and Asia ; but upon their verge 
 Are met their fierce and mutual ravagers. 
 On that still shore there gleam for many a league 
 The tents of Turkey ; while within these ramparts 
 The Greek expects each morrow's dawn, and trembles. 
 Peaceful and soothing is the face of nature ; 
 How much unlike her stern defacer, man, 
 Who counts the lagging moments of repose, 
 Then starts afresh to suffer and destroy ! 
 
 What form is that, that comes thus rapidly ? 
 Evanthe here ! alone too with flushed cheeks, 
 And panting bosom, and dishevelled hair 
 The gentlest of her timid sex what means it ? 
 
 Enter EVANTHE hastily. 
 Evan. O my good liege ! 
 
 Const. Compose thyself, I pray, 
 
 My trembling fair one, and then speak.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 341 
 
 Evan. Read, read, 
 
 Instantly read ! ( Gives a paper.) 
 
 Const. But what is this, and whence 
 
 In thy hand. 
 
 Evan. On an arrow's head hard by. 
 
 I found it ; 'tis of fatal interest : 
 Read it without delay, I do conjure you. 
 
 Const, (reads.) " Upon receiving our report, the Sultan has re- 
 solved to assault the city with all his forces by land and sea at sunrise 
 to-morrow." 
 
 Dost thou know who wrote this ? 
 
 Evan. The vizir's son, 
 
 Who promised in regard of ancient friendship 
 To warn my sire, ere anything extreme 
 Should be resorted to. 
 
 Const. It must be true ; 
 
 Who waits. 
 
 Enter two Officers. 
 
 Give orders to my body-guard 
 To muster in the palace court, with all 
 The captains of the companies ; then bear 
 This notice to the quarter of the Allies ; 
 Commend me to Giustiniani ; bid him 
 Be at his post by sunrise ; I shall come 
 Among my troops forthwith. [Exit 1st Officer. 
 
 You will convey 
 
 My greeting to the patriarch ; let him ope 
 The gates of St. Sophia wide ; the church 
 Must give us all her prayers. [Exit 2nd Officer. 
 
 I too must go. 
 
 Evanthe, take my long, my kind farewell. 
 How beautiful seems all we look upon 
 This evening ! Can it be thy last, O Greece ? 
 Must it be followed by a morn of death ? 
 
 Evan. Oh, speak not thus, my lord. Is hope quite fled ? 
 
 Const. I fear, utterly. The storm is gathering, 
 Heavy and black with ruin ; it will burst ;
 
 342 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Who can forclel its ravage ? ay, my child, 
 My poor Evanthc, in that hour of wrath 
 May Heaven befriend thee ! 
 
 Evan. Do not think on me. 
 
 Leave me to Him whose saving power upholds 
 Alike- the greatest and the meanest thing ; 
 Who honours Constantino, and pities me. 
 
 Const. Stay, for a moment I would speak to thcc. 
 I know not what it is, the glorious scene, 
 The gentle sea-breeze, or the solemn twilight, 
 Or else the deep and sure presentiment 
 That heralds forth to me the closing hour 
 Of empire and of life, but some strong impulse 
 Is busy in my soul, and drives me on 
 To say what prudence would in different times 
 Have bid me most conceal. Ay, it may shock 
 Thy maiden delicacy ; but, oh ! think 
 I die to-morrow, and forgive my folly ! 
 Listen : thou oft hast met, thou long hast known me ; 
 Say then, in calmer hours, in happier years, 
 In other stations, or in other climes, 
 Could'st thou have ever learned to like to love me ? 
 
 Evan. How ! when my life has taught me little else 
 Than to adore thee ? 
 
 Canst. Let my ears believe 
 
 The bliss they seemed to hear. 
 
 Evan. Could'st thou but know it, 
 
 Know all my fond devotedness of love, 
 My dreams by day, my watchings by the night, 
 All full of thee ; not that I thought it love ; 
 'Twas reverence, 'twas worship, what was more 
 Than should be paid to man I thought thee more, 
 So pure from every taint of human frailty. 
 Thou wast my hero, like the men of old, 
 Whom poets tell of in the early days 
 Of our Greek story ; first, like them, in valour, 
 And, more than them, in every Christian virtue. 
 All that thou art I thought thee save one thing
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 343 
 
 That thou could'st e'er have loved loved ! and me too ! 
 Ye powers of mercy, had I thought but that ! 
 
 Const. Evanthe! 
 
 Evan. And thou hast heard me tell all this ! 
 
 Oh ! now thou wilt despise me utterly. 
 
 Const. Evanthe, my Evanthe ! 'twere to wrong 
 My nature's honest feelings to deny 
 That I have heard with more than happiness 
 The free avowal of thy virgin love. 
 Oh ! what a scene of bliss might now be mine, 
 Were I not that I am ; had my lot been 
 In some sequestered valley of the earth, 
 Where war and empire yet were never heard of, 
 To tread the quiet path of humble life, 
 With virtue and thy love to guide and gild it ! 
 
 Evan. Oh ! call not up such visions of delight, 
 Lest they o'erpower my soul, and when I wake, 
 I sink beneath the stern reality. 
 
 Const. But why in lowlier scenes, or meaner life, 
 Seek I to hide thy matchless worth, Evanthe ? 
 Thou, who wert born to be the world's bright wonder, 
 And add new lustre to the throne of kings. 
 Oft has my fancy drawn a maid like thee, 
 Thyself, since all has now been told, whose smile 
 Should cheer me on to deeds of hardy daring ; 
 Who, when I back returned from toil and war, 
 Should greet me to my home, and from her lips 
 Pour forth the calm thanksgiving, that should shame 
 The pomp of triumphs and the shout of armies. 
 
 Evan. Alas ! thy subject was not born, my sovereign, 
 For such high destinies ; had I but been 
 Some maid of Georgian or of Servian line, 
 Some dowered and high-born child of Europe's princes, 
 Thou had'st not blushed to own me for thy bride, 
 The envied partner of thy throne and love. 
 But, oh ! with whom would I have changed my lot, 
 My own blest lot, all lowly as I am, 
 In spite of fate, to be preferred by thee ?
 
 :.lt THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; X)R, 
 
 Enter OFFICER. 
 
 Off. The troops are mustered ; in the palace court 
 They wait your orders. 
 
 Const. Hear you that, Evanthe ? 
 
 I-'ian. I hear that Greece expects her Emperor. 
 
 Const. I thank thee for the warning, noble maid, 
 Born to inspire my duty, as my love. 
 I go. We may not meet again on earth 
 But it will soften ruin to have thus 
 Spoken and felt together ; welcome now 
 The toil, the struggle, and the agony ; 
 I am above them all. Evanthe loves, 
 I know it, and can even bear to leave thee. 
 Without there ! I am coming. [Exit. 
 
 Evan. Oh ! I wish 
 
 That I could think for one short minute calmly. 
 Confusion's in my brain, mist o'er my eyes, 
 And tightness on my h^art. To-morrow was it ? 
 Ah ! true, they said, the city falls to-morrow. 
 Farewell, ye soft delights, 'mid which my youth 
 Has gaily glided, little valued then, 
 The lute, the dance, the mind at ease within, 
 And all this paradise of nature round me. 
 Oh ! I have lived, and, more too, I have loved : 
 Was it a crime to love ? it cannot be ; 
 For since the hallowed flame was lit, I feel 
 No sacrifice too great or difficult 
 For my weak nature ; all I could resign 
 That once has pleased ; all dare, that once appalled. 
 Would I were but a man to prove it so ! 
 Then placed by him upon the crowded rampart, 
 Beneath his eye I should have fought each blow 
 Aimed at his foes, and when I fell, my death 
 Perchance had bought the life of Constantine. \_Exit.
 
 THJ FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 345 
 
 SCENE II. 
 
 A Room in GIUSTINIANI'S Quarters. 
 Enter GIUSTINIANI. 
 
 Me thinks my life grows very wearisome 
 
 In this famed city ; it presents in truth 
 
 A strange assemblage of society : 
 
 A brawling rabble, disputatious Priests, 
 
 A pompous Cardinal, a prosing Patriarch, 
 
 A herd of avaricious Senators, 
 
 And maids too coy to greet you with a glance. 
 
 Then I must hear cried up in every street 
 
 The same immaculate Palseologus, 
 
 The pattern of all men and emperors. 
 
 Do what I will in camp, or hall, or bower, 
 
 Where hitherto I've held the foremost place, 
 
 He still outshines me, by some monkish knack, 
 
 That fools call principle, and wise men cant. 
 
 Could I but gently rid me of my compact, 
 
 With credit in the world's eyes, I would soon 
 
 Resign him to the Othman's tender mercy. 
 
 Enter OFFICER. 
 
 Off. My lord, the Emperor sends health and greeting. 
 Giust. What would he with me ? must I come to church ? 
 
 Off. At sunrise he expects the enemy 
 Will lead his forces to assault the town. 
 He prays that you will marshal all your men 
 By your old post, the gate of St. Romanus, 
 To wait the onset at the earliest dawn. 
 
 Giust. To hear is to obey. So tell your master. 
 
 [Exit Officer. 
 Now ho ! within there ! 
 
 Enter Servant. 
 
 Carry round my summons 
 To all my partisans ; deck forth the board
 
 346 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; .PR, 
 
 With glorious cheer, and fill the goblets high 
 
 With every vintage that the glowing sun 
 
 Embodies with rich flavour ; bring the harp 
 
 And dancers ; we may die perhaps to-morrow. 
 
 What should we do this evening, but be merry ? [Exit. 
 
 SCENE III. 
 
 The Palace Court by torchlight ; the Area filled with Officers and Soldiers. 
 Alex. Are all your men assembled, Theodore ? 
 Theo. They are. 
 Alex. What think you, how are they disposed ? 
 
 Theo. So as we most could wish. All that are here 
 Seem full of zeal and loyalty. Know you 
 Why we are met at this unwonted hour ? 
 
 A lex. There must be tidings from the enemy's camp ; 
 But we shall learn more soon ; the Emperor 
 Comes to yon portico above, and seems 
 In act to speak. 
 
 Soldiers. God save the Emperor ! 
 
 Theo. Now silence, all below. The Emperor speaks. 
 
 Const. Sons of the Greeks, a title once of glory ; 
 Heirs of the Romans, once a name of power; 
 Hear yet again your Emperor, your Chief, 
 Your Fellow-soldier in the fields of battle. 
 I know that in the camp of Mahomet 
 A last attack has been resolved ; which made, 
 Our foes retreat with shame and loss before us, 
 Or else the city falls. My countrymen, 
 Hear ye- that last and dread alternative ? 
 The City, the august imperial City, 
 The mistress of the world, the greater Rome, 
 The high place of dominion, and the seat 
 Of pure religion ; the first Christian City, 
 Constantinople, falls. Say, shall it be ? 
 Now must your choice be made.
 
 THE, FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 347 
 
 Sol. We'll fight for it, 
 
 For Constantine, and for Constantinople ! 
 
 Const. What ! shall the fierce malignant Infidel, 
 The Turkish Sultan, and his miscreant crew, 
 Their Mahomets, and Amuraths, and Bajazets, 
 l)are to profane the walls of Constantine, 
 The golden palace of an hundred Caesars, 
 The towering dome and temple of Jehovah ? 
 In such a cause, what aid of man and Heaven 
 Must not be on our side ? Oh ! where is now 
 The blazing cross, that to the bannered host 
 Of our great founder promised certain conquest ? 
 He sought in arms his Roman countrymen ; 
 We move our standards 'gainst the tribe of Othman. 
 
 Sol. A miracle, a miracle, to save us ! 
 
 Const. Yet stay, my gallant soldiers ; be ye firm 
 And droop not, tho' no prodigy from heaven 
 Attest our righteous cause ; by human means 
 God oft has worked His will, and in the stead 
 Of intervention visible, employed 
 Man's practised discipline and fearless valour. 
 Be yours the soul that bore to victory 
 The warlike Theodosius ; yours the arms 
 That, wielded by the might of Belisarius, 
 Poured wide dismay among the flying Vandal. 
 A foe more merciless than Alaric 
 Is at your gates the ravenous wolves of Turkey, 
 The enemies of man and Christendom. 
 Think what would be the curse of their success ; 
 Place full before your eyes the varied horror : 
 The broken crucifix, the tranipled mitre, 
 A prey to unbelieving Mussulmen : 
 Your aged parents, and your pleasing homes, 
 To the heart's mirth so often vocal made, 
 Now only echoing back the plunderer's tread : 
 Your wives, the partners of your chaste embrace, 
 Led to the harem of a turbaned master ; 
 Your children doomed to slavery, nay, more, 
 To all its foulest forms ye cannot bear it, 
 I see ye cannot swear then ye will fight 
 For life and honour, for your God and country.
 
 348 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Sol. We swear to fight ! 
 
 Const. Fight bravely, manfully, 
 
 Fight to the death. 
 
 Sol. We swear to die or conquer ! 
 
 Const. May He who reads the heart now be my witness, 
 That thus to hear your animated shout, 
 Gives me a keener joy than e'er I knew 
 Amid the perfumed halls of palaces. 
 And here before ye all your Emperor 
 Swears he will share his fortunes with your own, 
 Your triumph, or your grave. All have I tried 
 That Prudence counselled, that Compassion prompted, 
 That Honour or Religion would allow, 
 To avert the fearful crisis ; but our foes 
 Know not a law, save cruelty and rapine, 
 Nor we a hope, save daring, desperate valour. 
 
 Sol. Lead us, lead us to battle ! 
 
 Const. Aye, call on, 
 
 I hear ye Oh ! my best and bravest subjects, 
 How will our swords cleave thro' the Moslem ranks, 
 And gleam athwart the battle ! Give to rest 
 This night ; refresh your limbs with food and sleep. 
 To-morrow's early dawn will summon ye 
 For our great work, and ye shall find me ready. 
 
 Sol. God save the Emperor, noble Constantino ! 
 
 Const. Farewell, and may the God of armies guard ye. 
 
 [Exeunt. 
 
 ACT IV SCENE I. 
 
 Before the Church of St. Sophia, which is faintly lighted up within. 
 ALCIPHRON and a guard of Soldiers at the door. 
 
 Enter THEODOUE. 
 
 Theo. How now, Alciphron ? Whence the imperial guard 
 Drawn up before the church ?
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 349 
 
 Ale. Because e'en now 
 
 Within its sacred precincts Constantine, 
 Fearing the" last extremity, receives 
 The holy Sacrament. 
 
 Theo. If piety 
 
 Like his could aught avail us all, we still 
 Might hope to be preserved. 
 
 Ale. See where he kneels 
 
 In yon deep niche, lit by the scanty gleam 
 Of a few torches ; his most chosen friends, 
 Men who both love their Prince, and fear their God, 
 Surround him. Lo ! the Patriarch's time-worn head 
 Is raised to Heaven, as with uplifted hand 
 He rears the sainted chalice soothing sight 
 That breathes of peace amid the din of war, 
 And calls up blessing from the depth of ruin ! 
 
 Theo. Hark to the solemn organ ! how it fills 
 The pillared nave, and dies along the roof 
 Of the high dome. 
 
 Ale. 'Tis for the female throng : 
 
 The holy sisterhood of St. Sophia, 
 And other maidens of illustrious birth, 
 At the high altar to the Virgin chaunt 
 Their trembling orisons. 
 
 Theo. Far other sounds 
 
 Struck on my ear, as in my way I chanced 
 To pass the quarter where the Italian force 
 Is stationed ; there gay laughter, and fierce shouts, 
 The harp and chorus, and the ribald jest, 
 Resounded ; lights innumerable glanced 
 From open windows, and all seemed in street, 
 In chamber, and arcade, to be the abode 
 Of men unawed and dissolute. 'Tis strange, 
 That men can thus enure themselves to spend 
 In thoughtless merriment the last few hours 
 Of an existence that may close to-morrow. 
 
 Ale. They fear not for their country, Theodore ; 
 They leave no wives behind them ; they bequeathe 
 No fetters to their sons.
 
 350 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Theo. That strain again ! 
 
 And see the suppliant band is passing by. 
 
 SONG OF VIRGINS, WITHIN THE CHURCH. 
 
 Untainted Mother ! Spotless Maid ! 
 Thy virgin vot'ries hear and aid. 
 Thy city and thy children save, 
 Our homes from fire, our fathers from the grave. 
 
 Incarnate "Wisdom ! Heavenly Word ! 
 Be our adoring accents heard. 
 Protect from sacrilege thy shrine,* 
 And guard the anointed head of Constantino. 
 
 In helplessness, in agony, 
 On thee we lean, to thee we cry. 
 From thy true servants turn afar 
 The fury of the Moslem scymitar. 
 
 Ale. How solemn and magnificent appears 
 Yon temple now ! The light plays fitfully 
 On the gilt shrines and marble-crusted walls, 
 The granite, and the dark-grained porphyry, 
 The pale Carystian, the Laconian green, 
 And the Numidian's saffron hues. Glorious, 
 But sad, most sad the sight. In a few hours 
 The shrieking nun may to those altars cling, 
 And find no refuge ; holy blood may stream 
 Upon the radiant floors ; where Constantine 
 Now worships the true God, the imam's voice 
 May lift blaspheming prayers to Mahomet. 
 
 Several females come out of the church. EVANTHE speaks to one. 
 
 Evan. Sister, our pathway home some little way 
 Together lies. Pray bear me company. 
 
 Female. Most readily ; for it is very lonely. [Exeunt. 
 
 * St. Sophia is the Divine wisdom personified.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 351 
 
 Enter from the church CONSTANTINE, PUEUNZA, LASCA.IUS, ALEXIUS, Sfc. 
 
 Const. Thanks, loved and honoured friends. Our minds will feel 
 Refreshed and strengthened by the holy rite 
 We now have shared in, cheerfully to bear 
 Our coming labours, and to meet the fate 
 We must, alas ! expect. Since all who now 
 Around me stand, tho' few they be, on earth 
 May hardly hope to meet again together, 
 I fain would ask each one of you, that if 
 In the unheeding days of youthful power 
 In word or act I may have done him wrong, 
 He would forgive me freely ; if in aught 
 He has against me sinned, I him forgive. 
 The hours pass on ; 'tis time that we should part, 
 Companions, more than subjects ; we have lived 
 United in the sunny morn of youth 
 And joy, and in the hour of mortal risk 
 We have been tried, we have stood firm, and shrunk not ; 
 Nor will we now. To all who may survive, 
 May Heaven grant happy years and peaceful homes. 
 Props of my throne friends of my heart farewell, 
 Now and for ever. 
 
 Lose. My Lord, my Emperor, my gracious Master, 
 I e'en must say how all my soul reveres you. 
 All ties beside, man's friendship, woman's love, 
 Are weak and cold to what I feel for you, 
 The bosom's free and unbribed loyalty. 
 None else could ever reach my high idea 
 Like you ; so mildly brave, so meekly wise ; 
 Soft and unbending in the easy hour 
 Of social mirth ; the pride of courtly halls, 
 The lion of the battle. Check me not 
 It is not flattery, you know it is not ; 
 For, could that baseness ever taint my words, 
 The prospect of to-morrow would forbid it. 
 
 Const. My good, my cherished Lascaris, no more 
 Of this, I pray thee ; it unmans my soul ; 
 It makes me wish to have more days of life, 
 And power to show ye all how much I prize ye.
 
 352 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Again farewell ; nil leave me to myself 
 
 A little while. [Exeunt all but Conttantine. 
 
 The sun of Greece has set : 
 Long has it travelled thro' her various day, 
 Gilded her morn with overpowering lustre, 
 Shed sickly light upon her clouded noon, 
 And darkly lowered o'er her stormy eve. 
 How thrilling every lesson in her page 
 Of early prowess, and of long decay, 
 Of strength and weakness ; since the Spartan King 
 Stood in the gap, and the barbaric host 
 Rolled back before the conquering shout of Athens. 
 Then rose domestic faction ; then the rule 
 Of petty tyrants, to be swallowed up 
 In the broad sovereignty of Rome ; since that, 
 Empire has narrowed all her bounds ; the Goth, 
 The Hun, the Vandal, have o'errun these plains, 
 Profaned the sage's haunt, the Muse's grove, 
 The toils of Grecian art, and Roman power, 
 The Pagan temple, and the Christian altar ; 
 And now the Moslem will achieve the ruin. 
 
 [Shriek heard without. 
 
 What sound was that ? A shriek a female shriek 
 Ah ! Do my ears tell truth ? Evanthe's shriek ! 
 Another, and another ! Let me fly 
 To see who dares e'en look on her with insult. [Exit. 
 
 SCENE II. 
 
 A Street. 
 
 Enter GIUSTINIANI, forcing along EVANTHK. 
 
 Evan. O spare me, spare me ! I am terrified, 
 Almost to madness ; for sweet pity's sake 
 Leave me, and let me go. 
 
 Giutt. Fair excellence, 
 Thou can'st not think in reason I should lose 
 A prize I've sighed for long, and now possess. 
 Or haply deem'st thou that this very morn
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 353 
 
 I did not mark thy cold accost, thy brow 
 Austere, thy lip disdainful 
 
 Evan. By my soul's truth 
 
 I meant no slight how could I, Sir ? to one 
 So brave, who ever has so much deserved 
 From my poor countrymen. You will not, then, 
 Bring such foul wrong upon the name of soldier ? 
 Better respect my feebleness, your fame, 
 My virgin honour, and your spotless knighthood, 
 And be not thus resolved on my undoing. 
 
 Giust. Thy Grecian eloquence flows wondrous smooth, 
 And we will heighten it in the mantling juice 
 Of Tenedos I've some hard by. On, on. 
 
 CONSTANTINE meets them. 
 
 Const. Unmannered dastard, if thou lov'st thy life, 
 Let go. 
 
 Giust. Who dares oppose Giustiniani ? 
 
 Const. The Emperor of the Greeks. Obey thy Master. 
 
 Giust. My Master ! hot-brained, raw, conceited youth, 
 Where in the narrow circle of thy knowledge 
 Hast thou e'er seen, or read, or heard it told, 
 A free Italian owned he had a Master ? 
 
 Const. Nay, on my soul, thou shalt not lord it here ; 
 This is not Genoa, nor the crowded quay 
 Where trafficking Patricians learn to cheat 
 In these new fangled arts of merchandize, 
 Which their brave fathers, like a leprosy, 
 Had scorned to approach ; where men are taught to barter 
 For a close bargain, or a greedy gain, 
 The soul's unbought, unpractised honesty. 
 
 Evan. Oh ! not for me, risk not so much for me ; 
 You will offend him mortally. 
 
 Giust. I pray thee, 
 
 Check him not ; we'll have all out. Hast thou done ? 
 Ts there no other insult to be heaped 
 On Italy, or on Giustiniani, 
 
 2 A
 
 354 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 By this renowned and dreaded emperor, 
 Who owes him the last penny in his coffers ? 
 
 Const. Peace, vain Ligurian, peace, insulting boaster, 
 While yet is time. What ! is it come to this ? 
 Must I be bearded in my capital ? 
 Must Constantino in Constantinople brook 
 The scoffing of a needy partisan, 
 Whom he has so far honoured, as to take 
 Into his service ? 
 
 Giust. What ! it galls thee, does it ? 
 
 And so then I've found out the flaw at last ! 
 This faultless emperor, this godly hero, 
 Lacks somewhat of that vulgar virtue, patience. 
 I never knew that saints could be so waspish. 
 
 Const. A hireling should respect the hand that feeds him. 
 Giust. A sovereign should the arm that brings him safety. 
 Const. I scorn thy aid ; I care not for thy presence. 
 Giust. That will be proved to-morrow. 
 
 Const. Do not think, 
 
 Bold as thou may'st be, wary as thou art, 
 A blessing can descend on any cause, 
 Espoused by such as thee. Can there be aught 
 In pride, licentiousness, and blasphemy, 
 Honoured or wholesome in the sight of Heaven ? 
 In my forlorn and most afflicted state 
 I called on thee for aid : why did I that ? 
 I knew thee brave ; I thought thee generous. 
 Brave thou hast been, I know it, and I thank thee. 
 I did not look to find thee in my streets 
 A drunken bully, and a midnight brawler. 
 
 Evan. Avert this dreadful mischief, pitying powers ! 
 
 Giust. Is there a pause ? Can'st thou not give me more 
 From the last sermon that the patriarch read thee ? 
 
 Const. Ay, sneer at truths thy thoughts can never reach ; 
 Sneer on, but hear me while I swear to thee, 
 By the pure blood that boils within my veins, 
 By all the glories of the Roman purple 
 
 Giust. The Roman purple ! sure thou jestest how.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 355 
 
 Those words recall the days when victory 
 Beneath her eagle banners flew untired 
 From the sun's cradle to his couch. See now 
 Europe and Asia round us ; whose are they ? 
 The Turk's. Whose vessels ride on yonder seas, 
 And choke the wide Propontis up ? The Turk's. 
 Then view this battered, torn, and tottering city ; 
 Who thunders at its gate ? The Turk, the Turk. 
 
 Const. If it has pleased the high decree of Heaven 
 To chasten, to afflict, aye, e'en to crush me, 
 I bow ; but let not living man forget, 
 While gazing on my shattered diadem, 
 Shrunk from the mighty compass of the world 
 To the poor bounds of one beleaguered city, 
 Within these walls he still defies a Ca3sar. 
 
 Giust. Thou Caesar ! thou ? the proud imperial name : 
 Why those that bore it were the lords of earth, 
 Whom in their depths the Hercynian forests heard, 
 And trembled ; whom rough Gaul and haughty Spain 
 Appeased with proud submission ; whom the Nile 
 Poured forth its willing granaries to feed ; 
 Whom Parthia and remotest India feared. 
 But Thou ! the monarch of some score of furlongs, 
 The mendicant of foreign aid, the scorn 
 Of factious citizens and cold allies ; 
 And where thy sires gave laws, constrained to beg 
 Alms from the Goth, and pardon from a Priest. 
 
 Const. If thou wilt drive me to extremities, 
 If thou wilt force me to o'erleap all bounds, 
 Know that 
 
 Evan. Oh ! hear me If thy people's weal, 
 The safety of thy home and best-loved friends, 
 If my poor tears are nothing in thy eyes, 
 I yet do pray thee by that solemn rite 
 Thou hast this night partaken in ; the vow 
 Of peace and pardon thou hast pledged ; the cup 
 Thy lips have touched ; forgive, and be forgiven. 
 
 Const. 'Tis rightly said ; I dare not gainsay it. 
 2 A2
 
 356 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Enter OFFICER. 
 
 Off. My liege, the scouts report there is a stir 
 Throughout the Turkish camp, as if of troops 
 Preparing to set forth. 
 
 Const. When the enemy 
 
 Is at our gates , all should be friends within. 
 Warrior, thy hand. 
 
 Giust. I will not give it thee. 
 
 Const. If in the strong excitement of my blood 
 My words have wronged you, and I feel they did, 
 I do intreat your pardon ; I am hasty, 
 And easily inflamed. It grieves me sore : 
 Say you forget it. 
 
 Giust. With Giustiniani 
 
 Insult is never wont to pass so lightly. 
 But I am bound to fight for thee ; my word 
 Shall be respected, tho' my aid is scorned. 
 To-morrow on the rampart I am still 
 Beneath your orders ; when to-morrow's sun 
 Has set, my lot will be the grave, or Genoa. 
 Ay, Genoa ! I recall thy words ; remember 
 A Genoese has not cheated thee. [Exit. 
 
 Evan. He is gone : 
 
 There's joy at least for that ; but much I fear 
 He will not soon forgive this sore mischance, 
 Of which I've been the sad but innocent cause. 
 
 Const. Thou wrong"st him there, believe me, he is free 
 And reckless ; but he will not harbour malice ; 
 He is too brave for that. 
 
 Evan. Was he then brave, 
 
 When he assaulted a defenceless woman ? 
 Or can we trust in man's poor fleeting valour, 
 When not sustained and sanctified by Heaven ? 
 
 Const. O beautiful and good ! again I hear 
 The charmed accents of thy voice, again 
 Gaze on the modest lustres of thine eye ; 
 And e'en in this my life's last hour, as if
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 357 
 
 By some strange contrariety of fate, 
 
 Meet thee again, that we may part for ever. 
 
 Evan. Yet no ; 'twere misery too great to happen. 
 
 Const. Nay, summon all the patient fortitude 
 That dwells, I know, beneath that gentle frame ; 
 Bid me be all thy partial fancy paints me ; 
 If I deserve it, say thou wilt approve ; 
 And add to all that honour can enjoin, 
 The surer inspiration of thy wishes. 
 
 Evan. I cannot doubt thy merit ; all I hope 
 Is thy success. 
 
 Const. That cannot, must not be. 
 
 Oh, rather join with me in gratitude, 
 That after an abused and erring life, 
 I have at least the privilege to die, 
 Where duty bids me, in my proper station. 
 
 Evan. How blest are all, whose destiny is death ! 
 Ah ! where shall they, whose more unhappy lot 
 Is to survive and suffer, find a refuge 
 In this rude season of calamity ? 
 If then, and 'tis the best that can befall me, 
 I hide my sorrow in some cell recluse, 
 Or haunt of holy sisterhood, by war 
 And plunder's iron grasp unvisited, 
 'Mid days of prayer, and night-consuming vigils, 
 My soul shall cherish still thy pure remembrance, 
 And dare to mix thy name, whene'er it bends 
 Before its Maker's throne to sue forgiveness. 
 
 Const. But see, a streak of daylight in the East 
 Is feebly glimmering. My hour is come. 
 Farewell, I do not ask thee to forget ; 
 Remember me with kindness, and be happy. 
 
 Enter LASCARIS and ALCIPHRON. 
 
 Ale. Arm, arm ! the foe, the foe ! I could descry, 
 As at the Golden Gate I kept my watch, 
 Long files of men with slow and silent tread 
 Advancing through the gloom ; and the dark mass 
 Bears up on all parts to the wall.
 
 358 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 Const. 'Tis well, 
 
 Our day's work has begun. Sound th' alarum loud. 
 Thou, Alciphron, must bear these tidings round. 
 Giustiniani and the spears of Genoa 
 Defend the gate of St. Romanus ; line 
 The western rampart with the imperial guard. 
 The troops of Venice will protect the harbour. 
 
 Ale. Which is your post, my sovereign ? 
 
 Const. Everywhere. [Exit Alciphron. 
 
 Lascaris, what day is't in the Calendar 
 That now begins to break ? 
 
 Lose. The- twenty-ninth of May. 
 
 Const. A memorable day in future story ; 
 A landmark in the annals of the world. 
 To us, I trust, who gaze upon its dawn, 
 A source of unalloyed and endless praise ; 
 But to supine and sleeping Christendom, 
 A crying shame, a scandal, and a sin. 
 
 Evan. What was that sound, my brother ? 
 
 Lose. I heard none. 
 
 Const. Conduct thy sister home. 
 
 Evan. Too well I know 
 
 Its deep and sullen tone and now again. 
 
 Const. I heard it then. It is the Moslem cannon. [Exeunt. 
 
 ACT V. SCENE I. 
 A Street or Square in Constantinople. 
 
 Enter EVANTHE. 
 
 I cannot longer stay within ; the air 
 Grew hot and stifling, and the fearful sounds 
 Pealed in my ears, and there was none to tell 
 What my soul pined to know. I will wait here : 
 Methinks the din of battle rolls less loud 
 This way ; less frequent is the horrible crash
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 359 
 
 Of those abhorred engines, that mow down 
 
 Squadron, and wall, and tower, at one fell blow ; 
 
 And fainter wax the shoutings and the groans. 
 
 Is slaughter gorged with victims ? Does the foe 
 
 Prevail ? Does Constantino ? (Befriend him Heaven !) 
 
 But 'tis not possible ; perhaps e'en now 
 
 He falls ; the princely form, the eloquent brow, 
 
 The sceptered hand, are smeared with dust and 'gore, 
 
 And the Infidel is glad, and bears the corse 
 
 In triumph to his tent. Oh ! for the wing* 
 
 Of the least bird that skims along the air ! 
 
 How would I poise myself above the war, 
 
 View all the moving scene of strife beneath, 
 
 And quaff the sounds of havoc, as a strain, 
 
 Of some delicious music. Ah ! who comes ? 
 
 Enter MANUEL. 
 
 Are you from the walls, good Sir ? 
 
 Man. I am, alas ! 
 
 Fair lady ; ay, and 'twas a sorry sight. 
 
 Evan. All is not over then ? 
 
 Man. Not yet, but more 
 
 I hardly dare to add. 
 
 Evan. If I so far 
 
 Might trespass on your kindness, I should be 
 Thankful to hear what you have seen. 
 
 Man. I stood 
 
 Aloof upon a turret, with a few 
 Poor old disabled creatures like myself, 
 Who came to mark the fortunes of the day. 
 The plain without was covered o'er with troops 
 Innumerable, of motley arms and standards. 
 Their vanguard stretched along the trench ; their guns 
 Were planted at the breaches' very mouth. 
 These opened first their voices : when the smoke 
 Had rolled away, I saw the fosse choked up 
 With the advancing foe ; the foremost bands 
 
 * Sophocles, (Ed. Col. 1080.
 
 31)0 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Were but the refuse of the host, who long 
 Crowded and heaved against the wall in vain. 
 Death met them every way ; before them rose 
 The spear-gilt battlement, and in their rear 
 The impelling tide of countless multitudes 
 Rolled without check or intermission on. 
 Their bodies strewed a level path across 
 The murderous ditch ; then with a thrilling shout 
 Sprang on their track the Anatolian bands ; 
 Then all Romania's legions swelled the throng. 
 But nobly did they bear their part within, 
 With lance, and arrow, and the molten stream 
 Of the old Greek fire, upon their men and guns 
 And battering rams poured forth unsparingly. 
 In this dread period of suspense, I saw 
 The Sultan Mahomet ; apart he sat 
 Upon a coal-black charger ; in his hand 
 He swayed an iron mace, and sternly scanned 
 The issues of the conflict ; round him stood 
 The executioners of his will, to urge, 
 To check, to slay. Wild music all the while, 
 Cymbal and trumpet, drum and ataball, 
 O'ercame the shrieks of pain, and fired the brave 
 To deeds of loftier prowess. 
 
 Evan. Can you tell 
 
 What in the meanwhile did the Emperor ? 
 
 Man. I marked him well, 'twas early in the day, 
 And 'twas a sight my old eyes liked to look on*. 
 His post was always where the strife waxed warmest. 
 With steady eye he watched ; with cheerful voice 
 Encouraged ; fought with high deliberate valour. 
 Where'er he came the troops outdid themselves, 
 And the full trench o'erflowed with added deaths. 
 I missed him afterwards ; they said his presence 
 Was needed at the harbour, where the fleet 
 Are urging an assault, scarce less terrible 
 Than that which shakes the land. 
 
 Evan. The danger there 
 
 Cannot be quite so imminent ? 
 
 Man. I know not,
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 361 
 
 But by the noisy echoes of the guns 
 It seems no post of ease. 
 
 Evan. Where you remained 
 
 What further did ensue ? 
 
 Man. There came at length 
 
 A pause in the attack ; our stout defence 
 Had not once flagged : we almost dared to hope, 
 When, at a signal from the impatient Sultan, 
 His chosen guard the Janizaries rose, 
 Ten thousand strong Oh ! who can paint that onset ? 
 'Twas like the lion springing from his lair 
 Twas like the whirlwind sweeping o'er the Euxine. 
 They came, their many-folded turbans waving, 
 And their bared scymitars flashing vividly. 
 But more than this, thus helpless and unarmed, 
 I could not wait to see ; tho' much I fear, 
 E'en while I speak, we are no more a people. 
 
 Evan. O land of blooming plains, and smiling seas, 
 Of balmy breezes, and of cloudless skies, 
 My native Greece ! no more my feet shall range 
 In happy freedom o'er thy varied scenes 
 Of past renown, and living loveliness. 
 No more my voice amid the virgin choir, 
 At evening by the wooded Bosphorus, 
 Shall swell the burthen of my country's songs. 
 Our harps and lutes may still be softly tuned ; 
 The wild play of the waves will still look free 
 And joyful ; but the Greek must be a slave. 
 
 Man. Hark to yon shout it comes this way there, near, 
 And nearer yet and here is one who runs 
 Half-madly past. 
 
 Enter ALEXIUS. 
 
 Alex. The foe has gained the breach. 
 
 Where is the Emperor ? If he appear not, 
 Our men will fly. 
 
 Man. By the harbour, as I guess. 
 
 [Exit Alexius. 
 What boots it now ? This is no place for you,
 
 3G2 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Soft, maiden, for the tide comes rushing on 
 And will o'erwhelm whatever crosses it. 
 
 Evan. But whither shall I fly ? or how avoid it ? 
 My head is quite confused, and would not serve 
 To guide me through the most familiar paths ; 
 Much less in this wild tumult. 
 
 Man. I remember 
 
 There is hard by a humble dwelling-place, 
 Whose tenant is a lone and widowed woman ; 
 She will not shut her door against distress, 
 For she has felt it keenly ; if you will, 
 "We will ask shelter of her. 
 
 Evan. Kind Sir, willingly. [Exeunt. 
 
 Enter SOLDIERS, flying. 
 
 1st Sol. Fly, fly! The Turks are close behind us, fly ! 
 2nd Sol. Fly, Mahomet is in the city, fly ! 
 
 Enter CONSTASTTINE, meeting them. 
 
 Const. Back, back ! what would ye do ? What brings ye here V 
 The rampart is your post. Why d'ye leave it ? 
 Ye would not surely fly ? 
 
 1st Sol. No, if we could 
 
 Longer maintain our stand. 
 
 2nd Sol. The enemy 
 
 Has gained the wall. 
 
 Const. Peace, croaking, craving dastard ! 
 
 Back to your post. The man that does not turn 
 Shall find in me a Turk back, back, I say ; 
 I follow ye to fight, and if ye choose, 
 To conquer still. That's well ; again ye know 
 Your duty. [Exeunt soldiers. 
 
 Heavenly powers ! Do I see right ? 
 By yon dark avenue (can I mistake?) 
 The form of Giustiniani moves this way, 
 Retreating. If they should but see him now 
 'Tis sure perdition. Oh ! unmeasured baseness. 
 I must prevent him.
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 363 
 
 Enter GIUSTINIAKI. 
 
 Does Giustiniani 
 Desert his post, and leave the war to others ? 
 
 Giust. A wound disables me ; a ball has pierced 
 My gauntlet through, as all this streaming blood 
 Can testify. I go to find a leech. 
 
 Const. Time was, the leader of the troops of Genoa 
 Would not have quailed before so slight a smart. 
 
 Giust. A smart ! it tortures me. I've had enough, 
 And must pass. 
 
 Const. ^ay, think better on't. 
 
 Giust. I've said it. 
 
 Const. Hear me : I, an Emperor 
 
 I was one on these knees, that never yet 
 No matter that thus humbled, low, and prostrate, 
 With prayers, with groans, with anguish of the soul, 
 I do implore thee by each tie that's binding, 
 A soldier's honour, and a Christian's pity, 
 Once more turn back, and yield not to despair. 
 
 Giust. Loose me, 'tis useless. 
 
 Const. By the womb that bore, 
 
 The land that reared, and by the God that made thee, 
 Desert me not in my extremity. 
 
 Giust. Reserve thy breath to supplicate the Turks 
 For mercy ; thou wilt need it of them soon ; 
 I stay not for them. 
 
 Const. Look on me me, Constantine 
 
 Last night I spoke to thee injuriously ; 
 Revenge thyself with interest ; insult 
 And spurn me ; trample on my crowned head, 
 Call me a beggar, hypocrite, and coward ; 
 Let not my soldiers see thee turn and flee. 
 
 Giust. Nor heaven, nor earth, the living or the dead, 
 Could now prevail on me to face again 
 The fury of that merciless assault, 
 will not back. 
 
 Const. Thou wilt not ?
 
 364 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS; OR, 
 
 Giust. No : and thus 
 
 The cheating Latin bids farewell to Csesar. [Exit. 
 
 Const. He goes, and all my hope is gone with him. 
 Hence, unavailing helm hence, useless buckler 
 Lie there, and perish in the general ruin. 
 Thou only, my true sword, whose tempered worth 
 Ne'er yet has failed me in my country's battles, 
 Come with me to her bloodiest, and her last. 
 Cleave me a way thro' yon blaspheming ranks : 
 Hew down th' insulting infidel before me : 
 And ere Constantinople is no more, 
 Pile me a tomb within the walls I love. 
 And thou, my God, whom ever with sincere, 
 Tho' all unworthy service, I have sought 
 To honour ; 'mid these sights and sounds of strife, 
 Look down with mercy on my parting soul ; 
 And give me, ere I leave a sinning world, 
 Thy peace, thy pardon, and a soldier's grave. 
 Now for the Cross and Constantinople ! [Rushes out. 
 
 ALCIPHRON and THEODORE meet. 
 
 Ale. Stay, valiant Theodore, 'tis useless all ; 
 That way you meet the foe, in his first flush 
 Of fury, goaded by his long repulse, 
 And maddened by his triumph. 
 
 Theo. Yonder too 
 
 They've made another entry near the harbour ; 
 Their eager bands pass thro' the Phenar gate, 
 And will inclose us soon. 
 
 Ale. You cannot picture 
 
 Half of the horrors that are acting round us. 
 In everj r street and house with impious shouts 
 They call on Alla's name, and slay ; the ways 
 Are choked with murdered men, and ransacked bales 
 Of costly goods ; the channels stream with blood ; 
 The Turk sheds Christian blood, and Europe's silent. 
 
 Theo. Is Mahomet within the walls ? 
 
 Ale. He is ; 
 
 He passed in triumph thro' the battered gate
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 365 
 
 Of St. Romanus ; at his side were ranged 
 
 The rulers of his towns and provinces ; 
 
 His guards, gigantic and invincible, 
 
 Followed in long array, and still they shouted 
 
 Glory to Alia, and his holy Prophet. 
 
 Unseen I watched him as he passed ; 'twas strange 
 
 To mark his savage wonder, while he viewed 
 
 Our streets, our rich bazaars, and palaces, 
 
 Statues, and columns, and tall obelisks, 
 
 That told of long obliterated glories. 
 
 Theo. And what of Constantino ? 
 
 Ale. I have not seen him. 
 
 Theo. If still he lives, then, let us search him out. 
 We yet may share his fortune, or, if death 
 Has laid him low, give him at least a grave. [Exeunt. 
 
 Enter MANUEL, EVANTHE, and THOMAIS. 
 
 Man. Come forth : we must not tarry here ; the flames 
 Are kindled in this quarter, and will gain 
 Apace upon us. 
 
 Thorn. Whither would'st thou go ? 
 
 Is it not, then, enough that I have lost 
 A son and husband in this cruel siege ? 
 May I not die in peace ? 
 
 Evan. Alas ! what sounds 
 
 Are these ? I hear the tramp of armed men, 
 Their shouts, and shrieks of men in agony. 
 'Mid what new terrors would'st thou hurry us ? 
 
 Man. The fire must kill, but man may show some pity. 
 
 Thorn. 'Tis false. They killed my boy did they show pity then ? 
 But I have buried him. They cannot touch him ; 
 There's comfort in that thought. They may dispose 
 Of the poor withered trunk, as best it suits them. 
 
 Man. Much grief, I fear, like great prosperity, 
 But renders us more selfish. Look on her, 
 That soft and helpless maid ! Can we leave her 
 Exposed to the rude grasp of violent men, 
 Or to the scorching flame ? We'll on together,
 
 366 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS ; OR, 
 
 And haply we shall reach the sanctuary 
 Of St. Sophia : that majestic shrine 
 Would even teach an infidel forbearance. 
 
 Enter ISMAKL and Turks. 
 
 Ism. Hold there ! ye are my captives ; seize the maid, 
 And bear her to my tent without the walls. 
 
 Evan. Oh ! mercy as you hope to find it mercy. 
 
 Man. If you believe there is a God in nature, 
 Oh ! wrong not 
 
 Ism. Peace, old man, or I will pluck 
 
 Thy cursed officious tongue forth. Bear her off, 
 And guard her till I come. 
 
 Enter CAKAZES, and Turks. 
 
 Car. Ismael, the Sultan, 
 
 Has charged me with his high command, to see 
 That all the female captives are conveyed 
 To the great church ; they call it St. Sophia. 
 There he will choose his portion, and divide 
 The rest among his captains ; Ismael's share 
 Of spoil in battle won will not be least. 
 
 Ism. I would have rather chosen for myself; 
 But I suppose one Christian's like another. 
 The Sultan is obeyed. Fulfil your orders. 
 Onward, my lusty men. May Alia guide 
 Our path aright, where booty lies the thickest. [Exit. 
 
 Car. It grieves me that we meet again together 
 In such a stern relation, gentle lady ; 
 To your great temple I will guide you safely ; 
 There 'mid the throng of all your countrywomen, 
 Your partners in this day's calamity, 
 My orders bid me leave you ; but I trust 
 My father's influence may thenceforth insure 
 Your safety and your honour. 
 
 Evan. You are most kind 
 
 Ask him concerning Constantine. [To Man.] 
 
 Man. Forgive, 
 
 If by your courteous bearing thus made bold,
 
 THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 3ti7 
 
 I ask, brave foeman, whether you know aught 
 Of Constantino Palaeologus. 
 
 Car. I do. 
 
 Not long ago I found myself entangled 
 Among a crowd of combatants ; most were Turks, 
 And the Greek Emperor was in the midst. 
 Ever as I looked his bare head I saw 
 Tost to and fro, and his bright sword unsheathed, 
 Dealing out deaths by handfuls : on a sudden 
 I saw them not. Ere I could reach the place, 
 The tide of battle carried me away. 
 Of this be sure, he died ; and such a death 
 Who envies not ? 
 
 Evan. Thy will be done, O God ! 
 
 Man. O death magnificent ! 
 
 Car. I must again 
 
 Remind you that I act not for myself. 
 If aught then in your ears should sound more harsh 
 Than may beseem a generous enemy, 
 Let me be held excused. We must not loiter. 
 
 Man. You 're pale, my child, and tremble ; lean on me. 
 
 Evan. One moment stay, and I shall then have strength 
 To move. The history of my life is o'er, 
 A brief, a sad one, but I would not change it 
 For all that happiness e'er had to offer. 
 I will not keep you longer, noble foe ; 
 If my poor desolate heart had words to speak, 
 You then would know it did not feel ungrateful. 
 My kind old friends, misfortune draws us near 
 To one another ; lead on now, I follow. [Exeunt. 
 
 Enter LASCAIUS, speaking to those without. 
 
 Here is a vacant space, my father ; here 
 In safety he may rest awhile. 
 
 Enter PHRANZA, ALCIPHRON, THEODORE, bearing along CONST ANTINK. 
 
 Phran. Then gently, 
 
 Let him down gently here. 
 
 Ale. O piteous sight !
 
 368 THE LAST OF THE GREEKS, ETC. 
 
 Theo. He opes his eyes. 
 
 Canst. My faithful Phranza, speak, 
 
 For all looks misty to my failing eyes ; 
 Tell me what gleams o'er St. Sophia's dome ? 
 
 Phran. Alas ! my Emperor, the Turkish crescent. 
 
 Const. Then have I lived enough. I do not doubt, 
 All-righteous Heaven, no, I do not doubt 
 Thy still-controlling providence ; thou seest 
 The Moslem's triumph and the Christian's fall ; 
 Thou seest thy shrine profaned, and this fair city 
 The prey of robbers but our sins deserved it. 
 
 Phran. Exhaust not all your strength ; yet think of comfort. 
 
 Const. Yes, I will think of comfort even now, 
 In this dread hour, amid my vanished empire, 
 My people's anguish, and the spoiler's yells, 
 "While my own life-blood fast is ebbing from me, 
 I yet will think of comfort. No, thou wilt not, 
 Lord of all mercy, hide thy face for ever. 
 The time shall come (believe a dying man), 
 The time shall come, when yon insulting victor, 
 In his dominion's fierce career, shall know 
 The mighty retribution when a people, 
 Goaded by wrongs beyond a slave's endurance, 
 Shall waken, first to feeling, then to freedom 
 When Greece (for, oh ! the glorious, stirring vision 
 Is borne yet stronger on my parting soul), 
 When trampled, roused, regenerated Greece, 
 Shall wield her ancient faulchion ; when the Cross 
 Shall rear its hallowed banner o'er the nations, 
 And Europe shout above the vanquished Crescent. 
 Heaven take my soul ! \_Dif*. 
 
 Phran. Last of the Greeks, farewell !
 
 TWO LECTURES, 
 
 DELIVERED TO THE 
 
 LEEDS MECHANICS' INSTITUTION AND LITERARY SOCIETY, 
 
 DECEMBEE STH AKD GTH, 1850. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 
 
 I HAVE undertaken to read a paper on " The Poetry of Pope." My hearers, 
 however, will be sorely disappointed, and my own purpose will have been sin- 
 gularly misconstrued, if any expectation should exist that I am about to bring 
 any fresh matter or information to the subject with which I am about to deal. 
 Such means of illustration, I trust, may be amply supplied by Mr. Croker, who 
 has announced a new edition of Pope a task for which both his ability and 
 his long habits of research appear well to qualify him. As little is it within 
 either my purpose or my power to present you with any novelty of view, or 
 originality of theory, either upon poetry in general, or the poetry of Pope in 
 particular. The task that I have ventured, perhaps rashly, to impose upon 
 myself, has a much more simple, and, I am willing to hope, less personal aim. 
 
 It is briefly this It has seemed to me for a very long time, I should say 
 from about the period of my own early youth, that the character and reputa- 
 tion of Pope, as a poet, had sunk, in general contemporary estimation, consi- 
 derably below their previous and their proper level. I felt ruffled at this, as 
 an injustice to an author whom my childhood had been taught to admire, and 
 whom the verdict of my maturer reason approved. I lamented this, because 
 I thought that the extent of this depreciation on the one side, and of the pre- 
 ferences which it necessarily produced on the other, must have a tendency to 
 mislead the public taste, and to misdirect the powers of our rising minstrels. 
 
 I allow myself the satisfaction of thinking that there are already manifest 
 some symptoms of that reaction, which, whenever real merit or essential truth 
 is concerned, will always ensue upon unmerited depression. I remember, too, 
 that it gave me quite a refreshing sensation to find, during my travels in the 
 United States of America, that among some of the most literary and cultivated 
 portions of that great community (although I would not more implicitly trust 
 
 2B
 
 370 LECTURE I. 
 
 to Young America than I would to Young England upon this point), the re- 
 verence for Pope still partook largely of the sounder original faith of the pa- 
 rent land. I fear, however, that there is still enough of heresy extant among 
 us to justify one who considers himself a true worshipper, who almost bows to 
 the claim of this form of Popish infallibility, in making such efforts as may be 
 within his power to win back any doubtful or hesitating votary to the aban- 
 doned shrine. 
 
 The attitude, then, in which I appear before you on the present occasion, 
 is this I look on myself as a counsel, self-constituted it is true, but for 
 whose sincerity the absence of any fee may be considered as a sufficient gua- 
 rantee ; and here, then, in the short space which can be allowed by this court 
 for the business of the defence, I consider myself bound to put before you 
 such pleas as I may think best calculated to get a verdict from you on my side 
 of the case. 
 
 The best plan which, as it appears to me, I can adopt for disarming any 
 reasonable suspicion on the part of my jurors (all, I feel sure, candid and en- 
 lightened men), as well as for doing justice to my own character as a critic, is 
 to state frankly what I do not claim for my client, the late Alexander Pope. 
 I do not, then, pretend to place him on the very highest pedestal of poetry, 
 among the few foremost of the tuneful monarchs and lawgivers of mankind. 
 Confining ourselves to onr own country, I do not, of course, ask you to put 
 him on a level with the universal, undisputed, unassailable supremacy of 
 Shakspeare nor with Milton, of whom Mr. Macaulay, whom this town once 
 honoured itself by making its representative, has lately thus beautifully 
 spoken : 
 
 " A mightier spirit, unsubdued by pain, danger, poverty, obloquy, and blindness, 
 meditated, undisturbed by the obscene tumult which raged all around, a song so 
 sublime and so holy, that it could not have misbecome the lips of those ethereal 
 beings whom he saw, with that inner eye which no calamity could darken, flinging 
 down on the jasper pavement their crowns of amaranth and gold." 
 
 I fancy that some might wish to make a further reserve for the gentle 
 fancy of Spenser, though the obsolete character of much of his phraseology, 
 and the tediousness inseparable from all forms of sustained allegory, must, I 
 apprehend, in these days, very considerably contract the number of his 
 readers. Nay, I can quite allow for the preference being given to Pope's more 
 immediate predecessor, Dryden, whose compositions, though assuredly less 
 finished and complete, undoubtedly exhibit a more nervous vein of argumen- 
 tative power, and a greater variety of musical rhythm. When I have men- 
 tioned these august names, I have mentioned all, writing in the English 
 tongue, who, in my humble apprehension, can possibly be classed before Pope. 
 
 I may observe, that in this estimate I appear to be confirmed by the pre-
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 371 
 
 sent Commissioners of Fine Arts, who, in selecting the Poets from whose works 
 subjects for six vacant spaces in the new Palace of "Westminster were to be 
 executed by living artists, named Chaucer (who by his antiquity as well as his 
 merits was properly appointed to lead the line of English bards) , Shakspeare, 
 Spenser, Milton, Dryden, and Pope. 
 
 Though I conceive, and you will readily concur, that the case I am endea- 
 vouring to make good must be mainly established by my client's own precise 
 words and the anticipated pleasure of quoting them to attentive ears has 
 been, perhaps, my chief inducement to undertake the office which I am now 
 fulfilling yet I consider it will not be out of place for the object I have in 
 view, especially before an audience of a nation which much delights in, and is 
 indeed much ruled by precedent, if I should quote a few approved authorities 
 (had time permitted, I might have availed myself of a great number), merely 
 for the purpose of showing that, if you should be pleased to side with me in 
 this issue, we shall find ourselves in company of which we shall have no need 
 to be ashamed. 
 
 I shall also thus furnish a proof of what I have stated above, that I am not 
 straining after originality or novelty of remark ; indeed, I feel that I shall 
 make way in proportion as the testimony I adduce proceeds from lips more 
 trustworthy than my own. 
 
 What says Savage, a poet himself of irregular, but no mean genius ? He 
 thus speaks of Pope : 
 
 " Though gay as mirth, as curious thought sedate, 
 
 As elegance polite, as power elate, 
 
 Profound as reason, and as justice clear, \ 
 
 Soft as persuasion, yet as truth severe, 
 
 As bounty copious, as persuasion sweet, 
 
 Like nature vaiious, and like art complete ; 
 
 So fine her morals, so sublime her views, 
 
 His life is almost equalled by his muse." 
 
 Part of this commendation, I must admit, appears even to me overstrained. 
 Some of Pope's compositions are marred by occasional coarseness and indeli- 
 cacy ; and his mind and character, I fear it must be allowed, were at times dis- 
 figured by envy, resentment, and littleness. Compared, however, with most 
 of his predecessors of the reign of Charles II. , and with many of his own con- 
 temporaries, both his muse and his life may have been deemed decent and se- 
 vere. He seems himself, at all events, to have indulged in this estimate of the 
 tenor of his own productions : 
 
 " Curst be the verse, how well soe'er it flow, 
 
 That tends to make one honest man my foe, 
 
 Give virtue scandal, innocence a fear, 
 
 Or from the soft-eyed virgin steal a tear." 
 2 B 2
 
 372 LECTURE I. 
 
 I return to my authorities. 
 
 I do not quote Bishop Warburton, as he was the avowed apologist, as well 
 as executor and editor, of Pope. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Warton, who wrote an essay on the genius and writings of 
 Pope, chiefly with a view of proving what I have admitted above, that he 
 ought not to be ranked in the highest class of our native poets, and who ap- 
 pears to wish, as I certainly do not, to have a hit at him whenever he can, 
 concedes, however, thus much to him : 
 
 " In the species of poetry wherein Pope excelled, he is superior to all mankind, 
 and I only say that this species of poetry is not the most excellent one of the art 
 Ho is the great poet of reason, the first of ethical authors in verse." 
 
 Dr. Johnson, in his well-known and most agreeable life of Pope, says 
 thus : 
 
 " Of his intellectual character, the constituent and fundamental principle was good 
 sense ;" and then, " Pope had likewise genius a mind active, ambitious, and adven- 
 turous, always investigating, always aspiring, in its widest searches longing to go 
 forward, in its highest flights still wishing to be higher." 
 
 And at the close of the masterly contrast which he draws between Dryden 
 and Pope, he thus sums it up : 
 
 " If the flights of Dryden are higher, Pope continues longer on the wing ; if of 
 Dryden's fire the blaze is brighter, of Pope is the heat more regular and constant. 
 Dryden often surpasses expectation, and Pope never falls below it ; Dryden is read 
 with frequent astonishment, and Pope with perpetual delight." 
 
 Mason, also a poet and very accomplished man, who had done so much in 
 editing and illustrating the works of another most eminent and admirable 
 master of his art (I refer to Gray), has shown what an exalted estimate he 
 had formed of Pope, in the passage where he reproaches him, and justly re- 
 proaches him, for the undue praise which he had lavished on the famous Henry 
 St. John, Lord Bolingbroke 
 
 " Call we the shade of Pope from that blest bower, 
 
 Where throned he sits with many a tuneful sage ; 
 Ask, if he ne'er repents that luckless hour, 
 When St John's name illumined glory's page. 
 
 Ask, if the wretch who dared his honour stain, 
 
 Ask, if his country's, his religion's foe, 
 Deserved the wreath that Marlboro' failed to gain, 
 
 The deathless meed he only could bestow !" 
 
 George, Lord Lyttleton, another poet himself, calls him " The sweetest 
 and most elegant of English poets, the severest chastiser of vice, and the most 
 persuasive teacher of wisdom."
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 373 
 
 How speaks Campbell, the author of " The Pleasures of Hope," and " The 
 Battle of the Baltic ?" If any one is entitled to speak of what true poetry is, 
 that right will not be denied to Thomas Campbell. He calls Pope " a genuine 
 poet," and says with true discrimination : 
 
 " The public ear was long fatigued with repetitions of his manner; but if we 
 place ourselves in the situation of those to whom his brilliancy, succinctness, and 
 animation were wholly new, we cannot wonder at their being captivated to the 
 fondest admiration." 
 
 I will only further cite from the poets whom many of us remember in our 
 own day, one still more illustrious name. The fervid, wayward, irregular 
 muse of Lord Byron, presented the strongest points of contrast with the mea- 
 sured, even, highly-trained, smoothly -polished temperament of Pope. What 
 did Lord Byron think of Pope? He terms him, " The most perfect and har- 
 monious of poets he who, having no fault, has had reason made his reproach. 
 It is this very harmony which has raised the vulgar and atrocious cant against 
 him [Lord Byron was fond of using strong language] because his versifi- 
 cation is perfect, it is assumed that it is his only perfection ; because his truths 
 are so clear, it is asserted that he has no invention ; and because he is always 
 intelligible, it is taken for granted that he has no genius. I have loved and 
 honoured the fame and name of that illustrious and unrivalled man, far more 
 than my own paltry renown, and the trashy jingle of that crowd of schools 
 and upstarts who pretend to rival or even surpass him. Sooner than a single 
 leaf should be torn from his laurel, it were better that all which these men, 
 and that I, as one of their set, have ever written, should line trunks." 
 
 There is another and more general testimony to the reputation at least, if 
 not to the actual merits of Pope, which may be here mentioned ; this is the 
 extent to which his lines are quoted as familiar maxims and illustrations of 
 the daily incidents of life, and the common meanings of men quoted often 
 probably by persons who have little knowledge or recollection where the 
 words are to be found. I am inclined to believe that, in this respect, and it is 
 one not to be considered slightingly, he would be found to occupy the second 
 place, next, of course, to the universal Shakspeare himself. Allow me to cite 
 a few instances. 
 
 "When there has been a pleasant party of people, either in a convivial or 
 intellectual view I wish we might think it of our meeting this evening we 
 say that it has teen 
 
 " The feast of reason, and the flow of soul." 
 
 How often are we warned I have sometimes even heard the warning ad- 
 dressed to Mechanics' Institutes, that 
 
 " A little learning is a dangerous thing !"
 
 374 LECTURE I. 
 
 How often reminded, 
 
 " An honest man's the noblest work of God !" 
 Or, with nearly the same meaning, 
 
 " Who taught the useful science, to be good." 
 There is a couplet which I ought to carry in my own recollection 
 
 44 What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards ? 
 Alas ! not all the blood of all the Howards." 
 
 It is an apt illustration of the offices of hospitality 
 
 " Welcome the coming, speed the going guest" 
 How familiar is the instruction, 
 
 41 To look, through Nature, up to Nature's God !" 
 As rules with reference to composition, 
 
 " The last and greatest art, the art to blot." 
 
 44 To snatch a grace beyond the reach of art ;" 
 
 And then, as to the best mode of conveying the instruction, 
 " Men must be taught as if you taught them not." 
 
 There is the celebrated definition of wit, 
 
 "True wit is nature to advantage dressed ; 
 What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed." 
 
 Do you want to illustrate the importance of early education ? You observe, 
 " Just as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined." 
 
 Do you wish to characterize ambition somewhat favourably ? You call it 
 " The glorious fault of angels and of gods." 
 
 Or, describing a great conqueror, 
 
 " A mighty hunter, and his prey was man." 
 
 Do you seek the safest rule for architecture or gardening ? 
 44 Consult the genius of the place in all." 
 
 Or, with exquisite good sense, 
 
 44 "Pis use alone that sanctifies expense, 
 And splendour borrows all her rays from sense." 
 
 Are you tempted to say anything rather severe to your wife or daughter, when 
 she insists on a party of pleasure, or an expensive dress ? You tell her 
 
 44 That every woman is at heart a rake." 
 And then, if you wish to excuse your own submission, you plead 
 
 44 If to her share some female errors fall, 
 Look on her face, and you'll forget them all."
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 375 
 
 How often are we inclined to echo the truth, 
 
 " That fools rush in where angels fear to tread !" 
 
 And this too, 
 
 " That gentle dulness often loves a joke." 
 
 Who has not felt this to be true 
 
 " Hope springs eternal in the human hreast : 
 Man never is, hut always to be blest?" 
 
 When an orator, or a Parliamentary candidate in which last capacity I have 
 often appeared before some of you wishes to rail at absolute governments, 
 he talks of 
 
 " The monstrous faith of many made for one." 
 
 Then there are two maxims, one in politics and one in religion, which have 
 both been extensively found fault with ; but the very amount of censure proves 
 what alone I am now attempting to establish, not the truth or justice of Pope's 
 words, but their great vogue and currency 
 
 " For forms of government let fools contest ; 
 Whate'eris best administered is best." 
 
 " For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight ; 
 His can't be wrong whose life is in the right." 
 
 It is now time to judge Pope from his own works, by which, of course, his 
 place in the estimate of posterity must finally stand. , 
 
 I shall pass hurriedly by his earlier compositions. He tells us himself of 
 the precocity of his genius : 
 
 " I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came." 
 
 But his very youthful productions, on the whole, appear to be more remarka- 
 ble for their dates than their intrinsic merits. He wrote his Pastorals at six- 
 teen. Independently of the age at which they were written, they appear to 
 me trivial, forced, out of keeping with the English soil and life to which they 
 are by way of being assigned. One 'piece of praise is justly their due ; after 
 the publication of these verses by a youth, we may call him a boy of sixteen, 
 I do not see why a rugged or inharmonious English verse need ever again 
 have been written 5 and, what is more, 1 believe very few such have been 
 written. Mr. Macaulay says on this point " From the time when the Pas- 
 torals appeared, heroic versification became matter of rule and compass, and 
 before long all artists were on a level." It was surely better that this level 
 should be one upon which the reader could travel smoothly along, without jolts 
 or stumbles. 
 
 In the short poem of " The Messiah," I do justice to the stately flow of verse 
 upon the highest of human themes. Both Dr. Johnson and Dr. Warton give 
 it a decided preference over the " Pollio" of Virgil, which is concerned with to-
 
 376 LECTURE I. 
 
 pics of close and wonderful similarity. I do not know how fur they are right, 
 but I feel quite sure that both the " Pollio" of Virgil and " The Messiah" of 
 Pope, fall immeasurably below the prose translation of Isaiah in our Bibles. 
 
 " Windsor Forest" appears to be on the whole a cold production. It con- 
 tains some good lines on the poet Earl of Surrey 
 
 " Matchless his pen, victorious was his lance, 
 Bold in the lists, and graceful in the dance ;" 
 
 an extremely pretty account of the flight and plumage of a pheasant, a very 
 poetical list of the tributaries of the Thames, and some well-sounding verses 
 on the Peace of Utrecht, then recently concluded, from which in the early 
 part of this year I was induced to quote some lines which I thought very ap- 
 posite to the proposed Exhibition of the Industry of all nations, at London, 
 in 1851 : 
 
 " The time shall come, when, free as seas or wind, 
 Unbounded Thames shall flow for all mankind, 
 Whole nations enter with each swelling tide, 
 And seas but join the regions they divide ; 
 Earth's distant ends our glories shall behold, 
 And the new world launch forth to meet the old." 
 
 The Odes written by Pope are decidedly of an inferior caste I need not 
 say how inferior to the immortal " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," by Dryden, who 
 preceded, or how inferior to Gray or Campbell, who have followed him. 
 The Ode, perhaps, of every species of poetical composition, was the most alien 
 to the genius of Pope ; its character is rapt, vehement, abrupt ; his is com- 
 posed, polished, methodical ; his haunt would not be the mountain top, or 
 the foaming cataract, but the smooth parterre and the gilded saloon. You 
 may prefer one bent of mind, as you would one form of scenery ; the question 
 with which I now invite you to deal is, not in what style Pope wrote, but in 
 the style which he chose, and for which his nature best fitted him, how far he 
 excelled. 
 
 Among the very youthful productions of Pope, there were also some adap- 
 tations from Chaucer, Ovid, and one or two more ancient authors ; in point 
 of execution they are only distinguished by their smooth versification, and the 
 matter of them ought to have forbidden the attempt. 
 
 In speaking as I have done of many of Pope's earlier compositions, how- 
 ever I may assume myself to be a devoted admirer partisan, if you should so 
 please to term it I conceive that I have at least shown that hitherto 1 am no 
 indiscriminate praiser, who thinks that everything which proceeds from his 
 favourite must be perfect. On the contrary, though his facility in writing 
 verses was almost precocious, the complete mastery of his art seems to have 
 been gradually and laboriously developed. " So regular my rage," was the
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 377 
 
 description which he has himself applied to his own poetry. It was not so 
 much " the pomp and prodigality of heaven," which have been allotted to a 
 few ; it was rather, in the edifice of song which he has reared, that nicety of 
 detail, and that completeness of finish, where every stroke of the hammer tells, 
 and every nail holds its exact place. 
 
 His early friend and admirer, Walsh, seems accurately to have discerned 
 the path of excellence which was open for him, when he told him that there 
 was one way in which he might excel any of his predecessors, which was by 
 correctness ; for, though we had before him several great poets, we could boast 
 of none that were perfectly correct. Pope justified the advice ; and if correct- 
 ness is not the highest praise to which a poet can aspire, it is no mean distinc- 
 tion to show how an author can be almost faultlessly correct, and almost as 
 invariably the reverse of all that is tame, mean, or flat. 
 
 There come, however, among compositions which in any one else would 
 most strictly be called early, a few which will not bear to be dismissed with 
 such a hasty or superficial notice. The " Essay on Criticism" was written when 
 he was twenty or twenty-one years old, and as such it appears a positive 
 marvel. But he had now entered a field on which he was quite a master the 
 domain of good sense and of good taste, applied to the current literature of a 
 scholar, and the common topics of life. 
 
 Very soon after, however, as if to show that, if he had willed it, he could 
 have exercised as full a mastery over the region of light fancy and sportive 
 imagery as of sober reflection and practical wisdom, he wrote what is termed 
 a heroi-comic poem, " The Rape of the Lock." Dr. Johnson calls this the most 
 exquisite example of ludicrous poetry, though I do not think the word ludi- 
 crous a happy epithet of the Doctor's ; Dr. Warton calls it the best satire ex- 
 tant ; and we are told that Pope himself considered the intermixture of the 
 machinery of the sylphs with the action of the story as the most successful 
 exertion of his art. As my business to-night is more with Pope on the whole 
 as a poet than with the details and the conduct of his single poems, I must 
 not suffer myself to linger on the details of this delicious work. It is so 
 finished and nicely fitted together, that it would scarcely answer to separate 
 any isolated passages from the context ; besides, exquisite as the entire poem 
 is, yet, the subject being professedly trivial, any single extract might appeal- 
 deficient in importance and dignity. The whole is as sparkling as the jewelled 
 cross upon the bosom of the heroine, 
 
 " On her white breast a sparkling cross she bore, 
 Which Jews might kiss, and Infidels adore." 
 
 It is as stimulating as the pinch of snuff he so compactly describes, 
 " The pungent grains of titillating dust."
 
 378 LECTURE I. 
 
 But there was one other chord of the poetic lyre which Pope, still young 
 in years, had yet to show his power to strike, and it is the most thrilling in the 
 whole compass of song the poetry of the passions and the heart. To this 
 class I assign the u Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady," and the ever 
 memorable " Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard." A few words will suffice here for 
 the Elegy ; its moral tendency cannot be defended, as it appears, incidentally 
 at least, to excuse and consecrate suicide. In its execution it combines in a 
 high degree poetic diction with pathetic feeling. Let me repeat the con- 
 cluding lines : 
 
 " Poets themselves must fall, like these they sung, 
 Deaf the praised ear, and mute the tuneful tongue. 
 E'en he whose soul now melts in mournful lays, 
 Shall shortly want the generous tear he pays ; 
 Then from his closing eyes thy form shall part, 
 And the last pang shall tear thee from his heart ; 
 Life's idle business at one gasp be o'er, 
 The Muse forgot, and thou beloved no more." 
 
 I must pause longer on the " Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard." I ought, how- 
 ever, before I give vent to the full glow of panegyric, to make two admissions ; 
 one, that a sensitive delicacy would have avoided the subject ; the other, that 
 the matter is not original, but is supplied in great degree by the actual letters 
 of the distinguished and unfortunate pair who gave their name to the epistle. 
 Where the adaptation, however, is so consummate, this makes a very slight 
 deduction from the merit of the author. The poem is not long, but in point 
 of execution it appears to me one of the most faultless of human compositions: 
 every thought is passion, and every line is music. The struggle between as- 
 piring piety and forbidden love forms its basis, and the scenery and accessories 
 of monastic life and the Roman Catholic ritual furnish a background highly 
 congenial, solemn, and picturesque. 
 
 I must endeavour to justify my panegyric by a few quotations. The 
 commendation of letter- writing is well known. It seems to me still more ap- 
 plicable since the introduction of the penny stamp : 
 
 " Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's aid, 
 Some banish' d lover, or some captive maid; 
 They live, they speak, they breathe what love inspires, 
 Warm from the soul, and faithful to its fires ; 
 The virgin's wish without her fears impart, 
 Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart ; 
 Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul, 
 And waft a sigh from Indus to the Pole."
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 379 
 
 I give the description of the convent founded by Abelard : 
 
 " You raised these hallowed walls ; the desert smiled, 
 And Paradise was opened in the wild. 
 No weeping orphan saw his father's stores 
 Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors ; 
 No silver saints, hy dying misers given, 
 Here brihe the rage of ill-requited heaven ; 
 But such plain roofs as piety could raise, 
 And only vocal with the Maker's praise." 
 
 There is the same scene coloured by Eloisa's own state of mind : 
 
 "But o'er the twilight groves and dusky caves, 
 Long sounding aisles, and intermingled graves, 
 Black Melancholy sits, and round her throws 
 A death-like silence and a dread repose. 
 Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene, 
 Shades every flower, and darkens every green, 
 Deepens the murmur of the falling floods, 
 And breathes a browner horror o'or the woods." 
 
 This is surely eminently poetic and expressive. 
 
 She refers to the happier destiny of the nun who is entirely true to her vo- 
 cation : 
 
 " How happy is the blameless vestal's lot, 
 The world forgetting, by the world forgot ! 
 Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind ! 
 Each prayer accepted, and each wish resigned ; 
 Labour and rest that equal periods keep, 
 Obedient slumbers that can wake and weep ; 
 Desires composed, affections ever even, 
 Tears that delight, and sighs that waft to heaven." 
 
 Let me give the description of her first acquaintance with Abelard : 
 
 " Thou know'st how guiltless first I met thy flame, 
 When love approached me under friendship's name ; 
 My fancy formed thee of angelic kind, 
 Some emanation of th' All-beauteous mind. 
 Those smiling eyes, attempering every ray, 
 Shone sweetly lambent with celestial day. 
 Guiltless I gaz'd ; heaven listened while you sung, 
 And truths divine came mended from that tongue." 
 
 In that beautiful line, the force of human passion seems to obtain the mas- 
 tery over the concerns of another life ; but I will close my extracts from this
 
 380 LECTURE I. 
 
 poem with the wishes she forms for their lost meeting, in which piety appears 
 finally to predominate over passion : 
 
 " Thou, Abelard ! the last sad office pay, 
 And smoothe my passage to the realms of day. 
 See my lips tremble, and my eye-balls roll, 
 Suck my lost breath, and catch my flying soul ! 
 Ah no in sacred vestments may's! thou stand, 
 The hallowed taper trembling in thy hand." 
 
 (You remark all the force in that word " trembling :" in the next line, 
 observe how the words "present" and "lifted" carry on the drama of the 
 scene) : 
 
 " Present the cross before my lifted eye, 
 Teach me at once, and learn of me to die ; 
 Ah then, thy once-loved Eloisa see : 
 It will be then no crime to gaze on me." 
 
 (That is, I think, a highly impassioned and pathetic line.) 
 
 " See from my cheek the transient roses fly," 
 ("Transient," in the literal meaning of the word, passing off,) 
 
 *' See the last sparkle languish in my eye ! 
 'Till every motion, pulse, and breath be o'er, 
 And ev*n my Abelard be loved no more. 
 death, all eloquent ! you only prove, 
 What dust we doat on when 'tis man we love." 
 
 It would be a strange omission, in an estimate of the poetical achievements 
 of Pope, to make no mention of his translation of Homer, though the fact of 
 its being a translation, and its length, would both rather put it beyond the 
 limits of my present criticism. Dr. Johnson calls his Iliad, and I am inclined 
 to believe with no more than perfect truth, the noblest version of poetry which 
 the world has ever seen. The main objection alleged against it is, that, being 
 a professed translation of Homer, it is not Homeric that it is full of grace 
 and sparkle, but misses the unmatched simplicity and majesty of that great 
 father of verse that, if I may so express myself, it has not the twang of 
 Homer. All this, I think, must be admitted ; by some the poems of Sir 
 Walter Scott, and old ballads like Chevy Chase, have been thought to convey 
 a better notion of this Homeric twang than can be gathered from all the po- 
 lished couplets of Pope. Cowper (an honoured name) tried a more literal 
 version in blank verse, which certainly may be said to represent more closely 
 at least the simplicity of the original. Let us, however, come to the practical 
 test as Lord Byron has asked concerning these two translations, " Who can 
 ever read Cowper, and who will ever lay down Pope, except for the original '1
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 381 
 
 As a child I first read Pope's Homer with a rapture which no subsequent work 
 could ever afford, and children are not the worst judges of their own lan- 
 guage." It is no mean praise that it is the channel which has conveyed the 
 knowledge of Homer to the general English public not to our scholars, of 
 course. Though it is far less to the purpose how I felt about this as a child, 
 than how Lord Byron felt, I too remember the days (I fear, indeed, that the 
 anecdote will savour of egotism, but I must not mind the imputation of 
 egotism, if it illustrates my author), when I used to learn Pope's Iliad by heart 
 behind a screen, while I was supposed to be engaged on lessons of more direct 
 usefulness ; and I fancy that I was under the strange hallucination at the time 
 that I had got by heart the first four books. I do not mention this as a pro- 
 fitable example, but in order to show the degree in which this translation was 
 calculated to gain the mastery over the youthful mind. 
 
 All the poems of Pope, to Avhich I have already referred, belong to that 
 period of life which, in all ordinary cases, would be called youth. I believe 
 that they must have been nearly altogether completed before he was thirty. 
 Those which I may further have to quote from (in doing which I shall hardly 
 think it necessary to observe so much separate order between the different 
 poems as heretofore), were the fruits of his matured years and settled powers. 
 They henceforth fall under one class of composition, that which treats of men, 
 their manners, and their morals ; they are comprised under the titles of sa- 
 tires and moral essays. He himself speaks of the bent which his genius now 
 adopted, 
 
 " That not in fancy's maze he wandered long, 
 But stooped to truth, and moralized his song." 
 
 Upon which I again feel happy to find myself in full acquiescence with Lord 
 Byron, who says, " He should have written, rose to truth. In my mind the 
 highest of all poetry is ethical poetry, as the highest of all earthly subjects 
 must be moral truth." 
 
 Lord Bolingbroke and Bishop Atterbury, certainly no mean judges of in- 
 tellectual merit, declared that the strength of Pope's genius lay eminently and 
 peculiarly in satire. What shall I, then, single out as an illustration of his 
 satiric vein ? The character of Lord Hervey, under the name of Sporus, is 
 cited by Lord Byron as a specimen of his rich fancy (generally, but most er- 
 roneously, assumed to be the quality in which Pope was chiefly deficient), and 
 with this specimen of fancy Lord Byron defied all his own contemporaries to 
 compete. That it does manifest injustice at least to the abilities of Lord 
 Hervey, will be acknowledged by all who have read his very entertaining me- 
 moirs lately published ; but moreover, able and brilliant as it is, it is too dis- 
 agreeable to repeat. Let me quote, then, his famous character of Addison, 
 who had given offence to him, whether with good reason or not it is no part
 
 382 LECTURE I. 
 
 of my present purpose, nor would it be in my power to decide. Pope thought 
 that Addison had treated him slightingly and superciliously, and I believe took 
 specially amiss the kind of notice he bad bestowed upon the Rape of the 
 Lock." He speaks of him under the name of Atticus ; you will remark the 
 consummate skill with which he first does justice to his genius, and then de- 
 tracts from its lustre. It is also a great proof of the cleverness, of the satire, 
 that, sincere as our respect is both for the genius and character of Addison, it 
 is impossible to go through this piece of dissection without believing that it 
 must have touched upon some points of real soreness. 
 
 " Peaco to all such ! but were there one whose fires 
 True genius kindles, and fair fame inspires ; 
 Blest with each talent and each art to please, 
 And born to write, converse, and live with ease : 
 Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, 
 Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne, 
 View him with scornful, yet with jealous eyes, 
 And hate for arts that caus'd himself to rise ; 
 Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer, 
 And, without sneering, teach the rest to sneer ; 
 Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, 
 Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike ; 
 Alike rescrv'd to blame or to commend, 
 A tim'rous foe, and a suspicious friend ; 
 Dreading cv*n fools, by flatterers besicg'd, 
 And so obliging, that ho ne'er oblig'd ; 
 Like Cato, give his little Senate laws, 
 And sit attentive to his own applause ; 
 While wits and Templars cv'ry sentence raise, 
 And wonder with a foolish face of praise 
 Who but must laugh, if such a man there be ? 
 Who would not weep, if Atticus were he !" 
 
 Then I will take the character of the able, versatile, and unprincipled 
 Duke of Wbarton :_ 
 
 " Wharton, the scorn and wonder of our days, 
 Whose ruling passion was the lust of praise : 
 Born with whatc'cr could win it from the wise, 
 Women and fools must like him, or he dies : 
 Tho* wondering senates hung on all he spoke, 
 The club must hail him master of the joke. 
 
 [This couplet has been applied to the celebrated Mr. Sheridan, and does not 
 ill suit the author of the speeches on Warren Hastings' trial, and " The School 
 for Scandal."]
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 383 
 
 Thus with each gift of nature and of art, 
 
 And wanting nothing but an honest heart, 
 
 Grown all to all, from no one vice exempt ; 
 
 And most contemptible, to shun contempt ; 
 
 His passion still, to covet general praise, 
 
 His life, to forfeit it a thousand ways ; 
 
 A constant bounty which no friend has made ; 
 
 An angel tongue, which no man can persuade ; 
 
 A fool, with more of wit than half mankind, 
 
 Too rash for thought, for action too refin'd ; 
 
 A tyrant to the wife his heart approves, 
 
 A rebel to the very king he loves ; 
 
 He dies, sad outcast of each church and state, 
 
 And, harder still ! flagitious, yet not great. 
 
 Ask you why Wharton broke through every rule ? 
 
 'Twas all for fear the knaves should call him fool." 
 
 I have given the characters of two men ; fairness demands that at least I 
 should give you one of a woman. I take that of Chloe, which, unlike the two 
 last, has not, that I am aware, been ascertained to belong to any actual per- 
 son, but most of us all will feel that we have known people to whom some 
 parts of it at least might fit : 
 
 " Yet Chloe sure was formed without a spot 
 Nature in her then err'd not, but forgot. 
 ' With ev'ry pleasing, ev'ry prudent part, 
 Say what does Chloe want ?' She wants a heart. 
 She speaks, behaves, and acts just as she ought ; 
 But never, never reach' d one generous thought. 
 Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour, 
 Content to dwell in decencies for ever. 
 So very reasonable, so unmov'd, 
 As never yet to love, or to be lov'd. 
 She, while her lover pants upon her breast, 
 Can mark the figures on an Indian chest ; 
 And when she sees her friend in deep despair, 
 Observes how much a chintz exceeds mohair. 
 Forbid it heav'n, a favour or a debt 
 She e'er should cancel ! but she may forget. 
 Safe is your secret still in Chloe' s ear ; 
 But none of Chloe' s shall you ever hear. 
 Of all her Dears she never slander' d one, 
 But cares not if a thousand are undone. 
 Would Chloe know if you're alive or dead? 
 She bids her footman put it in her head.
 
 384 LECTURE I. 
 
 Chloe is prudent ! Would you too be wise, 
 Then never break your heart when Chloe dies." 
 
 Having thus attempted to do justice to Pope's powers of satire, I must not 
 omit to mention what I consider to be another of his felicities almost of an 
 opposite character, though I have perceived with pleasure since I noted this 
 topic, that I have been anticipated in the same line of remark by the late Mr. 
 Hazlitt ; I say with pleasure, because that ingenious person was one of the 
 guides and favourites of a school the most opposed in theory and practice to 
 that of Pope ; I allude to the extreme tact, skill, and delicacy with which he 
 conveys a compliment, and frequently embodies in one pregnant line or 
 couplet a complete panegyric of the character he wishes to distinguish. Let 
 me instance this by a few examples. Sometimes the compliment appears 
 merely to be thrown out almost as it were by chance to illustrate his meaning. 
 So of the Duke of Chandos, whom at another time he is supposed to have in- 
 tended to ridicule under the character of Timon 
 
 " Thus gracious Chandos is beloved at sight." 
 Then of Lord Cornbury 
 
 " "Would ye be blest? despise low joys, low gains, 
 Disdain whatever Cornbury disdains." 
 
 Of General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia 
 
 " One driv'n by strong benevolence of soul 
 Shall fly, like Oglethorpe, from pole to pole." 
 
 These have reference to manly virtues ; sometimes there is the same 
 oblique reference to female claims ; 
 
 " Hence Beauty, waking all her tints, supplies 
 An Angel's sweetness, or Bridgewater's eyes." 
 
 At other times the eulogium is more direct. Take that fine application 
 to Lord Cobham of the effect of man's ruling passion, developing itself in 
 death, which he has been pursuing through a number of instances the man 
 of pleasure, the miser, the glutton, the courtier, the coquette, all, for the most 
 part, under circumstances derogatory to the pride of human nature, when he 
 thus sums them up 
 
 " And you, brave Cobham, to the latest breath 
 Shall feel your ruling passion strong in death ; 
 Such, in these moments, as in all the past, 
 ' 0, save my country, Heav'n !' shall be your last." 
 
 How beautiful is the couplet to Dr. Arbuthnot, his physician and friend 
 " Friend of my life ! which did not you prolong, 
 The world had wanted many an idle song !"
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 385 
 
 How ingenious that to the famous Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, on 
 being desired to write some lines in an album with his pencil 
 
 " Accept a miracle instead of wit, 
 
 See two dull lines by Stanhope's pencil writ" 
 
 How happy is the allusion to Lord Peterborough, who made a brilliant cam- 
 paign in Spain within a wonderfully short time ! He represents him as assist- 
 ing to lay out his grounds 
 
 " And he whose lightning pierced th' Iberian lines 
 Now forms my quincunx, and now ranks my vines, 
 Or tames the genius of the stubborn plain, 
 Almost as quickly as be conquered Spain." 
 
 He always speaks of Murray, the great Lord Mansfield, with pride and affec- 
 tion. It is true that one of the worst lines he ever wrote is about him, the 
 second in this couplet 
 
 " Graced as thou art with all the power of words, 
 So known, so honoured, at the House of Lords." 
 
 An instance how much delicacy it requires to introduce with effect familiar 
 names and things ; sometimes it tells with great force ; here it is disastrously 
 prosaic ; we almost forgive it, however, when he turns from the Palace of 
 Westminster to the Abbey opposite 
 
 "Where Murray, long enough his country's pride, 
 Shall be no more than Tully, or than Hyde." 
 
 He again alludes to the aptitude for poetical composition which Murray had 
 exhibited, and also to the talent for epigram which he assumes that the great 
 orator Pulteney would have displayed if he had not been engrossed by poli- 
 tics : 
 
 " How sweet an Ovid, Murray, was our boast ; 
 How many Martials were in Pulteney lost !" 
 
 These were for the most part his political friends ; but when he mentions 
 Sir Robert Walpole, to whom his friends, more than himself, were virulently 
 opposed, how respectful and tender is the reproach, how adroit and insinuating 
 the praise 
 
 " Seen him I have, but in his happier hour, 
 Of social pleasure, ill exchanged for power, 
 Seen him, uncumbered with a venal tribe, 
 Smile without art, and win without a bribe." 
 
 I might adduce many other instances ; I might quote at full length the 
 noble epistle to Lord Oxford, but I will sum up this topic with that striking 
 passage in which, while he enumerates the persons who encouraged and fos- 
 
 2 c
 
 386 LECTURE I. 
 
 tered his earlier productions, he presents us with a gallery of illustrious por- 
 traits, sometimes conveys by a single word an insight into their whole cha- 
 racter, and concludes the distinguished catalogue with the name of that St. 
 John whom he uniformly regarded with feelings little short of idolatry, and 
 which, however misplaced and ill-grounded, have even in themselves some- 
 thing of the poetical attribute 
 
 " But why then publish ? Granville the polite, 
 And knowing Walsh would tell me I could write; 
 Well-natured Garth, inflamed with early praise, 
 And Congreve loved, and Swift endured, my lays." 
 
 (Observe how the gentle and amiable Congreve " loved," and the caustic and 
 cynical Swift " endured.") 
 
 " The courtly Talbot, Somers, Sheffield, read, 
 E'en mitred Rochester would nod the head," 
 
 (said to have been the ordinary symptom of Bishop Atterbury being pleased ; 
 then comes the swelling climax,) 
 
 " And St. John's self, great Dryden's friend before, 
 
 With open arms received one Poet more. 
 
 Happy the studies, when by these approved ; 
 
 Happier the author, when by these beloved." 
 
 I feel that I ought not entirely to omit all mention of the long satiric poem of 
 " The Dunciad,"upon which Pope evidently bestowed much care and labour ; 
 but it is throughout disfigured by great ill-nature, and by a pervading run of 
 unpleasant and unsavoury images. There is much spirit in the account of the 
 young highborn Dunce, who makes what is called the Grand Tour 
 
 " Europe he saw, and Europe saw him too ;" 
 and tells how he 
 
 "Judicious drank, and, greatly daring, dined." 
 There is a luscious kind of burlesque softness in these lines 
 " To happy convents, bosomed deep in vines, 
 Where slumber abbots, purple as their wines ; 
 To isles of fragrance, lily-silvered vales, 
 Diffusing languor in the panting gales ; 
 To lands of singing and of dancing slaves, 
 Love-whispering woods, and lute-resounding waves." 
 
 One of the most distinguishing excellencies of Pope is the vividness which 
 he imparts all the pictures he presents to the mind, and which he attains by 
 always making use of the very most appropriate terms which the matter 
 admits. This, in conjunction with his wonderful power of compression,
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 387 
 
 which he has probably carried further than any one before or since, gives a 
 terseness and completeness to all he says, in which he is unrivalled. As in- 
 stances of this perfect picture painting, I would refer you, as I must not inde- 
 finitely indulge in long citations, to the descriptions, all in the same Epistle on 
 Riches, of the Miser's House, the Man of Ross's charities, and of the death of 
 Villiers, Duke of Buckingham : 
 
 " In the worst inn's worst room, with mat half hung, 
 The floors of plaster, and the walls of dung, 
 On once a flock bed, but repair'd with straw, 
 With tape-tied curtains never meant to draw, 
 The George and Garter dangling from that bed 
 "Where tawdry yellow strove with dirty red, 
 Great Villiers lies alas ! how changed from him, 
 That life of pleasure, and that soul of whim !" 
 
 If any should object that this is all very finished and elaborate, but it is very 
 minute only miniature painting after all, what do you say to this one couplet 
 on the operations of the Deity 
 
 " Builds life on death, on change duration founds, 
 And gives the eternal wheels to know their rounds !" 
 
 I would beg any of the detractors of Pope to furnish me with another couple 
 of lines from any author whatever, which encloses so much sublimity of mean- 
 ing within such compressed limits, and such precise terms. 
 
 I must cite another passage, in which he ventures on the same exalted 
 theme, with somewhat more enlargement ; it would be impossible, however, 
 for you to hear it, and bring against it any charge of diffuseness. Before I 
 quote it, however, I ought to mention that I have received an anonymous at- 
 tack (I wish critics would not be anonymous, because then we might discuss 
 their objections with them), alleging that the passage I am about to cite has a 
 Pantheistic tendency. Now, I believe that our Poet, infatuated as I have be- 
 fore had occasion to state, by his admiration of all that proceeded from Lord 
 Bolingbroke, adopted from his false and hazy philosophy much that poor Pope 
 very imperfectly apprehended, and which, accordingly, has little of precise and 
 definite meaning. Hence, some of his leading axioms, such as "True self- 
 love and social are the same," " Whatever is, is right," are at once susceptible 
 both of a perverted and a corrected application. So in the lines which now 
 follow. Some of them, especially the first couplet, might be appropriated to 
 the dreamy moonshine of Pantheism, but may throughout be applied, and as 
 they proceed do in fact bear direct and most noble witness, to the personal 
 agency of the Omnipotent : 
 
 " All are but parts of one stupendous whole, 
 "Whose body nature is, and God the soul ; 
 2 c 2
 
 388 LECTURE I. 
 
 That, chang'd through all, and yet in all the same, 
 Great in the earth, as in the ethereal frame, 
 Warms in the sun, refreshes in the breeze, 
 Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees, 
 Lives through all life, extends through all extent, 
 Spreads undivided, operates unspent." 
 
 (There is a couplet indeed !) 
 
 "Breathes in our soul, informs our mortal part, 
 As full, as perfect, in a hair as heart ; 
 As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns, 
 As the rapt seraph that adores and burns ; 
 To Him no high, no low, no great, no small ; 
 He fills, He bounds, connects, and equals all." 
 
 Let me invite your attention to the few following lines on the apportion- 
 ment of separate instincts or qualities to different animals, and be good enough 
 to observe how the single words clench the whole argument. They are as de- 
 scriptive as the bars of Haydn's music in the Oratorio of the " Creation": 
 
 " What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme, 
 The mole's dim curtain, and the lynx's beam ; 
 Of smell, the headlong lioness between, 
 And hound sagacious on the tainted green ; 
 Of hearing, from the life that fills the flood, 
 To that which warbles through the vernal wood ; 
 The spider's touch, how exquisitely fine, 
 Feels at each thread, and lives along the line." 
 
 What a couplet again is that ! It is only about a spider ; but I guarantee 
 its immortality. 
 
 If I set down the Terse, the Accurate, the Complete, the pungency of the 
 Satiric point, the felicity of the well-turned Compliment, as the distinctive 
 features of Pope's poetical excellence, it should not escape us that there are 
 occasions when he reaches a high degree of moral energy and ardour. I have 
 purposely excluded from our present consideration all scrutiny and dissection 
 of Pope's real inner character. I am aware that, taking it in the most favour- 
 able light, it can only be regarded as formed of mixed and imperfect ele- 
 ments ; but I cannot refuse to myself the belief that when the Poet speaks in 
 such strains as these, they in some degree reflect and embody the spirit of the 
 Man. I quote from his animated description of the triumph of vice : 
 
 " Let Greatness own her, and she's mean no more ; 
 Her birth, her beauty, crowds and courts confess, 
 Chaste matrons praise her, and grave bishops bless ;
 
 ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 389 
 
 In golden chains the willing world she draws, 
 And her's the Gospel is, and her's the laws ; 
 Mounts the tribunal, lifts her scarlet head, 
 And sees pale virtue carted in her stead. 
 Lo ! at the wheels of her triumphal car, 
 Old England's genius, rough with many a scar. 
 Dragg'd in the dust ! his arms hang idly round, 
 His flag inverted trails along the ground !" 
 
 And, again with more special reference to himself 
 
 " Ask you what provocation I have had? 
 The strong antipathy of good to bad. 
 When truth or virtue an affront endures, 
 Th' affront is mine, my friend, and should be yours. 
 Yes, I am proud, I must be proud to see, 
 Men not afraid of God, afraid of me; 
 Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne, 
 Yet touch' d and sham'd by ridicule alone. 
 sacred weapon ! left for truth's defence, 
 Sole dread of folly, vice, and insolence ! 
 To all but heav'n-directed hands deny'd, 
 The muse may give thee, but the gods must guide : 
 ReVrent I touch thee ! but with honest zeal ; 
 To rousje the watchmen of the public weal, 
 To virtue's work provoke the tardy Hall, 
 And goad the prelate slumbering in his stall. 
 Let envy howl, while heav'n's whole chorus sings, 
 And bark at honour not conferr'd by kings; 
 Let flatt'ry sick'ning see the incense rise, 
 Sweet to the world, and grateful to the skies ; 
 Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line, 
 And makes immortal verse as mean as mine." 
 
 My limits, more than my materials, warn me that I must desist. As, 
 however, with reference to the single object which I have all along had in 
 view, I think it more politic that I should let the words of Pope, rather than 
 my own, leave the last echoes on your ear, I should like to conclude this ad- 
 dress with his own concluding lines to perhaps the most important and highly- 
 wrought of his poems, the " Essay on Man." They appear to me calculated 
 to leave an appropriate impression of that orderly and graceful muse, whose 
 attractions I have, feebly I know and inadequately, but with the honesty and 
 warmth of a thorough sincerity, endeavoured to place before you ; if I mistake 
 not, you will trace in them, as in his works at large, the same perfect pro- 
 priety of expression, the same refined simplicity of idea, the same chastened
 
 390 LECTURE I. ON THE POETRY OF POPE. 
 
 felicity of imagery, all animated and warmed by that feeling of devotion for 
 Bolingbroke, which, all-misplaced as it was, pervaded alike his poetry and his 
 
 life :- 
 
 " Come then, my friend ! my genius ! come along ; 
 
 master of.the poet, and the song ! 
 And while the muse now stoops, or now ascends, 
 To man's low passions, or their glorious ends, 
 Teach me, like thee, in various nature wise, 
 To fall with dignity, with temper rise ; 
 Form'd hy thy converse, happily to steer 
 From grave to gay, from lively to severe ; 
 Correct with spirit, elegant with ease, 
 Intent to reason, or polite to please. 
 Oh ! while along the stream of time thy name 
 Expanded flies, and gathers all its fame ; 
 Say, shall my little bark attendant sail, 
 Pursue the triumph, and partake the gale ? 
 When statesmen, heroes, kings, in dust repose 
 Whose sons shall blush their fathers were thy foes, 
 Shall then this verse to future age pretend, 
 Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend, 
 That, urg'd by thee, I turn'd the tuneful art, 
 From sounds to things, from fancy to the heart ; 
 For wit's false mirror held up nature's light ; 
 Show'd erring pride, whatever is, is right ; 
 That reason, passion, answer one great aim ; 
 That true self-love and social are the same ; 
 That virtue only makes our bliss below ; 
 And all our knowledge is ourselves to know." 
 
 Gentlemen of the jury, that is my case.
 
 LECTURE II. TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 391 
 
 LECTUEEII. 
 
 TEAVELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 IT may be known to some of those whom I have the pleasure to see around 
 me, that when circumstances to which I need not further allude occasioned a 
 breach, temporary indeed, and soon repaired, in my connexion with the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire when, as the phrase goes, some of your neighbours, and 
 probably of yourselves, had given me leave to go upon my travels I thought 
 I could make no better use of this involuntary leisure than by acquiring some 
 personal knowledge of the United States of America. I accordingly embarked 
 in the autumn of the year 1841 , and spent about one whole year in North 
 America, having within that period passed nearly over the length and breadth 
 of the Republic, trod at least the soil of twenty-two out of the twenty-six States 
 of which the Union was then composed, and paid short visits to the Queen's 
 dominions in Canada, and to the Island of Cuba. I determined to keep a 
 journal during my travels, and only at the end of them to decide what should 
 become of it when it was completed. I found it was written in too hurried 
 and desultory a manner, and was too much confined to my own daily proceed- 
 ings, to make it of interest to the public at large ; still more strongly I felt 
 that, after having been received with uniform civility and attention, nay, I may 
 say, with real warmth and openness of heart, I should not wish, even where I 
 had nothing but what was most favourable to communicate, immediately to 
 exhibit myself as an inquisitive observer of the interior life to which I had 
 been admitted ; and this very feeling would probably have disqualified me for 
 the office of an impartial critic. Now, however, that above eight years have 
 elapsed since my return, in turning over the pages then written, it has seemed 
 to me allowable to endeavour, for a purpose like the present, to convey a few 
 of the leading impressions which I derived from the surface of nature and so- 
 ciety as they exhibited themselves in the New World. 
 
 It must follow necessarily from such limits as could be allowed to me on 
 an occasion of this kind, that any account which I can put together from ma- 
 terials so vast and so crowded, must be the merest superficial skimming of the 
 subject that can be conceived. All I can answer for is, that it shall be faith- 
 ful to the feelings excited at the moment, and perfectly honest as far as it 
 goes. I must premise one point with reference to what I have just now 
 glanced at the use of individual names. I came in contact with several of 
 the public men, the historical men they will be, of the American Republic. I 
 shall think myself at liberty occasionally to depart in their instance from the 
 rule of strict abstinence which I have otherwise prescribed to myself, and to
 
 31)2 LECTI 1:1. II 
 
 treat tbciu as public property, so lung as I say nothing to their disadvantage. 
 On the other hand, the public men of the United States arc not created fault- 
 less brings, any more than the public men of other countries ; it must not, 
 therefore, be considered, when I mention with pleasure anything which re- 
 tiounds to their credit, that I am intending to present you with their full and 
 complete portraits. 
 
 It was on the 21st day of October, upon a bright crisp morning, that the 
 " Columbia" steam-packet, upon which 1 was a passenger, turned the light* 
 house outside the harbour of Boston. The whole effect of the scene was 
 cheerful and pleasing ; the bay is studded with small islands, bare of trees, but 
 generally crowned with some sparkling white building, frequently some public 
 establishment. The town rises well from the water, and the shipping and the 
 docks wore the look of prosperous commerce. As I stood by some American 
 friends acquired during the voyage, and heard them point out the familiar 
 villages, and villas, and institutions, with patriotic pleasure, I could not alto- 
 gether repress some slight but not grudging envy of those who were to bring 
 so long a voyage to an end in their own country, amidst their own family, 
 within their own homes. I am not aware I ever again experienced, during my 
 whole American sojourn, the peculiar feeling of the stranger. It was, indeed, 
 dispelled at the moment when their flag-ship, the " Columbus," gave our " Co- 
 lumbia" a distinguished and I thought touching reception ; the crew manned 
 the yards, cheered, and then the band played, first " God save the Queen," 
 and then " Yankee Doodle." I spent altogether, at two different intervals, 
 about a month in Boston. 
 
 I look back with fond recollection to its well-built streets the swelling 
 dome of its State-house the pleasant walks on what is termed the common 
 a park, in fact, of moderate size, in the centre of the city, where I made my 
 first acquaintance with the bright winter sunsets of America, and the peculiar 
 transparent green and opul tints which stripe the skies around them the 
 long wooden causeways across the inner harbour, which rather recalled St. 
 Petersburg!! to my recollection the newly erected granite obelisk on a neigh- 
 bouring height, which certainly had no affinity with St. Petcrsburgh, as it was 
 to mark the spot, sacred to an American, of the battle of Bunker's Hill the 
 old elm tree, at the suburban university of Cambridge, beneath which \Vash- 
 ngton drew his sword in order to take command of the national army the 
 shaded walks and glades of Mount Auburn, the beautiful cemetery of Boston, 
 to which none that we yet have can be compared, but which I trust before 
 long our Chadwicks and Paxtons may enable us to imitate, and perhaps to 
 excel. These arc some of my external recollections of Boston ; but there are 
 some fonder still, of the most refined and animated social intercourse of hos- 
 pitalities which it seemed impossible to exhaust of friendships which I trust 
 can never be effaced. Boston appears to me, certainly, on the whole, the
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 393 
 
 American town in which an Englishman of cultivated and literary tastes, or of 
 philanthropic pursuits, would feel himself most at home. The residence here 
 was rendered peculiarly agreeable to me by a friendship with one of its inha- 
 bitants, which I had previously made in England ; he hardly yet comes within 
 my rule of exception, but I do not give up the notion of his becoming one of 
 the historical men of his country. However, it is quite open for me to men- 
 tion some of those with whom, mainly through his introduction, I here became 
 acquainted. There was Mr. Justice Story, whose reputation and authority as 
 a commentator and expounder of law stand high wherever law is known or 
 honoured, and who was, what at least is more generally attractive, one of the 
 most generous and single-hearted of men. He was an enthusiastic admirer of 
 this country, especially of its lawyers : how he would kindle up and flow on if 
 he touched upon Lord Hardwick or Lord Mansfield " Sir," as an American 
 always begins, " on the prairies of Illinois this day Lord Mansfield administers 
 the law of commerce." He had also a very exalted opinion of the judgments 
 of Lord Stowell, which his own studies and practice had led him thoroughly 
 to appreciate ; and I may permit myself to say that he had formed a high es- 
 timate of the judicial powers of Lord Cottenham. I must admit one thing 
 when he was in the room, few others could get in a word; but it was impos- 
 sible to resent this, for he talked, evidently, not to bear down others, but be- 
 cause he could not help it. Then there was Dr. Channing. I could not hear 
 him preach, as his physical powers were nearly exhausted ; but on one or two 
 occasions I was admitted to his house. You found a fragile frame, and a dry 
 manner, but you soon fe.lt that you were in a presence in which nothing that 
 was impure, base, or selfish could breathe at ease. There was the painter, 
 Alston, a man of real genius, who suffices to prove that the domain of the fine 
 arts, though certainly not hitherto the most congenial to the American soil, 
 may be successfully brought, to use their current phrase, into annexation with 
 it. These, alas ! have since my visit all been taken away. In the more im- 
 mediate department of letters there are happily several who yet remain Mr. 
 Bancroft, the able and accomplished historian of his own country Mr. Tick- 
 nor, who has displayed the resources of a well-stored and accomplished mind 
 in his recent work on the literature of Spain Mr. Longfellow, with whose 
 feeling and graceful poetry many must be acquainted Mr. Emerson, who 
 has been heard and admired in this country and I crown my list with Mr. 
 Prescott, the historian of Ferdinand and Isabella, of Mexico and of Peru, with 
 respect to whom, during the visit he paid to England in the past summer, I 
 had the satisfaction of witnessing how all that was most eminent in this coun- 
 try confirmed the high estimate I had myself formed of his head, and the 
 higher one of his heart. 
 
 The public institutions of Boston are admirably conducted. The Public 
 or Common Schools there, as I believe in New England generally, are sup-
 
 394 LECTURE n. 
 
 ported by a general rate, to which all contribute, and all may profit by.' I 
 am not naturally now disposed to discuss the question, how far this system 
 would bear being transplanted and engrafted on our polity ; but it would be 
 uncandid if I did not state that the universality of the instruction, and the 
 excellence of what fell under my own observation, presented to my mind some 
 mortifying points of contrast with what we have hitherto effected at home. 
 It is well known that a large proportion of the more wealthy and cultivated 
 part of the society of Boston belong to the Unitarian persuasion ; but a con- 
 siderable number of the middle classes, and especially of the rural population 
 of New England, comprising the six Northern States of the Union, still retain 
 much of the Puritan tenets and habits of their immediate ancestors their 
 Pilgrim Fathers. Before I leave Boston, let me add one observation on a 
 lighter topic. I lodged at the Tremont Hotel, which was admirably con- 
 ducted, like very many of those imposing establishments in the chief cities of 
 the Union. Here I learnt that one is apt to receive false impressions at first. 
 I was struck with the clean, orderly, agile appearance of the waiters. u The 
 Americans beat us hollow in waiters," was my inner thought ; on inquiring I 
 found that of the twenty-five waiters in the house, four were English, and 
 twenty-one Irish. I could not help wishing that a large number of the Irish 
 might come and be waiters for a little while. 
 
 Within three or four days of my landing I grew impatient to see the Falls 
 of Niagara without loss of time ; if any sudden event should have summoned 
 me home, I felt how much I should have grudged crossing the Atlantic with- 
 out having been at Niagara, and I also wished to look upon the autumn tints 
 of the American Forest, before the leaves, already beginning to fall, had en- 
 tirely disappeared. The Western Railway, which appeared to me the best- 
 constructed that I saw in America, took me to Albany, a distance of 200 
 miles. The railway carriages, always there called cars, consist of long rooms, 
 rather like a dining-room of a steam-packet, with a stove inside, often a most 
 desirable addition in the American winter, and you can change your seat or 
 walk about as you choose. They are generally rougher than our railways, and 
 the whole getting-up of the line is of a ruder and cheaper character ; they do 
 not impede the view as much as with us, as they make no scruple of dashing 
 across or alongside of the main street in the towns or villages through which 
 they pass. But I.ought to remark about this as about everything else, that 
 the work of progress and transformation goes on with such enormous rapidity, 
 that the interval of eight years since my visit will probably have made a large 
 portion of my remarks thoroughly obsolete. The New England country 
 through which we passed looks cheerful, interspersed with frequent villages 
 and numerous churches bearing the mark at the same time of the long 
 winter and barren soil with which the stout Puritan blood of Britain has so 
 successfully contended; indeed, the only staple productions of a district which
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 395 
 
 supplies seamen for all the Union, and ships over all the world, are said to be 
 ice and granite. Albany is the capital of the state of New York the Empire 
 State, as its inhabitants love to call it, and it is a name which it deserves, 
 as fairly as our own old Yorkshire would deserve to be called the Empire 
 County of England. It is rather an imposing town, rising straight above the 
 Hudson River, gay with some gilded domes, and many white marble columns, 
 only they are too frequently appended to houses of very staring red brick. 
 From Albany to Utica the railroad follows the stream of the Mohawk, which 
 recalls the name of the early Indian dwellers in that bright valley, still retain- 
 ing its swelling outline of wood- covered hills, but gay with prosperous villages 
 and busy cultivation. I was perhaps still more struck the next evening, 
 though it was a more level country, where the railway passes in the midst of 
 the uncleared or clearing forest, and suddenly bursts out of a pine glade or 
 cedar swamp into the heart of some town", probably four, three, or two years 
 old, with tall white houses, well lighted shops, billiard-rooms, &c. ; and 
 emerging, as we did, from the dark shadows into the full moonlight, the 
 wooden spires, domes, and porticos of the infant cities looked every bit as if 
 they had been hewn out of the marble quarries of Carrara. I am aware that 
 it is not the received opinion, but there is something both in the outward as- 
 pect of this region and the general state of society accompanying it, which to 
 me seemed eminently poetical. "What can be more striking or stirring, 
 despite the occasional rudeness of the forms, than all this enterprise, energy, and 
 life welling up in the desert ? At the towns of Syracuse, of Auburn, and of 
 Rochester, I experienced the sort of feeling which takes away one's breath ; 
 the process seemed actually going on before one's eyes, and one hardly knows 
 whether to think it as grand as the Iliad, or as quaint as a harlequin farce. 
 I will quote the words I wrote down at the time : 
 
 " The moment is not come for me yet, if it ever should come, to make me feel 
 myself warranted in forming speculations upon far results, upon guarantees for fu- 
 ture endurance and stability : all that I can now do is to look and to marvel at what 
 is before my eyes. I do not think I am deficient in relish for antiquity and associa- 
 tion ; I know that I am English, not in a pig-headed adhesion to everything there, 
 hut in heart to its last throb. Yet I cannot be unmoved or callous to the soarings 
 of Young America, in such legitimate and laudable directions too ; and I feel that it 
 is already not the least bright, and may be the most enduring title of my country to 
 the homage of mankind, that she has produced such a people. May God employ 
 them both for His own high glory !" 
 
 I am bound here in candour to state that I think what I first saw in Ame- 
 rica was, with little exception, the best of its kind ; such was the society of 
 Boston such was the energy of progress in the western portion of the State 
 of New York. 
 
 At Rochester, an odd coincidence occurred to me, striking enough I think
 
 39(5 LECTURE II. 
 
 to be mentioned, though it only concerned myself. After the arrival of the 
 railway carnage, and the usual copious meal of tea and meat that ensues, I 
 had been walking about the town, which dates only from 1812, and then con- 
 tained 20,000 inhabitants ; and as I was returning to the hotel, I saw the word 
 Theatre written up. Wishing to see everything in a new country, I climbed 
 up some steep stairs into what was little better than a garret, where I found 
 a rude theatre, and ruder audience, consisting chiefly of boys, who took de- 
 light in pelting one another. There was something, however, at which I had 
 a right to feel surprised. In a playhouse of strollers, at a town nearly five 
 hundred miles in the interior of America, which, thirty years before, had no 
 existence, thus coming in by the merest chance, I saw upon the drop-scene 
 the most accurate representation of my own house, Naworth Castle, in Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 A great improvement has recently occurred in the nomenclature of this 
 district ; formerly a too classical surveyor of the State of New York had 
 christened I used the wrong term, had heathenized, to make a new one all 
 the young towns and villages by the singularly inapplicable titles of Utica, 
 Ithaca, Palmyra, Rome ; they are now reverting to the far more appropriate, 
 and I should say more harmonious, Indian names, indigenous to the soil, such 
 as Oncida, Onondaga, Cayuga. 
 
 I thought my arrival at Niagara very interesting. We had come to Lock- 
 port, where there is a chain of magnificent locks, on the Erie Canal, one of 
 the great public works of America, and which has done much to enrich this 
 Empire State of New York. The surplus of the receipts enabled them to 
 execute a variety of other public works. We arrived too late for the usual 
 public conveyance. The proprietor of the stage coach agreed to give me, 
 with one or two other Englishmen, a lumber waggon to convey us to the Falls. 
 The Colonel, for he was one, as I found the drivers of the coaches often were, 
 drove his team of four horses himself. I generally found the stage-coach 
 driving in the United States indescribably rough, but the drivers very adroit 
 in -their steerage, and always calling their horses by their names, and address- 
 ing them as reasonable beings, to which they seemed quite to respond. Al- 
 together, the strangeness of the vehicle, the cloudless beauty of the night, the 
 moonlight streaming through the forest glades, the meeting a party of the 
 Tuscarora Indians, who still have a settlement here, the first hearing the 
 noise of Niagara about seven miles off, and the growing excitement of the 
 nearer approach, gave to the whole drive a most stirring and enjoyable cha- 
 racter. When I arrived at the hotel, the Cataract House, I would not anti- 
 cipate by any moonlight glimpses the full disclosures of the coming day, but 
 reserved my first visit for the clear light and freshened feelings of the morning. 
 I staid five days at Niagara on that occasion ; I visited it again twice, having 
 travelled several thousands of miles in each interval. I have thus looked upon
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 397 
 
 it in the late autumn, in the early spring, and in the full summer. Mrs. 
 Butler, in her charming work on America, when she comes to Niagara, says 
 only, " Who can describe that sight ?" and, with these words, finishes her 
 book. There is not merely the difficulty of finding adequate words, but there 
 is a simplicity, and absence, as I should say, of incidents in the scenery, or, at 
 least, so entire a subordination of them to the main great spectacle, that at- 
 tempts at description would seem inapplicable as well as impotent. Never- 
 theless I have undertaken, however inadequately, the attempt to place before 
 you the impressions which I actually derived from the most prominent objects 
 t,hat I saw in America. How, then, can I wholly omit Niagara ? The first 
 view neither in the least disappointed nor surprised, but it wholly satisfied me. 
 I felt it to be complete, and that nothing could go beyond it : volume, ma- 
 jesty, might, are the first ideas which it conveys : on nearer and more familiar 
 inspection I appreciated other attributes and beauties the emerald crest- 
 the seas of spray the rainbow wreaths. Pictures and panoramas had given 
 me a correct apprehension of the form and outline ; but they fail, for the same 
 reason as language would, to impart an idea of the whole effect, which is not 
 picturesque, though it is sublime ; there is also the technical drawback in 
 painting of the continuous mass of white, and the line of the summit of the 
 Fall is as smooth and even as a common mill-dam. Do not imagine, how- 
 ever, that the effect could be improved by being more picturesque ; just as 
 there are several trivial and unsightly buildings on the banks, but Niagara can 
 be no more spoiled than it can be improved. You would, when on the spot, 
 no more think of complaining that Niagara was not picturesque, than you 
 would remark in the shock and clang of battle that a trumpet sounded out of 
 tune. Living at Niagara was not like ordinary life ; its not over loud, but 
 constant solemn roar, has in itself a mysterious sound : is not the highest 
 voice to which the Universe can ever listen, compared by inspiration to the 
 sound of many waters ? The whole of existence there has a dreamy, but not 
 a frivolous impress ; you feel that you are not in the common world, but in its 
 sublimest temple. 
 
 I naturally left such a place and such a life with keen regret, but I was 
 already the last visitor of the year, and the hotels were about to close. I was 
 told that I had already been too late for the best tints of autumn (or fall, as 
 the Americans picturesquely term that season), and that they were at no time 
 so vivid that year as was usual ; I saw, however, great richness and variety 
 of hue ; I think the bright soft yellow of the sugar maple, and the dun red of 
 the black oak, were the most remarkable. These and the beech, the white 
 cedar, the hemlock spruce, the hickory, with occasionally the chestnut and 
 walnut, seemed the prevailing trees in all this district. I can well imagine a 
 person being disappointed in the American Forest ; trees, such as those at 
 Wentworth and Castle Howard (may I say ?) seem the exception, and not the
 
 398 LECTURE II. 
 
 rule. The mass of them run entirely to height, and arc too thick together, 
 and there is a great deal too much dead fir ; still there is a great charm and 
 freshness in the American forest, derived partly perhaps from association, when 
 you look through the thick tracery of its virgin glades. 
 
 On my going back I paid two visits at country houses ; one to an old gen- 
 tleman, Mr. Wadsworth, most distinguished in appearance, manner, and un- 
 derstanding, who had settled where I found him fifty years before, when he 
 had not a white neighbour within thirty miles, or a flour mill within fifty ; he 
 lived entirely surrounded by Indians, who have now disappeared. On some 
 occasion, there had been a review of a corps of militia. A neighbouring In-r 
 dian Chief had been present, and was observed to be very dejected ; Mr. 
 Wadsworth went up to him, and offered refreshment, which was usually very 
 acceptable, but he declined it. Upon being pressed to say what was the 
 matter, he answered with a deep sigh, pointing to the east, " You are the 
 rising sun" then to the west, "We are the setting." The face of the 
 country is now, indeed, changed ; a small flourishing town, the capital of the 
 county, stretches from the gate ; and the house overlooks one of the richest 
 and best cultivated tracts in America, the valley of the Genncssee. I fancy 
 that quotations of the price of Gennessee wheat are familiar to the frequenters 
 of our corn markets. My host was one of the comparatively few persons in 
 the United States who have tenants under them holding fanns ; among them 
 I found three Yorkshiremen from my own neighbourhood, one of whom 
 showed me what he called the gainest way to the house, which I recognised as 
 a genuine Yorkshire term ; he told me that his landlord was the first nobleman 
 in the country, which is clearly not an Americanism. While on this topic I 
 may mention that, on another occasion I was taken to drink tea at a farmer's 
 house in New England. We had been regaled most hospitably, when the 
 farmer took the friend who had brought me aside, and asked what part of 
 England Lord Morpeth came from ? " From Yorkshire, I believe," said my 
 friend. " Well, I should not have thought that from his manner of talking," 
 was the reply. 
 
 My other visit was to Mr. Van Buren, who had been the last President of 
 the United States, and who, I suspect, shrewdly reckoned on being the next. 
 It seemed, indeed, at that time to be the general expectation among his own, 
 the Democratic, or, as they were then commonly called, the Loco-foco party. 
 He was at that time living on his farm of Kirderhook ; the house was modest, 
 and extremely well ordered, and nothing could exceed the courtesy or fulness 
 of his conversation. He abounded in anecdotes of all the public men of his 
 country. In his dining-room were pictures of Jefferson and General Jackson, 
 the great objects of his political devotion. On iny return through Albany, I 
 had an interview with Mr. Seward, then for the second time Governor of the 
 State of New York. I find that I noted at the time that he was the first
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 399 
 
 person I bad met who did not speak slightingly of the Abolitionists ; he 
 thought they were gradually gaining ground. He had already acted a spirited 
 part on points connected with slavery, especially in a contest with the legis- 
 lature of Virginia concerning the delivery of fugitive slaves. 
 
 I approached the city of New York by the Hudson. The whole course of 
 that river from Albany, as seen from the decks of the countless steamers that 
 ply along it, is singularly beautiful, especially where it forces a passage 
 through the barriers of the Highlands, which, however, afford no features 
 of rugged grandeur like our friends in Scotland; but though the forms are 
 steep and well-defined, their rich green outlines of waving wood, inclosing in 
 smooth many-curved reaches the sail-covered bosom of the stately river, pre- 
 sent nothing but soft and smiling images. I then took up up my winter 
 quarters at New York. I thought this, the commercial and fashionable, 
 though not the political capital of the Union, a very brilliant city. To give 
 the best idea of it, I should describe it as something of a fusion between Li- 
 verpool and Paris crowded quays, long perspectives of vessels and masts, 
 bustling streets, gay shops, tall white houses, and a clear brilliant sky over- 
 head. There is an absence of solidity in the general appearance, but in some 
 of the new buildings they are successfully availing themselves of their ample 
 resources in white marble and granite. At the point of the Battery, where 
 the long thoroughfare of Broadway, extending some miles, pushes its green 
 fringe into the wide harbour of New York, with its glancing waters and grace- 
 ful shipping, and the limber, long raking masts, which look so different from 
 our own, and the soft swelling outline of the receding shores, it has a special 
 character and beauty of its own. I spent about a month here very pleasantly ; 
 the society appeared to me on the whole to have a less solid and really refined 
 character than that of Boston, but there is more of animation, gaiety, and 
 sparkle in the daily life. In point of hospitality neither could outdo the other. 
 Keeping to my rule of only mentioning names which already belong to fame, 
 I may thus distinguish the late Chancellor Kent, whose Commentai-ies are 
 well-known to professional readers. He had been obliged, by what I think 
 the very unwise law of the State of New York, to retire from his high legal 
 office at the premature age of sixty ; and there I found him at seventy- eight, 
 full of animation and Tacy vigour, which, combined with great simplicity, 
 made his conversation most agreeable. Washington Irving, a well-known 
 name both to American and English ears, whose nature appears as gentle 
 and genial as his works I cannot well give higher praise : Mr. Bryant, in 
 high repute as a poet, and others. I had the pleasure of making acquaintance 
 with many of the families of those who had been the foremost me.n in their 
 country, Hamiltons, Jays, Livingstones. I lodged at the Astor House, a large 
 hotel, conducted upon a splendid scale ; and I cannot refrain from ona, I fear 
 rather sensual, allusion to the oyster cellars of New York. In no part of the
 
 400 LECTURE II. 
 
 world have I ever seen place's of refreshment as attractive every one seems 
 to cat oysters all day long. What signifies more, the public institutions and 
 schools are there also extremely well conducted. The churches of the diffe- 
 rent denominations are very numerous, and well filled. It is my wish to touch 
 very lightly upon any point which among us, among even some of us now 
 here, may be matter of controversy ; I, however, honestly think that the ex- 
 perience of the United States does not as yet enable them to decide on either 
 side the argument between the Established and Voluntary systems in religion : 
 take the towns by themselves, and I think the voluntary principle appears 
 fully adequate to satisfy all religious exigencies ; then it must be remembered 
 that the class which makes the main difficulty elsewhere, scarcely, if at all, 
 exists in America ; it is the blessed privilege of the United States, and it is 
 one which goes very far to counterbalance any drawbacks at which I may have 
 to hint, that they really have not, as a class, any poor among them. A real 
 beggar is what you never see. On the other hand, over their immense tracts 
 of territory, the voluntary system has not sufficed to produce sufficient religious 
 accommodation ; it may, however, be truly questioned, whether any establish- 
 ment would be equal to that function. This is, however, one among the many 
 questions which the republican experience of America has not yet solved. As 
 matters stand at present, indifference to religion cannot be fairly laid to her 
 charge; probably religious extremes are pushed farther than elsewhere; 
 there certainly is o breadth and universality of religious liberty which I do not 
 regard without some degree of envy. 
 
 Upon my progress southward, I made a comparatively short halt at Phi- 
 ladelphia. This fair city has not the animation of New York, but it is emi- 
 nently well built, neat and clean beyond parallel. The streets are all at right 
 angles with each other, and bear the names of the different trees of the coun- 
 try ; the houses arc of red brick, and mostly have white marble steps and silver 
 knockers, all looking bright and shining under the effect of copious and per- 
 petual washing. It still looks like a town constructed by Quakers, who were 
 its original founders, but by Quakers who had become rather dandified. The 
 waterworks established here are deservedly celebrated ; each house can have 
 as much water as it likes, within and without, at every moment, for about 18s. 
 a year. I hope our towns will be emulous of this great advantage. I think 
 it right to say that in our general arrangements for health and cleanliness we 
 appear to me very much to excel the Americans, and our people look infi- 
 nitely healthier, stouter, rosier, jollier ; the greater proportion of the Ameri- 
 cans with whom you converse would be apt to tell you they were dyspeptic, 
 whether principally from the dry quality of their atmosphere, the compara- 
 tively little exercise which they take, or the rapidity with which they accom- 
 plish their meals, I will not take upon myself to pronounce. There is one 
 point of advantage which they turn to account, especially in all their new
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 401 
 
 towns, which is, that their immense command of space enables them to isolate 
 almost every house, and thus secure an ambient atmosphere for ventilation. In 
 my first walk through Philadelphia I passed the glittering white marble por- 
 tico of a great banking establishment, which, after the recent crash it had sus- 
 tained, made me think of whited sepulchres. Near it was a pile, with a re- 
 spectable old English appearance, of far nobler association ; this was the State 
 House, where the Declaration of American Independence was signed one of 
 the most pregnant acts of which history bears record. It contains a picture 
 of William Penn, and a statue of Washington. While I was there, a sailor, 
 from the State of Maine, with a very frank and jaunty air, burst into the 
 room, and in a glow of ardent patriotism inquired, " Is this the room in which 
 the Declaration of Independence was signed ?" When he found that I was 
 an Englishman, he seemed, with real good breeding, to be afraid that he had 
 grated on my feelings, and told me that in the year 1814 our flag had waved 
 over the two greatest capitals of the world, Washington and Paris. I looked 
 with much interest at the great Model Prison of the separate system. I was 
 favourably impressed with all that met the eye, but I refrain from entering 
 upon the vexed question of comparison between this and the silent and other 
 systems, as I feel how much the solution must depend upon ever-recurring 
 experience. The poor-house, like that at New York, is built and administered 
 on a very costly scale, and also has a great proportion of foreigners as in- 
 mates, and of the foreigners a great proportion Irish. This seems to enhance 
 the munificence of the provision for destitution ; at the same time it is not to 
 be forgotten that the foreign labour is an article of nearly essential necessity 
 to the progress of the country. On the only Sunday which I spent in Phila- 
 delphia, I went to a church which was not wanting- in associations ; the com- 
 munion plate had been given by Queen Anne, and I sat in the pew of General 
 Washington. I was told by some one that his distinguished contemporary, 
 Chief Justice Marshall, said of him, that in contradiction to what was often 
 thought, he was a man of decided genius, but he was such a personification of 
 wisdom, that he never put anything forward which the occasion did not 
 absolutely require. It seemed to me that there was at Philadelphia a greater 
 separation and exclusiveness in society, more resemblance to what would be 
 called a fashionable class in European cities, than I had found in America 
 elsewhere. 
 
 My next brief pause was at Baltimore. At a halt on the railroad on the 
 way thither, I heard a conductor or guard say to a negro, " I cannot let you 
 go, for you are a SLAVE." This was my first intimation that I had crossed 
 the border which divides Freedom from Slavery. I quote from the entry 
 which I made upon noting these words that evening : " Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence which I read yesterday pillar of Washington which I have looked 
 on to-day what are ye ?" 
 
 2 D
 
 402 LECTURE II. 
 
 I must now give myself some little vent. It was a subject which I felt 
 during my whole sojourn in America, as I feel it still, to be paramount in in- 
 terest to every other. It was one on which I intended and endeavoured to 
 observe a sound discretion ; we have not ourselves long enough washed off the 
 stain to give us the right to rail at those whom we had originally inoculated 
 with the pest ; and a stranger abundantly experiencing hospitality could not 
 with any propriety interfere wantonly upon the most delicate and difficult 
 point of another nation's policy. I could not, however, fail often and deeply 
 to feel, in the progress of my intercourse with many in that country " Come 
 not, my soul, into their secret; to their council, my honour, be not thou 
 united." At the same time I wished never to make any compromise of my 
 opinion. I made it a point to pay special respect to the leading Abolitionists 
 those who had laboured or suffered in the cause when I came within reach 
 of them ; at Boston, I committed the more overt act of attending the annual 
 anti-slavery fair, which then was almost considered something of a measure. 
 I was much struck in the distinguished and agreeable companies which I had 
 the good fortune to frequent, with a few honourable exceptions, at the tone of 
 disparagement, contempt, and anger with which the Abolitionists were men- 
 tioned ; just as any patrician company, in this country, would talk of a So- 
 cialist or a Red Republican. I am, of course, now speaking of the free 
 Northern States ; in the South an Abolitionist could not be known to exist. 
 My impression is, that in the subsequent interval the dislike, the anger, has 
 remained, and may probably have been heightened, but that the feeling of 
 slight, of ignoring (to use a current phrase) their very existence, must have 
 been sensibly checked. There were some who told me that they made it the 
 business of their lives to superintend the passage of the runaway slaves 
 through the free States ; they reckoned, at that time, that about one thousand 
 yearly escaped into Canada. I doubt whether the enactment and operation 
 of the Fugitive Slave Bill will damp the ardour of their exertions. It may be 
 easy to speak discreetly and plausibly about the paramount duty of not con- 
 travening the law ; but how would you feel, my countrymen, if a fugitive was 
 at your feet and the man -hunter at the door? I admit that the majesty of 
 the law is on one side ; but the long deep misery of a whole human life is on 
 the other. What you ought to feel is fervent gratitute to the Power which 
 has averted from your shores and hearths this fearful trial, and, let me add, a 
 heartfelt sympathy with those who are sustaining it. 
 
 At Baltimore I thought there was a more picturesque disposition of 
 ground than in any other city of the Union : it is built on swelling eminences, 
 commanding views of the widening Chesapeake, a noble arm of the sea. 
 There are an unusual number of public monuments for an American town, 
 and hence it has been christened the Monumental City. I found the same 
 hospitality which had greeted me everywhere, and the good living seemed to
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 403 
 
 me carried to its greatest height ; they have in perfection the terrapin, a kind 
 of land tortoise, and the canvass-back duck, a most unrivalled bird in any 
 country. With reference to the topic I have lately touched upon, a Slave- 
 holders' Convention was being held at the time of my visit, for the State of 
 Maryland. They had been led to adopt this step by their apprehensions both 
 of the increase of the free coloured population, and what they term their de- 
 moralizing action on the slaves. The language, as reported, did not seem to 
 have been very violent, but they very nearly subjected to Lynch-law a man 
 whom they suspected to be a reporter for an Abolitionist newspaper. I trust 
 we are not going to copy that system in this country. I dined with the 
 daughter of Charles Carroll, who, when signing the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, was told by a bystander frhat he would incur no danger, as there were 
 so many of the same name " of Carrollton," he added to his name, and I 
 think it is the only one upon the document which has any appendage. Being 
 thus nobly fathered, it is rather curious that this venerable lady should have 
 been the mother of three English Peeresses. The Roman Catholic Arch- 
 bishop of Baltimore was one of the company : he wore his long violet robes, 
 which I have never seen done on similar occasions, either in Ireland or in this 
 country. 
 
 From Baltimore I transferred myself to Washington, the seat of Govern- 
 ment, and capital of the American Union. I never saw so strange a place : it 
 affords the strongest contrast to the regularity, compactness, neatness, and 
 animation of the Atlantic cities I had hitherto visited. It is spread over a 
 very large space, in this way justifying the expression of some one who wished 
 to pay it a compliment, but did not know very well what attribute to select, 
 so he termed it a " city of magnificent distances," over which it extends, or 
 rather sprawls ; it looks as if it had rained houses at random, or like half a 
 dozen indifferent villages scattered over a goose common. Here and there, as 
 if to heighten the contrast with the meanness of the rest, there are some very 
 handsome public buildings ; and the American Capitol, the meeting-place of 
 the legislature and the seat of empire, though not exempt from architectural 
 defects, towers proudly on a steep ascent, commanding the subject town and 
 the course of the broad Potomac, which makes the only redeeming feature of 
 the natural landscape. In short, while almost every other place which I saw 
 in America gives the impression of life and progress, Washington not only 
 appears stagnant, but retrograde. No busy commerce circulates in its^treets, 
 no brilliant shops diversify its mean ranges of ill-built houses ; but very few 
 equipages move along its wide, splashy, dreary avenues. I saw it, too, in the 
 prime of its season, during the sitting of Congress. When it is not sitting the 
 members of the legislature and oflicers of the government dispose themselves 
 over the breadth of the Union, and leave the capital to the clerks of the public 
 offices, and does it not seem profanation to say it? the Slaves, who are 
 
 2 D 2
 
 to I LECTURE II. 
 
 still permitted to inhabit what should rightfully be the Metropolis of Free- 
 dom. It is at least gratifying to know that, in the last session of Congress, 
 the slave trade has been abolished in the district of Columbia, the small por- 
 tion of territory immediately annexed to Washington. When they are here, 
 the members of Congress are mostly packed together in large and very infe- 
 rior boarding-houses, a great portion of them not bringing their wives and 
 families over the immense distances they have to traverse ; hence it also hap- 
 pens that Washington will appear to the stranger not merely one of the least 
 thriving but also the least hospitable of American cities. I spent nearly a 
 month there, and it was the only place in which I (what is termed) kept house, 
 that is, I resided in private lodgings, and found my own food, a method of life, 
 however, which in the long run has more comfort and independence than that 
 of the huge hotels. It was a contrast, however, to the large armies of waiters 
 to which I had grown accustomed, to have no one in the house but an old 
 woman and a negro boy, the first of whom my English servant characterized 
 as cross, and the second as stupid. I believe it was the policy of the founders 
 of the Republic to place the seat of government where it would not be liable 
 to be distracted by the turmoil of commerce, or overawed by the violence of 
 mobs ; we have heard very lately of speculations to remove the seat of the 
 French Government from Paris. Another cause which has probably contri- 
 buted to check any designs for the external improvement and development of 
 Washington must have been the doubt how far, in a nation which is extend- 
 ing its boundaries westward at so prodigious a rate, it will be desirable or 
 possible long to retain as the seat of Government a spot which will have be- 
 come so little central. 
 
 What gave most interest to my stay at Washington, naturally, was the op- 
 portunity of attending the sittings of Congress. The interior of the Capitol 
 is imposing, as well as the exterior ; in the Central Hall there were five large 
 pictures, illustrating the prominent points of American history, which must 
 be more agreeable to American than to British eyes. There is also a fine 
 colossal statue of Washington, who is universally and not unduly called the 
 father of his country. The chamber where the Senate meets is handsome 
 and convenient. The general aspect of the assembly, which (as is well 
 known) shares largely both in the legislative and executive powers of tho 
 constitution, is grave and decorous. The House of Representatives, the more 
 popular branch of the Government, returned by universal suffrage, assemble 
 in a chamber of very imposing appearance, arranged rather like a theatre, in 
 shape like the arc of a bow, but it is the worst room for hearing I ever was 
 in ; we hear complaints occasionally of our Houses of Parliament, old and 
 new, but they are faultless in comparison. In parts of the House it is impos- 
 sible to hear anybody, in others it answers all the purposes of a whispering 
 gallery, and I have heard members carry on a continuous dialogue while a
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 405 
 
 debate was storming around them. Both in the Senate and the House every 
 member has a most commodious arm-chair, a desk for his papers, and a spit- 
 ting-box, to which he does not always confine himself. I came very often, 
 and it was impossible to surpass the attention I received ; some member's 
 seat in the body of the House was always given to me, and I. was at liberty to 
 remain there during the whole of the debate, listen to what was going on, or 
 write my letters, as I chose. The palpable distinction between them and our 
 House of Commons I should say to be this, we are more noisy, and they are 
 more disorderly. They do not cheer, they do not cough, but constantly se- 
 veral are speaking at a time, and they evince a contemptuous disregard for 
 the decisions of their Speaker, They have no recognised leaders of the diffe- 
 rent parties, the members of Government not being allowed to have seats in 
 either House of Congress, and the different parties do not occupy distinct 
 quarters in the Chamber, so that you may often hear a furious wrangle being 
 carried on between two nearly contiguous members. While I was at Wash- 
 ington, the question of slavery, or at least of points connected with slavery, 
 gave the chief colour and animation to the discussions in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives. Old Mr. Adams, the ex-President of the United States, occupied, 
 without doubt, the most prominent position ; he presented a very striking ap- 
 pearance, standing up erect at the age of 73, having once filled the highest 
 post attainable by an American citizen, with trembling hands and eager eyes, 
 in defence of the right of petition the right to petition against the continu- 
 ance of slavery in the district of Columbia, with a majority of the House 
 usually deciding against him, and a portion of it lashed into noise and storm. 
 I thought it was very near being, and to some extent it was, quite a sublime 
 position, but it rather detracted from the grandeur of the effect at least, that 
 his own excitement was so great as to pitch his voice almost into a screech, 
 and to make him more disorderly than all the rest. He put one in mind of a 
 fine old game-cock, and occasionally showed great energy and power of sar- 
 casm. I had certainly an opportunity of forming my opinion, as I sat 
 through a speech of his that lasted three days ; but then it is fair to mention 
 that the actual sittings hardly last above three hours a day about four dinner 
 is ready, and they go away for the day, differing much herein from our prac- 
 tice ; and on this occasion they frequently allowed Mr. Adams to sit down to 
 rest. All the time I believe he was not. himself for the discontinuance of 
 slavery, even in the district of Columbia, but he contended that the Constitu- 
 tion had accorded the free right of petition. One morning he presented a pe- 
 tition for the dissolution of the Union, which raised a great tempest. Mr. 
 Marshall, of Kentucky, a fine and graceful speaker, moved a vote of censure 
 upon him. Another member, whom I need not name, the ablest and fiercest 
 champion whom I heard on the Southern or Slave-holder side, made a most
 
 406 LECTURE II. 
 
 savage onslaught on Mr. Adams ; then up got that " old man eloquent," and 
 no one could have reproached him with not understanding how to speak even 
 daggers. His brave but somewhat troublous spirit has passed from the scenes 
 upon which he played so conspicuous a part, but he has left behind him some 
 words of fire, the sparks of which are not yet extinct. Nothing came of all 
 this stir ; I used to meet Mr. Adams at dinner while it went on, very calm 
 and undisturbed. After seeing and hearing what takes place in some of these 
 sittings, one is tempted to think that the Union must break up next morning ; 
 but the flame appeared generally to smoulder almost as quickly as it ignited. 
 The debates in the Senate, during the same period, were dignified, business- 
 like, and not very lively; so it may be judged which House had most attrac- 
 tion for the passing traveller. I heard Mr. Clay in the Senate once, but 
 every one told me that he was labouring under feebleness and exhaustion, so 
 that I could only perceive the great charm in the tones of his voice. I think 
 this most attractive quality was still more perceivable in private intercourse, 
 as I certainly never met any public man, either in his country or in mine, al- 
 ways excepting Mr. Canning, who exercised such evident fascination over the 
 minds and affections of his friends and followers, as Henry Clay. I thought 
 his society most attractive, easy, simple, and genial, with great natural dig- 
 nity. If his countrymen made better men Presidents, I should applaud their 
 virtue in resisting the spell of his eloquence and attractions : when the actual 
 list is considered, my respect for the discernment elicited by Universal 
 Suffrage does not stand at a very high point. Another great man, Daniel 
 Webster, I could not hear in either House of Congress, because he then filled, 
 as he does now, the high office of Secretary of State ; but it is quite enough to 
 look on his jutting dark brow and cavernous eyes, and massive forehead, to be 
 assured that they are the abode of as much, if not more, intellectual power 
 than any head you perhaps ever remarked. For many, if not for all reasons, 
 I am well content that he should be again at the head of the American Ca- 
 binet ; for I feel sure that while he is even intensely American, he has an en- 
 lightened love of peace, and a cordial sympathy with the fortunes and glories 
 of the old, as well as the new Anglo-Saxon stock. The late Mr. Calhoun 
 who impressed most of those who were thrown in his way with a high opinion 
 of his ability, his honesty, and, I may add, his impracticability, I had not the 
 good fortune to hear in public, or meet in private society. It is well known 
 that his attachment to the maintenance of slavery went so far as to lead him 
 to declare that real freedom could not be maintained without it. Among 
 those who at that time contributed both to the credit and gaiety of the society 
 of Washington, I cannot forbear adding the name of Mr. Legarc, then the 
 Attorney-General of the Union, now unhappily, like too many of those whom 
 I have had occasion to mention, no longer living. He appeared to me the
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 407 
 
 best scholar, and the most generally accomplished man, I met in all the Union. 
 I may feel biassed in his favour, for I find among my entries, " Mr. Legare 
 spoke to-night of Pope as he ought." 
 
 I have not mentioned what might be thought a very prominent object 
 at Washington the President of the United States. He resides for his term 
 of office at a substantial plain building, called the White House. Mr. Tyler 
 filled the office when I was there, and appeared a simple, unaffected person. 
 Washington is the head-quarters of another branch of the constitution, which 
 works perhaps with less of friction and censure than any other, the Supreme 
 Court of Judicature. The large federal questions between State and State 
 give great weight and interest to its proceedings. I heard an interesting 
 cause between the States of Maryland and Pennsylvania ; it was an action to 
 try the constitutional validity of an Act of the State of Pennsylvania, 
 which gave a trial by jury to the fugitive slave. How this subject pursued 
 and pervaded everything ! It was argued with great ability on both sides ; 
 it was ultimately ruled against the power of the free States to pass such an 
 act ; and the recent Fugitive Slave Law may probably have arisen out of 
 some such debateable questions of right ; at all events, it has entirely swept 
 away the intervention of a jury. 
 
 The last day of my abode at Washington was spent becomingly at Mount 
 Vernon, the residence, and now the grave, of Washington. It is well placed 
 on a wooded hill above the noble Potomac, here a mile and a half broad. The 
 tomb is a sad affair for such a man ; it has an inscription upon it denoting that 
 it was erected by John Strutters, marble mason ! It is placed under a glaring 
 red building, something between a coach-house and a cage ; the Senate once 
 procured the consent of the family to have it removed to the Capitol, when a 
 bricklayer, a labourer, and a cart arrived to take it off one morning, at which 
 their indignation naturally rose. There are few things remarkable in the 
 house, except the key of the Bastille sent by General Lafayette to General 
 Washington, and a sword sent to him by Frederick the Great, with this ad- 
 dress, " From the Oldest General of the age to the Best." I was gratified to 
 see a print from my picture of the Three Maries. Did it ever excite the in- 
 terest and the piety of Washington ? 
 
 I made a rapid journey, by steamboat and railroad, through the States of 
 Virginia and North Carolina ; the country wore a universal impress of ex- 
 haustion, desertion, slavery. It appears to be one of the trials for the cupidity 
 of man that slavery, notwithstanding all its drawbacks, has a certain degree 
 of adaptation, not, I trust in the mercy of God, a necessary adaptation, to the 
 culture of fertile soils in hot climates; but in sterile or exhausted soils, where 
 the energy of man must be called out to overcome difficulties, it is evident that 
 slavery has no elastic spring or restorative power. 
 
 Richmond, the capital of Virginia, has a certain resemblance in position
 
 408 LECTURE II. 
 
 to its namesake in Surrey ; I saw the local legislature in session ; it was very 
 full of coarse-looking fanners from the western portion of the state ; it struck 
 me that the acute town lawyers must manage matters much as they choose. 
 I never saw a country so hopeless as all that I passed through in North Caro- 
 lina a flat, sandy waste of pines, with scarcely a habitation. I spent a fort- 
 night at Charleston, the capital of her more energetic sister, South Carolina ; 
 this town and State may be looked upon as the head-quarters of the slave- 
 holding interest ; and repeatedly, when they have thought the policy of the 
 North too encroaching either upon questions relating to what they term their 
 peculiar institution, which is their euphonious description of slavery, or when 
 we should feel a juster sympathy with them, upon questions relating to the 
 protection of the Northern manufacturers in opposition to a liberal commer- 
 cial policy, they have not only held the very highest tone in favour of a disso- 
 lution of the Union, but have proceeded to overt acts of resistance. I am 
 bound to say that I spent my time there very pleasantly ; there was much 
 gaiety and unbounded hospitality. I have made no disguise of what my opi- 
 nions upon slavery were, are, and ever must be ; but it would be uncandid to 
 deny that the planter in the Southern States has much more in his manner 
 and mode of intercourse that resembles the English country gentleman than 
 any other class of his countrymen ; he is more easy, companionable, fond of 
 country life, and out-of-door pursuits. I went with a remarkably agreeable 
 party to spend a day at the rice plantation of one of their chief proprietors ; 
 he had the credit of being an excellent manager, and his negroes, young and 
 old, seemed well taken care of and looked after ; he repelled the idea not of 
 educating them that is highly penal by the law of the State, but of letting 
 them have any religious instruction. I was told by others that there was con- 
 siderable improvement in this respect. Many whom I met entertained no 
 doubt that slavery would subsist among them for ever ; others were inclined 
 to think that it would wear out. While I was willing not to shut my eyes to 
 any of the more favourable external symptoms or mitigations of slavery, other 
 indications could not come across my path without producing deep repug- 
 nance. On the very first night of my arrival, I heard the deep sound of a 
 curfew bell ; on inquiry I was told, that after it had sounded every night at 
 about nine o'clock, no coloured person, slave or free mark that might be 
 seen in the streets. One morning, accordingly, I saw a great crowd of co- 
 loured persons in the street, and 1 found they were waiting to see a large 
 number of their colour, who had been taken up the night before on their re- 
 turn from a ball, escorted in their ball dresses from the gaol to the court- 
 house. Indeed, it was almost principally with relation to the free blacks that 
 the anomalous and indefensible working of the system appeared there to de- 
 velope itself. I was told that the slaves themselves looked down upon the 
 free blacks, and called them rubbish. I must not omit to state that I saw one
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 409 
 
 slave auction in the open street, arising from the insolvency of the previous 
 owner; a crowd stood round the platform, on which sat the auctioneer, and 
 beside him were placed in succession the lots of from one to five negroes. 
 The families seemed to be all put up together, but I imagine they must often 
 be separated ; they comprised infants and all ages. As far as I could judge, 
 they exhibited great indifference to their changing destiny. I heard the auc- 
 tioneer tell one old man, whom I could have hardly distinguished from a white 
 person, that he had been bought by a good master. One could not help 
 shuddering at the future lot of those who were not the subjects of this congra- 
 tulation. 
 
 I went into the Head Court of Justice at Charleston, and found seven 
 persons present ; five of them were judges, one was the lawyer addressing 
 them, the other was the opposing counsel, who was walking up and down the 
 room. I attended a meeting of the Convention of the Episcopal Church of 
 South Carolina ; whether it may be for encouragement or warning to those 
 who wish for the introduction or revival of such synods at home, I mention 
 the point then under discussion ; it was how far it was proper to show defe- 
 rence for the opinion of the bishop. 
 
 The country round Charleston for scores, and I believe hundreds of miles, 
 is perfectly flat, and full of swamps ; but there I had the first indications of 
 the real genius of the South, in the white houses lined with verandahs, the 
 broad-leaved deep green magnolias and wild orange trees in the gardens, 
 the large yellow jessamine and palmeto in the hedges, and the pendant 
 streamers of grey moss on the under-branches of the rich evergreen live oak, 
 which supplies unrivalled timber for ship-building. 
 
 I left Charleston in a small American mail-packet, for the island of Cuba 
 I must not dwell on the voyage, which, from our being much becalmed, 
 lasted twelve days, double its due ; we were long off the low flat coasts of 
 Georgia and Florida, and I felt inclined to say, with Goldsmith, 
 
 " And wild Altama echoed to our woe." 
 
 On the 14th of March we passed under the impregnable rock of the 
 Castle, called the Moro, and, answering the challenge from its terraced battle- 
 ments, we found ourselves in the unrivalled harbour of the Havana. How 
 enchanting, to the senses at least, were the three weeks I spent at Cuba ! 
 How my memory turns to its picturesque forms and balmy skies ! During my 
 whole stay, the thermometer scarcely varied from 76 to 78 in the shade. I 
 am disposed to wonder that these regions are not more resorted to by our 
 countrymen for enjoyment of life, and escape from death. Nothing was ever 
 so unlike either Europe or America as the Havana : at least I had never been 
 in Spain, the mother country, which I suppose it most resembles. The courts
 
 410 LECTURE II. 
 
 of the gleaming white bouses have a Moorish look, the interiors are much co- 
 vered with arabesques, and on the outside towards the street they have im- 
 mense open spaces for windows, in which they generally find it superfluous to 
 put any glass ; the carriages are called Volantds, and look as if (hey had been 
 intended to carry Don Quixote. Then how delicious it used to be, late in the 
 evening, under a moonlight we can scarcely imagine, to sit in the square called 
 the Place of Arms, where in a space flanked by sonic gleaming palm trees, 
 and four small fountains, a gay crowd listened to excellent music from a Spa- 
 nish military band. It is certainly the handsomest town I saw in the New 
 World, and gives a great idea of the luxury and splendour of Spain in her 
 palmy days. The billiard rooms and ice-saloons streamed with light ; the 
 great theatre is as large and brilliant as almost any in Europe. Again, how 
 full of interest were some visits I paid in the interior, both to Spanish and 
 American households ! I cannot condense my impressions of the scenery 
 better than by repeating some short stanzas which with such influences 
 around me I could not help perpetrating. I hope that, while they bear wit- 
 ness to the intoxicating effects of the landscape and the climate, they do not 
 wholly leave out of view the attendant moral. 
 
 Ye tropic forests of unfading green, 
 
 Where the palm tapers, and the orange glows, 
 Where the light bamboo weaves her feathery screen, 
 
 And her tall shade the matchless seyba throws ; 
 
 Yc cloudless ethers of unchanging blue, 
 
 Save as its rich varieties give way 
 To the clear sapphire of your midnight hue, 
 The burnished azure of your perfect day. 
 
 Yet tell me not my native skies are bleak, 
 That, flushed with liquid wealth, no cane-fields wave ; 
 
 For Virtue pines, and Manhood dares not speak, 
 And Nature's glories brighten round the Slave. 
 
 Among the country houses I visited was the sugar estate of one of the chief 
 Creole nobles of the island (I do not know whether my hearers will be aware 
 that the proper meaning of a Creole is a person of European descent born in 
 America) I was treated there with the most refined and courteous hospita- 
 lity ; and what a view it was from the terrace of golden cane-fields, and 
 fringing woods, and azure sea ! The treatment of the domestic slaves ap- 
 peared kind and affectionate, and all the negro children on the estate repeated 
 their catechism to the priest, and were then brought in to dance and romp in
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 411 
 
 the drawing-room. Generally there does not appear to be the same amount 
 of repulsion between the white and coloured races as in the United States, 
 and there is the pleasant spectacle of their being mixed together in the 
 churches. Still the crying conclusive fact remains, that the average negro 
 population died off in ten years, and had to be recruited by continuous impor- 
 tations, which are so many breaches of the solemn treaties between Spain and 
 us. On one coffee estate which I visited (and generally the coffee cultiva- 
 tion is far lighter than that of the sugar cane) a still darker shade was 
 thrown upon the system, as I was told from a most authentic source that 
 there was great difficulty in preventing mothers from killing their offspring. 
 General Valdez, who was captain-general of the island during my visit, is 
 thought to have exerted himself honestly in putting down the slave trade. I 
 believe it has been as much encouraged as ever under some of his successors. 
 The politics of Cuba are rather delicate ground to tread upon just now, and 
 are likely to be continually shifting ; it appeared to me that all the compo- 
 nent parties held each other in check, like the people who are all prevented from 
 killing each other in the farce of " The Critic." The despotism and exclu- 
 siveness of the mother country were complete ; every one gave the same pic- 
 ture of the corruption and demoralization which pervaded every department 
 of administration and justice. The Creoles are prevented from rising against 
 this system, from dread of the Negroes rising against them, over and above 
 the large Spanish force always kept on foot there ; the Americans, who have 
 got possession of a large proportion of the estates,' do not like to hazard any 
 attempt at annexation, without at least adequate aid from other quarters, as 
 they would have to deal with the Spanish army, some of the Creoles, and all 
 the Negroes ; and the Negroes, the most deeply wronged party of any, would 
 bring down on themselves, in case of any general rising amongst them, the 
 Spaniards, Creoles, Americans within, and Americans without. May the 
 providence of God reserve for these enchanting shores more worthy destinies 
 than they have ever yet enjoyed ! 
 
 I availed myself of the magnificent accommodation of one of our West 
 India line-of-packet steamers, which deposited us at the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi. I repined at the course of the vessel, receding from the sun, and at 
 first I thought everything looked dingy, after the skies and vegetation of the 
 tropics. I missed especially the palm, the cocoa, and the seyba ; but there 
 was still the orange tree, and, what they have not in Cuba, the magnolia, 
 a forest tree in full blossom. The sugar plantations of Louisiana seemed 
 kept in very trim order ; we passed the ground made memorable by the victory 
 of GeneralJackson over the English ; and soon drew up among the numerous 
 tiers of masts and steam-boats that line the crescent outline of New Orleans. 
 
 The good I have to say of New Orleans must be chiefly confined to the St.
 
 412 LECTURE II. 
 
 Charles Hotel, which is the most splendid of its kind that I saw even in the 
 United States. When it is at its full complement 560 dine there every day 
 350 of whom sleep in the house ; there are 160 servants, seven French cooks ; 
 all the waiters, whites Irish, English, French, German, and American ; the 
 very intelligent proprietor of the hotel told me he thought the Irish made the 
 best ; he has them all together every day at noon, when they go through a 
 regular drill, and rehearse the service of a dinner. Nothing can be more dis- 
 tinct than the appearance of the American and French portions of the town ; 
 the American is laid out in broad streets, high houses, and large stores ; the 
 French in narrow streets, which suits a warm climate better perhaps, and a 
 great proportion of one-storied houses, which they thought a better security 
 against hurricanes. I spent my time not unpleasantly, particularly two days 
 at the plantation of an opulent proprietor, where the slaves seemed the subject 
 of much thoughtful attention as far as their physical condition is concerned ; 
 the weather at this season the middle of April was delicious, but it is the 
 last place in the world I should choose for a residence. For long periods the 
 climate is most noxious to human life ; it is the occasional haunt of the yellow 
 fever ; the river runs at a higher level than the town, and the putrid swamp is 
 ever ready to ooze through the thin layer of rank soil above it ; and, worse 
 than any merely natural mal'aria, the dregs of the worst type of the French 
 and American character, notwithstanding the more wholesome elements by 
 which their influence is undoubtedly tempered, impart a moral taint to the 
 social atmosphere. 
 
 Though in my journey henceforward I passed over immense spaces, and 
 saw great varieties of scenes and men, yet as it became now more of a matter 
 of real travelling, and did not show me so much of the inner social life, it will 
 be a relief to you to hear, especially after the lengthened trespass I have al- 
 ready made on your attention, that I shall get over the remaining ground far 
 more rapidly. I went from New Orleans to Louisville on board the " Henry 
 Clay" steamer, 1500 miles, which lasted six days ; the first 1100 miles were 
 on the Mississippi. It is impossible to be on the Father of Waters, as I be- 
 lieve the name denotes, without some emotion ; its breadth hardly appears so 
 imposing as that of many far inferior streams ; at New Orleans it must 
 be under three-quarters of a mile, but its width rather paradoxically in- 
 creases as you recede from its mouth ; its colour is that of a murky, pulpy, 
 yellowish mud, but still its full deep brimming volume pleases, chiefly, I sup- 
 pose, from the knowledge that thus it rolls on for 5000 miles, and waters a 
 valley capable of feeding the world ; there is little break of outline, but the 
 continuous parallel lines of forest are partially dotted, first by the sugar fields 
 of Louisiana, then by the cotton enclosures of the States of Mississippi and 
 Tennessee, then by the rich meadows of Kentucky. For the last 400 miles
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 413 
 
 we left the sovereign river, and struck up the Ohio, christened by the French 
 the beautiful river, and deserving the name from the swelling wooded slopes 
 which fringe its current ; its soft native name of Ohio means " the gently 
 flowing." Louisville is a nourishing town ; thence I dived into the interior of 
 Kentucky, and paid a visit of two or three days to Mr. Clay, at his country 
 residence of Ashland. The qualities which rivet the Senate and captivate his 
 adherents seem to me both heightened and softened by his frank, courteous, 
 simple intercourse. He lives with his family in a modest house, among fields 
 of a deep red soil and the most luxuriant grass, growing under very thriving 
 and varied timber, the oak, sycamore, locust tree, cedar, and that beautiful 
 ornament of American woods, the sugar maple. He likes showing some 
 English cattle. His countrymen seem to be in the habit of calling upon him 
 without any kind of previous introduction. Slavery, generally mild in the 
 pastoral State of Kentucky, was certainly seen here in its least repulsive 
 guise ; Mr. Clay's own negro servant, Charles, was much devoted to him ; he 
 took him with him on a tour into Canada, and when some Abolitionists there 
 wanted him to leave his master " Not if you were to give me both your Pro- 
 vinces," was the reply. 
 
 My next halt was at the White Sulphur Springs in the western portion of 
 Virginia. The season had not yet commenced, early in May, so I was in sole 
 possession of the place. One of my Southern friends had kindly placed a de- 
 lightful little cottage at my disposal, and I enjoyed in the highest degree the 
 unwonted repose in the solitude of virgin forests, and the recesses of the green 
 Alleghanies. Here were my brief Farewell Lines to the small temple-like 
 cupola over the bright sulphur well from which I used to drink many times in 
 the day : 
 
 Hail dome ! whose unpresuming circle guards 
 Virginia's flowing fountain : still may health 
 Hover above thy crystal urn, and bring 
 To cheeks unused their bloom ! may Beauty still 
 Sit on thy billowy swell of wooded hills, 
 And deep ravines of verdure ; may the axe, 
 Improvement's necessary pioneer, 
 'Mid forest solitudes, still gently pierce, 
 Not bare their leafy bowers ! This votive lay, 
 Like wreath of old on thy white columns hung, 
 Albeit of scentless flowers from foreign soil, 
 Scorn not, and bid the pilgrim pass in peace. 
 
 I had, at this time, much travelling in the stage coaches, and I found it 
 amusing to sit by the different coachmen, who were generally youths from the 
 Eastern States, pushing their way in life, and full of fresh and racy talk. 
 One said to me, lamenting the amount of debt which the State through which
 
 414 LECTURE II. 
 
 we were travelling had incurred, " I suppose your State has no debt," a 
 .compliment I could not quite appropriate. Another, who probably came 
 from New York, where they do not like to use the word Master in speaking 
 of their employers, but prefer an old Dutch name, Boss, said to me, " I sup- 
 pose the Queen is your Boss uow." 
 
 I again turned my face to the West, and passed Cincinnati, which, toge- 
 ther with all that I saw of the State of Ohio, seemed to me the part of the 
 Union where, if obliged to make the choice, I should like best to fix my 
 abode. It has a great share of all the civilization and appliances of the old 
 settled States of the East, with the richer soil, the softer climate, the fresher 
 spring of life, which distinguish the West. It had, besides, to me the great 
 attraction of being the first Free State which I reached on my return from the 
 region of Slavery, and the contrast in the appearance of prosperity and pro- 
 gress is just what a friend of freedom would always wish it to be. One of my 
 visitors at Cincinnati told me he remembered when the town only contained 
 a few log cabins ; when I was there it had 50,000 inhabitants. I shall not 
 easily forget an evening view from a neighbouring hill, over loamy corn fields, 
 wooded knolls, and even some vineyards, just where the Miami River dis- 
 charges its gentle stream into the ample Ohio. I crossed the States of 
 Indiana and Illinois, looked for the first time on the wide level and waving 
 grass of a prairie stopped a short time at St. Louis, once a French station, 
 now the flourishing capital of the State of Missouri. I passed the greatest 
 confluence of rivers on the face of our globe, where the Mississippi and Mis- 
 souri blend their giant currents ; the whole river ought properly have gone by 
 the name of the Missouri, as it is by far the most considerable stream, its pre- 
 vious course before the junction exceeding the entire course of the Mississippi 
 both before and after it ; it is the Missouri, too, which imparts its colour to 
 the united stream, and for two or three miles you distinguish its ochre-co- 
 loured waters as they line the hitherto clear current of the Upper Mississippi. 
 At Jacksonville, in Illinois, I was told a large colony of Yorkshiremen were 
 settled, and I was the more easily induced to believe it, as it seemed to me 
 about the most thriving and best cultivated neighbourhood I had seen. I 
 embarked at Chicago on the great lakes : but here I must desist from pursu- 
 ing my devious wanderings on those large inland seas, and on the opposite 
 shore of Canada. Many thousands of miles have I steamed away over Lakes 
 Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario ; the Rideau Canal, the St. Lawrence and 
 Ottowa Rivers ; some of these I traversed twice, and they supplied some of the 
 most interesting and picturesque features of my long journeyings. I should 
 have scrupled in any case to touch upon the politics of Canada, and indeed 
 my pauses at any fixed spot were too short to qualify me for the attempt, 
 even if it had been desirable. It is a magnificent region, especially its western 
 portion happy in climato, soil, and scenery. I will, however, only attempt
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 415 
 
 to dash off two slight sketches from my Canadian recollections. Here is the 
 first. I stood in a terraced garden on the summit of a high promontory,, 
 running with a steep angle into the basin made by the River St. Lawrence, of 
 which it is no exaggeration to say that the water is as clear, bright, and, 
 above all, green as any emerald ; here, upon I believe the most imperial site 
 in the world, stand the citadel and city of Quebec : the shipping was lying in 
 great quantity close under the rocky steep, and was dotted for a considerable 
 way along the shining river ; in front was the island of Orleans, well- shaped 
 and full -peopled ; ridge upon ridge beyond, ending with Cape Tourment, de- 
 scended on the river ; the shore on either side gleamed with white villages, 
 and the town below seemed to climb or almost leap up the straight precipice, 
 broken with high convent roofs and glittering tinned spires. The flag of 
 England waved upon the highest bastion that crowned the rock, the band ot 
 the Queen's Guards was playing in the garden, the clearest blue of western 
 skies was above my head, and, rising above the whole glowing scene, was the 
 commemorative pillar to that General Wolfe who on this spot transferred to 
 us Englishmen, by his own victory and death, and with the loss of forty-five 
 men, the mastery of a continent. 
 
 The only other scene I will attempt to sketch shall be in the centre of 
 Lake Huron, on one of its countless islands. I am justified in using that 
 epithet, since not long ago our Government ordered a survey to be made of 
 the islands ; they counted 40,000, and then gave it up, and some of these 
 were of no contemptible size, one of them being ninety miles long. I "was one 
 of the party which at that time went annually up to the lake to attend an en- 
 campment of many thousand Indians, and make a distribution of presents 
 among them. About sunset our flotilla of seven canoes, manned well by In- 
 dian and French Canadian crews, drew up, some of the rowers cheering the 
 end of the day's work with snatches of a Canadian boat-song. We disem- 
 barked on some rocky islet which, as probably as not, had never felt the feet 
 of man before ; in a few moments the utter solitude had become a scene of 
 bustle and business, carried on by the sudden population of some sixty souls ; 
 tents had been pitched in which we were to sleep ; small trees had been cut 
 for fuel ; fires had been lighted round which the motley crews were preparing 
 the evening meal; some were bathing in the transparent little bays, some 
 standing on a jutting piece of cliff, fishing ; and here and there an Indian in 
 the water, motionless, watching with an intent gaze, a spear in his hand ready 
 to dart on his prey beneath. A large oil cloth had been spread for a party on 
 a convenient ledge of rock ; hot pea soup, hot fish, the chace of the day, and 
 large cold rounds of beef, showed that, though we were in the desert, we did 
 not fare like anchorites ; and the summer moon rose on the scattered fires, 
 and the gay bivouac, and the snatches of song and chorus that from time to 
 time woke the unaccustomed echoes of Lake Huron.
 
 41 () LECTURE II. 
 
 Entering the United States again, I made a rapid journey, by Lakes 
 Champlain and George, by Ticondcroga and Saratoga, historic names ; spent 
 four very delightful days in the most attractive society in a New England 
 village, revived the beauteous impressions of the Hudson, and, taking leave 
 of friends not soon to be forgotten, on the quay of New York, left the hospi- 
 table shore. 
 
 You will have perceived that in these desultory notes I have not attempted 
 to pronounce any formal judgment upon the American people, or the great 
 experiment they are conducting in the face of the world. The extreme di- 
 versity of habits, manners, opinions, feelings, race, and origin, in the several 
 parts of the wide extent of country I traversed, would render the difficulty, 
 great in any case, of such an undertaking, still more subtle and complicated. 
 The striking contrasts in such a shifting and variegated aspect of society make 
 me feel that any such general and dashing summary could only be attempted 
 after the fashion of a passage which I have always much admired in Gibbon, 
 where, wishing to give a fair view of the poetical character of Claudian, he 
 sums up separately his merits and defects, and leaves his reader to strike the 
 just balance. In some such mode it might be stated that North America, 
 viewed at first with respect to her natural surface, exhibits a series of scenery, 
 various, rich, and, in some of its features, unparalleled ; though she cannot, 
 on the whole, equal Europe in her mountain elevations, how infinitely does 
 she surpass her in rivers, estuaries, and lakes ! This variegated surface of 
 earth and water is seen under a sky warm, soft, and balmy in some clear, 
 blue, and brilliant in all its latitudes, with a transparency of atmosphere which 
 Italy does not reach, with varieties of forest growth and foliage unknown to 
 Europe, and with a splendour of hues in autumn before which painting must 
 despair. With respect to the moral aspect, I naturally feel the difficulty of 
 any succinct or comprehensive summary infinitely heightened. The feature 
 which is the most obvious, and probably the most enviable, is the nearly en- 
 tire absence, certainly of the appearance, and in a great degree of the reality, 
 of poverty ; in no part of the world, I imagine, is there so much general ease 
 and comfort among the great bulk of the people, and a gushing abundance 
 struck me as the prominent characteristic of the land. It is not easy to 
 describe how far this consideration goes to brighten the face of nature, and 
 give room for its undisturbed enjoyment. Within a mere span of time, as 
 compared with the general growth and progress of nations, the industry, at 
 once steady and persevering, of the inhabitants, has cleared enormous tracts 
 of forest, reared, among their untrodden glades, spacious and stately cities, 
 opened new highways through the swamp and the desert, covered their un- 
 equalled rivers with fleets of steamboats and craft of every form, given an 
 extension to canals beyond all previous experience, and filled land and water 
 with hardy miracles of successful enterprise. The traveller, wafted with mar-
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 417 
 
 vellous ease by steamboats and railways over prodigious spaces, cannot but 
 indulge in what may appear a mere superficial satisfaction at the accommoda- 
 tion he meets with in the hotels of the principal cities, which are regulated on 
 a scale, and with a splendour and even cleanliness which he will find scarcely 
 rivalled in the capitals of Europe. However absorbed in the pursuits of bu- 
 siness, agriculture, and trade, the citizens of these young republics may be, 
 and though it would seem to be their obvious vocation in life to cultivate al- 
 most boundless wastes, and connect almost interminable distances, circles are 
 nevertheless to be found among them which in point of refined and agreeable 
 intercourse, of literary taste, and general accomplishment, it would be difficult 
 for the same capitals of the elder world to surpass ; the Bench and Bar, as 
 well as other professions, can boast both of the solid and brilliant qualities by 
 which they are adorned ; and while much occurs in Congress that must be 
 deemed rough and unseemly, the chords of high and generous feeling are fre- 
 quently struck within its walls to accents of noble eloquence ; in the universal 
 fluency of their public speaking they undoubtedly surpass ourselves. In rural 
 life I doubt whether the world can produce more examples of quiet simplicity 
 and prosperous content than would be found, I might say most prominently, 
 in the embowered villages of New England, or the sunny valleys of Pennsyl- 
 vania. I am sure that I am not wanting in respect for the operative classes 
 of this district, but I cannot conceal from myself that the appearance of the 
 female factory population of Lowell presents some points of favourable 
 contrast. Among the more opulent portion of society, an idle man without 
 regular profession or fixed pursuit is the exception which excites observation 
 and surprise. The purity of the female character stands deservedly high, and 
 society has been deemed by some to be rendered less agreeable by the rigid 
 devotion of the young married women to their households and nurseries. It 
 is something to have travelled nearly over the whole extent of the Union 
 without having encountered a single specimen either of servility or incivility 
 of manner ; by the last I intend to denote intentional rudeness. Elections 
 may seem the universal business, topic, and passion of life ; but they are, at 
 least with but few exceptions, carried on without any approach to tumult, 
 rudeness, or disorder ; those which I happened to see were the most sedate, 
 unimpassioned processes I can imagine. In the Free States, at least, the 
 people at large bear an active, and I believe on the whole a useful, part in 
 all the concerns of internal government and practical daily life ; men of all 
 classes, and especially of the more wealthy and instructed, take a zealous 
 share in almost every pursuit of usefulness and philanthropy ; they visit the 
 hospitals and asylums, they attend the daily instruction of the schools, they 
 give lectures at lyceums and institutes. I am glad to think that I may be 
 treading in their footsteps on this occasion. I have already mentioned with 
 just praise the universal diffusion and excellent quality of popular education, 
 
 2 a
 
 418 LECTURE II. 
 
 as established especially in the States of New England, the powerful Empire 
 State of New York, and, I may add, the prosperous and aspiring State of 
 Ohio. Without venturing to weigh the preponderating recommendations or 
 deficiencies of the Voluntary System, I may fairly ask, what other communi- 
 ties are so amply supplied with the facilities of public worship for all their 
 members ? The towns, old and young, bristle with churches ; they are al- 
 most always well filled ; the Sabbath, in the Eastern and Northern States at 
 least, is scrupulously observed, and with the most unbounded freedom of 
 conscience, and a nearly complete absence of polemical strife and bitterness, 
 there is apparently a close unity of feeling and practice in rendering homage 
 to God. 
 
 Though it would appear difficult, and must certainly be ungracious, to 
 paint the reverse side of such a country and such a people, a severe observer 
 would not be long at fault. With respect to their scenery itself, while he 
 could not deny that within its vast expanse it contained at times both subli- 
 mity and beauty, he might establish against it a charge of monotony, to which 
 the immense continuities of the same surfaces, whether of hill, valley, wood, 
 lake, or river the straight unbroken skirt of forest, the entire absence of 
 single trees, the square parallelograms of the cleared spaces, the uniform line 
 of zigzag fences, the staring squareness of the new wooden houses, all power- 
 fully contribute. In regard to climate, without dwelling on such partial in- 
 fluences as the mal'aria which desolates the stunted pine-barrens of North 
 Carolina, and banishes ever)' white native of South Carolina from their rice- 
 plains during the entire summer, the hot damps which festoon the trees on the 
 southern coast with a funereal drapery of grey moss, the yellow fever which 
 decimates the quays of New Orleans, and the feverish agues which line the 
 banks of the Mississippi, it would be impossible to deny the violent alterna- 
 tions of temperature which have a more general prevalence, and it is certain 
 that much fewer robust forms and ruddy complexions are to be seen than in 
 our own more even latitudes. Passing from the physical to the moral atmo- 
 sphere, amidst all the vaunted equality of the American freemen, there seemed 
 to be a more implicit deference to custom, a more passive submission to what 
 is assumed to be the public opinion of the day or hour, than would be pa- 
 ralleled in many aristocratic or even despotic communities. This quiet acqui- 
 escence in the prevailing tone, this complete abnegation of individual senti- 
 ment, is naturally most perceptible in the domain of politics ; but I thought 
 that it also in no inconsiderable degree pervaded the social circle, biassed the 
 decisions of the judicial bench, and even infected the solemn teachings of the 
 pulpit. To this source may probably in some measure be traced the remark- 
 able similarity in the manners, deportment, conversation, and tone of feeling, 
 which has so generally struck travellers from abroad in American society. 
 Who that has seen can ever forget the slow and melancholy silence of the
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 419 
 
 couples who walk arm-in-arm to the tables of the great hotels, or of the un- 
 social groups who gather round the greasy meals of the steamboats, lap up 
 the five minutes' meal, come like shadows, so depart ? One of their able 
 public men made an observation to me, which struck me as pungent, and per- 
 haps true, that it was probably the country in which there was less misery and 
 less happiness than in any other of the world. There are other points of 
 manners on which I am not inclined to dilate, but to which it would at least 
 require time to be reconciled. I may just intimate that their native plant of 
 tobacco lies at the root of much that we might think objectionable. However 
 necessary and laudable the general devotion to habits of industry and the 
 practical business of life may be, and though there are families and circles in 
 which no grace, no charm, no accomplishment, are wanting, yet it cannot be 
 denied that, among the nation at large, the empire of dollars, cents, and ma- 
 terial interests, holds a very preponderating sway, and that art and all its 
 train of humanities exercise at present but an enfeebled and restricted influ- 
 ence. If we ascend from social to political life, and from manners to institu- 
 tions, we should find that the endless cycles of electioneering preparations and 
 contests, although they may be carried on for the most part without the 
 riotous turbulence, or overt bribery, by which they are sometimes but too 
 notoriously disgraced among ourselves, still leave no intermission for repose 
 in the public mind ; enter into all the relations of existence ; subordinate to 
 themselves every other question of internal and foreign policy ; lead their 
 public men, I will not say their best, but the average of them, to pander to 
 the worst prejudices, the meanest tastes, the most malignant resentments of 
 the people ; at each change of administration incite the new rulers to carry 
 the spirit of proscription into every department of the public service, from the 
 minister at a great foreign court to the postmaster of some half-barbarous 
 outpost thus tending to render those whose functions ought to withdraw 
 them the most completely from party influences the most unscrupulous parti- 
 zans ; and would make large masses welcome war, and even acquiesce in ruin, 
 if it appeared that they could thus counteract the antagonist tactics, humi- 
 liate the rival leader, or remotely influence the election of the next President. 
 It is already painfully felt that, as far as the universal choice of the people was 
 relied on to secure for the highest office of the state the most commanding 
 ability or the most signal merit, it may be pronounced to have failed. There 
 may be less habitual and actual noise in Congress than in our own Parliament, 
 but the time of the House of Representatives, not without cost to the consti- 
 tuent body which pays for their services, is continuously taken up, when not 
 engrossed by a speech of some days' duration, with wrangles upon points of 
 order, and angry recriminations ; the language used in debate has occasionally 
 sounded the lowest depths of coarse and virulent acrimony, and the floor of 
 the Legislative Hall has actually been the scene of violent personal rencounter.
 
 420 . LECTURE II. 
 
 The manners of the barely-civilized West, where it has been known tliat 
 counsel "challenge judges on the bench, and Members of the Legislature fire 
 off rifles at the Speaker as he sits in the chair, would appear to be gradually 
 invading the very inner shrine of the Constitution. Having done justice to 
 the strictness and purity of morals which distinguish many of the more settled 
 portions of the continent, it cannot be concealed that the reckless notions and 
 habits of the vagrant pioneers of the West, evinced as these are by the prac- 
 tices of gambling, drinking, and licentiousness, by an habitual disregard of 
 the Sabbath, and by more constant swearing than I ever heard anywhere 
 else, fearfully disfigure that great valley of the Mississippi, destined inevitably, 
 at no distant day, to be the preponderating section of the entire Union. It is 
 at this day impossible to go into any society, especially of the older and more 
 thoughtful men, some of whom may themselves have borne an eminent part in 
 the earlier struggles and service of the commonwealth, without hearing the 
 degeneracy of modern times, and the downward tendency of all things, de- 
 spondingly insisted upon. At the period of my visit, besides the numerous 
 instances of individual bankruptcy and insolvency, not, alas ! peculiar to the 
 New World, the doctrine of repudiation, officially promulgated by sovereign 
 States, had given an unpleasing confirmation to what is perhaps the prevailing 
 tendency among retired politicians. I have reserved for the last topic of ani- 
 madversion the crowning evil the capital danger the mortal plague-spot 
 Slavery. I have not disclaimed the original responsibility of my own country 
 in introducing and riveting it upon her dependencies ; I do not disguise the 
 portentous difficulties in the way of adequate remedy to the great and growing 
 disease. But what I cannot shut my eyes on is, that, while it lasts, it must 
 still continue, in addition to the actual amount of suffering and wrong which 
 it entails on the enslaved, to operate with terrible reaction on the dominant 
 class, to blunt the moral sense, to sap domestic virtue, to degrade independent 
 industry, to check the onward march of enterprise, to sow the seeds of suspi- 
 cion, alarm, and vengeance in both internal and external intercourse, to dis- 
 tract the national councils, to threaten the permanence of the Union, and to 
 leave a brand, a bye-word, and a jest upon the name of Freedom. 
 
 Having thus endeavoured, without consciousness of anything misstated or 
 exaggerated, though of much that is wanting and incomplete on cither side, 
 to sum up the good and the bad, I leave my hearers to draw their own con- 
 clusions from the whole ; there are large materials both for approval and at- 
 tack, ample grounds both for hope and fear. Causes are occasionally at work 
 which almost appear to portend a disruption of the Federal Union ; at the 
 same time a strong sentiment of pride about it, arising partly from an honest 
 patriotism, partly from a feeling of complacency in its very size and extent 
 may tend indefinitely to postpone any such pregnant result ; but whatever 
 maybe the solution of that question, whatever the issue of the future destinies
 
 TRAVELS IN AMERICA. 421 
 
 assigned to the great American Republic, it is impossible to have contem- 
 plated her extent, her resources, the race that has mainly peopled her., the in- 
 stitutions she has derived or originated, the liberty which has been their life- 
 blood, the industry which has been their offspring, and the free Gospel which 
 has been published on her wide plains and wafted by her thousand streams, 
 without nourishing the belief and the hope that it is reserved for her to do 
 much, in the coming generations, for the good of man and the glory of God.
 
 APPENDICES, 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Speech of SIR ROBERT PEEL at a Public Meeting of the Queen's University 
 in Ireland, held in St. Patrick's Hall, Dublin Castle, on the 12th of 
 October, 1864. 
 
 MY LORD CHANCELLOR, LADIES, AND GENTLEMEN, 
 
 I MAKE no doubt that -within these halls there are some persons who are here 
 assembled for the first time, to witness this interesting annual ceremony of the 
 Queen's University ; and I make no doubt that there are also here many young 
 men who are here for the first time, and they equally with this distinguished 
 company, as well as those amongst us who are more familiar with the proceed- 
 ings on these occasions one and all of us cannot fail to be deeply impressed 
 by the circumstances and consideration with which the Honors of this Univer- 
 sity are year by year delivered to those who have succeeded in their examina- 
 tion for Diplomas and Degrees. But, Ladies and Gentlemen, in the distribution 
 of Prizes which have been gained by the successful candidates, the students 
 themselves must feel the compliment which is paid to them by this public 
 ceremony in the recognition of their successful academic career that it is en- 
 hanced by the honour which is paid by the hands of my noble friend the Lord 
 Chancellor of Ireland, who is also Vice-Chancellor of this University. 
 
 My Lord Chancellor has given us a brief outline of the results of the past 
 year, and he has also, I am happy to say, satisfied us as regards the successful 
 and onward progress of the University. Now, let me, if I can, refer to what 
 took place in this hall last year. Last year, in October, 1863, the Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, in those eloquent words which he could so well make 
 use of, referred to the lamented absence of one of the most distinguished 
 members of the Senate the late Dr. Whately ; and he alluded to him, in 
 that language which I qualify as eloquent, as a man of large qualities, of 
 abundant charity, and, I think his words were, "luminous faith." Dr. 
 Whately, from the very incorporation of our University, was a member of 
 our Senate, and by his constant presence here, and by the continuance of his
 
 424 APPENDIX I. 
 
 support on this and many occasions, he advanced the interests of the Univer- 
 sity, so that those connected with the University looked up to him with 
 grateful recollections of his services. We have lost three very distinguished 
 members of our Senate Sir Philip Crampton, Sir Thomas Wyse, and Dr. 
 Whately. Their places can be and have been filled, I hope, by men who will 
 endeavour, as they did, to do their duty to the University ; and I, in common 
 with this audience, rejoice to see in place of Dr. Whately that very distin- 
 guished man now present, who has succeeded him in the See of Dublin I 
 mean his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin. But, Ladies and Gentlemen, as 
 has been referred to by the "Lord Chancellor, there is a gloom spread and 
 hanging over our proceedings on this occasion, in consequence of the absence 
 of one who, on all occasions that he was able, was most conspicuous by his 
 presence. This, I believe, is the twelfth anniversary on which you assembled 
 in this hall, in connexion with the Queen's University : on eight of these oc- 
 casions Lord Carlisle, as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, presided here. How 
 great, then, is his loss on this occasion ! This loss has been alluded to by the 
 Vice-Chancellor, who stated that he always came to give us his countenance 
 and support. He was not the only Lord Lieutenant who has done that, be- 
 cause every nobleman who has held the rank of Viceroy in this country has 
 done the same. Lord Clarendon I would especially mention, whose name 
 cannot be mentioned within the precincts of this University without gratitude 
 and without respect to whom we owe, I believe I airi justified in saying, the 
 establishment of the Medical Schools in our Colleges. Lord Eglintoun, when 
 he came to Ireland in 1852, also at once consented to preside in this hall. At 
 a meeting on a similar occasion what did he tell his audience ? He said " I 
 have been a very short time amongst you in Ireland a very few months ; but 
 I have lost no time. I have not omitted visiting each one of the provinces, 
 and of seeing the Colleges erected there with my own eyes." He did that, and 
 rejoiced to see the success of those established, and hoped that the University 
 would prosper. In 1853 or 1851 Lord St. Germans came here. He had been 
 Chief Secretary under the Government of Sir Robert Peel, when the Act in- 
 corporating this University was passed. On that occasion he referred to the 
 fact, and said : " When I was Chief Secretary for Ireland, I was instrumental 
 in drawing up the Act which gave the Queen's Colleges to Ireland ; and I 
 rejoice as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to witness their success in the country." 
 Although all these several Lords Lieutenant paid every attention to promote 
 the interests which we are here to advocate, there were none after Lord Cla- 
 rendon who did more service for us than did Lord Carlisle. Lord Carlisle 
 had made the country his home. His whole soul was wrapped up in the ser- 
 vice of his Sovereign as Viceroy, and in endeavouring to promote the welfare 
 of this country. There was nothing that could in any way advance the social 
 and material prosperity of this country that he was not anxious to promote ;
 
 SIR ROBERT PEEL'S SPEECH. 425 
 
 and therefore I do venture to say that never did a man leave the shores of 
 Ireland towards whom a deeper regret at the affliction which had befallen him 
 was felt than towards Lord Carlisle. The very last official visit, I believe, 
 which he paid in this country was to the Marlborough- street Schools, with his 
 friend Alexander Mac Donnell, in order to prove that he was in favour of that 
 system of united education which has given us such inestimable benefits. I 
 do not know if I may observe on one particular fact connected with his de- 
 parture, but I would venture to say that there was no person who witnessed the 
 departure of Lord Carlisle from the shores of Ireland who was not affected at 
 the spectacle that was presented. Crowds of people were assembled in Kings- 
 town in silent regret to wish him good-bye ; and I have been told that when 
 my gallant friend, the Commander-in-Chief, advanced to bid him a last good- 
 bye, he advanced to him and when he took his hand and grasped it for a few 
 minutes, and said, " God bless you, Sir ;" I do not believe there was a dry eye 
 in that crowded assembly that was there to wish Lord Carlisle farewell. He 
 stood till the last moment on the deck of the vessel, and, as it was leaving the 
 shore, he cast a long, lingering look behind him at that country where he had 
 spent almost the whole of his public life, and where his public services had 
 been given. Many a person in that assembly must have recollected those 
 touching lines of Moore, where he says : 
 
 " As slow our ship her foamy track 
 
 Against the wind was cleaving, 
 Her trembling pennant still looked back 
 
 To that dear isle 'twas leaving : 
 So loth we part from all we love, 
 
 From all the links that bind us ; 
 So turn our hearts, where'er we rove, 
 
 On those we've left behind us." 
 
 And now, Ladies and Gentlemen, there were two observations which have 
 been made by Lord Carlisle, and to which I wish to advert ; but, first of all, 
 I wish to point out the very eventful period which passed during the time Lord 
 Carlisle was connected with the Government of Ireland. From 1854 to 1863, 
 eight anniversaries in which he presided here as ruler, the advance of the 
 University was of a striking character. In the year Lord Carlisle came to 
 Ireland there were entering the University 178 students, and the number at- 
 tending in the halls amounted to 410. In the year following there were 179 
 entries, and 438 attending ; whilst last year, 1862-63, there were 273 entering, 
 and 787 attending. During the present year, however, which is conspicuous 
 among all that has passed for the number of young men both entering and 
 attending, we find 289 entering, and 810 students attending the lectures. It 
 is impossible in the brief period that has elapsed that greater success should
 
 420 APPENDIX I. 
 
 have been accomplished. In the year 1857-58 we had a commission to nquire 
 into the conduct of the University. That commission reported that it was 
 impossible but that the University must be successful, because at that moment 
 there were in the halls attending lectures nearly 450 students. What would 
 they not be able to report of it now, when not only that number has been very 
 nearly doubled, but that absolutely the students educated in this University 
 are displaying on almost every occasion, when competitive examination affords 
 them an opportunity, convincing proofs of the advantages they derive from 
 their education ? 
 
 There are two observations which Lord Carlisle made on almost the last 
 occasion when he addressed this assembly, to which I would wish to refer. He 
 observed on the nicely-balanced division of students as regards the religious 
 denominations in this country. I am happy to say that that has been main- 
 tained to a remarkable degree. Lord Carlisle said on a former occasion, in 
 this hall, " I learn with increasing pleasure that the proportion of different 
 religious communions amongst the students continues to be what might be 
 expected and wished." What are the numbers in the College at the present 
 moment ? I will take three years for this is a matter of great importance to 
 those who take an interest in the progress of the University. In the year 
 1861-62 there were 752 students in all attending the halls. Of these 205 were 
 of the Established Church, 208 were Roman Catholics, 247 were Presbyterians, 
 and 92 belonged to other denominations. In 1862-63 (observe how nicely the 
 number is preserved, with, I am glad to say, an increasing number of Roman 
 Catholics), there were 202 members of the Established Church, 214 Roman 
 Catholics ; General Assembly Presbyterians, 277 ; and of other denomina- 
 tions, 84 ; and in 1863-64, we find that the number of members of the Esta- 
 blished Church is 210; of Roman Catholics, 237 (a very considerable in- 
 crease) ; Presbyterians, 260 ; and other denominations, 103. I think, there- 
 fore, that the progress of the University as regards the religious denominations 
 of students fully bears out the anxious desire that Lord Carlisle had expressed, 
 that the proportion should be maintained. 
 
 On the last occasion Lord Carlisle presided here he expressed a hope that 
 the time was not far distant when the University would have a building of its 
 own. He said : "The increasing dimensions and swelling fortunes of this 
 institution, and the growing interest which is felt in it, only make me wish the 
 more eagerly that the time may not be far distant when the University will 
 have a building of its own, duly accommodated to its high days and solemni- 
 ties." That is a hope in which we all share. I yearn to see the time when 
 we will not have to depend upon the kindness of the Lord Lieutenant (great 
 as our thanks to him must be), but that we shall be able to have, as Lord 
 Carlisle desired, a building of our own, where we could assume the position 
 we are entitled to demand. I do not believe any one would grudge us that
 
 SIR ROBERT PEEL'S SPEECH. 427 
 
 honour. The great Universities certainly would not. The Universities of 
 Oxford and Cambridge would be glad to see their sister University advancing 
 to that position which it is entitled to reach. The University of Dublin, I am 
 sure, would be glad to see us occupy a proper position here. I think that, 
 considering this is the last expression of one who took such an interest in our 
 advancement, it is not too much to hope that the Government would grant 
 30,000 for the building of an institution here. We should then have a 
 building in Dublin. I venture to say I express the opinion of every liberal 
 man connected with the University of Dublin, considering that they have a 
 revenue of about 70,000, or 80,000, or 100,000 a-year, dating from the 
 time of Queen Elizabeth, when I say that they will co-operate with me in 
 urging the Government to give the trifling grant of 30,000, whereby we 
 could have a locus standi in Dublin. Having said so much, I hope that when 
 that day shall come, I may have the privilege of addressing the Queen's Uni- 
 versity in that hall. If I am not connected with Ireland then, I certainly 
 will make it a point to come over here to congratulate the young men of the 
 University on having obtained that which they are entitled to have. 
 
 Well, now, what has been done to advance the interests of the University 
 during the last three years? Last year the Government, upon the urgent 
 request of the Irish Government, granted that body of men who so justly de- 
 served recompence the professors of the Irish Colleges an important addi- 
 tion to their salaries. Since 1858 that had been a pressing consideration. 
 Year after year it has been brought forward ; and I rejoice to think that, with 
 the co-operation of Lord Clarendon and Lord Carlisle, I have succeeded in 
 obtaining from the Government that just remuneration for the value of the 
 services of the professors that they were strictly entitled to receive. Again, 
 last year I considered, in common with other persons who were interested in 
 the matter, the salary and position of one connected with the University, who, 
 from the beginning of his connexion with it until the present moment, has 
 taken the liveliest I may say the chief part in promoting its interests. I 
 allude to my honourable friend, the Secretary of this University. All the bu- 
 siness of the University has to pass through his hands and those of his assis- 
 tant. They are responsible for the due discharge of that business ; and any of 
 those persons who are here to-day who have received Honors and Diplomas 
 would be extremely annoyed and vexed if any irregularity occurred. But 
 errors never occur, so exact is Mr. Stoney in the discharge of his duties ; .and 
 I am sure there is not a single student of the University that does not join 
 with me in congratulating him on the advance of salary that he has obtained. 
 What do I find ? I find that the joint secretaries of the Board of Education 
 have 750 a year. I find that the secretary of the London University has 
 800 a year. I find that the secretary of the Civil Service Commission has 
 800 a year. I find that the registrar of Trinity College, Dublin, receives a 
 salary of 1200 or 1500 a year. I therefore thought it ray duty to impress
 
 428 APPENDIX I. 
 
 on the Government the necessity of giving Mr. Stoney a position somewhat 
 corresponding to those I have mentioned, and I am glad to find my represen- 
 tations have met with a liberal response, and that the secretary and his as- 
 sistant now receive an addition to the salary heretofore allotted to them by 
 Government. 
 
 I now come to the Queen's College Fund. It is now three years in ex- 
 istence. About 1200 have already been distributed amongst the students of 
 the University. A portion of this fund has been invested in railway stock and 
 a portion in Indian stock ; so that I am happy to say that, whilst we can amply, 
 freely, and liberally endow the students at the present time with prizes and 
 rewards, there will remain funds which will carry back to the students of this 
 University a recollection of the liberality of the public, and, I hope, leave 
 some remnant of good-will also towards myself. 
 
 Now, we have heard from the Lord Chancellor what the success of the 
 University has been. The success of the students of the Queen's Colleges in 
 the competitive examinations was most remarkable. I will take the last year 
 of 1863-64. There were two competitive examinations for the Public Works, 
 Department in India, and the Queen's University students won the first, se- 
 cond, and sixth out of ten appointments. There was a competitive examina- 
 tion for the Indian Telegraph Department I only mention these two, but I 
 might mention many others and the students of the Queen's University ac- 
 tually obtained five out of twelve appointments. I think it is impossible to 
 refer to those details without seeing how remarkably successful we have been 
 in the general competition with students of other Universities. 
 
 Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, I should be disposed to close these few re- 
 marks, but I have observed that in all our successes there is yet wanting some- 
 thing to make them thorough and complete. We see all over Ireland a net- 
 work of National Schools. I think there are at this moment 6000 odd, with 
 more than 800,000 children attending them. We have three Queen's Col- 
 leges in the different provinces of Ulster, Munster, and Connaught. They 
 are doing an immensity of good. As regards the National Schools, it is un- 
 necessary for me to refer to them ; but in our criminal statistics we observe 
 what an immense effect they have had by the moral agency and systematic 
 training to which the children are subjected. But I ha've to deal with the 
 Queen's Colleges, and what I wish to show is, how much needed these Queen's 
 Colleges must be. I will take the two great religious denominations which 
 represent the majority of the people in this country, Roman Catholics and 
 Protestants. Look at the Dublin University Commission. I am not aware 
 that matters are much altered since then, and you will see from that, I think, 
 that while Roman Catholics and Presbyterians represent the overwhelming 
 majority of the people of this country, yet actually in Trinity College only six 
 per cent, of the students were Roman Catholics, and four per cent. Presbyte- 
 rians. Is not that convincing proof of the necessity we are under of establish-
 
 SIR ROBERT PEEL'S SPEECH. 429 
 
 ing a National University which will embrace all classes in this country ? 
 Well, then, between the National Schools and the Queen's University there is 
 a great lack. How is that ? We want in this country what they are now 
 agitating for in England we want Intermediate Schools. In England the 
 new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,* Sir Stafford Northcote, and many others, I 
 am happy to say, have interested themselves in this subject, and what we 
 want here is that we should have a system of Intermediate Schools which should 
 act as a feeder to this University. You have enormous endowments. There 
 are enormous endowments in the Royal Schools and Charter Schools, and 
 many others ; but I am sorry to say we all know that the funds of these 
 Schools have been grossly mismanaged. The revenue of these Schools alone 
 amounts to 70,000 or 80,000 a year, but if properly managed they might 
 reach 140,000 or 150,000 a year; and therefore I say, I believe, if you 
 would properly apply them, you have resources to maintain intermediate edu- 
 cation which would be most useful and beneficial to the people of this country. 
 It is to the middle classes I address myself. It is they who are most inte- 
 rested in this matter. They have hitherto been deprived of the advantages of 
 collegiate and university education, at least in this country. It depends upon 
 this country generally to stir up this matter as they are doing in England. 
 Attract public attention to it, and I will venture to say that two years will not 
 pass without bringing it that consideration which it is entitled to receive. We 
 all know the discouragement which must result from having this enormous 
 educational fund lost to the country. 
 
 We are prospering prospering as we should do, and why ? In whatever 
 channel of action your choice or your inclination may lead you whether it be 
 in science, whether it be in medicine, whether it be the legal profession, or 
 whether it be in the public service the avenues of distinction are now open to 
 you. Thank God there are no barriers which you cannot now surmount by 
 patience, perseverance, and industry. I recollect that a learned Judge a 
 very learned Judge was once asked how men succeed at the bar. He said, 
 " Some succeed by great talent, some by high connexions, some by a miracle, 
 but the majority by commencing without a sixpence." Never were truer 
 words spoken. Self-help alone makes a man succeed. If he has confidence 
 in himself, he may despise the world, because he is sure to get on by his own 
 determination to succeed. I recollect having read in " Moore's Life" a cha- 
 racteristic letter from Lord Melbourne to Lord John Russell. Lord Russell 
 wrote to Lord Melbourne, asking him to make some provision for one of 
 Moore's sons. This was Lord Melbourne's reply, and it contains a very use- 
 ful piece of advice : 
 
 ' ' MY D EAR JOHN, I return you Moore's letter. Whatever is done should be done 
 
 * Lord Wodehouse, who had not as yet entered upon the duties of the Viceroyalty .
 
 430 APPENDIX II. 
 
 for Moore himself. Making a small provision for young men is, of all things, the 
 most prejudicial to themselves. They think what they have much larger than it 
 really is, and they make no exertion. The young should never hear any language 
 but this : ' You have your own way to make, and it depends upon your own exer- 
 tions whether you starve or not.' Yours, " MELBOURNE." 
 
 There is a good deal of good, sound, common sense there ; and I recollect, 
 in this very city I think at the opening of a railway that was constructed 
 through the energy of Mr. Dargan a remark made by that gentleman which 
 bears on this subject. Mr. Dargan's health was drunk, and he was wished 
 prosperity, and complimented upon the independence he had acquired by his 
 own exertions. Having returned thanks for the toast of his health, Mr. 
 Dargan made this sensible remark: "We have heard a great deal lately 
 about the independence we have acquired from this, that, and the other 
 source, but I have given a great deal of attention to industrial independence, 
 and my opinion is, that active industry and careful exactness would be the 
 making of Ireland." There is a great deal of common sense in that sugges- 
 tion. You will succeed, my young friends, in future life, by showing deter- 
 mination and perseverance, and acting with prudence. Let me then entreat 
 you that in your early life you should make it your study to advance your- 
 selves in those useful and honourable labours in which the rising generation 
 of Ireland are so well fitted to excel by their character, by their intelligence, 
 and by their moral qualities. Do not let it be said that the success of your 
 academic career is ephemeral that, having gained Honors here, you are con- 
 tented to rest upon your oars, and pass an idle and listless life. On the con- 
 trary, let it be but an earnest of future exertion a pledge of perseverance, 
 and, no doubt, of success in the business and concerns of active life. And, 
 above all, my young friends, do not forget ever to keep present to your mind 
 that in your persons, and in your position, you represent that great family of 
 the middle classes of the United Kingdom, by whose industrial independence 
 and upon whose moral worth the welfare and the institutions of this free 
 country must ever mainly depend. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Letter to AXDERMAN ATKINSON. 
 
 VICEREGAL LODGE, September 14, 1861. 
 MY DEAU LORD MAYOR, 
 
 I FEEL that I ought not at least to withhold my expression of admiration for 
 the liberal and munificent hospitality which you evinced in your recent enter-
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE CORPORATION OF MORPETH. 431 
 
 tainment to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. It would have been 
 very agreeable to myself, if I could have conveyed to you an intimation that 
 you were to receive the same honour which was conferred upon the Chief 
 Magistrate of Dublin upon the occasion of Her Majesty's first visit to that 
 capital. As, however, that precedent was not followed upon her second visit, 
 and as it is our hope that Her Majesty's future arrivals in Ireland may not be 
 looked upon as rare or exceptional circumstances, it has not been thought ad- 
 visable to adopt the course which was pursued in 1849. 
 
 Your Lordship is aware that the highest mark of distinction by which it 
 would be in my own power to prove how much I appreciated at once the ge- 
 neral feeling and bearing of the whole population of Dublin during the visits 
 of Her Majesty and her august family, and the manner in which you person- 
 ally represented and embodied the loyal sentiment of the community would be 
 by conferring upon your Lordship the honour of Knighthood. I do not, how- 
 ever, directly make that proposal to you, in case it might not be agreeable to 
 you to accept it. Upon the slightest intimation, however, that it would not 
 be unacceptable, I need not say how much pleasure I should feel in bestow- 
 ing it. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 My dear Lord Mayor, 
 
 With great respect and regard, 
 Your very grateful Servant, 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 The Address of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Council of the Borough of 
 Morpeth, to the Honorable and Reverend WILLIAM GEORGE EARL OF 
 CARLISLE, VISCOUKT HOWABD OF MORPETH, and BAROU DACRE OF 
 GILSLAND. 
 
 MY LORD, 
 
 WE beg to offer your Lordship and the other relatives of the late EARL OF 
 CARLISLE our sincere sympathy on his death. In expressing this, we only 
 echo the feeling which is so general in Great Britain and Ireland as to be al- 
 most national ; for to know his Lordship was to love, respect, and admire 
 him. But we regard his Lordship as having a more intimate relation with 
 us, as, in looking to the long line of his ancestors until it is lost in the mist of 
 Saxon antiquity, we see the founders of our Corporation and its feudal head
 
 432 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 for more than six centuries, and we fondly believe that the best and greatest 
 qualities of that long and noble line were repeated in the late Earl. In him 
 we trace the calm wisdom of his immediate ancestor, and the literary tastes 
 and splendid talents of the LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, and we are certain that 
 in the late Earl were combined all those qualities which caused History to 
 style one of the Greystock branch " THE GOOD LORD WILLIAM ;" for every 
 thought, word, and act of him whose loss we deplore, were distinguished by 
 goodness of heart, by kindness and consideration for others, and an entire ab- 
 sence of every selfish object. 
 
 Exalted as was the station, and great the possessions of the late Earl, we 
 know that he looked upon these at their true value, and had other and higher 
 hopes, which we trust are now more than realized. 
 
 We assure your Lordship that the name and virtues of GEORGE EARL OF 
 CARLISLE will be long remembered and fondly cherished in this Borough. 
 
 In testimony whereof, we have caused the common Seal of our Borough 
 to be affixed hereto, this twelfth day of December, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. 
 
 W. WILSON, 
 
 Mayor. 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 s 
 
 Tlie Address of the Inhabitants of the Borough of Morpeth, and Neighbour- 
 hood, to the Honorable and Reverend WILLIAM GEORGE EARL OF 
 CARLISLE, VISCOUNT HOWARD or MOKPETH, and BARON DACRE OF 
 GILSLAND. 
 
 MY LORD, 
 
 THE inhabitants of this town and neighbourhood desire to express their 
 sorrow on the death of the late EARL OF CARLISLE. Connected by ancestral 
 and historic associations and extensive possessions, he had scarcely attained 
 his majority when he entered upon public life as the representative of this 
 Borough. He then said, u The principles which shall ever regulate my con- 
 duct are loyalty to the king, a sincere attachment to our free and equal con- 
 stitution, an earnest desire to secure the welfare of every class of my fellow- 
 subjects, and an ardent love of that freedom which has made us the proud and 
 happy people it is our boast to be." The few yet living who listened to that 
 address well remember that the modest, yet eloquent words and graceful 
 bearing of the noble Ix>rd augured a brilliant future, which was more than 
 fulfilled when his Lordship stood in the Castle Yard of York, elected by the
 
 ADDRESS FROM THE INHABITANTS OF MORPETH. 433 
 
 most numerous constituency of the largest county in England to be the col- 
 league of one of the great est and most popular statesmen and orators of that 
 day. And after ably and consistently maintaining these principles as the 
 chosen of the people and a peer of the realm for nearly forty years, he has de- 
 parted, having throughout that long period possessed the respect and admira- 
 ration alike of his political friends and opponents. He received the highest 
 honours which the Crown could bestow, and represented his Sovereign in our 
 sister isle, where he early conciliated and happily retained the affections of a 
 warm-hearted people. Among the republicans of America he inspired feel- 
 ings akin to those with which he was regarded in his own country ; and some 
 of the last lines dictated by the late historian of the southern continent were 
 expressive of his regard for his illustrious friend. In every relation of life, in 
 every society, in every country, he called forth the admiration and respect of 
 all, and has left only pleasant memories : these must pass away with the liv- 
 ing, but his eminent public services, and their grateful recognition by those 
 best able to estimate them, will be unmistakeably handed down to future ge- 
 nerations, so long as the Irish Roll and Yorkshire Vase shall remain in the li- 
 brary of Castle Howard. 
 
 It is not for us to intrude upon domestic relations ; but from the sincere 
 respect and heartfelt sorrow expressed by the public, we can readily imagine 
 how warm must have been the affection, how deep is now the sorrow, of those 
 connected by the ties of blood and friendship. With that sorrow we sincerely 
 sympathize. 
 
 Entertaining the deepest respect for the memory of the late Earl of Car- 
 lisle, as a nobleman distinguished in public life, we shall at the same time 
 gratefully remember him as the kind friend, the indulgent landlord, and the 
 promoter of all that was good, liberal, and enlightened. 
 
 W, WILSON, 
 
 Mayor.
 
 434 APPENDIX V. 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 Education Royal Grammar Schools in Ireland. Speech ofLOKD CARLISLE 
 at the Royal Portora School, Enniskillen, July 24M, 1863.* 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLKMEN, 
 
 I BELIEVE there has been a rule laid down by rhetoricians for the guidance to 
 public sneakers, that they should begin their addresses by endeavouring to 
 conciliate the good will of their audience. I think I am acting in accordance 
 with that precept, when I announce to you that Mr. Steele has been good 
 enough to accede to my request to grant an additional week's holidays. I 
 can with all truth assure you that it has afforded me pleasure of no common 
 kind to have found myself able to accept the kind and friendly invitation of 
 Mr. Steele, and pay this visit to Portora. I need not add, that I could not 
 fail to be gratified and touched by the heartiness of the welcome I have re- 
 ceived from all grades and all ages. I wish, indeed, that I could reply to 
 some of the effusions which have been addressed to me in the same harmo- 
 nious accents and sounding rhythm ; but not to me, or such as me, 
 
 " Is that diviner inspiration given, 
 The pomp and prodigality of heaven." 
 
 And therefore I must beg you all to accept such thanks as I can give you in 
 the most homely, but most truth-telling prose. In one respect I was indeed 
 inclined, even if I had not been confirmed by what has been said to day, 
 boldly to challenge the gratitude of my present audience. I indeed should 
 have felt great scruple in laying claim to the gratitude of any other audience in 
 Ireland, because, in the discharge of my ordinary duties, I must be well aware 
 of my many shortcomings, and of how few though I must say that I had the 
 will I have been able to effectually serve. But I do with confidence claim 
 the thanks of an audience at Portora, since it was my happy privilege to 
 place Mr. Steele in the position which he fills, and which he adorns. The 
 best attestation to his merits is the present condition of the School ; and all 
 the accounts I have received of it before confirm what has fallen under my 
 personal inspection within the last twenty- four hours, and convince me that 
 I may safely leave this matter to the knowledge of his nearer neighbours, and 
 of those more immediately connected with the welfare of the School. I do 
 indeed feel that it is of no mean importance to the gravest interests of Ireland 
 
 * Portora Royal Grammar School, founded by Charles I., and richly endowed. 
 See page xxxi in the Introduction.
 
 EDUCATION. 435 
 
 that the rising youth of her gentry and the mercantile classes should receive 
 the advantages of an education that is at once religious, moral, scholarly, and 
 gentlemanlike, whereby our young men would be initiated into all manly 
 studies and all manly sports. I agree with Mr. Steele in the propriety of not 
 setting apart any special classes with a view to particular professions, because 
 I think the aim of a good public School ought to be, so to bring up the young 
 men that are received there, that, when the time comes for leaving it, they 
 shall be qualified by the education they have received after such special pre- 
 paration as may subsequently become necessary, and after having had the 
 opportunity of considering the responsibility which attaches to their own 
 choice, which I conceive to be no mean ingredient of success in after life to 
 enter into any profession or calling, be it the Church, the Bar, the Army, 
 the Navy, Civil Engineering, or the duties of the Counting-house ; in short, 
 any calling which a gentleman and a citizen of this free country might choose 
 for himself, and might hope, by performing his duty in it, to confer advan- 
 tages upon the country to which he owes so much. In one respect I find 
 that the practice of the Portora School differs from the opinion of the Legis- 
 lature, inasmuch as I find you do occasionally resort to Vote by Ballot, whereas 
 a resolution to adopt the Ballot was negatived last night in the House of 
 Commons. I assure you I rejoice to find that, in addition to all the historic 
 renown of this old and loyal borough, and its associations with the military 
 prowess of the country, it should have secured in Portora a home for the 
 Sciences, and a haunt for the Muses. I seized with eagerness the opportunity 
 that presented itself for coming here, because I do really feel anxious, in ac- 
 cordance with the sentiment that has been expressed by the excellent and ac- 
 complished Rector of this town, to employ the whole weight and effect of the 
 high office which it is my honour to fill, in making it a testimony to the great 
 work Mr. Steele is doing in this country. I thank all present very sincerely 
 for the kind and hearty welcome which they have given me ; and especially 
 to you, my young friends, I would add to these thanks my most hearty wish 
 and prayer for your credit in the world which you are now about to enter 
 your credit, and fame, and happiness in this world, and your lasting welfare 
 beyond it. 
 
 2F2
 
 430 APPENDIX VI. 
 
 APPENDIX VI. 
 
 Shakspeare Tercentenary Festival Characteristic Bill of Fare.* 
 
 THE following was the characteristic Bill, of Fare at the Tercentenary Fes- 
 tival of Shakspeare's birth, Stratford-on-Avon, April 19th, 1864, at which 
 Lord Carlisle presided as Chairman. 
 
 Grace before meat was said by the Rev. G. Granville, Vicar of Stratford. 
 Part of his prayer was in the words of Shakspeare 
 
 " Now, good digestion wait on appetite, and health on both !" 
 
 "Ladies, a general welcome." Henry VIII. , i. 4. 
 
 " Pray you bid these unknown friends to us welcome ; for it is a way to make us 
 better friends, more known." Winter's Tale, iv., 3. 
 
 ROAST TURKEYS. 
 
 " Why, here he comes swelling like a turkey cock." Henry V., v. 1. 
 
 PEAFOWL. 
 
 " A very, very peacock." Hamlet, in., 2. 
 
 ROAST FOWLS. 
 
 " There is a fowl without a feather." Comedy of Errorf, in. 1. 
 
 CAPONS. 
 
 "Item, a capon, 2s. 2d." /. Henry IV., n., 4. 
 
 DUCKS. 
 "0 dainty duck !" Midtummcr Xight'i Dream, v., 7. 
 
 BOAR'S HEAD. 
 . " Like a full-acorn'd boar." Cymleline, n., 5. 
 
 YOKK HAMS. 
 
 " Sweet stem from York's great stock." /. Henry VI., n., 6. 
 
 TONGUES. 
 
 " Silence is only commendable in a neat's tongue, drk-d." Hrrchant of Venice, 
 I., 1. 
 
 FRENCH RAISED TIES. 
 
 "They are both baked in that pie." Tit** Andronicu*, v., 3. 
 
 * See page 125.
 
 Mi vK-r: via. I hi: I.M !.\ u;v FESTIVAL. 437 
 
 MAYONAISS OF SALMON. 
 
 " Epicurean cooks sharpen with clnyless sauce lib Appetite." A*thvy mnd <'ltu- 
 pulra, It., 2. 
 
 MAYONAISE OF LAlin. 
 
 " WM nercr genii* lamb more mild." Rickard //., n., I. 
 
 BRAISED LAMB AMD BEKK. 
 
 What MJ you to a piece of beef and mustard ? 
 A duh that I do love to feed upon." Turning oj the .SAror, iv., 8. 
 
 BOAST LAMB. 
 
 " Com* yon to seek the lamb here?" Mcaiurtfor Mca>*re, v., 1. 
 
 GALANTINES Or TURKEYS AX1> FOWU. 
 
 " The Turkiah preparation." Otktllo, i., 8. 
 
 DRESSED LOBSTERS AXD CKABS. 
 
 " There's DO meat like them; I could wish my best frkitd at such a feast." Tim<m 
 vj Athe*t, L 2. 
 
 POTTED MEATS. 
 
 ' Mince il sa us remorse." Timo* ofAihem, iv., 3. 
 
 POTTED LAMfKKNS AND LAMPREYS. 
 
 " From the banks of Wye and sandy-bottom'd Sevcnu" /. Jlenry JK., in., 1. 
 
 ASPICES OF EELS, SOLES, AND SALMON. 
 
 " Cry to it, nuncio, as the Cockney did to the eels when she put them i' the paste 
 alive." Lear, II., 4. 
 
 DESSERT CARES, JELLIES, AND CREAMS. 
 
 " The queen of curds and cream." ll~inter't Tale, iv., 3. 
 
 TOURTES, MERINGUES, AND CHARLOTTES OB BCSSK. 
 
 ' Th-y call for date* and quince* in the paatry." fiomeo and Juliet, iv., 4. 
 
 BKKHIVES. 
 
 " Fr so work the honey bee*." Henry F., i. 2. 
 
 FRUIT. 
 
 "Hercules did shake down mellow fruiL" Coriolanm, iv., 6. 
 
 DINNKR BOLL*. 
 
 "The roll ! where's the roll?" 11. Henry /I'., ill., 2.
 
 438 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 DRESSED rOTATOES. 
 
 ' Let the sky rain potatoes." Merry Wivet of Windsor, v., 6. 
 
 BITTER ALB. 
 
 " And here's a pot of good double beer, neighbour : 
 Drink, and fear not your man." //. Henry VL, u. 3. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, HOCK, CLARET, PORT, AND SBERRT. 
 
 " He calls for wine ; ' a health,' quoth he." Taming of the Shrew, HI., 2. 
 
 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 Sermon preached by his Grace RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH, D. D., Arch- 
 bishop of Dublin, in the Parish Church of Stratford-upon-Avon, on Sun- 
 day, April 24, 1864, at the Celebration of the Tercentenary of Shahspeare* s 
 Birth. 
 
 " Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the 
 Father of lights." JAMES, i. 17. 
 
 IT has, I think, been devised wisely and well that the services of to-day 
 should stand, if possible, in some connexion with the celebrations which will 
 fill up the remainder of the week. You, who have sought that such a con- 
 nexion should exist, have thus declared many things. You have declared, 
 first, that you have no intention or desire to separate the gift from the giver 
 to glorify the one, and to forget or leave out of sight the other to make much 
 of man at the expense of Him who is the God of man, and from whom all the 
 wit, wisdom, intelligence, or goodness that any man has ever possessed, ori- 
 ginally came ; being, as these are and must be, little fragments, so to speak, 
 of the divine heart or mind. You have declared that for you, in the words 
 so opportunely occurring in the service of this morning, u every good gift is 
 from above, from the Father of lights ;" so truly the Father of all lights, 
 that each other lesser light can only have been derived from his, and must 
 have been kindled first at his authentic fires. 
 
 Nor less do you declare that, as all things come of Him, so we are bound to 
 render unto Him thanks for all; and if for the magnificence of that earth 
 which He has framed for man's dwelling-place, for the hills which He has set 
 go fast with his power, for " the brave overhanging firmament fretted with 
 golden fires ;" so it behoves us first and chiefly to praise Him for his most ex-
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL. 439 
 
 cellent creature man, " the beauty of the world," the crown of things, the 
 first-fruits of his creatures ; and if for man, then most of all for those men who 
 marvellously transcend their fellows, who, " framed in the prodigality of 
 nature," or of grace, reveal to us the possibilities of greatness or of goodness 
 which are in man. Yes, apart from all the pleasure or profit which we may 
 have of these, we are bound to praise Him that He has given such gifts unto 
 men, shown them capable of receiving the same ; for such is the fellowship of 
 our race, so intimately are we bound up with one another, that what is 
 given to one may in some sort be considered as given to all, and from that 
 one, glory and honour to redound to all. 
 
 It has then, doubtless, been well imagined that the sacred services of to- 
 day, in nothing abating their spiritual character, should yet blend themselves, 
 as harmoniously they may, with the other more festal solemnities of the time. 
 One thing only I could willingly have desired namely, that on some other, 
 less unequal to the occasion, had devolved the task of tracing the connexion 
 between them, and of weaving the one into the other. But it is often our 
 true humility to do what we are bidden, even while we know how imperfectly 
 we shall do it this rather than to withdraw from the proffered task in that 
 pride which will not endure to attempt anything that it cannot hope to crown 
 with a perfect success. 
 
 And then, once more to speak, not of what Shakspeare has written, but 
 what Shakspeare was assuredly we owe him much for the connexion which 
 he has shown may exist between the loftiest genius and the most perfect 
 sobermindedness. He had for ever rendered absurd the notion that genius is 
 of necessity irregular, unable to acquiesce in the ordinary conditions of human 
 existence, or cheerfully to adapt itself to these. Doubtless it has often failed 
 in this. There are too many to whom, whether by their own fault, or by some 
 mysterious destiny, the very gifts of Heaven have been fatal. The shore of 
 human life is strewn with no sadder wrecks than some which these have 
 made : and not without abundant warrant did a poet of our own age sum up 
 the lives of many who had gone before him " the mighty poets in their mi- 
 sery dead." Yes, mighty, but not the mightiest of all. He who towers above 
 every other is memorable by all which we know of him for the even balance 
 of all his faculties ; for the equable and harmonious development of his whole 
 being ; for the unpretending simplicity which would not allow him to claim 
 any exemptions, any immunities on the score of genius, for himself. In nothing 
 eccentric, in nothing differing to the common eye from any other burgher of 
 your town, he bought and sold in your streets ; portioned his daughters ; in- 
 vested in prudent purchases the fruits of honourable toil ; what he had thus 
 fairly earned was prepared, if occasion required, to defend by such just help 
 as the law afforded ; shrunk from no humblest duty of every-day life ; and
 
 440 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 yet all tin; while knew himself, for he must have known it, the dear heir of 
 a memory which the world should never let die. 
 
 You will be asked, before you leave this church to-day, to contribute to 
 the restoring and beautifying of its chancel, in which the dust of Shakspe.iro, 
 for it is even so near to us, mingles with the common clay. It will be a fit 
 opportunity of testifying that it is not lip-homage only which you render to 
 his name. 
 
 One fitness, indeed, I possess namely, that I am not wholly unaware of 
 tho difficulties of my undertaking. To this I shall address myself now ; only 
 first on one or two points challenging your considerate forbearance. 
 
 Thus, if I preach about Shakspeare, and that method of treatment sound 
 somewhat novel and unusual in your cars, yon will slil! remember that this is the 
 very thing which I am set to do; which thus in my office as a minister of Christ, 
 and in His holy house, I could alone consent to do. And then, if insodoinglpass 
 over innumerable aspects in which he presents himself to us, and contemplate 
 him only upon one, though that, indeed, the most important of all, namely, 
 the directly moral it is not because others are indifferent to me, or as sup- 
 posing them indifferent to you ; but because here I have no right, as certainly 
 I have no desire, to contemplate him in any other aspect than this. 
 
 What reason have we, then, to celebrate with a jubilee the fact that three 
 hundred years ago Shakspearo was born ? or, to put the question in the 
 form and fashion which this hour and this house will naturally suggest, Why 
 do we thank God, wherein have we just ground to praise Him, that such a man 
 has been among us ? what is there in his writings to render them an enduring 
 benefit to us, a possession for ever ; such as we feel makes us richer, wiser, 
 and using it aright, better than we should have been without it ? This is the 
 question which I propose a little to consider this morning. 
 
 If, indeed, the literature of a nation were merely an amusement of the cul- 
 tivated few, the ornament of their idler hours, then, what the fashion of it 
 was, or what manner of men they were who formed it for us, would be of 
 very slight importance indeed ; could scarcely at the best afford matter for 
 serious thanksgiving. We might desire that it should be graceful, as we 
 should desire that the garniture of our houses or of our persons should be grace- 
 ful, that it should entertain without corrupting : our desires could scarcely 
 extend further. But a nation's literature is very much more than this. The work 
 of its noblest and most gifted sons, the utterance of all which has been deepest 
 and nearest to their hearts, it evokes and interprets the unuttered greatness 
 which is latent in others, but which, except for them, would never have come 
 to the birth. By it the mighty heart of a people may be animated and 
 quickened to heroic enterprise and worthiest endeavour. With the breath of 
 strong and purifying emotions it ran stir to a healthy activity the waters
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL. 441 
 
 of a nation's life, which would else have stagnated, and putrefied, and cor- 
 rupted. Having such offices, being capable of such effects as these, of what 
 vast concern it is that it should deal with the loftiest problems which man's 
 existence presents solve them, so far as they are capable of solution here, 
 point to a solution behind the veil where this only is possible ; that, whatever 
 it handles, things high or things low, things eternal or things temporal, spi- 
 ritual or natural, it should be sound, should be healthy ; clear, so far as pos- 
 sible, of offence; enlisting our sympathies on the side of the just, the pure, 
 and the true ! Of what supreme concern it is that those who so contribute, 
 frame and fashion a nation's life should be men reconciled with God's scheme of 
 the universe, cheerfully working in their own appointed sphere the work 
 which has been assigned them there, accepting God's world, because it is His, 
 with all its strange riddles and infinite perplexities, with all the burdens which 
 it lays upon each one of us not fiercely dashing and shattering themselves, 
 like imprisoned birds, against the bars of their prison-house, or moodily nou- 
 rishing in their own hearts, and in the hearts of others, thoughts of discontent, 
 revolt, and despair! 
 
 Such a poet, I am bold to affirm, we possess in Shakspeare. For must we 
 not, first of all, thankfully acknowledge a healthiness, a moral soundness in 
 all, or nearly all, which he has written ? that on his part there is no paltering 
 with the everlasting ordinances on which the moral estate of man's life re- 
 poses, no challenging of the fitness of these, no summoning of God to answer 
 for Himself at the bar of man for the world which He has created ? Then, 
 too, if he deals with enormous crimes and he could not do otherwise, for 
 these, alike in fiction and in reality, constitute the tragedy of life yet the 
 crimes which he deals with travel the common road of human guilt, with no 
 attempt upon his part to extend and enlarge the domain of possible sin ; and 
 certainly with no desire to paint it in any other colours than its own. He dal- 
 lies not with forbidden things. All which the Latins, with so just a moral 
 instinct, styled infandu and nefanda, things not to be spoken of any more than 
 to be done, these, which thus declare themselves unutterable, remain -with 
 rarest exception unuttered by him. 
 
 And in his dialogue, if we set him beside those of his age and time, how 
 little, by comparison with them, is there which we wish away from him, would 
 fain that he had never written ! There are some of his contemporaries whose 
 jewels, when they offer such, must be plucked out of the very mire ; who 
 seem to revel in loathsome and disgusting images, all which, for poor 
 human nature's sake, we would willingly put out of sight altogether ! What 
 an immeasurable gulf in this matter divides him from them ! while of that 
 which we must regret even in him, a part we have a right to ascribe to an 
 age, I will not say of less purity, but of less refinement, and coarser than our
 
 442 'APPENDIX VH. 
 
 own ; and of thut which cannot be thus explained, let us at all events remark 
 how separable almost always it is from the context, leaving, when thus sepa- 
 rated, all which remains perfectly wholesome and pure. There are writers 
 but he is not one of them whose evil is inwoven with the texture of their 
 writings, the very web and woof of these ; writers who defile everything 
 which they touch ; for whom, and ere long for whose readers, nothing is 
 pure, one foul exhalation and miasma of corruption presently enveloping them 
 both. 
 
 But Shakspeare, if he has wrought any passing wrong, or given any just 
 occasion of offunce in the matters of which we speak, let us not forget the 
 compensations which he has made that we owe to him those ideals of perfect 
 womanhood, which are the loveliest, perhaps the most transcendent creations 
 of his art. Shakspeare's women we have but to mention them, and what a 
 procession of female forms, whose very names make music in our ears, move 
 at once before the eyes of our mind! Surely, if the woman be in God's inten- 
 tion the appointed guardian of the sanctities of home, the purities of domestic 
 life, we owe him much who has peopled the world of our imagination with 
 shapes " so perfect and so peerless" as are these. True it is that we want 
 far more than art, far more than the highest which art can yield, to keep 
 us holy, to preserve us from the sin of our own hearts, from the sin of 
 the world around us ; and there is no more fatal mistake than to forget 
 this. Neither dare we affirm of Shakspeare himself that he was always 
 true to those ideals of female loveliness which he had created, that he 
 never broke faith with them. We have evidence he himself supplies it 
 evidence, as I think not to be gainsaid, that there was a period of his life 
 when he laid up much matter of after-sorrow and self-reproach for himself, 
 in his own wonderful words, " gored his own thoughts, sold cheap what is 
 most dear;" for what so dear as innocency and self-respect ? he, too, a dia- 
 mond only to be polished in its own dust ; and, like so many a meaner man, 
 making in one part of his life work of repentance for another. But with all 
 this we dare affirm an habitual delight in the purest, the noblest, and the 
 fairest on the part of one who, in the workshop of his imagination, forged a 
 Miranda and an Imogen. " Filth savours but itself," feeds, and would fain 
 lead others to feed, on the garbage in which alone it finds pleasure. Of Shak- 
 speare be it said that he who has painted his long gallery of women holy, and 
 pure, and good, walking in fearless chastity through the world, has painted, 
 in anything like full length, only one wanton woman throughout all the 
 ample range of his art, and her only for scorn and contempt. 
 
 But once more Shakspeare has been found fault with by the critics of
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL. 443 
 
 the last century, that, as they complain, " he seems to write without any 
 moral purpose," that he "makes no jnst distribution of good or evil.' 1 
 It is a shallow view of art, as of life, which could alone have given birth 
 to this accusation. It is true that the moral intention of Shakspeare's poetry 
 does not lie on the surface, is not obtruded ; it may and will often escape 
 the careless reader. But it is there, lying deep as do nearly all the les- 
 sons which God teaches us through our own lives, or through the lives 
 of others. To no one of the uninspired writers of the world has it been 
 granted, I believe, so strongly to apprehend, so distinctly to make visible, 
 that men reap as they have sown, that the end lies in the beginning, that 
 sooner or later, " the wheel will come full circle," and " the whirligig of time 
 bring round its revenges." Who else makes us so, and with such a solemn 
 awe, to feel that justice walks the world "delaying," it may be, but "not 
 forgetting," as is ever the manner with the Divine avengers ? Even faults 
 comparatively trivial, like that of Cordelia, he does not fail to show us what 
 a train of sorrows, for this life at least, they may entail. Certainly we shall 
 look in vain in him, as we look in vain through the moral universe, for that 
 vulgar distribution of rewards and punishments in which some delight ; 
 neither is death, which may be an euthanasia, the divine cutting of some 
 tangled knot which no human skill could ever have untied not death, but dis- 
 honoured life, is, in his estimate, the worst of ills. So, too, if we would re- 
 cognise these footsteps of God in the world, this Nemesis of life, which he is so 
 careful to trace, we must watch his slightest hints, for in them lies oftentimes 
 the key to, and the explanation of, all. In this, if I may say it with reve- 
 rence, he often reminds us of Scripture, and will indeed repay almost any 
 amount of patient and accurate study which we may bestow upon him. Let 
 me illustrate what I say. They are but a few idle words dropt at random, 
 which, in the opening scene of " King Lear," make only too evident that 
 Gloster had never looked back with serious displeasure at the sin of his youth, 
 which stood embodied before him in the person of his bastard son ; that he 
 still regarded it with complacency, rolled it as a sweet morsel under his 
 tongue. This son, his whole being corroded, poisoned, turned to gall and 
 bitterness, by the ever-present consciousness of the cleaving stain of his birth, 
 is made the instrument to undo him, or rather to bring him through bitterest 
 agonies, through the wreck and ruin of his whole worldly felicity, to a final 
 repentance. Indeed, for once Shakspeare himself points the moral in those 
 words, so often quoted, but not oftener than they deserve : 
 " The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices 
 Make instruments to plague us." 
 
 But for this once that he points the moral of a life, a hundred times he leaves 
 us to point it ; as indeed is almost always the manner in that Book of books,
 
 444 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 which, like Joseph's kingly sheaf, stands up in the midst of the field, that even 
 the chiefest among the others may make obeisance to it. 
 
 Let me note, in connexion with what has just been spoken, that the ideal 
 characters of his art, just as the real characters of actual life, never stand still. 
 They are rising or falling, growing better or growing worse, and ripening 
 thus for their several dooms. Some we behold working out their lives into 
 greater clearness and nobleness, making steps of their dead selves by which 
 they are mounting to higher things. Summoned to the more stern and serious 
 business of life, or brought into the school of adversity, we see them taking 
 shame to themselves that they have played the truant hitherto, learning to 
 look at life as something more than a jest, girding themselves in earnest to its 
 tasks and toil, and leaving for ever behind them the frivolity and the vanity, 
 it may be the folly and the sin, in which hitherto their years were spent. 
 There is no dearer argument with Shakspeare than this, nor one to which 
 he oftener returns. 
 
 And then, on the other side, he shows us them who will not use aright the 
 discipline of life, who welcome and allow those downward-dragging tempta- 
 tions which beset us all ; these waxing worse and worse, forfeiting what good 
 they once possessed, strengthening in their evil, and falling from one wicked- 
 ness to another. He shows us a Macbeth, met in that most dangerous hour, 
 the hour of his success, giving place to the devil, allowing the wicked sugges- 
 tion of the Evil One room in his heart, and then the dread concatenation of 
 crime, one ever drawing on, and in a manner rendering necessary, another, till 
 the end is desolation and despair, the blackness of darkness for ever. Where, 
 I sometimes ask myself as I read, where is there a sermon on the need of re- 
 sisting temptations at the outset, of treading out the sparks of hell before 
 they have set on fire the whole course of nature, like that ? 
 
 I will only ask you, as you prepare your offering, each to imagine to himself 
 this England of ours without her Shakspeare ; in which he had never lived or 
 sung. What a crown would be stricken from her brow ! how would she come 
 down from the pre-eminence of her place as nursing mother of the foremost 
 poet whom the world has seen, whom, we are almost bold to prophesy, it ever 
 will see ! Think how much poorer intellectually, yea, and morally, every one 
 of us would be ; what would have to be withdrawn from circulation, of wisest 
 sayings, of profoundest maxims of life-wisdom, which have now been absorbed 
 into the very tissue of our hearts and minds ! what regions of our fancy, 
 peopled now with marvellous shapes of strength, of grace, of beauty, of dig- 
 nity, with beings which have far more reality for us than most of those whom 
 we meet in our daily walk, would be empty and depopulated! And remem- 
 ber that this which we speak of would not be our loss alone, or the loss of 
 those who have lived already, but the disappearance as well of all that de-
 
 SHAKSPEARE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL. 445 
 
 light, of all that instruction, which, so long as the world endures, he will dif- 
 fuse in circles ever larger, as the recognition of him in his unapproachable 
 greatness becomes every day more unquestioned, as he moves in the ages 
 which are yet to come, " through ever wider avenues of fame." 
 
 But of this enough. Cease we from man. Let no word be uttered by us 
 here, which shall even seem to imply that the praise and honour, the admira- 
 tion and homage, which a man may receive from his fellows, are or can be the 
 best, the crowning glory of life. Good they are ; but they are not the best. 
 Few, in the very nature of things, can be those illustrious sons of memory, 
 dwelling apart from their fellows on the mountain peaks of their solitary 
 grandeur, and dominating from these their own age and the ages to come. To 
 very few it can be granted, that their names shall resound through the cen- 
 turies, that men shall make long pilgrimages to the place of their birth, gather 
 up the smallest notices of them as infinitely precious, chide an incurious age 
 which suffered so much about them, that would have been priceless to us, to 
 perish for ever, or celebrate with secular solemnities the returning period of 
 th^r birth. All this must be the heritage of the fewest ; but because such, it 
 cannot be the best of all ; for a righteous God would never have put his best 
 and fairest beyond the reach of well-nigh all among his children. This is not 
 the best. That is the best which all may make their own, those with the 
 smallest gifts as certainly as those with the greatest faithfully to fulfil 
 humble duties ; to follow Christ, it may be by lowliest paths, unseen of men, 
 though seen of angels, and approved of God ; and so to have names written, 
 not on earth, but in heaven ; not on the rolls of earthly fame, but in the 
 Lamb's book of life. For, brethren beloved, I should be untrue to that 
 solemn trust which I bear, untrue to those responsibilities from which I can 
 never divest myself, if I did not remind you, above all if I did not remind you 
 on such a day as this, that goodness is more than greatness, and grace than 
 gifts ; that men attain to heaven, not soaring on the wings of genius, but pa- 
 tiently climbing by the stairs of faith, and love, and obedience ; that the 
 brightest crowns, if all their brightness is of earth, and none from heaven, 
 are doomed to wither ; that there is but one amaranthine crown, even that 
 which Christ gives to them, be they high or low, wise or simple, emperors or 
 clowns, who have loved, and served, and obeyed Him. 
 
 This crown they have obtained, the serious and sage poets, who have con- 
 secrated their divine faculty to the service of Him wHio lent it. For myself, 
 I am strong to believe that from one so gentle, so tender, so just, so true, as 
 was Shakspeare, the grace to make this highest consecration was not with- 
 holden that we have a right to number him with Dante, with Spenser, with 
 Milton, and that august company of poets 
 
 " Who sing, and singing in their glory move."
 
 446 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 His intimate, in some sense his profound acquaintance with Scripture, no one 
 can deny, or the strong grasp which he had of its central truths. He knew 
 the deep corruption of our fallen nature, the desperate wickedness of the heart 
 of man ; else he would never have put into the mouth of a prince of stainless 
 life such a confession as this : "I am myself indifferent honest'; but yet I 
 could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not 
 borne me, . . . with more offences at my beck than I have words to put 
 them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in." He has 
 set forth the scheme of our redemption in words as lovely as have ever flowed 
 from the lips of uninspired man : 
 
 " Why, all the souls that were, ware forfeit once, 
 And He that might the vantage best have took 
 Found out the remedy." 
 
 He has put home to the holiest here their need of an infinite forgiveness 
 from Him who requires truth in the inward parts : 
 
 " How would you be, ^ 
 
 If He, which is the top of judgment, should 
 But judge you as you are ?" 
 
 He was one who was well aware what a stewardship was his own in those mar- 
 vellous gifts which had only been intrusted to him ; for he has himself told 
 us : 
 
 " Heaven does with us as we with torches do 
 
 Not light them for themselves ; for if our virtues 
 
 Did not go forth of us, 'twere all alike 
 
 As if we had them not." 
 
 And again he has told us that 
 
 " Spirits are not finely touched 
 But for fine issues;" 
 
 assuredly not ignorant how finely his own had been touched, and what 
 would be demanded from him in return. He was one who certainly knew that 
 there is none so wise that he can " circumvent God ;" and that for a man, 
 whether he be called early or late, 
 
 " Ripeness is all." 
 
 Who shall persuade us that he abode outside of that holy temple of our faith, 
 whereof he has uttered such glorious things admiring its beauty, but not 
 himself entering to worship there ? One so real, so truthful, as all which 
 we learn about Shakspeare declares him to have been, assuredly fell in with 
 no idle form of words, when in that last testament which he dictated so shortly 
 before his death, he first of all, and before all, commended his soul to God his
 
 MECHANICS' INSTITUTIONS. 447 
 
 Creator; and this (I quote his express words), "hoping and assuredly be- 
 lieving through the only merits of Jesus Christ my Saviour, to be made par- 
 taker of life everlasting." 
 
 Yes, brethren, he has shown us here the one gate of heaven, and there is 
 no other gate by which man may enter there. 
 
 APPENDIX VIII. 
 
 Mechanics' Institutions (Yorkshire) LORD MORPETH'S Addresses. 
 
 [THESE institutions were designed for the instruction of the working classes, 
 and to supply the want ofthat early school training, which the more wealthy 
 classes receive. 
 
 The chief and primary mention was to give instruction in natural and 
 mechanical philosophy, and the rules and principles of the various arts con- 
 nected with their avocations. 
 
 Dr. Berkbeck, of Glasgow, was the first originator. They were first esta- 
 blished in 1800. 
 
 In the progress of time it was found necessary to render these institutions 
 more popular by delivering lectures on music, poetry, and light literature. 
 
 Lord Carlisle was one of the first to apply himself with energy to the de- 
 sired object for which these institutions were formed the education and re- 
 finement of the working population, and for many years delivered in the se- 
 veral mechanics' institutes of Yorkshire, and -furnished a bright example of 
 an English nobleman endeavouring to elevate the tone and sympathies of the 
 working people of England. 
 
 In all his lectures, the cultivation of our higher nature by means of the 
 fine arts and literature is strongly urged. 
 
 In this work some of Lord Carlisle's lectures are given. However, the 
 following passages the first addressed to the Leeds Mechanics' Institute 
 the other to the Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institute at Wakefield in 
 which he exhorts the working men to perseverence in the pursuit of refined 
 knowledge, and encourages them by numerous instances of successful mental 
 cultivation by men sprung from the working classes, who, by their inventions 
 and scientific attainments vastly contributed to human advancement are ex- 
 pressed in natural and familiar terms, and are most impressive.]
 
 448 APPKNDIX VIII. 
 
 LORD MOBPETH'S ADDRESSES TO TIIE LEEDS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. 
 
 [Extract.] 
 
 I believe there is scarcely anything which might not be attained, if we 
 could only one and all of us determine to rise up to what we might be. If it 
 could only be felt thoroughly by every one of us, no matter how humble his 
 place, or how contracted his sphere, that each one has his own appointed work 
 and mission not, assuredly, by indulging in any puffed-up opinion of his own 
 capacity, and endeavouring to escape from his natural place or his allotted 
 business, but by constant and conscientious perseverance, in which he might 
 do much, very much, to smoothe all the troubled elements of the daily life 
 around him, and to aid the general welfare and advancement of his species. 
 I believe that there is nothing at once so ambitious, and yet so humble, as 
 duty ; and it is the true, the practical, the Christian philosophy, to endeavour 
 rightly to apportion and attemper the ambition and the humility. It is be- 
 cause I believe that labour affords the main occasion and chief exercise-grouad 
 of duty, and because I see what labour has already done, and stretch my 
 eyes forward to the yet greater things which it has to do in the world, that I 
 said that, if I had lived in the olden times, I should have been ready to build 
 temples and altars in its name. But when I give this merited praise to 
 labour, I believe, at the same time, that, with a view to the interests of labour 
 itself, with a view to its vigorous, and permanent, and cheerful exercise, we 
 ought not to exact too excessive and engrossing a service ; but that breaks 
 and relaxations are desirable, and salutary, and even, necessary to its own 
 proper development and support. It is, therefore, that I love to read occa- 
 sionally of the expeditions made by the monster trains which convey large 
 numbers far away from the smoke and confinement of their own streets and 
 shops, to see whatever may be worthy of note, upon the many points of that 
 great network of railways by which we are in the process of being sur- 
 rounded to the crowded quays of Liverpool, or the gothic aisles of York ; 
 and I should not repine let me say it with the peace of Mr. Wordsworth 
 if a protracted line of railway should, on some sunny afternoon, carry a 
 large bevy of the tradesmen of Leeds to the soft margin of Windermere or 
 Ullswater. It is on the same ground that it has given me peculiar pleasure to 
 have the privilege of witnessing and sharing the celebration of this evening, 
 in the midst of such a community as I have already adverted to, and in the 
 presence of such a company as that which I now see around me. It has, indeed, 
 fallen to my lot often to be present at what are termed fashionable amuse- 
 ments in various quarters of the globe, and I have always found that they are 
 pretty much the same thing wherever in the world it might be whether
 
 MECHANICS' INSTITUTIONS. 449 
 
 amongst the courtier circles of St. Petersburg!!, or the Republican dandies of 
 New York. I do not mean to assume any very severe moralizing tone with 
 respect to the attempts of people to amuse or enliven themselves ; but I must 
 say that I have generally found these very polished amusements to be rather 
 listless, unmeaning, and unsatisfying things, where people seemed to come 
 because they had nothing better to do, and to find it a great relief when it was 
 time to go away. But an assembly like this, confined to no class or walk in 
 life., comprising very many of what are termed the middleand labouring classes 
 of society, those who keep the business of daily life really going, brought and 
 kept together by no other tie than the love of knowledge, the wish to attain it 
 and to communicate it, to acquire for themselves, and to dispense to others, 
 the reciprocal benefits of instruction and advancement this, to say nothing 
 of its being more useful and more ennobling, seems to me a far fresher, livelier, 
 heartier thing, than the high-flying entertainments I have adverted to the 
 morning battu or the midnight polka. 
 
 LORD MORPETH'S ADDRESS TO THE YORKSHIRE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE, 
 WAKEFIELD, MAY, 1844. 
 
 In your busy and engrossing occupations, toiling at your daily task, and 
 for your daily bread, you may certainly be without those opportunities and 
 aids to advancement in study or in discovery which belong to studious ease, or 
 to learned leisure. But it is not from these quarters that the most brilliant 
 contributions to human advancement have been always made ; it was not from 
 these classes that Watt, or Brindley, or Fulton, or Burns, or Chantrey came. 
 In my travels on the great continent of North America, I chanced to fall in 
 with a blacksmith in one of the interior states, who, while he most assiduously 
 performed all the requirements of his calling, accomplished the mastery of, so 
 as to be perfectly able to read, about fifty languages. I have just put down 
 an extract which was made from the journal of this blacksmith linguist ; it is 
 a diary of his daily business for five days, taken by chance in the course of the 
 year. The extract is from the commonplace book of Elihu Burritt, in 1838. 
 " June 5th. Read fifty lines of Hebrew ; thirty-seven of Celtic ; six hours 
 of forging. June 6th. Read thirty-seven lines of Hebrew, forty of Celtic ; 
 six hours of forging. June 7th. Read sixty lines of Hebrew, sixty lines of 
 Celtic ; fifty-four pages of French, twenty names of stars ; five hours of 
 forging. June 8th. Read fifty-one lines of Hebrew, fifty lines of Celtic, forty 
 pages of French, fifteen names of stars ; eight hours of forging. June 10th 
 (Sunday). Read a hundred lines of Hebrew, eighty-five pages of French, 
 four services at church, Bible-class at noon." For many days he was unwell, 
 and sometimes worked twelve hours at the forge ; so that it seems that he did 
 not come within the " ten hours" bill. Now, lest you should be tempted to 
 
 2 G
 
 450 APPENDIX IX. 
 
 think that the concerns of his handicraft interfered with or were prejudicial 
 to his course of study, I shall subjoin a remark which was made with respect 
 to him by Mr. Combe, the eminent phrenologist, who travelled in America, 
 and who gave the greatest attention to the developments of the human head 
 and to the conditions of human health. Mr. Combe says " One thing is ob- 
 vious, that the necessity for forging saved this student's life ; if he had not 
 been forced by necessity to labour, he would in all probability have devoted 
 himself so incessantly to his books that he would have ruined his health, and 
 been carried to a premature grave." 
 
 APPENDIX IX. 
 
 Memorial to LOBD CARLISLE. 
 
 A PRELIMINARY meeting was held at Malton, pursuant to requisition, on 
 the 22nd June, 1865, for the purpose of erecting a suitable memorial. 
 
 Mr. JOHN HOPKINS, Borough Bailiff*, in the Chair. 
 
 The following resolution, moved by Mr. E. V. HARCOTJRT ; seconded by 
 the Rev. W. CARTER ; was unanimously adopted : 
 
 " That although a considerable time has elapsed since the death of the lamented 
 Earl of Carlisle, this meeting considers that the feelings of respect for, and admiration of, 
 bis many noble and excellent qualities have not in the smallest degree abated ; and that 
 it is desirable to give expression to those feelings by some enduring monument to his 
 lordship's goodness and kindness of heart, that future generations of his lordship's own 
 family, and also those who may hereafter see the memorial, may be stimulated in their 
 endeavours to imitate so praiseworthy an example, by pursuing a similar life of useful- 
 ness to their fellow-men." 
 
 It was also resolved that a district committee be formed to co-operate 
 with the other district Committees to be formed for the same object ; and, 
 finally, proposed that a general meeting of the county should be held. 
 
 Arrangements being made, and a requisition signed by most of the noble- 
 men, and by the most distinguished landed proprietors, a general meeting of 
 the county of York was held in November, to concert measures, and adopt 
 the best mode of proceeding, in order "to commemorate the public and 
 private virtues of the deceased nobleman."
 
 MEMORIAL TO LORD CARLISLE. 451 
 
 GREAT MEETING IN YORKSHIRE. 
 
 This influential and numerous assembly of the nobility and gentry of the 
 county was held at York. 
 
 Earl FITZWILLIAM presided. 
 
 The noble Chairman, in introducing the object of the meeting, said 
 He was glad to see the ridings of the county of York so well represented. 
 They all admired Lord Carlisle's character, and he hoped as Yorkshiremen, 
 and as Englishmen, they would raise a memorial worthy of him, and that that 
 memorial would be placed in the most suitable situation that could be se- 
 lected. 
 
 The first resolution 
 
 " That this meeting, composed of gentlemen holding various political views, unite 
 in paying a tribute of their respect to the eminent virtues and noble qualities which 
 marked the public and private character of the late Earl of Carlisle, the conscientious 
 fidelity with which he served his Sovereign and his country, his active zeal in advancing 
 religious education and every social improvement, his large benevolence and philan- 
 thropy, his true piety, and those personal qualities which endeared him to all classes of 
 his countrymen ; and the meeting desire to record their sense of the great loss which 
 his friends and the country have sustained in his death" 
 
 was proposed by the Earl of ZETLAND ; seconded by Earl CATHCART, and 
 supported by Lord WENLOCK. 
 
 The Archbishop of YORK proposed the next resolution : 
 
 " That in order to perpetuate a life so nobly and usefully spent, it is desirable to erect 
 
 some lasting memorial which shall testify the affectionate regard of his contemporaries, 
 
 and extend the benefit of his example to posterity." 
 
 The Archbishop said Lord Carlisle continually cultivated those rare and 
 refined powers with which he was gifted, and raised himself even higher and 
 
 higher in the knowledge of good works, and in the use of them 
 
 In every case his voice was lifted up in behalf of some plan connected with 
 the advancement of mankind, the education of the young, the reclamation of 
 the criminal, and the general civilization of the human race. And it had been 
 well said that it was that real sympathy which characterized the man, that was 
 the leading feature in his character. ... To hand down the example of 
 Lord Carlisle to posterity was a good thing. They would find few like him. 
 He was a man of such a high and pure temper, so incapable of resentment, so 
 full of refinement of mind, and such intense necessitude for loving, that per- 
 haps there would not be one man in a century that should come near him. 
 And therefore it was a good thing that the noblemen and gentlemen of the 
 country should meet to commemorate one that was indeed noble and gentle in 
 the truest and highest sense of the words. 
 
 2G2
 
 452 APPENDIX X. 
 
 Lord HOUGHTON, in seconding the resolution, said He had known Lord 
 Carlisle during the whole of his (Lord Houghton's) political life. He knew 
 him first at a time when they differed very much in opinion, but perhaps 
 at a time when Lord Carlisle won his best and truest laurels as member for 
 the West Riding. And he must recall to their recollection that at that time 
 it was difficult to say which was most prominent in his character his zeal 
 for his friends, or his tolerance for his opponents. That was the legitimate 
 consequence of the extreme amiability of character, which he thought it well 
 for all of them to honour in the somewhat hard school of English statesman- 
 ship. It was no easy thing for a man to keep alive his sympathies, and to be 
 at once an active and powerful Minister, and a sympathizing friend of his 
 fellow-men. 
 
 These resolutions were unanimously adopted. Other resolutions of a 
 formal nature for carrying out the objects of the meeting being passed, 
 
 A vote of thanks to Earl Fitzwilliam for presiding on the occasion was 
 moved by F. MILBANK, Esq., M. P. ; and seconded by Sir GEORGE STRICK- 
 LAND CHOLMELEY, who alluded to the late Earl as a philanthropist, and 
 spoke of the most striking and eloquent passages in everything he said or 
 wrote, one of which he quoted as being expressive of his Lordship's delight 
 on seeing a slave from the deck of the ship in which he was sailing make 
 a splendid leap on to the shore of Canada the land of freedom and of 
 British liberty. 
 
 APPENDIX X. 
 
 Transatlantic Telegraph. 
 
 " THE pathway to great achievements has frequently to be hewn out amidst 
 risks and difficulties. Preliminary failure is ever the law and condition of ul- 
 timate success. In the very design and endeavour to establish the Atlantic 
 Telegraph there is almost enough of glory." LORD CARLISLE at the Dejeu- 
 ner at Valentia, 4th August, 1857. 
 
 This great enterprise his Lordship happily termed " a material link be- 
 tween the old world and the new," and invited the guests (amongst whom 
 were a great many American citizens) to pledge themselves to eternal peace 
 and lasting friendship. 
 
 5th August On this memorable day Lord Carlisle assisted in hauling 
 
 the cable ashore, fervently exclaiming at the eventful moment
 
 YORK MINSTER. 453 
 
 " Glory be to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will towards 
 men." 
 
 A few words of congratulation between the Queen and the American 
 President passed along the electric wires, and augured well for the' suc- 
 cessful issue of the enterprise ; but, alas ! for human hopes and human aspi- 
 rations, the electric current ceased to flow the magic voice, remonstrant, 
 faintly articulating some vague syllables, was heard no more. 
 
 The improvement in science and the application of new principles of con- 
 struction will, no doubt, at some future and perhaps not distant period, crown 
 this splendid design with complete fulfilment. The actual transmission of 
 the Queen's message, and the President's reply, seem reasonably to warrant 
 the presumption that a successful result will be ultimately attained; and that 
 the noblest project of ancient or modern times fully to develope and utilize 
 to the utmost extent, for the welfare of mankind, the wonderful powers of 
 electricity will be finally and auspiciously accomplished. 
 
 APPENDIX XI. 
 
 York Minster. 
 
 ON the restoration of York Minster after the fire in 1839, a public meeting 
 was held in York, to consider whether the screen under the great tower should 
 be removed. 
 
 EXTRACT FEOM LORD MOKPETH's SPEECH ON THE OCCASION. 
 
 After some observations as to the right of the subscribers generally to ex- 
 press their opinions as to the reality and expediency of the suggested improve- 
 ment, his Lordship proceeded : 
 
 "The question, then, to which I now turn is ' Whether the proposed re- 
 moval would be an improvement? 
 
 u To the exclusively antiquarian part of the question I do not think it ne- 
 cessary for myself to advert : it is one to which, I own it frankly, I do not 
 attach the same importance which is attached by others. All this part of the 
 case has been investigated by persons whose opportunities, as well as abilities 
 for research, are greater than any which could possibly be at my command ; 
 and I believe it to be satisfactorily made out that the present position of the 
 screen is far from being the original position far from being the position con- 
 temporary with the rest of the edifice . [No, no.] Well, it is at all events a 
 matter of dispute and of opinion ; but for this I should not so much care, even
 
 454 APPENDIX XI. 
 
 if it had been the original contemporaneous position ; further, even if were the 
 uniform position of all existing screens in all existing cathedrals, which it de- 
 cidedly is not, the variety of their position being infinite. But, allowing every 
 claim and every hypothesis which the opponents of removal may advance, 
 still, if it was satisfactorily made out that neither the stability of the general 
 edifice nor the convenience of public worship would suffer and we are assured 
 by those most competent to inform us that they would not then, these two 
 essential and primary points being secured, if it should appear that an obvious 
 improvement in the general effect would be accomplished by the removal of 
 the screen, let it be removed. But then, in default of any particular objection to 
 the removal, we have the grand general objection, ' Will you alter what has 
 been so long admired ? will you venture to alter anything in so fine a build- 
 ing ?' As to the propriety of not altering upon the sole ground of long 
 standing, I fear it would be reckoned very petulant and irreverent to throw 
 any slight upon the old wisdom of our ancestors' line of argument. I may just 
 be permitted to observe that, however incompetent we poor degenerate moderns 
 may be to execute anything like the splendid works of other days, still the 
 very excellence of those works has enabled, and as it were educated, our eye 
 to judge of the comparative merits, the comparative nearness to perfection 
 which those works display. The same refined and accurate taste which en- 
 ables Mr. Markham and Mr. Morritt so justly to glory in the matchless 
 beauties of the Minster, may qualify another person to point out an obvious 
 improvement in their disposition, which would enhance and heighten them. 
 The question for consideration will always be, ' Is it an obvious improve- 
 ment ?' Again 'But the Minster is so very fine a building, that it is sacrilege 
 itself to make any alteration.' I will put a parallel case. Mr. Markham is a 
 travelled man, and we have often together admired the Church of St. Peter's, 
 at Rome. Far from me be it to decide what style of architecture is best 
 adapted to the purposes of religious worship. Some will declare for the clus- 
 tering shafts and vaulted aisles of York ; some, for the marble floors and 
 golden roofs of the Vatican. Be that as it may, there can be less dispute that 
 one is at the head of all Gothic the other, of all Grecian or Roman ecclesias- 
 tical architecture. But it is well known that the exterior of St. Peter's is dis- 
 figured by a very heavy and ill-placed attic. Suppose some calamity like 
 that of fire to have befallen that noble edifice ; suppose that the means and 
 munificence of the Roman world sufficed for its repair ; and suppose, once more, 
 that, in the course of the repair, it should appear that the vicious attic could 
 be removed, and the full majesty of the vast dome be suffered to expand. 
 Should a Cardinal then step out and say, 1 1 am satisfied with the St. Peter's of 
 my youth ; I despair of making it better, and I will stand or fall by the attic' 
 I should think or speak most favourably of his zeal, but I should doubt in
 
 YORK MINSTER. 455 
 
 this instance the practical wisdom of its application. The question, then 
 the only question whither every separate point I take up steadily converges 
 is, whether the proposed removal would be an obvious improvement ? This, 
 of course, is a point in which one person cannot dictate to another. Every one 
 must use his own eyes, form his own judgment, pronounce his own decision. 
 I must avow, for my part, that my own examination of the plans, of the draw- 
 ings, and the spot, leads me to the irresistible conclusion that the removal in 
 question would be a great and manifest improvement. We have heard great 
 admiration of the screen. With that admiration I am not disposed to quarrel ; 
 but I must, at the same time, observe that however great the merits of the 
 screen may be however elaborate and exquisite its workmanship and details 
 may be still, if they are brought into comparison with the general effect of 
 the noble pillars of the centre, and the massive tower consequently with the 
 general effect of the whole building they must at'once give place ; aye, even 
 if the screen, instead of being moved twenty feet back, were to be totally lost 
 to our sight ; and I should say the same if it were ten times as beautiful as it 
 confessedly is, if the materials had been ten times as precious, if the statues 
 of the monarchs which adorn it had been each the work of Phidias or of 
 Chantrey. Bring a stranger into York Minster for it is by first and fresh 
 impressions that all questions of general effect are best to be decided, and it is 
 only the long-accustomed and satiated eye that condescends to the minute 
 particulars ; place any enlightened stranger in any open spot of the Minster, 
 and observe whether his admiration will be most riveted by the beau- 
 tiful littlenesses of the screen, or by the bold, stately, palmlike spring of those 
 centre columns, which form, in my mind, the main characteristics and attrac- 
 tion of the whole fabric : 
 
 ' Tho' the same sun, with all diffusive rays, 
 
 Blush in the rose, and in the diamond blaze; 
 
 We prize the stronger effort of his power, 
 
 And justly set the gem above the flower.' 
 
 So it is pre-eminently in architecture. I must always prefer the awfully vast 
 to the elegantly little. These are the chief reasons which have induced me to 
 adopt the recommendation of Mr. Smirke, and to vote for the original mo- 
 tion. I hope that, in expressing them, I have adhered to my declared inten - 
 tion of doing so with all possible respect to my opponents, and to the meeting 
 at large. I hope still more that, whatever the result may be, the irrita- 
 tion which, in the progress of the question, has arisen, will speedily subside, 
 and totally disappear. There is a price at which even the beauties of the 
 Minster would be bought too dearly. Hints, I know, have been thrown out 
 that subscribers would re-demand their money. I cannot bring myself to feel 
 great uneasiness on this head ; I cannot but think that, when the agitation of
 
 456 APPENDIX XII. 
 
 the contest shall have passed away, and when the finished work of our restored 
 Minster shall be presented to the admiration which it will so justly claim, both 
 on account of the public spirit which furnished the means, and of the admirable 
 execution which has accomplished the work of restoration very few will be 
 found who will be willing to forego their own share in an undertaking which 
 reflects so much credit on the liberality, the taste, I may even add, the piety 
 of our countrymen." 
 
 APPENDIX XII. 
 
 
 
 LOUD CARLISLE at Oxford. 
 
 " THE undergraduate body of Christ Church in my time contained more 
 than one of our existing notabilities. We had also several members of the 
 aristocracy who have since created a reputation for themselves, though under 
 names which have since been merged in hereditary or acquired titles. Lord 
 Derby, as Mr. Stanley, was of a former generation, though his fame was still 
 vigorous. There were, however, the present Lord Stanley of Alderley, then 
 Mr. Stanley ; Mr. Robert Grosvenor, now Lord Ebury ; and Lord Ashley, 
 now Lord Shaftesbury. But by far the most distinguished of the aristocratic 
 coterie was George Howard, who, as Lord Carlisle, has lately passed away 
 from this earthly scene. In the year 1821 he became the monstratus digito 
 pratereuntium, as the most successful competitor for both the undergraduate 
 prizes. The subjects were l Eleusis' and ' Paestum ;' and the latter was 
 really a beautiful poem on the far-famed temples of Southern Italy, which 
 made so great an impression on me, that I could even now recite it off by 
 heart. I have a kindly remembrance of Howard, for he was always very civil 
 to me. He bore an irreproachable character as an undergraduate, and united, 
 to an extent remarkable in a young man, a dignified bearing with affable and 
 amiable manners. I wrote for both the prizes which he gained, and each 
 succeeding year for the Newdigate, which I never was so fortunate as to 
 get." Personal Recollections of an Old Oxonian, from " The Month" (Nov., 
 1865), Simpkin and Marshall.
 
 PEDIGREE. 457 
 
 Monumental Inscription in the Kilkenny Cathedral, written by Lord Morpeth, 
 
 1833. 
 
 WITHIN this hallowed aisle, 'mid grief sincere, 
 Friends, brothers, comrades laid young Howard's bier. 
 Gentle and brave, his country's arms he bore 
 To Ganges' stream, and Ava's hostile shore. 
 His God in war and shipwreck was his shield, 
 But stretched him lifeless on a peaceful field. 
 Thine are the times and ways, all-ruling Lord : 
 Thy will be done, acknowledged, and adored ! 
 
 APPENDIX XIII. 
 
 Pedigree of the Family of HOWARD, EARLS OF CARLISLE. 
 
 THE following genealogy of Lord Carlisle is taken from a Genealogical and 
 Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, 
 by Sir Bernard Burke, LL. D., Ulster King at Arms : 
 
 CARLISLE, EARL OF (William George Howard), Viscount Howard, of 
 Morpeth, co. Northumberland ; Baron Dacre, of Gillesland, senior co-heir of 
 the Barony of Clifford, and co-heir to a moiety of the Barony of Greystock ; 
 in holy orders, Rector of Londesborough, co. York 5 b. 23 Feb. 1808 ; s. his 
 brother as 8th Earl, 5 Dec. 1864. 
 
 LINEAGE. 
 
 LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, 2nd son of Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was 
 restored in blood, by act of Parliament, in 1603, and having m. Elizabeth, 
 dau of Thomas, and sister and co-heir of George, Lord Dacre, of Gillesland, 
 became in her right proprietor of Naworth Castle, in Cumberland, the ancient 
 seat of the Dacre family. His lordship acquired also, in the same manner, 
 Hinderskelle, the site of Castle Howard. He had inter alios 
 
 I. PHILIP (Sir), m. Margaret, dau. of Sir John Carryl, of Hastings, in 
 Sussex ; and dying before his father, left, with other issue, WILLIAM, 
 who s. his grandfather. 
 
 II. FRANCIS (Sir), of Corby Castle, in Cumberland, ancestor of the 
 HOWARDS, of Corby.
 
 i:S APPENDIX XIII. 
 
 Lord William, who was warden of the western marches, and known by 
 the name of Bald Willy, or Belted Will Howard, d. in 1640, and was . by 
 his grandson, 
 
 SIR WILLIAM HOWARD, Knt., who m. Mary, eldest dau. of William, Lord 
 Euro, by whom he had several children ; of his daus., Mary, m. Sir Jona- 
 than Atkins, Knt., and from this marriage derive the families of ATKINS, of 
 Fountainville, Fi.revill, &fc., co. Cork (see BURKE'S Landed Gentry), and was 
 s. by his eldest surviving son, 
 
 CHARLES HOWARD, who was created, 20 April, 1661, Baron Dacre, of 
 Gillesland, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, and EARL OF CARLISLE. Hia 
 lordship was subsequently ambassador to the Czar of Muscovy, and deputed 
 to carry the ensigns of the order of the Garter to CHARLES XL, King of 
 Sweden, from which latter mission returning, he was installed as his Ma- 
 jesty's proxy at Windsor. He was afterwards made Governor of Jamaica. He 
 m. Anne, dau. of Edward Lord Howard, of Escrick, by whom (who d. 1696) 
 he had issue, 
 
 EDWARD, his successor. 
 
 Frederick Christian, b. in Denmark, 5 Nov. 1664, slain at the siege of 
 Lutzemburgh, and buried in Westminster Abbey 11 Oct. 1664. 
 
 Mary, m. to Sir John Fenwick, Bart., who was executed for high treason 
 27th Jan., 1697. She d. 27 Oct., 1708. 
 
 Anne, m. to Sir Richard Graham, Bart., Viscount Preston. 
 
 Catharine, d. unm., and buried in Westminster Abbey, 11 Oct., 1684, 
 The Earl d. 24 Feb. 1686, and was s. by his son, 
 
 EDWARD, 2nd Earl ; who m. Elizabeth, dau. and co-heir of Sir William 
 Uvedale, of Wickham, Hants, and relict of Sir William Berkely, Knt., 
 and was s. 23 April, 1692, by his only surviving son (his only dau. Mary 
 d. UHTO.), 
 
 CHARLES, 3rd Earl. This nobleman filled the high offices of First Lord 
 of the Treasury, Constable of the Tower, and Governor of Windsor Castle. 
 His lordship m. Anne, dau. of Arthur, 1st Earl of Essex ; and dying 1 May, 
 1738, was s. by his eldest son, 
 
 HENRY, 4th Earl, K. G., b. in 1694 ; who m. 1st, 27th Nov., 1717, Lady 
 Frances Spencer, dau. of Charles, 3rd Earl of Sunderland, and heir of her 
 mother, Arabella, one of the co-heirs of Henry Cavendish, Duke of New- 
 castle, by whom he had with three sons (who all died in the lifetime of the 
 Earl), two daus., viz., 
 
 ARABELLA, m. to Jonathan Cope, Esq., son and heir of Sir Jonathan 
 Cope, Bart., of Brewerne Abbey, co. Oxford, to whom her ladyship conveyed 
 the seat and manor of Overton-Longueville, part of the Newcastle estate, and 
 d. in 1746.
 
 PEDIGREE. 459 
 
 DIANA, m. to Thomas Buncombe, Esq., of Helmesley, co. York, and d. 
 in 1770. 
 
 His lordship m. 2ndly, 8 June, 1743, Isabella, dau. of William, 4th Lord 
 Byron, by whom (who d. 22 Jan. 1795) he had, 
 FREDERICK, 5th Earl. 
 Anne. 
 
 Frances, m. in 1768 to John Radcliffe, Esq., and d. in April, 1808. 
 Elizabeth, m. 1st, in 1769, to Peter Delme, Esq. ; and 2ndly, 13th Jan., 
 1794, to Captain Charles Gamier, R. N., who was unfortunately drowned, 16 
 Dec. 1796. Her ladyship d. in June, 1813. 
 Juliana. 
 
 The Earl d. 4 Sept. 1758, and was s. by his son, 
 
 FREDERICK, 5th Earl; b. 28 May, 1748, elected a Knight of the Thistle 
 in 1768, and installed a Knight of the Garter in 1793. His lordship m. in 
 March, 1770, Margaret Caroline, dau. of Granville-Leveson, 1st Marquess of 
 Stafford, K. G., and by her ladyship (who d. 27 Jan. 1824), had issue, 
 I. GEORGE, 6th Earl. 
 
 II. William, b. 25 Dec. 1781; d. 25 Jan. 1843. 
 
 III.' Frederick, &. in 1785 ; major of hussars, killed at Waterloo ; left issue 
 by Frances Susan,* his wife, only dau. of William Henry Larnbton, 
 Esq., of Lambton Hall, an only son, 
 
 FREDERICK JOHN, Private Secretary to the Earl of Carlisle, when Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland, b. I March, 1814; m. 1 July, 1837, Lady Fanny 
 Cavendish, sister of the Duke of Devonshire, and has issue, 1. William 
 Frederick, b. 26 June, 1838 ; 2. George Francis, b. 28 April, 1840 ; 3. 
 Frederick Compton, b. 23 Jan. 1847 ; 4. Alfred John, b. 14 Oct. 1848 ; 
 5. Gerald Richard, b. 7 Nov. 1853 ; 1 . Louisa Blanche ; 2. Margaret 
 Fanny ; 3. Edith Susan Louisa. 
 
 IV. Henry Edward John, D. D., Prebendary of York, Dean of Lichfield, 
 and Rector of Donington, co. Salop, b. 14 Dec. 1795 ; m. 13 July, 1824, 
 Henrietta Elizabeth, dau. of Ichabod Wright, Esq., of Mapperley, co. 
 Notts, and has, 
 
 1. George, b. 20 June, 1826, barrister-at law, m. in May, 1852, 
 Marion, only child of Edward Southam, Esq., M. D., and widow of 
 W. Leigh Bennett, Esq. 
 
 2. John Henry, Com. R. N., b. 30 Nov. 1827. 
 
 3. Edward Henry, Capt. R. N., b. 7 June, 1832. 
 
 She m. 2ndly, 16 June, 1819, Hon. H. F. C. Cavendish, and d. in 1840.
 
 46Q APPENDIX XIII. 
 
 4. Charles John Henry, 71st Foot, b. 28 Sept., 1834 ; m. 3 July, 
 1862, Lilla, dau. of the late Captain E. L. Durrant, Madras army, 
 and granddau. of George Durrant, Esq., of Tong Castle, Salop. 
 
 5. Henry Frederick, b. 9 Nov., 1844. 
 
 1- Julia Maria, w. 1 May, I860, to the Rev. Peter S. King Salter, 
 of Gorleston, Suffolk. 
 
 2. Charlotte Henrietta, m. 29 Sept., 1853, to the Hon. and Rev. 
 Archibald George Campbell, 2nd son of the Earl ofCawdor. 
 
 3. Emily Georgiana. 
 
 4. Caroline Octavia. 
 
 5. Elizabeth Henrietta. 
 
 I. Caroline Isabella, m. to John, 1st Lord Cawdor, and d. in 1848. 
 II. Elizabeth, m. to John Henry, Duke of Rutland ; and d. in 1825. 
 IIL Gertrude, m. in 1806, to William Sloane Stanley, Esq., of Paultons, 
 
 co. Hants, who d. 11 April, 1860. 
 
 The Earl, who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1780 to 1782, d. 4 
 Sept., 1825, and was s. by his son, 
 
 GEOBGE, 6th Earl, K. G., Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of York- 
 shire ; b. 17 Sept., 1773; m. 21 March, 1801, Georgiana, eldest dau. and co- 
 heir of William, 5th Duke of Devonshire, K. G., by whom (who d. 8 Aug., 
 1858) he had, 
 
 GEOBGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, 7th Earl. 
 
 Frederick George, an officer in the army ; b. 8 June, 1805 ; accidentally 
 
 killed, 18 Nov. 1834. 
 WILLIAM GEORGE, present Earl. 
 Edward Granville George, Vice-Adm. R. N., b. 23 Dec. 1809 ; m. in 
 
 1842, Diana, only dau. of Hon. George Ponsonby. 
 Charles Wentworth George, b. 27 March, 1814; M. P. for E. Cumber- 
 land ; m. 8 Aug. 1842, Mary, 2nd dau. of the Right Hon. Sir James 
 Pai ke, Baron Wensleydale, late one of the Barons of the Exchequer, 
 and by her (who d. 26 Aug. 1843) he has a son, George James, b. 
 12 Aug. 1843; m. 4 Oct., 1864, Rosalind Frances, youngest dau of 
 Edward John, Lord Stanley of Alderley. 
 
 Henry George, late Secretary of Legation at Paris, b. 22 May, 1818 ; 
 m. 29 May, 1845, Mary Wellesley, dau. of John McTavish, Esq., of 
 Montreal, which lady d. 21 Feb.. 1850. 
 Caroline Georgiana, m. in 1823, to the Right Hon. W. S. S. Lascelles 
 
 (2nd son of the Earl of Harewood), who d. 2 July, 1851. 
 Georgiana m. 7 March, 1822, to George James Welbore, 1st Lord Dover, 
 who d. in July, 1833. She d. 17 March, 1660.
 
 PEDIGREE. 461 
 
 Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana, m. 27 May, 1823, to George Granville, 
 
 Duke of Sutherland, K. G. 
 Blanche Georgiana, m. 6 Aug. 1829, to Lord Cavendish, now Duke of 
 
 Devonshire, and d. 27 April, 1840. 
 Elizabeth Dorothy Anne Georgiana, m. 12 Aug. 1840, to the Hon. and 
 
 Rev, Francis Richard Grey. 
 Mary Matilda Georgiana, m. 13 July, 1852, to the Right Hon. Henry 
 
 Labouchere, now Lord Taunton. 
 The Earl d. 7 Oct., 1848, and was s. by his eldest son, 
 GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK, 7th Earl, K. G., P. C., a distinguished 
 statesman, orator, and writer, who was b. 18 April, 1802. His lordship was 
 Chief Secretary for Ireland from April, 1835, to September, 1841 ; Chief 
 Commissioner of Woods and Forests from July, 1846, to March, 1850 ; 
 and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from March, 1850, to Feb. 1852. 
 The Earl was constituted 28 Feb. 1855, LORD LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND, held 
 that high office until 12 March, 1858, and was again appointed to it 18 June, 
 1859, and retired in 1864. This gifted, kind-hearted, and in every way excel- 
 lent nobleman, who was one of the best and most popular viceroys Ireland ever 
 had, was forced by ill-health to relinquish his government, and, to the gene- 
 ral public regret, d. soon after, 5 Dec., 1864. He was never married, and was 
 s. by his next surviving brother, WILLIAM GEORGE, 8th and present EARL OF 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 Creation 20 April, 1661. 
 
 Arms Quarterly of six : 1st, HOWARD, gu., on a bend, between six, 
 cross-crosslets, fitchee, arg., an escocheon, or, charged with a demi-lion, 
 rampant, pierced through the mouth within an arrow, within a double tressure 
 flory-counterflory, of the first, a mullet for difference ; 2nd, BROTHERTON, 
 gu., three lions passant-guardant, in pale, or on a chief, a label of three points, 
 arg. ; 3rd, WARREN, chequy, or and az. ; 4th, MOWBRAY, gu., a lion, rampant 
 arg., armed and langued, az. ; 5th, DACRE, gu., three escallops, arg.; 6th, 
 GREYSTOCK, barry of six, arg. and az ; over all three chaplets, gu. 
 
 Crest On a chapeau, gu., turned up, erm. a lion, statant-guardant, the 
 
 tail extended, or, ducally gorged, arg., a mullet, sa., for difference. 
 
 Supporters Dexter, a lion, arg., differenced with a mullet ; sinister, a 
 
 bull, gu., armed, unguled, ducally gorged, and lined, or. 
 Motto. Volo, non valeo. 
 Seats. Castle Howard, co. York ; Naworth Castle, Cumberland.
 
 462 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Contributors to the Publication Fund. 
 
 THE MOST HON. THE MARQUIS OF KILDARE, Carlton House Terrace, London, 
 
 and Kilkea Castle, Maganey, county Kildare. 
 
 THE RIGHT HON. ALEXANDER MACDONNELL, P. C., Tyrone House, Marl- 
 borough-street, Dublin. 
 THE HON. CHARLES WENTWORTH G. HOWARD, M. P., 56, Park-street, 
 
 London ; and Naworth Castle, Cumberland. 
 ROBERT C. BAHBOR, Esq., 133, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin ; and Ballymahon, 
 
 county Longford. 
 ALDERMAN R. ATKINSON, J. P., 31, College-green, Dublin ; and Highfield 
 
 House, Rathgar. 
 JOHN MAC DONNELL, Esq., M. D , Poor Law Commissioner, 4, Gardiner's- 
 
 row, Dublin. 
 HENRY BUSSELL, Esq., 7, Westmoreland-street, Dublin; and St. Leonard's, 
 
 Avoca-avenue, Blackrock. 
 ANDREW CORRIGAN, Esq., Curator, Royal Dublin Society, Kildare- street, 
 
 Dublin ; and Blackrock. 
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.* 
 GUINEA EDITION. 
 
 Canterbury. 
 
 His Grace the Right Hon. and Most Rev. CHARLES THOMAS LONGLEY, D. D., 
 P. C., Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, and Primate of all England, &c., 
 Lambeth Palace ; and Addington Park, Croydon. 
 
 Armagh. 
 
 The Right Hon. and Most Rev. Marcus Gervaise Bercsford, D. D., P. C., 
 Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of all Ireland, 42, Prince's 
 Gardens, London ; and The Palace, Armagh. 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 The Right Hon. and Most Rev. Richard Chenevix Trench, D. D., Lord Arch- 
 Bishop of Dublin, The Palace, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. 
 
 * Those marked (*) re also Subscribers to the Half Guinea Edition.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 463 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K. G., F. R. S., Devonshire House, Pic- 
 cadilly ; and Chatsworth. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Butland, Bute House, Kensington ; and Belvoir 
 Castle, Grantham. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, K. G., P. C., D. C. L., and LL. D., Mon- 
 tague House, Whitehall, London ; and Dalkeith House, Edinburgh. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Argyll, K. T., P. C., Argyll Lodge, Kensington, W. ; 
 and [nverary Castle, Argyllshire. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Montrose, K. T., P. C., 45, Belgrave-square, London ; 
 and Buchanan House, Stirling. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, 116, Piccadilly, London; and Clumber, 
 near Worksop, Notts. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Leinster, P. C., Carlton House Terrace, London ; and 
 Carton, Maynooth, county Kildare. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, D. C. L., Stowe, Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, K. G., Stafford House, St. James's 
 London ; and Dunrobin Castle, Golspie, Sutherland. 
 
 *Her Grace the Duchess Dowager of Sutherland, Cliveden Park, Maiden- 
 head, Berkshire : and Stafford House, St. James's, London. (Two 
 copies). 
 
 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Donegall, K. P., G. C. H., P. C., F. R. S., 22, 
 Grosvenor-square, London ; and Hayes Park, county Down. 
 
 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Headford, K. P., P. C., Headford House, 
 Kells, county Meath. (Two copies.) 
 
 The Most- Hon. the Marquis of Camden, K.G., 16, Grosvenor-square, Lon- 
 don ; and Wilderness Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. 
 
 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Kildare, Carlton House Terrace ; and Kilkea 
 Castle, Maganey, county Kildare. 
 
 The Most Hon. the Marquis of Hartington, M. P., Devonshire House, Pic- 
 cadilly ; and 10, Belgrave-square, London. 
 
 *The Right Hon. the Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G., 24, Grosvenor-square, Lon- 
 don ; and St. Giles's, Cranbourne. 
 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Dalhousie, K. T., G. C. B., P. C.. 45, Brook- street, 
 London ; Panmure House, Carnoustie ; and Brechan Castle, Forfarshire. 
 
 *TheRightHon. Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G., 19, Grosvenor-square, London ; and 
 Wentworth House, Rotherham, Yorkshire. 
 
 The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, K. G., P. C., LL. D., Spencer House, 27, St. 
 James's-place, London ; and Althorpe Park, Northampton.
 
 464 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 TheRightHon. the Earl of Clarendon, K. G., G. C.B., P. C., 1, Grosvenor- 
 
 crescent, London ; and The Grove, Watford, Herts. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Chichester, 22, Grosvenor-place, London ; and 
 
 Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl ofNormanton, 3, Seamore-place, Curzon-street, 
 
 London ; and Somerley, Ringwood, Hants. 
 The Right Hon. the EarlofPowis, LL.D., 45, Berkeley-square, London; and 
 
 Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Grey, K. G., P. C., 13, Carlton-house-terrace, London ; 
 
 and Howick House, Bilton, Northumberland. 
 The Right Hon. Earl of Ilarrowby, K. G., P. C., 39, Grosvenor-square, 
 
 London ; and Sandon Hall, Stafford. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of St. Germans, G. C. B., P. C., 36, Dover-street, 
 
 Piccadilly, London ; and Port Eliot, St. Germans, Cornwall. 
 The Right Hon. Earlde Grey and Ripon, P. C., 1, Carlton Gardens, London ; 
 
 and Studley Royal, Ripon, Yorkshire. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Lichfield, 35, Dover-street, Piccadilly, London ; 
 
 Shiigborough and Ranton Abbey, Staffordshire. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Effingham, 57, Eaton-place, Belgrave-square, 
 
 London ; and The Grange, Rotherhara, Yorkshire. 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Zetland, K. T., 19, Arlington- street, London; 
 
 and Aske Hall, Richmond, Yorkshire. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Grosvenor, M. P., 28, Prince's Gate, Kensington ; and 
 
 Eaton Hall, Chester. 
 
 The Right Hon. Viscount Sydney, G. C. B., P. C., 3, Cleveland square, Lon- 
 don; and Frognal, Foot's Cray, Kent. 
 
 The Right Hon. Viscount Monck, Governor-General of Canada, Charleville, 
 Enniskerry, county Wicklow. 
 
 The Right Hon. Viscount Eversley, 69, Eaton-place, London ; and Heckfield, 
 Winchfield, Hants. 
 
 London. 
 
 The Right Hon. and Right Rev. Archibald Campbell Tait, D. I)., P. C., 
 D. C. L., Lord Bishop of London, London House, 22, St. Jauies's-square ; 
 and Fulharn Palace, Middlesex. 
 
 St. David's. 
 
 The Right Rev. Connop Thirlwall, D. D., Lord Bishop of St. David's, The 
 Palace, Abergwilli, Caermarthen.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 465 
 
 Chichester. 
 
 The Right Rev. Ashurst-Turner Gilbert, D. D., Lord Bishop of Chichester 
 The Palace, Chichester. 
 
 Bath and Wells. 
 
 The Right Hon. and Right Rev. Robert John Eden, D. D. (Lord Auckland), 
 Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells, 2, Grosvenor-crescent, London; and the 
 Palace, Wells. 
 
 Ripon. 
 
 The Right Rev. Robert Bickersteth, D.D., F.R. S., Lord Bishop of Ripon, 
 The Palace, Ripon ; and Whitehall Gardens. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 *The Hon. and Right Rev. Samuel Waldegrave, Lord Bishop of Carlisle, Rose 
 Castle, Carlisle. 
 
 Tuam. 
 
 The Right Hon. and Right Rev. Thomas Span Plunket, D. D. (Lord Plunket), 
 P. C., Lord Bishop of Tuam, Killala, and Achonry, The Palace, Tuam. 
 
 Derry and Raphoe. 
 
 The Right Rev. William Higgin, D. D., Lord Bishop of Derry and Raphoe, 
 The Palace, Londonderry. 
 
 Killaloe. 
 
 The Right Rev. William Fitzgerald, D. D., Lord Bishop of Eillaloe, Claris- 
 ford House, Killaloe, county Clare. 
 
 Cork. 
 
 The Right Rev. John Gregg, D. D., Lord Bishop of Cork, The Palace, 
 Cork. 
 
 The Hon. Edward Leveson Gower, M. P., 14, South Audley-street, London; 
 
 and Chiswick, Middlesex. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Boston, 4, Belgrave-square, London ; and Hedsor, near 
 
 Maidenhead. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Auckland, 2, Grosvenor-crescent, London. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Trimleston, 24, Park-lane, London. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Carbery, Castle Freke, Rosscarbery, county Cork. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Clonbrock, Clonbrock, Ahascragh, county Galway. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Bellew, P. C., Barmeath, Dunleer, county Louth. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Dufferin and Clandeboye, K. P., K. C. B., Author of 
 
 " A Yacht Voyage to Iceland," &c., Dufferin House, Highgate, London . 
 
 and Clandeboye, Belfast. 
 
 2 H
 
 406 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Feversham, 1, Great Cumberland- street, London ; and 
 
 Duncombo Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Talbot de Malahide, F. R. S., F. S. A., and F. G. S., 
 
 Malahide Castle, county Dublin. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Stuart De Decies, P. C., Dromana, Cappoquin, county 
 
 Water ford. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Wenslcydale, P. C., 56, Park-street, Grosvenor-square, 
 
 London ; and Ampthill Hall, Bedfordshire. 
 *The Right Hon. Lord Ebury, 107, Park-street, London ; and Moor Park, 
 
 Rickmansworth, Herts. 
 *The Right Hon. Lord Taunton, P. C., 27, Belgrave-square, London ; and 
 
 Stoke Park, Slough, Bucks. 
 The Right Hon. Lord Athlumney, P. C., Somerville House, Navan, county 
 
 Meath. 
 
 Lady Evelyn Blantyre, 3, Cromwell House, London ; and Erskine House 
 
 Glasgow. 
 *Lady Taunton, 27, Belgrave-square, London ; and Stoke Park, Slough, 
 
 Bucks. (Two copies.) 
 
 Lady Elizabeth Grey, The Rectory, Morpeth. (Two copies.) 
 *Lady Caroline Lascelles, 62, Eaton- square, London ; and Castle Howard, 
 Yorkshire. (Three copies.) 
 
 The Hon. Lord Arthur Pelham Clinton, M. P., B 3, The Albany, PiccadUly, 
 London. 
 
 The Hon. Lord Edward Pelham Clinton, M P., 9, Upper Belgrave- street, 
 London. 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir George Grey, Bart, G. C. B., M. P., 14, Eaton-place, 
 London ; and Fallodin, Chathill, Northumberland. 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Bart., G. C. B., M. P., P. C., 4, Whitehall 
 Gardens, London ; and Drayton Manor, Tamworth. 
 
 The Right Hon. Edward Cardwell, P. C., D. C. L., M. P., 74, Eaton-square, 
 London ; and Ellerbeck Hall, Chorley, Lancashire. 
 
 The Right Hon. William Francis Cowper, P. C., M. P., 17, Curzon- street, 
 Mayfair, London ; and Panshanger, Hertford. 
 
 The Right Hon. Chichester S. P. Fortescue, P. C., M. P., Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland, 7, Carlton Gardens ; Strawberry Hill, Twickenham ; and Secre- 
 tary's Lodge, Phoenix-park, Dublin. 
 
 Major-General Sir Thomas A. Larcom, K. C. B., LL. D., F. R. S., Under Se- 
 cretary of State for Ireland, Lodge, Phoenix Park, Dublin. 
 The Hon. Charles Wentworth G. Howard, M. P., 56, Park-street, Lon- 
 don ; and Naworth Castle, Cumberland.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 467 
 
 *The Hon. Vice- Admiral Edward Granville G. Howard, Castle Howard, York- 
 shire. (Two copies.) 
 
 *The Right Hon. Alexander MacDonnell, P. C., Resident Commissioner of 
 the Board of National Education in Ireland, Tyrone House, Marlborough- 
 street, Dublin. 
 
 The Right Hon. Sir Thomas Esmonde, Bart., P. C., Johnstown Castle, Wex- 
 forcl. 
 
 The Right Hon. William F. F. Tighe, P. C., Woodstock Park, Inistiogue, 
 Abbey, county Kilkenny. 
 
 The Right Hon. (the late) Arthur Henry Herbert, P. C., M. P., Muckross, 
 Killarney. 
 
 The Hon. Francis A. Fitzgerald, Baron of the Court of Exchequer, Ireland, 
 50, Stephen's-green, East, Dublin. 
 
 The Right Hon. J. D. Fitzgerald, P. C., Justice of the Court of Queen's 
 Bench, Ireland, Merrion-square, Dublin. 
 
 *The Right Hon. Thomas O'Hagan, P. C., Justice of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas, Ireland, Rutland-square, Dublin. 
 
 The Hon. Judge Berwick, Court of Bankruptcy, Ireland, 5, Upper Merrion- 
 street, Dublin. 
 
 The Right Hon. J. W. Mackey, Lord Mayor of Dublin, 40, Westmoreland- 
 street ; and Clonsilla House, Clonsilla, county Dublin. 
 
 The Right Hon. James Meek, Lord Mayor of York, Middlethorpe Lodge, 
 York. 
 
 Peter Tait, Esq., Mayor of Limerick, South Hill, Limerick. 
 
 Alderman William Mullan, Mayor of Belfast. 
 
 Sir Archibald Alison, Bart., D. C. L., LL. D., F. R. S., Author of "The 
 History of Europe,'' &c., 38, Jermyn-street, London ; and Fossil House, 
 Glasgow, N. B. 
 
 Sir Theodore H. Lavington Brinckman, Bart., 40, Berkeley-square, London ; 
 and St. Leonard's Hill, Windsor. 
 
 Sir Edward Blackett, Bart., D. L., 34, Portman-square, London ; and Mat- 
 fen Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Sir James Matheson, Bart., M. P., F. R. S., D. L., Stornoway Castle, Ross- 
 shire, N. B. 
 
 Sir George Conway Colthurst, Bart., M. P., Ardrum, Inniscarra, county 
 Cork. 
 
 Sir Henry Winston Barron, Bart., M. P., D. L., 2, Halkin-street, London; 
 and Belmont Park, Waterford. 
 
 Sir William Worsley, Bart., D. L., Hovingham Hall, York. 
 
 2H2
 
 468 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Sir William Mordaunt Edward Milner, Bart., M. A., D. L., Nunappleton 
 Hall, Tadcaster, Yorkshire. 
 
 Sir Robert North Collie Hamilton, Bart., K. C. B., D. L., AvonclifFe, Strat- 
 ford-on-Avon. 
 
 Sir John Swinburne, Bart., R. N., Capheaton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Nor- 
 thumberland. 
 
 Sir John Gray, M. D., M. P., Charleville House, Rathmines, Proprietor of 
 the " Freeman's Journal," Dublin. 
 
 Sir Thomas Deane, R. H. A., 26, Longford-terrace, Monkstown, county 
 Dublin. 
 
 Sir John Bernard Burke, LL. D., Ulster- King of- Arms, Dublin Castle, Author 
 of various works on Genealogy, Heraldry, and History. 
 
 Sir Edward Coey, J. P., Ex-Mayor of Belfast, Droagh Cottage, Larne ; and 
 Merville, Belfast. 
 
 Frederick Dundas, Esq., M. P., 24, Hanover-square, London. 
 
 Joseph W. Pease, Esq., M. P., Woodlands, Darlington, Durham. 
 
 David Stewart Ker, Esq., M. P., D. L., Montalto, county Down; and Carl- 
 ton Club, Pall Mall, London. 
 
 Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., D. L., M. P., Leeds Castle, Maidstone ; and 
 25, Great Cumberland-place, London. 
 
 Francis J. Savile Foljambe, M. P., J. P., D. L., Aldwarke, Rotherham, York- 
 shire. 
 
 Edward Akroyd, Esq., D. L., M. P., Bankfield, Halifax, Yorkshire. 
 
 Granville W. G. Leveson-Gower, Esq., M. P., Titsey Park, Godstone, 
 Surrey. 
 
 Alderman Robert Kearsley, D. L., M. P. (Ex-Mayor), Highfield, Ripon, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 James Milnes Gaskell, Esq., D. L., M. P., Thornes House, Wakefield, York- 
 shire. 
 
 William Bulkeley Hughes, Esq., M. P., Plas Coch, Anglesey, North Wales. 
 
 William J. Clement, Esq., M. P., The Council House, Shrewsbury. 
 
 Benjamin Lee Guinness, Esq., LL. D., M. P., St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. 
 
 The Rev. Richard Mac Donnell, D. D., Provost of Trinity College, Grafton- 
 
 street, Dublin ; and Sorrento Terrace, Dalkey. 
 The Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D. D., Vice-Provost, Trinity College, Dublin ; 
 
 and Kilcroney, Bray. 
 
 The Rev. Charles O. Goodford, D. D., Provost, The Lodge, Eton College. 
 The Rev. Thomas Carter, M. A., Vice-Provost Eton College. 
 The Rev. Edward Balston, D. D., Head Master Eton College.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 469 
 
 *The Very Rev. Daniel Bagot, D. D., Dean of Dromore, Newry. 
 
 The Very Rev. Henry Hart Milman, D. D., Dean of St. Paul's, London. 
 
 The Hon. and Very Rev. H. E. J. Howard, D. D., Dean of Lichfield, The 
 Deanery, Lichfield. 
 
 *The Rev. "Wm. Steele, A. M., Portora Royal School, Enniskillen. 
 
 *The Rev. Charles Edward Tisdall, D. D., Chancellor of Christ's Church Ca- 
 thedral, 63, Upper Gardiner-street, Mountjoy- square, Dublin. 
 
 The Rev. James Gabb, Castle Howard, Yorkshire. 
 
 William Stokes, Esq., M. D., Physician-in-Ordinary to the Queen in Ireland, 
 Merrion-square, Dublin. 
 
 John MacDonnell, Esq., M. D., Poor Law Commissioner, 4, Gardiner's-row, 
 Dublin. 
 
 William M. Burke, Esq., F. R. C. P., M. R. C. S., Medical Superintendent 
 of Statistics, General Register Office ; and Malahide. 
 
 Acheson Lyle, Esq., Lord Lieutenant county Londonderry, The Oaks, Lon- 
 donderry. 
 
 J. R. CorbaUis, Esq., LL. D., Q. C., Rosemount, Roebuck, Dublin. 
 
 Richard Montesquieu Bellew, Esq., Poor Law Commissioner, 60, St. Ste- 
 phen's-green, Dublin. 
 
 William M'Dermott, Esq., Poor Law Commission Office, Dublin. 
 
 Edward Litton, Esq., Master in Chancery, Kingstown, county Dublin. 
 
 Lieutenant- General Henry Hall, C. B., Merville, Donnybrook, county 
 Dublin. 
 
 Major Thomas Esmonde, J. P., county Dublin, Inspector- General of Con- 
 stabulary, Dublin Castle. 
 
 Major Lawrence E. Knox, Proprietor of the " Irish Times," Fitzwilliam- 
 square, Dublin. 
 
 Major N. B. Leech, London Irish Rifle Volunteers, London. 
 
 Captain J. W. Vaughan, R. N., C. B., 3, Longford-terrace, Monkstown, 
 county Dublin. 
 
 Captain Edward A. Shuldham, Dunmanway, county Cork. 
 
 Captain Joseph Rogers, Her Majesty's Royal Mail Steamer " Munster," 
 Holyhead ; and Dublin. 
 
 John Hyacinth Talbot, Esq., D. L., J. P., Ballytrent, Broadway, Wexford. 
 
 *Peter O'Connor, Esq., J. P., High Sheriff, Cairnsfort, Sligo. 
 
 * James Finlayson, Esq., Johnstone, Glasgow, N. B. (Two copies.) 
 
 Charles Finlayson, Esq., do. do. 
 
 James Cosgrave, Esq., 28, New Row, West, Dublin ; and Sandycove. 
 
 Richard D. Barbor, Esq., Royal Bank, Dublin.
 
 470 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Robert C. Barbor, Esq., 133, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. 
 
 *P. J. Kecnan, Esq., Chief of Inspection National Education Board, Marl- 
 borough -street ; and 36, Eccles-street, Dublin. 
 
 James Patten, Esq., M. D., LL. D., Head Inspector of National Schools, 
 Board of National Education, Marlborough-street, Dublin ; and Stream- 
 kills, Lisburn. 
 
 *The President, Queen's College, Belfast (Library). 
 
 The Board of Education, Marlborough-st., Dublin (Library). (Two copies.) 
 
 Michael Lawler, Esq., Inspector of National Schools, Thurles. 
 
 A, Clokey, Esq., Bank of Ireland, Sligo. 
 
 T. W. Moffett, Esq., LL. D., Queen's College, Galway (Library). 
 
 J. E. Cairnes, Esq., Professor do. do. do. 
 
 *John Swan Sloane, Esq., C. E., M. R. I. A., 18, Philipsburgh-avenue, Fair- 
 view, county Dublin. 
 
 Mir Aulad Ali, Professor of Oriental Languages, Trinity College, Dublin 
 (Private Secretary to the late King of Oude). 
 
 Signer Marani, Consul to the King of Italy ; Professor of Modern Languages, 
 Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
 J. H. Foley, Esq., R. A., 10, Osnaburgh-street, London 
 
 John Harris, Esq., 11, Waterloo-road, Lessee Theatre Royal, Dublin. 
 
 Francis Robinson, Esq., Mus. Doc., T. C. D., 20, Lower Fitzwilliam-street, 
 Dublin. . 
 
 Henry Bussell, Esq., 7, Westmoreland-street, Dublin ; and Blackrock. 
 
 Marcus Moses, Esq., 5, Westmoreland-street, Dublin ; and Leesonville, 
 5, Winton-road. 
 
 R. M. Levey, Esq., 61, Lower Mount-street, Dublin. 
 
 George Wood, Esq., Cramer, Wood, and Co., Regent-street, London ; and 
 Westmoreland-street, Dublin. 
 
 Edward Chatterton, Esq., Lessee St. James's Theatre, 23, King-street, 
 St. James's, London. 
 
 Henry Jarratt, Esq., Her Majesty's Theatre ; and 3, Keppel-street, Russell- 
 square, London. 
 
 Madlle. Louise Liebhart, 8, Marlborough-hill, St. John's Wood, London, 
 (Two Copies.) 
 
 Henry Distin, Esq., 9 and 10, Great Newport-street, London. 
 
 Felix Rogers, Esq. (" Sappho"), 5, King Edward-street, Westminster-road, 
 London. 
 
 The Brothers Charles and Henry Webb (the " Two Dromios"), Dublin. (Two 
 Copies.) 
 
 A. Austin, Esq., " Ticket Office," St. James's Hall, Piccadilly, London.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 471 
 
 A. K. Riist, Esq., Piano Manufactory, 8, Argyll-street, London. 
 
 James Lane, Esq. (Riist and Go's), 8, Argyll-street, London. 
 
 Miss Esther Hood Johnstone, Hood's Hotel, 25, 26, and 27, Great Bruns- 
 wick-street, Dublin. 
 
 Miss Mary Murphy, Bath-street, Irishtown, county Dublin ; and Sutton. 
 
 Thomas Geoghegan, Esq., Solicitor, A. M. T. C. D., 9, Gresham-terrace, 
 Kingstown ; and Ormond-quay, Dublin. 
 
 Edward Fox, Esq., J. P., 51, Dame-street, Dublin; and Glen-na-Geragh 
 Hall, Dalkey. 
 
 George Smith, Esq. (Smith and Dubedat), 41, Pembroke-place, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas Perrier Davies, Esq., 59, Lower Gardiner-street, Dublin ; and Upton 
 Lodge, Drumcondra. 
 
 George Tickell, Esq., 5, Alexandra -terrace, Clontarf, county Dublin. 
 
 *James P. Organ, Esq., Mespil Cottage, Donnybrook, Dublin. 
 
 Gerald Gray, Esq., Victoria-terrace, Clontarf, Dublin. 
 
 Michael Crooke, Esq., 10, Lower Ormond-quay, Dublin. 
 
 Charles Palgrave, Esq., 17, Eden-quay ; and Kingstown, county Dublin. 
 
 *Alderman Richard Atkinson, J. P., College-green, Dublin. 
 
 James Vokes Mackey, Esq., T. C., Scripplestown House, county Dublin. 
 
 "Waldron Burro wes, Esq., J. P., Lagan Lodge, county Down. 
 
 James Godkin, Esq., 14, Hatch-street, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas F. Brady, Esq., 6, Percy-place, Dublin. 
 
 Matthew G. Parker, Esq (Ganly, Sons, and Parker), Usher's-quay, Dublin. 
 
 John Burke, Esq., 13, Sackville -street, Dublin. 
 
 John Walsh, Esq., College Hotel, 29, 30, and 31, Fleet-street, Dublin. 
 
 John Rooney, Esq., Cottrellstown, Oldtown, county Dublin. 
 
 'Frederick O'Rorke Owen, Esq., General Post Office, Dublin. 
 
 George Beatty, Esq., Proctor, Henrietta- street, Dublin ; and Hollybrook 
 Lodge, Howth Road, county Dublin. 
 
 John B. Gallaher, Esq., 4, Charleville Mall, Dublin. 
 
 Andrew Corrigan, Esq., Curator Royal Dublin Society. 
 
 J. C. Lovely, Esq., Charlemont House, Sandymount, Dublin. 
 
 F. Baker, Esq., Dublin ; and Bisley, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Valentine Vousden, Esq., 25, Blessington-street, Dublin. 
 
 Messrs. Nelson and Marshall, Sackville-street, Dublin. 
 
 John Duggan, Esq, 10, Ely-place, Dublin. 
 
 Denis Doyle, Esq., Merchant, 28, Fleet-street, Dublin. 
 
 Horatio Jude, Esq., Grafton-street, Dublin. 
 
 Nicholas Bailey, Esq., " The Bailey," Duke-street, Dublin. 
 
 Alderman William Lane Joynt, The Grange, Raheny, county Dublin.
 
 472 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 John Harrington, Esq., D. L., T. C., Ex-Lord Mayor of Dublin, Belleville, 
 
 Rochestown-avenue, Kingstown, county Dublin. 
 William Magee, Esq., Drogheda. 
 James A. Scott, Esq., " Dublin Evening Mail ;" and Waltham Terrace, 
 
 Blackrock, Dublin. 
 
 John O'Donoghue, Esq., Barrister, 13, Henrietta-street, Dublin. 
 Francis 0. Sullivan, Esq., " Freeman's Journal ;" and 21, Fairview-avenue, 
 
 Clontarf. 
 Henry Scott, Esq., 3, Somerville-terrace, Booterstown, Dublin. 
 
 Hugh Ferguson, Esq., H. M. V. S. Ireland, Dublin Castle. 
 
 Henry R. J. Scott, Esq., D. L., Hackness, Scarborough, Yorkshire. 
 
 Egerton V. Harcourt, Esq., J. P., Whitwell Hall, York. 
 
 'Titus Salt, Esq., J.P., D. L., Wrethley Park, near Leeds. 
 
 Francis H. Fawkes, Esq., J. P., D. L., Farnley Hall, Otley, Yorkshire. 
 
 John Henderson, Esq., Castle Howard, Yorkshire. 
 
 John William Tottie, Esq., Cariston Hall, Bell Bush, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 William Aldam, Esq., Frickley Hall, Don caster, Yorkshire. 
 
 John Peele Clapham, St. Anne's, Harrogate, Yorkshire. 
 
 Joshua Hartley, Esq., Surgeon, Malton, Yorkshire. 
 
 William Deeley, Esq., Surgeon, Malton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Bentley Shaw, Esq., J. P., Woodfield House, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. 
 
 William Brown, Esq., Bardon Grange, Weetwood, Leeds. 
 
 Joshua Garsed Heaps, Esq., Leeds Lead Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 Tromas Heaps, Esq., do. do. do. 
 
 Obadiah Nussey, Esq., West Bur, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 Thomas Nussey, Esq., do. do. 
 
 J. O. March, Esq., Beechgrove House, Leeds. do. 
 
 George E. Donisthorpe, Esq., Hollybank, Moor-Allerton, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 R. Bownas Mackie, Esq., Wakefield, Yorkshire. 
 
 William Huntriss, Esq., J. P., Well-Field, Halifax, Yorkshire. 
 J. Ray Eddy, Esq., Carleton Grange, Skipton, Yorkshire. 
 
 James Yates, Esq., J. P., D. L., Oakwood House, Rotherham, Yorkshire. 
 
 Thomas Wilson, Esq., Solicitor, Preston. 
 
 Philip II. Howard, Esq., Corby Castle, Carlisle, Cumberland. 
 
 James Hood, Esq., The Bank, Morpeth. 
 
 Charles Lea, Esq., Howard-terrace, Morpeth. 
 
 William Woodman, Esq., Stobhill, Morpeth, Northumberland. 
 
 Arthur Henry Wall, Esq., Burghill House, N. Hereford. 
 
 Thomas Henry Hall, Esq.,F. R.S., 16, Norfolk- crescent, Hyde-park, London.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 473 
 
 Gustavus T. Smith, Esq., Goldicote House, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwick. 
 
 George Augustus Crowder, Esq., Manor House, Shinfield, North Reading. 
 
 Augustus Stowey, Esq., J. P., D. L., Kenbury, Exeter, Devon. 
 
 Hugh Davies Griffith, Esq., Caer Rhiin, Conway. 
 
 Marcelin De Pothonier, Esq., Birkinhead. 
 
 James J. Ryall, Esq., 57, Queen's-square, Dublin. 
 
 George Glenny, Esq., M. D., Mansfield-place, New York. 
 
 The O'Connor Kerry, Hermitage, Listowel. 
 
 Richard J. Theo. Orpen, Esq., 41, Great George's-street, North, Dublin. 
 
 W. H. M'Grath, Esq., Crown Solicitor, 9, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. 
 
 HALF GUINEA EDITION. 
 
 *The Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G. (Two copies), Grosvenor-square, London. 
 
 The Earl of Scarborough, Sandbeck Park, Rotherham. 
 
 *Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G., Rotherham, Yorkshire. 
 
 The Earl of Galloway, 85, Eaton-square, London. 
 
 The Earl of Fortescue, Grosvenor- place, London. 
 
 The Earl of Bessborough, 40, Charles-street, Berkeley-square, London. 
 
 The Earl of Wicklow, 2, Cavendish-square, London; and Shelton Abbey, 
 
 Wicklow. 
 
 Lord John R. Manners, M. P., 6, Cumberland-terrace, Regent's Park, 
 London. 
 
 Field-Marshal Viscount Gough, G. C. B., K.S. I., K. P., St. Helen's, Booters- 
 town, Dublin. 
 
 Lord Teignmouth, Langton Hall, Northallerton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Lord Ravensworth, Ravensworth Castle, Gateshead. 
 
 Lord Lurgan, K. P., Brownlow House, Lurgan. 
 
 *Lord Ebury, 107, Park-street, London. (Two copies.) 
 
 *Lord Taunton, 27, Belgrave-square, London. (Four copies.) 
 
 Lord Richard Grosvenor, M. P., 33, Upper Grosvenor- street, London. 
 
 Lord "Waterpark, Doveridge Hall, Derby. 
 
 The Countess Dowager of Ellesmere, Hatchford, Cobham, Surrey. 
 
 *Lady Caroline Lascelles, Eaton-square, London. (Four copies.) 
 
 *The Hon. and Right Rev. Samuel Waldegrave, Lord Bishop of Carlisle, 
 Rose Castle, Cumberland. 
 
 The Right Rev. David Moriarty, D. D., &c., Lord Bishop of Kerry, Kil- 
 larney. 
 
 * Those marked (*) are also Subscribers to the Guinea Edition.
 
 474 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Major-General Sir Thomas Larcom, K. C. B., F. R. S., Phoenix Park. 
 
 *The Right Hon. Thomas O'Hagan, P. C., Dublin. 
 
 The Hon. and Very Rev. H. E. J. Howard, Dean of Lichfield, The Deanery, 
 
 Lichfield. 
 
 The Very Rev. H. U. Tighe, A. M., Dean of Deny. 
 The Very Rev. William Warburton, D. D., Dean of Elphin. 
 The Very Rev. Ogle W. Moore, A. M., Dean of Clogher. 
 The Very Rev. W. B. Lauder, LL. D., Dean of Leighlin. 
 The Very Rev. Daniel Bagot, D. D., Dean of Dromore, Newry. 
 The Very Rev. Dr. Murtagb, P. P., Kilcullen, Newbridge. 
 The Ven. John W. Stokes, A. M., Archdeacon of Armagh, Aughnacloy. 
 The Very Rev. J. Spratt, D. D., Aungier-street. 
 The Rev. C. Burke, P. P., Saggart, county Dublin. 
 The Ven. John O'Regan, Archdeacon of Kildare, Rectory, Dunlavin. 
 The Rev. Benjamin Dickson, D. D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. 
 The Rev. Maurice Neligan, Chaplain, Molyneux Asylum, 2, Elgin-road, 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 The Rev. John W. Murray, LL.D., 28, Bushfield-avenue,Donnybrook, Dublin. 
 The Rev. Thomas Finch, Morpeth. 
 The Rev Edward F. Masherry, Morpeth. 
 The Rev. George W. Torrance, 8, Victoria-street, Shrewsbury. 
 *The Rev. W. Steele, A. M., Portora Royal School, Enniskillen. 
 The Rev. Henry J. Carpenter, Enniskillen. 
 
 The Rev. William Thorpe, M. A., Weely Rectory, near Colchester. 
 The Rev. L. Jenyns, 1, Darlington-place, Bath. 
 The Rev. John Dupuis, M. A., Fellow of Eton College. 
 The Rev. John Grene, S. J., 6, Great Denmark-street, Dublin. 
 The Rev. C. E. Tisdall, D. D., Dublin. 
 The Rev. W. Henry Brassington, Incumbent of Ragdale, Leicestershire. 
 
 The Hon. Mrs. P. Stourton, Holme Hall, York. 
 
 Titus Salt, Esq., J. P., D. L., Wrethley Park, Leeds. 
 
 His Excellency Sir Henry F. Howard, K. C. B., Hanover ; and Foreign Office, 
 
 London. 
 
 The President, Queen's College, Belfast. (.For Library.) 
 The Right Hon. William Hutt, M. P., K. C. B., Gibside Hall, Gateshead. 
 Field-Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney, G. C. B., Chelsea Hospital 
 W. H. Gregory, Esq., M. P., Coole Park, Gort. 
 
 Sir Charles W. C. Domvile, Bart., J. P., D. L., Santry House, county Dublin. 
 Sir Thomas E. Blake, Bart., J P., D. L., Menlough Castle, Galway.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 475 
 
 Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart., Speaker's Court, House of Commons. 
 
 Sir Francis Crossley, Bart., M. P., Bellvue, Halifax. 
 
 Sir Theodore H. L. Brinckman, Bart., St. Leonard's, Windsor. 
 
 Sir William R. Wilde, M. D., M. R.I. A., 1, Merrion-square, Dublin. 
 
 Sir Robert Kane, President of the Queen's College, Cork. 
 
 J. Milnes Gaskell, Esq., M. P., Thornes House, Wakefield, Yorkshire. 
 
 Richard Armstrong, Esq., M. P., 32, St. Stephen's-green, Dublin. 
 
 F. D. Goldsmid, Esq. (the late) M. P., 20, Portman-square, London. 
 
 Samuel Morley, Esq., M. P., Craven Lodge, Stamford Hill, near London. 
 
 Thomas George Baring, Esq., M. P., 21, Lowndes-square, London. 
 
 *Frederick Dundas, Esq., M. P., 24, Hanover-square, London. 
 
 Edward Baines, Esq., M. P., Leeds. 
 
 William Marshall, Esq., M. P., Hallsteads, Penrith. 
 
 Jonathan Pirn, Esq., M. P., Greenbank, Monkstown. 
 
 *William J. Clement, Esq., M. P., The Council House, Shrewsbury. 
 
 Townsend Mainwaring, Esq., M. P., Galltfaenan, Rhyl. 
 
 * Joseph W. Pease, Esq., M. P., Woodlands, Darlington. 
 Richard Padmore, Esq., M. P., Henwick Hall, AVorcestershire. 
 Charles Forster, Esq., M. P., Hanch Hall, Lichfield. 
 William Ewart, Esq., M. P., Cambridge-square, London. 
 *Peter O'Connor, Esq., J. P., Cairnsford, High Sheriff, Sligo. 
 John Wigham, Esq., Morpeth Castle. 
 
 Samuel Donkin, Esq., Bywell, Ffetton, Northumberland. 
 Robert Paten, Esq., M. D., Morpeth, Northumberland. 
 Frederick O'R. Owen, Esq., G.P. O., Dublin. 
 
 * James Finlayson, Esq., Johnstone, Glasgow. (Six copies.) 
 
 Charles Gran by Burke, Esq., J. P., Master of the Common Pleas, Milltown, 
 
 county Dublin. 
 
 George Hayward Lindsay, Esq., D. L., Glasnevin House, Dublin. 
 Sheffield Neave, Esq., Oak Hill House, Hampstead. 
 
 Robert Taylour, Esq., LL. D., High Sheriff of Drogheda, Corballis, Drogheda. 
 Henry Carroll, Esq., Ballynure, The Grange, Athy. 
 Captain W. Lynch, J. P., Renmore Park, Gal way. 
 James Milo Burke, Esq., J. P., Queenstown Lodge, Dalkey. 
 T. N. Barker, Esq., 5, Warwick Cottages, Brighton-avenue, Rathgar. 
 E. P. Williams, Esq., Eton College, Windsor. 
 Alderman Denis Moylan, J. P., Harcourt-street, Dublin. 
 Wellington Guernsey, Esq., 22, Regent-square, London. 
 James Haughton, Esq., J. P., 35, Eccles-street, Dublin. 
 James Gibson, Esq., Commissioner of National Education, 35, Mountjoy- 
 
 square, South, Dublin.
 
 47 G APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 James William Murland, Esq., 25, Fitzwilliam-square, Dublin. 
 
 W. H. Newell, Esq., LL. D., Chief of Inspection, National Education Office, 
 Dublin. 
 
 *P. J. Keenan, Esq., Chief of Inspection, National Education Office, Marlbo- 
 rough-street, Dublin. 
 
 James Patterson, Esq., Head Inspector, National Education Office, Marl- 
 borough-street, Dublin. 
 
 W. R. Molloy, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Education Office. 
 
 Andrew O'Callaghan, Esq., A. M. T. C. D., Inspector of National Education, 
 Limerick. 
 
 J. G. Fitzgerald, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Seaview, Dun- 
 garvan. 
 
 Edward Sheehy, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Cork. 
 
 James Macdonnell, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Maghera, Lon- 
 donderry. 
 
 John Walker Rogers, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Boyle. 
 
 Samuel Browne, Esq., LL. D., Inspector of National Education, Armagh. 
 
 A. T. Osborne, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Newtownards. 
 
 D. M. Wilson, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Antrim. 
 
 K. Potterton, Esq., LL. D., Inspector of National Education, Ennis. (Two 
 copies.) 
 
 R. Irvine, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Coleraine. 
 
 * James Patten, Esq., M. D., LL. D., Head Inspector of National Schools, 
 Streamkills, Lisburn. 
 
 Timothy Sheehan, Esq., Head Inspector of National Schools, Pembroke 
 Lodge, Sydney Parade, Merrion. 
 
 Eugene A. Conwell, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Trim. 
 
 Thomas M'llroy, Esq., Inspector of National Education, Newry. 
 
 Edward Leahy, Esq., National Education Office, Dublin 
 
 Millar Thompson, Esq., National Education Office, Dublin. 
 
 William Heaton, Esq., Lismore, Waterford. 
 
 R. N. Matheson, Esq., 39, Rathmines-road, Dublin. 
 
 John Byrne, Esq., T. C., Lombard-street, Dublin. 
 
 W. B. West, Esq., American Consul, Dublin. 
 
 Hercules Mac Donnell, Esq., Barrister, Sorrento Cottage, Dalkey. 
 
 R. Going Colles, Esq., 11, Leeson-park, Dublin. 
 
 R. W. Graves, Esq., M. D., F. R. C. S., Gloucester. 
 
 J. Williams, Esq., 277, Oxford-street, London. 
 
 J. J. Dawson, Esq., 8, Blackhall-parade, Dublin. 
 
 J. D. Fitzgerald, Esq., R. M., Clonakilty. 
 
 Richard Waller, Esq., Welbourne, Castle Howard, Yorkshire.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 477 
 
 W. H. Mote, Esq., Artist, 50, Thornhill-square, Islington, London. 
 
 William Wight, Esq., 45, Upper Leeson-street, Dublin. 
 
 Benjamin Woodman, Esq. , Morpeth. 
 
 J. R. Liddell, Esq., Netherton, Northumberland. 
 
 S. D. Jeffs, Esq., Library, King's Road, Brighton. 
 
 J. P. Brown-Westhead, Esq., Lea Castle, Kidderminster. 
 
 Henry Browne, Esq., Daisy Hill, Rawdon, near Leeds. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Cavendish, Burlington Gardens, London, W. 
 
 Alderman Hugh Tarpey, Nassau-street, Dublin. 
 
 Michael Murphy, Esq., T. C., 28, Nelson-street, Dublin. 
 
 *John S. Sloane, Esq., C. E., M. R. I. A., Dublin. 
 
 J. J. Byrne, Esq. (Messrs. Byrne and Sons), Henry-street, Dublin. 
 
 R. J. Gainsford, Esq., Darnel Hall, near Sheffield. 
 
 George Andrew, Esq., Apsley House, Mosley, Manchester. 
 
 Edward Townsend, Esq., " The Nook," Cullingworth, Bingley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Richard Massey, Esq., Wentworth, Rotherham, Yorkshire. 
 
 George Hinchliffe, Esq., J. P., Stoodley Lodge, Todmorden, Yorkshire. 
 
 Joseph Lupton, Esq., The Elms, Chapel Allerton, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 R. Morrow, Esq., Library, Nassau-street, Dublin ; and Kingstown. (Three 
 
 copies.) 
 
 William Tinkler, Esq., Trinity College ; and Peter-street, Dublin. 
 Thomas Trench Williamson, Esq., 5, Monkstown-crescent, Monkstown, 
 
 county Dublin. 
 
 Robert S. M'Gee, Esq., 35, Lower Sackville-street, Dublin. 
 Arthur William Mills, Esq. (Cramer and Co.), 15, Westmoreland-street, 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 Edward De Selvier, Esq. (Cramer and Co.), 15, Westmoreland-street, Dublin. 
 John Reilly, Esq., T. C., Rockfield, Glasthule, county Dublin. 
 Charles Montague Ormsby, Esq., Statistics Office, Landed Estates Court, 
 
 Dublin. 
 
 J. Hezmalhalch, Esq., Leeds; and Eden-quay, Dublin. 
 Matthew Kelly, Esq., 5, Lower Ormond-quay, Dublin. 
 Michael Roche, Esq., Clonkeen House, Tuam. 
 Mrs. Denham, Palace View, Cork. 
 Miss Buchanan, Prospect House, Westport. 
 Miss Hill, Abbey Lodge, Old Windsor. 
 Mrs. C. Casserley, 10, Charlemont-place, Dublin. 
 Mrs. M. Cecil Egan, Irishtown, Dublin. 
 Mrs. George Roe, Nutley, Donnybrook, Dublin. 
 Mrs. Campbell, Female Training School, Talbot-street, Dublin. 
 Mrs. Mary Smith, 14, Ussher's-quay, Dublin.
 
 478 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Mrs. Scate, Covcnt-garden, London. 
 
 Miss Dickson, 60, Wellington-road, Dublin. 
 
 Mrs. Clark, Netherton, Northumberland. 
 
 Captain H. F. Massy, Rocklow, Fethard, county Tippcrary. 
 
 Michael Angdo Hayes, Esq., R. II. A., Dublin. 
 
 Joseph R. Kirk, Esq., R. II. A., Blackrock. 
 
 J. R. Marquess, Esq., R. H. A., Park House, Baldoyle. 
 
 B. C. Watkins, Esq., R. H. A., 77, Dame-street, Dublin. 
 
 B. Mulrennin, Esq., 11. H. A., Dublin. 
 
 Henry Lane, Esq., Sculptor, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. 
 
 Martin Cregan, Esq., R. H. A., Lennox-street, Dublin. 
 
 James Healy, Esq., School of Art, Royal Dublin Society. 
 
 John H. Gibbons, Esq., R. H. S., Phoenix Park. 
 
 J. J. Wilson, Esq., Registrar- General's Office, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas Snow, Esq., Brazilian Consul, Dublin. 
 
 *James Hood, Esq., The Bank, Morpeth. (Two copies.) 
 
 William A. Tisdall, Esq., Tullydoey, Black watertown, county Armagh. 
 
 Charles D. Gray, Esq., Dilstown, Corbridge-on-Tyne. 
 
 Messrs. Carrick, Lee, and Sons, Brompton, Cumberland. 
 
 John Peele Clapham, Esq., St. Anne's, Harrogate. (Two copies.) 
 
 Thomas Henry Graham, Esq., Edmond Castle, Carlisle. 
 
 Samuel Bruce, Esq., Barrister- at -Law, Wakefield. 
 
 George Mander, Esq., Solicitor, Wakefield. 
 
 Robert Lanauze, Esq., Clontarf, Dublin. 
 
 A. C. Cross, Esq., Haverstock-hill ; and War Office, London. 
 
 E. Doherty, Esq., The Customs, Dublin. 
 
 William Woodman, Esq., Morpeth. 
 
 W. Wilkinson, Esq., Solicitor, Morpeth. 
 
 Joseph Millard, Esq., Newgate -street, Morpeth. 
 
 John Burn, Esq., Marine-terrace, Morpeth. 
 
 William Davison, Esq., East Mill, Morpeth. 
 
 John Dixon, Esq., Market-place, Morpeth. 
 
 John Bowman, Esq., Bridge-street, Morpeth. 
 
 John Arkle, Esq., High-church, Morpeth. 
 
 William Brown, Esq., Bardon Grange, Weetwood, Leeds. 
 
 J. Duncan, Esq., Westbourne Lodge, Otley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Edward Clough Taylor, Esq., Kirk I mm Abbey, York. 
 
 Joseph Munby, Esq., Clifton, York. 
 
 Henry Ludolf, Esq., 17, Bond-street, Leeds, Yorkshire. 
 
 Henry Clarkson, Esq., Alverthorpe Hall, Wakefield, Yorkshire. 
 
 Joshua Ingham Ikin, Esq., F. R. C. S., 19, Park- place, Leeds, Yorkshire.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 479 
 
 Robert Craig, Esq., 19, Briggate, Leeds. 
 
 Richard Bissington, Esq., 34, Briggate, Leeds. 
 
 John Wiseheart, Esq., Jun., 10, Hanover-square, London. 
 
 John Hunter, Esq., Temple House, Rathmines, Dublin. 
 
 James P. Organ, Esq., Donnybrook, Dublin. (Two copies.) 
 
 William Naylor, Esq., Holbeck, Leeds. 
 
 F. M'Aree, Esq., M. D., R. N., Rostrevor. (Two copies.) 
 William Robinson, Esq., 6, Upper Merrion-street, Dublin. 
 N. J. Gannon, Esq., Glenville, Dundrum. 
 
 S. J. Green, Esq., Solicitor, 206, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. 
 
 William Smyth, Esq., Spafield, Ballsbridge, Dublin. 
 
 J. J. O'Shea, Esq., Civil Service School, Gardiner-street, Dublin. 
 
 W. Davidson, Esq., Fleet-street, Dublin. 
 
 J. Inch, Esq., "Freeman's Journal," Dublin. 
 
 R. Woodroofe, Esq., 68, Upper Baggot-street, Dublin. 
 
 J. Fitzsimons, Esq., Royal Hotel, Delgany, county Wicklow. 
 
 P. Nolan, Esq., 104, Great Britain-street, Dublin. 
 
 Edward Alford, Esq., 97, Middle Abbey-street, Dublin. 
 
 George W. Jaines, Esq., Privet Lodge, Dundrum, Dublin. 
 
 U. N. Graydon, Esq., 193, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. 
 
 G. F. Hamilton, Esq., Dungannon. 
 
 Thomas M'Cullagh. Esq., Cromac Lodge, Donegal Pass, Belfast. 
 
 James Kennedy, Esq., 5, Henrietta-street, Dublin. 
 
 John Hill, Esq., " Irish Times," Dublin. 
 
 Valentine Corri, Esq., 13, Queen's-square, Dublin. 
 
 S. F. Vivian, Esq., Lucan. 
 
 Daniel Wilson Nolan, Esq., Solicitor, Gardiner- street, Dublin. 
 
 W. H. Frazer, Esq., 1, Albion-terrace, Rathgar. 
 
 Edward Walsh, Esq., Solicitor, Portland-street, Dublin. 
 
 P. S. Morewood, Esq., National Education Office, Dublin. 
 
 Jacob W. Geoghegan, Esq., National Education Office, Dublin. 
 
 William Thompson, Esq., Brighton -a venue, Rathgar, Dublin. 
 
 Robert Smith, Esq., Johnstown, Finglas, Dublin. 
 
 J. J. Halley, Esq., Receivers' Office, Dublin Castle. 
 
 John Chancellor, Esq., Sackville-street, Dublin. 
 
 Richard Buchanan, Esq., Sion House, Kingstown. 
 
 John Radley, Esq., Monte Video House, Bray. 
 
 J. Sandes, Esq., 1, Wellington-road, Dublin. 
 
 P. J. Ryan, Esq., 135, Dorset-street, Dublin. 
 
 J. Fleming, Esq., South Great George's-street, Dublin.
 
 480 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 Edward Murphy, Esq., Ill, Townsend-street, Dublin. 
 
 Stephen Walsh, Esq., Hanover-quay, Dublin. 
 
 Richard Leeson, Esq., New Holland, Sandymount, Dublin. 
 
 William W. Henderson, Esq., Monaghan. 
 
 William Green, Esq., 31, Sackville-street, Dublin. 
 
 Edward Carrigan, Esq., Bachelor's-walk, Dublin. 
 
 William M'lvor Morrison, Esq., Montrose, Rathgar. 
 
 Iver M'Donnell, Esq., Anglesea-street, Dublin. 
 
 J. J. Carroll, Esq., Bridge-street, Dublin. 
 
 B. Fulham, Esq., 60, Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas Kearney, Esq., Great Brunswick-street, Dublin. 
 
 J. Dunn, Esq., Great Brunswick- street, Dublin. 
 
 Samuel Hayes, Esq., 16, Charlemont- street, Dublin. 
 
 J. Dolan, Esq., Cabra-parade, Dublin. 
 
 Robert Harrison, Esq., " The London Library," 12, St. James's-square, 
 London. 
 
 A. H. Taylor, Esq. (Library), M'Birney and Co., Aston's-quay, Dublin. 
 
 J. Bedford, Esq., Westland-row, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas Brown, Esq., 6, Cullenswood-terrace, Dublin. 
 
 John A. Pigott, Esq., 112, Grafton -street, Dublin. 
 
 Robert Kidney, Esq., 13, Dawson-street, Dublin. 
 
 James Murphy, Esq., 1, Lombard-street, Dublin. 
 
 E. L. Wilson, Esq., 11, Beaver-row, Donnybrook. 
 
 Bernard Robinson, Esq., Warrenmount Oil Mills, Dublin. 
 
 D. Moran, Esq., Glen Hotel, Ashford, county Wicklow. 
 
 ./Eneas Byrne, Esq., Belmarine Cottage, Kingstown. 
 
 Frederick Maccabe, Esq., St. James's Hall, London. 
 
 The Wakefield Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 The Morpeth Mechanics' Institute. (Two copies.) 
 
 Francis Quin, Esq., Organist to the Grand Masonic Lodge of Ireland, Kings- 
 town. 
 
 Neason Thomas Browne, Esq., 2, Riversdale-terrace, Fairview, county Dublin.
 
 ETONIAN SUBSCRIBERS. 481 
 
 ETONIAN SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 " I MOST tell my hearers, that I spent above six years of my life as ahoy at Eton School i and 
 so they must excuse me for bursting forth with filial fervour 
 
 ' Ye distant spires, ye antique towers, 
 
 That crown the watery glade ; 
 Where grateful science still adores 
 Her Henry's holy shade.' 
 
 "How often to scattered old Etonians, amid the multiplied walks of busy life, and in all quar- 
 ters of the globe, have these few simple descriptive lines, since they were first written, now 
 above 100 years ago, recalled that well-remembered spot that sward, green as any in all green 
 England those venerable elms, that appear, as they probably are, coeval with the grey towers 
 to which their deep green lends its softening contrast that more than classic stream, our own 
 Father Thames, its clear waters, as yet pure of London sewage, unequalled even among mightier 
 rivers for the beauty of its dimpling ripples ; or, immediately above, those royal turrets of 
 Windsor, looking the embodiment of British monarchy, ancient, gentle, strong : the whole scene, 
 with all its accompaniments, tending to make even these early days of education, both in their ac- 
 tual experience, and in their abiding retrospect, romantic while they are careless, and conservative 
 while they are expansive. 
 
 14 1 may mention, that I felt so strongly the kind of identification which this brief ode gives 
 to the Muse of Gray with the memory of Eton, that upon a .proposal being lately made, that a 
 collection of busts of the principal worthies of Eton should be placed in the large schoolroom 
 there, most of which were contributed by some of their descendants or connexions, I requested 
 permission to present a bust of Gray, though certainly I could make out no plea of consanguinity, 
 or any other but very sincere and fervent admiration." LORD C AKLISLE'S Lecture on the Writings 
 of Gray. 
 
 The Rev. Charles O. Goodford, D. D., Provost of Eton College. 
 The Rev. Thomas Carter, M. A., Vice-Provost of Eton College. 
 The Rev. Edward Balston, D. D., Head Master of Eton College.* 
 The Rev. John Dupuis, M. A., Fellow of Eton College. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, K. G., F. R. S. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Rutland. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Buccleuch, K. G., P. C., D. C. L. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Newcastle. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, D. C. L. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Leinster, P. C. 
 
 * The Earl of Carlisle was pupil of the Rev. E. Balston during the six years he spent 
 at Eton. 
 
 2i
 
 482 APPKNDIX XIV. 
 
 His Grace The Duke of Montrose, K. T., P. C. 
 
 The Most Hon. The Marquis of Camden, K. G., LL. D. 
 
 The Most Hon. The Marquis of Donegall, K. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G 
 
 The Right Hon. Earl of Powis, LL. D. 
 
 The Right Hon. The Earl of Scarborough. 
 
 The Right Hon. Earl Grosvenor, M. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. Viscount Sydney, G. C. B. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Boston. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Auckland (Bishop of Bath and Wells). 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Feversham. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Ravensworth. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Clonbrock. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Stuart de Decies. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Lurgan. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Duflerin. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Arthur Pelham Clinton, M. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Edward Pelham Clinton, M. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord John J. Robert Manners, M. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. William Cooper, M. P. 
 
 The Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower, M. P. 
 
 The Hon. Charles W. G. Howard, M. P. 
 
 The Hon. Charles W. Cowper, M. P. 
 
 The Right Hon. Chichester S. P. Fortescue, M. P. 
 
 GranvUle William Gresham Leveson Gower, Esq., M. P. 
 
 William Ewart, Esq., M. P. 
 
 James Milnes Gaskell, Esq., M. P. 
 
 Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M. P. 
 
 David Stewart Ker, Esq., M. P. 
 
 Francis John Savile Foljambe, Esq., M. P. 
 
 Sir Edward Blackett, Bart. 
 
 Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart. 
 
 Sir Theodore H. Lavington Brinckman, Bart. 
 
 Gustavus T. Smith, Esq., Goldicote House, Stratford-on-Avou. 
 
 Captain Edmund A. Shuldham, Dunmanway, A. D. C. to the late Earl of 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 The Very Rev. Henry Hart Milman, D. D., Dean of St. Paul's. 
 The Very Rev. H. U. Tighe, A. M,, Dean of Deny. 
 The Rev. L. Jenyns, 1, Darlington-place, Bath. 
 E. D. Williams, Esq., Eton College.
 
 ETONIAN SUBSCRIBERS. 4813 
 
 George Hayward Lindsay, Esq., D. L., Glasnevin, Dublin. 
 
 Thomas Henry Hall, F. R. S., 16, Norfolk-crescent, London. 
 
 Francis H. Fawkes, Esq., J. P., Farnley Hall, Yorkshire. 
 
 George Augustus Crowder, Esq., Manor House, Shinfield, Reading. 
 
 Augustus Stowey, Esq., Kenbury, Exeter. 
 
 The Rev. William Thorpe, M. A., Weeley Rectory, Colchester. 
 
 Sheffield Neave, Esq., Oak Hill House, Hampstead. 
 
 Hugh Davies Griffith, Esq., Caer Rhiin, Conway. 
 
 Henry Carroll, Esq., D. L., The Grange, Ballynure, county Kildare. 
 
 THE END.
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST, 
 
 ETONIAN SUBSCRIBER. 
 
 GUINEA EDITION. 
 
 Edmund G. S. Hornby, Esq., Dalton Hall, Westmoreland. 
 
 GENERAL LIST. 
 
 GUINEA EDITION. 
 
 Thomas Brooke, Esq., D. L., Lough Eske Castle, Lough Eske, county Donegal. 
 George V. Patten, Esq., LL. D., Barrister, " Daily Express." 
 
 HALF- GUINEA EDITION. 
 
 The Very Rev. Edward N. Hoare, A. M., Dean of Waterford, The Deanery, 
 
 Waterford. 
 
 Anthony Lefroy, Esq., M. P., 27, Chesham-place, Belgrave-square, London. 
 Henry Smith, Esq., Mount Temple, Blackrock. 
 The Rev. William Carleton, A. M., Domestic Chaplain to the Right Hon. 
 
 Lord Dorchester, The Cottage, Piltown, county Kilkenny. 
 
 The Names of additional Subscribers will be published in the Second 
 Edition of this Work.
 
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