D D R E S S 
 
 HIS KXCKLLKNVY 
 
 ALEXANDER H. BULLOCK 
 
 TWO BRANCH KS 
 
 JANUARY 
 
 BOSTON: 
 WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
 
 ; SI-KIM; LANK.
 
 UCSB LIBRARY 
 
 SENATE No. 1. 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 * 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY 
 
 ALEXANDER H. BULLOCK, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 TWO BRANCHES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 * 
 
 legislature 0f 1 
 
 JANUARY 3, 1868. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
 
 No. 4 SPRING LANE. 
 
 1868.
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate, and of 
 
 the House of Representations: 
 
 It may well awaken our patriotic pride that 
 we convene, at the beginning of a new year, 
 public servants of a Commonwealth which is 
 distinguished by independence, intelligence and 
 contentment. Here also harmony, confidence and 
 faith in the future prevail. No questions of the 
 relations of the State with the National Union; 
 no doubts as to what we have done, or as to what 
 we ought to do on the broad field of humanity and 
 patriotism; no fears of our public credit, which is 
 subjected to little inquiry abroad because it is well 
 sustained at home ; no general or particular appre- 
 hension as to our condition, or prospects, or duties, 
 can disturb the reflections appropriate to this day 
 and this occasion. 
 
 These facts ought, also, to quicken our sense 
 of responsibility. Whatever we of this genera-
 
 4 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 tion, as a part in the federal fraternity, have accom- 
 plished, and whatever as a local community we 
 have attained, we owe largely to the virtues of our 
 ancestors; to their example of piety and morals; 
 to their devotion to the welfare of the whole 
 country; to their support of education and philan- 
 thropy ; to their consistent practice of liberality and 
 economy in all the affairs of state. "We cannot 
 afford to obscure, or forget, or neglect the lessons 
 of our past. They are to us a sacred treasury of 
 resources. The thought of these examples, the 
 imitation of them, varying only to accord with 
 changing time and circumstance, may wisely be a 
 chief influence in our own policy and action. 
 
 FKEE EDUCATION. 
 
 We best give effect to one of the highest of their 
 examples, and we continue a policy which stood 
 first and last with them, by granting a broad and 
 ample support to the interests of popular education. 
 The wisdom and the necessity of this, as an assur- 
 ance of our civil and political strength among the 
 States, were never more obvious than now. The 
 well ordered finances and the concentrated and 
 intense system of productive labor of the Common- 
 wealth have done much to gain for it a renown in
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 5 
 
 all parts of the world; and these are dependent upon 
 that. mental training which has given to our indus- 
 try its keenness, its energy and its transmitted life. 
 But, beyond the tangible relations of the material 
 arts, the conditions of our success and reputation at 
 home and abroad depend in chief upon the mani- 
 festations of cultivated mind in every sphere of 
 thought and action. This State, now a small spot 
 among the divisions of the map, must rely mainly 
 for a conspicuous part in the influences and forces 
 of a great nation, upon its educated manhood; 
 educated for statesmanship, and government, and 
 science, and industry. There are no bounda- 
 ries to circumscribe a Commonwealth in which 
 such culture exists in full development. This 
 conquers prejudices, makes all sections one,, and 
 imparts to local history universality. 
 
 In calling your attention to our public condition, 
 I rejoice, therefore, that it becomes my duty to state 
 that never before, in periods of peace or of war, have 
 the returns of the department of education been so 
 encouraging as at this time. You will bear in 
 mind that the last year has been one of thought- 
 fulness and apprehension in relation to finance; 
 and yet, while the premonitions of financial embar- 
 rassments have usually been caught quickly by our
 
 6 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 towns, at no time before have they exhibited a 
 perception of public difficulty so well matched by 
 an equal readiness for public duty and sacrifice. 
 In no former period have the people of Massachu- 
 setts proved themselves so largely just, and consid- 
 erate, and generous in promoting the cause of 
 education. I do not think that the returns of any 
 previous year have illustrated such genuine prog- 
 ress. They indicate that the old system is at 
 length reinvigorated by new ideas; and that the 
 State is moving onward and upward, following the 
 ancient example, but reinforcing it with the power 
 of later and better methods. 
 
 It appears from the returns of the last year to 
 the Secretary of the Board of Education that two 
 hundred and thirty-six thousand pupils have been 
 in attendance in the public schools during an 
 average time of eight months. Of this whole 
 number less than twenty-six thousand were below 
 five or over fifteen years of age. The number of 
 teachers employed during the year has been nearly 
 eight thousand; and the proportion of female 
 teachers, now little short of seven-eighths of the 
 whole, has been constantly increasing. This is a 
 striking fact; not unsatisfactory when we consider 
 that nearly the entire number of pupils in the free
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 7 
 
 schools are between the ages of five and fifteen. 
 We have now reached that stage in our public 
 education when it is settled that instruction from 
 female teachers is hereafter to prevail; and there- 
 fore it is that, having on two former occasions 
 invited attention to the subject, I desire again to 
 urge upon the people through their representatives, 
 the absolute importance, as well as the simple 
 justice, of a more liberal measure of compensation 
 for the services of these teachers. The past year 
 has witnessed an increase in this particular of 
 about eight per cent. But the rates paid to female 
 teachers in the whole State do not yet exceed one 
 dollar per day, and fall far below those which the 
 same people who support public schools and believe 
 in them pay to uneducated laborers upon their 
 farms and gardens. "We may hail with satisfaction 
 the ratio of increase in this respect which has 
 occurred in the last three years, but not so much for 
 what has yet been attained as for what we are 
 encouraged to expect in the years to come. I am 
 warranted, therefore, in once more urging the 
 transcendent necessity of making larger compen- 
 sation to the teachers of schools, because it is just, 
 and because it will elevate not them alone, but also 
 the schools and the whole people.
 
 8 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 The amount raised by taxation during the year 
 for the support of free education was $2,355,505.96, 
 an increase from the previous year of $362,328.57. 
 This is far in advance of any annual increase here- 
 tofore realized, and it has been accomplished at a 
 time when the public burdens have begun to be 
 sensibly felt by the citizens. I know not any 
 better way in which to express the measure of 
 sacrifice which the convictions of duty have 
 brought this people to make, than the bare state- 
 ment that the sum raised by taxes during the last 
 year for free education averaged nine dollars for 
 each child in the State. If to these we add the 
 returned expenses of private schools, the whole 
 amount becomes $3,160,665.94; which is equal to 
 more than twelve dollars expended upon every boy 
 and girl between five and fifteen years of age. 
 
 Accompanying all this increasing liberality in 
 the support of public schools, there has been 
 exhibited by teachers, and by a large class of 
 citizens who have become interested in this subject, 
 a growing and expanding spirit of inquiry. Meth- 
 ods of instruction, and all the generalities and 
 particulars of the entire system, are subjected to 
 open scrutiny and discussion. . In all the callings 
 of life the best modern thinkers are expending
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. . 9 
 
 their most ingenious and laborious thoughts upon 
 this field of investigation. In the wide range of 
 topics which these inquiries have raised, by no 
 means inconsiderable or unimportant has been that 
 of the discipline and government of the public 
 pupils; I call them public pupils because they are 
 all such; though not taken from home or parentage, 
 yet the wards of the State, under its beneficent and 
 parental care. 
 
 One of the questions greatly discussed by the 
 people, and in a large portion of the reports of the 
 committees, has been that of the utility and wisdom 
 of the practice of corporal punishment. Consid- 
 ering that about seven-eighths of all the public 
 instructors are young women, it becomes important 
 to them, and to more than two hundred and thirty- 
 six thousand children in their charge, that the 
 least possible measure of this mode of discipline 
 should be practised. In my semi-annual visits to 
 the four ]STormal schools, where I have had occasion 
 to counsel three hundred young women going 
 forth to the responsibilities of public teachers, 
 I have not refrained from a free expression of the 
 opinion, which I cherish as a conviction, that a 
 Christian civilization, a- just and large humanity, 
 
 and a progressive policy of education, call for 
 2
 
 10 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 the very general disuse of corporal punishment 
 in the schools of Massachusetts. 
 
 FINANCIAL CONDITION AND PROSPECTS. 
 
 The financial interests of the State will neces- 
 sarily command the earnest attention of the Legis- 
 lature, l^ever has there been more pressing need 
 of carefulness and deliberation in the application 
 and disposal of public resources, and in the 
 preservation of the State and National credit. 
 The present condition of our own finances will 
 render the demand for wise legislation more than 
 ever imperative. 
 
 With the resources at our command, there need 
 be no obstacle nor even embarrassment in the way 
 of prompt and efficient measures to secure the 
 highest welfare of the people, without imposing 
 heavy pecuniary burdens. Having this purpose 
 in view, after thorough inquiry into the whole 
 subject, I am enabled to submit for the con- 
 sideration of the Legislature the three following 
 propositions: 
 
 First, The funding of all present temporary and 
 floating liabilities; 
 
 Second, Such provision as shall not fail to make 
 sure the redemption at maturity of such additional
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 11 
 
 funded debt, together with all present outstanding 
 funded liabilities for the payment of which no 
 provision has heretofore been made; 
 
 Third,, The establishment of sinking funds to be 
 derived out of resources already at our disposal, 
 and in such amount as, with their accumulations, 
 will secure that result without a resort to taxation. 
 
 That these propositions are practicable and can 
 be made available for the accomplishment of the 
 purposes which I have mentioned, will clearly 
 appear from the statement of the present con- 
 dition of the public debt and resources of the 
 Commonwealth, which I have the honor to submit 
 for the information and action of the Legislature. 
 
 The Funded Debt and Provisions for its 
 Redemption. 
 
 Of that portion of the funded debt 
 of the Commonwealth, including 
 loans to the "Western, Norwich 
 and "Worcester, and Eastern Kail- 
 road Corporations, and amount- 
 ing, on the first of January 
 
 current, to $22,943,760 00 
 
 the payment of .... $21,605,760 00 
 is amply secured by sinking funds, bonds, inort-
 
 12 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 gages and collaterals, the accumulations of the 
 former being in some instances much more than 
 sufficient for the redemption at maturity of the 
 scrip for which they were established and pledged. 
 The scrip loaned to the Troy and Greenfield 
 Railroad Corporation, amounting to $1,720,680, is 
 not included in the foregoing statement of funded 
 debt. The redemption of this scrip was originally 
 provided for in the establishment of the Troy and 
 Greenfield Railroad Loan Sinking Fund, and its 
 securities, now amounting to $93,454.48, still 
 remain in the custody of the Treasurer and 
 Receiver- General. The payment of this loan, 
 however, is guaranteed beyond a peradventure in 
 the pledged faith of the Commonwealth, in which 
 is now vested absolute title to the road and its 
 appurtenances. But in accordance with the long 
 established and sound financial policy of Massa- 
 chusetts, I have no hesitancy in recommending the 
 resuscitation of this sinking fund, to be increased 
 and supplied from such resources as the Legislature 
 may designate, and in such amount as shall insure 
 means for the redemption of past and future issues 
 of scrip for the payment of expenses involved in 
 the completion of the road and tunnel.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 13 
 
 That portion of the funded debt 
 for which no special provision 
 has been made, is now . . $1,338,000 00 
 One of the principal items in- 
 cluded in this sum is the Coast 
 Defence Loan, for the redemp- 
 tion of which special provision 
 should be made, amounting to . $888,000 00 
 The Coast Defence Loan was authorized by 
 chapter 118 of the Acts of 1863, and of the pro- 
 ceeds derived therefrom there remains in the 
 treasury, unappropriated, the sum of $359,062.28. 
 The whole amount expended in the purchase of 
 ordnance, repair and equipment of coast defences, 
 and for the protection of harbors, &c., is thus far 
 $432,187.72; and of the appropriation of $100,000 
 made by the Legislature of 1867 for the protection 
 and preservation of Cape Cod Harbor, at Province- 
 town, the sum of $97,000 still remains subject to 
 the requisition of the Commissioners as the work 
 progresses. The amount, therefore, either actually 
 expended or allowed for coast defences and protec- 
 tion of harbors is now $528,937.72, leaving the 
 unappropriated balance as before stated. 
 
 During the year 1866, a portion of the ordnance 
 purchased with this loan was sold, and the pro-
 
 14 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ceeds, amounting to $ 165,836. 58, were paid into 
 the State treasury. In the absence of any provision 
 establishing a sinking fund for the redemption of 
 the Coast Defence scrip, this money was placed to 
 the credit of the ordinary revenue. As a measure 
 tending directly and effectually to strengthen and 
 advance the high credit already attained by Massa- 
 chusetts at home and abroad, I earnestly recom- 
 mend that this sum be set apart as the nucleus of a 
 sinking fund pledged for the redemption of this 
 scrip which matures in 1883. To the fund thus 
 created, enough should be added, either from the 
 unappropriated balance remaining in the treasury 
 to the credit of the Coast Defence Loan, or from 
 the proceeds of re-imbursement soon expected from 
 the United States government for coast defence 
 expenditure, to make an amount, which, with its 
 legitimate accumulations, will be sufficient for 
 the desired purpose. If from the three sources 
 above indicated, the first two of which exhibit 
 nearly $525,000 in hand, a Coast Defence Loan 
 Sinking Fund of $366,000 were now established, 
 the amount at six per cent, interest will redeem 
 the entire loan at maturity, and that without a 
 single dollar of taxation; while of the original
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 15 
 
 assets, a large sum will yet remain applicable to 
 such uses as the Legislature shall see fit to elect. 
 
 The Union Loan Sinking Fund, including the 
 increased market value of its securities, is now 
 nearly sufficient for the payment of the Union 
 Fund Loan of $3,600,000, which matures in vari- 
 ous instalments from 1871 to 1878. This fund, as 
 I am confidently assured from official sources, will 
 very soon receive an accession of more than eight 
 hundred thousand dollars from the general govern- 
 ment, in further re-imbursement of expenses incur- 
 red by Massachusetts on account of the war, 
 upwards of six hundred thousand dollars of which 
 is expected to be allowed in the course of the 
 coming month. With this accession, the fund will 
 be more than half a million of dollars in excess of 
 the sum required for the payment of the Union 
 Fund Loan. But under the provisions of the Acts 
 establishing this fund, its accumulations, however 
 needless, must continue, unless the Legislature 
 shall direct their transfer to some other sinking 
 fund where they may well be applied to the 
 redemption of the public debt. 
 
 It is thus apparent that the surplusage from 
 these sources alone, viz. : the Union Loan Sinking 
 Fund and the balance of the proceeds of the Coast
 
 16 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 Defence Loan remaining after the creation of a 
 Coast Defence Loan Sinking Fund, as before sug- 
 gested, together with the amount to be re-imbursed 
 by the United States, cannot in all probability be 
 less than one million of dollars, an amount which, 
 if merged into a new sinking fund, would, with its 
 certain accumulations, be quite sufficient for the 
 payment, at an early day, of all the present funded 
 and unfunded liabilities of the Commonwealth for 
 which no provision has yet been made. I think no 
 considerate legislator can fail to be impressed with 
 the fact, that if a sinking fund, embracing such 
 means, and pledged for such a purpose, were to be 
 created, the financial interests of the State and 
 of its people would be very materially and success- 
 fully promoted. 
 
 The Unfunded Debt, 
 Represented by temporary loans 
 
 and floating liabilities, amounted 
 
 on the first of the present month 
 
 to about, $1,908,120 00 
 
 This indebtedness has accrued mainly from large 
 and necessary advances in excess of the issue of 
 scrip to meet expenses incurred, during the last 
 four years, in the prosecution of the work on the
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 17 
 
 Troy and Greenfield Railroad and Hoosac Tunnel ; 
 from the re-imbursement of aid furnished by cities 
 and towns to Massachusetts volunteers and their 
 families, for which, in 1864 and 1865, inade- 
 quate provision was made in the assessment of the 
 annual State taxes ; from large and liberal expendi- 
 tures authorized by acts of special legislation in 
 excess of previous and well considered estimates, 
 this excess amounting in the year 186T alone to 
 
 more than $844,454 00 
 
 from the largely increased interest 
 
 on the public debt, and from the 
 
 heavy premium on gold, the 
 
 former amounting, in 1867, to . 1,264,592 48 
 and the latter to .... 275,933 93 
 showing an aggregate of more than two million 
 three hundred and eighty-four thousand nine hun- 
 dred and eighty dollars. 
 As an additional explanation of the 
 
 sources from which the present 
 
 unfunded liabilities have arisen, 
 
 it may be stated that the interest 
 
 accruing upon the various loans 
 
 of the Commonwealth has in- 
 creased from .... |112,773 43 
 in 1861, to 1,264,592 48
 
 18 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 in 1867 ; while, during the same 
 period, there has been paid from 
 the treasury as premium on gold, 
 upwards of .... $1,566,480 70 
 
 the two items of interest and pre- 
 mium amounting to . . . 6,096,977 30 
 
 Of this sum there has been paid as interest on 
 temporary loans, rendered imperatively necessary 
 by the pressing exigencies of war and special legis- 
 lation, not less than $935,793.48, which, with the 
 premium on gold, making an aggregate of $2,494,- 
 029.74, could not have been anticipated with any 
 degree of accuracy. Consequently, this heavy and 
 extraordinary outlay has been but partially pro- 
 vided for in the basis of taxation. 
 
 It should also be remembered that the excep- 
 tional or extraordinary expenditures authorized by 
 acts of special legislation, in excess of previous 
 estimates, amounted, in the years 1865, 1866 and 
 1867, to $1,290,134. These sums include, of 
 course, the additional cost of the legislative ses- 
 sions, the compensation and expenses for which, 
 in 1867 alone, were upwards of $284,800; also 
 the increase required for the maintenance of 
 other departments and in aid of numerous objects,
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 19 
 
 including among the latter, the amounts authorized 
 for remodelling the State House and for other public 
 buildings, and for improvements in Boston Harbor. 
 The last two alone involve an expenditure of nearly 
 half a million dollars ; while the maximum esti- 
 mate for special allowances provided for in the 
 State tax, was less than $ 100,000 (the estimate for 
 the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and Hoosac 
 Tunnel being entirely excluded from this state- 
 ment) . 
 
 Upon careful and critical investigation of the 
 whole subject, I suggest two methods for the 
 retirement or payment of the existing unfunded 
 loans and liabilities, affording, at the same time, 
 effectual and much needed relief from the present 
 burden of taxation. 
 
 One of these is the issue of a loan similar to that 
 of 1861, for funding the public debt, the liquida- 
 tion of such loan to be provided for in the sinking 
 fund already proposed from the surplus accumula- 
 tions of the funds heretofore named. These sur- 
 plus amounts will readily furnish sufficient means 
 for a sinking fund, which, with reasonable income 
 from investment, will secure the redemption of at 
 least three millions of scrip within the ordinary 
 limit of maturity.
 
 20 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 The other method of relief is the issue of the 
 balance of scrip, amounting to $479,320, authorized 
 by the provisions of chapter 226 of the Acts of 
 1854, and by subsequent Acts, for the construction 
 and completion of the Troy and Greenfield Rail- 
 road and Hoosac Tunnel. Should this course be 
 adopted, I recommend an addition to the amount by 
 such further issue of scrip on the same account, in 
 accordance with the provisions of chapter 304 of 
 the Acts of 1867, as may be necessary to absorb 
 that portion of the unfunded debt, now amounting 
 to $2,300,000, which has accrued from advances in 
 excess of former issues of scrip in aid of this 
 enterprise ; such further issue to include also what- 
 ever appropriation the Legislature shall see fit to 
 make in this behalf for the present year. 
 
 The liquidation at maturity of a loan of this 
 character may be easily provided for in the Troy 
 and Greenfield Railroad Loan Sinking Fund 
 already recommended. "With the requisite legis- 
 lation authorizing the Treasurer and Receiver- 
 General to issue such scrip under the direction of 
 the Governor and Council, the Ordinary Revenue of 
 the Commonwealth, from which such large advances 
 have been made for this work, may be reimbursed, 
 and the amount, thus restored to its original and
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 21 
 
 legitimate use may be applied to the payment of 
 ordinary expenses, obviating thereby necessity for 
 heavy taxation. 
 
 Of the practicability of either of these methods 
 of relief, there would seem to be no question. The 
 adoption of one or the other must be eifectual in 
 the restoration of two or three millions of dollars, 
 which the necessities of the last four vears have 
 
 *j 
 
 diverted from the ordinary uses of the government ; 
 while, with the aid most certain to accrue from such 
 restoration to the treasury, together with the usual 
 ordinary resources of the Commonwealth, swelling 
 up an aggregate of more than three millions of 
 dollars, it can hardly be possible that the expendi- 
 tures of the current year will require a State tax 
 exceeding two millions of dollars. 
 
 I have all the more confidence in the realization 
 of this result, in the assurance that a loan author- 
 ized upon the basis proposed will command 
 approval and favorable negotiation; nor will it 
 increase the "funded debt of the Commonwealth, 
 since, during the present year, a large portion of 
 the "Western Railroad Loan will mature and be 
 paid, as will also instalments of the Northampton 
 Lunatic Hospital Loan and of the Five and Six 
 Per Cent. Loans of 1861, for all of which pro-
 
 22 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 vision is made, the cash on hand in the treasury 
 being applicable to the payment of the last two. 
 With the proceeds of the loan recommended, 
 estimated at only two millions, together with the 
 ordinary revenue of the year, say one million two 
 hundred thousand dollars, and a State tax of two 
 millions, with such portion of the cash on hand as 
 may be made applicable to the payment of current 
 expenses, the whole amounting to upwards of five 
 millions of dollars, it will be seen that the treasury 
 will be fully supplied with means with which to 
 meet all estimated ordinary expenditure. 
 
 THE STATE CHARITIES. 
 
 In company with the Executive Council I have 
 visited the several institutions of public charity as 
 often as official business would permit, and I take 
 pleasure in commending their appearance and 
 general management. The unceasing injunctions 
 to economy and retrenchment, proceeding from 
 the Executive department, and from their own 
 immediate supervisors, have been scrupulously 
 regarded ; and till prices regain their former level 
 but little more can be expected, or in justice to the 
 inmates should be required, in the reduction of 
 expenditure, except through unceasing vigilance
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 23 
 
 in removing at once those who are not justly 
 chargeable to the Commonwealth. And this 
 policy is insisted upon, not from motives of 
 economy alone, though it is the safety-valve of 
 our whole system, but on the broad ground of that 
 comprehensive humanity which recognizes the 
 assurance of an acknowledged and permanent 
 home, in case of disability, as the truest interest 
 and safest protection of the poor. Few of our 
 people know and still fewer appreciate the force of 
 the fact that the number of lunatics and paupers 
 we annually remove from the State is equal to 
 the average number we support, and that any 
 omission or relaxation of effort in this direction 
 would not only nearly double our outlay for cur- 
 rent expenses, but would cause a demand at once 
 for new buildings and their costly equipment. For 
 the year 1867, the average number of State 
 paupers in the almshouses, including the inmates 
 of the State Workhouse and Primary School, has 
 been 1,717, maintained at a cost of about $165,000 ; 
 and of lunatics supported by the State in the 
 hospitals, a little over 500, costing $95,000 more ; 
 yet during the same period 2,149 have been 
 removed from the Commonwealth at a cost of less 
 than $10,000. The whole number of these classes
 
 24 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 removed since 1857 is about 20,000, and the direct 
 consequences have been that no more public insti- 
 tutions have been established, but that one of 
 those then existing has been closed; that the aver- 
 age number of paupers supported in the State 
 Almshouses has been reduced from 2,294 in 1856, 
 to 1,717 in 1867, a decrease of 577, or 25 per cent. ; 
 and their cost from $173,000 in gold in 1856, to 
 $165,000 in currency in 1867; that the number of 
 State lunatics, notwithstanding the large access 
 chargeable to the rebellion, has not materially 
 increased, and will soon fall below the number of 
 twelve years ago; and that the entire net cost of 
 our State paupers proper, that is, those supported 
 in the State Almshouses and Lunatic Hospitals, 
 and relieved or buried by the cities and towns, does 
 not exceed $280,000 for the present year. That 
 system surely must have some efficiency which has 
 met the results of twelve years' growth in popula- 
 tion, encountered the obstacles arising from civil 
 war and the derangement of the currency, and 
 brought us through all so successfully that its 
 actual cost in gold for the year just expired is less 
 by many thousands than in 1855. 
 
 The classification of the inmates of the State 
 Almshouses, designated by law and put in force in
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 25 
 
 the Autumn of 1866, continues to work well in 
 practice. In these Institutions we have now four 
 classes of persons : 1st, the chronic insane and the 
 imbecile, numbering about 275 ; 2d, those entering 
 the Almshouses from poverty induced by their own 
 vicious indulgences, and sentenced to the State 
 Workhouse, now averaging about 225 ; 3d, the 
 children at the Primary School, numbering upwards 
 of 400 ; and -4th, the paupers proper, of whom 
 we have supported an average of between 700 and 
 800. This classification is not yet completed, but 
 it is surely if slowly progressing, and we shall soon 
 have virtually in place of the four pauper establish- 
 ments, one State Almshouse, one Asylum for the 
 Insane, one penal and one educational institution, 
 containing together fewer inmates, and maintained 
 at considerably less expense than under the former 
 plan. That no inconvenience may befall the towns 
 in the Southern and "Western sections of the State, 
 temporary accommodations are provided at Bridge- 
 water and Monson, for the few paupers they may 
 have occasion to send thither. The object of this 
 classification, is to separate the virtuous poor and 
 especially the children from contact with the 
 vicious, to give the children proper instruction, and 
 to place them as soon as possible in suitable families, 
 
 4
 
 26 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 to the end that in social relations and the public 
 school they may forget their pauperism. And the 
 design of our whole system of charities, as admin- 
 istered by its supervising Board, I conceive to be 
 the retaining of every person, as far as may be, in 
 his natural condition in society ; if he loses it, his 
 restoration thereto at the earliest moment ; if by 
 infirmity of body or mind he cannot regain it, his 
 support by local means in that manner which 
 shall most nearly approach it in the vicinity of his 
 friends, and among familiar associations. Failing 
 all this, the maintenance of a comfortable Alms- 
 house for the honest poor, whence strangers shall 
 be sent promptly to their homes in other commu- 
 nities and of a house of toil for the vicious, who 
 shall there be taught that they cannot prey with 
 impunity on the earnings of honorable labor. These 
 principles seem sound in theory, practicable in 
 execution, conducive to the greatest happiness of 
 our dependent classes, and likely to promote a 
 judicious economy. 
 
 The closing of the Hospital at Rainsford Island, 
 which was finally accomplished one year ago, has 
 resulted most advantageously to the State. There 
 has been no increase of admissions to the other 
 institutions by reason thereof, and its disuse has
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 27 
 
 occasioned no embarrassment whatsoever. The 
 really sick, who would ordinarily have been sent 
 thither, have been provided for by the authorities 
 of Boston, and the cost of this provision, with the 
 entire outlay for the salary of the Superintendent, 
 and necessary repairs, falls short of $8,000; while, 
 previous to the adoption of this policy, the expen- 
 ditures at the island averaged some $30,000 a year. 
 The Lunatic Hospitals have been managed with 
 their usual efficiency, and present no noticeable 
 feature, unless it be the extraordinary increase of 
 the admissions from the general population, which 
 have risen from 508 in 1865 to 662 in 1867. Their 
 cost to the Commonwealth varies with the number 
 of State Lunatic paupers, and with the rate of 
 board, which is fixed yearly by the Legislature. 
 At the present time the number of State Lunatics 
 is 510, the price of board $3.50 per week, and the 
 annual cost about $93,000. The necessity for an 
 additional Hospital, which seemed at one time 
 inevitable, has been averted by removals from the 
 State and by the establishment of the Asylum at 
 Tewksbury, whither the surplus of the harmless 
 incurables is transferred, and where they are 
 kindly cared for.
 
 28 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 All these institutions have been carefully super- 
 vised by the Board of State Charities, whose offi- 
 cers have examined and removed their inmates, 
 looked after the immigration into the Common- 
 wealth, executed the laws of settlement, and per- 
 formed the other manifold duties assigned by 
 statute to this Board. They have met all their 
 expenses for the year from their receipts, and have 
 paid into the treasury a surplus of over $5,000. 
 
 Institutions of Private Charities. 
 For the condition and progress of the several 
 Institutions of Charity aided by the State, to an 
 amount exceeding in the aggregate $80,000, which 
 might perhaps be judiciously lessened, I must 
 refer you, with a single exception, to their Annual 
 Reports. 
 
 CORRECTIONS AND REFORMS. 
 
 The /State Prison. 
 
 I am happy to state that the sudden increase 
 of crime co-incident with the close of the civil 
 war has at last culminated, and that a sure but 
 steady decrease has begun. The number of com- 
 mitments to the State Prison the past year was 128, 
 being less than the average of 38 years, whereas in 
 1866 it was 247. The expiration of contracts for
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 29 
 
 labor, and their renewal at prices comparatively 
 remunerative, have wrought an entire change in 
 the finances of the prison, which during the past 
 year has earned about $21,000 over all expenses. 
 The kindly interest of the excellent warden, mani- 
 fested in so many efforts for the encouragement of 
 the prisoners to walk in the better way, and for 
 their intellectual and moral culture, has not passed 
 unnoticed. It is due to him to say that he enjoys, 
 as he merits, my entire confidence. 
 
 Institutions of Reform. 
 
 The institutions of juvenile reform are the Mas- 
 sachusetts Nautical School, the State Reform 
 School for boys at "Westborough, and the State 
 Industrial School for girls at Lancaster. The 
 average number in these reformatories was 687 in 
 1866 and 752 in 1867. Their expenses for the 
 past year are more than $140,000, an excess of at 
 least $20,000 over the outlay of the previous year. 
 This increase of juvenile oifenders, not only in our 
 institutions where it is limited by the insufficient 
 accommodations, but throughout the community, 
 as well as this fast growing expenditure, is calcu- 
 lated to excite our serious alarm. Already the 
 inmates of these schools approximate in number to
 
 30 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 the aggregate of our State paupers proper, and 
 exhibit an average cost for each pupil nearly twice 
 as large. It may well be considered whether there 
 is not something radically unsound in our modes of 
 dealing with a question so vital to every community 
 as the preservation of the morals of its youth; and 
 whether a portion of the large and annually growing 
 sum demanded for the cure of a disease already pro- 
 gressed so far, might not be expended more profita- 
 bly in efforts for its prevention. It is also worthy 
 of inquiry whether the inmates of these establish- 
 ments perform an amount of labor proportionate to 
 their age and productive capacities. Though of 
 slight consequence to the State in the way of re- 
 imbursement, this is of infinite importance to them- 
 selves for the preservation of health and for 
 acquiring power of application and the habit of 
 daily toil. I am impressed with the conviction that 
 we should advance no further in providing for this 
 class of offenders at the expense of the State, either 
 by creating a new establishment, or enlarging any 
 one existing; and that, like other petty criminals, 
 these should be dealt with by the local authorities, 
 who are quite as likely to understand their indi- 
 vidual peculiarities, and to manage them with good 
 judgment, economy and humanity.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 31 
 
 THE CLARKE INSTITUTION FOR DEAF MUTES. 
 
 In my last annual message I had the honor to 
 recommend that provision be made for the instruc- 
 tion of the deaf mutes of the Commonwealth, 
 within our limits, and to add my conviction that 
 legislative action in this direction would develop 
 rich sources of private beneficence. In response 
 to this suggestion, the Legislature granted an Act 
 of incorporation to the Clarke Institution for Deaf 
 Mutes, located at Northampton, which was organ- 
 ized in July last, and was formally opened for the 
 purposes of instruction on the first day of October. 
 
 My anticipations of private assistance were 
 speedily realized; and to a venerable citizen of the 
 Commonwealth, whose name the Institution most 
 appropriately bears, it is indebted for the most 
 liberal endowment ever made to a similar insti- 
 tution upon this continent. In coming years, 
 when we shall have passed away, and our agency 
 in this labor of love shall have been forgotten, 
 successive generations of the silent restored to 
 speech will articulate with gratitude the name of 
 John Clarke, of Northampton, who, in faith, hope 
 and charity, has devoted so large a portion of the 
 accumulation of a life of honorable industry to a 
 work of Christian philanthropy. I have no doubt
 
 32 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 that other generous citizens of the Commonwealth 
 will respond to this act of munificence, and that 
 before many years shall have elapsed, no child of 
 Massachusetts will be compelled to seek the means 
 of instruction beyond her limits. In company 
 with members of the Executive Council and 
 several officers of the State, I have recently visited 
 this school, which, in recognition of her self-sacri- 
 ficing devotion to this class of unfortunates, has 
 been intrusted to an enthusiastic and experienced 
 teacher, Harriet B. Rogers. 
 
 Although the school had been in operation but 
 a few weeks, the progress of the pupils was not 
 only satisfactory in the highest degree, but excited 
 the admiration of experienced instructors among 
 the visitors. I have no hesitation in urging the 
 Legislature to cherish it kindly; to remove grad- 
 ually such restrictions in regard to age or contin- 
 uance of study as a wise caution has at first 
 thrown around them; and to assign to it such an 
 increased proportion of the usual appropriation for 
 deaf mutes as its growing numbers may require, 
 beyond the income of its endowment. In view 
 of the fact that it is an educational institution, 
 and on that ground is intrusted to the super- 
 vision of the Board of Education, and because it
 
 1868.] SENATE .No. 1. 33 
 
 is the duty of the Commonwealth to furnish to all 
 its children an education at the public expense, I 
 suggest that future appropriations for its aid be 
 drawn from the school fund of Massachusetts, to 
 the end that compliance with a public right may 
 not be accounted as public charity. 
 
 THE LAWS OF SETTLEMENT. 
 
 For some years past urgent representations have 
 been made, not only by men of philanthropic 
 instincts, but of practical knowledge and expe- 
 rience, that the Laws of Settlement of this Com- 
 monwealth are neither in accordance with the 
 spirit of the age nor adapted to the present 
 constitution of our society. 
 
 The right of settlement or legal residence seems 
 to be based on the theory that contribution by an 
 individual to the public wealth or welfare, and 
 bearing for a specified period his proportion of 
 the common burdens, should entitle himself, his 
 family and posterity to public aid or support in 
 the days of their disability. It is a species of 
 mutual insurance interwoven in the social com- 
 pact, and no disgrace can properly attach to the 
 enjoyment of its benefits, unless the disability 
 proceed from an unworthy cause. Our earliest 
 
 5
 
 34 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 settlers brought with them from the mother 
 country this familiar institution, and speedily 
 provided for it in colonial and provincial laws. As 
 in a new country interest and policy demanded the 
 ready acquisition of all the rights of domicile and 
 citizenship they ordained, as the condition of settle- 
 ment in a town, at first three months' and afterward 
 one year's residence of the individual without 
 being "warned out" of its limits, or receiving 
 public assistance during that period. And this 
 settlement once gained in any town within the 
 colony or province was never to be defeated or 
 lost, save by the gaining of a new settlement in 
 some other town in the same colony or province. 
 
 I am informed that, as early as 1639, provision 
 was made for lawfully settling all poor and unset- 
 tled persons, and that the first instance of State 
 pauperism, so called, mentioned in the history of 
 Massachusetts occurred in the time of King 
 Philip's war when the ruined and houseless in- 
 habitants of the ravaged districts were distributed 
 by the General Court for maintenance among other 
 towns of the colony. So early did our forefathers 
 initiate the principle which has nearly ever since 
 pervaded the legislation of Massachusetts on this 
 subject, and which, in my judgment, can be
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 35 
 
 extended yet farther with advantage, that it is 
 better that paupers should be chargeable upon 
 towns than upon the . State. But after the lapse 
 of a hundred and fifty years, a denser and more 
 varied population and the upheaving of ancient 
 landmarks by the Revolutionary war induced a 
 change, and nearly three-quarters of a * century 
 ago new and more stringent regulations were 
 adopted; borrowed in the main from the English 
 code, and constituting substantially our present 
 system. The principal requisitions to settlement 
 are now residence for ten successive years without 
 receiving public aid, with the payment of all taxes 
 assessed for State, county or town purposes for 
 any five years during that time, or the residing 
 upon one's own real estate for three successive 
 years, the party always being a citizen and of 
 lawful age. These conditions might have been 
 well suited to the needs of an agricultural and 
 commercial population, secure in its own perma- 
 nence. But the progress of manufactures among 
 us has developed new and unforeseen relations 
 towards our countrymen from other States, while 
 Immigration has imposed new duties toward our 
 brethren from other lands. Both classes, seeking 
 homes among us, have added largely to our pro-
 
 36 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ductive energies and material wealth'; but for both, 
 the conditions of acquiring settlement are far too 
 onerous. Compelled to follow the ebb and flow of 
 the demand for labor, they can hardly maintain an 
 uninterrupted residence of ten years in a single 
 town; or, if perchance they accomplish it, some 
 wary official will omit to assess them for the fifth 
 tune, or abate a tax with ready lenity. Large 
 numbers are thus, in ignorance of their rights, 
 deprived of the residence they are on the point of 
 acquiring, and after a sober and industrious life, 
 in the infirmity of age, are given over to a State 
 Almshouse. Meanwhile our permanent and settled 
 population has been gradually and surely decreas- 
 ing, its young men having removed southward and 
 westward, and peopled new States from the loins 
 of Massachusetts. And so far has this process 
 advanced of rapid decrease and slow increase of 
 settled residents that competent judges avow their 
 conviction that already our settled population num- 
 bers less than one-half of the people of the State. 
 
 Thus we are steadily departing from the wise 
 policy of our fathers, by insisting on these rigid 
 regulations, when the century that gave birth to 
 them has passed away, and in declining to recog- 
 nize the changed circumstances of a new era.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 3T 
 
 "We are sundering localities. We are destroying 
 the family relation, breaking up and dispersing 
 households perhaps never to meet again. "We are 
 multiplying the number of juvenile offenders, 
 whose disposal and management are already a 
 problem that puzzles our wisest and most experi- 
 enced men. "We are depriving communities of 
 labor, that should be as permanent and available 
 as the natural laws of supply and demand will 
 allow. We are aggregating our poor in huge 
 institutions, intensifying every defect, and violat- 
 ing sanitary laws. We are destroying all their 
 ambition, demoralizing and permanently pauper- 
 izing them. In short, we are infringing just 
 principles of political economy and piling up a 
 huge burden for the finances of the State. 
 
 Moved by these pressing representations of 
 thoughtful, humane and experienced men, I was 
 induced to give the subject such investigation 
 as I was able, but soon discovered that a far-seeing 
 and true-hearted man had trodden the path before 
 me. In his last annual message Governor Andrew 
 earnestly advised a revision of the laws of settle- 
 ment and proposed specific additions. These, I 
 regret to say, were with one exception defeated 
 in Committee, on the ground that the present
 
 38 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 statutes had been thoroughly adjudicated and that 
 any change would give rise to embarrassing litiga- 
 tion. But I concur entirely with my predecessor 
 that decisions and precedents and reverence for 
 ancient forms of law must not stand in the way of 
 sound political economy, humanity and morality. 
 I have therefore the honor to renew most of his 
 suggestions, with others which farther inquiry has 
 developed, and bespeak for them your earnest 
 consideration. It will be observed that these 
 propositions point rather to an extension than an 
 alteration of the present statutes, and are not 
 likely to provoke any serious litigation. 
 
 1. Aliens, having completed all the other condi- 
 tions of settlement, except the act of naturaliza- 
 tion, shall enjoy the same privileges in that regard 
 as the native born. If the theory is correct that 
 service rendered should entitle to legal residence, 
 no accidents of birth or color or race or sex should 
 bar any from equal rights of acquisition and 
 enjoyment. In limiting this privilege to citizens 
 Massachusetts stands almost if not entirely alone 
 among the States. This should no longer be per- 
 mitted. In her justice and her charity she should 
 recognize no frontiers but those of humanity itself.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 39 
 
 2. A method should be provided whereby single 
 women may gain a settlement. After useful and 
 guileless lives of industry and self-sacrifice, we 
 should not permit them in their advancing age 
 and infirmity to be torn away from the friends 
 and associations and homes of half a century, to 
 linger out the remnant in a State Almshouse. 
 
 3. Cities and towns should be prohibited under 
 penalty from sending to a State Almshouse, or 
 otherwise charging upon the Commonwealth, any 
 person whose paternal settlement is obscure, but 
 who has a well known maternal settlement. I am 
 assured by the officers of our charities that the 
 rights of citizens, in this respect, are not suffi- 
 ciently protected by the Statutes. 
 
 4. I recommend careful inquiry whether the pre- 
 requisite of ten years' continuous residence may 
 not safely be reduced at least to the maximum 
 of the neighboring States. Maine requires but five 
 years' residence, ISTew York but one, and, if my 
 information is correct, the maximum of the others 
 is seven. And further, I suggest whether asses- 
 sors shall be permitted to prevent the acquisition 
 of a settlement by omission to impose a tax, or 
 abatement of any already laid. I cannot doubt
 
 40 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 that a great amount of hardship will be averted 
 by these two changes alone. 
 
 5. I earnestly recommend a thorough investi- 
 gation of the expediency of encouraging the towns 
 to assist at home worthy and industrious families 
 which have no settlement, with a partial or full 
 re-imbursement from the State, in the same man- 
 ner and under the same supervision as that now 
 adopted for the relief of the sick poor therein. 
 It is clear to my apprehension that the grant of 
 a little temporary aid, in the way of fuel or sup- 
 plies, may save the maintenance of the entire 
 household for months in a public institution. 
 
 6. And finally I have to 'call the attention of 
 the Legislature to a remarkable anomaly, which 
 requires their immediate interference for the pro- 
 tection of our own tax-payers. While our settled 
 residents number only a few hundred thousand, 
 we are yet, by our own laws, responsible for the 
 support of all the descendants of every man and 
 woman who has ever gained or derived a settle- 
 ment within our limits, who must surely be counted 
 by millions. ~No matter if centuries have elapsed 
 since one of the family set foot on our soil, the 
 obligation is still the same, and wherever they 
 may be scattered over the face of the earth, their
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 41 
 
 sick, their insane, their defectives, their paupers 
 may return to Massachusetts to be supported by 
 the town of original settlement. And although 
 they may have acquired a subsequent settlement 
 in another State, in towns where they will be 
 acknowledged and provided for, yet our own 
 Statutes, as the Attorney-General informs us in a 
 most elaborate and able treatise, forbid us to 
 remove them except with their free consent. 
 Two or three illustrations will suffice. One hun- 
 dred years ago a resident of a small town in the 
 county of Worcester whose political sentiments 
 according to tradition were obnoxious to his fel- 
 low-citizens emigrated to a neighboring State, 
 where he lived and died, and his descendants after 
 him to the fourth generation, all having settlements 
 in that State, and nearly all being owners of the 
 soil. A few years since one of his great-grand- 
 sons returned to Massachusetts, became insane, 
 and was sent to a Lunatic Hospital at a cost to the 
 small town above named, whence his ancestor 
 originated, of about twelve hundred dollars up to 
 this time, and of two hundred dollars a year, in 
 addition, as long as he may live. He cannot 
 legally be returned to his own birthplace and the 
 home of his fathers for four generations. About . 
 
 6
 
 42 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 1743 a family left a small town in the county of 
 Bristol and gained settlements successively in 
 three other New England States, never returning 
 to reside in Massachusetts. One hundred and 
 eighteen years afterward four idiot members of 
 this family were returned to this State to be sup- 
 ported by the ancestral town at an expense of 
 not less than six hundred dollars a year. A town 
 in the county of Norfolk, by virtue of an ances- 
 tral settlement, is now compelled to support a 
 lunatic who escaped a few months since from the 
 Almshouse of his native city, where his legal res- 
 idence is undisputed. It is just that our people 
 should be relieved of these burdens, which no 
 other State imposes on its citizens. And I there- 
 fore recommend the early adoption of a provision 
 allowing such persons to be returned to the place 
 of subsequent settlement. 
 
 Aware of my inability to treat, as it deserves, 
 a subject so intricate and delicate, I trust that I 
 have said enough to induce at least the initia- 
 tion in this Legislature of a more liberal policy 
 toward our industrial classes. 
 
 In view of the importance of friendly and harmo- 
 nious legislation on immigration, pauperism and 
 settlement throughout New England, I have
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 43 
 
 authorized the officers of our charities to confer 
 with the Executives or Legislatures of the other 
 States, and to take measures, if possible, to secure 
 it. New Hampshire has already responded by 
 Resolution of her Legislature, and I should be 
 gratified if our own would formally sanction the 
 individual action of her Executive authorities. 
 
 THE MILITIA. 
 
 The number of men present at the last fall 
 encampments of the Volunteer militia was five 
 thousand seven hundred and fifty-three; an 
 increase from the attendance in the previous year 
 of nearly seven hundred. It is my opportunity 
 and -pleasure to assure you, from my personal 
 observation, that the appearance and service of 
 the force during the five days of camp duty were 
 in the highest degree creditable. One-third of the 
 present number of enrolled men have served the 
 United States in the recent war, and their cheer- 
 ful enlistment into our volunteer companies enti- 
 tles them to the grateful appreciation of all 
 citizens. The laws relating to our military system, 
 as they stand since the amendments made by the 
 last Legislature, work apparently well, and no 
 essential revision appears to be necessary.
 
 44 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 The change of the period of camp service, from 
 three days to five, has in the single experiment 
 made under it manifested most satisfactory results. 
 Upon a recent occasion of popular demonstration 
 towards a distinguished officer of the army of the 
 United States, Major General Sheridan, nearly five 
 thousand of these men, of their own volition and 
 without pay, performed the duty of escort; and I 
 do not speak with language of extravagance in 
 saying that never before has the militia of Mas- 
 sachusetts, by a thoroughness of discipline and 
 practice, and an entire absence of ostentation, so 
 well justified to every observer the expenditure 
 necessary to maintain this organization for our 
 protection and defence. 
 
 The number of companies which now constitute 
 this arm of the public service comprises ninety- 
 two of Infantry, six of Cavalry, and four of Artil- 
 lery. The amount expended for military bounties 
 and for armories has been nearly ten thousand 
 dollars below the appropriations made by the last 
 General Court. 
 
 The annual cost of maintaining such a force as 
 the present, under existing laws, is not far from 
 one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. However 
 large this sum may appear, it is iny deliberate
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 45 
 
 judgment, formed in the light of the lessons of 
 experience, and with a full knowledge of the 
 present admirable condition of the force, that no 
 item of public expenditure is better justified than 
 this. I challenge comparison from all the States 
 of an equal amount expended and an equal array 
 of results accomplished. 
 
 The public stores in the arsenal at Cambridge 
 are now in excellent condition, and it will be the 
 pleasure of the patriotic officer in charge to exhibit 
 the buildings and military material at any time 
 to the members of the General Court. 
 
 TROT AND GREENTIELD RAILROAD AOT> HOOSAO 
 
 TUNNEL. 
 
 In my communication to the Legislature one year 
 ago I stated that under direction of Chapter two 
 hundred and ninety-three of the Acts of 1866 the 
 construction of the railroad between Greenfield and 
 the Tunnel had been contracted for, and that a lease 
 of the same had been executed under the approval 
 of the Executive Council. The road has now been 
 completed as far as Shelburne Falls, a distance of 
 thirteen miles, and the corporations, lessees, have 
 commenced the running of regular trains. It was 
 formally opened two months ago, and the great
 
 46 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 attendance of people, and the deep interest mani- 
 fested by them in the first advent of the locomotive 
 into the valley of the Deerfield, afforded striking 
 proof of the value fixed by the whole population of 
 the North-Western portion of the State upon their 
 new connection with general commerce. The 
 remaining portion of the line, extending from the 
 Falls to the mountain, seventeen miles in length, 
 will be finished in the next summer, and will con- 
 stitute the completion of a road of thirty miles, 
 built at a fair cost and holding a strong relation to 
 the interests of the whole public. 
 
 The progress of the work upon the Tunnel itself, 
 though prosecuted at some points under adverse 
 circumstances, has as a whole been highly encour- 
 aging for the future. During the year a contract 
 was made with three experienced men for work on 
 the Central Shaft and the East End, but after a 
 sufficient trial it appeared that the parties would be 
 unable to execute it, and the relinquishment of 
 the contract was accepted by the Governor and 
 Council and operations at those points were re- 
 sumed by the State. 
 
 The prosecution of the work at the Central Shaft 
 was arrested in October by the destruction of the 
 buildings and machinery by fire, which was also
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 4T 
 
 attended by a lamentable loss of human life. 
 Measures have been commenced for the earliest 
 
 replacement of the fixtures, and for the continuance 
 
 i 
 
 of that excavation. Notwithstanding this and 
 other drawbacks, there was at this point hi a period 
 of twelve months an increase of progress over the 
 preceding, of seventy-six feet. 
 
 At the West End, which, under a policy initiated 
 by Mr. Brooks, the former chairman of the Com- 
 missioners, has been worked upon the contract 
 system for nearly a year and a half by the very 
 efficient contractor, there has been a good advance 
 and reasonable success. The original contract has 
 been repeated upon terms more favorable to the 
 State, and its execution promises every anticipated 
 result. 
 
 At the West Shaft, upon the two linear headings, 
 there has been a decrease of advance, compared 
 with the corresponding months of the previous 
 year, of one hundred and twelve feet. This loss 
 has come from the great influx of water without a 
 pumping capacity to dispose of it. A policy, in 
 this particular, intended for economy, has in my 
 judgment been found to be erroneous, and I cannot 
 doubt that it would have been a true economy to 
 have provided one year ago at a greater expense
 
 48 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 for larger and more efficient pumps. But the 
 knowledge of present difficulties has now prepared 
 the Commissioners to meet them with a proper 
 application of power to overcome them. The 
 obstacle of water can be and will be overcome, and 
 a rate of advance corresponding to the prosperous 
 results realized at the East End may be expected. 
 
 At the East End the linear advance has been 
 within the year one thousand and fifty-one feet, 
 showing an increase over the previous year of four 
 hundred and fifty-nine feet. The drills have 
 proved an entire success, and this class of machines 
 will be soon introduced into the "West Shaft, where 
 they should accomplish similar results. 
 
 The Report of the Commissioners and that of 
 the consulting Engineer will be transmitted to the 
 Legislature at an early day. The consulting 
 Engineer, Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe, has, during 
 the year, visited the Tunnel of the Alps, and has 
 presented in his report a variety of facts learned 
 there which will be found to possess much interest. 
 That great work has now proceeded nearly 
 twenty-five thousand linear feet, leaving fifteen 
 thousand yet to be accomplished. That enterprise, 
 like our own, was beset with many difficulties in 
 its earlier stages ; but by a constantly accelerating
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 49 
 
 progress from year to year, it has attained a result 
 of nearly four thousand feet in the nine months 
 preceding last October. After weighing carefully 
 all the unfavorable as well as the favorable circum- 
 stances which surround our own work, it is my 
 firm belief that a similar acceleration may be 
 expected here; and that this undertaking can be 
 finished within the time and cost estimated by 
 Mr. Latrobe in his report for 1866, which will 
 be found stated in my last address to the two 
 Houses. 
 
 AGRICULTURE THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
 
 The success of farm labor has been signal, 
 notwithstanding the adverse character of the sea- 
 sons. The display of stock and products at the 
 public fairs in the autumn was gratifying, and the 
 number of people who gave attendance was with- 
 out parallel in the past years. It is manifest that 
 
 / 
 
 while the pursuits of trade and the practical arts 
 obey tendencies to centralization in the cities and 
 large towns, yet of the population thus massed 
 together for business a proportion constantly 
 increasing choose homes in the country with the 
 attractions of rural life. Such expend much of 
 their time, their capital, and their faculties upon 
 
 7
 
 50 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 experimental agriculture and horticulture. The 
 influence of this has been already perceived in the 
 improvement of the quality of stock, and in a 
 larger development of the productive capacity of 
 our soil. Simultaneously, and not less beneficent, 
 has been the effect of this change in the modes of 
 life of a large and influential class of citizens upon 
 the character of our whole population, creating 
 ties of common interest and sympathy between 
 classes hitherto in many respects widely differing; 
 displacing jealousies by the substitution of good 
 will, and extending harmony through the social 
 and industrial relations of all. 
 
 The last General Court added four to the num- 
 ber of incorporated agricultural Societies, making 
 twenty-nine in all. It may well be doubted 
 whether of these there are not now quite enough 
 for their own efficiency and for the public finances. 
 Many of these bodies are already well supplied 
 with means, and scarcely need the aid of bounty 
 from the treasury. I suggest for your considera- 
 tion, whether a reduction in the amount of the 
 bounties might not wisely be effected by encourag- 
 ing one-half of the societies in alternate years, 
 and by limiting the patronage of the State to
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 51 
 
 biennial exhibitions instead of annual. Doubtless 
 annual shows would still continue to be held. 
 
 The annual report of the Massachusetts Agri- 
 cultural College will in due time be submitted to 
 the General Court. This institution was estab- 
 lished by the Legislature of 1863, upon the 
 foundation of the grant by Congress of three 
 hundred and sixty thousand acres of the public 
 lands. The proceeds of the sale of one-tenth of 
 these were allowed for the purchase of a farm, 
 and two-thirds of the income of the fund obtained 
 by the sale of the remaining nine-tenths was given 
 to the College as an endowment. So far as I am 
 informed, our own is the only State which has 
 applied the gift from Congress to the purposes of 
 education explicitly and wholly in the interest of 
 agriculture. In October last the institution estab- 
 lished in the town of Amherst was opened for the 
 reception of pupils, who already number forty- 
 seven, comparing favorably in every respect with 
 the classes in the other colleges of the State. It 
 has been the policy of the trustees to apply the 
 sum of seventy-five thousand dollars, pledged by 
 the town of Amherst, to the erection of buildings 
 requisite to carry out the experiment j and such 
 buildings have been completed and are now used
 
 52 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 to their full capacity by the first class that has 
 entered. A plant house has been constructed 
 upon a liberal scale, at a cost of ten thousand 
 dollars, given for that purpose by Mr. Nathan 
 Durfee, a public spirited citizen of Fall River. 
 The whole sum already invested in the College is 
 $275,000. A detailed statement of the plans of 
 study and management of the institution, the 
 operations upon the farm, and the general success 
 thus far of a system of agricultural education 
 which combines theory and practice, will be found 
 in the report of the Trustees. 
 
 I am aware that this whole enterprise is in its 
 beginning regarded by many with that kind of 
 incredulity which is too apt to disparage all great 
 experiments; but the College has been established 
 by the Commonwealth, and the magnitude of the 
 amount invested, the public demand for more lib- 
 eral training of those who will devote themselves 
 to this too long neglected class of industrial pur- 
 suits, and the demonstrated tendency of every 
 school of learning in the interest of practical labor 
 to increase the wealth and improve the character of 
 the people, call for the exercise of a large patience 
 and liberality in awaiting and judging the results. 
 The well approved character of the president and
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 53 
 
 other officers of the institution is a guaranty that 
 the experiment will not fail for want of zeal or 
 ability in its friends. 
 
 BANKS FOK SAVINGS. 
 
 I have been greatly impressed by the results 
 returned to me by the Commissioner of the Insti- 
 tutions for Savings. It appears that in October 
 last the amount of deposits in one hundred and 
 eight savings institutions was more than eighty 
 millions of dollars, $80,431,583.71; with a surplus 
 of earnings on hand of $3,172,877.01; making an 
 aggregate of $83,604,460.72. Of this sum five- 
 eighths have accumulated within the last ten years. 
 This amount exceeds the paid-in capital of all the 
 ^National banks in Massachusetts by more than 
 three and a half millions of dollars. The increase 
 of deposits during the year has been $12,699,319.40 
 against an increase of $7,795,781.79 in the previous 
 year. The cause of this extraordinary increase 
 may in part be found in the facts, that these insti- 
 tutions have very generally raised their ordinary 
 rate of interest, and that they have paid large 
 extra dividends during the past three years, which 
 they have been enabled to make by reason of their 
 income from National Bank stocks, (one-eighth
 
 54 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 of which in this Commonwealth they own,) and 
 from interest and premiums upon United States 
 and State securities. 
 
 I shall not venture to indulge in conjectures or 
 speculations concerning the future prospects of 
 these institutions, in the present unsettled condition 
 of the financial policy of the federal government. 
 One thing is quite evident; that however others 
 may reason about the national securities and the 
 national credit, there are in Massachusetts three 
 hundred forty-eight thousand five hundred and 
 ninety-three persons, depositors in the banks of 
 savings, who are by that relation the owners of 
 thirty millions of federal bonds and eleven millions 
 of national bank stocks, which is one-half of the 
 whole of their deposits, and to whom it is of vital 
 importance that the government of the United 
 States should keep good faith with its creditors. 
 
 Under the operation of the law relating to the 
 rate of interest, enacted by the last General Court, 
 the savings banks almost without exception have 
 charged seven per cent, upon their loans; and this 
 practice appears to have been entirely satisfactory 
 to borrowers. One result which I commend to the 
 attention of our citizens is expressed by the fact 
 that five millions [5,000,000] have recently been
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 55 
 
 loaned by these institutions upon the security of 
 mortgages of real estate. I hear from many parts 
 of the Commonwealth that there is a drift of opin- 
 ion in favor of extending the line of loans in this 
 direction; and in my judgment this must be 
 received as one but not an inconsiderable proof of 
 the practical benefits of this change of the laws of 
 usury. 
 
 THE INLAND FISHERIES. 
 
 I invite your favorable attention to the veiy inte- 
 resting report of the commissioners on fisheries. 
 The Lowell and Lawrence fishways were opened 
 last spring with such success that during the sum- 
 mer both salmon and shad were taken near Nashua 
 in New Hampshire, for the first time since 1849. 
 Since their completion, that State, having made suc- 
 cessful experiments with spawn, and taken meas- 
 ures to restock the Merrimack with salmon, awaits 
 only the construction of fishways over our mill- 
 dams on the Connecticut, to stock that river also. 
 By the report of the commissioners it appears that 
 the proprietors of the dams at Hadley's and Tur- 
 ner's Falls on the Connecticut, withhold, or posi- 
 tively refuse, that co-operation which the mill- 
 owners of Lawrence and Lowell were glad to
 
 56 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 afford. I ask your consideration whether it is not 
 possible to overcome by legislation the difficulties 
 which the commissioners recite, arising from the 
 indifference or opposition of the proprietors at 
 Hadley's Falls. The movement to restock the 
 New England rivers with useful fish is one in 
 which all the New England States, except Rhode 
 Island, are engaged, through commissioners who 
 have associated themselves informally into one 
 common board in order to insure harmony of 
 action. In respect to the Merrinaack and the Con- 
 necticut, its success depends on harmony of legis- 
 lation between the States traversed by those rivers. 
 Having pledged ourselves to Vermont, "New Hamp- 
 shire and Connecticut, to co-operate with them for 
 this common object, I cannot but think that those 
 States will have reasonable cause of complaint if 
 we shall neglect to remedy the obstacles on the 
 Connecticut River for which we, as a State, are in 
 part responsible by having incorporated the pro- 
 prietors who have built the dams ; and if, after con- 
 sideration it shall seem to you to be impracticable 
 or injudicious to require them to remedy at their 
 own cost the damage to the fisheries which the 
 dams are causing, then I see no other course than 
 to construct a fishway at Hadley's Falls at the
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 57 
 
 expense of the Commonwealth according to the 
 estimate of the commissioners. The State of Con- 
 necticut has passed an act prohibiting the taking of 
 shad in the Connecticut River at any season of the 
 year except during the three months following 
 March 15, and prohibiting the taking of salmon 
 there absolutely until March 15, 1872; but on the 
 condition that Massachusetts, at the present session 
 of the General Court, shall prescribe the same limi- 
 tations on the taking of those fish in that part of 
 the river which lies within our territory. I cor- 
 dially advise concurrence in this legislation. 
 
 I commend to especial attention those portions of 
 the commissioners' report relating to the artificial 
 propagation of fish, and to the experiments of Mr. 
 Seth Green, at Holyoke, which it treats with great 
 earnestness. The subject is one not of mere scien- 
 tific interest, but of great practical importance to 
 all classes of our people by its bearing on the 
 prices and supply of food. If the results attained 
 by Mr. Green, of increasing the production of fish 
 seventy-fold by artificial breeding are capable of 
 general repetition, it opens a new and very impor- 
 tant field of productive industry, of the value of 
 which the commissioners afford significant indica- 
 tions by reference to the value of the inland fish- 
 
 8
 
 58 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 eries of Scotland, Ireland and "Wales. In 1863, 
 those countries, with an area about equal to 'New 
 England, furnished to the London market alone 
 3,712,016 pounds of salmon, worth more than a 
 million dollars; the fishing-rental of the river Tay 
 alone for 1864 was $75,000 gold ; and these 
 results, considerable though they may appear, have 
 been greatly surpassed in later years during which 
 the artificial breeding of fish has been more exten- 
 sively and intelligently prosecuted. 
 
 STATE AGENCY AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 I beg to recommend the renewal of an appro- 
 priation for the support of the State agency at 
 Washington. The past year has been the first, 
 since the agency was established, during which 
 Massachusetts has had no troops in service in the 
 field; but with the close of the war arose a large 
 business in the prosecution of our soldiers' claims 
 for bounties, pensions, and arrears of pay, and in 
 the investigations necessary to correct and certify 
 the military records of the adjutant-general's office, 
 which has kept the agency constantly and usefully 
 employed. On December 1, 1866, it had in its 
 charge 2,316 unsettled claims of our soldiers. 
 During the year which ended December 1, 1867,
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 59 
 
 2,697 additional claims were prosecuted by it, 
 almost all of them being received through the 
 office of the Surgeon-General of the State; and 
 1,879 claims were finally settled, on which there 
 were collected from the United States for the 
 claimants $203,458.41. The number of unsettled 
 claims now in its charge is therefore more than 
 three thousand. During the past year it has also 
 ascertained and certified for the records of the 
 adjutant-general's office the military history of 
 3,719 men. The total of its expenses for the year 
 has been less than seventy-five hundred dollars. I 
 am satisfied that among all the benevolent expendi- 
 tures of the State, none is productive of more good 
 at less cost. The amount of money which the 
 agency has saved to poor families of soldiers, who 
 otherwise would have been preyed upon by dishon- 
 est claim-agents, exceeds many times the expense 
 of its support, to say nothing of the ease of mind 
 it affords to such poor people by the consciousness 
 that their affairs are in the hands of officers of 
 approved character, responsible to the Common- 
 wealth for their conduct. In other ways also the 
 experience of our State agent at "Washington has 
 been availed of, especially in regard to the prepara- 
 tion and settlement of the claims of Massachusetts
 
 60 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 on the general government for re-imbursement of 
 military outlays, to which I have alluded elsewhere. 
 The time, doubtless, is not far distant, when the 
 agency may be discontinued; but for the present, I 
 am persuaded that its continuance is needful. I 
 refer you to the report of the Surgeon-General for 
 an account in detail of its business and expenses. 
 
 THE PAYMASTER AND BOUNTIES. 
 
 At the commencement of the present year I 
 directed the Paymaster's department to be finally 
 discontinued, believing that the payment of any 
 bounties subject to call may reasonably be con- 
 ducted through the permanent departments of the 
 government; at the same time employing a single 
 person to complete the records of that office which 
 will be absolutely essential in years to come. 
 
 Of the bounties still purporting to be due and 
 uncalled for, a large portion date back two, three, 
 four or more years. Considering the extensive 
 desertions in the last years of the war in connec- 
 tion with the bounty system, and bounty brokerage 
 in its various modes of fraud, it may be reasonably 
 assumed that in a great number of cases those who 
 might have claimed these bounties uncalled for, 
 were deserters, knowing that they have forfeited
 
 1868.] . SENATE No. 1. 61 
 
 the allowance to which actual service would have 
 entitled them. In the last two years many 
 instances have occurred of claimants and others 
 ascertaining the names of soldiers having sums of 
 money standing to their credit on the rolls, and 
 then manufacturing evidence upon which to secure 
 the payment of the same. In some cases, when 
 rejected by the Executive, these have been urged 
 upon the Legislature, generally without success. 
 You will permit me to suggest a close scrutiny of 
 any such claims which may be presented during 
 the present session. Desiring to do substantial 
 justice to the soldiers and to the treasury, I have 
 directed the Paymaster to turn over to the Adju- 
 tant-General for revision all bounty rolls in his 
 possession which accrued under the jurisdiction of 
 the provost-marshals, all other rolls having been 
 previously transferred for the same purpose. I 
 have also requested the Treasurer to furnish to 
 the Adjutant- General for that purpose a descrip- 
 tive list of all to whom full or monthly bounties 
 still appear to be clue on his unpaid rolls, and 
 not himself to make further payment of the 
 same unless duly certified on new and properly 
 approved rolls. This course will unquestionably
 
 62 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 accomplish justice to all, and will legitimately 
 close up what remains of this great account. 
 
 THE HARBOR OF BOSTON. 
 
 Much has been done and still more proposed dur- 
 ing the past year for the benefit of Boston Harbor. 
 Immediately after the appointment of the Har- 
 bor Commissioners in 1866, they caused surveys 
 to be made by their engineer, Mr. Albert Boschke, 
 to ascertain what ought to be done for the pro- 
 tection and improvement of the lower harbor. 
 These surveys were made with great care. Mr. 
 Boschke's estimate of the expense of the neces- 
 sary works amounted in the aggregate to some- 
 thing more than a million dollars. The plan of 
 the whole work was approved by Major-General 
 A. A. Humphreys, Chief Engineer of the United 
 States Army, and recommended by the Secretary 
 of "War. 
 
 At the final session of the last Congress the 
 Harbor Commissioners presented a petition for an 
 appropriation to protect and improve the outer 
 harbor. The necessity of the aid sought being 
 apparent, Congress granted an appropriation of 
 three hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars 
 for the " preservation and improvements of Boston
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 63 
 
 Harbor." This grant of Congress has enabled 
 Major-General Benham to continue the construc- 
 tion of the sea-wall on the Great Brewster, which, 
 it is hoped, will prevent further waste of the 
 island and further extension of the Spit. 
 
 Other works, under the skilful superintendence 
 of Major-General J. G. Foster, which will be of 
 the greatest benefit to the lower harbor, have 
 been ingeniously and successfully prosecuted. 
 Two rocks, known as Tower Rock and Corwin 
 Rock, very dangerous to ships of great draft, 
 lay in a narrow part of the main ship channel. 
 The entire removal of the Tower Rock to a depth 
 of more than twenty-three feet below low-water, 
 and the partial destruction of the Corwin Rock, 
 have been already effected. The deepening and 
 widening of the main ship channel in another nar- 
 row part, by cutting off a portion of Lovell's 
 Island, has also been begun under the charge of 
 the same able officer, and will, together with the 
 destruction of the Corwin Rock as far as neces- 
 sary, be finished, it is believed, in the ensuing 
 season. For the details of these and other inter- 
 esting operations, begun and planned to protect 
 and improve the lower harbor, I refer to the Har- 
 bor Commissioners' Report. I congratulate the
 
 64 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 Commonwealth ou having secured the co-operation 
 of the United States to such an extent in aid of 
 our navigation. 
 
 For the continuation of these important oper- 
 ations, the Secretary of "War has recommended 
 to the present Congress an appropriation of $287,- 
 000. There is every reason to hope that the work 
 so well begun will be consummated by the United 
 States, as I am sure we have a right to expect. 
 
 Good progress has been made in establishing the 
 basis upon which the projected improvement of the 
 South Boston Flats shall be made. In the year 
 1866, the Legislature adopted a plan for the 
 improvement of these flats, the execution of which 
 in its essential features would involve a very con- 
 siderable extension of the wharves on the Boston 
 side of Fort Point Channel, and a filling up of the 
 flats on the south side of the. channel, after enclos- 
 ing them by a sea-wall which would be available in 
 the construction of wharves and docks bordering 
 on the deep water of the harbor. But occupation 
 of the flats in this manner was believed to involve, 
 also, the necessity of large and very expensive 
 excavations in Charles and Mystic Rivers, the most 
 effective tidal reservoirs of Boston Harbor, to 
 compensate for the water displaced by the pro-
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 65 
 
 posed filling, and so to preserve the scouring force 
 of the tide. It was feared, if this system of com- 
 pensation was an inseparable part of the plan, that 
 all the profits to the Commonwealth aside from the 
 improvement itself, would be swallowed np in the 
 necessary measures for preventing the injuries that 
 must result to the harbor from the displacement of 
 so much tide-water. Fortunately, however, for the 
 immediate pecuniary success of this great enter- 
 prise, new investigations have been made and a 
 conclusion has been reached, having the high 
 sanction of distinguished scientific men, that an 
 equivalent for compensation for tide-water dis- 
 placed, much cheaper than compensation in kind 
 can be obtained, 1. By dredging certain portions 
 of the main channel of the harbor to the depth 
 of twenty-three feet below mean low-water and 
 using the material so dredged to fill up the 
 South Boston Flats which lie in close proximity; 
 2. By the guarantee of the Commonwealth to 
 defray out of the profits of the enterprise the 
 expense of annually removing by dredging such 
 accumulations in the channel as may take place. 
 The income of half a million of dollars it is 
 thought will be sufiicient for the complete protec- 
 tion of the harbor, and should such a sum be set 
 
 9
 
 66 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 aside by the Commonwealth for this object there 
 will undoubtedly still remain a larger surplus of 
 pecuniary profit accruing to the State. For the 
 purpose of making this improvement the Legis- 
 lature of the past year authorized the Harbor 
 Commissioners to contract for the construction of 
 a continuous sea-wall on the south side of Fort 
 Point Channel on a line parallel with the line as 
 laid down upon the plan adopted by the General 
 Court. They also provided for the appointment of 
 an engineer who should determine the line of 
 the wall and prepare the plan and specifications 
 for building it. Two hundred thousand dollars 
 were appropriated for the work. By the pro- 
 visions of the law the location of the line of the 
 wall by the engineer, his plans and specifications, 
 and the contract for the work to be executed by 
 the board of Harbor Commissioners, were all 
 made subject to the approval of the Governor 
 and Council; while the construction of the work 
 was placed in charge of the engineer under the 
 direction of the board. Under this Act I appointed 
 Mr. George R. Baldwin, an engineer of expe- 
 rience in this kind of work. The Commissioners 
 were also authorized to change the lines of 
 Fort Point Channel as laid down on the legis-
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 67 
 
 lative plan of 1866, in order that, by conveying 
 the channel nearer the Boston side, the requisite 
 extension of wharves might be reduced to the 
 lowest amount and the area of improved flats 
 on the other side of the channel enlarged. This 
 change in the line the Commissioners have made. 
 
 After considerable discussion before the Exec- 
 utive Council I have approved a line for the 
 wall running fifty feet inside of the outer line of 
 the legislative plan of 1866, and parallel with it, 
 a space of about fifty feet width being reserved 
 for the construction of platforms at the ends of 
 the wharves that will be built upon this improved 
 land. My reason for approving this line is that 
 the intention of the Legislature, derived from 
 the construction of the statute under which the 
 Executive was to act as well as from the explicit 
 testimony of the members of the Legislature who 
 framed the law, seemed to be that the wall should 
 be built on or near the line approved. If, how- 
 ever, the wall is to be built upon this line the 
 cost will be very much larger than the $200,000 
 appropriated for its construction, and the Legis- 
 lature will be obliged to increase the appropria- 
 tion, or give to the board of Harbor Commission- 
 ers, who are charged with the duty of building
 
 68 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 this wall, authority to pay for it in land which shall 
 be filled in. 
 
 Moreover, in order to make this wall and 
 improved territory available for commercial pur- 
 poses, the Commissioners should have authority to 
 build, not a continuous wall, but a wall which shall 
 serve as the outer wall of wharves, separated by 
 docks, whenever they may be wanted along the 
 deep water front of the land improved. It is also 
 to be borne in mind that it is important for the 
 security of Boston Harbor that the extension of 
 the wharves on the Boston side of Fort Point 
 Channel should be secured during the progress of 
 these works. 
 
 I have thought it advisable not to approve any 
 contracts before the meeting of the Legislature, 
 but to lay the whole matter before you, that you 
 may give the requisite authority to the board 
 having the construction of the wall in charge, for 
 building it in such a manner that it may be avail- 
 able for commerce and of value to the State, and 
 that the means may be provided for paying for it 
 at the cost at which it must be built, either by 
 further appropriation or in land to be created by 
 this improvement.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 69 
 
 CAPE COD HARBOR. 
 
 By chapter eighty-six of the Resolves of 1867 a 
 sum not exceeding one hundred thousand dollars 
 was allowed and appropriated to the protection and 
 preservation of the Harbor at Provincetown, to be 
 expended by Commissioners upon plans approved 
 by the Governor and Council. At an early day 
 the Commissioners provided by the Resolve were 
 appointed and they have since industriously 
 attended to the grave duty assigned to them. 
 Quite recently their report, with plans and models, 
 has been submitted, and it will be transmitted to 
 you for information and for such further action as 
 in your wisdom may seem proper. The eminent 
 engineer who has made the necessary surveys and 
 whose judgment upon the subject is embodied in 
 the report, has now retired from the commission; 
 but his presence as a member of the House of 
 Representatives will enable the Legislature to 
 become familiar with the exigencies of the case. 
 The report presents the urgent necessity of imme- 
 diate action by somebody, either on the part of the 
 State or. the Federal government, for protecting 
 this harbor from the rapid wearing of the sea. I 
 have been constrained to decline any action upon 
 the plans reported, because the estimates of the
 
 70 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 cost of the work, if carried out in the manner 
 recommended by the Commissioners, exceed by 
 fifty thousand dollars the amount allowed by the 
 Resolve. You will permit me to invite your early 
 attention to the subject; for if the State is to 
 prosecute the undertaking it will be essential, 
 both for the object itself and for economy in 
 attaining it, that contracts for material may be 
 made during the present season. 
 
 THE PROHIBITORY LAW. 
 
 In a free Commonwealth the will of the people 
 must be acknowledged, respected and obeyed -as 
 the supreme law of the land. After ample con- 
 sideration and free discussion, they have expressed 
 at the ballot box their emphatic disapproval of the 
 prohibitory law, so called, with its present pen- 
 alties and methods of enforcement. Precisely 
 what policy shall be adopted in its stead they 
 have not so distinctly intimated. But it is to be 
 supposed that the representatives of their own 
 selection, fresh from the popular assemblies, have 
 been made fully aware of the sentiments and 
 desires of their immediate constituents. 
 
 Under these circumstances, it would be pre- 
 sumptuous in me,' however decided my convic-
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 71 
 
 tions, to propose and maintain a policy which 
 might conflict with the expressed pleasure of the 
 people. 
 
 In response to an order of inquiry addressed to 
 me by the House of Representatives of 1867, I 
 had the honor to state that " It is not for the chief 
 executive magistrate to assume at his discretion, in 
 one instance to enforce, and in another instance to 
 suspend, existing laws. For this would be vir- 
 tually to exercise legislative power; " and further, 
 that " if laws which are deemed unwise are found 
 upon the statute book, they must nevertheless be 
 enforced impartially and faithfully by all the offi- 
 cers of the government, until amended or repealed 
 by the Legislature, with whom alone rests the 
 power of making and repealing the laws." By 
 the principles expressed in that communication I 
 propose steadfastly to abide; and accordingly I 
 respectfully refer this whole question, so momen- 
 tous in its relations, and so interesting to the 
 people, to the careful deliberation and wise 
 judgment of their representatives in the General 
 Court. 
 
 I must, however, be permitted to record my 
 deliberate conviction that the moral and religious 
 sentiment of our community will not tolerate the
 
 72 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 absence of all legislative provisions regarding the 
 traffic in intoxicating drinks, but demands its 
 restraint, regulation, control, by positive enact- 
 ment. And further, that no statute will command 
 the respect and permanent support of the people 
 of Massachusetts, which shall conflict with the 
 paramount claims of industry, sobriety and good 
 order, or be inconsistent with their reputation as 
 an intelligent and Christian Commonwealth. 
 
 THE STATE CONSTABULARY. 
 
 I shall have the honor to transmit to the Legis- 
 lature the Report of Major Edward J. Jones, the 
 Constable of the Commonwealth, (a conscientious 
 and efficient officer, who has my confidence,) with 
 the accompanying statistics exhibiting in detail the 
 operations of his force for the past year. 
 
 As a magistrate, responsible for the administra- 
 tion of the laws, I cannot pass by in silence this 
 record of faithful service rendered in the execution 
 of an enactment the justice and expediency of 
 which are questioned by so many citizens of 
 intelligence and probity. 
 
 The great majority of the Constabulary is com- 
 posed of veterans of the Army and Navy, many of 
 them disabled in the service of the country and all
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 73 
 
 of them presenting an honorable military record. 
 They have been inured by martial discipline to 
 unquestioning obedience to orders, whether in ful- 
 fulling the duties of the camp, or facing the dan- 
 gers of the field. Hence, doubtless, they have 
 performed the duties assigned them with an exact- 
 ness and a stringency novel to citizens unfamiliar 
 with military methods and unused to summary 
 proceedings. But it must be remembered that 
 whether in carrying out the specialties of a partic- 
 ular law, or in encountering the desperate burglar 
 or midnight assassin, or in threading as detectives 
 the intricacies of crime, they have for the most part 
 displayed coolness, alacrity and skill. Then, 
 " since we punish not the sword itself, the instru- 
 ment of the law," it is unjust that obloquy should 
 fall on those who have discharged their disagree- 
 able and often painful duties with courage and dis- 
 cretion. It is also unjust that they should suffer 
 in the public esteem by reason of the incapacity, 
 infidelity, or rashness of a few, whose counterparts 
 are to be found in all similar bodies, and who were 
 introduced to the Constabulary by the efforts of 
 eminent men both among the friends and oppo- 
 nents of the policy they were expected to enforce. 
 
 That I should say this much, is due not only to 
 10
 
 74 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 meritorious men, faithful to a public trust under 
 reproach and contumely, but also to the cause of 
 law and order, which must be sustained and vin- 
 dicated in its dignity and integrity by the support 
 of its administrative officers. 
 
 It is well known that my lamented predecessor, 
 when called upon t interpose the power of the 
 Commonwealth in an exigency affecting the right 
 of free speech in the City of Boston, found himself 
 without any civil force whatsoever for the mainte- 
 nance of public order. In his last special message 
 to the Legislature he took occasion to use the 
 following language in relation to the Constabulary: 
 " I should be unfaithful to the people of Massachu- 
 setts, if I omitted to declare the opinion, resulting 
 from five years' experience in executive affairs, that 
 the maintenance of such a civil force, directly 
 responsible to the chief executive magistrate, is of 
 high importance, and will yet prove essential to the 
 Commonwealth. This opinion has no especial 
 connection with any class of legislative enactments. 
 All the laws may be altered or repealed the infrac- 
 tions of which led to this establishment, yet still it 
 would be needful, unless it is deemed best to leave 
 the chief magistrate without power to execute the 
 laws." These words of advice, emanating from the
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 75 
 
 clear head and true heart of him who has left us, 
 will doubtless have their due weight with the 
 people of the State and with their representatives ; 
 and it will be for your wisdom to determine 
 whether the minimum of this force, as fixed by the 
 original Act establishing it, shall not be retained to 
 aid in the preservation of the public peace and to 
 carry out with efficiency such provisions of law, if 
 any, as you may choose to substitute for those now 
 existing. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Under the provisions of Chapter thirty-two of 
 the Resolves of 1867, 1 appointed Mr. William G. 
 Binney, one of the best of American naturalists, to 
 edit and arrange the republication of the Report 
 on the Invertebrate Animals of Massachusetts, 
 which had been before authorized by Chapter 
 forty-four of the Resolves of 1865; a work which 
 had been left unfinished by the death of the late 
 Dr. A. A. Gould. N~o compensation is asked or 
 expected for this important labor. The appropria- 
 tion of $4,000 made by Chapter two hundred and 
 eighty-two of the Acts of 1865 was re-affirmed by 
 the Resolve of 1867, and it was provided that the 
 work should be done as nearly as possible in
 
 76 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 accordance with the plans and views of the original 
 author. 
 
 Mr. Binney, who was appointed with the full 
 concurrence of the representatives of Dr. Gould, 
 has entered upon his duties and made informal 
 reports of his progress, from which it appears that 
 an additional appropriation of $ 4,000 will be neces- 
 sary to bring out the work in a style creditable to 
 the State and uniform with the other works of a 
 similar character which we have published and 
 which have helped to give to this Commonwealth a 
 reputation for liberal culture in other countries. 
 This additional cost results in part from the fact 
 
 that the original estimates were made some years 
 
 
 
 ago, w T hen everything connected with book-making 
 was much cheaper than now; in part from the fact 
 that the present editor has been able to procure 
 many additional drawings for illustrations which 
 should be included in the work; and somewhat 
 from the fact that the original copperplates on 
 which Mr. Gould depended, cannot be found, 
 although every effort has been made to discover 
 them, and which, unless soon discovered, it will be 
 necessary to replace. If they shall be found the 
 whole of this additional $4,000 will not be 
 required. I also respectfully suggest further leg-
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 77 
 
 islation relative to the distribution of the books 
 when published. 
 
 THE STATE HOUSE. 
 
 The Legislature of the last year provided for a 
 thorough change in the condition of this building, 
 and for additional and more commodious rooms 
 for the committees of its two branches. Improve- 
 ments had long been needful to the health and 
 comfort of the members of the Legislature and of 
 the various officers and clerks who pass here the 
 business hours of every year. By an inadver- 
 tence, the main outlay necessary to the prosecution 
 of the work was not provided for in any bill 
 of appropriation; but the commissioners rightly 
 judged it to be their duty to proceed at once with 
 the undertaking, relying on the present General 
 Court to appropriate the money. The President 
 of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives were invested with full powers to 
 direct and carry on the whole work. The late day 
 of the final adjournment of the Legislature post- 
 poned the commencement of active operations 
 till July; and consequently the progress which has 
 been made, which I am sure must satisfy if it does
 
 78 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 not surprise us, has been accomplished within the 
 brief period of six months. 
 
 Of the assiduity and fidelity with which the 
 commissioners have performed their duty, it has 
 been my own opportunity to be a daily witness, 
 and it is my pleasure to make public mention of 
 it upon this occasion. The President of the 
 Senate, the Honorable Joseph A. Pond, was 
 suddenly removed by death in October last. The 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives, the 
 Honorable James M. Stone, has therefore been 
 obliged to discharge alone the difficult and respon- 
 sible task of the commission. I think you will 
 concur with me that he has performed these 
 functions with extraordinary success, and I am 
 confident that no better officer could have been 
 intrusted with the completion of the entire work 
 and the settlement with all the contractors. The 
 State House, thus changed to the great benefit of 
 the public, may reasonably be expected to satisfy 
 the essential wants of the present generation, with 
 only inconsiderable additional expense to repair 
 damages by weather and time.
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 79 
 
 THE NATION. 
 
 The close of the conflict for national unity finds 
 the country perplexed by questions of finance, and 
 confused by the uncertainties of the future. In 
 these embarrassments the people of this Common- 
 wealth, from the wide extent of their commercial 
 relations, inevitably share. But the great princi- 
 ples of civil liberty transplanted to her soil, 
 cherished through the lapse of centuries, and ever 
 maintained by the treasure and the blood of her 
 sons, have been vindicated in the contest. As 
 then, faithful to her traditions, she was the first to 
 assert their supremacy on hostile soil, so may she, 
 as a Christian Commonwealth, be the first to 
 recognize the new duties of a conquered peace. 
 Suffering severely as they must from the waste 
 and material loss of the conflict, her people cannot 
 forget that the work of the warrior is done, and 
 that the duties of the statesman have begun. I am 
 sure that they will agree with me that no word is to 
 be retracted, no principle compromised. But I am 
 equally sure that they will remember that it is of 
 vital import to our citizens that the waste of war 
 should be repaired, that our productive energies 
 should be fully employed, every spindle set in 
 motion, every laborer supplied with work. I am
 
 80 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 confident, too, that in accordance with the teach- 
 ings of their pious fathers, wMle fidelity to freedom 
 forbids them to forget, they will admit their duty 
 to forgive, and that magnanimity to the defeated is 
 not necessarily compromise of principle. 
 
 We have destroyed involuntary servitude. We 
 have manumitted a race of men and conceded to 
 them equality of civil and political rights. In the 
 exercise of these rights in the proceedings of the 
 conventions in the Southern States, which they 
 have mainly controlled, I believe that, after making 
 due allowances, they have displayed a praiseworthy 
 moderation. It is a sacred duty to insure them 
 protection in the enjoyment of the rights we have 
 guaranteed. But we must also remember that 
 there are millions of the white race who cannot 
 and must not always be retained in the position of 
 abject foes; millions whose productive labor is 
 necessary for the discharge of national obligations 
 which must never be repudiated, and whose good 
 will and co-operation are essential to a complete 
 and thorough re-union. Let us then hear no more 
 of confiscation and attainder for the Southern 
 masses. Let us make an end of illiberal and 
 unfriendly legislation, and while compromising 
 no principle for which we have contended let
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 81 
 
 us restore those lately in rebellion to equality 
 of rights as speedily as is consistent with the 
 national safety. 
 
 The present obstacles to re-construction must 
 come to a speedy end, whether interposed by unre- 
 pentant rebels, by a President who does not make 
 treason odious, or by those whom his policy has 
 deluded into renewed resistance. The welfare and 
 the will of the people require it. They demand 
 peace; peace from turmoil of mind, as well as from 
 turmoil of war ; peace for their finances, for their 
 industry, for their commerce; and, having the 
 determination and the power, there is no mis-, 
 taking the agency by which they intend to enforce 
 it. If embittered men refuse to accept the boon 
 that is proffered, the responsibility, the shame and 
 the ruinous consequences will be theirs alone. If 
 they are so blind to their own interests as to incite 
 hostility between races, they will find that the 
 nation is strong ; that the nation will maintain its 
 guarantees. No rights of loyal men will be 
 surrendered to effect any settlement whatsoever. 
 Equality of rights and universal suffrage are irre- 
 versible facts. The wheels of revolution do not 
 
 roll backward. In the march of civilization and 
 11
 
 82 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 democratic ideas, this nation takes no backward 
 step. 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRAXT. 
 
 It is the record of history that in great public 
 crises the instinct of a nation points with unerring 
 sagacity to some man of the people whom they 
 adopt at once, in assurance of faith, as their chosen 
 champion and deliverer; and by a natural law 
 this abiding confidence is through its own soothing 
 power the surest guaranty of success. 
 
 In this dark hour of national exigency we 
 have need of a leader whose integrity is uncor- 
 Vupted by political associations and whose patriot- 
 ism has not permitted him to descend to the arena 
 of partisan warfare ; of a tried leader of undaunted 
 courage, who will be swayed neither by popular 
 passion nor sectional prejudice; of a man of 
 cautious reticence, who has no inconsistencies to 
 explain, no policies to maintain, no theories to 
 promulgate; of a leader who comprehends the 
 position and relations of all sections of our com- 
 mon country, and who will bring to the administra- 
 tion of public affairs executive ability, economical 
 ideas, a clear head and an honest heart. 
 
 It is manifest that it is the same Providence which 
 brought us safely through the storm of war, that
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 83 
 
 moves this whole people now with singular una- 
 nimity to recognize in a plain, unpretending citizen 
 him whose energy, discretion and exalted patriotism 
 will restore peace and prosperity to discordant 
 States and a distracted land. The man for the 
 crisis the man for the hour the man of the 
 people is ULYSSES S. GRANT. Before his pre- 
 eminent fitness for the high office to which a grate- 
 ful nation would elevate him, let personal preferences 
 yield, let faction subside, that peace, good will and 
 union may once more and forever abide throughout 
 the Republic ! 
 
 JOHX ALBION ANDEEW.. 
 
 "Within a few weeks past the people have been 
 deeply affected by the death of JOHN ALBION 
 ANDEEW. His remarkable abilities, his political 
 and professional eminence, his protracted and 
 arduous service in a high public trust during a 
 period of unprecedented difficulties, have caused 
 his death to be universally lamented and have 
 earned for him an enduring place in our history. 
 His honesty and courage, his sagacity and sim- 
 plicity, his kindness and frankness, his fidelity to 
 friends and generosity to all, the purity of his 
 life and the patriotism of his principles, have
 
 84 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 already surrounded his name and memory with 
 testimonials of respect and affection such as are 
 rarely witnessed. The records of the Executive 
 Department of this Commonwealth will bear per- 
 petual testimony to his labors. So great and 
 various duties as fell to him have not happened to 
 any chief magistrate before, and could not have 
 come to any other more safely than to him. In 
 the performance of duty, nothing moved him ; he 
 marched directly forward upon the road where 
 that called him. He was "clear in his great 
 office." 
 
 But for myself, his breadth, and scope, and 
 genius for public affairs, do not so much affect me 
 on this occasion, as do the personal memories of 
 the hour. It was my fortune, in another office .of 
 the State, to be associated with him during the 
 entire term of his administration to have con- 
 stant opportunities to observe his methods of 
 faithful service ; to witness the play of those 
 private qualities which underlie the official service 
 of a public man ; and which, if he be just and 
 generous and great, reach beyond everything con- 
 tained in his published record. . For these, above 
 all things else, it is my pleasure to remember him ; 
 a contemporary in years and fellowship ; stricken
 
 1868.] SENATE No. 1. 85 
 
 down when, if he might have lived, higher honors 
 were awaiting him ; but dying in the maturity of 
 fame, and leaving to those who best knew him 
 the recollection 'of one who was not greater in 
 results than he was youthful and ingenuous in 
 heart, when death overtook him in mid career. 
 
 "Fair example of untainted youth, 
 
 Of modest wisdom, and pacific truth ; 
 
 Just of his word, in every thought sincere, 
 
 Who knew no wish but what the world might hear ; 
 
 Of softest manners, unaffected mind, 
 
 Lover of peace, and friend of human kind."
 
 UCSB. LIBRARY