N KARST ' I m MEMOmAJA John Sw^tt ^ Hijucm^.uf^ '"] HARPER'S LANGUAGE SERIES. ' V i 'v' LANGUAGE PEiMER:^^ BEGINNEES' LESSONS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING ENGLISH. BY WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M., • AUTHOR OF "language LESSONS," "SCHOOL COMPOSITION," (( PKOGEESSIYE GRAMMAR," ETC. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. 1874. PREFACE. This little work is designed to serve as a Primer, or begin- ners' book in the study of our own language. In tlie new courses of study in most of our cities, lessons in writing and speaking English are begun quite early ; and this fact has disclosed the need of a small manual of suitable ivorJc, to be placed in the hands of young scholars as the accompani- ment of the teacher's oral instruction. The success of the author's "Language Lessons" — a suc- cess without precedent in school-book literature — is the best assurance that the simple, untechnical, objective, and inductive mode of unfolding our speech will meet the views of intelli- gent teachers. W. S. Cambridge, August, 1S74. Teacher's Note. — The paragraphs introduced by a 11^=* are, where not mere directions, designed as suggestions for oral explanation by the teacher; sometimes by way of introducing a topic, and at other times by way of summing up. This mode of developing the subject works admirably in the class-K)om, exciting the interest and quickening the mental power of the pupil. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, BY HARPER AND BROTHERS, in tlie office of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Wasliington. CONTENTS. SECTION I. WOEDS AND SENTENCES. Pace I. Objects and Words 1 II. Objects and "Words 2 III. The Sentence .3 lY. Declarative Sentences 3 V. Interrogative Sentences 4 YI. Composition-Lesson 5 YII. Name- Words and Action- Words 6 YIII. Nouns and Yerbs 8 IX. Composition-Lesson 8 X. Quality Words 9 XI. Adjectives 10 XII. Composition-Lesson 11 XIII. Adverbs . . 12 XI Y. Composition-Lesson 13 XY. Pronouns n XYI. Pronouns 15 XYII. Composition-Lesson 16 XYIII. Conjunctions IG XIX. Composition-Lesson . 17 XX. Prepositions . . . . . . . ". . 19 XXI. Interjections 20 XXII. PtEviEW of Section I . .20 XXIII. Composition-Lesson . . . . .. » . .22 54HJ43 {y CONTENTS. SECTION II. SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XXIY. Proper Kouns 23 XXV. Composition-Lesson 24 XXVI. Common Nouns 25 XXVII. How Nouns are made 26 XXVIII. Composition-Lesson 28 XXIX. Eeview of Nouns 29 XXX. Transitive Verbs 29 XXXI. Composition-Lesson 30 XXXII. Intransitive Verbs 31 XXXIII. Composition-Lesson 32 XXXIV. Limiting Adjectives 34 XXXV. Descriptive Adjectives 35 XXXVI. Composition-Lesson 36 XXXVII. Proper Adjectives 37 XXXVIII. How Adjectives are made 33 XXXIX. Eeview of Adjectives 39 XL. Composition-Lesson -lO XLL Kinds of Adverbs ^1 XLII. Composition-Lesson ^3 XLIII. How Adverbs are made ■^^ XLIV. Composition-Lesson ^^ XLV. Personal Pronouns "^^ XLVI. Composition-Lesson '^7 XLVII. Kelative Pronouns ^^ XLVIIL Composition-Lesson ^^ XLIX. Interrogative Pronouns 49 L. Composition-Lesson ^0 LI. Adjective Pronouns ^1 LII. Review of Pronouns 52 CONTENTS. V LIII. Composition-Lesson ....... 52 LIV. Blackboard Review 54 LV. Composition-Lesson 55 LVL Eeview of Punctuation 56 SECTION III. CHANGES IN THE FORM OF WORDS. LYIL Nouns : Number 53 LVIII. Writing Plurals 59 LIX. Verbs with Nouns 59 LX. Nouns and Verbs : Irregular Forms ... 61 LXI. Composition-Lesson 62 LXII. Nouns : Possessive Singular G3 LXIII. Nouns : Possessive Plural 64 LXIV. Review of Changes in Nouns .... 65 LXV. Composition-Lesson Q>Q LXVI. Adjectives : Comparison QtQ LXVII. Adjectives : Comparison 68 LXVIII. Composition-Lesson 69 LXIX. Personal Pronouns : Possessive Forms . . .70 LXX. Personal Pronouns : Possessive Forms ... 71 LXXI. Personal Pronouns : Object Form . . . .72 LXXII. Forms of the Pronoun "Who" .... 73 LXXIII. Blackboard PtEviEW : Nouns and Pronouns . . 74 LXXIV. Composition-Lesson 75 LXXV. Verbs : Present and Past 75 LXXVI. Verbs : Number 76 LXXVII. Verbs : Regular Past 77 LXXVIII. Verbs : Irregular Past 78 LXXIX. Composition-Lesson 79 LXXX. Verbs : Participles 79 VI CONTENTS. LXXXI. Verbs : Past Participle Irregular LXXXII. Blackboard Review LXXXIII. Composition-Lesson LXXXIV. Composition-Lesson . 80 81 81 82 SECTION IV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC. XCI. XCII. XCIII. XCIV. XCV. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. c. CL en. cm. CIV. USES OF WOEDS. Sentences : Subject and Predicate . Analysis Composition-Lesson Subject Enlarged : Adjectives and Possessives Composition-Exercise Subject Enlarged : Nouns in Apposition Composition-Lesson Subject Enlarged : Phrases .... Composition-Lesson Subject Enlarged : Plirases .... Blackboard Review Composition-Lesson Predicate Enlarged : Adverbs Predicate Enlarged : Adverbial Phrases Composition-Lesson Predicate with Object Enlarged . Blackboard Review Combining Sentences. I Combining Sentences. II Combining Sentences. III. .... 84 85 86 86 88 88 90 91 93 93 95 95 96 97 98 99 100 100 101 102 1 5' > ' . > ' LANGUAGE PRIMER?'^ '^^ SECTION I. WORDS AND SENTENCES. L — OBJECTS MB WOKDS. Teacher, holding up a hook, a pencil^ an orange, etc. : What is this ? A book. This ? A pencil. This ? An orange. This? A bell. 1. What are all these ? They are all things, or objects. 2. How do we learn about such things, or objects ? We learn about them through the senses. 1^^ Isow I shall name two other things, or objects : Love, glad- ness. AYe do not know these things through the senses. 3. How do we know these things 1 By tliinldng about them. 4. What is an object ? An object is anything that we can learn about through the senses or that we can think about. 5. "WTien I say hook, is that an object ? No ; it is a ivorcl, or the name of an object. 2 WORDS AND SENTENCES. C^* Teacher, writing on the blackboard the word hook: 6. Is that an object ? ITo ; it is a yvgv^, because it is the name of the object hook. - ' '■ ' EXERCISE I. IE#* Teacher, holding up in succession various objects : 1. What is the name of this object 1 Of this ? Of this 1 2. Write on your slates the words that are the names of these various objects. 3. Write the names of ten different objects you can see, or think of. II. — OBJECTS AJ^D WOEBS. 1^^ We may write in a list the names of objects that we can see in any one place, as in a school, a chiirch, a parlor, a railroad car. EXAMPLE : A School. Seats. A map. The globe. Desks. A stove. The bell. Tables. A clock. The i^iano. 1!!^' "VYo may \vrite in a list the names of the various parts of diiferent objects, as of a hook, of a flower, of a knife, of a gun. EXAMPLE : The Parts of a Book. The cover of a book. The leaves of a book. The back of a book. The title of a book. EXERCISE 2. a. Write the names of objects you can see : 1. In a church. 2. In a parlor. 3. In a railroad car. 4. In a grocery store. b. Write as in the example the names of the different parts of these objects : 1. A flower. 2. A knife. 3. A gun. 4. A barrel. 5. A dress. G. A coat. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES. III. -THE SENTENCE. 1. Think something about the bell, and then tell your thought. " The bell rings." 2. How did you state, or express, the thought ? In words. ^^ This statement is a Sentence. 3. What is a sentence ? A sentence is a thought expressed in words. 4. About what in the sentence " The bell rings " did you think ? About the hell. 5. Of what use is the word rings ? It shows what the bell docs. \ EXERCISE 3. a. Make sentences by telling what the following animals do : 1. The eagle 2. The cat MODEL: "THE EAGLE SCREAMS." 3. The whale 4. The buffalo 5. The serpent 6. The mouse . b. Write in one column the names of ten animals, and in an opposite column add to each name a word stating what the animals do ; thus : 1. "Wolves howl. 2. Owls hoot. IV.-DECLARATIYE SENTENCES. 1. Give a sentence about wolves. " Wolves bowl." t^^ In this sentence you have stated, or declared, a fact about wolves. Such a sentence is a Declarative Sentence. 2. What is a declarative sentence ? A declarative sentence is the statement of a fact. 1* WORDS AND SENTENCES. 3. With what kind of letter does this sentence begin ? With a capital letter. 4. With what mark is it closed ? With a period. EXERCISE 4. Make declarative sentences by telling what the following objects do : MODEL: "THE FIRE BURNS." ! 1. The fire 2. The wind . . . , 3. The thunder 4. A ship . . . , 5. A river . . . 6. A teacher 7. Eoses 8. Tops , 9. Pens . ^^ Exchange slates for eorreetion, and note carefully the capital letter and the period. V.-INTERROGATITE SENTENCES. I^^ If you did not know that wolves howl, and wished to know, you would say, " Do wolves howl V 1. Is this sentence the statement of a fact 1 No ; it is the asking of a question. d^^ Sentences that are used in asking questions are called Inter- rogative Sentences. 2. What is an inteijJPlJj^ive sentence ? It is a sentence ?~ • yi asking a question. \^ 3. With what kind of letter does this sentence begin ? With a capital letter. 4. With what mark is it closed ? With an interrogation-point. 0^^ Now carefully learn these rules : I. Every sentence must begin -with a capital letter. 11. Every declarative sentenoe must end with a period. III. Every interrogative sentence must end with an interro- gation-point. COMPOSITION-LESSON. 5 EXERCISE 5. a. Place the proper mark after each sentence, and tell what kind of a sentence it is : 1. The sun shines brightly 2. Who is there 3. What made the lamb love Mary so 4. The earth is round 5. Boys love fun 6. Have you been to school b. Turn the following declarative sentences into interrogative sentences : ■ MODEL: "IS IT COLD?" 1. It is cold. 2. We shall go to town to-morrow. 3. The farmer tills the ground. 4. The school has closed. 5. Mary is happy. C. Copy the following questions, and after each write an answer in the form of a complete declarative sentence. MODEL. Question. Who was the first President of the United States ? Answer. George Washington was the first President of the United States. 1. Who was the first President of the United States ? Ans. 2. What is the shape of the earth ? A\ 3. How many senses have -we ? Ans. 4. Who discovered America 1 Ans. 5. Which is the largest of fishes 1 Ans. ^- ■^to^ 6. Are dogs faithful animals ? Ans. 'o VI. — COMPOSITIOX-LESSON. i 1 We may describe a thing, like a chair, a piano, etc., by answering j these questions : • * ' 1. What is it? : 2. What is its use 1 3. What is it made of ? 6 WORDS AND SENTENCES. MODSIj: a chair.* /. Q^'v c/iau id' a ^icce o/ /uinUaze. 2. Q/^ i ana co7n??z€Zcc. ADJECTIVES. 9 Then we may rewrite the whole in a single sentence, thns : TTzezce. This sentence contains two statements, and hence a comma is used to separate them. B^^ In the same way describe : 1. Park. 2. Philadelphia. 3. The place in which you live. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. I did n't do nothing. I did n't do any thing. 2. Hain't he gone 1 Has n't he gone ? 3. I knowed what he done. I knew what he did. 4. I 've got to get my lesson. I must get my lesson. X. - QUALITY- WORDS. B^* Scholars may WTite, The small clocJc. 1. What is the use of the word small here ? It shows the kind, or quality, of clock. C^^ The word small is called a Quality-word. In grammar qual- ity-words are termed Adjectives, because they are added to nouns. 2. What are quahty- words called 1 Quality-words are called Adjectives. The little words the, an, and a, though really Adjectives, because they are added to nouns, are generally called Articles. W^ JSTow I shall mention several Xame-words, and the class may add to each a Quality-word. 1 apples. 2 boys. 3 summer. 4 rain. 5 flowers. 6 horses. 7 children. 8 dogs. 9 birds. 10 WORDS AND SENTENCES. EXERCISE 8. a. Copy the following sentences on slate or paper and draw a line under each Quality - word : 1. The strong man works. 2. The sharp knife cuts. 3. The watch- ful dog barks. 4. The ripe fruit is j)lucked. 5. The good seed is sown. 6. The new clock is striking. 7. A brave soldier fights. 8. Modesty is a great virtue. 9. Kain is beneficial. 10. A large garden is not always a profitalde garden. 11. A handsome flower is not always a sweet-smelling flower. 12. A swift horse is very useful. b. Add a Quality-word to each of the follomng Nouns. No sentence must contain more than three words. MODEL: "BRIGHT STARS SHINE." 1 stars shine. 2 scholars improve. 3 men eat. 4 boys fight. 5 dogs bite. C rats steal. 7 whales swim. 8 girls laugh. XL - ADJECTIYES. E^^ An Adjective may he used to qualify a noun in any part of a sentence. Thus : 1. The child loves her mother. The young child loves her mother. 2. Alice brings eggs. Alice brings fresh eggs. 3. Doctors treat diseases. Skilful doctors treat severe diseases. EXERCISE 9. a. Supply suitable Adjectives : 1 children killed butterflies. 2. Wasps sting boys. 3. The tiger gave yell. 4 garden contained roses. 5. A sailor sang a song. 6. An woman lived in a shoe. 7. Our master told stories. 8. The weather calls forth flowers. COMFOSITlOlSr-LESSON. H b. Qualify the meaning of the Nouns in the following sentences by putting an Adjective before each ISToun. No sentence must con- tain more than four words. MODEL: "THE FIERCE LION ROARS." 1. The lion roars. 2. A teacher instructs. 3. A sailor sings. 4. The -udnd blows. 5. The soldiers fiirht. 6. An bucket hangs. 7. A dog growls. 8. A cat purs. XII. - C03IF0SITI0X-LESS0X. "We may describe an animal by answering the following ques- tions : 1. Is it wild or domestic 1 2. Of what color is it ? 3. Where is it found ? 4. When angry (or pleased) what kind of noise does it make ? MODEL: THE LIOIT. /. Q/ne cion m a zoua anc??iat. ^. Q/^ M o/ a ^wn?/ cowz. S. Q/^ ^ jounce i?i Q^-v/uca. Then we may rewrite the whole in two sentences, thus : Q/ne U071 cd- a mac/ a7U?nac o/ a ^mnu cowz, ana c4 ^ana in Q/t/uca. /jf%en an at?/ c^ zoazd^ ^T' In the same way describe these animals, being careful to follow the punctuation of the model : 1. A dog. 2. A wolf. 3. A horse. 4. A bear. 12 WORDS AND SENTENCES. CJominon Errors. Incorrect. 1. Is this 'ere yourn ? 2. That 'ere is hisn. 3. She has Avent home. Correct. Is this yours ? That is his. She has sone home. XIIL — ADYEEBS. Scholars may write on their slates the following .sentence : Careful hoys ivrite neatly. 1. How, or in what manner, do careful boys write ? They write neatly. E^^ "Write the following sentence : The clock ticks now. 2. When does the clock tick ? It ticks now. B^^ Write the following sentence : Boys and girls study here. 3. Where do they study ? They study Jiere. (5^^ The word necctly expresses manner ; the word now expresses time; the word here expresses place. Words expressing how (manner), when (time), or where (place) are called Adverbs, be- cause such words are generally added to verbs. 4. What is an adverb ? An Adverb is a how, when, or where-word. EXERCISE 10. Limit the meaning of the Verbs in the following sentences by joining to each an Adverb : MODEL: "THE COLD WIND BLEW FIERCELY." 1. The cold wind blew ..?f.":f. 2. The sun shines 3. An eagle flies 4. A snail creeps 5. The candle burns 6. We Avent to to\\Ti ..'^'^f?/.. 7. Uncle will ..'f?fr/.. be here. 8. James is . .f ?'f ?/. . happy. 9. He is not going .^''JtVT.l. 10. Come .r/l'!?.'. COMPOSITION'LESSON. 13 XIV. - COMPOSITION-LESSO.Y. 1. "Write three sentences, each containing only hoo words, — a Xoun and a Verb. 2. "Write three sentences, each containing only three words, — an Adjective, a Noun, and a Verb. 3. "Write three sentences, each containing otAj four words, — an Article, an Adjective, a JSToun, and a Verb. 4. Write three sentences, each containing only four words, — an Adjective, a Noun, a Verb, and an Adverb. EXERCISE II. a. Eule the slate by this model, and put in the proper column each kind of word in the sentences below : MODEL. The beautiful roses fade quickly. Old men die. An ox bellows often. Articles. Adjectives. Nouns. Verbs. Adverbs. The An beautiful Old roses men ox fade die. bellows quickly, often. 1. Nightingales sing. 2. An owl screeches. 3. Yellow gold glitters. 4. A great storm arose. 5. The big ship sails finely. 6. Sleep refreshes. 7. Old ladies live here. 8. Father left yesterday. b. Correct the errors, especially in capitalizing and the use of the period : 1. a fox Saw a bunch of Grapes 2. A noun is the name of Any thing, 3. He Done it before You. 4. i Seen a man, on horseback yesterday 14 WORDS AND SENTENCES, XV. — PRONOOTS. K^^ Scholars may write the following sentence : Dogs are useful animals, for they ivatcli our houses. 1. TVliat watch our houses ? Tliey watch our houses. 2. What is meant by theij ? Dogs. \ 3. Put the word dogs, instead of the word they, and read the sen- \ tence. \ Dogs are useful animals, for dogs watch our houses. ^Sr Write these sentences : I 1. Eichard is lame, and Eichard walks with a crutch. ■ 2. We went on the ice, and the ice was very soft. j ! What word might take the place of Hichard ? Of ice, ? \ d^" The word they stands for the noun dogs ; the v/ord he stands for the noun Richard ; the word it stands for the noun ice. In grammar these words arc termed Pronouns, because they stand for nouns. 4. What is a Pronoun 1 A Pronoun is a word that stands for a Noun. EXERCISE 12. Answer the following questions, using Pronouns : MODEL: ' Question. AVhere are the scholars ? i Answer. They are in school. i 1. Where are the scholars ? Ans | 2. Where is Maria ? Ans i 3. Who threw that stone ? Ans J 4. Charles, will you lend me a book ? Ans | 5. Whose dog is this ? Ans j 6. Who is asking this question ? Ans PRONOUNS. 15 XVI. — PROISOU^SS, B^* Scholars may write the sentence, / study. 1. Of what use is the word I ? It sliows luJio studies. 2. "VVho is it that studies ? The person speaking. 3. What is the pronoun that stands for the name of the speaker I The pronoun /. C^" Scholars may write the sentence, Touplay. 4. Of what use is the word you ? It shoAvs wlio plays. 5. Who is it that plays 1 The person spoken to. 6. What is the pronoun that stands for the person spoken to ? The pronoun you. EXERCISE (3. a. Underline all the Pronouns : 1. I am fond of work. 2. We reverence old age. 3. You learn dili- gently. 4. He is clever. 5. She walks well. 6 They are very silent. 7. We are very fond of her, for she is very diligent, 8. If a child is disobedient he is punished. 9. The heat makes me thirsty. 10. The porter admitted us. b. Put the proper Pronoun instead of the Xomi which is repeated : 1. If the boy is good, the boy is loved. 2. If the child is not obe- dient, the child is punished. 3. {James speaJcmg.) James said to his mother yesterday, James v/ill always love you. 4. (Aime speaking.) Anne called out, Anne cannot come now. 5. The servants came and told the master that the servants had done as the master had ordered. 6. {SpeaJdng to Edward.) When Edward comes out of school, Edward must go into the garden. 16 WORDS AND SENTENCES. XVII. — COMPOSITIOJf-LESSON. We may describe a thing by answering these questions : 1. It is (of what quahty ?) 2. It is (of what color 1) 3. It is (obtained how f) MODEL: IVORY. /. Q/voZ7^ ifj- naza. Then we may rewrite the whole in a single sentence, thus : Q/V0Z71, tt} Aaza ana za/u^^ anc/ cd- oC^amcc/ i^o?7i ^/i6 ^ud/id- o/ ete/ma7i^ij'. Here we have a capital letter at the beginning, a period at the end, and a comma to separate the two statements. C^^ In the same way describe these things : 1. Coal. 2. India rubber. 3. Cotton. 4. Gold. 5. Diamonds. G. Milk. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. It is me. It is I. 2. Him and her went. He and she went. 3. Between you and I. Between you and me. 4. Lay down, Towser ! Lie dowm, Towser 1 XVIIL - CONJUNCTIONS. ^^" Scholars will write the sentence, Emma can sing. 1. Now, who else can sing ? " Lucy can sing." COMPOSITION-LESSON. I7 2. Make a sentence containing tlie two statements. " Emma and Lucy can sing." 3. What is the use of and in this sentence % And connects the words Emma and Lucy. 4. "What, then, may we call it 1 A connecting-word. ^° Write these sentences : James or John is in the army. James is in the army, hut John is not. 5. What are the connecting- words here ? The words or and hut. W^ Connecting-words are in grammar termed Coxjunctions. 6. What is a Conjunction ? A Conjunction is a connecting-word. EXERCISE 14. Xame the Conjunctions : 1. Art is lonj:' and life is fleetinc:. 2. Wheat and corn grow on the farm. 3. John is tall, but George is taller. 4. Girls are loved because they are amiable. 5. You will find it, if you look. 6. Animals and plants live and grow. XIX. — COMPOSITION-LESSON. I (H^* Young scholars are very apt to write sentences containing a great many statements joined by ands. Such sentences are not elegant. Be careful to write each complete statement as a separate St^ntence. ' EXAMPLE. 4| crow snatched a piece of cheese from a window and flew with her prizl to a tree, so a cunning fox saw her and went under the branches \ \ 18 WORDS AND SENTENCES. of the tree where the crow was and began to flatter her and admire her beauty, and he said it was a pity that such a pretty bu'd shouhl have no voice. CHAITOED. 1. A crow, snatching a piece of cheese from a window, flew with her prize to a tree. 2. A cumiing fox saw her, and went under the branches of the tree where the crow was. 3. Here he began to flatter her and admire her beauty, saying it was a pity that such a pretty bird should have no voice. EXERCISE 15. a. In the same way break up this long sentence into two oi three well-constructed sentences : ■A bi The crow wished to show that she had a voice, and she opened he. |ii mouth and cawed, and the cheese fell down in the fox's open mouth, ant", then the fox went away and said that the crow had more beauty than brains. b. The following story was written by a pupil in the lowest grade of a Grammar School. You will see that it is filled with all kinds of faults. Correct the spelling y imnctuation, and grammar, hreah up the piece into several sentences, and make any other improve- ment you can thinh of : Once a crow flew in to a windo and got a piece of cheas and flew intt a tree to eat his prize a cuning fox spied the crow and said he would have it so he said to the crow it was a pitty that she was with out a voice the crow wanted to show him that she had a voice she sung and the piece of chease fell from the crow in to the open foxes mouthe and he walked away and sed he was talking about beuity and not about brains. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. Where are you going to 1 Where are you going ? 2. This is different to that. This is different from that. 3. The folks are to home. The folks are at home. 4. He went in the house. He went into the house. I 5. Apples is nice. Apples are nice. 0. He don't like them. He does not like them. i PREPOSITIONS. 19 XX. — PREPOSITIONS. W^ Teacher, placing a book on the desk, binder it, etc. : 1. What relation has the book to the desk ? The book is on the desk. 2. What now? The book is under the desk. 3. "What now l The book is over the desk. 4. What words in these sentences show the relation ? The words on, under, over. d^" Now, since these words show relation, we may call them Eelation-words. In grammar they are termed Prepositions. 5. What is a Preposition 1 A Preposition is a relation-word. 6. Name six Prepositions. By, from, in, on, to, with. EXERCISE 16. a. Point out the Prepositions : 1. The girls are in the garden. 2. The apples are on the tree. 3. The travellers went from the country to the city. 4. Scholars "vvrite with a pen on paper. 5. The bear was shot by the hunter. 6. We went with mother, on the cars, to the city. b. Supply the Prepositions : 1. The books are ... the desk. 2. He was sent . . . school. 3. The drunkard was arrested . . . the policeman, 4. We heard . . . our fiicnd. 5. The farmer mows . . . the scythe. 6. The horse is ... the barn. 20 WORDS AND SENTENCES. XXI. — INTERJECTIONS, W^ Scholars may write these sentences : 1. Alas ! pussy is dead ! 2. Hurrah ! we are going to have a holiday ! 1. What is the use of the word alas ? It expresses a feeling of grief. 2. What is the use of hurrah ? It expresses a feeling of joy. Gl^" Words that express sudden feeling or emotion may be called Emotiox-words. In grammar they are termed Interjections, meaning words thrown in to denote emotion. 3. What is an Interjection ? An Interjection is an Emotion-word. CEF" Select from your Eeader all the Interjections you can find. XXII. — REYIEW OF SECTION I. I. CLASSES OF WORDS. 1. Name-words (Nouns) ; as, ;:)f;^, house, mother, John, Emma. 2. Action-words (Verbs) ; as, read, run, malce, huild. 3. Quality-words (Adjectives) ; as, good, large, old. 4. How, When, and Where-words (Adverbs) ; as, slowly, noiv, here. 5. Words standing for Nouns (Pronouns) ; as, he, it, they. G. Connecting-words (Conjunctions) ; as, a7id, hut, if, or. -T 7. Eelation-words (Prepositions) ; as, iii, of, hi/, ivith, from. 8. Emotion-words (Interjections) ; as, ah ! alas ! oh ! hurrah ! These eio^lit classes include all the words in our lanGcuap-c. They are usually called the Parts of Speech. R"^ VIE IV. 21 EXERCISE 17. a. Xame orally each Part of Speech in the following sentenccG : 1. The girl and I ran quickly through the open gate. 2. Uncle Joe tells funny stories. 3. The cat and the dog played prettily on the floor. 4. The lad could read well, but he could not write rapidly. 5. Two swallows built a nest in the chimney. 6. The brown horse won the long race. b. Eule the slate by this model, and put in the proper column each word in the sentences below : MODEL. The strong horse jumped fearlessly over the bridge, and, alas ! he broke a leg. Noun. Verb. Adjective. Adverb. Pro- noun. Conjunc- tion. Preposi- tion. Inter- jection. horse bridge leg jumped broke the strong the a fearlessly he and over alas I 1. The little birds sang sweetly in the groves and fields. 2. A blue-eyed, curly-headed, laughing boy was holding in his hand a large red apple. 3. The beautiful black mare trotted fast, and won the last race. 4. The little busy bee gathers honey diligently from the open flowers. 5. The chattering monkey eats nuts, and makes, oh ! such fimny faces. 11. AVORDS IX SENTENCES. In order to remember how the various classes of words are used in sentences, scholars should commit to memory the following MODEL SENTENCES. 1. Boys Tvrite {Noun and Verb). 2. Careful boys write (addition of Adjective). 3. Careful boys write neatly (addition of Adverb). 22 WORDS AND SENTENCES. 4. Careful boys write neatly ; they improve {addition of Pronoun). 5. Careful boys write neatly and they improve ( " Conjunction). 6. Careful boys write neatly in school {ciddition of Preposition). 7. Careful boys write neatly, and oh I how rapidly they improve {addition of Interjection). ^^^ In like manner build up sentences containing the eight Parts of Speech, beginning with the following as foundation : 1. Birds fly. 2. The horse ran. 3. Mary sang. XXIII. — COMPOSITION-LESSOIf . 0^^ The following piece may be read aloud once or twice in the class, and then the scholars may write out in their own language as much of it as they can remember. This is called an Abstract from Memory. STORY OF SNAPPER. Snapper was a wise dog. He had a black coat and yellow feet. He liked much to catch rats, and to kill them. Eats ran quickly into holes when Snapper went by. They hid themselves ; but Snapper smelled them, and tried to catch them. Yet Snapper was not cruel. Three chil- dren kept rabbits in a hutch in the yard. The hutch was high up, and there was a hole in it under a bed of hay. Three baby rabbits lay on that bed of hay. The hay kept the baby rabbits safe. But a man came to clean the hutch, and took away the bed. Then the baby rabbits fell through the hole upon the gravel below. The man did not see them drop. Snapper went to the baby rabbits. Did he eat them ? No. He lifted up one with his teeth, and ran with it into the kitchen, and laid it on the rug. So he did to the three rabbits. The children were pleased. They patted Snapper, and praised him, and said he was the best and wisest of dogs. E^^ When the work is done, scholars should exchange papers and criticise one another's pieces. SECTION II. SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OP SPEECH, XXIV. — PROPER NOimS. 1. What are Nouns ? Nouns are name-words. E^^ Scholars may write on their slates the following sentences : 1. "Washington was a general. 2. Chicago is a city. 3. The Mississippi is a river. "Wliat two name-words in the first sentence ? In the second ? In the third ? 1^^ The noun Washington is the name of a particular person ; the noun Chicago is the name of a particular place; the noun Mississip2n is the name of a particular river. Such nouns are in grammar termed Phoper ISTouns. 2. What is a Proper Noun ? A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place, or object. EXERCISE 18. a. Copy the following sentences, and draw a line under each Proper Noun : 1. We get tea from China, and coffee from Java and Brazil. 2. Butter and cheese are made from milk. 3. Great quantities of cotton are raised in Missis'sij)pi, Alabama, and Texas. 4. Webster, Clay, and Calhoun were great statesmen and orators. 5. The three chief sea-ports of the United States are New York, Bos- ton, and San Francisco. C. London is the largest city in the "world. 24 SUBDIVISION OF PAETS OF SPEECH. b. Fill up the blanks with suitable Proper ITouns ; 1 is our teacher's name. 2 is the mayor of our city. 3 is the capital of our country. 4 is the President of the United States. 5 is the largest river in America. 6. Our State is called XXV. — COMPOSITION-LESSON. WRITING PROPER N0X7NS. EuLE I. — Every Proper Noun must begin with a capital letter, and -when a Proper Name consists of more than one word, each word must begin with a capital. Thomas Jefferson, ^ William Brewer, These begin with capitals, because they arc the Queen Elizabeth, [ names of particular persons. Ella Steele. Boston, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Prince Edward's Island. These begin with capitals, because they "are the names of particular places. Rule II. — Single letters used as abbreviations of Proper Nouns must be written in capitals; as, G. IV. Greene (= George Washington Gi'eene). EXERCISE 19. a. Correct the errors in the use of capitals and the j^eriod : 1. The capital of franco is paris. 2. the cape of good hope is in africa, 3. we AVent to California by the pacific railroad 4. napoleon was a Great general 5. The first President was Washington, 6. My name is norval. COMMON NOUNS. 25 b. Write as follows : 1. The name of your school. 2. The name of your cousin. 8. The name of a great man of whom you have heard. 4. The name of your uncle. 5. Sign your oivn name under a suhscription, thus: — C. "Write a short account of yourself by answering the following questions : Where do you live ? [name of city (or town), county, and State]. What is your name ? What is your age ? MODEIj. Qy{a{e o/ C/'Aco. Q46?/ name td' 7ci??zed' ^^uuen, ana Q/ a?7Z ni'nc yeazt)' o/ aae. Comraon Errors. IncmTect. Correct. 1. William come back this morning. William came back this morning. 2. 'Taint right. It is n't right. 3. He told you and I. He told you and me. 4. He learned me arithmetic. He taught me arithmetic. 5. ]\Iary or Jane are WTong. Mary or Jane is wrong. XXVL- COMMON NOUNS. W^ Scholars may Avrite on their slates the following sentences : 1. AVashington was a general. 2. Chicago is a city. 3. The Mississippi is a river. 26 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. 1. Wiiat Proper Noun in tlie first sentence ] The noun Waslimgton. 2. What other noun in the first sentence ? The noun general. ^^f The noun general is not a Proper Noun like Wasliington, because it is not the name of a particular person : it is a noun common to a ivhole class of 2^ersons. Such nouns are in grammar termed Common Nouns. 3. What is a Common Noun 1 A Common Noun is the name of a class of objects. EXERCISE 20. a. From an assigned piece in the Eeader select all the Common Nouns. b. Join a Common Noun to each of the following verbs : 1. Fishes 2 3. ........ swim. play. . sew. . fight. . twitter. G 7 8 flows. burns. twinkle. 4 9 eat nuts. 5 10 draw wagons. XXVII. -HOW NOUNS ARE MADE. Many Common Nouns are made hy adding a suffix to a root-word. 1. What is a root- word 1 A root-word is a word in its simplest form ; as, glad, talk 2. What is a sufiix ? A suffix is a syllable added to a root-vrord to make a deriva- tive; as ness, in gladness; er, in tal]cc7\ 3. What Noun can be formed from glad ? Gladness. MAKING N0V2:S. 27 4. What does the suffix ness mean ? State of being. Note. — When ness is added to a root-word ending in y preceded by a con- sonant, the y is changed for i ; as, lively, liveliness. 5. What Noun can be formed from talk ? Talker. 6. What does the suffix er mean ? One who. Note. — In adding c?-, if the root-word ends in e, drop the e ; if it ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant ', if it ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed for i. 7. What Noun can be formed from lion ? Lioness. 8. What does the suffix ess mean ? A female of the kind denoted by the root-word. EXERCISE 2!. a. Add the suffix ness to the following Adjectives, and define each Noun formed : 1. Hard. 2. White. 3. Dull 4. Good. 5. Sweet. 6. Soft. 7. Tardy. b. Select from the Reader other Common Nouns ending in ness. C. Add the suffix er to the following Verbs, and define each Koun formed : 1. Work. 2. Love. 8. Write. 4. Buy. 5. Farm. G. Purchase. 7. Plot. d. Select from the Eeader other Common Nouns ending in er. e. Add the sufiix ess to the following Nouns, and define each Noun formed : 1. Poet. 2. Heir. 3. Prince. 4. Host. 5. Author. 6. Shepherd. f. Select from the Eeader other Common Nouns ending in ess. 2* 28 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XXVIII. — COMPOSITION-LESSOIf • ABBREVIATIONS. Rule. — Single letters used as abbreviations are generally written in capital letters and followed by a period. W^ The following are among the most ordinary ahhreviations consisting of single letters : R. R. = Railroad. M. C. = Member of Congress. C. 0. D. = Collect on delivery. P. S. = Postscript. N. Y. = New York. O. = Ohio. R. I. = Rhode Island. M. D. = Doctor of Medicine. B. C. = Before Christ. A. D. = After Christ. N. B. = Take notice {nota hene). A. M. = Forenoon {ante meridiem). P. M. = Afternoon {post Tneridiem). M. = Noon {meridies). U. S. = United States. D. C. = District of Columbia. EXERCISE 22. a. Write the following sentences, putting abbreviations in place of the words in italics : 1. The school opens at 9 before noon, and closes at 4 in the afternoon. 2. The goods were sent by the Ohio and Mississippi railroad 3. The capital is at Albany, New York. 4. We dine at 5 in the afternoon. 5. Send the parcel collect on delivery. 6. Address the letter to W. A. Hammond, doctor of medicine* 7. Rome fell in the year 476 after Christ. b. Correct the errors in the writing of the abbreviatidhs : 1. n. b. No admittance except on business. 2. Henry Wilson, m. c, Washington, d. c. 3. We went to California by the Pacific r. r. 4. The package from n. y. was marked c o d. C. Write sentences using the following abbreviations : 1. B. C. 2. P. S. 3. P. M. Rinds of Nouns. •<; jREVIEJV OF NOUNS. — TRANSITIVE VERBS. 29 XXIX. — REYIEW OF NOUNS. C Man, ^ Common. J Town, I Arc Names of Classes ofOhjcds. [^ Mountain, J j" Webster, ] Proper. < Cambridge, > Arc Names of Partkidar Objects. Ulps, ^ J QUESTIONS. 1. What is a Common Noun ] Give five examples. 2. What is a Proper Noun 1 Give three examples. iJ^=* From an assigned piece in the Eeader select all the Nouns, Common and Proper. XXX. - TRANSITIYE TERES. 1. What are Verbs ? Verbs are action-words. Ei^^ Scholars will write the followin.cj sentence : Tailors make clothes. o 2. Which word is the Verb ? The word make. 3. Do the words " Tailors make " express complete sense 1 ISTo ; because it is not stated ivliat they make. ^^ Many verbs require to be followed by a Noun in order to make a full statement. Such Verbs are called Transitive Veres, and the Noun that completes the sense is called the Object. 4. What is a Transitive Verb 1 A Transitive Verb is one that requires an object to com- plete the sense. 30 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. EXERCISE 23. a. Add Objects to tlio following Transitive Verhs.: 1. Carpenters build houses. 2. Bakers make 3. Boys catch 4. The bridge spans 5. The scholar 6. Education improves . 7. The gardener prunes 8. The hunter climbed . 9. The painter painted . 10. The Indian killed .... Supply Transitive Verhs to the following Subjects or Objects : 1. The lion rends his prey. 2. The bee honey. 3. The hen her chickens. 4. The American liberty. 5. The fisherman his net. G. The children daisies. 7. The shower the air. 8. Washington the British. 9. Eivers fish. 10. Learning mind. XXXI. - COMPOSITION=LESSOF. K^" We may write in a single sentence a number of statements containing the same Transitive Verbs with different objects, by using the Transitive Yerb but once, and separating each object by a comma to show that the Verb is omitte^. Thus, Grocers sell tea. Grocers sell tea, coffee, Grocers sell coffee, Grocers sell sugar. Grocers sell molasses. sugar, and molasses. Rule op Punctuation. — When there are three or more nouns after a Transitive Verb, a comma is placed after each noun e^icept the last; but t-wo nouns joined by AND are not sep- iirated by a comma. Thus : Farmers raise wheat, corn, rye, and barley. Farmers raise wheat and corn. EXERCISE 24. a. In the same way supply objects to each verb, and then vrritc all the statements in one sentence : INTRANSITIVE VERBS. 31 Our State produces Our State produces Our State produces Our State produces We bought a "We bought an. We bought some We bouG:ht a This room contains This room contains This room contains This room contains This room contains Druggists keep , Druggists keep Druggists keep Druggists keep J J \ b. Supply the commas "where they are required : 1. China exports tea rice and silk. 2. The Eastern Hemisphere con- tains Europe Asia and Africa. 3. Have you a horse a cow a sheep or a goat ? 4. The picture contained a house a lawn a brook and a castle. 5. The sun gives us light and heat. G. Who knows the time place or circumstances of his death? XXXH. — rMRANSITIYE ITIRBS. Scholars may write this sentence : Animals sleep, 1. Yv^hich word is the Verb ? The word sleep. 2. Do the words " Animals sleep " make complete sense ? They do. * (E^^ Correct ; they make complete sense. The verb sleep, unlike the verb tnal-e in the sentence "Tailors make clothes," does not require any object to complete the sense, — the action docs not oo SUBDIVISION OF FARTS OF SPEECH. pass over to any ol3Ject. In grammar sucli verbs are termed Intransitive Verbs. 3. What is an Intransitive Verb ? An Intransitive Verb is one that does not require an object to complete the sense. EXERCISE 25. a. Make sentences with the following Intransitive Verbs : 7 sleep. 8 flashes. 9 will succeed. 1 sail. 4 travel. 2 trot. 5 whistle. 3 plays. 6 whispered b. Supply Intransitive Verhs to the following Nouns : 1. The lion .. 2. Gold 3. The drum 4. The lamb . 5. The snake C. Swallows , 7. The bell . 8. The river 9. Water .... XXXIII. - COMPOSITION-LESSON. m^^ "VVe may write a series of separate statements, each containing an Intransitive Verb and a Noun in one sentence, by writing the Noun first and then following with the Verbs, separating each by a Comma. Thus, Boys can study. ^ -P, ' Boys can study, play, read, work, and Boys can read. >• = "^ . jj i jy j > -r> , write. Boys can work. Boys can write. > Rule op Punctuation. — "When there are three or more In- transitive Verbs, a comma is placed after each Verb except the last; but two Verbs joined by AND are not separated by a comma. Thus; Dogs bark, bite, and play. Dogs bark and bite. COMPOSITION-LESSON. 33 EXERCISE 26. a. In the same way unite eacli group of statements into a single sentence : Girls romp.^ Girls laugli. I = Girls sew. J Samuel rows. Samuel swims. Samuel rides. Samuel boxes. Our army fouglit. ^ Our army bled. v =: Oiu" army died. J This morning I rose. This morning I washed. This morninr^ I dressed. This morninc' I breakfasted. This morning I went to school. ^ b. Supply commas where they are required : 1. The poor dog turned over moaned and died. 2. Our baby slept and smiled. 3. Eobinson Crusoe stopped paused and wondered when he saw the footprint in the sand. 4. The rushing river frets fumes and roars. 5. " I came saw conquered/' -svrote a Eoman general. C. The name of everything that we see hear smell taste touch is a noun. Common Errorg. Incorrect. Correct. 1. Have you wrote your letter ? Have you written your letter ? 2. The wind blowed hard. The wind blew hard. 3. How many is there ? How many are there ? 34 • SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XXXIV. — LIMITM(> ABJECTIYES. E^^ We have learned that in general Adjectives are Quality- ■\vords j but all Adjectives are not of the same kind^ and hence they are usually divided into three classes : 1. Limiting Adjectives ; 2. Desckiptive Adjectives ; 3. Proper Adjectives. 1. Ill the sentence, This man is mij father^ ivhat man is spoken of? This man. 2. What use has the word this ? It limits the meaning of man to this (not that) man. 3. TVhose father is spoken of ? Iff/ father. 4. What use has the word my ? It limits father to mij (not his or your) father. 1^=" Such Adjectives are called Limiting Adjectives. 5. What is a Limiting Adjective 1 A Limiting Adjective is an adjective that limits the mean- ing of a noun. Limiting Adjectives : This, these ; that, those ; some ; any ; many ; all ; first ; two ; my ; his ; our ; your, etc. Note. — The Limiting Adjectives tlic^ an, and a are often called Articles. EXERCISE 27. Copy the following sentences, and draw a line under each Limit- ing Adjective : 1. This boy is very lazy. 2. Those blackbirds have flown away. 3. Few deer have been shot this year. 4. Three crows sat on a tree. 5. His uncle has returned from India. C. Some swans are black. 7. That girl is very uidustrious. 8. All quadrupeds are animals. 9. Many flowers blush unseen. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES. XXXV. - BESCRIPTIYE ADJECTH^S. E^=' Scholars may vrrite the sentence : The bright sun shines. 1. "What kind of sun shines ? The hright sun shines. 2. What is the use of the word hright ? It describes sun. C^^' Such Adjectives are called Descriptive Adjectives. 3. What is a Descriptive Adjective ? A Descriptive Adjective describes an object. Descriptive Adjectives : White; red; green; large; small; heavy; light; sweet; sour ; hard; soft; good; heautiful ; iigly ; and many hundreds of similar describing words. EXERCISE 28. On slates draw this model, and put each Adjective in the proper column : MODEL. A little old man lives in that white house. Articles. Limiting Adjectives. Descriptive Adjectives. a that little old white 1. That heautiful red rose grew in my garden. 2. Many idle scholars waste their tune. 3. Some tall trees grow in that old forest. 4. These fine apples come from our orchard. 5. An honest man is the noblest vrork of God. 6. That yellow nugget of gold was found in California. 7. A little, old, white man with a small, short-tailed dog stole my venison. 8. The snow-white summit of the mountain towers upvrard into the blue sky. 36 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. \ XXXVI. - COMPOSITION-LESSON. '\ MODEL OF ORAL EXERCISE ON ADJECTIVES. ; E^=* Tell some quality of tliis apple. Large. Yes. Taste of it. Siveet. Make a sentence with these words in it. The large ai-^ple is siveet. Give another quality. Bed. Bound. Press upon it. < Melloiv. Now make other sentences. ! • i The red apple is sweet. i The round apple is sweet. The mellow apple is sweet. i B^* IIow may wo put all these thoughts into one sentence ? ; Thus : The large, red, round, mellow apple is sweet. ' EuLE OF Punctuation. — "When there are three or more Ad- j jectives describing the same Noun, a comma is placed after each Adjective except the last; but tv70 Adjectives joined \ by AND are not sepaiated by a comma. Thus : ; A large, handsome, and well-built shijp. ; A large and handsome ship. ; EXERCISE 29. ! Unite each group of statements into a single sentence ; A boy sat on the back seat, ^ He was a little boy. He was a mischievous boy, He was a white-headed boy. A beggar called at our door, ' He was old, He was lame, He was poorly clad. A tall tree stands in the park, ^ A straight tree stands in the park, y =z A beautiful tree stands in the park. J Her eyes danced in her head, ^ It is Kate's eyes that are spoken of. They were laughing eyes. They were light blue eyes. PROPER ADJECTIVES. 37 XXXVII. -PROPER ADJECTIITIS* B^^ Scholars may write the following sentence : Peruvian harlc is obtained from Peru. 1. "What word comes first ? The word Peruvian. 2. "What word comes last ? The word Peru. 3. W^hat kind of word is Peru ? It is a Pro^Kr Noun. 4. What kind of word is Peruvian ? It is an Adjective, because it shows what hiiid of bark. 5. What are Adjectives formed from Proper Nouns called ? They are called Proper Adjectives. Rule. — Every Proper Adjective must begin -with a capital letter. ~*roper Adjective. Spanish. Portuguese. Greek. Hungarian. Canadian. Cuban. Brazilian. Norwegian. Swedish. Dutch. Proper Noun. Proper Adjective. Proper Noun. Pi France, French. Spain, China, Chinese. Portugal, Scotland, Scotch. Greece, Rhine, Rhenish. Hungary, Britain, British. Canada, Rome, Roman. Cuba, Italy, Italian. Brazil, Chili, Chilian. Norway, Japan, Japanese. Sweden, Mexico, Mexican. Holland, EXERC ISE 30. a. jMake statements, usincj the followincj Proper Adjectives : 1. German. 2. American. 3. Swedish. 4. Mexican. 5. Dutch. 38 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. b. Supply suitable Proper Adjectives to make good sense : MODEL: "FRENCH WINES ARE IMPORTED." 1 wines are imported. 2 marble is the finest. 3. The queen is named Vic- toria. 4. That man has a high nose. 5 olives are the best. C. The people are well edu- cated. 7. The language is spoken in Holland. 8. The winter is very cold. 9. Washington caused the to surrender. 10. The Alps are very high. 11. The ship sailed under the flai Are quality-words formed " from corrcspo7iding no2ins. QUESTIONS. L How many kinds of Adjectives are there ? 2. What are Limiting Adjectives ? Give two examples. 3. What are Descriptive Adjectives 1 Give three examples. 4. What are Proper Adjectives 1 Give four examples. 40 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XL. — COMPOSITION-LESSON. (1^=' AVrite a short composition by answering the following ques- tions. Be careful that each answer is a com2olete sentence. L Are apples a cultivated or a wild fruit ? 2. Where do they grow ? 3. Is there more than one kind of apples ? 4. What are some of the best kinds of aj)ples 1 5. For what are aj)ples used ? 6. What drink is made from apples 1 7. How are dried apples prepared % CRITICISM OP COMPOSITIONS. In order to illustrate some of the kinds of errors made by begin- ners in writing compositions, two specimens of actual work on the questions given above, by a grammar class, are here printed precisely as written. Example 1. — (1) The apple is a cultivated fruit, (2) it grows in both warm and mild climates, (3) there is more than one kind of apples, such as the Belle Flower, etc., (4) they are used for cooking, eating, etc. (5) Cider is made from the apple, (6) they are prepared by first cutting them in pieces, and then putting them in the sun on long strings. In this composition there are intended to be six sentences ; but the fourth and the last alone end with a period : the others end with the comma. The capitalizing is very defective : in the sec- ond, t jird, fourth, and sixth sentences, the first words begin with small letters in place of capitals. Example 2. — (1) The apple is a cultivated fruit (2^ Apples grow in warm climates (3) There is more than one kind of apples (4) The belle llower apple (5) Apples are used for eating, cooking, and baking, (6) Cider is made from apples (7) The juice is taken out of them and they are dried in the sun Here not one of the sentences ends with a period. This is a gross error. The fifth sentence ends with a comma, which of course is KINDS OF ADVEllBS. 41 wrong. AYe notice that the answer to question 4 is not a sentence, because it does not contain a A^erb. It might be completed by- saying, " The Belleflov\'er apple is one of the best kinds." In writ- ing compositions from questions scholars must he very careful to maize each answer a comjylete sentence. The last sentence has not the full form required to answer the question. It should state that " Dried apples are prepared by," etc. EXERCISE 32. ^^ Scholars are to correct the spelling, capitalizing, and language of the following sentences. They are from actual compositions. 1. Dried apples are prepared by slicing the apples into thin peaces and then place them in the sun and let them dry. 2. Dry apples are prepared by getting pealed and then cut them into pieces and dried in the sun 3. Apples are pealed tlien cut in to pieces and then laid on boards to dry, and when they are dried they are called dried apples. 4. The apple is a cultivative fruit. 5. Dried apples are squeezed till all the juice is out and are dried in the sun. 6. Apples are used for Pies, Sauce, Jell}'', and other things. 7. There are more than one kind of apples. 8. There are a grate many kinds of appels 9. Apples are used for cooking and to eat. XLL — KINDS OF ADITIRBS. 1. What is an Adverb ? An Adverb is a how, when, or where- word. 2. With -what words are Adverbs generally used ? With Verbs. C^^ Scholars may write the following sentences : 1. Ella reads distinctly, and writes well. 2. John may begin immediately. 3. If you will not come here, I shall go there. Reads 7uw.? Writes /iow.? Jjegmiohcn? Come wJicrc? Go ichcre? 42 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. 3. With what kind of words have all these Adverbs been used ? Tliey have all been used with Verbs. 11^=" AYrite this sentence : The sun is very lai^ge and exceedingly hot. Large in what dcjrcc ? Hot in wliat degree ? 4. "With what kind of words are very and exceedingly used ? With Adjectives. B^^ Write this sentence : Mary sings very sweetly and plays QUITE correctly. Sweetly in what degree ? Correctly in what degree ? 5. With what kind of words are very and quite used ? With Adverbs. d^^ We have thus seen that Adverbs may be used to limit Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs. 6. What classes of words do Adverbs limit ? Adverbs limit Verbs, Adjectives, and other Ad verba. EXERCISE 33. a. Add Adverbs to the following sentences : 1. Time flies ..???^f.. 2. The moon shines ..??.'^'f.. 3. He answered the call .l'>}^'\-... 4. The sluggard rises ..'?^f?:.. 5. .V'.^rF.-.. are two lions, and J'^M'y.l. are two tigers. 6. He gave me a . ^SPJ'f^. . sweet apple. 7. AVe could not go out, because it was . /lyfSP. . cold. 8. The parrot chatters hnw? b. In each of the following sentences supply an Adverb making proper sense : MODEL: "THE GIRL SEWS NEATLY." 1. The girl sews .... 2. The rain poured 3. They listen 4. We studied 5. The lion roared . 6. We live 7. Eliza came 8. The baby sleeps 9. Speak to the unfortunate. 10. The vessel will call COMPOSITION-LESSON. 43 J XLII. — COMPOSITIOX-LESSON. ABBREVIATIONS. Rule. — Abbreviations of titles must always begin with capi- tals and end with a period. XoTE. — An abbreviation of a title is a short way of writing a title so as to save the trouble of writing it out in full ; thus, in place of ^vriting Professor Morse we write Prof. Morse. The following are some comnioii abbreviations of titles : Mr. stands for Mister. Mrs. " " Mistress. Gen. « " General. Col. " " Colonel. Esq. stands for Esquire. Prof. " " Professor. Hon. " " The Honorable. Supt. " " Superintendent. Note. — AVhen you write Mr. before a name, take care never to write Esq. after it. Sometimes ignorant people write such names as "Mr. J. Smith, Esq." Now it should be either "Mr. J. Smith" or "J. Smith, Esq." EXERCISE 34. Correct the errors in the use of ca2ntals, the period, etc. : 1. Last Sunday we went to church with g. Jones esq 2. Washington attacked the British at trenton on Christmas day, dec. 25, 1V75. 3. We were visited by prof Murray, lion. Gould Bro\^Ti and mr and mrs Smith 4. gen. Israel Putnam was a brave soldier, 5. miss Sarah Pond came to see us yesterday. 6. We went to see a beautiful play which was written by mr. Charles Roby Esq. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. Has the boys gone ? Have the boys gone ? 2. I can WTite better than him. I can write better than he. 3. He dont know nothin' about it. He does not know anything about it. 4. I can't hardly tell. I can hardly.tell. 5. He had n't ought to had it. He ought not to have had it. 4,4: SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XLIIL — HOW ABYERBS ARE MADE. 1. What Adverb may be formed from the word brave ? The Adverb Iravcly. 2. What suffix is used ? The suffix ly. 3. What is its meaning ? It means like. Note. — ■ The suffix hj is a contraction of lie, the old English word like ; thus bravely = Iravc-like. 4. To what kind of words is ly added in order to form Adverbs 1 To Adjectives. 0^== Add the suffix ly to each of the following words, so as to form Adverbs. Define them : 1. Wise. 2. Kind. 3. Sweet. 4. Terrible. 5. Fearful. 6. Exceed- ing. 7. Busy. 8. Extreme. 9. Immediate. 10. Prodigious. 11. Enor- mous. 12. Comfortable. 13. Religious. 14. Dear. 15. Hopeful. XLIV. - COMPOSITION-LESSON. USE OF CAPITALS. Rule. — The names of the months, of the days of the week, and of holidays, but not of the seasons, must begin v/ith capi- tals. January, "^ February, March, April, etc. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, ^ D^P of the week. Names ©f months. Thursday, etc. Christmas, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day, New Year's Day. Holidays. COMPOSITION-LESSON. 45 EXERCISE 34. a. "Write the following : 1. The name of the twelfth month. 2. The name of one of the seasons. 3. The name of the month of flowers. 4. The names of the three coldest months. 5. The names of the three hottest months. b. Write the following form, using your own name, and sub- stituting the very day, month, and year in Avhich you write : ''I, Samuel T. Goodfellow, sign this deed on Tuesday, July 4, 1876." C. Write a sentence, stating the day, month, and year of your birth. MODEL. Q^, 2onn '^zee7ZZ(/co(/, zaad voZ7i on /reanc4c/au, d. Write the following : 1. A sentence using the word Sunday. 2. A sentence using the word Friday. 3. A sentence using the word Monday. 4. A sentence using the name Christmas. 5. A sentence using the name Fourth of July. 6. A sentence using the name Decoration Day. 7. A sentence using the word spring. Note. — The name Wednesday is often -v^Titten or pronounced as if it were Wedcnsday (sometimes Wcnsday); the word February is often written and pronounced as if it were Fchuary : be very careful to avoid both these errors. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. Go to wonst. Go at once. 2. It was spoke well. It was spoken well. 3. They knowed better. They knew better. 4. It is me. It is I. 5. AYas it her ? Was it she ? 46 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECE. XLV. — PERSOML PKONOUNS. 1. What is a Pronoun ? A Pronoun is a word that stands for a E"oun. E^^" Scholars may write the following sentences : 1. I must learn, and you may teach me. 2. James is at the head of his class because he is attentive. 2. What use has the word / in the first sentence ? It represents the person who is speaking. 3. What use has the word you in the first sentence 1 It represents the x^erson spoken to. 4. What use has the word he in the second sentence 1 It represents the person spoken of (or stands for tlie noun James). ^T Pronouns that represent the speaker, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of, arc called Personal Peonouns. 5. What is a Personal Pronoun ? A Personal Pronoun is a pronoun that represents the per- son speaking, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of. 6. What are the Personal Pronouns / and we called ? They are called Personal Pronouns of the first 'person. 7. What is the Personal Pronoun you called ? It is called the Personal Pronoun of the second ]person. 8. What are the Personal Pronouns he, she, it, and they called ? They are called Personal Pronouns of the third person. m^ Copy on slates or paper the following table of the Personal Pronouns : One. First person, I. Second person, You. [He, Third person, -^ She, ' It. More than one. First person, "We. Second person, You. Third person, They. COMPOSITION-LESSON. 47 EXERCISE 35. Tell whether the Personal Pronouns are of the first, second, or third person : 1. You may go. 2. I came yesterday. 3. Tell Mary that she is v/anted. 4. They will return, to-morrow. 5. He is very kind. G. I cannot tell you where he is. 7. The moon is a satellite, because it revolves around the earth. 8. We sent them to school. 9. You are all afraid. 10. The dog was hurt, but it was not killed. XLYI. - COjIPOSITION=LESSOX. ^^ Scholars may copy on their slates the following little composi- tion by a beginner: it is on the subject given in Lesson XL. p. 40: Apples are a cultivated fruit. Apples grow in temperate regions. There are more than one kind of apples. Some of the best kinds of apples are the Seek-no-further and the Spitzenburg. Apples are used for cooldng and to eat. Cider is made from apples. This composition illustrates a very common fault in beginners' work, namely, the repetition in every sentence of the name of the subject, — in this case the word ap2:)le or apples. There are six sentences, and each contains this word. Now, there are two ways of avoiding this way of writing. The first is to use 2^ro7iouns ; the second, to use a descrijDtive word having the same meaning as the subject spoken of. Thus, in sentence 2, the pronoun thei/ might be used in place of apples. Sentences 3 and 4 might be united thus : " There are more than one kind of apples, the Seek-no-further and the Spitzenburg being among the best varieties." In sentence 5, " this fruit " might be used in place of apples. In sentence 6, " it " (standing for " this fruit ") will take the place of apples. C^° Scholars should rewrite this composition, making the changes pointed out and putting the whole in a paragraph of five sentences. When the exercise is done^ let the scholars exchange slates for C7'iticism, or let one or more of the exercises he placed on the hlacHboayxl and made the basis of oral criticism. 48 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. XLVII. - RELATIYE PROXOUNS. ^^ Scholars may write the following sentences : 1. The teacher sent for the boy, ivlio immediately came. 2. The ship which was wrecked sailed from Portsmouth. 3. We chased away the dog that barked. 1. In the first sentence, who (is it said) came ? The hoy. 8^=" Correct ; for the sentence is the same as if we should say, " The teacher sent for the boy, and the hoy immediately came." 2. In the second sentence, what was wTecked % The sM^. 3. In the third sentence, what barked ? The dog. 4. For what are the words who^ ichich, and that used ? They stand for hoy, ship, and dog, 5. What then shall we call them ? Pronouns. 8^^ These are pronouns because they stand for nouns ; but they are not Personal Pronouns. They are called Relative Fronoims^ be- cause they refer hack, or relate to some noun already named. 6= When do you use who, when ichich, and when that ? Who is applied to persons only ; ichich, to the lower ani- mals and to lifeless things ; that, to persons, animals, or things. EXERCISE 36. a. Point out the Relatives, and the noun to which each refers : 1. The lady who called yesterday has gone to Europe. 2. The horse which he bought was lame. 3. John has a bird which he caught in a trap. 4. William Shakespeare, who wrote great dramas, was born in 1564. 5. The teacher praised all the pupils that were promoted. 6. Many are the strange tales winch he tells. b. Supply Relative Pronouns : 1. The letter you wrote never arrived. 2. The lady wofe the mauve dress v/as much admired. 3. We saw the lion was COMPOSITION-LESSOX.— INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 49 spoken of in the papers. 4. I found the dog was lost. 5. It was I lost the book. 6. That is the ship arrived yesterday from India. XLVIII. — COMPOSITIOX-LESSON. USE OP CAPITALS. I. The personal pronoun "I" must always be written as a capital letter. II. The names of the Supreme Being, and personal pronouns representing them, begin with capitals ; as, " We know that God h good, and that He is wise." EXERCISE 37. Correct the errors in the use of capitals : 1. come to me, O ye children, for i hear you at your play. 2. Our father who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name. 3. Eemember thy creator in the days of thy youth. 4. Last Sunday i went to church with Sister. Common Errors. Incorrect. Correct. 1. "Who did she marry 1 Whom did she marry 1 2. AVhat for did she go ? Why did she go ? 3. Me and John Brown went a fish- John Brown and I went a fishing. ing. 4. 'Taint no use trying. It is of no use trying. XLIX. — ESTERROGATm: PRONOUNS. B^^ Scholars may^Tite the following sentences : 1. rr/io .said so? 2. JFliich of us shall go 1 '3. TFJiat does he want ? 1. What is th6 use of the words icho, ickich, and lohat in these sen- tences ? Tliey are used in asking questions. 50 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. (1^== These pronouns are called Intekrogative Phonouns. 2. What are the Interrogative Pronouns ? The Interrogative Pronouns are the words WHO, WHICH, and WHAT, used in asking questions. 3. What mark is used to close a sentence beginning with an Inter- rogative Pronoun ? The interrogation-point, marked thus (?). EXERCISE 38. Tell which pronouns are Relative and which Interrogative : 1. Who was it that took my cap ? 2. Did you inquire who he was 1 3. He asked me if I laiew who was going to the party. 4. Which of you hroke that pane of glass ? 5. I asked the first man that I met which w^as the road to Sonora. 6. What is the reason that you do not like arithmetic ? 7. The man who stole the watch v/as punished. 8. This is the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that eat the malt that lay in the house that Jack built. L. — COMPOSITION-LESSON. USE OF CAPITALS. Rule. — The first -word in every line of poetry must begin ■with a capital letter. EXERCISE 39. a. On slates or paper copy the following stanzas : 1. And out again I curve and flow To join the brunming river ; For men may come and men may go, But I go on forever. 2. And Irish Nora's eyes are dim For a singer dumb and gory ! And English Mary mourns for him __ Who sang of " Annie Laurie." ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 51 b. Copy from the Eeader any selected piece of poetry. C. Write on paper from memory any piece of poetry tliat you know by heart. LL — ADJECTITE PROXOUNS. 1!!^= The teacher should write the following sentences on the blackboard : 1. That man has a house : it is not so large as that of your uncle. 2. Some men covet wealth ; some covet honor. 3. One scholar may read ; another scholar may write ; another may cipher. 1. In the first sentence, that (man) is what kind of word ? An Adjective, because it limits man. 2. In the other use of that, in the same sentence, is it an Adjective ? It is used without a noun; and, as it stands for a noun Qiouse), it has the use of a Pronoun. 3. In the second sentence, what two uses has the word some ? It is used, first, as an Adjective ("same men"), and, secondly, as a Pronoun (" some covet honor "). 4. In the third sentence, what two uses has the word another ? It is used, first, as an Adjective, and, next, as a Pronoun. ^^ These Pronouns are called Adjective Pronouns. 5. What is an Adjective Pronoun ? An Adjective Pronoun is an adjective that may be used to represent a noun. 6. Name twelve Adjective Pronouns 1 This, that, these, those, all, some, fcio, each, many, mine, yours, theirs. EXERCISE 40. Point out the Adjective Pronouns : 1. I like this better than that. 2. This book is mine ; that is his. 3* 52 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH. 3. Some believe tlie stars are irilia"bited. 4. Many are called, but few are chosen. 5. Have you any money 1 I have some. C. None knew him but to love him. 7. Let each esteem the other better than himself. LIL — REVIEW OF PRONOUNS. Kiuds of Pronouns. •< ^ Personal, Relative, Interrogative, ^Adjective. QUESTIONS. 1. What is a Personal Pronoun? Give the Personal Pronoun, first person singular ; first person plural. Give the Personal Pronoun, sec- ond person, singular and plural. Give the Personal Pronoun, third per- son, singular and plural. 2. What are the three Relative Pronouns 1 What is meant by the an- tecedent ? When is who used 1 when which .^ when that .? 3. Name the three Interrogative Pronouns. 4. What is an Adjective Pronoun 1 Give five examples. LIII. - COMPOSITION-LESSON. USE OF QUOTATION MARKS, In the course of a composition it will often be necessary to represent a person as actually speaking. This is called direct speech, and is contrasted with indirect speech, which gives the words as reported by another. In writing direct speech the following points are to be observed : I. The words of the speaker are to be enclosed in qiiotation marks (" "); as, Henry Clay says, ''I would rather be right than be president." II. The introductory statement, as Jefferson said, he rej^lied, etc., is to be followed by the comma. COMPOSITION-LESSON. 53 III. The first word of the direct speech must always begin with a capital letter. IV. When the speech is divided by expressions like said he, replied she, etc., these expressions are to be set off by commas, and not included within the quotations. Thus : " I would rather," said Henry Clay, " be right than be president." 1. "What is direct speech 1 Sentences \Yhich represent a person as actually speaking. 2. What is mdirect speech ? Sentences which give the words as reported by another. EXERCISE 41. Copy the following story, giving particular attention to the punctuation : THE QTJARREL ABOUT A NUT. Two little boys found a walnut under a large vv'alnut-tree, near the village. " It is mine," cried Harry, " for I saw it first." '• Xo, it is mine," cried Eobert, " for I picked it up." Thus they quarrelled loud and long about who should keep the nut. " I shall end the dispute," said a young man, who came up and stepped in between them. He took the nut, opened it gravely, and said, " Here is the shell in tvro halves, — one half-shell is for the boy who saw the nut first ; take it, Harry : the other half-shell is for the boy who picked the nut up > there it is, Eobert. As for the kernel, I shall keep it my- self, as a reward for my trouble in settling the matter," So the young man ate the kernel, and, as he was walking away, he said, " My lads, the end of most quarrels is, that people lose what they quarrel about." Robert and Harry stood with the two pieces of shell in their hands. They looked first at them, and then at each other, and burst out laughing. " I think it serves us right," said Harry. " I am sure it does," said Eobert. " Another time, Harry, we will divide our nuts for ourselves, and be content with a fair share." ^^^ As a composition-exercise write out the preceding story from dictation, and compare with the book for punctuation and quotation marks. 54 SUBDIVISION OF PARTS OF SPEECH, LIV. — BLACKBOAED EEVIEW. Noun j^^^l^^^' 1^ Common. _- ( Transitive, \ Intransitive. C Limiting, Adjective. ■<^ Descriptive, (^ Proper. '' How-kind, Adverbs... ■< Pronoun... When-kind, Where-kind, Denoting degree. ' Personal, Eelative, Interrogative, Adjective. Note. — These are the five main kinds of words, v»'ith the classes into v;hich each kind is divided. The other three kinds of words — Conjunctions^ Prepositions, Interjections — are not reviewed here, because they are not divided into separate classes. WRITTEN E2AI/IINATI01T. 1. What is a Proper Noun ? Write a sentence containing two proper nouns, — the first the name of a person, the second the name of a place. Write your own name, and give the reason for the capitalizing and punc- tuation. 2. Give a common noun ending in er. Give a common noun endincr in ncss. Write five common nouns, the names of things you can see. Write two common nouns, — names of things not seen, hvit felt. 3. Take these sentences: 1. "The sun shines." 2. "Tailors make clothes." 3. " Columbus discovered America." 4. " Children cry." Which Verbs make complete sense without an object ? Which require an object 1 Which Verbs are Transitive, and which Intransitive 1 4. Take tliis sentence : " Some flowers have beautiful colors." Yv^hat two Adjectives in this sentence? Which merely limits? which describes ? What is a Limiting Adjective ? a Descriptive Adjective ? Write a sen- tence containing an Article, a Limiting Adjective, and a Descriptive Adjective. COMPOSITION-LESSON, 55 5. "Which three kinds of Adverbs are used to limit Verbs ? AVhich kind is used to limit Adjectives and other Adverbs ? 6. What Personal Pronoun shall I use when I mean myself and sev- eral other persons present ? In the following sentence use personal pro- nouns for the italicized nouns : When Ellen returned, Ellen asked Ellon's brother if Ellen's hrotJicr would play at croquet. 7. Write a sent = We rose early yesterday. i We rose yesterday. ) PREDICATE ENLARGED. 97 We shall study, We shall study hard. We shall study to-morrow. We work, We work early, \- = We work late. The sun rose, The sun rose brightly, )- = The sun rose to-day. XCVIIL- PREDICATE ENLARGED: Adverbial Phrases. 1. AVe live here. 2. We live in this place. 1. In the first sentence, by what is the simple predicate enlarged ? It is enlarged by tlie adverb Jiere. 2. In the second sentence, by what is the simple predicate enlarged ? By the phrase in this place. 3. What kind of a phrase is in this place ? It is an adverbial pbrase, because it is equivalent to an adverb (here), and because it limits a verb. MODEL OF AITALYSIS. " We live in this place." This is a simple sentence. The subject is vre. The siraple predicate is live : it is enlarged by the adverbial phrase in this place. EXERCISE 72. a- Enlarge each prediaate by an Adverbial Phrase : 1. The sun rises ..*^?f?/.. 2. Fish live .I'^JlvM. 3. America was discovered f'y.'f'?.''."!? 4. The moon shines . .'f?f'.'/. . 5. My aimt lives .}"Jl7.^.l. 6. Plymouth was settled . .'.''?.^?/. . 7. I ??Vr.*"I7'.^ was born }'^^^^c^ in what pear? 98 USIJS OF wo EDS. b. Enlarge each predicate by an Adverbial Phrase : 1. Tea is o"btained 5. We walked 2. Cotton is raised 6. The Mississippi rises 3. Jamestown was settled 7. The cow jumped 4. The President lives 8. The dish ran XCIX. - COMPOSITION-LESSON. 1!!^* Combine the statements into Single Sentences : Independence was declared. It was declared at Philadelphia. It was declared in the year 1776. Flowers are raised. They are raised in hot-houses. They are thus raised in lointer. Franklin was born. He was born in Boston. He was born in the early part of the eighteenth century, TVe went to Europe. We went in a steamer. It was in the month of June that we went. The greatest battle of the war was fought at Gettysburg, Gettysburg is in Pennsylvania. It was fought on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July. It was fought in the year 1863. [Put the phrases last.] We were cast away without any provisions. We were cast away on a solitary island. This island was in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. [Put the phrases last.] Analyze the sentences written. PREDICATE WITH OBJECT ENLARGED. 99 C — PKEDICATE TYITH OBJECT EXLAEGED. 1. We saw a man. 2. We saw a fat man. 3. We saw a fat man with a red face. 1. In the first sentence, what is the Predicate ] The words saw a man. 2. What is the Object 1 A man. 3. In the second sentence, what Adjective enlarges the object ? The adjective /ft^. 4. In the third sentence, what enlargements has the Ohject 1 It is enlarged by the adjective fat, and by the adjective phrase, with a red face. MODEL OP ANALYSIS. " The travelers ascended the steep summits of the Alps." This is a simple sentence. The subject is the travelers. The simple predicate is ascended the summits: the verb is ascended, the object is the summits. The object is enlarged by the adjective stee]) and by the adjective phrase of the Alps. EXERCISE 73. Combine the statements into single sentences : 1. Bayard Taylor wrote an account. It was an interesting account. It was an account of his travels. His travels were in Asia. 2. California yields crops. They are large crops. They are crops of icheat. They are crops of wine. They are crops of wool. 3. A fox saw a bunch. It was a bunch of grapes. It was a tempting bunch of grapes. It was hanging from a high loall. 100 USES OF WORDS. CL — BLACKBOARD REYIEW. Enlargemants of Simple Predicate. -s , , , .\ -r>, V Adverbial Pnrases. I Acliective "Worcls Enlargements of the Object ■{ „ -, . t^, (^Adjective Pnrases. EXERCISE 74. 1. Write three sentences, with each predicate enlarged by two adverbs. 2. Write three sentences, with each predicate enlarged by one adverb and one adverbial phrase. 3. Write three sentences, with a transitive verb, an object, and an adverb. ^ 4. Write three sentences, with an object enlarged by two adjectives. CII. — COMBINING SENTENCES. METHOD I. Two simple statements may be combined into one sentence by means of a conjunction. Thus ; I John reads. [Plain joining.] l = John reads and ^vrites. John writes. ^ Birds travel swiftly. [Reason.] \- = Birds travel swiftly because they have wings. Birds have wings. "&'■ You say so. [Contrast.] J.- = You Say SO, lut you do not think so. You do not think so. ^ EXERCISE 75. Combine the following statements by using suitable Conjunctions: 1. He swam the river. \ He sat down on the bank. / COMBINING SENTENCES. IQl }- 2. In hot countries the wool of sheep is generally short. )^ In cold countries it is long. 3. Columbus finished his discourse. \ \ The sovereign then sank on his knees./"', ,' , ; ■ . - f > ' 4. Be diligent. ^ ^ ' , , , . , ° )■= ' ," ■ ■ ' , • . You will succeed. J ' > ' < ' '^ ^ , , .' ', > > , 5. He found his country residence delightful. He resolved to stay in it for a year. 6. We could not see the Governor. He was unwell. 7. The life of a bee seems to be all enjoyment. \ It is only insect life. / 8. A lamb was one day quenching its thirst at a running stream. \ It was approached by a wolf. / cm. — COMBINING SENTENCES. METHOD II. Two simple statements may be combined into one sentence by means of a relative pronoun. Thus : The snow fell during the night. \ The snow which fell during the It melted before morning. / night melted before morning. EXERCISE 76. Combine the following statements by using a Eelative Pronoun : 1. The seed has become a tree."Y It was planted by Edward. / 2. The oak reproached a reed. \ The reed grew by the side of a stream. / 3. In the harbor we saw a ship. ^ It sailed for London. j 4. Cotton is a soft woolly substance. \ It grows around the seeds of a plant. / 5. Jefferson was the third President of the United States. \ He WTOte the Declaration of Independence. / 102 USES OF' WORDS. 6. The sea-dikes in Holland are generally about thirty feet liigh. Y They are erected all along the coast. / 7. Chicago is not fifty years old. \ • It i!? -the greatest corn-market in the world. / 8- The general Tvas named Kobert E. Lee. \ - ""He. coinmarldedthe Southern army. / CIV. - COMBINING SENTENCES. METHOD III. Two simple statements may be combined into one sentence by converting one of the statements into a phrase with a par- ticiple. Thus : A frog one day saw an ox graze in a^ A frog one day, seeing an ox meadow. It imagined it could make itself as large as that animal. "CS" graze in a meadow, imagined it could make itself as large as that animal. EXERCISE 77. 1. The crow opened its mouth. \ It let fall the cheese. / 2. Jeffeison knew the great importance of the Mississippi River. \ He wished to purchase Louisiana from France. / 3. Th^ Russians burnt Moscow. \ The French were compelled to leave the city. / 4. 'J'he bridge was carried away, ^ We were forced tcj'ford the river./ 5. The sun had risen. \ The travelers resulted their journey./ 6. Cornwallis had taken position at Yorktown. \ "V^ashington resolved to shut him up there. / 7. I hope to hear from you soon. \ I remain your obedient servant, John Smith. / Teacher's Note. — The theory of language has in this book been carried no higher than the Simple Sentence. The other books of Harper's Language Series continue it from thiS/ point. , YB 36496 *^' 541643 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY ill) LANGUAGE SERIES. I. SWINTOFS LANGUAGE PRIMER: T^eginners' Lessons in Speaking and Writing English. By JProf. William Swin- TON. I02 pp., lamo, Half Leather, 40 cents. II. J SWINTON'S LANGUAr^E LESSONS: ' .,, '» 5, An Introductory Grammar and Con;"- ition for Intermediate and Grammar Grades. Jif ji By Pre f. William Swinton. 176 pp., i2mo, Flexible Cloth, 50 cents. ^ III. SWINTON'S SCHOOL COMPOSITION: ^ Being Advanced Language - Lessons for Grammar Schools. By Prof. William j Swinton. 151 pp., i2mo, Cloth^, 50 cent^ 1 IV. 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