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 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS, 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 SUNDRY NOTICES OF THAT OLD CITY 
 
 FROM THE PERIOD OF 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN ITS VICINITY IN THE 
 YEAR 1649, UNTIL THE WAR OF 1812: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 VARIOUS INCIDENTS IN THE HISTORY OP MARYLAND, 
 
 DERIVED FROM 
 
 EARLY RECORDS, PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, 
 
 AND OTHER SOURCES I 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX, 
 
 Containing a number of Letters from 
 GENERAL WASHINGTON, AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED PERSONS, 
 
 WHICH UTTERS HAVE NEVER BEEN PUBLISHED BEFORE. 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 
 DAVID RI DGELY, 
 
 Librarian of the State Library. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 PUBLISHED BY CUSHING k BROTHER. 
 
 1841.
 
 
 ENTERED according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1840, 
 
 BY DAVID RID GEL v, 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maryland. 
 
 JOHN D. TOY, PRIXTKR
 
 F 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE author of the following pages entertaining the 
 belief, that their publication might be acceptable to 
 his fellow-citizens, has committed them to the press, 
 in the hope that his readers may derive something 
 of interest and entertainment from their perusal. In 
 taking this step, he has had many misgivings. Diffi- 
 dent of his ability to invest his subject with the interest 
 that belongs to it, he would have been loath indeed to 
 give 'The Annals of Annapolis' publicity, had it not 
 been for the absence of any such publication. 
 
 It must not be supposed by his readers, that this 
 work is intended to supply the place of biography. 
 The lives of eminent citizens form a part of the history 
 of the times in which they acted and flourished, but 
 that minuteness of detail which belong to such efforts 
 is neither within his reach, nor within the scope of this 
 design. Eminent' men are occasionally mentioned, 
 when they are necessarily associated with the annals of
 
 VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the city, but, at the same time, many citizens of learn- 
 ing, parts and patriotism, must escape particular men- 
 tion in such a work as this. 
 
 He has gathered his materiel from the records and 
 documents within his reach. He is greatly indebted 
 for much of it to 'Bozman's' and 'McMahon's Histo- 
 ries of Maryland,' 'Henning's Statutes at Large of 
 Virginia,' 'The Maryland Gazette,' a series of essays 
 under the caption of 'The Annapoliad,' 'Bacon's Laws 
 of Maryland,' and 'Eddis's Letters from America,' and 
 to a late venerable Lady of Annapolis, for many tradi- 
 tionary reminiscences. 
 
 He bespeaks for this publication the clemency of a 
 generous public. 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE original design in collecting and arranging the 
 materials contained in this volume, was merely to give 
 some outlines of the Annals of Annapolis, but so 
 limited were the records and documents on that head, 
 that it was from necessity partially abandoned. In 
 those periods where nothing immediately connected 
 with Annapolis was found, incidents in relation to the 
 history of the Province and State of Maryland, have 
 been introduced. 
 
 The labour in doing this was greater than the com- 
 piler anticipated. But if any reader shall find enter- 
 tainment, or be gratified by its perusal, the Author 
 will not be disappointed. 
 
 The authorities and documents from which these 
 pages have been compiled, are generally acknow- 
 ledged. It would be difficult, and perhaps unnecessary, 
 to name particularly every source from which informa- 
 tion has been obtained. For the use of that rare and
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 valuable file of papers, The Maryland Gazette, ac- 
 knowledgments are here tendered to Jonas Green, 
 Esquire, the descendant of the first venerated and 
 venerable printer of Maryland. 
 
 Many* defects will doubtless be apparent in the 
 style of this work, but when it is remembered that 
 no claim to skill in literary composilion is made (and 
 fortunately but little or none was required in this un- 
 dertaking) the generous and the learned will overlook 
 all such deficiencies as may meet the eye of the critic, 
 and do justice to the intention and object of this 
 collection. 
 
 Being in possession of some original letters from 
 general Washington and a few other distinguished 
 men of his day, which it is believed have not hitherto 
 been published, they are placed in an Appendix to this 
 volume, and perhaps will form the most interesting 
 part of it. 
 
 Fearful that the importance of the facts that are 
 detailed, may be overlooked, from the want of skill in 
 setting them forth, this volume is now given to the 
 public for what it is worth ; even a small tribute to the 
 history of his native State, will, he trusts, be accept- 
 able to his fellow-citizens. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, Dec. 1840.
 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, prepares for sending out a Colony Ap- 
 points his brother to conduct it They depart from Cowes Arrive 
 in the Chesapeake Sail up the Potomac Fix upon St. Mary's 
 for the first settlement Reception by the Natives Father Andrew 
 White Town of St. Mary's The Capital of the Province An 
 Assembly called Act of Virginia against dissenting Ministers 
 The Puritans leave Virginia Take refuge in Maryland And 
 settle at Providence, now Annapolis Oath of Fidelity Mr. Thos. 
 Greene appointed governor in the absence of Governor William 
 Stone He proclaims the Prince of Wales The inhabitants of 
 Providence prefer the dominion of the Commonwealth Governor 
 Stone returns Calls an Assemby The Puritans refuse to attend 
 Governor Stone visits Providence Returns Burgesses to the As- 
 sembly They attend Providence organized into a county, called 
 Anne Arundel Murders committed by the Indians Susquebanock 
 Indians Preparations against the Indians, 13 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tranquility of the Province Governor Stone visits Providence Ap- 
 points Mr. Edward Lloyd commander of Anne Arundel county 
 Appoints Commissioners The Puritans at Providence again re- 
 fuse to send Delegates to the Assembly Bennett and Claiborne 
 reduce the Colony of Maryland Governor Stone retained in office 
 by them Is soon deprived of his office by them The Colony sub- 
 mits to the Commonwealth of England Governor Stone rein- 
 statedCromwell proclaimed in the Province-^Governor Stone 
 declares the Puritans at Providence to be enemies of Lord Balti- 
 more The Province again reduced^Governor Stone rebuked by 
 Lord Baltimore for resigning his Government Governor Stone 
 re-assumes his office and powers as Governor Organizes a Military 
 Force Seizes the Provincial Records Secures the Arms and
 
 X CONTENTS. 
 
 Ammunition of the Province Governor Stone makes prepara- 
 tions to reduce Anne Arundel to submission, and marches towards 
 the Severn Arrives at Herring Creek Appears in the River 
 Severn The Golden Lion Governor Stye's party land on Horn 
 Point Captain Fuller, at the head of the^uritans of Providence, 
 marches to meet them Battle on Horn Point Governor Stone 
 condemned to Death The Soldiers refuse to execute him Others 
 executed The Property of Governor Stone and his party seques- 
 tered Lord Baltimore restored to his Rights by the Lord Protec- 
 tor Appoints captain Josiah Fendall Governor The Puritans ac- 
 knowledge the authority of Lord Baltimore Acknowledgment, 
 
 40 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Contempt of Assembly Trial of Edward Erbery Condemned and 
 Whipped Witchcraft Condemnation of John Cowman And par- 
 doned The Quakers remonstrate against taking Oaths Proceed- 
 ings of the Assembly thereon Indian Affairs Protection of the 
 Indians by the Colonists Hostility of the Susquehanocks Causes 
 of Treaty with them Murders committed by the Indians Expe- 
 dition against them Five Chiefs of the Susquehanocks murdered 
 Impeachment of Major Thomas Truman His Trial and Convic- 
 tion Proceedings of the Assembly thereon Controversy between 
 the Lord Proprietary and the Lower House of Assembly upon the 
 Act for calling Assemblies Extracts from the Rules of the Lower 
 House of Assembly Annapolis erected into a Town, &,c. Com- 
 missioners appointed to survey and lay out Annapolis Annapolis 
 becomes the Seat of Government Governor Nicholson causes the 
 Records to be removed from St. Mary's Public Ferry First Cor- 
 poration of Annapolis Mr. Richard Beard makes a map of the 
 Town A Market and Fair Proposition for a Bridewell Im- 
 provement of Annapolis A Church proposed to be erected King 
 William's School established William Pinkney a Student of it 
 Governor Nicholson projects a Library for Annapolis A State- 
 House built Roman Catholics Persecution of, , . . . , 55 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Dispute between Governor Nicholson and the Lower House of As- 
 sembly They become reconciled Governor Nicholson leaves this 
 Province to preside over Virginia Petition of Mr. John Perry 
 James Crawford, a Delegate, killed by lightning First public 
 Jail State-House burnt down A new one erected Described 
 Improvement of the town A plot for burning of Annapolis, disco-
 
 CONTENTS. XI 
 
 vered Bounds of Annapolis Annapolis chartered Description 
 of Annapolis Delegates from Annapolis to receive only half 
 wages Improvements Mr. James Stoddart appointed to lay off 
 anew the city Mr. Wm. Parks appointed to compile the Laws of 
 the Province Improvements Appropriation to build a Govern- 
 ment-House Mr. Jonas Green appointed Printer to the Pro- 
 vince His character Editor of the Maryland Gazette The first 
 public horseracing Aurora Borealis South River Club Mili- 
 tary movements at Annapolis Anniversary of George the Se- 
 cond Trade and Commerce of Annapolis The first Ship-Yard 
 Brig Lovely Nancy Notices of some of the oldest houses of the 
 town The old-Episcopal Church Indians King Abraham and 
 Queen Sarah Jl Hiccory Switch A Jockey Club formed Races 
 The first Theatre built The first Lottery drawn in the Province 
 Governor Sharp arrives at Annapolis The military march from 
 Annapolis against the French on the Ohio General Braddock and 
 other distinguished persons arrive at Annapolis Doctor Charles 
 Carroll, his death Annapolis entrenched Hostilities of the 
 French and Indians Small-pox, 101 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Forts on the Border Country Fort Frederick Reduction of Que- 
 bec A Company of Comedians at Annapolis Stone Wind-mill 
 erected Collection for the sufferers by fire at Boston Ball-room 
 Cold winter Stamp Act Proceeding at Annapolis on Maryland 
 Gazette Sons of Liberty Repeal of the Stamp Act A new The- 
 atre opened Gov. Eden arrives at Annapolis His character 
 Death and burial Articles of Non-importation, &c. Arrival of 
 Brig Good Intent Resolute course pursued by the Association 
 Its results Mr. Wm. Eddis Annapolis described Whitehall 
 Governor Sharpe His character Appropriation to build the pre- 
 sent State-House Commissioners appointed The Foundation 
 laid Incident Dimensions of the building The Architect An- 
 niversary of the Proprietary's birth Rejoicings at Annapolis La- 
 dies of Annapolis Saint Tamina Society Their Proceedings 
 Theatre opened Trustees appointed by the Legislature, to the 
 Theatre Theatre pulled down Causes which led to it Mr. Dun- 
 lap Trustees appointed to build a new Church Meeting of the 
 Citizens of Annapolis Their proceedings on the Act of Parlia- 
 ment for blockading the Harbour of Boston Some portion of their 
 Resolves dissented from by many Citizens Proceedings of the 
 Dissentients Burning of the Brig Peggy Stewart And the tea 
 on board The Proceedings had thereon, 131
 
 XU CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Tea Burning in Frederick County The Citizens of Annapolis or- 
 ganized into Military Companies Proceedings of the Baltimore 
 Committee of Observation The ship Totness, with salt on board, 
 burnt just below Annapolis General Charles Lee Massachusetts' 
 Colony Lord Viscount Barrington Addresses Gen. Burgoyne 
 And Gen. Lee Council of Safety Chart of the Harbour of Anna- 
 polis Appropriation to fortify the City Fortifications Slaughter 
 Houses Certain Citizens ordered to leave the City Colonel John 
 Weems before the Committee of Safety Their proceedings there- 
 on Captures in the Chesapeake, by Capt. Nicholson, of the ship 
 Defence Offers Battle to Otter Sloop of War Balls prohibited 
 throughout the Province A Declaration of the Delegates of Mary- 
 land Meeting of the Associations of the City of AnnapoHs Their 
 Proceedings Maryland Troops leatfe Annapolis for Philadelphia 
 Letters from Philadelphia Appeal to Maryland Responded to 
 Battle on Long Island Maryland Troops Major Gist Maryland 
 Officers made prisoners at Long Island Thomas Johnson, jr. Esq. 
 Governor of Maryland British Ships of War pass up the Bay 
 Gov. Johnson's Proclamation Mr. Griffith Baltimore Troops- 
 Battle of Brandywine General Smallwood Colonel Smith Fort 
 Mifflin Surrender of General Burgoyne Count Pulaski Battle 
 of Monmouth Letter from Commodore Grason to Gov. Johnson 
 Battle at the Capes Winter of 1780 Chesapeake crossed by 
 carts and carriages Baron de Kalb Battle of Camden The 
 Baron wounded His death Congress vqted a Monument to his 
 memory To be erected in Annapolis Inscription for the Monu- 
 ment Extracts of Letters relative to the Battle of Camden Mary- 
 land Troops Battle of the Cowpens Col. Howard Maryland 
 Troops British Sloops of War off Annapolis General Lafayette 
 drives them down the Bay Meeting of the citizens of Annapolis 
 To consider the Acts of Assembly For the Emission of Money 
 Bills Their Proceedings Militia Assembled at Annapolis Bri- 
 tish Fleet arrives before York Troops landed Maryland Regi- 
 ment marches from Annapolis to join the Southern Army The 
 Recruiting Service Gen. Smallwood The Fourth Maryland Re- 
 giment marches from Annapolis to join the Marquis de la Fayette 
 The French Fleet, kc. at Annapolis From the Head of Elk 
 The French Army arrives from the North about the same time, on 
 their way to Virginia Battle of Eutaw Extract of a Letter from 
 Camp Col. Howard Maryland and Virginia Troops Officers 
 killed and wounded at Eutaw Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 
 Rejoicing at Annapolis, . , 163
 
 CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 General Washington arrives at Annapolis Public Dinner Ball 
 The Citizens address him His Answer He leaves the City 
 The Birth of a Dauphin celebrated at Annapolis Count Rocham- 
 beau arrives at Annapolis Embarks for France Cessation of 
 Hostilities Public Rejoicing Public Dinner Toasts on the Oc- 
 casion State-House Illuminated Ball Peace General Greene 
 arrives at Annapolis Corporate Authorities of the City address 
 him General Greene's Reply The Society of Cincinnatti for the 
 State of Maryland formed in Annapolis Officers of the Maryland 
 Line Congress in Session at Annapolis General Washington ar- 
 rives there Is entertained by the Citizens Corporate Authorities 
 address him His Reply General Washington resigns his Com- 
 mission into the hands of the Congress Proceedings of Con- 
 gress thereon General Washington again visits Annapolis accom- 
 panied by General Lafayette They are entertained by the General 
 Assembly General Lafayette Addressed by the Governor and 
 Council, and by the Legislature His Answers The General As- 
 sembly naturalizes General Lafayette St. John's Co%ge^The 
 President of the United States arrives at Annapolis His Recep- 
 tion Annapolis Baltimore Citizens of Annapolis address the 
 President of the United States The President's Reply Defence 
 of Annapolis Tribute to the Memory of Washington General 
 Tureau, arrives at Annapolis His Reception William Pinkney 
 arrives at Annapolis His Reception Public Dinner Officers and 
 Crew of the Frigate Philadelphia Meeting of the Citizens of 
 Annapolis Frigate Chesapeake Proceedings of the Citizens 
 Piracy in the Chesapeake Bay Pirates Captured Conclusion, 200 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 City of Annapolis Its Population Shipping Its Site Its Advan- 
 tages Naval Academy The Round Bay Rail Road Its proxi- 
 mity to the seat of the National Government Its Harbour The 
 Treasury The Government-house St. John's College Epis- 
 copal Church Roman Catholic Chapel Methodist Church 
 African House of Worship The Farmers' Bank of Maryland 
 Court-house City Hall City Hotel Ball-room Theatre The 
 Garrison at Fort Severn, 230 
 
 A list of the Governors of the Province and State of Maryland, 
 from the First Settlement in 1633 to 1840, 249
 
 XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Letter from General Charles Lee to the President of the Council 
 
 of Safety of Maryland, . 251 
 
 Letter from the Hon'ble John Hancock to the Convention of 
 Maryland, . . . . . ... . . 254 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, . . ". . . 256 
 Letter from Colonel Smallwood to the President of the Conven- 
 tion, ... 256 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Thomas Johnson, Jr. Gover- 
 nor of Maryland, . . . . . . . 263 
 
 Letter from the same to Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer and 
 
 William Fitzhugh, 264 
 
 Letter from the same, to Governor Lee, of Maryland, . . 265 
 Letter from the same to the same, ..'... 265 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, 266 
 
 Letter from the same to Philip Schuyler, John Matthews and 
 Nathanrcl Peabody, Committee of Co-operation in Congress, 267 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, 269 
 
 Letter from General Washington to the Committee of Co-opera- 
 tion in Congress, 269 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, 270 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee, of Maryland, 272 
 Letter from the same to the Committee of Co-operation in 
 
 Congress, 272 
 
 Letter from the same to George Plater and William Bruff, . 275 
 Letter from the same to Governor Lee, .... 275 
 Letter from the same to the same, (Extract,) .... 276 
 Letter from the same to the same, . . . . 276 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, 278 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, . . . . . . . 279 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, . . . . . . 280 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, (Extract,) . . . 281 
 Letter from General Greeae to Governor Lee, .... 282 
 
 Letter from Colonel Armand to the Governor of Maryland, 
 (Paca,) 282
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, prepares for sending out a Colony Ap- 
 points his brother to conduct it They depart from Cowes Arrive 
 in the Chesapeake Sail up the Potomac Fix upon St. Mary's for 
 the first settlement Reception by the Natives- Father Andrew 
 White Town of St. Mary's The Capital of the Province An 
 Assembly called Act of Virginia against dissenting Ministers 
 The Puritans leave Virginia Take refuge in Maryland And 
 settle at Providence, now Annapolis Oath of Fidelity Mr. Thos. 
 Greene appointed governor in the absence of Governor William 
 Stone He proclaims the Prince of Wales The inhabitants of 
 Providence prefer the dominion of the Commonwealth Governor 
 Stone returns Calls an Assembly The Puritans refuse to attend 
 Governor Stone visits Providence Returns Burgesses to the As- 
 sembly They attend Providence organized into a County, called 
 Anne Arundel Murders committed by the Indians Susquehanock 
 Indians Preparations against the Indians. 
 
 CECILIUS CALVERT, Lord Baron of Balti- 
 more, having succeeded lo the proprietary rights' 
 of his father, George Calvert, and having obtained pos- 
 session of the charter* for the government of the province 
 of Maryland, made his preparations for planting this 
 colony. These preparations were begun in June, 1632. 
 
 * The royal grant was given on condition that fico Indian arrmes 
 of those parts' should be delivered at Windsor Castle, every year, on 
 Tuesday, in Easter- week : and also, the fifth part of all the gold and 
 silver which might be found within the province. 
 2
 
 14 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The difficulty of procuring and furnishing a sufficient 
 number of colonists, with the necessary conveniences 
 to enable them permanently to form their colony, 
 caused some delay before their departure from Eng- 
 land. 
 
 It was not until this year that the colonists 
 
 were ready to embark on their voyage, and Lord 
 Baltimore, who had originally designed to accompany 
 them in person, changed his mind, and appointed his 
 brother, Leonard Calvert, Esquire, to go in his stead, 
 in the character of governor, or lieutenant-general. 
 
 On the 22d of November, 1633, they sailed from 
 
 Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and on the 24th of 
 
 February, 1634, arrived off Point Comfort in Virginia. 
 
 After entering the Potomac and sailing up 
 
 that river about fourteen leagues, they came to 
 an island called 'Heron Island,' and anchored under 
 another neighbouring isle, to which they gave the 
 name of 'St. Clements.' Here the governor landed, 
 and setting up a cross, in the Roman Catholic manner, 
 took formal possession of the country; 'for our Saviour 
 and for our sovereign lord the king of England.' But 
 the governor on reflection thinking it would not be 
 advisable to settle so high up the river, in the infancy 
 of the colony, determined to seek for a settlement 
 further down. He, therefore, returned down the Poto- 
 mac, taking captain Fleet with him. They proceeded 
 to a small river on the north side of the Potomac, 
 within four or five leagues of its mouth, which the 
 governor called 'St. George's river.' Sailing up this 
 river about four leagues, they came to an Indian town, 
 called by the natives Yoamaco, from whence the tribe 
 here inhabiting, was called Yoamacoes. The governor
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 15 
 
 having landed here, entered into a treaty with the We- 
 rowance, or chief of the tribe who, with the natives, 
 agreed to leave the whole town to the English, as 
 soon as they could gather their corn ; and which they 
 faithfully performed. The governor then, on the 27th 
 of March, 1634, caused the colonists to land, and 
 according to the agreement, took possession of the 
 town, which they named ( St. Mary's.' 
 
 Being thus favourably received by the Indian inha- 
 bitants, whose affections they had the good fortune to 
 conciliate by the liberality of their conduct, they were 
 soon enabled to purchase extensive tracts on the most 
 moderate terms, and to settle their lands to the best 
 advantage, without fear of molestation from the origi- 
 nal possessors. 
 
 The following interesting article, ' The Pilgrims of 
 Maryland,' taken from the 'Metropolitan Catholic 
 JHmanac,' for the year 1840, is here given for the 
 gratification of the curious antiquarian. It is consi- 
 dered not to be out of place here to. state that the 
 general assembly of Maryland, at its December session 
 of 1836, made a liberal appropriation for the purpose 
 of procuring from Rome a transcript of the Narrative of 
 Father Andrew White, which is deemed important to 
 the elucidation of the early history of our state ; and 
 that the services of a distinguished gentleman of the 
 order of'the Jesuits, now in Rome, are kindly promised 
 to obtain it for the library of the state.
 
 16 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 THE PILGRIMS OF MARYLAND. 
 
 The student of American history must ever regret 
 that so little has been done to furnish the particulars of 
 the first settlement and early transactions of Maryland, 
 by such as having been actors in those scenes, could 
 have supplied the loss of the early records, destroyed 
 in Ingle and Claiborne's rebellion, about ten years 
 after the landing in 1634. Had Maryland been equally 
 fortunate with her sister colonies, in the possession of 
 her early records, she had not wanted an enlightened 
 and impartial historian to present to the world the en- 
 terprizing and honourable actions, as she has with a 
 masterly pen exhibited the just and liberal principles 
 which distinguished the founders of this province. 
 
 Mr. McMahon, with a taste and industry worthy of 
 his genius, has culled from the mouldering and ne- 
 glected records in the archives of the state, all that 
 they possessed of interest on this subject. The sub- 
 sequent publication by the State, of the history of 
 Maryland from its settlement to 1660, by Bozman, 
 exhibits that patient and laborious scholar, after having 
 devoted years of toil to his favourite work, unable to 
 elucidate many important events, or to pourtray the 
 characters of conspicuous individuals, for the want of 
 authentic materials. 
 
 A gleam of hope remains that among the letters of 
 the missionaries of the society of Jesus, who first 
 preached the gospel in Maryland, may be found much 
 interesting matter for a history of the early days of that 
 state. 
 
 Enlightened scholars of every nation and creed have 
 long appreciated those charming volumes, Lettres Edi-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 17 
 
 fiantes et Curieuses, which by their communications 
 on civil and natural history, geography, astronomy, 
 &c. &c. have added so much to the stores of learning, 
 while their edifying accounts of religion have delighted 
 all who esteem true virtue and admire the heroism of 
 the soldiers of Christ. 
 
 A young American clergyman,* of the society of 
 Jesus, while pursuing his studies at Rome, found in 
 the archives of that distinguished body, various letters 
 similar to those collected in Lettres Edifiantes, written 
 by Father Andrew White, and other priests, who ac- 
 companied the first settlers of Maryland. He brought 
 with him copious extracts from these documents, 
 which having been accidently seen by John Bozman 
 Kerr, Esquire, an active member of the house of dele- 
 gates in this state, and an accomplished scholar, that 
 gentleman proposed that the legislature should take 
 measures to procure all the information on the early 
 history of Maryland, which might be found in the 
 archives of the Jesuits. A resolution was adopted, 
 which, it is hoped, will result in producing important 
 materials for the future historian. 
 
 The following abridgment of the extracts from Fa- 
 ther White, contains many particulars, which, though 
 not of great importance, are interesting to the curious, 
 having never before been published. His descriptions 
 of various countries and their productions, which are 
 very particular in the original, are in most cases omit- 
 ted here. The paper from which these extracts were 
 made, is in Latin, in the archives of the society of 
 Jesus, at Rome. It appears to have been written from 
 the city of St. Mary's, within about a month after the 
 
 'The late Rev. William McSherry. 
 
 2*
 
 18 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 arrival of the first vessels, probably in April, 1634. 
 It is entitled, 
 
 './? Report of the Colony of the Lord Baron of Balti- 
 more, in Maryland, near Virginia, in which the 
 quality, nature and condition of the country and its 
 many advantages and riches are described. 
 1 There is a province near the English colony in Vir- 
 ginia, which, in honour of Maria his queen, his majesty 
 the king of England wished to be called Maryland, or 
 the land of Mary.' 
 
 'This province his majesty, in his munificence, pre- 
 sented to the lord Baron of Baltimore, in the month of 
 June, 1632. This distinguished nobleman immediately 
 resolved to settle a colony, with the particular intention 
 of establishing the religion of the gospel and truth in 
 that and the neighbouring country, where, as yet, the 
 knowledge of the true God had never existed. He 
 was encouraged in his enterprize by the favourable 
 account of the country left by his worthy father, whose 
 testimony, founded upon actual observation, was worthy 
 of the utmost confidence, and was corroborated by the 
 reports of others who had visited the same region, as 
 well as by the published narrative of captain Smith, 
 who first described it.' After alluding to the liberal 
 conditions of settlement proposed by Lord Baltimore, 
 Father White continues : 
 
 ' The interests of religion constituted one of the first 
 objects of Lord Baltimore, an object worthy indeed of 
 Christians, of angels, of Englishmen ; than which, in 
 all her ancient victories, Britain never achieved any 
 thing more honourable. 
 
 ' Behold those regions waiting for the harvest. They 
 are prepared to receive the fruitful seed of the gospel.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 19 
 
 Messengers have been sent to procure suitable persons 
 to preach the life-giving doctrine, and regenerate the 
 natives in the sacred waters of baptism. There are 
 those now living in this city, (St. Mary's) who saw 
 ambassadors from the Indian nations to Jamestown in 
 Virginia, sent there for the purpose of effecting these 
 objects. May we not suppose that many thousands 
 were brought into the fold of Christ in so glorious a 
 work.* 
 
 After a glowing and minute description of the coun- 
 try, with its trees, fruits and other productions, its 
 rivers and the various kinds of fish, he proceeds to. 
 give the 
 
 'NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE TO MARYLAND. 
 
 'On the 22d of November, being St. Cecilia's day, 
 under the gentle influence of an eastern wind, we 
 dropped down from the Isle of Wight. 
 
 'Having placed our ship under the protection of God, 
 the Blessed Virgin Mother, St. Ignatius, and all the 
 guardian angels of Maryland, we had progressed but 
 a short distance, when we were obliged for the want 
 of wind, to cast anchor off the fortress of Yarmouth, 
 where we were welcomed by a salute. While lying 
 here we were not without some apprehensions from 
 our sailors, who began to murmur among themselves, 
 alleging that they expected a messenger from land with 
 letters: and because none arrived, they seem disposed 
 to create delays. A kind providence put an end to our 
 fears ; for during the night a strong but favourable 
 wind sprang up, and our pinnace,* which appre- 
 
 * The pinnace appears to have been a sloop of forty tons, and was 
 called 'The Dove.'
 
 20 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 bended an attack from a French brig, that kept within 
 a short distance of her, took advantage of the wind 
 and put to sea. We, not willing to lose sight of her, 
 followed her with all speed, and thus frustrated the evil 
 designs of our sailors ; this was on the night of St. 
 Clement's day, 23d of November. On the next morn- 
 ing, about 10 o'clock, after receiving a second salute 
 from the fort at Hurst, we were carried beyond the 
 breakers at the extremity of the Isle of Wight, and 
 narrowly escaped being driven on shore. Taking ad- 
 vantage of a strong fair wind on that day and the next 
 night, we left the western point of England, slacking 
 sail, lest running ahead of the pinnace, she- might fall 
 into the hands of the pirates and Turks who then in- 
 fested these seas. On the 24th of November, we made 
 great headway until evening, when a violent storm 
 arose, and our sloop being diffident of its strength, 
 being only of 40 tons burden, hove to, and informed us 
 that in case of danger, she would carry lights at her 
 mast-head. We were in a well built ship* of 400 tons, 
 as strong as iron and wood could make her, and our 
 captain was one of great experience. The storm was 
 so violent that we gave him the choice of returning to 
 England or pursuing the voyage. His intrepidity and 
 confidence in the untried powers of his ship, induced 
 him to choose the latter. But in the middle of the 
 night, in a boiling sea, we saw our sloop at a short dis- 
 tance from us, showing two lights at her mast-head. 
 Then, indeed, did we fear for her, and on losing sight 
 of her we all supposed she had been swallowed, up in 
 the stormy sea. Six weeks elapsed before we again 
 heard from her. But God had preserved her. Fear- 
 * 'The Ark.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 21 
 
 ing that she could not survive the storm, she changed 
 her course, and took refuge in the Scilly Isles. She 
 afterwards sailed in pursuit of us, and we met at the 
 Antilles. On the 27th and 28th, we made but little 
 progress. On Friday 29th, a most dreadful storm 
 arose, that made the most fearless men tremble for the 
 result. Among the Catholics, however, it made prayer 
 more frequent, vows were offered in honour of the B. V. 
 Mother, and her immaculate conception,' of St. Igna- 
 tius, the patron Saint of Maryland, St. Michael and all 
 the guardian angels. Each one prayed earnestly to 
 expiate his sins through the sacrament of penance.' 
 For having unshipped her rudder, our vessel was 
 tossed about at the mercy of the winds and waves. 
 At first, I feared that the loss of our ship and death 
 awaited me, but after spending some time in prayer 
 and having declared to the Lord Jesus, and to his 
 Holy Mother, St. Ignatius, and the protecting Angels 
 of Maryland, that the purpose of this voyage was to 
 pay honour to the blood of our Redeemer, by the con- 
 version of barbarians, I arose with a firm confidence 
 that through the mercy and goodness of God, we 
 should escape the dangers that seemed to threaten our 
 destruction. I had bowed myself down in prayer, 
 during the greatest rage of the tempest, and, let the 
 true God be glorified ! Scarcely had I finished, before 
 the storm was ceasing. 
 
 'I felt myself imbued with a new spirit, and overspread 
 with a flood of joy and admiration at the benevolence 
 of God to the people of Maryland, to whom we were 
 sent. Blessed forever be the merciful charities of our 
 dear Redeemer. The remainder of the voyage, which 
 lasted three months, was prosperous ; our captain af-
 
 22 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 firmed that he never witnessed a more pleasant and 
 happy one. The period of three months included the 
 time \ve spent at the islands of the Antilles, but we 
 were in fact only seven weeks and two days at sea. 
 
 'In sailing along the Spanish coasts we were appre- 
 hensive of falling into the hands of the Turks, but we 
 never met them. Having passed the pillars of Her- 
 cules and the Madeira islands, we were able to scud 
 before the wind with full sail. The winds are not va- 
 riable in those regions, but always blow in a southwest 
 direction, which was our exact course. At the dis- 
 tance of about three leagues from us we descried three 
 sail of vessels, the smallest of which appeared to be 
 larger than ours. Fearing they were Turkish pirates 
 we were careful to avoid them, though we prepared our 
 vessel for action. But as they showed no disposition 
 to engage us, we concluded they were merchantmen, 
 bound for the fortunate islands, and as much afraid of 
 us as we were of them.' 
 
 Father White, after some philosophical reasoning to 
 account for the trade winds, some interesting descrip- 
 tions of the tropical birds, and the flying fish, &c. &c. 
 seen on their passage, remarks that, 'during the entire 
 voyage no person was attacked with any disease ex- 
 cept that at Christmas, wine having been freely distri- 
 buted in honour of that festival, several drank of it im- 
 moderately ; thirty persons were seized with a fever the 
 next morning, of whom about twelve died shortly after ; 
 of these two were Catholics, namely, Nicholas Fairfax 
 and James Barefoot.' 
 
 The route taken by the pilgrims is described to have 
 been by the Azores, and to Barbadoes, at which latter 
 island they landed on the 5th of January, 1634, new
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 23 
 
 style. Instead of the hospitable reception which they 
 expected from the governor and inhabitants, who were 
 English, Father White says, 'the governor and inhabi- 
 tants plotted together to exact unreasonable prices for 
 provisions and other necessary supplies.' From the 
 great abundance of potatoes in the island, they received 
 a wagon load gratis. At the time of the arrival of our 
 pilgrims the slaves had rebelled, and determined to 
 seize the first vessel that should arrive, but being dis- 
 covered, the ringleaders were executed ; and, says the 
 narrator, 'our vessel being the first that touched the 
 shore, was the destined prize, and the very day we 
 landed we found eighty men under arms, to check the 
 startling danger.' 
 
 After describing the island of Barbadoes and its pro- 
 ductions, the writer says, 'on the night of the 24th of 
 January we weighed anchor, and passing the island of 
 St. Lucia at noon on the following day, we arrived in 
 the evening at an island inhabited by savages only. A 
 rumour had been caught by our sailors, from some 
 Frenchmen who had been shipwrecked, that this island 
 contained an animal in whose forehead was a stone 
 of uncommon brilliancy, called a carbuncle.' Father 
 White dryly remarks, 'its author must answer for the 
 truth of this report.' At dawn on the following day 
 they reached Guadaloupe, and at noon arrived at Mont- 
 serrat, inhabited by Irishmen driven from Virginia, on 
 account of their profession of the Catholic faith. 
 
 Thence they sailed to another island, where they 
 spent one day ; thence to St. Christophers, where they 
 remained ten days, by the friendly invitation of the 
 English governor and two captains, 'who were Catho- 
 lics.' The governor of a French colony in the same
 
 24 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 island also welcomed them warmly. Father White 
 continues : 'having at length weighed anchor hence, 
 we pursued our voyage until we reached a point on the 
 coast of Virginia, called 'Comfort,' on the 27th of Feb- 
 ruary. We were under a good deal of dread from the 
 unfriendliness of the English inhabitants of Virginia, 
 to whom our colony had been an unwelcome theme. 
 We brought, however, letters from the king and the 
 high constable of England to the governor of the pro- 
 vince, which contributed very much to appease their 
 feelings, and to procure us future advantages. After 
 receiving kind treatment for nine or ten days we set 
 sail, and on the 3d of March, having arrived in the 
 Chesapeake bay, we tacked to the north to reach the 
 Potomac river, to which we gave the name of St. Gre- 
 gory. We called the point which stands on the south 
 St. Gregory,* that on the north St. Michaels,! in ho- 
 nour of the choir of angels. A larger and more beau- 
 tiful stream I never have seen. The Thames compar- 
 ed with it is but a rivulet. Bounded on the sides by 
 no marshes, it runs between solid and rising banks. 
 On either side are splendid forests, not overgrown by 
 weeds or briars ; you might drive a four-horse carriage, 
 with the reins loose in your hands, through them. We 
 found the natives armed at the very mouth of the river. 
 That night fires were blazing throughout the country, 
 and as they had never seen so large a ship as ours, 
 messengers were sent around to announce the arrival 
 of a canoe as large as an island, and numbering as many 
 men as the trees in a forest. We passed on to the 
 Heron Islands, so called from immense flocks of those 
 birds. We touched at the first of them, which we 
 
 * Smith's Point. f Point Lookout.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 25 
 
 called St. Clements, on which, owing to its sloping 
 banks, we could only land by fording. Here the maids 
 who had landed to wash the clothes, were almost 
 drowned by the upsetting of the boat. I lost a large 
 portion of my linen no small loss in this part of the 
 world. This island abounds in cedar trees, sassafras, 
 and all those herbs and flowers entering into the class 
 of salads, and the walnut tree with a heavy shell, and a 
 small but very delicious kernel. A scope of four hun- 
 dred acres did not appear sufficient for our new plan- 
 tation. We desired a place which might preclude the 
 commerce of the river to strangers, and also the possi- 
 bility of their infringing on our boundaries. This was 
 the most narrow crossing of the river.' 
 
 'On the day of the annunciation of the B. V. Mary, 
 (25th of March,) we first offered the sacrifice of the 
 mass, never before done in this region of the world. 
 After which, having raised on our shoulders an im- 
 mense cross, which we had fashioned from a tree, and 
 going in procession to the designated spot, assisted by 
 the governor,* commissary, and other Catholics, we 
 erected the trophy of Christ the Saviour, and humbly 
 bent the knee in reverence during the devout recitation 
 of the litany of the holy cross. Our governor, how- 
 ever, having understood that the great chief of Pisca- 
 taway was obeyed by many petty chiefs, determined to 
 visit him, to explain the objects of our coming; that 
 having conciliated his good will, our settlement might 
 be more favourably regarded by the rest. Having, 
 therefore, joined to our pinnace another, which he had 
 procured in Virginia, and leaving the ship at anchor off 
 St. Clements, retracing his course, he sailed up the 
 
 * Leonard Calvert. 
 3 
 
 *
 
 36 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 southern bank of the river. Finding the savages had 
 fled into the interior, he proceeded to the village, which 
 taking its name from the river is yet called Potomac. 
 Here he found Archihu, the uncle and tutor of the king, 
 who was yet a boy. The regency was in prudent and 
 experienced hands. Father Altham, who accompa- 
 nied the governor, (for I was detained with the bag- 
 gage,) explained, by means of an interpreter, the truths 
 of the Christian religion. The chief listened to him 
 willingly, after acknowledging his own faults. Being 
 informed that no hostile motives had brought us 
 among them, but that feelings of benevolence prompted 
 us to impart to them the advantages of civilization, and 
 to open the path of Heaven to them, and to the more 
 distant regions, he expressed himself not only well sa- 
 tisfied, but very grateful at our arrival. The interpreter 
 was from the Protestants of Virginia. As the Father 
 could not explain every thing at once, he promised to 
 return in a short time. 'I think,' said Archihu, 'that 
 we should all eat of the same table ; my young men 
 will visit the hunting grounds for you, and all things 
 shall be in common with us.' From hence we went to 
 Piscataway, where all immediately flew to arms. About 
 one hundred, armed with bows, were drawn up with 
 their chief at their head. On learning our pacific in- 
 tentions, laying aside his fears, the chief stepped into 
 the pinnace, and on understanding our benevolent views 
 in their regard, gave us liberty to settle in any part of 
 his kingdom we might select. In the meantime, while 
 the governor was on his journey to the emperor, the 
 savages at St. Clements becoming more bold, mixed 
 familiarly with our sentries. We were accustomed to 
 keep up a patrol day and night, to protect our wood-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 27 
 
 cutters, and our vessel, which was now undergoing re- 
 pairs, from any sudden attack. The natives expressed" 
 their surprise at the size of our vessel, and wondered 
 what part of the earth produced a tree large enough to 
 make such a boat ; for they thought that it, like an In- 
 dian canoe, was hewn out of the trunk of a single tree. 
 The report of our cannon struck them dumb with fear.' 
 
 'In his visit to the emperor, our governor carried 
 with him as a companion, one Henry Fleet, a captain 
 among the settlers in Virginia, a man much beloved by 
 the natives, and skilled in the knowledge of their lan- 
 guage and settlements. In the beginning he was very 
 obliging to us, but being seduced by the malicious 
 counsels of a certain Claiborne, he became very hos- 
 tile, and in the most artful manner inflamed the minds 
 of the natives against us. However, while he was our 
 friend, he pointed out to our governor a suitable place 
 for a settlement, than which a more heavenly and lovely 
 spot Europe could not furnish. Having proceeded from 
 St. Clements about nine leagues to the north, we glided 
 into the mouth of a river, to which we gave the name 
 of St. George.* This river flows from south to north 
 about twenty miles before it loses, like the Thames, the 
 salt water taste. In its mouth are two harbours, in 
 which three hundred ships of the line could ride at 
 anchor. We placed one of them under the protection 
 of St. George, the other, more interior, under that of 
 the B. V. Mary.'f 
 
 'On the left side of the river w r as the settlement of 
 Yaocomico. We ascended on the right side, and hav- 
 
 * Now called St. Mary's liver. 
 
 t This harbour must be either the mouth of what is now called St. 
 George's river, or the entrance to St. Inigoe's creek.
 
 28 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ing halted about a thousand paces from the shore, we 
 selected a site for the city, to be designated by the 
 name of St. Mary. And to avoid all imputation of in- 
 jury and occasion of enmity, having given in payment 
 hatchets, axes, hoes, and some yards of cloth, we bought 
 from the king about thirty miles of that part of the coun- 
 try now called Augusta Caroline.'* 
 
 'A fierce and warlike nation of savages called the 
 Susquehannahs, particularly hostile to king Yaocomico, 
 made frequent incursions into his territory and devas- 
 tated his settlements. The inhabitants, through fear 
 of these savages, were forced to seek other homes. 
 This was the cause of our having so promptly ob- 
 tained possession of that part of his kingdom : God, 
 in his goodness, opening a path for his law and eternal 
 light by these means. The natives emigrate here and 
 there daily, leaving behind them the fields and clearings 
 that surrounded their homes. It amounts almost to a 
 miracle that savages, who but a few days before array- 
 ed themselves in arms against us, should now with the 
 meekness of the lamb throw themselves on our mercy, 
 and deliver up every thing to us. Here the finger of 
 God is evident, and doubtless Providence has some 
 good in store for this nation. A few have been per- 
 mitted to retain their dwellings for one year, but the 
 lands are to be delivered free into our hands the next 
 year.' 
 
 'The natives are tall and handsome in their persons, 
 their skin is naturally of a copper colour, but they daub 
 it over with red paint mixed with oil, to protect them 
 from the flies. f This practice, which is decidedly more 
 of a convenience than an ornament, gives them a hide- 
 
 * Now St. Mary's county. f Moschettoes.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 29 
 
 ous appearance. They daub their faces with other co- 
 lours, at one time sky blue, at another red, and occa- 
 sionally in the most disgusting and terrific manner. 
 Being deficient in beard, at least until late in life, they 
 draw painted lines from the corners of their mouths to 
 the ears, in imitation of it. The hair, which is gene- 
 rally black, is tied around with a fillet, and drawn in 
 a knot to the left ear, with the addition of any ornament 
 in their possession which they consider valuable. Some 
 wear as an ornament a copper plate with the figure of 
 a fish engraved upon it, placed upon the forehead. 
 Others wear necklaces of glass beads ; beads are es- 
 teemed of less value by them, and do not answer the 
 purposes of traffic so readily. They are dressed gene- 
 rally in deer skins, or something of that nature, hich 
 hangs from the back in the fashion of a pallium, and is 
 bound round the naval like an apron ; the rest of the 
 body is naked. Boys and girls move about perfectly 
 uncovered ; they tread on thorns and thistles, without 
 sustaining injury, as if the soles of their feet were horn. 
 Their arms are the bow and arrow, two cubits long, 
 pointed with a piece of buckhorn, or sharp edged flint. 
 They shoot these with such dexterity, as to transfix a 
 sparrow at a considerable distance. Their bows are 
 not very tightly strung, and they are unable to strike 
 objects at a very great distance. By the use of these 
 arms, however, they secure a sufficient quantity of food, 
 as squirrels, partridges, turkeys, &c. of which there is 
 a great abundance. They live in huts of an oblong and 
 oval form, nine or ten feet high ; ,an opening of a foot 
 and a half in size, through the roof, admits light and 
 allows the smoke to .escape. They construct a fire on 
 a pavement in the centre, and sleep in a circle around 
 3
 
 30 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 it. The kings and principal chiefs have each a hut of 
 his own, and a bed made by driving four stakes in the 
 ground and laying poles over them. A tent of this de- 
 scription is allotted to my companion and myself, in 
 which we are comfortably enough accommodated until 
 a better house can be erected. This may be considered 
 the first chapel in Maryland; it is, however, furnished 
 in a more becoming manner than when it was inhabited 
 by the Indians. In our next voyage, should Provi- 
 dence smile on our undertaking, we shall be supplied 
 with all that is necessary for furnishing houses gene- 
 rally. The disposition of the tribe is sprightly and in- 
 genious ; their taste is very discriminating, and they 
 excel the Europeans in the senses of sight and smell. 
 The* food consists of certain preparations of corn, 
 which they call pone and ominy, to which is added fish 
 and any thing that they have caught in hunting or in 
 their snares. They have neither wine nor spirits, nor can 
 they be easily induced to taste them, except such as 
 the English have infected with their vices. As to their 
 deportment, it is extremely modest and proper. In 
 neither male nor female have I seen any action con- 
 trary to chastity. They come voluntarily and mingle 
 with us daily, offering us, with a joyful countenance, 
 what they have caught in hunting or fishing, and par- 
 taking of our food with us, when invited by a few 
 words in their own language. As yet we are able to 
 converse with them very little except by signs. Many 
 of them have wives, and preserve their conjugal faith 
 unsullied. The countenances of the women are sedate 
 and modest. The natives seem possessed of most ge- 
 nerous dispositions, and reciprocate liberally any acts 
 of kindness. They decide on nothing rashly, nor are
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 31 
 
 they affected by any sudden impulse of feeling; but 
 when any thing of importance is submitted to their 
 consideration, they reflect on it in silence, as if anxious 
 to be governed entirely by reason ; then having formed 
 their determination, they express it briefly, and adhere 
 to it most obstinately. If they were once imbued with 
 the principles of Christianity (for which indeed nothing 
 seems to be wanting but a knowledge of their language) 
 they would certainly become examples of every moral 
 and Christian virtue.' 
 
 'They are much pleased with the courteous language, 
 as well as the dress of the Europeans, and would now 
 be clothed in our manner, if the avarice of our traders 
 did not prevent it. Our ignorance of their idioms ha*s 
 hitherto prevented us from learning accurately their 
 opinions on religion. We have, however, through the 
 aid of interpreters, (not always to be relied on,) caught 
 these particulars : They acknowledge one God of 
 heaven, whom they call our God. They pay him no 
 external honours, but endeavour in various ways, to 
 propitiate a certain evil spirit whom they call Ochre, 
 that he may not injure them. I understand they wor- 
 ttiip also grain and fire, as deities very benevolent to 
 mankind. Some of our men say they saw the follow- 
 ing ceremony in the temple Barcluxen. On a certain 
 day, all the men and women of all ages, from many 
 villages, assemble around a large fire ; the younger 
 ones are in advance, nearer the fire ; then having 
 thrown some deer's fat on the fire, they raise their 
 hands aloft and cry out with a loud voice, <Taho ! 
 Taho !' During an interval, some one holds out a 
 large bag, which contains a pipe, similar to those we 
 use for smoking tobacco, though much larger, and 

 
 
 32 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 some powder which they call potu. The bag is then 
 carried around the fire, followed by boys and girls 
 singing alternately in an agreeable voice, 'Taho, Taho.' 
 The circuit being finished, the pipe and the powder 
 are drawn out of the bag. The potu being distributed 
 to each one standing around, and lighted in the pipe, 
 each person present smokes it, and consecrates every 
 member of the body by blowing it over them. . We 
 are not yet in possession of other facts, except that 
 they seem to have some knowledge of a flood in 
 which the world was destroyed, on account of the sins 
 of mankind.' 
 
 'We have been but one month here : the remainder 
 must consequently be reserved for another voyage. I 
 can, however, assert that the soil is especially rich. 
 The earth, soft and black to the depth of a foot, is 
 overspread with a fat and reddish coloured clay, co- 
 vered every where with widely spreading trees, of 
 great value and surpassing beauty, except here and 
 there a small patch of cultivated ground. The land is 
 also refreshed by abundant springs of excellent drink- 
 ing water. The only quadrupeds we have seen, are 
 the deer, beaver, and squirrels which equal in size the 
 European rabbit. The flocks of birds are innumera- 
 ble, such as eagles, herons, swans, geese, ducks and 
 partridges. Hence, you may suppose there is nothing 
 wanting here which may minister to the necessities or 
 the pleasure of its inhabitants.' 
 
 The town of Saint Mary's became the capital of the 
 province ; and the first legislative assembly of the pro- 
 vince was called and held there, about the commence- 
 ment of the year 1635 (to wit, on the 26th of Febru- 
 ary, 1634-5, old style.)
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 33 
 
 Having stated these preliminary facts of the settle- 
 ment of St. Mary's, and not intending to connect the 
 history of the province with the 'Annals of Annapolis,' 
 further than what may appear to be necessary, we will 
 now turn to some of the causes which eventuated in 
 the settlement of the present capital of the state. 
 
 In this year, the assembly of the province of 
 Virginia, passed an act to prevent dissenting 
 ministers from preaching and propagating their doc- 
 trines in that colony. Under this act, the governor 
 and council of Virginia issued an order that all such 
 persons as would not conform to the discipline of the 
 church of England, should depart the country by a 
 certain day. 
 
 Notwithstanding the laws against the puritans in 
 
 Virginia, they continued to keep up a conventicle of 
 
 their members for some years, which had in the year 
 
 1648, increased to one hundred and eighteen members. 
 
 fi _ At this period the government of that colony 
 
 caused a more vigorous execution of the laws to 
 
 be enforced against them. 
 
 Their conventicle in Virginia was therefore broken 
 up, and the members of it being driven out of that 
 colony, were dispersed in different directions. The 
 pastor (a Mr. Harrison) went from thence to Bos- 
 ton, in New England, in the latter end of this 
 year and the elder (a Mr. Durand) took refuge in 
 Maryland. 
 
 This is stated by one of their own members, 
 
 i9 ' to have taken place in the year 1649, but at 
 
 what time of the year, we are no where informed. 
 
 Most probably they did not leave Virginia in a body, 
 
 but gradually in small numbers, in the course of the
 
 34 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 spring and summer of this year. It is stated by Mr. 
 Leonard Strong, in his 'Babylon's Fall,' &c. that they 
 were not invited into Maryland by governor Stone ; 
 but by a friend of the governor's, that they were only 
 ' received and protected.' These people seated them- 
 selves at a place by them called 'Providence,' but 
 afterwards 'Proctors,' or 'The Town Land at Severn? 
 Later still, 'The Town at Proctors? then 'The Town 
 Land at Severn where the town was formerly? After 
 that, 'Jlnne-Arundel Town,' which was subsequently 
 changed into 'The Port of Annapolis. 1 And finally, 
 under its charter in 1708, was established as the 'City 
 of Annapolis,' as will be shewn hereafter in its proper 
 chronological order. 
 
 It is alleged by the advocate of the puritans who 
 thus settled at Providence, (Leonard Strong, before re- 
 cited,) that 'an oath to the Lord Baltimore was urged 
 upon this people soon after their arrival, which if they 
 did not take, they must have no land, nor abiding m the 
 province.' The oath here alluded to was the oath of 
 fidelity, as prescribed by his lordship, and annexed to 
 his 'Condition of Plantations,' of 1648. 
 
 They were made acquainted by captain Stone be- 
 fore they came here, with that oath of fidelity, which 
 was to be taken by those who would hold any land 
 here from his lordship ; 'nor had they any objection to 
 the oath, till they were as much refreshed with their 
 entertainment there, as the snake in the fable was with 
 the countryman's beast ; for which some of them were 
 equally thankful. But it was deemed by some of these 
 people, too much below them to take an oath to the 
 Lord Proprietary of that province, though many pro- 
 testants of much better quality, had taken it.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 35 
 
 Although these people had thus with the permission 
 of the Lord Proprietary's government, seated them- 
 selves within the province of Maryland, yet it does not 
 appear that they had immediately thereon subjected 
 themselves to the proprietary government at St. 
 Mary's. 
 
 The peninsula or neck of land whereon Anna- 
 polis stands, was probably uninhabited by any Euro- 
 peans before their arrival ; and, thus secluded from the 
 rest of the inhabitants of the province, it is probable 
 that, according to the usage of the congregational 
 church of New England, a branch of which church 
 they were, a sort of hierarchical government was esta- 
 blished by them, similar to that which had been prac- 
 tised by the first colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
 and Connecticut. 
 
 Neither does it appear that any grants of land or ter- 
 ritory were made to these people, either collectively or 
 individually, either prior to or subsequent to their arri- 
 val in Maryland, until the latter end of July, 1650, 
 when their settlement was organized as a county, 
 under a commander and commissioners of the peace, 
 as the Isle of Kent had been before. 
 
 In this year, (1649) when Charles the First was be- 
 headed, Mr. Thomas Greene, who was now governor 
 of Maryland, in the absence of governor Stone, caused 
 the Prince of Wales to be proclaimed in the province, 
 as 'the undoubted rightful heir to all his father's domi- 
 nions,' on the fifteenth day of November of this year. 
 
 Another proclamation was also issued of the same 
 date, 'to further the common rejoicing of the inhabi- 
 tants upon that occasion,' declaring a general pardon 
 to all the inhabitants of the province, for every offence 
 before committed.
 
 36 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 It appears, however, that the puritans who had just 
 settled on the Severn, did not join in the 'common 
 rejoicing ;' but preferring the rule and dominion of the 
 commonwealth of England, just established in the 
 mother country, to that of the declared succession of 
 their late sovereign, Charles the First, desired to be 
 exempt from the common privilege of causing the 
 shores of their beautiful Severn to re-echo with their 
 'rejoicings' on this occasion. 
 
 In January of this year, governor Stone having 
 returned to the province and resumed the func- 
 tions of his office, convened the legislature by procla- 
 mation, to meet at St. Mary's on the second day of 
 April ensuing. 
 
 On the day appointed the assembly accordingly con- 
 vened but as no returns were made, nor any appear- 
 ance of the freemen or burgesses, from Providence, 
 'the governor adjourned the house till Friday next, the 
 fifth day of the same present month.' 
 
 la the meantime it appears that governor Stone 
 visited the new colony at Providence ; probably with 
 a view of reconciling in an amicable way the refrac- 
 tory puritans to the proprietary government. For it 
 seems that they consented to send two burgesses to the 
 assembly, and the governor himself made the return 
 thereof as follows : 
 
 'By the lieutenant, &c. of Maryland. The freemen 
 of that part of Maryland, now called Providence, being 
 by my appointment duly summoned to this present as- 
 sembly, did unanimously make choice of Mr. Pudding- 
 ton and Mr. James Cox for their burgesses, I being 
 there in person at that time.' 
 
 Accordingly, on the 6th of April the assembly met,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 37 
 
 and after choosing Mr. James Cox speaker, and Mr. 
 William Britton their clerk, proceeded to business. 
 We may remark here, that this choice of the speaker 
 seems to indicate the growing strength and influence 
 of the infant colony that had settled at Providence. 
 
 The puritans who had founded Providence, formed, 
 at this early period of their settlement, a considerable 
 population. And having sent, and been represented 
 by their burgesses or delegates at this last assembly, 
 and so far submitting to the proprietary government, an 
 act was passed at this session, entitled, 'an act for the 
 creating of Providence into a county, by the name of 
 Jlnne Arundel County S The tenor of this act was, 
 'that part of the province of Maryland, on the west 
 side of the bay of Chesapeake, over against the Isle of 
 Kent, formerly called by the name of Providence, by 
 the inhabitants there residing, &c. shall from hence- 
 forth be erected into a shire or county, by the name of 
 Anne Arundel county, and by that name be ever here- 
 after called.' 
 
 It was probably so called from the maiden name of 
 Lady Baltimore, then late deceased Lady Anne Arun- 
 del, the daughter of Lord Arundel of Wardour, whom 
 Cecilius Lord Baltimore had married. 
 
 No boundaries were assigned by this act to the 
 county. As the population of that part of the pro- 
 vince was detached from the other inhabited parts, and 
 like Kent Island, was insulated from the rest of the 
 province, such population constituted its limits in fact, 
 until in process of time other counties being erected 
 adjacent thereto, defined its boundaries. 
 
 This detached colony had its inconveniences and 
 difficulties to contend with, incident to all newly-set- 
 4
 
 38 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 tied places. It became thereby not only more ob- 
 noxious to the Indians, but more liable to alarm, and 
 more easily assailed by these aborigines. 
 
 Some acts of assembly, made at the last session of 
 assembly, indicated considerable uneasiness existing 
 at this period among the colonists, on account of 
 some recent murders and captures committed upon 
 them by the natives. It appears that two of the inha- 
 bitants of Kent and Anne Arundel counties had been 
 lately murdered in a most cruel and barbarous manner 
 by certain Indians. 
 
 It is most probable, that the Indians who committed 
 the above-mentioned murders, were the Susquehanocks, 
 a powerful and warlike tribe, who inhabited all that 
 part of Maryland which lies between the Patuxent and 
 Susquehanough rivers, on the western shore, and all 
 that portion of country from the Choptank to the Sus- 
 quehanough, on the Eastern Shore. 
 
 This assembly, in addition to this cautionary mea- 
 sure of preventing a repetition of such murders by the 
 Indians, thought it necessary that some more effectual 
 remedy to check such conduct of the natives, should 
 be applied, and accordingly enacted, 'an order pro- 
 viding for a march upon the Indians,' as follows : 
 'Whereas, certain Indians, this last year, have most 
 wickedly and barbarously murthered an English inha- 
 bitant of the county of Kent, and another inhabitant 
 likewise since, in Anne Arundel county, Be it therefore 
 ordered, That the governor, with the advice of the 
 council, or the major part of them, shall have power, 
 in case such Indians, who have committed such bar- 
 barous and wicked murthers, shall not be sent in, after 
 demand made of them, to the government here, to re-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 39 
 
 ceive such punishment as is due for such offence, to 
 press men, and to appoint such allowance for their pay, 
 and to make war upon these nations of Indians refusing 
 to deliver up those offenders as aforesaid, as in his and 
 their best discretion, shall be thought fit ; the charge of 
 which war to be laid by an equal assessment on the 
 persons and estates of all the inhabitants of this 
 
 It would appear, however, notwithstanding all this 
 preparation for an Indian war, that a considerable trade 
 was still carried on, either with these hostile Indians, 
 or more probably with some other tribe or tribes, who 
 remained in a state of peace with our colonists.
 
 40 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tranquility of the Province Governor Stone visits Providence Ap- 
 points Mr. Edward Lloyd commander of Anne Arundel county 
 Appoints Commissioners The Puritans at Providence again re- 
 fuse to send Delegates to the Assembly Bennett and Claiborne 
 reduce the Colony of Maryland Governor Stone retained in office 
 by them Is soon deprived of his office by them The Colony sub- 
 mits to the Commonwealth of England Governor JP>ne rein- 
 statedCromwell proclaimed in the Province Governor Stone 
 declares the Puritans at Providence to be enemies of Lord Balti- 
 more The Province again reduced Governor Stone rebuked by 
 Lord Baltimore for resigning his Government Governor Stone 
 re-assumes his office and pr wers as Governor Organizes a Military 
 Force Seizes the Provincial Records Secures the Arms and 
 Ammunition of the Province Governor Stone makes prepara- 
 tions to reduce Anne Arundel to submission, and marches towards 
 the Severn Arrives at Herring Creek Appears in the River 
 Severn The Golden Lion Governor Stone's party land on Horn 
 Point Captain Fuller, at the head of the Puritans of Providence, 
 marches to meet them Battle on Horn Point Governor Stone 
 condemned to Death The Soldiers refuse to- execute him Others 
 executed The Property of Governor Stone and his party seques- 
 tered Lord Baltimore restored to his Rights by the Lord Protec- 
 tor Appoints captain Josiah Fendall Governor The Puritans ac- 
 knowledge the authority of Lord Baltimore Acknowledgement. 
 
 AFTER this last session of assembly, the affairs of 
 the province seem to have subsided into apparent 
 peace and quiet. The puritans of Providence appear 
 to have acquiesced in, and submitted to the proprie- 
 tary government at St. Mary's. 
 
 In July of this year, governor Stone visited the set- 
 tlement at Providence for the purpose of organizing it 
 into a county ; and while there, he issued a commis- 
 sion directed*to Mr. Edward Lloyd, gent.' ^pointing 
 him c to be commander of Anne Arundel county until the 
 Lord Proprietary should signify to the contrary,' and to
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 41 
 
 Mr. James Homewood, Mr. Thomas Meares, Mr. 
 Thomas Marsh, Mr. George Puddington, Mr. Mathew 
 Hawkins, Mr. James Merryman, and Mr. Henry Cat- 
 ]yn, 'to be commissioners of the said county, with Mr. 
 Edward Lloyd, for granting warrants and commissions, 
 and for all other matters of judicature,' &c. 
 
 This commission bears date on the 30th of July, 
 1650, at Providence. 
 
 Mr. Puddington had been one of the Delegates at 
 the last session of assembly. 
 
 The names of these gentlemen, thus commissioned, 
 are given principally with a view of gratifying the 
 reader, who may be a native of Maryland, that he may 
 know the names of those who were the principal 
 men among the puritans who first settled on the 
 Severn, and from whom many respectable families in 
 this state now deduce their descent. 
 
 Governor Stone, it seems, agreeably to annual 
 usage, had called an assembly, to meet at St. 
 Mary's, in March of this year. But from strong cir- 
 cumstances, it is to be inferred that the puritans of 
 Providence (or Anne Arundel) refused or neglected to 
 send any delegates or members to attend this assem- 
 bly ; and Mr. Lloyd, as it appears, acting most proba- 
 bly in conformity to the wishes of those over whom he 
 presided as commander, returned some message 'to the 
 general assembly then sitting at St. Mary's,' which 
 gave considerable displeasure to the government there, 
 or at least to Lord Baltimore, in England, when he 
 came to be informed of it, who expressed his resent- 
 ment at the message somewhat warmly in* a letter to 
 the assembly. 
 
 What this message was, is not now to be exactly 
 4*
 
 42 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ascertained, no copy of it remaining on record. We 
 are authorized, however, in collecting from what his 
 lordship wrote upon the subject, that the purport of 
 Mr. Lloyd's message was, that the inhabitants of Anne 
 Arundel county, which they themselves called Provi- 
 dence, had come to the resolution of not sending any 
 burgesses or delegates to the general assembly at St. 
 Mary's, notwithstanding the summons for that purpose. 
 
 This stand was, without doubt, taken with a view to 
 the expected dissolution of the proprietary government, 
 and was probably meant by them as a prompt mani- 
 festation of their willingness and desire, that Maryland 
 should be reduced to the obedience of the common- 
 wealth of England. 
 
 As soon as the triumph of the commonwealth 
 cause was consummated by the death of the 
 king, and the results which followed it in the mother 
 country, the Parliament directed its attention to the 
 subjugation of the American colonies which had been 
 disaffected to that cause. 
 
 Governor Stone, having contended against the au- 
 thority assumed by Bennett and Claiborne, commis- 
 sioners appointed by the parliament for the reduction 
 of the province of Maryland, but finding any oppo- 
 sition useless, at length effected an arrangement with 
 the commissioners ; by which he was permitted to 
 retain and exercise his official powers, which appear 
 to have been administered with fidelity to the com- 
 monwealth. Yet, notwithstanding these acts of sub- 
 mission, and professions of allegiance, he was soon 
 after charged by the commissioners above named, 
 with disaffection to the protector's cause. 
 
 They demanded of governor Stone the Lord Balti-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 43 
 
 more's commission to him, which he showed them ; thus 
 getting the commission in their hands, they detained it, 
 and removed him and his lordship's other officers out of 
 their employment in the province under him, and ap- 
 pointed others to manage the government of Maryland, 
 independent of his lordship. 
 
 Thus was the province of Maryland completely re- 
 duced to obedience to the parliament of the common- 
 wealth of England, and all authority and power of 
 the Lord Baltimore within the colony which he had 
 planted at so much cost, and reared with so much care, 
 entirely taken out of his hands, with the probable pros- 
 pect, that it would never again be restored to him. 
 
 After the commissioners had made a temporary set- 
 tlement of the government in Maryland, they returned 
 to Virginia, of which province Bennett was made the 
 governor, and Claiborne the secretary of state. 
 
 Bennett and Claiborne having thus provided for 
 themselves honorable, and perhaps profitable stations 
 in Virginia, returned to Maryland about the latter 
 end of June, to make a more satisfactory settlement 
 of the government of that province also. Finding 
 that governor Stone had acquired, by his highly cor- 
 rect conduct in his office, great popularity with the in- 
 habitants of the province, and moreover that it was the 
 manifest 'desire of the inhabitants, that governor Stone 
 should re-assume his former place of governor ;' ar- 
 rangements were accordingly made, and he was rein- 
 stated by proclamation of the commissioners, bearing 
 date the 28th of June, 1652. 
 
 Contrary to the common usage of the colonial 
 
 trade to the Chesapeake, 'no English shipping,' 
 
 it seems, had arrived within the province of Maryland
 
 44 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 during the spring and summer of this year. Conse- 
 quently, as governor Stone states, he had received no 
 instructions or intelligence to direct him in the govern- 
 ment of the province, no act by the colonial govern- 
 ment was passed, directly affecting the interests of the 
 settlement at Providence. 
 
 In 1654, receiving certain intelligence of 
 Cromwell's elevation to the protectorate, go- 
 vernor Stone recognized and proclaimed him as pro- 
 tector, on the 6th day of June, in this year. 
 
 This same year, governor Stone, by proclamation, 
 charged the commissioners, Bennett and Claiborne, 
 and indeed the whole puritanic party mostly of Anne 
 Arundel, with 'drawing away the people, and leading 
 them into faction, sedition and rebellion against the 
 Lord Baltimore.' 
 
 Induced by this proclamation, the commissioners 
 again returned to Maryland, and with the assistance of 
 the puritans at Providence, by force of arms, turned out 
 governor Stone and the Lord Baltimore's other officers, 
 and put others in their places. 
 
 After a short resistance, governor Stone, in July of 
 this year, again submitted to the authority of the com- 
 missioners' government. 
 
 _ _ Early in 1655, it appears that governor Stone 
 received written instructions from Lord Balti- 
 more, in which he blames him for ' resigning up his 
 government into the hands of the lord protector and 
 commonwealth of England, without striking one stroke.' 
 
 Being thus instigated by the Lord Proprietary, to 
 attempt the recovery of the proprietary government, 
 he now re-assumed his office of governor under his 
 former commission.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 45 
 
 After such a rebuke from his lordship, governor 
 Stone determined to resist the authority set up by 
 the commissioners; and to make one more struggle 
 for that power and authority which he had held from, 
 and exercised under the Lord Proprietary's commission. 
 
 In -virtue of his official authority, he proceeded 
 to issue military commissions to officers, and to or- 
 ganize an armed force in the county of St. Mary's, 
 for the purpose of taking possession of the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Of these he despatched a party to the house of Mr. 
 Richard Preston, situated on the river Patuxent, 
 where the provincial records had been deposited on 
 the revolution in July last, and caused them to be seized 
 and brought to St. Mary's. On the information of 
 this seizure of the records arriving at Providence, (now 
 Annapolis,) captain Fuller and his council, in whom 
 the government of the province had been invested, 
 sent two messengers with letters to governor Stone, ' in 
 a way of peace and love,' desiring him to make it 
 known by what power he surprised the records, and 
 desiring an answer thereto. Governor Stone returned 
 only a verbal answer that c he would shew no power, 
 but affirmed that he acted by a power from Lord Balti- 
 more ; and that the Lord Protector had confirmed the 
 Lord Baltimore's power.' The messengers were there- 
 upon dismissed and went home. 
 
 Soon after this, governor Stone issued a proclama- 
 tion for the purpose, it would appear, of quieting the 
 minds of the people of Patuxent, on his resuming the 
 government of the province, and his seizure of the 
 records, protesting therein, that it was not his intention 
 to use any hostile proceedings either against them or
 
 46 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the people at Providence. As Mr. Preston's house on 
 the Patuxent had been used since July last, as the seat 
 of government for the province, where the provincial 
 records had been kept, a considerable quantity of arms 
 and ammunition, as it appears, had been there also 
 deposited. Governor Stone, as a further precautionary 
 measure, thought it proper to secure these arms and 
 ammunition, and accordingly sent an armed party of 
 twenty men for that purpose, under the command of 
 William Eltonhead and Josias Fendel. They seized 
 upon such arms, &c., as they could find, not only in 
 Preston's house, but in others in the neighborhood, 
 which it is stated they searched, and brought the same 
 to St. Mary's. 
 
 Soon after these transactions, governor Stone began 
 to make preparations for reducing the puritans of Anne 
 Arundel to a submission and obedience to Lord Balti- 
 more's government. Having collected together and 
 armed about two hundred of the yeomanry of St. Ma- 
 ry's county, who were willing to follow him, he set out 
 with his little army, about the 20th of March, 1654, 0. 
 S. towards Providence. He had collected, also, about 
 eleven or twelve vessels, probably such as are now 
 called bay craft, for the transportation of some of his 
 forces, part of them marching along the bay coast, and 
 the vessels serving to ferry them across the mouths of 
 the rivers. 
 
 Before they had arrived at Herring creek, (sometimes 
 called Herring bay,) in Anne Arundel county, they were 
 met by messengers in a boat, who had been sent by the 
 government at Providence with a letter to governor 
 Stone, remonstrating against his proceedings, and de- 
 siring to be informed not only of his authority and power
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 47 
 
 in so doing, but whether 'he were resolved to come to 
 no parley or treaty,' protesting, in the said writing, 
 'that, by the help of God, they were resolved to com- 
 mit themselves into the hand of God, and rather die 
 like men, than live like slaves.' No answer to this 
 message appears to have been given by the gover- 
 nor, as may be inferred from the fact that 'these mes- 
 sengers were apprehended, and their boat seized ;' but 
 three out of the six persons on board the boat, con- 
 trived to make their escape, and carried back to the 
 government at Providence the intelligence that Stone 
 and his army were on their march towards them in 
 hostile array. 
 
 On the arrival of governor Stone and his troops at 
 Herring creek, they found there, it seems, one of the 
 commissioners, to whom the government had been in- 
 trusted in July last, by Bennett and Claiborne. This 
 gentleman they caused to be kept under guard : and 
 either at this place or at a little further on his march, 
 governor Stone deputed Doctor Luke Barber and Mr. 
 Coursey to go on before them to Providence, with a 
 proclamation addressed to the people of Anne Arundel. 
 Of the contents of this proclamation, thus sent by Doc- 
 tor Barber, we are not informed, except so much of it 
 as is given by Doctor Barber, subsequently, to wit : 
 that, 'in the end of this declaration, the governor did 
 protest, as in the presence of Almighty God, that he 
 came not in a hostile way, to do them any hurt, but 
 sought all meanes possible to reclaime them by faire 
 meanes, and to my knowledge, at the sending out of 
 parties, he gave strict command that, if they met any 
 of the Ann JJrundel men, they should not fire the first 
 gun, nor upon paine of death, plunder any.'
 
 48 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The 'declaration,' however, does not appear to have 
 had any salutary effect ; for, although they were per- 
 mitted to read the 'declaration,' yet, having no other 
 treaty to offer, they were quietly dismissed to their own 
 company, to whom they might have gone, if they would. 
 But it seems that they did not return to governor Stone 
 or his army. 
 
 It is possible, that the rapid advance of the party to 
 the harbour of Providence, might have precluded the 
 necessity of it ; for, on the evening of the day after, 
 governor Stone and his followers appeared in the river 
 of Severn, at Providence, with eleven or twelve ves- 
 sels, greater and lesser, in which their whole array was 
 transported. 
 
 On the appearance of this fleet, captain Fuller called 
 a council of war, at which Mr. William Durand, the 
 secretary of the puritan government at Providence, was 
 appointed to go on board a merchant ship, called the 
 Golden Lyon, then lying at anchor in the river, of which 
 one Heamans was master. Mr. Durand was directed 
 to affix a proclamation on the mainmast of the said 
 ship, directed to captain Heamans, commander thereof; 
 in which proclamation, 'he (the said Heamans) was re- 
 quired, in the name of the lord protector and common- 
 wealth of England, and for the maintenance of the just 
 libertyes, lives, and estates of the free subjects thereof, 
 against an unjust power, to be aiding and assisting in 
 this service.' It appears, that 'the said captain Hea- 
 mans, at first, was unwilling, but afterwards, seeing the 
 equity of the cause, and the groundless proceedings of 
 the enemy, he offered himself, ship and men, for that 
 service, to be directed by the said William Durand.' 
 
 Governor Stone, with his little fleet and army, had,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 40 
 
 by this time, about ' the shutting in of the evening, 5 
 as it is said, on the~24th of March, (0. S.) arrived 
 within the outer harbour of Providence. He was 
 now also within the range of the shot of the Golden 
 Lyon, from whence a gun was fired at him, in order, 
 as is said, to bring him or some messenger on board. 
 Governor Stone did not think it proper to pay any 
 attention to this signal of War, as it appeared ; but, 
 having arrived within the mouth of the creek, which 
 forms the southern boundary of the peninsula on which 
 the city of Annapolis now stands, proceeded to land 
 his men on a point of land which lies on the southern 
 side of both the river Severn and the before mentioned 
 creek, nearly opposite to and in an eastern direction 
 from what is called the dock or inner harbour of 
 Annapolis, and on which point or peninsula a small 
 fortress, called Fort Horn, was afterwards built during 
 the American revolutionary war. While governor 
 Stone was landing his men on this point of land or 
 peninsula, the commander Heamans, or Mr. Durand, 
 thought it proper to repeat their fire upon the boats of 
 governor Stone as they were rowing to the shore. 
 The shot thereof lighting somewhat near to them, the 
 governor deemed it most prudent to send a messenger 
 on board the Golden Lyon to know the reason of their 
 conduct, with directions to the messenger to inform the 
 captain of the ship that he (governor Stone) thought 
 ' the captain of the ship had been satisfied.' To which 
 the captain answered, (in a very blustering tone, as 
 it appears,) ' satisfied with what ? I never saw any 
 power governor Stone had, to do as he hath done, but 
 the superscription of a letter. I must and will appear 
 for these in a good cause.' It would appear that 
 6
 
 60 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. . 
 
 governor Stone and the captain had some explanation 
 previous to the firing of this last gun at le'ast it is 
 fair so to presume, from the nature of the captain's 
 reply to his message. 
 
 Governor Stone having moved his vessels further up 
 the creek during the night, captain Heamans, or the 
 puritans on shore, contrived early the next morning to 
 place a vessel or vessels, 'with two pieces of ordi- 
 nance' at the mouth of trie creek, and by that means 
 blockaded governor Stone's little fleet within the same, 
 so as to prevent them from coming out. The governor 
 soon after, however, on the same day, (Sunday, the 
 25th of March, 1654-'5, 0, S.) appeared with his 
 small army, in military parade, on a narrow neck of 
 land, (most probably that on which the remains of the 
 before mentioned fort now are,) near where he had 
 landed. The captain of the ship (Heamans) observ- 
 ing this, brought his guns to bear upon them, and 
 firing at them, killed one war?, and by that means 
 forced them to march further off into the neck. In the 
 meantime captain Fuller, the puritan commander, with 
 his company, consisting of a hundred and twenty men, 
 embarked in their boats, most probably from the pen- 
 insula whereon Annapolis now stands, and went up 
 the river some distance, where they landed and marched 
 round the head of the creek to where governor Stone 
 and his people were waiting to receive them, a dis- 
 tance of six miles. 
 
 ' On the approach of the puritans, the sentry of the 
 people of St. Mary's, or Marylanders, fired his alarm, 
 gun, when the men of governor Stone immediately 
 appeared in order. Captain Fuller still expecting that 
 governor Stone might possibly give a reason for their
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 51 
 
 coming, commanded his men upon pain of death not 
 to shoot a gun, or give the first onset. Setting up the 
 standard of the commonwealth of England, against 
 which the enemy shot five or six guns, and killed one 
 man in the front, before a shot was made by the other. 
 
 ' Then the word was given, in the name of God fall 
 on; God is our strength, that was the word for 
 Providence : the Marylander's word was, Hey for 
 Saint Maries. 
 
 1 The charge was fierce and sharp for the time ; but 
 through the glorious presence of the Lord of Hosts, 
 manifested in and towards his poor oppressed people, 
 the enemy could not endure, but gave back, and 
 were so effectually charged home, that they were all 
 routed, turned their backs, threw down their arms, 
 and begged mercy. After the first volley of shot, a 
 small company of the enemy from behind a great 
 tree fallen, galled us and wounded divers of our men, 
 but were soon beaten off. Of the whole company of the 
 Marylanders, there escaped only four or five, who run 
 away out of the army to carry news to their confede- 
 rates. Governor Stone, colonel Price, captain Gerrard, 
 captain Lewis, captain Kendall, captain Guither, 
 major Chandler, and all the rest of the councellors, 
 officers and souldiers of the Lord Baltimore, among 
 whom, both commanders and souldiers, a great number 
 being papists, were taken, and so were all their 
 vessels, arms, ammunition and provision ; about fifty 
 men slain and wounded. We lost only two in the 
 field ; but two died since of their wounds. God did 
 appear wonderful in the field, and in the hearts of 
 the people, all confessing him to be the only worker 
 of this victory and deliverance.'
 
 52 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 In giving the above account of the battle, the 
 words of Mr. Leonard Strong have been used, who, it 
 is probable, was an eye-witness, and in the battle, he 
 being one of captain Fuller's council, at Providence. 
 
 It is alleged, that the puritans of Providence, seve- 
 ral days after the fight, put to death four of governor 
 Stone's party. We wish it was in our power to con- 
 tradict and disprove this cold-blooded outrage, even 
 at this late period, for the sake of humanity and the 
 character of the first settlers of our native city ; but the 
 evidence seems to be too strong to admit a doubt of its 
 truth. 
 
 Doctor Barber says, (and he appears to be entitled to 
 full credit,) that, 'after the skirmish, the governor, upon 
 quarter given him and all his company in the field, 
 yielded to be taken prisoners ; but, two or three days 
 after, the victors condemned ten to death, and executed 
 foure, and had executed all, had not the incessant peti- 
 tioning and begging of some good women saved some, 
 and the souldiers others ; the governor himselfe being 
 condemned by them, and since beg'd by the souldiers ; 
 some being saved just as they were leading out to 
 execution.' 
 
 Mrs. Stone, also, in a letter to Lord Baltimore, states 
 that, 'after quarter given, they tried all your councel- 
 lors by a councell of warre, and sentence was passed 
 upon my husband to be shot to death, but was after 
 saved by the enemy's owne souldiers, and so the rest 
 of the councellors were saved by the petitions of the 
 women, with some other friends which they found 
 there.' 
 
 The four who were shot to death after trial by court- 
 martial, were Mr. William Eltonhead, lieutenant Wil-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 53 
 
 Ham Lewis, Mr. Leggat, and a German, whose name 
 is not mentioned, but who is stated to have lived with 
 Mr. Eltonhead. The principle is universally acknow- 
 ledged, that the captor in war, even in the case of 
 civil commotions, has no right to put his captive to 
 death, after surrender and quarter given. This most 
 sanguinary transaction must, therefore, strike every 
 enlightened individual at this day, as one of those 
 atrocities which the vindictive passions incident to a 
 civil war in any community are too apt to produce. 
 
 The puritans of Providence having thus, by the de- 
 feat of governor Stone, secured to themselves the go- 
 vernment of the province, not only detained him and 
 his followers for some time as prisoners of war, but pro- 
 ceeded to the sequestration of their property, whom 
 they termed delinquents. 
 
 Our documents do not mention the length of time 
 that governor Stone and his companions were detained 
 at Providence, but it is supposed they were not libera- 
 ted until captain Fuller and his council had despatched 
 their messengers to England to prepossess the mind of 
 the government there in their favor; and then not until 
 they had the mortification of being witnesses to the 
 execution of the order for a sequestration of their 
 property. 
 
 In this year, Lord Baltimore's right and authority 
 over the province was admitted by the Lord Protector, 
 and captain Josias Fendall was appointed governor by 
 his lordship. What motives Lord Baltimore had for 
 substituting Fendall as governor of his province, in- 
 stead of governor Stone, does not appear. 
 
 It was not until this year, that the puritans, 
 who had settled at Providence, acknowledged
 
 54 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 themselves as being within Lord Baltimore's province 
 of Maryland having considered themselves as being a 
 part of Virginia, or a distinct colony. However, on the 
 24th of March, 1657, negotiations were entered into 
 between the proprietary and the puritan government, 
 for a surrender of the province to Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Thus, after a lapse of six years, his lordship was 
 again restored to the full enjoyment of his province, 'to 
 the content and peace of all parties.' 
 
 In tracing the early history of Providence, occa- 
 sion is now taken, to acknowledge the entire indebted- 
 ness of the compiler of these Annals to Bozman's able 
 and interesting History of Maryland, for all the inci- 
 dents and facts having a bearing upon it ; and to say, 
 that a full and free use of that work has been made 
 being sensible that nothing better could have been said 
 on the occasion, than has been, by that admirable 
 historian. 
 
 Our records do not afford us any further information 
 relating to the settlement at Providence until the year 
 1683. This, with several other omissions, unavoida- 
 bly occur in these Annals, and is to be mainly attribu- 
 ted to the removal of the records and public documents 
 of the province from St. Mary's to Annapolis, some of 
 which were greatly damaged.* To this cause, is to be 
 added, also, the loss of some by the fire which destroyed 
 the state-house in the year 1704, where they were chiefly 
 deposited, 
 
 * Proceeding of the Upper House of Assembly, St. Mary's, 10th May, 
 
 1682. MSS. Journal, page 418. 
 
 'Taking into consideration the ruinous condition of the state-house, 
 (which hath been so chargeable to the country,) occasioned for want 
 of some good, carefull and skillfull overseer at first appointed to su- 
 pervise the managing' and carrying on the building thereof, insomuch
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 55 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Contempt of Assembly Trial of Edward Erbery Condemned and 
 Whipped Witchcraft Condemnation of John Cowman And par- 
 doned The Quakers remonstrate against taking Oaths Proceed- 
 ings of the Assembly thereon Indian Affairs Protection of the 
 Indians by the Colonists Hostility of the Siisquehanocks Causes 
 of Treaty with them Murders committed by the Indians Expe- 
 dition against them Five Chiefs of the Susquehanocks murdered 
 Impeachment of Major Thomas Truman His Trial and Convic- 
 tion Proceedings of the Assembly thereon Controversy between 
 the Lord Proprietary and the Lower House of Assembly upon the 
 Act for calling Assemblies Extracts from the Rules of the Lower 
 House of Assembly Annapolis erected into a Town, &c. Com- 
 missioners appointed to survey and lay out Annapolis Annapolis 
 becomes the Seat of Government Governor Nicholson causes the 
 Records to be removed from St. Mary's Public Ferry First Cor- 
 poration of Annapolis Mr. Richard Beard makes a map of the 
 Town A Market and Fair Proposition for a Bridewell Im- 
 provement of Annapolis A Church proposed to be erected King 
 William's School established William Pirikney a Student of it 
 Governor Nicholson projects a Library for Annapolis A State- 
 House built Roman Catholics Persecution of. 
 
 __ IN the absence of other matter connected with 
 the immediate history of Annapolis from the year 
 1657 to to 1683, the reader will doubtless be gratified at 
 the perusal of such extracts from the MSS. journals of 
 the province, between these dates, of an interesting 
 and amusing character, not before made public. 
 
 that the same, in a short time, (if not speedily repaired,) must inevi- 
 tably fall to the ground, being already so leaky and decayed as will 
 hardly secure the records of the province (there kept) from the weather, 
 this House desire the Lower House to consider thereof, and to concur 
 with this House, in new covering, and making such necessary repairs 
 thereof, as may render the same useful and serviceable for the country, 
 and in making a partition at the stair foot, that both Houses of Assem- 
 bly may there meet, without which repairs and partition, the record* 
 of the province must inevitably suffer next winter.'
 
 66 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, SATURDAY, 28th Jlpril, 1666. 
 
 'Then came a member from the lower house, and 
 desired the governor, from the whole lower house, 
 not to discharge Edward Erbery, merchant, from the 
 sare of Bristol ; in regard, they had something to object 
 against him, as well for abusing the lower house of 
 assembly, as his lordship, last night.' 
 
 'Then came a member from the lower house, with 
 this paper following : 
 
 'TUESDAY, 1st May, 1666. 
 
 'William Calvert, Esq. motions the house, 
 
 'That, whereas there was an abuse committed last 
 night by Edward Erbery, to the disturbance of the 
 whole house, in their quiet and rest, and the clerk of 
 this house informs that the said Erbery did call the 
 whole house papists, rogues, **** rogues, &c. which 
 the speaker is desired to take notice of, and proceed 
 therein, either by presentment or otherwise, as to him 
 shall seem best, and that it be the first thing this house 
 takes into their consideration or debate.' 
 
 'Mr. Nicholas Piccard and Mr. Richard Blunt in- 
 formed the house of certain vulgar and indecent ex- 
 pressions of Erbery concerning the lower house, and 
 that they were ashamed of the place from whence 
 they came.' 
 
 'Mr. Richard Hall says, that amongst a great many 
 other extravagant words, Erbery said that Charles Cal- 
 vert was a rogue.' 
 
 'William Calvert, Esq. saith, how that Erbery, in 
 his hearing, said, we, viz. the assembly, were a com- 
 pany of pitiful rogues and puppys, and there is not one 
 in the country deserves to keep me company but
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 57 
 
 Charles Calvert, who owes me ten thousand pounds 
 of tobacco.' 
 
 'Mr. Richard Smith informs that this morning, when 
 JErbery awaked, the said Erbery complained that he 
 was bound ; that he remembered all that he had said 
 last night, and that he was not drunk ; and in a threat- 
 ning manner, said he would remember those that 
 bound him.' 
 
 'The abuse that Edward Erbery gave to the lieu- 
 tenant-general and this assembly last night, being 
 taken into consideration, and upon a full debate there- 
 on, had in this house, they do judge the same to be a 
 scandal to the Lord Proprietor, to his lieutenant-gene- 
 ral, and to both houses of assembly, and a great reflec- 
 tion upon the whole province in general ; and, there- 
 fore, unanimously voted by this house, that the said 
 Erbery be brought before this house, to give answer to 
 the abovesaid charge, in relation to those informations 
 now given in against him.' 
 
 ' Ordered by the speaker that Mr. Edward Erbery 
 be brought into the house by the sheriff, &c, J 
 
 ' And taxed by the speaker of all those words spo- 
 ken, who making his appearance after the charge being 
 read unto him, he answered that he remembered none 
 of these words that is alledged, only he confesseth that 
 he was in drink, and being further taxed about the 
 words spoken this morning, (which were averred by a 
 member of this house) he says that he remembers not 
 that ever he spoke such words. 
 
 * Which answer being taken into consideration, the 
 house do judge the same altogether unsatisfactory, and 
 that no person of full age shall take advantage by 
 drunkeness in such case.
 
 58 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ( Whereupon this house do humbly present the 
 consideration hereof to the upper house, that they 
 would please to signify to this house their resentment 
 of the same, and what they shall judge further ne- 
 cessary to be done with the said Erbery as touching 
 the punishment or otherwise for this house's concur- 
 rence therewith.' 
 
 ' The upper house do order that the said Edward 
 Erbery be tyed to the apple tree before the house of 
 assembly, and be there publickly whipped upon the 
 bare back with thirty-nine lashes, and that the sherrifF 
 of St. Mary's county be commanded to apprehend 
 the said Erbery and see this order put in execution, 
 and that the said Erbery do pay the sherriff his fees 
 before he depart out of his custody ; and further or- 
 dered, that the said Erbery be, after he is whipped, 
 brought into both houses of assembly publickly to ask 
 them forgiveness.' 
 
 (Signed) JOHN GITTINGS, Clerk. 
 
 The following ' new and unheard of thing in this 
 province,' is extracted from the journals of the upper 
 house in 1674, and it is hoped and believed to be the 
 only judicial transaction of its kind to be found upon 
 its pages, to stain the fair fame of the noble founder, 
 and usually enlightened legislators of this provice. 
 
 If it be a matter of surprise that it should be found 
 at all recorded there is it not also one of wonder and 
 satisfaction that it should be the only one case when 
 we reflect that the ( witch mania 1 had not yet passed 
 from enlightened Europe, and still hung as a dark cloud 
 over other provinces on this continent, and whose ad- 
 vantages, flowing from education and science, were so 
 much greater than that of this more recently settled
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 59 
 
 ' 
 
 colony, and will, in this instance, be satisfactorily ac- 
 counted for, from the 'natural embarrassments incident 
 to the planting of a new colony, and the consequent 
 want of means for a more enlarged education.' 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, February 17th, 1674. 
 
 'Came into this house, a petition of the lower house, 
 as followeth, viz : 
 
 'To the honourable Charles Calvert, esquire, Lieu- 
 tenant General and Chief Judge of the Provincial Court 
 of the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietary, 
 
 'The humble petition of the Deputies and Delegates 
 of the Lower House of Assembly, 
 
 'Humbly sheweth to your excellency, 
 
 'That, whereas John Cowman being arraigned, con- 
 victed and condemned upon the statute of the first of 
 King James of England, &c. for witchcraft, conjura- 
 tion, socery or enchantment used upon the body of 
 Elizabeth Goodall, and now lying under that condem- 
 nation, and hath humbly implored and beseeched us, 
 your lordship's petitioners, to mediate and intercede in 
 his behalf with your excellency for a reprieve and stay 
 of execution. 
 
 'Your excellencie's petitioners do, therefore, accord- 
 ingly, in all humble manner, beseech your excellency 
 that the rigour and severity of the law to which the said 
 condemned malefactor hath miserably exposed himself, 
 may be remitted and relaxed by the exercise of your 
 excellency's mercy and clemencie upon so wretched 
 and miserable an object. 
 
 'And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever 
 pray, &c.'
 
 60 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, February 11th. 
 'The lieutenant-general hath considered of the peti- 
 tion here above, and is willing, upon the request of the 
 lower house, that the condemned malefactor be repriev- 
 ed, and execution stayed, provided that the sheriff of 
 St. Maries' county carry him to the gallows, and that 
 the rope being about his neck, it be there made known 
 to him how much he is beholding to the lower house of 
 assemblie for mediating and interceeding in his behalf 
 with the lieutenant-general, and that he remain at the 
 city of St. Maries, to be employed in such service as 
 the governor and council shall think fitt, during the 
 pleasure of the governor.' 
 
 The quakers, or friends, who had settled in Maryland 
 at an early period of its establishment, suffering under 
 that system of intolerance and persecution which pre- 
 vailed against all dissenters at that, and down to a later 
 day, remonstrated against the unjust laws of the pro- 
 vince which debarred their testimony on 'affirmation,' 
 and subjected them to heavy penalties for refusing to 
 take the prescribed 'oaths ;' although contrary to their 
 conscience, and, in their opinion, the Saviour's positive 
 injunction, declared in his sermon on the mount 
 1 swear not at a//.' This remonstrance or petition ap- 
 pears upon the journals of the upper house in 1674, 
 and is as follows : 
 
 'SATURDAY, 23d May, 1674. 
 
 'Read in the house, a petition exhibited by certain 
 quakers, as follows, viz : 
 
 'This we do lay before the governour and council 
 and assembly, in the wisdom of God, to consider of, 
 from us who are in scorn called quakers. 
 
 'What we can say and do instead of an oath, it is in
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 61 
 
 obedience to Christ's command, that we cannot swear 
 and take an oath, and Christ our Lord and Saviour's 
 command is, 'I say unto you swear not at all.' Though 
 in the old time, they were not to forswear themselves, 
 but perform their oaths to the Lord ; and the Lord Jesus 
 Christ's command is^ but let your communication be 
 yea, yea, and nay, nay ; for whatsoever is more than 
 these cometh of evil : and St. James saith, in his general 
 epistle to the Church of Christ, above all things, my bre- 
 theren, swear not ; neither by heaven, nor by the earth, 
 nor by any other oath ; mark, but let your yea, be yea* 
 and your nay, be nay, least you fall into condemnation. 
 Now, here "ye may see, that Christ and apostles setts us 
 yea, yea, and nay, nay, over and above an oath and 
 swearing, and in lieu of an oath. See, in obedience to 
 Christ and the apostles' command, it is, that we do 
 not, and dare not swear, least we should go into the 
 evil, and so fall into condemnation, as Christ and the 
 apostles saith beforBi But, according to Christ Jesus 
 and the apostles' command, doe keep to yea, yea, and 
 nay, nay, wherein they do double their words to make 
 them of more force. Christ Jesus to the disciples and 
 the apostles to the church ; and now> if, that we are 
 called to testifie the truth, or to serve in any office or 
 place orjurie, if that we do break our yea, yea, or nay, 
 nay, then let us suffer the same penalty, as they, that do 
 break an oath, or are foresworne. And this not re- 
 pugnant to the laws of England, having the same pe- 
 nalty on the same transgression ; for, in Jamaica, their 
 law is so, that our bretheren's testimony upon yea, yea, 
 and nay, nay, as Christ and as the apostles commanded, 
 is taken, and the same in the acts and province laws at 
 Carolina, and the same in the patent and acts at Road 
 6
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Island, and the same in the new country of Jersey, is 
 taken instead of an oath ; which the governour and his 
 council and assembly may, by an act of assembly, let 
 us have the same liberty here, as our bretheren have in 
 other places, colonies or provinces, that we may not be 
 put to inconveniences, for you do know what trouble 
 often many of us are put to, because we cannot swear 
 and take an oath, and do lose our rights and. that which 
 is due to us from others, and how we have been made 
 a prey upon by many, because we cannot swear, and 
 have lost much in our estates, and cannot be so ser- 
 viceable in our generation to the country, as we might 
 be, and also what trouble we have had, who have been 
 overseers or executors, or the like, that have been in- 
 trusted with orphans, fatherless, and widdows' estates or 
 wills, for want of an oath. And, therefore, you having 
 power to remedie these things by making an act, we do 
 lay them before you, and that if we do breake our yea, 
 yea, or nay, nay, or what we testifie, then let us suffer 
 the same punishment as they do that break their oaths 
 or swear falsly ; and this we are willing to suffer, who 
 profess faith in Christ, and would have all that profess 
 the same, to exercise a conscience void of offence to- 
 wards God and men. So you may remove this oppres- 
 sion if you please, and let us have the same liberty that 
 our friends and bretheren have in other couritrys and 
 islands, as we are credibly informed ; whose hands are 
 hereunto subscribed in the behalfs of our bretheren. 
 'WENLOCK CHRISTERSON, Jo. HOMEARD, 
 'WILLIAM PERRIE, Ri. BEARD, &c.' 
 
 'Ordered by the house, that the petition here above 
 be sent to the lower house, and offered to their consi- 
 deration.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 63 
 
 This petition was accordingly sent to the lower 
 house, who returned it with a message requesting to 
 be informed by his excellency and the upper house, 
 whether, in their opinion, the assembly had the power 
 to alter the form of the oath prescribed by the laws of 
 England, in point of evidence between the king and 
 his people, &c. in matters depending within this pro- 
 vince or not. To which message, the upper house 
 replied, that they had resolved, that the petition should 
 remain upon the journal till further advice from the 
 Lord Proprietary, who declared that he 'formerly had 
 intentions of gratifying the desire of the said people, 
 called quakers, in that kind ;' but, for some reason not 
 mentioned, his lordship desired 'that all proceedings 
 therein be, for the present, suspended.' 
 
 This highly respectable and long misunderstood 
 society of Christians, were not restored to the rights 
 and privileges, so moderately, but firmly, insisted upon 
 in the foregoing petition, until the year 1702* when 
 the legislature struck from the statute books this relict 
 of intolerance. 
 
 For several years previous to 1675, the in- 
 habitants of the province of Maryland, and the 
 Indians within, and upon her border county, lived 
 upon terms of peace and amity. Indeed, it could not 
 well be otherwise, such being the nature and benevo- 
 lent character of the laws and resolutions of the pro- 
 vince for the protection of the friendly Indians. From 
 the proceedings of the assembly, the strongest dispo- 
 sition was manifested to cherish and protect them ; 
 and in no instance did the government take from the 
 
 * See act of 1702, chap. 1, sec. 21, 
 
 v
 
 64 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 .' 
 
 Aborigines one acre of land without a remuneration 
 perfectly satisfactory to them.* The cause of the fre- 
 quent removals by the Indians grew out of the wars 
 carried on between the different tribes. The Piscatto- 
 way and Patuxent Indians, who were uniformly friendly 
 to the colonists, were protected from the more fierce 
 and warlike tribes of Senecas and Susquehanocks, by 
 the forces of the province. 
 
 At least in one instance (in 1673) the province 
 rented land 'of the orphans of a Mr. Billingsley,' for 
 the space of five years, for the use of the Mattapanie 
 and Patuxent Indians, until 'some other place might 
 be found for further settlement,' and the expense ordered 
 to be paid out of the public treasury. The Piscatto- 
 ways were located at the head of the Potomac, and 
 were presented with many implements of husbandry 
 and every possible inducement held out to encourage 
 them to make a permanent residence there. Three 
 years provision was supplied them, that they might not 
 want, and until they could by the cultivation of their 
 land support themselves. Arbitrators were appointed 
 throughout the province to determine all difficulties 
 which might arise between the English and the Indians : 
 
 * 'Resolved, That if there be any pretence of conquest, it can be 
 only supposed against the NATIVE INDIAN INFIDELS; which suppo- 
 sition cannot be admitted, because the Christian inhabitants purchased 
 great part of the land they at first took up from the Indians, as well 
 as from the Lord Proprietary, and have ever since continued in an 
 amicable course of trade with them, except some partial outrages 
 and skirmishes which never amounted to a general war, much less 
 to a general conquest, the Indians yet enjoying their rights and 
 priviledges of treaties and trade with the English, of whom we yet 
 frequently purchase their rights of such lands as we take up, as 
 well as of the Lord Proprietary.' See journal of the house of dele- 
 gates, 1722 page 2.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 65 
 
 and where even-handed justice was not awarded to the 
 Indian, the offending arbitrator met with the censure of 
 the assembly, and with suitable punishment. 
 
 The Susquehanocks commenced hostilities against 
 the colonists in 1639, and committed many murders 
 and depredations on them. This warfare appears to 
 have been brought on by the endeavors of the colonists 
 to stay their incursions against the peaceable and 
 friendly tribes of Piscattoway and Patuxent, and pro- 
 bably the Yoamacoes, with whom the Susquehanocks 
 never ceased to wage hostilities since the first settle' 
 raent of the Maryland colony at St. Mary's, 
 
 In 1652, at the earnest desire of the Susquehanocks, 
 a treaty of peace and amity was concluded between 
 them, the colonists and the friendly Indians, This 
 treaty took place 'at the river Severn, in the province 
 of Maryland, 5 * on the fifth day of July, in that year. 
 The terms of the treaty then made, appear to have 
 been inviolably observed until this year, (1675) when 
 a circumstance occurred to disturb the harmony which 
 had so long endured between the respective parties ; 
 the particulars of which will be presently given from 
 the journals of assembly, under the head of 'the im- 
 peachment of major Thomas Truman.' 
 
 The Susquehanocks, who had been till about this 
 period, (1675) one of the most powerful of the Indian 
 tribes in Maryland -had in their turn lo fly before 
 the more formidable and warlike tribe of Senecas, and 
 were driven by them from the head of the Susque- 
 hannah. They took refuge in the neighbourhood of the 
 Piscattoways, at the head of the Potomac. Soon 
 after their reaching this, place, Maryland and Virginia 
 
 * Now the City of Annapolis.
 
 66 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 were induced in consequence of recent murders having 
 been committed on several of the inhabitants, to send 
 out an expedition in that direction. The united forces 
 of Maryland and Virginia invested a fort, then occu- 
 pied by the Susquehanocks, but belonging to the 
 Piscattoways. 
 
 It appears from the journals of assembly that five 
 of the chiefs of the Susquehanocks were enticed from 
 this fort under pretences of friendship, and then treach- 
 erously murdered for which major Truman, who 
 commanded the Maryland forces, was impeached and 
 tried for murder. As another evidence of the justice 
 of the province, even to a 'cunning skulking, and 
 dangerous enemy,* proof will be adduced from the 
 journals, on the impeachment of major Truman.* 
 
 'Impeachment of major Thomas Truman.' 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE. 
 
 'On Tuesday, May 16th, (1676,) at Sin the 
 morning, the house met. 
 
 'Present : The PJ^ht Honourable the Lord Proprie- 
 tary, the Honourable Secretary, Jesse Wharton, Esq., 
 Thomas Taylor, Esq., Baker Brooke, Esq. 
 
 'The Honorable Chancellor enters the house. 
 
 'The lower house requested by colonel Burgess and 
 Mr. Weekes, that the commission and instructions 
 from his lordship to major Thomas Truman, touching 
 the late warr with the Indians, may be sent to them by 
 this house. In pursuance whereof the Honourable 
 Secretary and lieut. col. Tailor were by this house 
 
 * This major Truman was at one time a distinguished member of 
 the assembly, and chancellor of the province.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 67 
 
 
 
 sent with a true copy of the said commission and in- 
 structions, who delivered the same to the lower house.* 
 
 'LowER HOUSE, 16th May, 1676. 
 
 'Voted that a message be sent to the right honour- 
 able the Lord Proprietary and upper house, to desire 
 to know in what articles of major Truman's commis- 
 sion and instructions he hath been faulty, and who are 
 the persons that accuse him, and can prove it ; that so 
 the said persons may attend this house to give them 
 satisfaction in the crimes and offences of the said 
 Truman.' 
 
 'In answer to which message this house returned to 
 the lower house, that it is conceived by this house, 
 that the lower house are the general inquisitors of this 
 province, and ought to become impeachers of the 
 above mentioned Truman, touching his guiltiness of 
 the breach of any of the articles above, as the same 
 shall appear to them upon examination of witnesses. 
 Some of the most considerable of the said witnesses 
 now sitting in their house, and that this house is ready 
 to receive the said impeachment. 
 
 'Signed by order, RICHARD BROUGHTQN, 
 
 Clerk of the Assembly* 
 
 'Ordered, that Cornet Courtney and William Cole do 
 appear before the lower house, to make report of some 
 matters to them, touching the impeachment of major 
 Thomas Truman.' 
 
 'Ordered by the upper house, that captain Henry 
 Darnell do forthwith secure the person of major Thomas 
 Truman in safe custody, till the said major shall clear 
 himself of such crimes and offences whereof he, shall 
 stand impeached by the lower house of assembly.'
 
 68 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'Ordered, that captain John Allen and doctor Charles 
 Gregory do, with all expedition, make their appearance 
 before the right honourable the Lord Proprietary and 
 his honourable council, sitting in assembly, to testifie 
 the truth of their knowledge touching the late barba- 
 rous and inhumane murder of five Susquehannah In- 
 dians, and that the said captain Allen give strict com- 
 mand to his lieutenant to continue ranging the woods 
 in his absence. 'Signed, &c.* 
 
 'To captain John Jlllen and 
 
 l Dr. Charles Gregory, of Charles county .' 
 
 A similar order to the foregoing was issued to Ninian 
 Beale. 
 
 'Interrogatories for John Shanks, to be examined 
 touching the late expedition against the Susquehannah 
 Indians. 
 
 1st. 'Whether major Truman, with the forces 
 under his command, was at the north side of Pis- 
 cattoway creek, and did there expect and meet the 
 Virginians. 
 
 2d. 'Whether the said major consulted with his of- 
 ficers and those of Virginia afore he held any discourse 
 or treaty with the Susquehannah Indians which came 
 out of the fort ; also, whether it was with the knowledge 
 of any of his officers, that he treated and endeavoured 
 to make the Susquehannahs believe he intended no 
 harm or disturbance to them, and what officers or others 
 he knowes were present when orders were given by the 
 major for the putting those great men to death. 
 
 3d. 'Whether he knows that, at any time, the of- 
 ficers of Virginia did desire or put major Truman upon 
 any design pressing him to employ his soldiers about 
 or upon any service during the seige, and if major Tru-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS, 69 
 
 man did, at anytime, execute anything at their request 
 by receiving instructions or directions from them. 
 
 4th. 'Whether did major Truman bid the Susque- 
 hannahs not to fear him, or tell them that he came only 
 to seek the Seneca's, and that he would lodge that 
 night hard by them, and use that as an argument for 
 them, their wives and children, not to be afraid, or that 
 or any other expression to that effect. 
 
 5th. 'What writings, articles of peace or amity did 
 the said Susquehaanahs ever produce to major Tru- 
 man. 
 
 6th, 'Did the said Susquehannahs ever shew a med- 
 dall of silver, with a black and yellow ribbond. 
 
 7th. 'Did they shew the said ribbond and meddall as 
 a pledge of amity given them by the former governors 
 of this province, and was the said meddall given to 
 major Truman or any other Englishman, or was it car- 
 ried back again into the fort, 
 
 8th. 'Did major Truman stay at the north side of 
 Pisscattoway creek till the Virginians came thither to 
 him, or did he there treat with them concerning the 
 management of the warr against the Susquehannahs. 
 
 9th. 'Did the Susquehannahs ever after offer any 
 treaty of peace, or desire to continue friendship, and 
 whether did major Truman ever demand satisfaction 
 from them for any injuries done, or tell them they were 
 the persons which we suspected had injured us.' 
 
 'The answer of John Shanks" to several interrogato- 
 ries put to him by the upper house. 
 
 'This deponent saith that he, with the Maryland 
 forces, being at the fort of the Susquehannahs on the 
 Sabboth day, he was sent up to the fort to desire one of 
 the great men, by name Harignera, to come and speak 

 
 70 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 with major Truman, and the said Harignera being dead, 
 this deponent desired some other great men to come and 
 speak with the said major, upon which message of his, 
 there came out three or four of them, and this deponent 
 was commanded by the major to tell them of the great 
 injuries that had been done to the country, and that he 
 came to know who they were that had done them, and 
 the great men replyed, it was the Senecas ; and this 
 deponent saith, that there being present other Indians 
 from other towns, the major desired some of their young 
 men to assist as pilotes^ as well as the neighbouring In- 
 dians had done, to join in pursuite of the Senecas, and 
 the said Indians replyed, the Senecas had been gone 
 four days, and that, by that time, they might be at the 
 head of Patapsico river ; to which major Truman re- 
 turned, that he had good horses, and they -were good 
 footmen, and might soon overtake them, and the In- 
 dians replyed, that they would. And the deponent 
 further saith, that, in the morning following, the Sus- 
 quehannahs' great men being at the place of meeting 
 before the Marylanders and Virginians, the said great 
 men were taxed again by the Virginians more highly of 
 the injuries done by them in Maryland and Virginia, 
 and they utterly denyed the same. And thereupon, 
 this deponent was commanded to declare to them that 
 they should be bound ; and this deponent saith, further, 
 that there was an old paper and a meddali shewed by 
 the said Indians, with a black and yellow ribbond there- 
 to, and that the said Indians did say, the first day, in 
 the evening thereof, that the same was a pledge given 
 and left with them by the former governors as a token 
 of amity and friendship as long as the sun and moon 
 should last. And this deponent saith, to the best of
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 his remembrance, all the Virginia officers were present 
 when the Indians were bound ; and this deponent saith, 
 that the first night of meeting with the Susquehannahs, 
 he was ordered to declare to them that major Truman 
 did believe the Senecas had done the mischief, and not 
 they, and that he was well satisfied therein.' 
 
 'SATTUBDAY, May the 20th, 1676. 
 
 'The house met. 
 
 'Touching the murder of the Susquehannah Indians, 
 captain John Allen being sworn and examined, saith, 
 that about the 25th or 26th day of September, on Sun- 
 day morning, the Maryland forces appeared before the 
 fort, under the command of major Truman, who, send- 
 ing Hugh French and another to the fort, there came 
 out two or three of the Indians, and more afterwards to 
 the number of thirty or forty, and the major examined 
 them concerning the mischief that was done to Mr. 
 Hanson and others, and if they knew what Indians they 
 were, and they told them it was the Senecas. During 
 which discourse between the major and them, came 
 over colonel Washington, colonel Mason, and major 
 Adderton, and they likewise taxed them with the mur- 
 ders done on their side by them, but they made the 
 same reply as to major Truman, that it was none of 
 them ; so, when they saw they could get nothing out 
 of them, then they made it appear that three of the said 
 Susquehannah Indians were they that did the murders 
 on the other side. On Munday morning early, the ma- 
 jor commanded Mr. Coad and two or three ranks of 
 men, whereof himself was one, to go to the house of 
 Mr. Randolph Hanson, to see if the Indians had plun- 
 dered it, and, if they found any ammunition, to bring it
 
 72 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 away ; which, accordingly, they did ; and after return 
 back to the fort, the deponent saw six Indians guarded 
 with the Marylanders and Virginians, and the major, 
 with the Virginia officers, sitting upon a tree some dis- 
 tance from them ; and, after some while, they all rose 
 and came towards the Indians, and caused them to be 
 bound ; and after some time, they talked again, and 
 the Virginia officers would have knocked them on the 
 head in the place presently, and particularly, colonel 
 Washington said, what should we keep them any long- 
 er let us knock them on the head -we shall gett the 
 fort to-day. But the deponent saith, the major would 
 not admitt of it, but was overswayed by Virginia offi- 
 cers. And, after further discourse, the said Indians 
 were carried forth from the place where they were 
 bound, and they knocked them on the head. 
 
 'Colonel Samuel Chew and colonel Jesse Wharton 
 sent to desire the lower house to acquaint this house 
 whether they have drawn up any thing by way of im- 
 peachment of major Thomas Truman, and that they 
 would please to signifie the same to this house by a 
 member of their own house.' 
 
 'MONDAY MORNING, May the 22d. 
 
 'The house met. 
 
 ^Colonel William Burgess, Mn Robert Carville, Mr. 
 Kenelm Chiseledine, Mr. William Stephens, &c. 
 brought in an impeachment against major Thomas 
 Truman, with several depositions relating thereto, 
 which impeachment is as follows : 
 
 'To the Right Honourable the Lord Proprietary of 
 the Province of Maryland, and Avalon, Lord Baron of 
 Baltimore, &c.
 
 , ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 73 
 
 'Articles against major Thomas Truman, exhibited 
 by the lower house of assembly to the right honourable 
 the Lord Proprietary, and upper house of assembly, 
 
 'We, your lordship's most humble, true, faithfull and 
 obedient people, the burgesses and delegates in your 
 lower house of assembly, being constrained, by neces' 
 sity of our fidelity and conscience, in vindication of the 
 honour of God, and the honour and welfare of your 
 lordship and this province, do complain and shew that 
 the said major Thomas Truman, late commander-in- 
 chief upon an expedition against the Indians at the 
 Susquehannah forte, hath, by many and sundry ways 
 and means, committed divers and sundry enormous 
 crimes and offences, to the dishonour of Almighty God, 
 against the laws of nations, contrary to your lordship's 
 commission and instructions, and to the great endan- 
 gering of your lordship's peace, and the good and safety 
 of your lordship's province, according to the articles 
 hereafter mentioned, that is to say : 
 
 'We find, upon reading your lordship's commission 
 and instructions, and the affidavits which we herewith 
 send to your lordship and upper house of assembly, and 
 which we humbly submitt to your lordship's examina- 
 tion and serious consideration. 
 
 'The first. That the said major Truman hath broken 
 his commission and instructions thus : that the said ma- 
 jor Thomas Truman having received six Indians sent 
 out by the Susquehannahs as embassadors to treat with 
 him on the Sunday after the arrival of the Maryland 
 forces, and received their paper and meddah 1 , by which 
 we find they were received as friends, and in amity with 
 us, and had liberty of going back to the fort, and were 
 assured that no intention of force was to be used against 
 7
 
 74 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 them, and that no damage should be done to them, their 
 wives, or children, and that they did, that night, go 
 into the forte, and the next morning did return again 
 with the like number, only one Indian changed, and 
 supposed to come on purpose to treat, and not in any 
 hostile manner, yet the said major Thomas Truman, 
 without calling any council of warr of your lordship's 
 officers under his command, as he ought to have done, 
 did, in a barbarous and cruel manner, cause five of the 
 said Indians to be killed and murdered, contrary to the 
 law of God and nations, and contrary to your lordship's 
 commission and instructions, 
 
 'Secondly. That he, the said major Thomas Truman, 
 ought, according to your lordship's instructions, to have 
 acquainted your lordship before he caused the said In- 
 dians to be executed, for your lordship's advice and 
 directions in that case, which we do not find he did. 
 
 'Lastly. That he hath broken your lordship's instruc- 
 tions in this also, that that, if the Virginia officers did 
 advise and consent to the killing of the said Indians, 
 that he did not, in an open council of warr, cause the 
 same to be judiciously entered in writing by his clerk 
 or secretary, and such the Virginians consent and desire 
 for the doing thereof, to be signed under their hands, to 
 be kept for justification of himself and the people of this 
 province. 
 
 'Therefore, for that, by the said articles, it appears 
 that the said major Thomas Truman hath broken his 
 commission and instructions in murdering the said In- 
 dians, to the dishonour of God, and your lordship and 
 this province. They humbly pray that your lordship 
 and upper house of assembly will take such order with 
 the said major Thomas Truman as may be just and rea-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 75 
 
 sonable, in terror of others to beware of such offences 
 against your lordship for the future. And your lord- 
 ship's most humble and obedient servants, as in all duty 
 bound, shall daily pray for your lordship's long and 
 happy dominion over us,' &c. 
 
 'LOWER HOUSE, May the 22d, 1676. 
 
 'The committee, having drawn up the above im- 
 peachment against major Thomas Truman, and pre- 
 senting to this house for their further consideration, put 
 to the vote, whether the said impeachment shall be 
 transmitted to the upper house as the committee hav$ 
 drawn it, yea or noe. 
 
 'Voted, that it be transmitted to his lordship and up- 
 per house, as it is drawn by the committee, together 
 with all the depositions relating thereto annexed to it. 
 
 'Signed by order of the lower house, 
 
 'ROBERT RIDGELY, Clerk. 1 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, 26th May, 1676. 
 
 'Ordered, that the honourable secretary be requested 
 to acquaint major Thomas Truman that his witnesses 
 cannot be sworn by this house to-night. 
 
 'To-morrow morning being the day appointed for the 
 tryall of major Thomas Truman, impeached by the 
 lower house, this house desire to know of the lower 
 house how they intend to proceed against the said 
 Truman, and that they will send their vote to this house 
 this night, with the names of the persons who they in- 
 tend shall manage that affair.' 
 
 'LOWER HOUSE, 26th May. 
 
 'Ordered, that the attorney-general, Mr. Robert Car- 
 vile, colonel William -Burgess, and Mr. William Ste-
 
 76 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 phens manage the impeachment against major Thomas 
 Truman, at his tryall. 
 
 'The lower house desiring that the original impeach- 
 ment against major Thomas Truman, with the original 
 depositions, may be put in the hands of such persons 
 as the lower house have voted to manage the said 
 impeachment. 
 
 'The honorable secretary, by order of this house, did 
 go down with the said impeachment and depositions.' 
 
 'On Saturday, May 27th, the house met in the after- 
 noon. 9 
 
 * 'Present, The Right Honourable the Lord Proprie- 
 tary, the honourable Chancellor and Secretary, colonel 
 Samuel Chew, colonel Jesse Wharton, and colonel 
 Thomas Taillor. 
 
 'Major Thomas Truman having due notice given 
 him on Thursday last to prepare for his tryall, this af- 
 ternoon being called, did make his appearance, and the 
 articles of impeachment against the said major Thomas 
 Truman being read, and after this, the several deposi- 
 tions annexed thereto, which, also, were sworn to by 
 the several and respective deponents in the presence 
 and the hearing of the said major Thomas Truman, Mr. 
 Kenelm Chisledine, his lordship's attorney-general, Mr. 
 Robert Carvile, colonel William Burgess, and Mr. Wil- 
 liam Stephens, -according to a preceding order of the 
 lower house, did manage the said impeachment, and 
 urge the several evidences against the said major Tru- 
 man, and the said major, by Mr. Benjamin Rozier, his 
 council assigned him, did confess the same, and de- 
 clared that the said major did no way intend to stand 
 upon his justification ; after which confession and de- 
 claration, the said major, by his said council, did hum-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 77 
 
 bly pray that this house would admitt the reading of a 
 certain paper which the said major said he hoped would 
 somewhat extenuate and mitigate the crimes before by 
 him confessed, so that they should not appear so griev- 
 ous and enormous as in the said impeachment they were 
 held forth to be ; and the said major Thomas Truman, 
 by his said council, was admitted to make his defence* 
 
 'Whereupon, and upon full hearing on both sides, 
 and after reading of the said major's commission and 
 instructions from his lordship and council, was put the 
 question, whether major Thomas Truman be guilty of 
 the impeachment exhibited against him by the lower 
 house, and voted, nemine contradicente, that the said 
 major Thomas Truman is guilty of the first article of 
 the impeachment for commanding five of the said Sus- 
 quehannahs that came out to treat with them, to be put 
 to death, contrary to the laws of nations, and the second 
 article of his instructions, by which he was ordered to 
 entertain any treaty with the said Susquehannahs. 
 
 'Upon which vote, it was ordered that a messenger 
 be sent from this house to the lower house, to desire 
 them to draw up a bill of attainder against the said 
 major Thomas Truman. 
 
 'Ordered, that Philip Saunders be sent for, to attend 
 this house in pursuance to a petition exhibited by major 
 Truman for that purpose.* 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE OF AS&EMBLY, June 1st, 1676. 
 'Then was taken into consideration the bill of attain- 
 der of major Thomas Truman, sent up from the lower 
 house yesterday, and upon serious consideration thereof 
 and debate thereupon, this house do judge that the act 
 drawn up against major Thomas Truman does, in na 
 7*
 
 78 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ways, answer or justifie the impeachment upon which 
 it was grounded, for that, in the said impeachment, the 
 said Truman stands charged of crimes committed 
 against the laws of God, nations, this province, as also 
 against the commission and instructions given him, 
 viz: 'for the barbarous cruelty in causing to be put to 
 death and murdering the five Indians, of which he being 
 found guilty, the punishment prescribed and assigned 
 in the said act of attainder, does no ways agree with, 
 or answer the nature of that defence, it being greatly 
 dishonourable, as well as unsafe and dangerous to lay 
 any fine in such cases, and where such horrid crimes 
 have been committed.' 
 
 'That the lower house of assembly having laid the 
 impeachment soehigh, (thought, as it is conceived,) no 
 higher then the nature of the crime well deserved ; it 
 will be much wondered by those who shall hear and 
 view our proceedings thereon, what shall be the cause 
 why the same hath been past over with so slender and 
 slight a punishment, being no more than what crimes 
 of a more inferior nature might have deserved. That, 
 by this act of attainder, the government will not suffi- 
 ciently be cleared, nor have it made appear to the 
 world, how much the wickedness of that action is de- 
 tested and disowned by us ; nor in any sort will the 
 lower house of assembly make out that great sense 
 which, in their impeachment, they have expressed to 
 have of that action. 
 
 'And which very much concerns the interest and 
 safety of the government, it will not give any satisfac- 
 tion to the heathens, with whom the publick faith hath 
 been broke, and untill such actions are in a more pub- 
 lic manner disowned, that the Indians may take notice
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 79 
 
 thereof. It is not to be expected that any faith or 
 credit will be given to any treaties we shall have with 
 them which, in this dangerous juncture of affairs, the 
 country will stand in need of, and on which we must, 
 in some measure, depend on, as the lower house of as- 
 sembly were of opinion when they sent the paper iji 
 answer to captain John Allen's longer ranging. 
 
 'That, if crimes of so high a nature shall deserve no 
 greater punishment than what is inflicted by that act, 
 offences of a lower nature will not require any, and by 
 this means, and through such proceedings as these, no 
 commissions, instructions, powers and directions for 
 the future, will ever be observed, and to no purpose 
 will it be to think to tye up an officer by such hereafter, 
 and so all authority will become ridiculous and con- 
 temptible. In fine, by this act the lower house of as- 
 sembly will have owned the actions of the said Truman 
 more then (as they thought to have done) detested and 
 abhorred them, and so render the government odious 
 to all people that shall become acquainted with the pro- 
 ceedings.' 
 
 'LOWER HOUSE, 2d June, 1676. 
 
 'This paper being read in the lower house, and the 
 debate re-assumed in this house, touching the said bill 
 of attainder, and voted, nemine contradicente, that the 
 said major Truman, for his crime, does not deserve 
 death, in regard that several circumstances that ap- 
 peared at his tryall, extenuate his crime very much, as 
 the unanimous consent of the Virginians and the eager 
 impetuosity of the whole field, as well Marylanders as 
 Virginians, upon the sight of the Christians murdered 
 at Mr. Hinson's, and them very Indians that were there 
 killed, being proved to be murderers, both of them and
 
 80 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 several other Christians ; and in regard, also, that it 
 appears to this house, that the said crime was not ma- 
 liciously perpetrated, or out of any design to prejudice 
 the province, but meerely out of ignorance, and to pre- 
 vent a mutiny of the whole army, as well Virginians as 
 Marylanders ; wherefore, this house do not think fitt to 
 recede from their former vote.' 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, June 2d, 1676. 
 
 l ln pursuance to the paper from the lower house, 
 read the 2d of June, touching the bill entituled an act 
 of attainder, his lordship and this house do conceive it 
 not safe for them to vote the killing of the five Susque- 
 hannah embassadors no murther, for to them and all the 
 world, it would and will certainly appear the greatest 
 that ever hath been committed. 
 
 'That the unanimous consent of the Virginians (if 
 true) does no ways alter the nature of the crime, nor 
 since the said Truman had instructions plain enough to 
 have made him abhorred and abominated so black an 
 action, can as little serve for an extenuation thereof ; 
 and whereas, in the said paper, for a further extenua- 
 tion, it is signified that the said major, to prevent a 
 mutiny of the whole army, was compelled and drawn to 
 that action, this house are of another opinion ; for, at 
 the said Truman's tryall, did too plainly appear that his 
 first commands for the killing of those Indians were not 
 obeyed, and that he had some difficulty to get his men 
 to obey him therein, and that after they were putt to 
 death, not a man would own to have had a hand in it, 
 but rather seemed to abhorr the act, which, untill now, 
 hath been termed by all persons, those that were exe- 
 cutioners only excepted, the most execrable of mur- 
 thers.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 81 
 
 'That the crime was not maliciously perpetrated as 
 to authority, this house doth believe. But that it was 
 done treacherously, and that in it a great and unheard- 
 of wickedness was committed, by the lower house, can- 
 not be denyed. And whether, by that action, the pro- 
 vince will not be prejudiced, and many English mur- 
 dered, his lordship and this house leaves to the further 
 consideration of the lower house, no way pressing them 
 to recede from their so positive vote, only desiring them, 
 that they will take notice that what is now undone lyes 
 at their doors, and not with us who are positive in this, 
 that his lordship and upper house dare not, and there- 
 fore resolved, not to proceed upon an act which only 
 bears the title of an act of attainder.' 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, June 10th, 1676. 
 'This house, upon perusall of their own journal, do 
 find that this house did not referr it to the consideration 
 of the lower house, what punishment major Truman 
 deserved, but ordered that ajpessage should be sent to 
 the lowfer house to desire them to draw up a bill of at- 
 tainder against the said Truman, (which, when the 
 lower house shall think fitt to draw up,) this house, as 
 in the last paper they promised, will proceed upon.' 
 
 'LOWER HOUSE, June 12M, 1676. 
 'Touching that message received from the upper 
 house on Saturday, in relation to major Thomas Tru- 
 man, this house do say, that in desiring them to draw 
 up a bill of attainder against major Truman, implies 
 they were to consider not only of his crime, but his pun- 
 ishment also ; and, therefore, desire that his lordship 
 would be pleased to send an answer of this house's pe-
 
 82 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 tition* to his lordship, in behalf of the said Truman, 
 and to pass this bill of attainder as it is drawn in this 
 house. 
 
 'This house conceiving it is their undoubted privi- 
 lege not only to consider of his crime, but punishment.' 
 
 'UPPER HOUSE, June 12th, 1676. 
 'In answer to the paper received from the lower 
 house, dated the 12th instant, relating to major Tho- 
 mas Truman, this house do say, that the bill is only 
 an attainder in the title, not in the body of the act. 
 That this house cannot consent to inflict a pecuniary 
 punishment upon a person who hath been accused by 
 the lower house of murder, and by this house found 
 guilty of the same ; and do further say that it is against 
 the priviledges of this house to press this bill upon them 
 any further.' 
 
 Here end the proceedings of the assembly in regard 
 to this subject. On reference to an order a few pages 
 back, it will be found thaj; Philip Saunders was sum- 
 moned to attend the assembly, on the petition of major 
 Truman. What new light Mr. Saunders was able to 
 throw on the matter, favorable to major Truman, our 
 records do not inform us ; but we may safely infer that 
 it was of a nature calculated to produce the 'unanimous 
 decision of the lower house,' that major Truman, though 
 guilty of the charge alleged against him, was not de- 
 serving of capital punishment, from the facts brought 
 before them, of an extenuating character. 
 
 R At the meeting of the assembly in August of 
 this year, on calling the lower house, there ap- 
 
 * This petition is not entered on the journals of the upper house, or 
 it would have appeared in its proper place among these extracts. The 
 journals of the lower house, for this period, are lost.
 
 ANNALS OP ANNAPOLIS. 83 
 
 peared twelve vacancies. The lower house immedi- 
 ately presented an address to the Lord Proprietary, sta- 
 ting this fact, and requested that his lordship would 
 appoint some officer to whom the speaker of their house 
 might direct his warrants to cause the said vacancies to 
 be filled ; until which, 'they humbly conceived them- 
 selves greatly incapacitated to act and do proportiona- 
 ble to the great trust reposed in them, and sufficiently 
 to consult the grand and weighty affairs of the pro- 
 vince.' They also remonstrated against his lordship 
 having called but two members from each county, at 
 the present session, when four should have been called 
 from each, according to law and custom in the pre- 
 mises. 
 
 His lordship sent a message to the lower house, 
 desiring their presence. On entering the upper house, 
 the Lord Proprietary said, 'that by his proclamation by 
 which they were now called, the law for four delegates 
 is sufficiently disassented to, and that, otherwise, he 
 would gratify their request in issuing out writts for fill- 
 ing up vacancies :' and the lower house was requested 
 to unite with the upper house, with the members then 
 present, and to proceed to the transaction of the busi- 
 ness of the province. 
 
 The lower house still hesitating to enter upon the 
 'great and weighty affairs' for which they were con- 
 vened, his lordship consented that writs might be 
 issued for supplying the vacancies for the present, pro- 
 vided the lower house would acknowledge it as a favor 
 from his lordship, and so enter it upon their journals. 
 
 The lower house consented to make such an entry 
 upon their journals, and to agree to two members being 
 elected from each county, instead of four, provided his
 
 84 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 i 
 
 lordship would consent that the speaker of their house 
 should, in all future vacancies, have the authority to 
 send his warrant to the secretary of the province, to 
 issue out writs to fill all vacancies which might occur 
 by death or otherwise, and stated their unanimous reso- 
 lution 'to stand to and not to recede from the substance 
 of their address,' and the right of their speaker to issue 
 his warrants in case of vacancies ; and that they had 
 'made all the condesentions they can, without apparent 
 violating their priviledges,' and hoped that the upper 
 house would concur therein. 
 
 The upper house objected to grant the authority de- 
 sired, for the speaker to send out his warrants of elec- 
 tion, which they conceived, 'aimed at things wholly 
 new and unheard of in this province.' 
 
 The lower house responded to the last message, 
 viewing it as a 'denyal of the just and reasonable pro- 
 posalls of this house for the future election of deputies,' 
 &c. and passed a unanimous vote, 'that it was the un- 
 doubted priviledge of this house, that the speaker of 
 this house issue his warrants,' &c. and considered it 'a 
 very unsafe, ill precedent to proceed any further in the 
 business of the session, and requested his lordship to 
 appoint some person to whom said warrants should be 
 directed,' 
 
 The chancellor is thereon sent by his lordship to the 
 lower house, to acquaint them 'that he cannot but won- 
 der how the lower house of assembly assume to them- 
 selves a power here that is not only new to us, and un- 
 heard of before in this province, but not practiced in 
 Virginia, Barbadoes, or any other of his majesties plan- 
 tations,' &c. 
 
 *His majesty hath the sole power to dispose of his
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 85 
 
 conquests upon terms he pleases, &c.' and desired to 
 know their positive answer, whether they would join 
 them in the dispatch of business, promising if they 
 would, he would immediately issue writs to fill up the 
 house with four delegates from each county. 
 
 The low r er house resolved, that if his lordship caused 
 writs to issue as promised, that they would 'proceed upon 
 such matters as shall be recommended to them from his 
 lordship.' But at the same time, they asserted 'their 
 rights and privileges, rather from the rules of England 
 than the imperfect proceedings of the nominated colo- 
 nies, the first being our inherent right yea, and birth- 
 right, though born in this province.' 
 
 'To liken us to a conquered people, we take very 
 heavily, and wish we had not heard, and do wonder it 
 should pass the upper house. But, if the word conquest 
 intends that we are subjects to arbitrary laws and impo- 
 sitions, then we humbly take leave to believe that they 
 are not his lordship's words, but the result of strange, 
 if not evill council.' 
 
 'That his majesty has reserved for us the rights and 
 privileges of Englishmen, is that we insist upon.'* 
 
 * At a later period, the house of delegates passed the following reso- 
 lution. See Journal of the house, 1722, page 2. 
 
 'Resolved, That this province is not under the circumstances of a 
 conquered country ; that, if it were, the present Christian inhabitants 
 thereof would be in the circumstances, not of the conquered, but of 
 the conquerors, it being a colony of the English nation, encouraged by 
 the crown to transplant themselves hither for the sake of improving 
 and enlarging its dominions, which, by the blessing of God upon their 
 endeavours, at their own expense and labour, has been, in great mea- 
 sure, obtained. And 'tis unanimously resolved, That whoever shall 
 advance that his majestie's subjects, by their endeavors and success, 
 have forfeited any part of their English liberties, are ill-wishers to the 
 country, and mistake its happy constitution.' 
 
 8
 
 86 ANNALS Of ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The Lord Proprietary, in reply to the last message 
 from the lower house, disclaims any intention to liken 
 the freemen of Maryland to a conquered people, or sub- 
 ject to arbitrary laws or impositions, and hopes that they 
 may no way deserve that severe reflection, and assures 
 them that he had always 'been ready to oblige and shew 
 his kindness to the good people of this province ;' and, 
 as a further testimony of it, states his willingness to 
 issue writs as desired, if the lower house will ask it of 
 him 'as a thing that will oblige (at this time) the inha- 
 bitants of this province, of whom they are the repre- 
 sentatives,' &c. 
 
 The lower house accordingly made the request, sta- 
 ting their willingness 'to leave off all disputations about 
 words,' saying, it 'will be matter of great content and 
 rejoyceing to the good people of this province,' &c. 
 
 Thus ended this controversy between his lordship 
 and the freemen* of the province, who shewed them- 
 selves the worthy ancestors of the Maryland patriots of 
 1776. Throughout the whole legislative proceedings 
 of this province, the representatives of the people are 
 found to be the firm and unyielding supporters of civil 
 liberty, and no one instance is found upon their records, 
 of their having ever been guilty of timidity or treachery 
 in regard to their own rights and privileges, or the 
 interests of their constituents. 
 
 _ The following extracts are taken from the 
 rules and regulations for the government of the 
 lower house of assembly of this year. 
 
 'The freemen of Maryland, as they were called, were emphatically 
 so from their origin. They never permitted the Proprietary to en- 
 trench upon what they conceived to be their rights ; and the records 
 of this period furnish many instances in which they opposed and 
 defeated the designs of the Proprietaries.' McMahon's History of 
 Maryland, vol. 1, page 222.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 87 
 
 'That noe one shall come into the house of assembly 
 whilst the house is sitting, with a sword or other wea- 
 pon, but shall put the same into the hands of the door- 
 keeper or other person appoynted thereto, upon penalty 
 of a fine,' &c. 
 
 'That noe deputy, burgess, delegate or clerk, during 
 this session of assembly, will be suffered to smoke to- 
 bacco in the house, whilst the house is sitting, upon 
 penalty of being fined or censured,' &c. 
 
 In 1683 Annapolis was erected into a town, port, 
 and place of trade, under the name of the 'Town 
 Land at Proctors.' 
 
 _q . In 1694 it was constituted a town, port, and 
 
 place of trade, under the name of 'Anne Arun- 
 
 del Town,' and made the place of residence of the 
 
 collector of the district, the naval-officer, and their 
 
 deputies, <for the dispatch of shipping.' 
 
 In the same year major John Hammond, major Dor- 
 sey, Mr. John Bennett, Mr. John Dorsey, Mr. Andrew 
 Norwood, Mr. Philip Howard, Mr. James Saunders, 
 and Nicholas Greenberry, Esquire, were appointed 
 commissioners to survey and lay out the said town 
 into lots, streets and lanes ; also a town-common or 
 pasture, to be fenced in at the public charge within 
 Leavy-Neck Cove, and Jlcton's Cove ; and which are 
 the coves or heads of the two creeks, now known as 
 Brewers and Spa Coves. 
 
 In this year, 1694, the seat of government, which 
 had been at the city of St. Mary's from the earliest 
 formation of the province, was by an act of assembly 
 removed. And the place selected as the new site of 
 the government, was a point of land at the mouth of 
 the Severn river, as above stated, called l ProctorsJ or
 
 88 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 1 The Town land at Severn,' afterwards known as the 
 'Town at Proctors.'' At the period of its selection as 
 the future seat of government, it was described as 
 ' The Town land at Severn, where the town was formerly ; 
 and as preliminary to the removal, it was erected into 
 a port of entry and ^discharge, for the commerce of the 
 province, under the name of 'Jlnne Jlrundel Town, 7 
 and for the holding of the meetings of the general as- 
 sembly and provincial courts. 
 
 In February of this year, (1694) Francis Nicholson, 
 Esquire, governor, met in council at the court-house at 
 Anne Arundel Town, and issued an order for the 're- 
 moval of the records from the city of St. Mary's to 
 Anne Arundel Town, to be conveyed in good strong 
 bags, and to be secured with cordage and hides, and 
 well packed with guards to attend them night and 
 day, to be protected from all accidents, and to be de- 
 livered to the sherriff of Anne Arundel county, at Anne 
 Arundel Town.' 
 
 The final removal of these from St. Mary's, took 
 place in the winter of 1694 1695. And the first as- 
 sembly was held at Anne Arundel Town, on the 28th 
 of February, 1694, (old style.) At the next session, 
 it acquired the name of the 'Port of Jlnnapolis,' and 
 became the place of sessions for the courts of Anne 
 Arundel county. 
 
 lg In this year it was enacted by the general 
 
 assembly that there be one or more places laid 
 
 out and reserved for ship yards. That the naval-officer 
 
 reside there; and that Anne Arundel Town for the 
 
 future, should be called, known and distinguished by 
 
 the name of ' Annapolis. ' 
 
 At the session of assembly held in this same year,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 89 
 
 (1695) it was voted, 'that a publique ferry be kept 
 upon Severn river at Annapolis, for the accommoda- 
 tion of the publique.' Allen Robinett was appointed 
 the keeper of the ferry, was required to reside in An- 
 napolis, and for his services received nine thousand 
 pounds of tobacco per annum, out of the publique 
 revenue. 
 
 In 1696, an act of assembly was passed for 
 'keeping good rules and orders' in the town of 
 Annapolis ; and his excellency Francis Nicholson, the 
 honourable Sir jFhomas Lawrence, the honourable 
 Nicholas Greenberry, the honourable Thomas Tench, 
 major John Hammond, major Edward Dorsey, Mr. 
 James Saunders and captain Richard Hill, or any five 
 of them, were made the body corporate for the said 
 town. 
 
 By the same act governor Nicholson was presented 
 with a lot of land within the town common, 'for plant- 
 ing or making a garden, vineyard and summer house.'* 
 
 It also appears from the same act, that a 'Mr. Richard 
 Beard, gentleman,' had made a map or plot of the 
 town. 
 
 The above named commissioners were authorized to 
 erect and constitute a market, to be held once a week, 
 and a fair once every year ; and a new state-house di- 
 rected to be built. At the same session it was pro- 
 posed to have a 'Bridewell, if any person would under- 
 
 * The land surveyed for and presented to governor Nicholson by 
 this act, comprised all that portion of the town, beginning on the 
 north-east side of the present dock (then called Nicholson's Cove,) 
 running with a straight line to East street, with said street to the 
 public circle, with said circle to Francis street and Church street, 
 to the south-east side of the dock, 
 
 8*
 
 90 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 take to build and keep it ; that all idle and vagrant per- 
 pers may be taken up and put to work there.' 
 
 The house determined 'that such Bridewell or house 
 of correction was very necessary and convenient, but 
 that the present ill circumstances of this province will 
 not admit the beginning or carrying on of any new 
 building then already undertaken.' 
 
 For the improvement of Annapolis, it was proposed 
 and adopted by the house 'that y e townes people be 
 empowered to purchase a common, and for the com- 
 missioners of the said town to make bye-laws, with 
 power to ffyne any persons, inhabitants committing 
 breach thereof in such summe to be ascertained.' 'To 
 assess y e conduit made at the publique charge. That 
 the common be well cleaned with y e points of land, 
 and y e place dividing the common to be well ditched.' 
 'That an handsome pair of gates be made at y e com- 
 ing in of the towne, and two triangular houses built 
 for y e rangers.' 'To have the way from the gate to go 
 directly to the top of y e hill without the towne, and to 
 be ditched on each side and sett with quick setts or 
 some such thing.' 
 
 'That part of the land which lye on y e creeke,* by 
 major Dorsey's house,f whereby his excellency at pre- 
 sent lives,| be sett aside for publique buildings, and 
 if in case the same happen to come within any of 
 
 * This creek made up the ravine just above the governor's pond, 
 and passed through the lower part of the garden where chancellor 
 Bland now resides. 
 
 t This house is not standing, nor is the precise location of it now 
 known. 
 
 t Governor Nicholson then resided in the house now owned and 
 occupied by G, G. Brewer, Esq.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 91 
 
 y e said major's lotts, propose that land be given him 
 elsewhere for it. 
 
 'To have in the said towne two ffairs a year, and 
 persons coming thither not to be arrested for one day 
 before the said ffair and one day after. 
 
 'That forty foot space be left along the water side 
 within the port of Annapolis, for any person to build 
 warehouses upon, if the owners of such lotts that front 
 upon the same do not build thereon in such a tyme to 
 be sett.' 'That the holes made by grubbing up stumps 
 and cutting off tops of stones in the said port of An- 
 napolis be filled up.' 
 
 It was also proposed this year to build a church in 
 Annapolis, and a committee was appointed to 'inspect 
 into the proposals for building the same.' 
 
 Major Edward Dorsey from the committee, reported 
 'that there was in Banck for building the church at 
 Annapolis, .458 sterling. That they had discoursed 
 workmen, and the carpenter demands for his work 
 .250 the bricklayer, having all stuff upon the place, 
 .220 the brickmaker 90 that they find no other 
 means to raise money therefor without the assistance of 
 some charitable disposed persons. That the charge of 
 building the said church will amount to 1200 sterling.' 
 
 An act passed the same day imposing a tax of 'three 
 pence per hundred on tobacco, to continue and be in 
 force untill the 12th day of May, which shall be in the 
 year of our Lord God, 1698, and to be applied to the 
 building of y e church at Annapolis.' The architect 
 of this church was named Thomas Ffielder. 
 
 This year a Mr. Gaddes arrived at Annapolis, 'being 
 sent out by his Lordship the Bishop of London' the 
 house appointed him to read prayers in some vacant
 
 92 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. , 
 
 parish, and made a provision for bis maintenance, of 
 10,000 pounds of tobacco. 
 
 The legislature at its May session, in 1696, passed 
 an act, establishing at Annapolis an academy by the 
 name of 'King William's School,' 'for the propagation 
 of the gospel, and education of youth in good letters 
 and manners.' Of this school the distinguished Wil- 
 liam Pinkney was a student. Mr. Pinkney who has 
 been justly styled 'the wonder of his age,' was a na- 
 tive of Annapolis, and well may the city boast, as 
 she, with a commendable pride, does, of having sent 
 forth into the world a son whose memory she fondly 
 cherishes, and whose commanding talents and gigan- 
 tic mind called forth the admiration both of Europe 
 and America. 
 
 In 1697, governor Nicholson proposed to the 
 house of burgesses, 'that his Majesty, William 
 III., be addressed that some part of the revenue given 
 towards furnishing arms and ammunition for the use of 
 the province, be laid out for the purchase of books to 
 be added to the books which had been presented by 
 the king, to form a library in the porte of Annapolis ; 
 and that a portion of the public revenue be applied to 
 the enlargement thereof; and that the library should 
 be placed in the office, and under the care of the com- 
 missary of the province, permitting all persons desirous 
 to study or read the books, to have access thereto 
 under proper restrictions.' 
 
 Many of the volumes which were thus presented by 
 the king to Annapolis, are now in the library of St. 
 John's College to which they were removed on the 
 burning of the state-house in 1704. They are rare 
 and curious works*
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 93 
 
 In this year (1697) the new state-house which had 
 been ordered to be built on the removal of the seat of 
 government to Annapolis in 1694, being nearly com- 
 pleted, the rooms therein were by an act of assembly, 
 particularly designated and appropriated to the use of 
 the several offices of the government. This house 
 was built of brick, and was a capacious and conve- 
 nient edifice. This was the state-house destroyed by 
 fire in the year 1704. 
 
 The following extracts are made from the journals 
 of assembly of this' year but not unaccompanied by 
 profound regret, that an act of religious bigotry should 
 have ever stained the proceedings of a people whose 
 colony was founded on the holy principles of toleration, 
 and freedom of conscience : 
 
 'LOWER HOUSE, March, 1697. 
 
 { A letter to his excellency the governor, written by 
 a minister of the church of England, giving an ac- 
 count of the presumptions of popish priests in Charles 
 county, in visiting dying and phrantick persons, and 
 endeavoring to make proselytes of them, and also ad- 
 ministering the sacraments to them in such dying and 
 phrantick condition, was read. 
 
 'Whereupon put to the question, if a bill shall be 
 drawn up to restraine such their presumption or not, 
 and carryed by the majority of voices in the negative. 
 
 'But resolved, nemine contradicente, that his excel- 
 lency be addressed to issue his proclamation to re- 
 straine such their extravagances and presumptions. 
 
 'Resolved, that the following address be sent to his 
 excellency the governor. 
 * 'By the house of delegates, March y e 21st, 1697.
 
 94 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 l Uppon reading a certain letter from a reverend min- 
 ister of the church of England, which your excellency 
 was pleased to communicate to us, complaining to 
 your excellency, how that the popish priests in Charles 
 county do of their own accord in this violent and 
 raging mortality in that county, make it their business 
 to go up and down the country to persons houses when 
 dying and phranticke, and endeavour to seduce and 
 make proselytes of them, and in such condition boldly 
 presume to administer the sacraments to them. We 
 have put it to the vote in this house, if a law should 
 be made to restraine such their presumption, and 
 have concluded not to make such law at present but 
 humbly to entreat your excellency that you would be 
 pleased to issue your proclamation to restraine and 
 prohibit such their extravagante and presumptious 
 behaviour. Signed by order. 
 
 'W. BLADEN, Clerk House of Delegates."* 
 a By several acts of subsequent legislation, the Roman 
 catholics were rendered incapable of voting, unless 
 they qualified themselves by taking the several test- 
 oaths, and making the declaration prescribed by the 
 act of 1716 ; and all judges of elections were empowered 
 to tender these oaths and declaration to ''any person sus- 
 pected to be a papist, or popishly inclined ;' and, upon 
 his refusal thus to qualify, they might reject his vote. 
 These were the mere legal disqualifications of the ca- 
 tholics ; but they fell short of the actual oppressions 
 practised upon them during many periods of this era. 
 'When laws degrade, individuals learn to practice wan- 
 ton outrage ; the former stigmatize, the latter catch its 
 spirit, and make its example an excuse for oppression.' 
 Hence the personal animosity of the protestants against
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 95 
 
 the catholics of Maryland was, at one period, carried 
 to such an extent, that, as we are informed, the latter 
 were even excluded from social intercourse with the 
 former were not permitted to walk in front of the 
 state-house, and were actually obliged to wear swords 
 for their personal protection.* 
 
 In 1758, during the tinje governor Sharpe presided 
 over the province of Maryland, information was given, 
 and complaints were made to Lord Baltimore, that too 
 much countenance was given to the Roman catholics ; 
 that, in consequence thereof, their numbers greatly in- 
 creased ; and that many of them behaved in such a 
 manner, as to give the protestants in the province great 
 offence and uneasiness. 
 
 Governor Sharpe, in a letter to the Lord Proprietary, 
 dated December 16th, 1758, says : 'I think it my duty, 
 and in justice to myself, I can do no less than to assure 
 your lordship, that since I have had the honour to bear 
 your commission, nothing has been farther from my 
 inclination than to countenance, or give encouragement 
 to persons of that persuasion, nor has there, to my 
 knowledge, been any given them by any persons in 
 authority under me, but, on the contrary, extraordinary 
 burthens have been lately laid on them, particularly by 
 an act of assembly that was made in May, 1756, where- 
 by all landholders of the Romish faith are obliged to 
 pay, by way of land tax, twice as much as the rest of 
 your lordship's tenants, who are protestants. 
 
 'It might, perhaps, be unlfcown, if not to the authors, 
 at least to some of the propagators of the above men- 
 tioned report, that the people who first settled in this 
 province were, for the most part, Roman catholics, and 
 
 * McMahon't History of Maryland.
 
 96 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 that, altho' every other sect was tolerated, a majority 
 of the inhabitants continued papists till the revolution, 
 soon after which event, an act was made here for the 
 support of a clergyman of the church of England in 
 every parish, which is still in force ; and the papists as 
 well as protestants, are thereby obliged to pay annually 
 very considerable sums for thf t purpose. Other acts of 
 assembly were made afterwards, in the reign of her ma- 
 jesty Queen Ann, subjecting all popish priests that 
 should be discovered here, to all the penalties to which 
 such priests would be lyable in England, but her ma- 
 jesty was pleased to disapprove thereof, and to order 
 that no popish bishop, priest or Jesuit should be prose- 
 cuted or indicted for exercising his function in any pri- 
 vate family within this province. But, notwithstanding 
 her majesty thought fit to allow the papists in Maryland 
 the free exercise of their religion, they were not permit- 
 ted to sit in either house of assembly, to vote at the 
 election of representatives, to act as magistrates, or to 
 enjoy any place of publick trust or profit, nor have they 
 been since suffered ; and to this, I presume, it must be 
 principally attributed, that, altho' half the province were 
 Roman catholicks about sixty years ago, the people of 
 that religion do not, at present, make a thirteenth part 
 of the inhabitants, as I find by the return of the sherriffs 
 and constables who have, in obedience to my orders, 
 made the most strict inquiry in their respective districts, 
 and the rolls returned by the collectors of the land tax 
 shew that they are not possessed of a twelfth part of 
 the land which is held under your lordship as proprie- 
 tary of Maryland. 
 
 'That your lordship may not be at a loss to account 
 for their having many enemies ready to propagate sto-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 97 
 
 ries to their disadvantage, I must intreat your patience 
 while I inform you, that some time before your lordship 
 was pleased to appoint me your lieutenant-governor, 
 one Mr. Carrol, a Roman catholic, died here, and left 
 a considerable estate to his two sons, having appointed 
 two of his relations their guardians and executors of his 
 last will and testament. Both these gentlemen were, 
 at that time, of the same religion as the testator ; but, 
 after a while, one of them declared himself a protest- 
 ant, and, having qualified himself according to law, was 
 chosen by the people of this county to represent them 
 in the lower house of assembly. A difference or quar- 
 rell arising between the executors, concerning the ad- 
 ministration, he that had not renounced his religion 
 published a peice by way of advertisement, which re- 
 flected much on the conduct and character of the other, 
 who had address enough to persuade the house of as- 
 sembly, which was then sitting, to take notice thereof, 
 and to punish the author for violating their priviledges 
 by libelling, as they said, one of their members. Some 
 Roman catholicks, friends of the gentleman who was 
 thus treated, having taken the liberty to speak disre- 
 spectfully of the assembly for such their proceedings, 
 the lower house immediately resented it by resolving 
 that the papists were bad members of the community, 
 and unworthy of the protection and indulgence which 
 had been given them. 
 
 After this, their enemies, and many were made such 
 by envy or the hopes of reaping some advantage from 
 a persecution of the papists, were continually represent- 
 ing them as a very dangerous people, enemies to his 
 majesty and their country, nor had this spirit of enmity 
 subsided, when I arrived in the province. Immediately 
 9
 
 98 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 after the defeat of general Braddock it was given out 
 that several Roman catholicks had showed signs of sa- 
 tisfaction and joy at that unhappy event, and that one of 
 their priests had been seen on the frontiers in the dress 
 of an officer. To alarm the people the more, it was, at 
 the same time, rumoured that the negroes had been ca- 
 balling in many parts of the country nay, Mr. Chase, 
 rector of St. Paul's parish, in Baltimore county, scru- 
 pled not to intimate from the pulpit to his congregation, 
 that the state or situation of the protestants in this pro- 
 vince was, at that time, very little different from that of 
 the protestants in Ireland, at the eve of the Irish mas- 
 sacre. In order to learn whether the behaviour of the 
 papists, or of any negroes, had given reason or afforded 
 room for such reports, I convened the gentlemen of the 
 council, and, by their advice, circular letters were sent 
 to the justices of the peace in the several parts of the 
 province, whereby they were directed to enquire whe- 
 ther the Roman catholicks, in their respective counties, 
 had misbehaved, or whether there was any foundation 
 for the reports which had been spread concerning them, 
 and which had made many of his majesty's good sub- 
 jects in the province very uneasy. 
 
 The letters which I shall herewith transmit to your 
 lordship in a packett marked No. 1, will shew that none 
 of the county courts could, upon the strictest enquiry, 
 find that any of the papists had behaved or expressed 
 themselves in an unbecoming manner, tho', indeed, the 
 justices of Prince George's county (who, it seems, had 
 taken extraordinary pains to make discoveries, but in 
 vain,) were too much prejudiced to acquit them, or, at 
 least, to acquit their priests of having ill designs against 
 the government. When the assembly met in April fol-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 99 
 
 lowing, the lower house, incited by two or three gen- 
 tlemen whose interest and popularity were thereby pro- 
 moted, presented an address to me which was calcula- 
 ted to inflame the people still more against the papists, 
 and to make 'em believe that they, or a few of them, at 
 least, had received extraordinary favours from myself. I 
 cannot help thinking that your lordship was thoroughly 
 satisfied, by the answer I gave the gentlemen the 24th 
 of April, 1656, which is printed in their journal, that 
 the allegations or insinuations contained in their address 
 were false and groundless, and, indeed, I am persuaded 
 that, if they had not been convinced thereof, and been 
 sensible that they had been imposed on, they would not 
 have failed to make a reply. During the same session, 
 the gentlemen of the upper house thought proper to 
 frame a bill for preventing the growth of popery within 
 this province, by which the priests were to be rendered 
 incapable of holding any lands, to be obliged to regis- 
 ter their names, and give large security for their good 
 behaviour, forbid to make a proselyte under pain of the 
 penalty for high treason, and it was to have been enacted 
 by the said bill, that no person who should hereafter be 
 educated at any foreign popish seminary, could be quali- 
 fied to inherit any estate or to hold lands within this 
 province. There were many other restraints to be laid 
 on them by this bill, as your lordship may see, if you 
 shall be pleased to peruse the copy of it which you will 
 herewith receive ; but the gentlemen of the lowr house 
 refused to pass it without many amendments, and these 
 the upper house would not agree to, being of opinion 
 that the bill, as it was first drawn, was severe enough, 
 and sufficient to answer every good end that could be 
 desired by any protestants who delighted not in perse- 
 cution.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The step which the gentlemen of the upper house 
 had taken in proposing such a bill, added to the report 
 which the justices had made, had this effect, however, 
 that it quieted the minds of the people, and silenced 
 those who had endeavoured tolnflame and terrify them. 
 
 I have since ordered another circular letter to be 
 wrote and sent to the justices, desiring them to enquire 
 again, and inform me how the Roman catholicks in the 
 several counties had behaved, since they, the justices, 
 made their last report, in a packett marked No. 2. I 
 shall transmit your lordship copies of all their answers, 
 which will, I am apt to think, incline your lordship to 
 believe that the Roman catholicks who are among us 
 continue to behave as behooves good subjects ; and, 
 upon the whole, my lord, I must say, that, if I was 
 asked whether the conduct of the protestants or papists 
 in this province hath been most unexceptionable since 
 I have had the honour to serve your lordship, I should 
 not hesitate to give an answer in favour of the latter.'* 
 
 * Governor Sharped MS. Letter-book, in the Maryland state 
 library.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 101 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Dispute between Governor Nicholson and the Lower House of As- 
 sembly They become reconciled Governor Nicholson leaves this 
 Province to preside over Virginia Petition of Mr. John Perry 
 James Crawford, a Delegate, killed by lightning First public 
 Jail State-House burnt down A new one erected Described 
 Improvement of the town A plot for burning of Annapolis, disco- 
 vered Bounds of Annapolis Annapolis chartered Description 
 of Annapolis Delegates from Annapolis to receive only half 
 wages Improvements Mr. James Stoddart appointed to lay off 
 anew the city Mr. Wm. Parks appointed to compile the Laws of 
 the Province Improvements Appropriation to build a Govern- 
 ment-House Mr. Jonas Green appointed Printer to the Pro- 
 vince His character Editor of the Maryland Gazette The first 
 public horseracing Aurora Borealis South River Club Mili- 
 tary movements at Annapolis Anniversary of George the Se- 
 cond Trade and Commerce of Annapolis The first Ship- Yard 
 Brig Lovely Nancy Notices of some of the oldest houses of the 
 town The old Episcopal Church Indians King Abraham and 
 Queen Sarah Jl Hiccory Suritch A Jockey Club formed Races 
 The first Theatre built The first Lottery drawn in the Province- 
 Governor Sharp arrives at Annapolis The military march from 
 Annapolis against the French on the Ohio General Braddock and 
 other distinguished persons arrive at Annapolis Doctor Charles 
 Carroll, his death Annapolis entrenched Hostilities of the 
 French and Indians Small-pox. 
 
 o Ax the close of March session of the assem- 
 bly in 1698 which had been one of conten- 
 tious disputation between the lower house and go- 
 vernor Nicholson ; the governor closed his address as 
 follows : 
 
 'A letter from your house supposed to be for my 
 Lord Bishop of London, has been here read, and his 
 excellency says that he scorns to have his reputation 
 and honour supported and vindicated by some of you^ 
 but shall rather look upon it as a scandall to have it so,
 
 102 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 for that he can prove one your house to be a villian 
 upon record, if not worse, and of several others, your 
 lives and conversations to be so well known, both in 
 this country and England, that they are not agreeable 
 to truth and justice.' 
 
 It appears, however, that before the conclusion of 
 the October session of the same year, a better state of 
 feeling prevailed, between the members of the lower 
 house and governor Nicholson. At this period he was 
 appointed governor of the province of Virginia, and 
 was succeeded in Maryland by governor Blackstone. 
 Before taking his departure, in addressing the two 
 houses of assembly, he embraced the occasion to say 
 that notwithstanding the public business had been 'in- 
 terrupted by heats and animosities amongst them 
 he hoped they were now burried in the depth of obli- 
 vion, and that he was not willing to revive them. 
 
 'And for as much as he hoped all differences are 
 composed or forgot, he will not make any distinction or 
 separation amongst the gentlemen of the house of dele- 
 gates, and for what hath happened, he doth believe was 
 through inadvertency, and as he has an esteem for all 
 persons that had shewed themselves truly loyall to his 
 majesty, whensoever, that occasion may require it, he 
 will signalize it by the best services he may doe them,' 
 &c. In reply to which the following address was 
 made, viz : 
 
 'The honourable colonel Henry Jowles, chancellor, 
 on behalf of the honourable, his majesty's council 
 the honourable, the justice of the provincial court 
 some of the members of the house of delegate, and 
 the grand jury presented the following address : 
 
 'To his excellency Francis Nicholson, Esq., cap*
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 103 
 
 tain-general and governor of this his majesty's pro- 
 vince and territory of Maryland ; 
 
 'Sir, having lately received information from your- 
 self and others, that his majesty has thought fit to re- 
 move you unto another government, that of our neigh- 
 bour colony of Virginia and reflecting with ourselves 
 how becoming a thing it is to have always a grateful 
 remembrance of benefits received, we cannot forbear 
 to leave this testimony and acknowledgment under our 
 hands, as it proceeds from our hearts. 
 
 'That in your conduct over us in this place, your 
 great care and study has been to promote the practice 
 of piety and worship of Almighty God, by erecting 
 churches, schools, and nurserys of learning, both for 
 reforming of manners and education of youth, wherein 
 you have not only been a large benefactor, but an inde- 
 faticable "promoter, together with your integrity of 
 maintaining his majesty's honour and authority in 
 this province your care in providing arms and mili- 
 tary instruments for the defence of it. Your regulating 
 and happy settlement of the civil constitution, both as 
 to the courts of justice ; and in bringing us out of debt 
 which the public was in, into a condition clear of debt 
 and money in bank, by your promotion of good laws 
 to such purposes ; your great care to cause speedy jus- 
 tice to be administered to all persons ; your pious and 
 just, your noble and benevolent carnage in all things, 
 deserves better pens, and would take up more paper 
 than this to recount. 
 
 'Be pleased, therefore, honoured sir, to accept our 
 humble acknowlegments for the same, as the just 
 though slender tribute of an obliged people, to a ge- 
 nerous and good governor, praying to God to bless
 
 104 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 you and all your pious and noble undertakings, with 
 happiness and success.' So prays your humble and 
 obliged servants. HENRY JOWLES.' 
 
 This admirable address is signed by the members of 
 council provincial court by thirty-four members of 
 the house of delegates, and by the grand jury. 
 
 Governor Nicholson expressed his pleasure, and 
 thanked 'the gentlemen for the character they have 
 been pleased to give him, which is greater than he 
 was able to perform, but that he has endeavoured as 
 much as in him lay, -to discharge his duty to God 
 the King, and the county ; and prays God, that they 
 may never find cause of complaint more than he has 
 given.' 
 
 In this year, a Mr. John Perry, petitioned to the 
 assembly, complaining that he had been at great ex- 
 pense in building a brick house in the porte of Annap- 
 olis, and that a certain small market-house had since 
 been so incommodiously erected, that it deprived him 
 of his 'sight and prospect.' 
 
 Upon considering his petition, the house consented 
 that the said market-house should be removed 'at the 
 charge of the petitioner.' 
 
 The following memorandum is recorded on 
 the journals of the house of burgesses in the 
 year 1699. 
 
 'Memorandum, that on Thursday, July 13th, about 
 four or five of the clock in the afternoon, a violent 
 frlash of lightening broke into the state-house at An- 
 napolis ; the house of delegates being there sitting, 
 which instantly killed Mr. James Crauford, one of 
 the members of Calvert county, and hurt and wound- 
 ed several other members, and shattered and broke
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 105 
 
 most part of the doors and window cases belonging 
 to the said house, and sett y e said state-house on 
 fire in one of the vpper chambers, and several other 
 damages ; but the fire was presently quenched by the 
 dilligence and industry of his excellency, Nathaniel 
 Blackistone, his majesty's governor.' 
 
 The first public prison was built at Annapolis this 
 year, and the manner in which it was to be made, 
 is minutely described on the journals of the house. 
 
 This jail was erected on the corner of the lot be- 
 longing to the Episcopal parsonage, and was made 
 of wood. 
 
 In this year Annapolis was made by an act of as- 
 sembly the 'chief place and seat of justice,' within 
 the province, for holding assemblies and provincial 
 courts, and where all writs were made returnable. 
 .._-. In 1704 the general assembly passed an act 
 for building the state-house, to supply the place 
 of the one burned down this year. 
 
 At the first session of assembly held in Annapolis 
 after the burning of the state-house, his excellency 
 governor Seymour, in his message says on that sub- 
 ject, 'the late melancholy accident might have been 
 prevented had my often admonitions took place ; for 
 I never saw any public building left solely to Pro- 
 vidence but in Maryland. I hope this sad experi- 
 ment will awaken your care for time to come, and 
 in the interim your best considerations to secure the 
 laws and records of your country for the advantage 
 and quiet of future generations. What is proper to 
 be done in rebuilding your stadt-house, so very ne- 
 cessary for the accommodation of the public, I leave 
 entirely to your own serious debates and decision,
 
 106 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 for I have no other aim than the true interest and 
 service of your country.' 
 
 At this time the provincial legislature sat in a house 
 belonging to a colonel Edward Dorsey, for which 
 they contracted to pay a rent of twenty pounds ster- 
 ling per annum. 
 
 Immediately after reading the governor's message, 
 the house of delegates appointed a committee to in- 
 spect the ruins of the state-house, and to 'make report 
 if the walls now standing are fit and sufficient to 
 rebuild upon.' 
 
 This committee reported in favor of rebuilding upon 
 the old walls, and in the same 'form and manner as 
 before.' 
 
 The new state or court-house, as it is often termed 
 in the journal of proceedings, was accordingly rebuilt, 
 under contract, by a Mr. W. Bladen, (who had erect- 
 ed all the other public buildings,) the cost of the 
 building not to exceed one thousand pounds sterling, 
 Mr. Bladen to have the benefit of all 'the materials 
 saved out of the fire which appertained to the old 
 court-house.' 
 
 This house was finished in 1706,* and is recol- 
 lected by some few of the present inhabitants of this 
 city and stood where the present state-house now 
 stands. It is described as having been a neat brick 
 building. It was in form an oblong square, entered 
 by a hall opposite to the door of which was the 
 judges' seat, and on each side there were rooms for 
 
 * During the building of this house, (he house of delegates *net at 
 and held their sessions 'at the house of colonel Edward Dorsey, in 
 Annapolis' the house met twice a day to wit : from 8 o'clock to 
 12 A. M., and from 2 to 4 P. M., and were 'called by beat of drum.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 107 
 
 the jurys to retire. Over the judges' seat was a full 
 length likeness of Queen Anne, presenting a printed 
 charter of the city of Annapolis. In this house the 
 general assembly held its sessions. A handsome cu- 
 pola surmounted the building, surrounded by balus- 
 trades, and furnished with seats for those who de- 
 sired to enjoy the beautiful scenery around. The 
 portrait of Queen Anne, just mentioned, is said to 
 have been destroyed during the revolutionary war 
 'when every thing bearing the semblance of royalty 
 was in bad odour with our republican sires.' 
 
 About the same period, an armory was built near 
 the court-house, on the north side of it. It is repre- 
 sented to have been a large hall with seats around 
 it, above which the walls were covered with arms, 
 tastefully arranged. It was often used as a ball- 
 room from the vaulted roof was suspended a wooden 
 gilt chandelier, which when lighted up, produced a 
 brilliant effect by the reflection of the light from the 
 arms. The walls of the hall were also decorated with 
 full length portraits of Queen Anne and Lord Balti- 
 more. The governor and council held their sessions 
 in one of the apartments of this building. 
 
 On the south side of the court-house, stood the 
 memorable academy of 'King William,' which is said 
 to have been a plain building, containing school-rooms 
 and apartments for the teacher and his family. 
 
 In this year the lower house of assembly di- 
 rected that three lots be laid out within the 
 city one for the benefit and advantage of the rector 
 of the parish one for the sexton, and the third for the 
 clerk of the vestry and commissary's clerka house 
 was shortly after built upon one of them for the accom-
 
 108 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 modation of the vestry, which house and lot were 
 annexed to the parson's lot, for the reception and ac- 
 commodation of a minister forever. 
 . In the proceedings of the house of delegates 
 for this year, a certain Richard Clarke is charged 
 with the design of burning the port of Annapolis de- 
 stroying the public records sacking, and then blow- 
 ing up the public magazine within the limits of the 
 town with making and passing base coin, of dol- 
 lars and pieces of eight and with the intention of 
 pirating, after he had succeeded in carrying into exe- 
 cution his diabolical and villainous designs. And 
 from the testimony taken before the committee apr 
 pointed to investigate the truth of these charges, 
 (which testimony is set forth at large in the manuscript 
 journal of this year,) no doubt can remain that such 
 were his intentions. This testimony is highly curious 
 and interesting, but too long to be given here. 
 
 In 1705, this same man (Clarke) was outlawed for 
 treasonable designs, and after the above investigation 
 had been finished, an act for his attainder was passed, 
 setting forth that the said Clarke had obstinately re- 
 fused to surrender himself to justice, and charges him 
 with various treasonable intentions. He was convicted 
 and attainted of high treason, and doomed to suffer 
 death. But whether this worthy was ever "promoted 
 or suspended, our records do not furnish us with any 
 evidence. 
 
 In 1707, all the towns in Baltimore and Anne Arun- 
 del counties, together with the rivers and creeks, ex- 
 cept such as were situated on the Patuxent, were 
 appended to Annapolis.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS, 109 
 
 nR In the year 1708 Annapolis was erected into 
 a city. From the time of its establishment, the 
 new government spared no efforts to increase its popu- 
 lation, and improve its accommodations, so as to give 
 it a permanent hold upon the province ; yet, with all 
 these aids, it at first increased but slowly. 
 
 A person writing from Maryland, within four or five 
 years after the removal of the legislature to this place, 
 remarks 'there are indeed several places for towns, 
 but hitherto they are only titular ones, except Annapo- 
 lis, where the governor resides. Colonel Nicholson 
 has done his endeavours to make a town of that place. 
 There are about forty dwelling-houses in it, seven or 
 eight of which can afford a good lodging and accom- 
 modations for strangers. There are also a state-house 
 and a free-school, built of brick, which make a great 
 show among a parcel of wooden houses ; and the 
 foundation of a church is laid, the only brick church in 
 Maryland. They have two market-days in a week, 
 and had governor Nicholson continued there a few 
 months longer, he had brought it to perfection.' 
 
 A later account of it, represents it as in nearly the 
 same condition during governor Seymour's administra- 
 tion in 1708. It yet wanted the rank and privileges of 
 a city until this year ; and it received these just as they 
 were departing from the ancient city of St. Mary's. 
 That place, once so venerable in the eyes of the colo- 
 nists, and yet memorable in its connexion, 'with the 
 foundation of a free and happy State, after ceasing to 
 be the capital, did not long retain its rank. It lost its 
 privilege of sending delegates in 1708. One by one, 
 all its relics have disappeared, and in the very State 
 to which it gave birth, and the land it redeemed from 
 10
 
 110 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the wilderness, it now stands a solitary spot,' dedicated 
 to heaven, and a fit memento of all perishable things. 
 
 Annapolis, its successor, received its charter on the 
 16th day of August, 1708, which was granted by the 
 honourable John Seymour, then the royal governor of 
 the province. 'It appears to have been one of his 
 favourite designs, and was proposed by him to the as- 
 sembly, as early as 1704. No measures being adopted 
 by the latter to carry his wishes into effect, he at length 
 conferred the charter by virtue of the prerogative of 
 his office. Under this charter, besides the powers and 
 privileges relative to the organization and exercise of 
 its municipal government, the city of Jlnnapolis ob- 
 tained the privilege of electing two delegates to the 
 general assembly,' and which she has ever since en- 
 joyed until the adoption of the new constitution of 
 the State, by the general assembly at its December 
 session in 1836. Under it, she is entitled to but one 
 representative, and that privilege will cease after the 
 promulgation of the census of the year 1840, when 
 she will be deemed and taken as a part of Anne Arun- 
 del county, in all future elections for the delegates 
 to the general assembly. 
 
 The same act declares that the city of Annapolis shall 
 continue to be the seat of government, and the place 
 of holding the sessions of the court of appeals for the 
 western shore, and the high court of chancery. It is 
 also made the residence of the governor by an act of 
 the legislature in 1837. 
 
 From the period of the grant of its charter by go- 
 vernor Seymour, Annapolis was continually on the ad- 
 vance. 'It never acquired a large population, nor any 
 great degree of commercial consequence ; but long be-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. Ill 
 
 fore the American revolution, it was conspicuous as the 
 seat of wealth and fashion ; the luxurious habits, ele- 
 gant accomplishments and profuse hospitality of its 
 inhabitants, were proverbially known throughout the 
 colonies. It was the seat of a wealthy government, 
 and of its principal institutions ; and as such, congre- 
 gated around it many, whose liberal attainments emi- 
 nently qualified them for society.' 
 
 A French writer in speaking of this city as he found 
 it during the American revolution, thus describes it: 
 'in that very inconsiderable town, standing at the 
 mouth of the Severn, where it falls into the bay, of 
 the few buildings it contains, at least three-fourths may 
 be styled elegant and grand. Female luxury here ex- 
 ceeds what is known in the provinces of France. A 
 French hair dresser is a man of importance amongst 
 them ; and it is said, a certain dame here hires one of 
 that craft at one thousand crowns a year. The state- 
 house is a very beautiful building, I think the most so 
 of any I have seen in America.' 
 
 This forms a striking contrast to the account given 
 of it at a much earlier date, and which is to be found 
 in a satire, called 'the Sot-weed Factor, or a Voyage 
 to Maryland ; in which is described the laws, govern- 
 ment, courts, and constitutions of the country ; and 
 also the buildings, feasts, frolics, entertainments, and 
 drunken humours of the inhabitants of that part of 
 America.' In burlesque verse, by Eden Cook, gent., 
 published at London in 1708. 
 
 Annapolis is thus mentioned in one part of this 
 curious work :
 
 112 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'To try the cause, then fully bent, 
 Up to Annapolis I went; 
 A city situate on a plain, 
 Where scarce a house will keep out rain ; 
 The buildings framed with cypress rare, 
 Resemble much our Southwick fair; 
 But strangers there will scarcely meet 
 With market place, exchange or street ; 
 And, if the truth I may report r 
 It's not so large as Tottenham court, 
 St. Mary's once was in repute, 
 Now here the judges try the suit; 
 And lawyers twice a year dispute 
 As oft the bench most gravely meet, 
 Some to get drunk, and some to eat 
 A swinging share of country treat ; 
 But as for justice, right or wrong, 
 Not one amongst the numerous throng, 
 Knows what it means, or has the heart 
 To vindicate a stranger's part.' 
 
 This poem, with another upon Bacon's Rebellion in 
 Virginia, were re-printed at Annapolis, in 1731 ; but 
 Mr. Green, by whom it was printed, reminds the rea- 
 der that it was a description written twenty years be- 
 fore, which did not agree with the condition of Anna- 
 polis at the time of its publication. Both of these 
 poems are still in the possession of Mr. Jonas Green, 
 of this city. 
 
 By the act granting delegates to Annapolis, it is 
 provided that they be allowed, and receive only l half 
 wages,' as was allowed to the delegates from the seve- 
 ral counties. The reason alleged is that the bur- 
 gesses of the several boroughs in England were only 
 allowed half wages, in respect to the salary of the 
 knights of the shires. 
 
 Wornell Hunt, Esquire, was appointed and conti- 
 nued the recorder of the city, under the new charter 
 he having acted as such under the old city regime.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 113 
 
 In 1718, commissioners were appointed to 
 survey and lay out ten acres of the public pas- 
 ture, lying on the north side of the city, and to the 
 'eastward of the hill, known as the powder-house hill' 
 into twenty half acre lots, for the enlargement and im- 
 provement of the town, and for the 'better encourage- 
 ment of the poor tradesmen to dwell in the town, and 
 carry on their respective trades.' " , 
 
 These lots were to be taken up by any person who 
 would build a dwelling-house on the same except 
 persons owning lots within the city who were pro- 
 hibited from taking any of them up, until two years 
 had expired. 
 
 This addition to the town, was called 'New Town.' 
 The hill mentioned above, still retains the name of 
 'Powder-house hill,' although no vestage of the house 
 remains. 
 
 The ferry-landing then, w r as within the mouth of 
 the creek, and laid to the west of the pond, known as 
 the Swimming pond. 
 
 The general assembly in this year, appointed James 
 Stoddart, Esquire, to survey and lay off anew the 
 city of Annapolis ;* the original plat of the town 
 which had been made by Mr. Richard Beard, having 
 
 * Mr. Stoddart in his survey, lays out the town as containing 'six 
 million two hundred and twenty -seven thousand three hundred and 
 eighty-four square feet more or less, which makes one hundred and 
 forty-two acres, and one hundred and fifty-three square perches, and 
 two hundred nine and three quarter square feet.' And the public 
 circle about the state-house to be in 'diameter, 528 feet and the cir- 
 cumference 1159 feet; and contains within it two hundred and eigh- 
 teen thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight square feet more or less.' 
 And the church circle, in 'diameter to be 346 feet, and the circum- 
 ference 1087 feet containing ninety-four thousand twenty-five and 
 a half square feet more or less,' 
 
 10*
 
 114 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 been destroyed at the burning of the state-house in 
 1704. 
 
 In 1720 a grant of one hundred and twenty 
 feet of ground for a 'sawyer's yard,' was made 
 to a Mr. Edward Smith. 
 
 In this year (1727) Mr. "William Parks of 
 this city, was appointed to print a compilation 
 of the laws of the province ; there had been no prin- 
 ter it seems until the assembly passed an act this year 
 for his encouragement. This collection of the laws of 
 Maryland is now nearly out of print but few copies 
 remaining and is held by the few that own a copy of 
 it, as a rare and curious body of laws as passed by our 
 early legislators. 
 
 9R In 1728, Henry Ridgely, Mordecai Ham- 
 mond, and John Welsch, or any two of them, 
 were appointed by an act of assembly, and empowered 
 to survey, lay out and mark, 'sixty feet in breadth 
 on the water, three hundred and sixty feet in length, 
 and twenty-five feet at the head of the land formerly 
 allotted to build a custom-house on, and which was 
 to be vested in fee simple in the corporation of An- 
 napolis provided a market-house was built thereon, 
 within two years after such survey.' 
 
 This land thus ordered to be laid off, is the pub- 
 lic square at the head of the dock, and is still held 
 by the corporate authorities of our city. 
 
 In this year (1733) the sum of .3000 was 
 appropriated for purchasing convenient ground 
 in the city, for the use of the public, and for build- 
 ing a government-house, designed for the governor's 
 residence.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 115 
 
 In 1736, 'Charles Hammond, Philip Ham- 
 mond, Vachel Denton, Daniel Dulany, Esquires, 
 and Richard Warfield,' were empowered to purchase 
 a piece of ground within the town, for a new public 
 jail, to contract for the material, and employ work- 
 men to complete it. 
 
 In this year (1740) Mr. Jonas Green was 
 appointed printer to the province, a situation he 
 held to the time of his death, which occurred in 
 March, 1768, being a period of twenty-eight years, 
 that he enjoyed the patronage and confidence of the 
 province ; he was a man of ready wit, and great 
 benevolence. 
 
 On the 27th of January, 1745, he issued the 
 first number of the 'Maryland Gazette,' and 
 which he edited for twenty-one years. After his death, 
 it was conducted by his widow, Mrs. Anne Catha- 
 rine Green, aided by her son William ; and has ever 
 since been published, down to the present time, by 
 some one of his descendants. Its late editor, Mr. 
 Jonas Green,* is the grand-son of the first editor. 
 The Gazette was the oldest newspaperf published in 
 the United States, and is invaluable as a chronicle 
 of the olden times, for the great amount of interest- 
 ing matter contained in its files. The passing events 
 of importance, civil, political, religious, in Europe 
 and America, appear to have been faithfully record- 
 ed in it. 
 
 The first public horse-racing at or near Annapolis, 
 
 it is a fact worthy of notice, that the late editor has an unbro- 
 ken series of this valuable paper, from its first issue, down to the 
 present period, (1339.) 
 
 t The Gazette ceased to be published in the latter part of 1839.
 
 116 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 is advertised in the Maryland Gazette, 'to take place 
 on the 30th and 31st days of May, 1745 to be run 
 at John Conners,* in Anne Arundel county. The first 
 day's purse 10 the second 5 to be run for by 
 any horse, mare or gelding, (' Old Ranter' and 'Lim- 
 ber-Sides' excepted,) to carry 115 pounds, three heats, 
 the course two miles, entrance money fifteen shillings 
 the first day, and ten shillings the second day.' 
 
 How this race came off, we are not informed. From 
 the exclusion of 'Old Ranter' and 'Limber-Sides,' we 
 may infer that they were somewhat celebrated in their 
 day. Can any of our racers trace the pedigree of 
 their horses to those old sires of the Maryland turf? 
 _ The same paper states, that on the first of 
 
 March, of this year 'from 10 'till near 12 
 o'clock, P. M., we had a remarkable appearance of 
 the aurora borealis, or northern twilight. It extend- 
 ed a full quarter of the compass, and in some places 
 resembled a red hot oven. The coruscations or streams 
 of light, which were numerous, and continually chang- 
 ing shape and situation, reached near fifty degrees 
 towards the zenith.' 
 
 The two following extracts are taken from the 
 Gazette : 
 
 'March 24th, 1746. The exit of the rebellion was 
 celebrated here by firing off guns, drinking loyal healths, 
 and other demonstrations of joy. There was a ball 
 in the evening the whole city was illuminated, and 
 a great quantity of punch given amongst the populace 
 at the bond-fire.' 
 
 * He kept a public house about seven miles from London Town, 
 towards West river most probably at the place so well known as 
 'Rediniles's Tavern.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 117" 
 
 'July 15. The gentlemen belonging to the Ancient 
 South River Club,' to express their loyalty to his ma- 
 jesty, on the success of the inimitable Duke of Cum- 
 berland's obtaining a complete victory over the preten- 
 der, and delivering us from persecution at home, and 
 popery and invasion from abroad, have appointed a 
 grand entertainment to be given at their club-house, 
 on ^hursday next.' 
 
 This extract is made out of respect to that very 
 respectable and ancient club, which is still in ex- 
 istence, and is in all probability the oldest club in the 
 United States of America. The worthy descendants 
 of the old clubbers, still meet on their appointed day, 
 ( Thursday) around the festive board, aSid drink to the 
 memory of by-gone days. 
 
 Three companies raised in this province by cap- 
 tains Campbell, Crofts, and Jordan, sailed from An- 
 napolis, to join other forces destined for the reduc- 
 tion of Canada. It is said, the men 'embarked with 
 cheerful hearts and in high spirits, all well clothed 
 and accoutred.' 
 
 The editor, (Mr. Green,) from whose paper many 
 extracts have been and will be made says, 'October 
 29th, (Thursday) being the anniversary of the birth 
 of his most sacred majesty, our only rightful sove- 
 reign king, George the Second, (whom God long pre- 
 serve) when his majesty completed his 63rd (a grand 
 climacterical) year, the same was observed here with 
 firing of cannon, drinking loyal healths,' &c., and in 
 his paper of the llth of November says, 'Wednes- 
 day last, being the fifth of November, that never to 
 be forgotten day of thanksgiving the reverend Mr. 
 Whitefield preached here a very good sermon suitable
 
 118 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 to the occasion, from these words in Prov, xiv. 28 : 
 'Righteousness exalteth a nation.' Just as divine ser- 
 vice ended, and the congregation were coming out of 
 the church, the ornament on the back of the speaker's 
 pew, gave way, and fell forward on several of the gen- 
 tlemen of the assembly, which hurt two of them very 
 much, but they are happily now recovered.' 
 
 At this period and for many years later, Annapolis 
 had considerable trade and commerce, the arrival and 
 clearances of ships and other sea vessels were frequent 
 and numerous ; there were all kinds of mechanics and 
 artificers residing in the place ; and from the number 
 and character of the advertisements many merchants 
 of capital and enterprize abode here. 
 
 It was no unusual thing to see from ten to twenty 
 ships and other vessels leaving the harbour, bound for 
 Europe and coastwise ; and the port was frequently 
 visited by the king's ships of war. 
 
 In 1747, a ship arrived here with rebels, who 
 were termed the 'king's passengers' and who 
 were said to have been 'favoured with transportation.' 
 
 During this year a large ship belonging to Mr. Wil- 
 liams Roberts, of this place, was launched here, called 
 the 'Rumney and Long,' after the names of the builders. 
 The first ship-yard in Annapolis, that we learn of, was 
 established about this period, and located a few feet 
 below the stone bridge, leading to the grave-yard, 
 the creek then, made up beyond the present jail. The 
 name of this creek is now lost ; the water has receded 
 since that time, nearly a quarter of a mile below where 
 the ship-yard was then situated. 
 
 This Mr. Roberts built and occupied the house in 
 which colonel Henry Maynadier now resides. He had
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 119 
 
 a blacksmiths shop to the north of his dwelling, on 
 which was a steeple, and in which hung the only 
 bell then in the city, and by which the time of the in. 
 habitants was regulated, until the large bell now in 
 St. Anne's church -was received. Below this shop 
 his sailmakers and other shops necessary for carrying 
 on ship building were erected. A Mr. Kirkwell and 
 Blackwell, ship builders, were also in his employment. 
 
 Tradition tells us, that they built the 'brig Lovely 
 Nancy' at the launch of which the following incident 
 occurred. She was on the stocks, and the day ap- 
 pointed to place her on her destined element, a large 
 concourse of persons assembled to witness the launch, 
 among whom was an old white woman named Sarah 
 McDaniel, who professed fortune-telling, and was call- 
 ed 'a witch.' She was heard to remark 'the Lovely 
 Nancy will not see water to-day/ The brig moved 
 finely at first, and when expectation was at its height 
 to see her glide into the water, she suddenly stopped, 
 and could not be again moved on that day. This oc- 
 currence created much excitement amongst the specta- 
 tors ; and captain Slade and the sailors were so fully 
 persuaded that she had been 'bewitched,' that they re- 
 solved to duck the old woman. In the meantime she 
 had disappeared from the crowd ; they kept up the 
 search for two or three days, during which time she lay 
 concealed in a house that stood on the lot opposite to 
 the present dwelling of Robert Welch, of Ben. Esquire. 
 
 The 'Lovely Nancy,' did afterwards leave the stocks, 
 and is said to have made several prosperous voyages. 
 
 There was at a later period, another ship-yard on the 
 south-west side of the city, at the termination of 
 Charles street, where the 'Matilda,' and the 'Lady
 
 120 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Lee' were launched the first was owned by Samuel 
 Chase, Esquire, and the latter by governor Lee. 
 
 There was a merchant at this period residing on 
 the banks of the Severn, below Mr. Selby's present 
 dwelling named Woolstenholm, he had a long range 
 of warehouses, no vestige of which now remains. A 
 wooden platform supported by posts constituted his 
 wharf. 
 
 A large blockmaker's establishment stood where Mr. 
 Goodman's store and dwelling now is. There were 
 several large frame buildings on each side of Hanover 
 street, as also opposite to the present ball-room. These 
 were said to have belonged to the neutral French, and 
 was occupied by them during the war between the 
 French and English colonies ; they were also used as 
 hospitals during our revolution soon after that period 
 they were pulled down in consequence of their dilapi- 
 dated condition. 
 
 On the site of Mrs. Bowie's residence, in Church 
 street, formerly stood the 'Three Blue Ball' tavern, 
 which was kept by a Mr. John Ball. This was then 
 the property of Mr. Stephen West, who remitted bills 
 in his own name, called 'Stephen West's money.' 
 Mr. West resided at the wood-yard in Prince George's 
 county, and owned considerable property in this city. 
 This property was purchased by colonel Thomas Hyde, 
 who added the present corner building, and also 
 built the houses in which Doctor Dennis Claude and 
 Mr.' George Mackubins now reside. The house of 
 Doctor Claude was formerly the 'Annapolis coffee- 
 house.' 
 
 The building occupied by Mrs. Anne Harwood, in 
 Charles street, is said to be the most ancient house now
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 121 
 
 standing in the city. It was used as the printing office 
 of the 'Maryland Gazette,' at its establishment. The 
 house in which the cashier of the Farmers' Bank of 
 Maryland resides, was formerly a tavern, and kept by 
 a Mr. William Reynolds. The small brick house on 
 Doctor's street, now used as the office of the Annapo- 
 lis and Elkrige Railroad Company, was a stocking 
 manufactory, and conducted by John Bail and Benja- 
 min Beall ; it was regarded as a great curiosity, but 
 did not succeed. 
 
 West street, then called Coivpen lane, had at this pe- 
 riod but three houses built on it. The most considerable 
 one was a tavern kept by a Mrs. McCloud ; it was 
 afterwards used for a circulating library the projector 
 and proprietor of which was a Mr. William Rind. It 
 subsequently came into the possession of Mr. Allen 
 Quynn. Not many years since it was purchased by 
 the late Mr. Thomas Harris, and by him modified and 
 improved, and is now an elegant residence, and owned 
 and occupied by John Johnson, Esquire. The house 
 in which Mr. McParlin lives, and that known as 'Hun- 
 ter's Tavern,' were both erected about this time. The 
 next house built on that street was the Hallam Theatre. 
 
 The old market-house stood just below the present 
 gun-house, and was about half the size of the present 
 one. This was the first regular market-house built in 
 Annapolis, and was erected after the year 1717, as will 
 appear by the following extracts from the MS. pro- 
 ceedings of the corporation. 
 
 In 1716, the corporation took into consideration 
 'whether a market-house was requisite or not, and 
 resolved, nemine contradicente, that it is very requisite/ 
 
 11
 
 122 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 and determined it should be built on or near the state- 
 house hill. 
 
 In 1717, they resolved that 'none of the inhabitants 
 of this city shall buy any fflesh or ffish, living or dead, 
 eggs, butter, or cheese, (oysters excepted) at their own 
 houses, but shall repair to and buy the same at the fflagg 
 staffe, on the state-house hill, untill such a time as there 
 shall be a market-house built on penalty of 16s. 8d. 
 current money, &c. And that the market be opened 
 at 8 or 9 o'clock in the forenoon, and that the drum 
 beats half quarter of an hour to give notice thereof, 
 and that no person presumes to buy any thing untill 
 the drum be done beating, and that the market days 
 be on Wednesday and Saturday every week.' 
 
 There was a large range of buildings near the post- 
 office, called 'Calvert's row' they were used by Mr. 
 Peale as exhibition rooms, within the recollection of 
 some of the present inhabitants of this place ; and in 
 the only remaining one of which, Mr. Jonas Green 
 now resides. The building now owned and occupied 
 by Mrs. Lloyd, was built by governor Ogle, as a family 
 residence ; additions and improvements were made to 
 it by his son. 
 
 The house formerly occupied by Charles Carroll, of 
 Carrollton, Esquire, is of a more modern date ; it was 
 built for a family residence. An upper room of this 
 house was used as a catholic chapel during Mr. Car- 
 roll's residence there, and until the present chapel was 
 built. There was for some time a resident priest in 
 the family, but not for a few years previous to 'Mr. 
 Carroll's removal from this city. 
 
 Coeval with these, was the old church, which stood 
 on the site of the present Episcopal church, it was
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 123 
 
 built of brick, and was the only one in the place. 
 It was originally built in the form of the letter T, 
 neatly finished inside. The principal entrance was 
 towards the east. It was in a ruinous condition pre- 
 vious to the revolution. Its minister often remon- 
 strated with his congregation, and urged them to 
 repair or rebuild it, but did not succeed until the fol- 
 lowing poem appeared in the Maryland Gazette, de- 
 scriptive of the old church, pleading its own cause : 
 'To the very worthy and respectable inhabitants of 
 Annapolis, the humble petition of their old church, 
 sheweth, 
 
 That, late in century the last, 
 
 By private bounty, here were placed, 
 
 My sacred walls, and tho', in truth, 
 
 Their stile and manner be uncouth ; 
 
 Yet, whilst no structure met mine eye, 
 
 That even with myself could vie, 
 
 A goodly edifice I seemed, 
 
 And pride of all Saint dnne's was deemed. 
 
 How changed the times ! for now, all round, 
 
 Unnumbered stately piles abound, 
 
 Ail better built, and looking down 
 
 On me quite antequated grown. 
 
 Left unrepaired, to time a prey, 
 
 I feel my vitals fast decay ; 
 
 And often have I heard it said, 
 
 That some good people are afraid, 
 
 Least I should tumble on their head. 
 
 Of which, indeed, this seems a proof 
 
 They seldom come beneath my roof. 
 
 The stadt-house, that, for public good, 
 
 With me co-eval long had stood ; 
 
 With me full many a storm had dared, 
 
 Is now at length to be repaired : 
 
 Or, rather, to be built anew. 
 
 An honour to the land and you. 
 
 Whilst I, alone, not worth your care, 
 
 Am left your sad neglect to bear.
 
 124 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 With grief, in yonder field, hard by, 
 
 A sister-ruin I espy ; 
 
 Old Bladen's palace, once so famed, 
 
 And now too well, the/o% named. 
 
 Her roof all tottering to decay, 
 
 Her walls a mouldering all away ; 
 
 She says, or seems to say, to me, 
 
 Such too, ere long, thy fate shall be.' 
 
 Tho', now forever gone and tost, 
 
 I blush to say, how little cost, 
 
 The handsome pile would have preserved, 
 
 Till some new prefect had deserved 
 
 A mansion here, from us, to have 
 
 As good as Carolina gave . 
 
 But party, faction (friends that still 
 
 Have been the foes of public weal) 
 
 The dogs of war against her slipped, 
 
 And all her rising honours nipped, 
 
 Of sunshine oft a casual ray, 
 
 Breaks in upon a cloudy day, 
 
 O'erwhelm'd with woe ; methinks, I see 
 
 A ray of hope thus dart on me. 
 
 Close at my door, on my own land, 
 
 Placed there, it seems, by your command, 
 
 I've seen, I own, with some surprise, 
 
 A novel structure sudden rise. 
 
 There let the stranger stay, for me, 
 
 If virtue's friend, indeed she be. 
 
 I would not, if I couW, restrain, 
 
 A moral stage ; yet, would I fain 
 
 Of your indulgence and esteem, 
 
 At least, an equal portion claim. 
 
 And, decency, without my prayers, 
 
 Will surely whisper in your ears, 
 
 'To pleasure, if such care you shew, 
 
 A mite to duty, pray bestow.* 
 
 Say, does my rival boast the art 
 
 One solid comfort to impart, 
 
 Or heal, like me, the broken heart ? 
 
 Does she, like me, pour forth the strain 
 
 Of peace on earth, good will to men ? 
 
 Merit she has ; but, let me say, 
 
 The highest merit of a play,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 125 
 
 Tho', Shakespeare wrote it, but to name 
 With mine, were want of sense or shame. 
 Why should I point to distant times, 
 To kindred and congenial climes, 
 Where, spite of many a host of foes, 
 To God a mighty temple rose ? 
 Why point to every land beside 
 Whose honest aim it is, a pride, 
 However poor it be, yet still, 
 At least, to make God's house'genteel ? 
 Here, in Annapolis alone, 
 God has the meanest house in town. 
 The premises considered, I 
 With humble confidence rely, 
 That, Phenix-like, I soon shall rise, 
 From my own ashes to the skies ; 
 Your mite, at least, that you will pay, 
 jind your petitioner shall pray.' 
 
 The publication of this poem, had a better effect 
 than all the minister's previous expostulations, and 
 his congregation at last resolved to put up a new 
 building. Accordingly, the old church was razed to 
 the ground, but the erection of a new one was pre- 
 vented for a time, by the revolution which soon after 
 took place. The theatre was used as church and 
 forum, until the erection of the present church. 
 
 A palisade and white railing enclosed the old church- 
 yard, which was at that time the city grave-yard. 
 
 The last Indian tribe which was known to frequent 
 Annapolis, is said to have lived on the Potomac. This 
 tribe, the name of which is now lost even in tradition, 
 (sometimes more enduring than musty records) ex- 
 changed their lands wilh the Calvert family for lands 
 in Baltimore county, where game was more plenty ; 
 and, as the white population increased, they retired 
 to the Susquehanna, 
 
 n*
 
 126 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The Eastern Shore tribes visited Annapolis occa- 
 sionally, previous to the revolution ; and the visits of 
 old King Abraham and his Queen Sarah are still re- 
 collected by some few of the inhabitants of our town. 
 
 At a county court held here on Tuesday, the 9th 
 of July of this year, a 'Mrs. S. C. of Patapsco, was 
 
 fined the sum of one penny, for whipping the R d 
 
 Mr. N 1 W r with a hiccory switch ; it being 
 
 imagined by the court that he well deserved it.' 
 
 About this period, a jockey-club was instituted here, 
 'consisting of many principal gentlemen in this, and in 
 the adjacent provinces, many of whom in order to en- 
 courage the breed of this noble animal, imported from 
 England, at a very great expense, horses of high re- 
 putation.' This club existed for many years. 'The 
 races at Annapolis were generally attended by a great 
 concourse of spectators, many coming from the ad- 
 joining colonies. Considerable sums were bet on 
 these occasions. Subscription purses of a hundred 
 guineas were for a long time the highest amount run 
 for, but subsequently were greatly increased. The 
 day of the races usually closed with balls, or theatri- 
 cal amusements.' The race course at this time and 
 for many years after, was located on that part of the 
 city just beyond Mr. Severe's blacksmith shop, em- 
 bracing a circle of one mile, taking in all that portion 
 of the town now built up. 
 
 On the 29th of September, in this year, a race was 
 run on this course between governor Ogle's Bay Geld- 
 ing, and col. Plater's Grey Stallion, and won by the 
 former the next day six horses started, Mr. Waters' 
 horse Parrott, winning, distancing several of the run-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 127 
 
 ing horses. On the same ground some years after, 
 Dr. Hamilton's 'horse Figure,' won a purse of fifty 
 pistoles beating two, and distancing three others. 
 'Figure' was a horse of great reputation it is stated 
 of him that, 'he had won many fifties and in the 
 year 1763, to have received premiums at Preston and 
 Carlisle, in Old England, where no horse would enter 
 against him he never lost a race.' Subsequently, 
 the race course was removed to a field some short 
 distance beyond the city, on which course some of the 
 most celebrated horses ever known in America have 
 run. It was on this latter course that Mr. Bevans' bay 
 horse * Oscar,' so renowned in the annals of the turf, first 
 ran. Oscar was bred on Mr. Ogle's farm near this 
 city he won many races, and in the fall of 1808, it 
 is well remembered, he beat Mr. Bond's 'First Consul' 
 on the Baltimore course, who had challenged the con- 
 tinent running the second heat in 7 m. 40 s., which 
 speed had never been excelled. 
 
 ' Old Ranter' was ' Oscar's' great, great, grand sire. 
 In the Maryland Gazette of the 18th June, 
 1752, appeared the following advertisement : 
 
 'By permission of his honour the president,* at the 
 new theatre, in Annapolis, by the company of corn- 
 medians from Virginia, on Monday next, being the 
 22d of this instant, (June) will be performed, 'The 
 Beggars Opera :' likewise, a farce, called the 'Lying 
 Valet' to begin precisely at 7 o'clock. Tickets to be 
 had at the printing office. Box 10*., pit Is. 6d. No 
 persons to be admitted behind the scenes.' 
 
 * Benjamin Tasker, Esquire, was then the president or governor 
 of the province.
 
 128 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The principal performers belonging to this compa- 
 ny, appear to have been Messrs. Wynell, Herbert, 
 Eyanson, Kean, and Miss Osborne they performed 
 while here, 'The Busy Body,' 'Beaux Stratagem,' 
 'Recruiting Officer,' 'London Merchant,' 'Cato,' 'Rich- 
 ard III,' with many others. After leaving Annapolis, 
 they performed at 'Upper Marlborough,' 'Piscattaway,' 
 on the Western Shore, and at 'Chester Town,' inXent 
 county, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. 
 
 During the time they performed here, a Mr. Richard 
 Bricknell and company, exhibited some curious wax- 
 figures, representing the 'Queen of Hungary sitting on 
 her throne, and the Duke, her son,' and courtiers in 
 attendance. 
 
 _~ The first lottery drawn in this province, was 
 at Annapolis, on the 21st September, 1753, for 
 the purchase of a 'town clock, and clearing the dock.' 
 The highest prize 100 pistoles tickets half a pistole. 
 The managers were Benj. Tasker, junior, George 
 Stewart, Walter Dulany, and ten other gentlemen of 
 this place. 
 
 On the llth of August, of this year, Horatio Sharpe, 
 Esq., governor of the province, arrived here, in the 
 ship Molly, captain Nicholas Coxen, from London. 
 
 In September, (1753) several companies under the 
 command of captain Dagworthy, lieutenants Forty, and 
 Bacon, marched from Annapolis against the French 
 on the Ohio. 
 
 On the 3d of April, 1755, general Braddock, 
 governor Dinwiddie and commodore Keppel ar- 
 rived here, on their way to Virginia. And on the llth 
 and 12th of the same month, arrived governor Sherley, 
 of Boston, governor De Lancy, of New York, and
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 129 
 
 governor Morris, of Philadelphia, with a number of 
 distinguished gentlemen they left here accompanied by 
 governor Sharpe, for Alexandria, and on the 17th they 
 returned to Annapolis on their way to their respective 
 governments. A few days after, governor Sharpe set 
 out for Frederick Town. 
 
 This period, which just preceded the defeat of gene- 
 ral Braddock, near Fort Du Quesne, appears to have 
 been a busy time with their excellencies. 
 
 On the 29th of September, of this year, doctor 
 Charles Carroll departed this life, aged sixty-four 
 years he had resided in Annapolis about forty years. 
 For some years after his coming to this city, he 'prac- 
 tised physic with good success ; but laying that aside, 
 he commenced trade and merchandise, by which he 
 amassed a very considerable fortune.' In 1737, he 
 was chosen a member to the lower house of assembly, 
 in which station he is said to have spared no pains or 
 application to render himself serviceable to the county, 
 and his constituents, to the time of his death. He is 
 represented to have been 'a gentleman of good sense 
 and breeding, courteous and affable,' and was held in 
 high esteem by his fellow-citizens. Dr. Carroll owned 
 all of the ground on the lower part of Church street, 
 on the south side, extending back to the Duke of Glos- 
 ter street; and in 1749 opened Green street, adver- 
 tising to sell or lease lots on either side of the same. 
 
 Mr. Green says in his Gazette of the 6th of Nov., 
 of this year, 'we are now about entrenching the town. 
 If the gentlemen in the neighbourhood of Annapolis, 
 were to send their forces to assist in it, a few days 
 would complete the work.' 
 
 This measure it would seem, was taken by the citi-
 
 130 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 zens, in consequence of the 'dreadful murders and mas- 
 sacres' committed by the French and Indians upon the 
 border country, and serious apprehensions were enter- 
 tained by the inhabitants, that Annapolis would fall 
 into the hands of their 'politic, cruel and cunning ene- 
 mies.' It was asserted by a writer for the Gazette, 
 that the Indians 'were but a little way from the city, 
 and that so entire was their defenceless situation, that 
 even a small party of twenty or thirty Indians, by 
 marching in the night and skulking in the day time, 
 might come upon them unawares in the dead of night, 
 burn their houses, and cut their throats, before they 
 could put themselves in a posture of defence.' Other 
 writers of the day, seemed to think that there was no 
 more danger of 'Annapolis being attacked by the In- 
 dians, than London.' The fears of the inhabitants 
 were soon quieted, by the return of several gentlemen 
 who had gone as volunteers to the westward, and who 
 reported they had seen no Indians, except one, and he 
 was 'very quiet,' for they found him dead. 
 
 On the 29th of March, of this year, (1757) 
 governor Sharpe arrived here from the north- 
 ward, accompanied by governor Dobbs, of North Caro- 
 lina, and governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia. 
 
 In this year, the small-pox made its appearance in 
 Annapolis, and continued to afflict and alarm the in- 
 habitants for nine months. Scarcely one of them 
 escaped the disease. Of about one hundred persons 
 who were inoculated, not one died, while those who 
 had it in the natural way, at least one in every six died. 
 On this occasion the physicians of the town inoculated 
 every person who desired it, without fee or reward. 
 
 In consequence of the disease being here, the ge-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 131 
 
 neral assembly was prorogued to meet in Baltimore, 
 where it held its sesion for this year. 
 
 In the winter of this year, (1757,) five companies 
 of Royal Americans, were quartered upon the town. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Forts on the Border Country Fort Frederick Reduction of Que- 
 bec A Company of Comedians at Annapolis .-Stone Wind-mill 
 erected Collection for the sufferers by fire at Boston Ball-room 
 Cold winter Stamp Act Proceeding at Annapolis on Maryland 
 Gazette Sons of Liberty Repeal of the Stamp Act A new The- 
 atre opened Gov. Eden arrives at Annapolis His character 
 Death and burial Articles of Non-importation, &c. Arrival of 
 Brig Good Intent Resolute course pursued by the Association 
 Its results Mr. Wm. Eddis Annapolis described Whitehall 
 Governor Sharpe His character Appropriation to build the pre- 
 sent State- House Commissioners appointed The Foundation 
 laid Incident Dimensions of the building The Architect An- 
 niversary of the Proprietary's birth Rejoicings at Annapolis La- 
 dies of Annapolis Saint Tamina Society Their Proceedings 
 Theatre opened Trustees appointed by the Legislature, to the 
 Theatre Theatre pulled down Causes which led to it Mr. Dun- 
 lap Trustees appointed to build a new Church Meeting of the 
 Citizens of Annapolis Their proceedings on the Act of Parlia- 
 ment for blockading the Harbour of Boston Some portion of their 
 Resolves dissented from by many Citizens Proceedings of the 
 Dissentients Burning of the Brig Peggy Stewart And the tea 
 on board The Proceedings had thereon. 
 
 BELIEVING the following statement of distances be- 
 tween the several forts which were erected for the 
 defence of the border country, will be interesting to 
 many, it is here subjoined. 
 
 'Fort Frederick and Fort Cumberland stood on the 
 north bank of Potomac river, about fifty miles distant
 
 132 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 from each other, the first twelve miles beyond Co- 
 nococheague, the then most western settlement. Fort 
 Loudoun was about twenty-nve miles north from Fort 
 Frederick; Rays Town fifty-three miles west from 
 Fort Loudoun, and thirty-five miles northward from 
 Fort Cumberland ; the distance from Rays Town to 
 the Loylhanning, is said to have been fifty-eight miles, 
 and thence to Fort Du Quesne, was computed to be 
 about thirty-five miles.' 
 
 Fort Frederick being 'the only monument of the 
 ante-revolutionary times,* now remaining in the western 
 parts of our State, deserves to have handed down to 
 posterity all that can be now collected relative to its 
 origin and present ruins. It is stated by Mr. McMa- 
 hon, in his history of Maryland, to have been situated 
 on an elevated and rather commanding position in the 
 plains along the Potomac, distant about one-fourth of 
 a mile from that river, and about ten or eleven miles 
 above the mouth of Conococheague creek. It was 
 constructed of the most durable materials, and in the 
 most approved manner, at an expense of upwards of 
 6000. When Mr. McMahon saw its ruins in 1828, 
 the greater part of it was still standing, and in a high 
 state of preservation, in the midst of cultivated fields. 
 According to a description given of it at its construc- 
 tion, its exterior lines were each one hundred and 
 twenty yards in length, (the fort being quadrangular,) 
 its curtains and bastions were faced by a thick stone 
 wall, and it contained barracks sufficient for the accom- 
 modation of several hundred men. This garrison was 
 built under the personal supervision of governor Sharpe, 
 and by a plan of his own ; he appears to have taken 
 great interest in its construction. Its first commander
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 133 
 
 was captain Dagworthy, who on being removed to the 
 command of Fort Cumberland, was succeeded by 
 captain Alexander Beall, who continued in the com- 
 mand of this fort until after the capture of Fort Du 
 Quesne, and the close of the border troubles. 
 
 Governor Sharpe, in a letter to Mr. Calvert, dated 
 Annapolis, the 21st of August, 1756, speaking of Fort 
 Frederick, says 'I thought proper to build Fort Fre- 
 derick of stone, which step I believe even our assem- 
 bly will now approve of, though I hear some of them 
 sometime since, intimated to their constituents that a 
 stoccado would have been sufficient, and that to build 
 a fort with stone would put the country to a great and 
 unnecessary expense ; but whatever their sentiments 
 may be with respect to that matter, I am convinced 
 that I have done for the best, and that my conduct 
 therein will be approved of by any soldier, and by 
 every impartial person. The fort is not finished, 
 but the garrison are well covered, and will, with a 
 little assistance, complete it at their leisure. Our bar- 
 racks are made for the reception and accommodation 
 of 200 men, but on occasion there will be room for 
 twice that number. It is situated on the North Moun- 
 tain, near Potomack river, about fourteen miles beyond 
 Conegochiegh, and four on this side Licking-creek. 
 I have made a purchase in the governor's name for the 
 use of the country, of one hundred and fifty acres of 
 land that is contiguous to it, which will be of great 
 service to the garrison, and as well as the fort, be 
 found of great use in case of future expeditions to the 
 westward, for it is so situated that Potomack will be 
 always navigable thence almost to Fort Cumberland, 
 
 12
 
 134 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the flats or shallows of that river lying between Fort 
 Frederick and Conegochiegh.' 
 
 The general assembly of Maryland in 1790, ap- 
 pointed an agent to sell and convey the right of this 
 State to one hundred acres of land at Fort Frederick, 
 in Washington county. (See resolution No. 4.) 
 1r - Q On the 30th of October, in this year, there 
 was great rejoicing here, in consequence of the 
 reduction of Quebec, by the troops under general 
 Wolfe. The guns at the 'Point Battery' were fired 
 early in the day. The military paraded through the 
 streets, and at 12 o'clock, the cannon from the 'Half- 
 moon Battery' were discharged. 'At night the city 
 was illuminated, and the governor gave a public ball 
 in the council chamber, at which there was a brilliant 
 assemblage of ladies.' 
 
 Mr. Green, in his Gazette of the 7th Febru- 
 17bO. , . , . . . , . 
 
 ary, in this year, says 'by permission of his 
 
 excellency, the governor, a theatre is erecting in this 
 city, which will be opened soon by a company of 
 comedians, who are now at Chester Town.' 
 
 The company here alluded to, arrived at Annapolis 
 on the 3d of March, and on the same evening opened 
 the theatre. They continued to perform here until the 
 12th of May following, as will be seen by the annexed 
 list of performances, which is given for the amuse- 
 ment of the curious in these matters, as well as for 
 the gratification of the lovers of the drama. 
 
 Plays. farces, 
 
 March 3. Orphans, Lethe, or Esop in the Shades. 
 
 6. Recruiting Officer, Miss in her Teens. 
 
 8. Venice Preserved, Mock-Doctor. 
 
 10. Richard III. King and the Miller. 
 
 13. Provoked Husband, Stage Coach.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 136 
 
 Plays. Farces. 
 
 Mar. 15. Fair Penitent, Anatomist. 
 
 20. Stratagem, Lethe, 
 
 22. George Barnwell, Lying Valet. 
 
 24. Busy-Body, Mock-Doctor. 
 
 27. Revenge, Lying Valet. 
 
 29. Bold Stroke for a Wife, Damon and Phillida. 
 
 (In Passion-week the theatre was closed.) 
 
 April 7. *Romeo and Juliet, Stage Coach. 
 
 8. Provoked Husband, Honest Yorkshireman. 
 
 9. Othello, Devil to Pay. 
 
 10. Constant Couple, King and the Miller. 
 
 11. f Romeo and Juliet, Miss in her Teens. 
 
 12. Suspicious Husband, Mock-Doctor. 
 
 14. Richard III. (Ben. of Mr. Douglass,) Hob. 
 
 15. Fair Penitent, (Mr. Palmer,) Lying Valet. 
 
 16. Venice Preserved, (Mr. Murray,) Devil to Pay. 
 
 17. Provoked Husband, (Mrs. Douglass,) Yorkshireman. 
 19. Revenge, (Mr. Hallam,) Lethe. 
 
 22. Stratagem, (Mrs. and Miss Dowthaitt,) Lying Valet. 
 
 23. Orphan, (Miss Crane and Comp,) Lethe. 
 
 24. Constant Couple, (Mr. Morris,) Yorkshireman. 
 May 5. Douglass, (Master A. Hallam,) Virgin Unmasked. 
 
 8. Jew of Venice, (Mrs. Morris,) Lethe. 
 12. Gamester, (Mr. Scott,) Toy Shop. 
 
 From this place the company went to 'Upper Marl- 
 bro,' and performed there for several weeks. 
 
 In September of this year, the stone wind-mill was 
 
 built, on the point where Fort Severn now stands, and 
 
 was then 'reckoned to be one of the best built mills in 
 
 the country' it is said to have 'ground twelve bushels 
 
 in an hour.' The owner of the mill was a Mr. James 
 
 Disney. It was destroyed when Fort Severn was built. 
 
 In 1761, there was collected in this city and 
 
 province for the sufferers by the great fire at 
 
 * 'Romto, by a young gentleman, for his diversion.' 
 t 'With the funeral procession of Juliet, to the monument of the 
 Capuletls.'
 
 136 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Boston in March of this year, the sum of $5940 62, 
 a collection that speaks well of the liberal and humane 
 disposition of the 'ancient city and province.' 
 
 In 1764, the present 'ball-room' was built 
 from the proceeds of a lottery drawn here for 
 that especial purpose. 
 
 The winter of this year was one of uncom- 
 mon severity. The editor of the Gazette says, 
 
 'on Monday, the 5th of February, a very merry set of 
 gentlemen had a commodious tent erected on the ice 
 between the town and Greensbury's point, where they 
 had an elegant dinner, &c. &c., and in the afternoon 
 diverted themselves with dancing of reels, on skates, 
 and divers other amusements.' 
 
 STAMP ACT. 
 
 On the 27th of August, in this year, 'a considerable 
 number of people, 'Jlssertors of British American privi- 
 leges? met at Annapolis to show their 'detestation of, 
 and abhorrence to, some late tremendous attacks on 
 liberty, and their dislike to a certain late arrived officer, 
 a native of this province ! They curiously dressed up 
 the figure of a man, which they placed in a one horse 
 cart, malefactor like, with some sheets of paper in his 
 hands before his face.' 
 
 'In that manner they paraded through the streets of 
 the town, till noon, the bell at the same time tolling a 
 solemn knell, when they proceeded to the hill, and 
 after giving it the MOSAIC LAW, at the whipping-post, 
 placed it in the pillory, from whence they took it, and 
 hung it on a gibbet there erected for that purpose, and 
 set fire to a tar-barrel underneath, and burnt it till it 
 fell into the barrel. By the many significant nods of
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 137 
 
 the head, while in the cart, it may be said to have 
 gone off very penitently.' 
 
 Such was the reception given to the famous stamp 
 act, by the citizens of Annapolis, who have never 
 been known to falter in the cause or defence of Ameri- 
 can rights and liberty. The stamp-master was a Mr. 
 Hood, he imported a large quantity of goods and offer- 
 ed them at reduced prices, but such was the indigna- 
 tion of the people, that no one would purchase of him. 
 He made his escape to the north, previous to the burn- 
 ing of his effigy, which is said to have resembled him 
 wonderfully and in his haste left behind him the ma- 
 terials for a suit of tar and feathers, with which the 
 citizens were about to present him, for his zealous 
 support of the stamp act. 
 
 The landing of this officer was successfully resisted 
 at first by the citizens, who repaired in a body to the 
 dock where the attempt was made ; a scuffle ensued 
 in which the only three citizens now known to have 
 taken a prominent part in this resistance, were Mr. 
 Charles Farris, Mr. Abraham Claude and Mr. Thomas 
 McNier, the last of whom, had his thigh broken on 
 the occasion. Although they prevented the landing of 
 this officer at this time and place, yet he subsequently 
 effected a landing clandestinely, and was rewarded for 
 his perseverance, as above mentioned. 
 
 In the MSS. Letter Boole of governor Sharpe, is 
 found the following letter from him, to the Earl of 
 Halifax, dated Annapolis, the 5th September, 1765, 
 giving an account of the stamp-officer's reception and 
 treatment by the citizens of Annapolis, to wit : 
 
 'My lord : I am sorry to have such a reason for 
 troubling your lordship, but it is my duty to inform 
 12*
 
 138 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 you, that the proceedings of a great number of the 
 people in this province, since the person said to be ap- 
 pointed distributor of the stamps for Maryland arrived 
 here, gives me too much room to apprehend they will 
 endeavour to prevent the stamp act having its intended 
 effect. Your lordship will, I presume, long before this 
 can reach you, have received an account of the late 
 riotous proceedings of the populace of Boston and 
 other places in the northern colonies, on account of 
 that new act of parliament, and will not therefore, I 
 suppose, be surprised at receiving similar accounts 
 from other parts of North America, nor at my telling 
 your lordship that the inhabitants of this province, 
 incited by their example or actuated by the same spirit, 
 were not satisfied with expressing their indignation 
 against their countryman, Mr. Hood, the distributor, 
 by hanging or burning him in effigie, but having in the 
 night of the second instant assembled to the number 
 of three or four hundred, in or near this place, pulled 
 down a house which he was repairing for the reception 
 of a cargo of goods that he had it seems imported for 
 sale. Being very uneasy and much terrified at the 
 contemptuous treatment he had since his return from 
 England, met with from his former acquaintance, and 
 the violent proceedings of the populace, who really 
 are not to be restrained on this occasion, without a 
 military force. 
 
 *Mr. Hood intimated to me, that if I thought his 
 resigning the office would reconcile his countrymen to 
 him, and would advise him to take that step, he would 
 even do so, but as I could not take upon myself to 
 give him such advice, and both he and his relations 
 doubted whether he could while the ferment continued,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 139 
 
 be safe in mine or any other house in the province, he 
 has retired for a few weeks to New York. To what 
 length people who have made such a beginning, may 
 go to render the act of parliament ineffectual, I cannot 
 tell, but am very apprehensive that if the stamp't pa- 
 per was to arrive here and be landed at this time, it 
 would not be in my power to preserve it from being 
 burnt, as there is no place of security here wherein it 
 might be lodged, and the militia is composed of such 
 as are by no means proper to be appointed a guard 
 over it, if therefore a vessel should soon arrive here 
 with the stamp't paper, I shall caution the master 
 against landing it, and advise him either to lye off at 
 a distance from the shore, or return to the men-of- 
 war stationed in Virginia, until the people shew a 
 better disposition, or I have the satisfaction to receive 
 from your lordship some instructions about it.' 
 
 Captain Brown, commander of his majesty's sloop 
 Hawke, arrived at this port in December, 1765, with 
 some of the stamped paper destined for this province. 
 But no person authorized to receive and distribute it, 
 being here, and the lower house of assembly and the 
 people being still averse to its reception, it was never 
 landed. Governor Sharpe returned three boxes con- 
 taining the stamped paper, to England, by a merchant 
 ship, the Brandon, captain McLachlan, in December, 
 1766. 
 
 A supplement to the Maryland Gazette appeared on 
 the 31st of October, in deep mourning. The editor 
 determined to suspend its publication, rather than sub- 
 mit to the 'intolerable and burthensome terms,' imposed 
 en all newspapers by the stamp act, declaring in this 
 supplement,
 
 140 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'The times are 
 Dreadfull, 
 Dismal, 
 Doleful, 
 Dolorous, and 
 Dollar-less.' 
 
 On the 10th of December, he issued 'an apparition 
 of the late Maryland Gazette,' and resolved to re-estab- 
 lish his paper, 'under the firm belief that the odious 
 stamp act would never be carried into operation.' 
 
 In March, 1766, the 'Sons of Liberty,' from 
 Baltimore, Kent, and Anne Arundel counties, 
 met at this place, and made a written application to 
 the chief justice of the provincial court, the secretary 
 and commissary-general, and judges of the land office, 
 to open their respective offices, and to proceed as usual 
 in the execution of their duties. This demand was 
 complied with, and the stamp act virtually became null 
 and void. 
 
 On the 5th of April, of this year, general joy was 
 diffused throughout the city, by the arrival of an ex- 
 press, bringing information of the repeal of the stamp 
 act, and the afternoon was spent by the citizens in 
 congratulations and mirth, and 'all loyal and patriotic 
 toasts were drank.' 
 
 The 11-th of June following, was by appointment 
 of the mayor, observed here, as a day of rejoicing and 
 festivity, on account of the 'glorious news, 'of the total 
 repeal of the stamp act, and in the evening the city 
 was brilliantly illuminated. 
 
 On Saturday evening, the 18th of February, 
 
 of this year, (1769,) the new theatre was again 
 
 opened, by the American company of comedians, with
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 141 
 
 the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. The company then 
 consisted of Messrs. Hallam, Jefferson, Verling, Wall, 
 Darby, Morris, Parker, Godwin, Spencer, Malone, 
 Page, Walker, Osborne, and Burdett, and Mrs. Jones, 
 Walker, Osborne, Burdett, Malone, Parker, and Miss 
 Hallam. 
 
 This company appear to have been held in high es- 
 teem by the citizens of Annapolis, for their perform- 
 ances, especially of the tragedy of Richard III. 
 
 On the 5th of June, in this year, Robert Eden, 
 Esquire, with his lady and family, arrived here in the 
 ship Lord Baltimore. On the ship's coming to an- 
 chor off the city, she fired seven guns, which were re- 
 turned by an equal number, but on the governor's land- 
 ing in the afternoon, he was met by all the members of 
 the council then in town, and a great number of the 
 citizens, under a discharge of all the cannon on the 
 battery. And on Tuesday morning 'about ten o'clock, 
 he went up to to the council-house, attended by his 
 lordship's honourable council, where his commission 
 was opened and published.' 
 
 Governor Eden succeeded governor Sharpe, imme- 
 diately on his arrival, and continued to govern the 
 affairs of the province until 1776, when he returned to 
 England in consequence of the revolution, and the 
 formation of the provisional government of Maryland, 
 which was at this period established. Governor Eden 
 is represented to have been a gentleman, 'easy of 
 access, courteous to all, and fascinating by his ac- 
 complishments.' 
 
 When he had taken his departure, his property was 
 confiscated. In 1784 he returned to Annapolis, to 
 seek the restitution of his property. He died soon
 
 142 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 after his arrival, in the house now owned and occupied 
 by Richard J. Jones, Esq. He was buried under the 
 pulpit of the Episcopal church on the north side of 
 Severn, within two or three miles of this place. This 
 church was some years since burned down. 
 
 In the month of June, this year, (1769,) a numerous 
 meeting of the citizens of Annapolis was held, 'called 
 by the beating of the drum,' at which were many 
 gentlemen from the several counties of the province, 
 who with the citizens formed, and entered into 'articles 
 of non-importation of British superfluities, and for pro- 
 moting frugality, economy, and the use of American 
 manufactures,' and passed the following resolution : 
 
 'Resolved, unanimously, that the said articles be most 
 strictly adhered to, and preserved inviolate ; and that 
 each and every gentleman present at this meeting, will 
 use his utmost endeavours to those laudable ends.' 
 
 Early in February following, the citizens of Annapo- 
 lis had an opportunity afforded them, to test the sin- 
 cerity of their patriotism, by the arrival of the l brig 
 Good Intent ,' in their harbour, with a cargo of British 
 goods. 
 
 Immediately on her arrival, a meeting of the citizens 
 was convened, and three gentlemen were appointed a 
 committee to inquire into the matter, who reported 
 'that the goods were ordered and shipped contrary to 
 the articles of their association, and ought not to be 
 landed.' The brig was accordingly ordered and com- 
 pelled to return to London, carrying back a cargo con- 
 sisting of European goods, to the value of .10,000 
 sterling. 
 
 Thus did the association show their determination to 
 'adhere strictly' to their articles of non-importation,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 143 
 
 and proved themselves as independent of foreign lux- 
 uries, as they subsequently did of British dominion. 
 
 The committee of Annapolis and Anne Arundel, 
 consisted on such occasions of Messrs. Thomas Sprigg, 
 John Weems, B. T. B. Worthington and William Paca. 
 
 The resolute course pursued hy the association, 
 brought the merchants of the British markets to 'a de- 
 termination not to ship in future, any goods to Mary- 
 land, but such as would be agreeable to the association.' 
 
 In October of 1769, Mr. William Eddis, (the sur- 
 veyor of the customs at Annapolis,) writing home to 
 his friends, describes Annapolis and its public build- 
 ings, thus : 
 
 'Annapolis is nearly encompassed by the river Se- 
 vern, and with every advantage of situation, is built 
 on a very irregular plan. The adjacent country pre- 
 sents a variety of beautiful prospects, agreeably diver- 
 sified with well-settled plantations, lofty woods, and 
 navigable waters. 
 
 'In our little metropolis, the public buildings do not 
 impress the mind with any idea of magnificence, hav- 
 ing been chiefly erected during the infancy of the 
 colony, when convenience was the directing principle, 
 without attention to the embellishment of art. 
 
 'The court-house, situated on an eminence at the 
 back of the town, commands a variety of views highly 
 interesting ; the entrance of the Severn, the majestic 
 Chesapeake, and the eastern shore of Maryland, being 
 all united in one resplendent assemblage, vessels of 
 various sizes and figures are continually floating before 
 the eye ; which, while they add to the beauty of the 
 scene, excite ideas of the most pleasing nature. 
 
 'In the court-house, the representatives of the people 

 
 144 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 assemble, for the dispatch of provincial business. The 
 courts of justice are also held here, and here likewise 
 the public offices are established. 
 
 'This building has nothing in its appearance expres- 
 sive of the great purposes to which it is appropriated, 
 and by a strange neglect, is suffered to fall continually 
 into decay, being, both without and within, an emblem 
 of public poverty, and at the same time a severe reflec- 
 tion on the government of this country, which, it seems, 
 is considerably richer than the generality of the Ameri- 
 can provinces. 
 
 'The council-chamber is a detached building, adja- 
 cent to the former, on a very humble scale. It contains 
 one tolerable room, for the reception of the governor 
 and council, who meet here during the sitting of the 
 assembly, and whose concurrence is necessary in pass- 
 ing all laws. 
 
 'The governor's house is most beautifully situated, 
 and when the necessary alterations are completed, it 
 will be a regular, convenient, and elegant building. 
 The garden is not extensive, but it is disposed to the 
 utmost advantage ; the centre walk is terminated by a 
 small green mount, close to which the Severn ap- 
 proaches ; this elevation commands an extensive view 
 of the bay, and the adjacent country. The same ob- 
 jects appear to equal advantage from the saloon, and 
 many apartments in the house, and perhaps I may be 
 justified in asserting, that there are but few mansions 
 in the most rich and cultivated parts of England, which 
 are adorned with such splendid and romantic scenery. 
 
 'The buildings in Annapolis were formerly of small 
 dimensions, and of an inelegant construction ; but there 
 are now several modern edifices which make a good
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 145 
 
 appearance. There are few habitations without gar- 
 dens, some of which are planted in a decent style, and 
 are well stocked. 
 
 'At present the city has more the appearance of an 
 agreeable village, than the metropolis of an opulent 
 province, as it contains within its limits a number of 
 small fields, which are intended for future erections. 
 But in a few years, it will probably be one of the best 
 built cities in America, as a spirit of improvement is 
 predominant, and the situation is allowed to be equally 
 healthy and pleasant with any on this side the At- 
 lantic. Many of the principal families have chosen 
 this place for their residence, and there are few towns 
 of the same size, in any part of the British dominions, 
 than can boast of a more polished society.' 
 
 Mr. Eddis describes the villas, at this period, in the 
 vicinity of Annapolis, as being pleasant and beautiful, 
 particularly that which belonged to governor Sharpe, 
 about seven miles from this place, on the north side of 
 Severn. It is a most delightful situation. The man- 
 sion-house is large and elegant. Whitehall, the name 
 of this estate, is still in the possession of the descend- 
 ants of the gentleman to whom governor Sharpe be- 
 queathed it. Governor Sharpe resided in this city, and 
 governed the province of Maryland for many years, 
 with honour to himself and satisfaction to the people ; 
 and established a reputation which reflected the highest 
 honour on his public capacity and private virtues. 
 
 In this year, (1769,) the general assembly appro- 
 priated the sum of .7,500 sterling, to be applied to 
 the building of the present state-house. The building 
 of which was superintended by Daniel Dulany, Thomas 
 Johnson, John Hall, William Paca, Charles Carroll 
 13
 
 146 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Barrister, Lancelot Jacques, and Charles Wallace, the 
 majority of whom were empowered to contract with 
 workmen, and to purchase materials ; and were also 
 authorized to draw on the treasurers of the western 
 and eastern shores, for whatever further sums might be 
 required to complete the building. The old state- 
 house was accordingly demolished, and the present 
 one erected on its site. 
 
 The foundation stone of this edifice was laid on the 
 28th day of March, 1772, by governor Eden. On his 
 striking the stone with a mallet, which was customary 
 on such occasions, tradition informs us, there was a 
 severe clap of thunder, although a cloud was not to be 
 seen, the day being clear and beautifully serene. In 
 1773, this building was covered in with a copper roof, 
 and in 1775, this roof was blown off, during the 
 equinoctial gale, the market-house was blown down, 
 and the water is said to have risen three feet perpen- 
 dicular above the common tide, during the storm. 
 
 The dome was not added to the main building until 
 after the revolution. 
 
 The dimensions of the building are here given, 
 to wit: Feet. 
 
 From the platform to the cornice, about 36 
 
 " " cornice to top of arc, or roof, 23 
 
 " " top of the roof to the cornice 
 
 of the facade of the dome, 30 
 
 " " cornice to the band above the 
 
 elliptical windows, < 24 
 
 This terminates the view internally, -113 
 
 From the band to the balcony, . * 22 
 
 Height of the turret, . 17 
 
 From the cornice of the turret to the floor 
 
 of the campanelle, or lantern, ; 6
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 147 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Height of the campanelle, or lantern, . 14 
 Height of the pedestal and acorn, . 10 
 
 Height of the spire, . . . . 1887 
 
 Entire height, 200 
 
 Diameter of the dome, at its base, . . 40 
 
 do. balcony, .... 30 
 
 do. turret, . 17 
 
 do. campanelle, or lantern, . . 10 
 
 do. acorn, . . . . 3 8 in. 
 
 Length of the front of the building, . 120 
 
 Depth, (exclusive of the octagon,) . . 82 
 
 The architect of this building was a Mr. Joseph 
 Clarke. Mr. Thomas Dance, who executed the stucco 
 and fresco work on the interior of the dome, fell from 
 the scaffold just as he had finished the centre piece, 
 and was killed. 
 
 ,. Mr. Eddis, in a letter dated Annapolis, Feb- 
 ruary 20th, 1770, says, 'on Saturday last, our 
 little city appeared in all its splendour. It was the 
 anniversary of the proprietary's birth. The governor 
 gave a grand entertainment on the occasion to a nu- 
 merous party ; the company brought with them every 
 disposition to render each other happy, and the festi- 
 vity concluded with cards and dancing, which engaged 
 the attention of their respective votaries until an early 
 hour. 
 
 'I am persuaded there is not a town in England of 
 the same size of Annapolis, which can boast a greater 
 number of fashionable and handsome women, and 
 were I not satisfied to the contrary, I should suppose 
 that the majority of our belles possessed every advan-
 
 148 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 tage of a long and familiar intercourse with the man- 
 ners and habits of your great metropolis.' 
 
 Annapolis has always been celebrated for the ele- 
 gance and beauty of her female population ; and the 
 compliment paid to them by Mr. Eddis in 1770, is 
 equally true at the present time. 
 
 In this year, and for many years later, there 
 existed in this city, a society called ' The Saint 
 Tamina Society,' who set apart the first day of May in 
 memory of 'Saint Tamina^ whose history, like those 
 of other venerable saints, is lost in fable and uncer- 
 tainty. It was usual on the morning of this day, for 
 the members of the society to erect in some public 
 situation in the city, a 'May-pole,* and to decorate 
 it in a most tasteful manner, with wild flowers gath- 
 ered from the adjacent woods, and forming them- 
 selves in a ring around it, hand in hand, perform 
 the Indian war dance, with many other customs which 
 they had seen exhibited by the children of the forest. 
 It was also usual on this day for such of the citizens, 
 who chose to enter into the amusement, to wear a 
 piece of bucks-tail in their hats, or in some conspicu- 
 ous part of their dress. General invitations were 
 given, and a large company usually assembled during 
 the course of the evening, and when engaged in the 
 midst of a dance, the company were interrupted by 
 the sudden intrusion of a number of the members of 
 'Saint Tamina's Society,' habited like Indians, who 
 rushing violently into the room, singing the war songs, 
 and giving the whoop, commenced dancing in the 
 style of that people. After which ceremony, they 
 made a collection, and retired well satisfied with their 
 reception and entertainment. This custom of cele-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS, 149 
 
 brating the day was continued down, within the recol- 
 lection of many of the present inhabitants of this city. 
 
 On Monday, the 9th of September, 1771, the editor 
 of the Maryland Gazette says, 'the new theatre in 
 West street was opened with the Roman Father and 
 Mayor of Garret, to a numerous and brilliant audience, 
 who expressed the greatest satisfaction, not only at the 
 performance, but with the house, which is thought to 
 be as elegant and commodious for its size, as any 
 theatre in America.' 
 
 The theatre above mentioned, was built of brick, of 
 handsome structure, the boxes were commodious and 
 neatly decorated, the pit and gallery were calculated to 
 hold a number of persons without incommoding each 
 other ; the stage was well adapted for dramatic and 
 pantomimical exhibitions, and several of the scenes 
 reflected great credit on the ability of the painter. In 
 1782, the general assembly appointed Samuel Chase 
 and Allen Quynn, trustees of this property, for the use 
 of John Henry and others, of the American company 
 of comedians. This theatre was built upon ground 
 leased from St. Anne's Parish, and when the lease 
 expired, about 1814, the vestry of the parish took pos- 
 session of it, and sold it. It was soon after pulled 
 down. A carriage manufactory is now erected on 
 its site. 
 
 Mr. Dunlap, in his history of the American theatre, 
 admits that Annapolis has the honour 'of having erect- 
 ed the first theatre, the first temple to the dramatic 
 muse.' Of this fact there can rest no doubt, for as 
 early as the year 1752, a theatre was built here, and in 
 which were performed some of Shakspeare's best plays, 
 
 13*
 
 150 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 In 1774. John Ridout. Samuel Chase, Wil- 
 774 
 
 liana Paca, Upton Scott and Thomas Hyde, 
 
 Esquires, were appointed trustees for building in An- 
 napolis 'an elegant church,' which is to be adorned with 
 a steeple. The old church to be pulled down, and the 
 new one erected at the same place. 
 
 In return for 1500, contributed by the public au- 
 thorities, there was provided a pew for the 'governor, 
 a large one for the council, one for the speaker, pews 
 for the members of the legislature, judges and strangers, 
 all of which are to be in the most airy, agreeable and 
 commodious, part of the church, and to be properly 
 ornamented.' 
 
 The old church was accordingly razed to the ground, 
 and the present Episcopal church erected on the 
 site ; of which more will be said in another place. 
 On the 25th of May, of this year, (1774,) in conse- 
 quence of the 'act of parliament for blocking up the 
 harbour of Boston/ a meeting of the citizens of An- 
 napolis was called, when the following proceedings 
 were had : 
 
 'At a meeting of the inhabitants of the city of An- 
 napolis, on Wednesday, the twenty-fifth day of May, 
 1774, after notice given of the time, place, and occa- 
 sion of this meeting, 
 
 'Resolved, That it is the unanimous opinion of this 
 meeting, that the town of Boston is now suffering in 
 the common cause of America, and that it is incum- 
 bent on every colony in America, to unite in effectual 
 measures to obtain a repeal of the late act of parlia- 
 ment, for blocking up the harbour of Boston. 
 
 'That it is the opinion of this meeting, that if the 
 colonies come into a joint resolution to stop all impor-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 151 
 
 tation from, and exportation to Great Britain, till the 
 said act be repealed, the same will preserve North 
 America, and her liberties. 
 
 'Resolved, Therefore, that the inhabitants of this 
 city will join in an association with the several coun- 
 ties of this province, and the principal provinces of 
 America, to put an immediate stop to all exports to 
 Great Britain, and that after a short day, hereafter 
 to be agreed on, that there shall be no imports from 
 Great Britain, till the said act be repealed, and that 
 such association be on oath. 
 
 'That it is the opinion of this meeting, that the 
 gentlemen of the law of this province bring no suit 
 for the recovery of any debt due from any inhabitant 
 of this province, to any inhabitant of Great Britain, 
 until the said act be repealed. 
 
 'That the inhabitants of this city will, and it is 
 the opinion of this meeting, that this province ought 
 immediately to break off all trade and dealings with 
 that colony or province, which shall refuse or decline 
 to come into similar resolutions with a majority of 
 the colonies. 
 
 'That Messieurs John Hall, Charles Carroll, Thomas 
 Johnson, jun., William Paca, Matthias Hammond, 
 and Samuel Chase, be a committee for this city to join 
 with thos*e who shall be appointed for Baltimore Town, 
 and other parts of this province, to constitute one 
 general committee ; and that the gentlemen appointed 
 for this city inmmediately correspond with Baltimore 
 Town, and other parts of this province, to effect such 
 association as will secure American liberty.' 
 
 Mr. Eddis, writing from Annapolis to England, on 
 the 28th of May, immediately after the above proceed-
 
 152 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ings were had, begins his letter by saying, 'all Ame- 
 rica is in a flame ! I hear strange language every day. 
 The colonists are ripe for any measures that will tend 
 to the preservation of what they call their natural 
 liberty. I enclose you the resolves of our citizens; 
 they have caught the general contagion. 
 
 'Expresses are flying from province to province. It 
 is the universal opinion here, that the mother country 
 cannot support a contention with these settlements, if 
 they abide strictly to the letter and spirit of their 
 associations.' 
 
 After the publication of the resolves entered into on 
 Wednesday, the 25th of May, had appeared, several 
 gentlemen of influence expressed their belief, that if 
 the sentiments of the people had been properly taken, 
 it would not appear that the whole of the proceedings 
 received their unanimous support. And to obviate 
 this objection, hand-bills were distributed, and a general 
 attendance was earnestly requested, in consequence of 
 which, on the evening of the 27th, a second meeting 
 of the citizens was held, when the proceedings of the 
 previous meeting of the 25th of May were fully sus- 
 tained. 
 
 But on the ensuing Monday, a protest made its 
 appearance, signed by one hundred and thirty-five 
 persons, amongst whom are to be found the' names of 
 many of the first importance at that day in this city, 
 and in the neighbourhood, and is as follows : 
 'To THE PRINTERS : 'May 30/A, 1774. 
 
 'A publication of the enclosed protest, supported 
 by the names of a considerable number of the inhabi- 
 tants of the city of Annapolis, will, it is presumed, 
 furnish the most .authentic grounds for determining
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 153 
 
 
 
 the sense of the majority, on a question of the last 
 importance. 
 
 1 We whose names are subscribed, inhabitants of 
 the city of Annapolis, conceive it our clear right, and 
 most incumbent duty, to express our cordial and expli- 
 cit disapprobation of a resolution which was carried by 
 forty-seven against thirty-one, at the meeting held on 
 the 27th instant. 
 
 'The resolution against which we protest, in the 
 face of the world, is the following : 
 
 'That it is the opinion of this meeting, that the 
 
 gentlemen of the law of this province, bring no suit 
 
 'for the recovery of any debt due from any inhabitant 
 
 of this province, to any inhabitant of Great Britain, 
 
 until the said act be repealed.' Dissentient. 
 
 First 'Because we are impressed with a full con- 
 viction, that this resolution is founded in treachery and 
 rashness, inasmuch as it is big with bankruptcy and 
 ruin, to those inhabitants of Great Britain, who, rely- 
 ing with unlimited security on our good faith and in- 
 tegrity, have made us masters of their fortunes, con- 
 demning them unheard) for not having interposed their 
 influence with parliament in favour of the town of 
 Boston, without duly weighing the force, with which 
 that influence would probably have operated ; or 
 whether, in their conduct, they were actuated by 
 wHaom and policy, or by corruption and avarice. 
 
 Secondly 'Because whilst the inhabitants of Great 
 Britain are partially despoiled of every legal remedy 
 to recover what is justly due to them, no provision 
 is made to prevent us from being harrassed by the 
 prosecution of internal suits, but our fortunes and per- 
 sons are left at the mercy of domestic creditors, with-
 
 154 ANNALS^ OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 out a possibility of extricating ourselves, unless by a 
 general convulsion, an event in the contemplation of 
 sober reason, replete with horror. 
 
 Thirdly 'Because our credit as a commercial peo- 
 ple, will expire under the wound ; for what confidence 
 can possibly be reposed in those, who shall have ex- 
 hibited the most avowed, and most striking proof that 
 they are not bound by obligations as sacred as human 
 invention can suggest. 
 
 'Lloyd Dulany, William Cooke, James Tilghman, 
 Anthony Stewart, William Steuart, Charles Steuart, 
 David Steuart, Jonathan Pinkney, William Tuck, 
 Thomas Sparrow, John Green, James Brice, George 
 Gordon, John Chalmers, John Anderson, John Uns- 
 worth, James Taylor, William Cayton, George Ran- 
 ken, Robert Moor, Jonathan Parker, Brite Seleven, 
 John Varndel, John Annis, Robert Ridge, Robert 
 Nixon, Thomas Kirby, Williams Edwards, Robert 
 Lambert, William Eddis, John Clapham, Elie Val- 
 lette, Robert Buchanan, William Noke, James Brooks, 
 Richard Murrow, John Brown, John Hepburn, Colin 
 Campbell, Nathaniel Ross, William Niven, James 
 Kingsbury, James Barnes, John Sands, James Wil- 
 liams, Joseph Williams, John Howard, William Mun- 
 roe, John D. Jaquet, John Norris, John Steele, N. 
 Maccubbin, Shoem. Thomas Hammond, Thomas Pi- 
 pier, Thomas Neal, William Tqnry, James McKen'e, 
 Nicholas Minsky, Martin Water, John Warren, Wil- 
 liam Chambers, James Clarke, Denton Jacques, Joseph 
 Dowson, Thomas Macken, Richard Burland, Dan. 
 Dulany, of Dan., R. Molleson, Robert * Couden, 
 William Aikman, George French, John Parker, Archi- 
 bald Smith, Thomas Bonner, Matthias Mae, Alexander
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 155 
 
 McDonald, David Crinnig, John Timmis, David Atchi- 
 son, James Maynard, William Harrison, Robert Kirk- 
 land, William Ashton, Robert Morrison, Charles Bry- 
 an, John Haragan, Hugh Hendley, Richard Thompson, 
 Reverdy Ghiselin, Charles Marckel, John Randall, 
 William Stiff, James Mitchel, Charles Roberts, Samuel 
 Skingle, Thomas Stiff, Henry Jackson, William De- 
 venith, James Hackman, Charles Barber, John Evitts, 
 James Maw, Jordan Steiger, Joseph Richards, Ed- 
 ward Owens, Thomas Pryse, J. Wilkinson, Robert 
 Key, Lewis Jones, William Willatt, John King, Wil- 
 liam Prew, Thomas Towson, William Howard, John 
 Donaldson, Dan. Dulany, of Walter, William Wor- 
 thington, Thomas B. Hodgkin, William Wilkins, Tho- 
 mas French, Joseph Selby, William Gordon, Thomas 
 Hyde, John Maconochie, Philip Thomas Lee, John 
 Ball, Samuel Owens, Samuel Ball, Thomas Braith- 
 waite, James Murray, Richard Mackubin, Michael 
 Wallace, William Hyde, Nathan Hammond, Peter 
 Psalter, Joseph Browing, Thomas Hincks, Lewis Neth, 
 Edward Dogan, J. H. Anderson, Richard Burt, Henry 
 Horsley, Cornelius Fenton, Richard Addams, George 
 Ranken, senior, Edward Wilmot, Robert Lang, George 
 Nicholson, Benjamin Spriggs, John Horton, Charles 
 Wright, Constantine Bull, Amos Edmons, Henry Si- 
 bell, Joshua Cross, John Woolford, Sam. H. Howard, 
 Oliver Weeden, Alexander Finlater, Con. McCarty, 
 Jonathan Simpson.' 
 
 Brig Peggy Stewart. On Saturday the 15th of 
 October, 1774, the brig Peggy Stewart arrived at 
 Annapolis from London, with servants and a quantity 
 of goods, among which were seventeen packages, 
 containing two thousand three hundred and twenty
 
 156 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 pounds of tea, consigned to Thomas Charles Williams 
 and company, merchants, in Annapolis. 
 
 This intended importation was immediately disco- 
 vered, and the citizens were summoned to a general 
 meeting. On examination, it appeared, that Messrs. 
 Williams had, on this occasion, imported a larger 
 quantity of that detestable plant, as it was then termed, 
 than by any former opportunity; and that Mr. An- 
 thony Stewart, the proprietor of the vessel, had paid 
 the duties thereon ; though he was not in any manner 
 concerned in the shipment of the tea. This being 
 deemed a submission to the contested claim of the 
 British parliament, very severe censures were passed 
 on the parties concerned, and a general spirit of resent- 
 ment appeared to have predominated. After several 
 modes of proceeding had been proposed and discussed, 
 it was determined to appoint a committee to attend the 
 vessel, and prevent the landing of the tea, until the 
 sense of the country could be fully ascertained. The 
 ensuing Wednesday was appointed for that purpose, 
 and proper measures were pursued to give the neces- 
 sary information. 
 
 Mr. Stewart, apprehensive of the consequences 
 likely to ensue, solicited a previous meeting of the 
 citizens on the following Monday, trusting that, by 
 timely submission, measures might be taken to prevent 
 the assembling of so numerous a body as were ex- 
 pected to come in from the county, from whom he had 
 much to fear, with respect to his person and property. 
 
 At this meeting it was proposed by some, that 
 Messrs. Stewart and Williams, who were desirous 
 to make atonement for the offence they had committed,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 157 
 
 might be permitted to land and burn the tea, in any 
 place that should be appointed for that purpose. 
 
 This motion was, however, strongly opposed by 
 others, who insisted on matters remaining as they 
 were, until the time appointed for the county meet- 
 ing, in order that a more public acknowledgment 
 and satisfaction might be made. 
 
 Mr. Stewart, with a view to moderate the resent- 
 ment which his conduct had occasioned, distributed 
 the following hand-bill and affidavit, which were also 
 publicly read, but without any apparent effect in his 
 favour. 
 
 'To the gentlemen of the committee, the citizens 
 of Annapolis, and the inhabitants of Anne Arundel 
 county. 
 
 'Gentlemen : I find by a hand-bill, that you are 
 requested to meet to take into consideration what is 
 proper to be done with the tea, the property of Tho- 
 mas C. Williams and Co., now on board the brig 
 Peggy Stewart, and finding my conduct censured for 
 having paid the duty on that tea to the collector, I 
 take the liberty to present a plain narrative of the 
 part I have acted therein, and the motives by which 
 I was actuated. Deeply interested as I am in the 
 peace and harmony of this country, no man would 
 be further than myself from taking any steps to dis- 
 turb them. I am not in the least connected with 
 any thing that relates merely to the importation, indeed 
 so cautious have I been of infringing in the least, 
 any of the resolutions of America, that I did not 
 order a single farthing's worth of goods by that ves- 
 sel, though I could have done it on such easy terms 
 as to freight and shipping charges, much less should 
 14
 
 158 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 I have thought of ordering any tea, after the distur- 
 bance which the importation of that article had occa- 
 sioned on the continent. When the brig arrived, 
 the captain informed me she was very leaky, and 
 that the sooner she was unloaded the better. 
 
 'I told him to enter his vessel, but not the tea, 
 which I found, on inquiry of the collector, could not 
 be done. Under these circumstances, the brig leaky, 
 and fifty-three souls on board, where they had been 
 near three months, I thought myself bound, both in 
 humanity and prudence, to enter the vessel, and leave 
 the destination of the tea to the committee. 
 
 'The impropriety of securing the duty did not then 
 occur to me, neither did I know the tea would be 
 suffered to be lodged as a security for the payment. 
 I had nothing in view but to save the vessel from 
 a seizure, and of having an opportunity of releas- 
 ing the passengers from a long and disagreeable con- 
 finement. 
 
 'The duty on tea has been paid hitherto, both 
 in Virginia and Maryland, by every importer of goods, 
 in this case I am not the importer. If I have erred 
 in my part of the transaction, I declare, upon my 
 honour, it is without the least intention ; I have in- 
 fringed no rules prescribed by the general resolutions 
 of this province. It happened, unluckily, that the 
 tea was put on board of captain Jackson's brig, in the 
 manner as will be seen by the annexed affidavit, and it 
 can be incontestably proved, the captain refused taking 
 tea on board. 
 
 'Mr. Williams was in London when the tea was 
 shipped, and must have known that many merchants 
 had refused to ship that article. I have only to add,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 159 
 
 that. I am sincerely sorry for my conduct on this occa- 
 sion, which has been the cause of so much uneasiness, 
 and freely submit it to your candid consideration. 
 'I am, gentlemen, 
 
 'Your most humble servant, 
 
 'ANTHONY STEWART. 
 'Annapolis, Oct. 17, 1774.' 
 
 'AFFIDAVIT. Captain Richard Jackson, master of 
 the brig Peggy Stewart, deposeth and saith, 
 
 'That immediately after the landing of his cargo in 
 London, he applied for, and obtained a general permit 
 from the custom-house, to receive India and other goods 
 on board for exportation ; and (as is always customary 
 in such cases,) gave security, and took an oath not to 
 re-land the same in any part of Great Britain. But 
 having great reason to believe, any importation of tea 
 would be unfavourably received in America, he was 
 fully determined, and had resolved not to receive any 
 on board ; and publickly on the Exchange of London, 
 in the month of July, refused to receive tea, which 
 was offered to be shipped by Kelley, Lott and Co. 
 This deponent further saith, that by the method of 
 shipping goods from London, tea may be put on board 
 any ship, without the knowledge of the master. All 
 goods are examined at the custom-house, and sent by 
 the shipper, in lighters, on board the ship, with only a 
 common bill expressing the parcels, and not the quan- 
 tities contained, or the qualities of them ; these are 
 received by the mate of the ship, who gives a receipt 
 on the lighter-bill, which is again returned to the ship- 
 per, and the master signs his bills of lading at London, 
 by the lighter-bill, specifying the parcels, without 
 knowing the contents, and clears out the ship at the
 
 160 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 custom-house with merchandize, without knowing or 
 mentioning of what nature. 
 
 'The cockets containing the particulars of each 
 parcel, are sent by the officers of the customs at Lon- 
 don, to the custom-house at Gravesend, and there 
 lodged to be called for by the captain or master of 
 the ship on his passage to sea. In this manner the 
 goods shipped in the Peggy Stewart, were received on 
 board. And this deponent further saith, that he saw 
 Thomas Charles Williams, to whom the tea is con- 
 signed, and Amos Hayton, who shipped the same, 
 frequently in London, neither of whom ever mentioned 
 to him their intention of shipping any ; that he did 
 not know of any tea being on board, until after he 
 had received his cockets at Gravesend, and that he 
 would not have received the same had he known 
 thereof. RICH. JACKSON.' 
 
 4 Sworn before me this 11 th Oct., 1774, 
 
 PHIL. THOS. LEE.' 
 
 On Wednesday, the appearance, agreeably to expec- 
 tation, was numerous, and the delegated committee 
 were attended by Messrs. A. Stewart and Williams, 
 who acknowledged the impropriety of their proceed- 
 ing, and signed the paper, of which the following is 
 a copy : 
 
 'We James Williams, Joseph Williams, and An- 
 thony Stewart, do severally acknowledge, that we 
 have committed a most daring insult, and act of the 
 most pernicious tendency to the liberties of America ; 
 we the said Wiliiams's, in importing the tea, and said 
 Stewart, in paying the duty thereon, and thereby de- 
 servedly incurred the displeasure of the people now
 
 
 
 
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 161 
 
 convened, and all others interested in the preservation 
 of the constitutional rights and liberties of North 
 America, do ask pardon for the same ; and we solemnly 
 declare, for the future, that we never will infringe any 
 resolution formed by the people, for the salvation of 
 their rights, nor will we do any act that may be inju- 
 rious to the liberties of the people, and to shew our 
 desire of living in amity with the friends of America, 
 we request this meeting, or as many as may choose to 
 attend, to be present at any place where the people 
 shall appoint, and we will there commit to the flames, 
 or otherwise destroy, as the people may choose, the 
 detestable article, which has been the cause of this 
 our misconduct. 
 
 ANTHONY STEWART, 
 JOSEPH WILLIAMS, 
 JAMES WILLIAMS.' 
 
 Mr. Stewart, on account of what was deemed a 
 cheerful and ready compliance wilh an unconstitu- 
 tional act of the British legislature, was particularly 
 obnoxious, and though he publicly read his recanta- 
 tion, expressed in the most submissive terms, there 
 were some who were warmly disposed to present him 
 with a suit of tar and feathers. Others were in favour 
 of the destruction of the brig, which had imported the 
 hateful commodity, whilst many others declared, that 
 the paper signed by the offenders, wilh their untx- 
 torted consent to burn the tea, was a sufficient punish- 
 ment and satisfaction. But to determine this point 
 with certainty, it was proposed and assented to, that 
 a division should take place on the following question: 
 Whether the vessel should or should not be destroyed ? 
 
 14*
 
 162 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 When it was carried in the negative by a considerable 
 majority ; the citizens in general, appearing averse to 
 violent measures. But as the minority were chiefly 
 persons who resided at a distance from Annapolis, 
 as some of them had great influence in their neigh- 
 bourhood, and intimated a determined resolution to 
 proceed to the utmost extremities, the instant they 
 could collect sufficient numbers to support them, Mr. 
 Stewart was induced by the advice of Charles Carroll, 
 of Carrollton, Esquire, and from an anxious desire 
 to preserve the public tranquillity, as well as to secure 
 his own personal safety, to propose setting fire him- 
 self to the vessel, which being immediately assented 
 to, he instantly repaired on board, accompanied by 
 several gentlemen who thought it necessary to attend 
 him, and having directed her to be run aground, near 
 the wind-mill point, he made a sacrifice of his valu- 
 able property, and in a few hours the brig, with her 
 sails, cordage, and every appurtenance, was effec- 
 tually burnt.* 
 
 Mr. McMahon in his history of Maryland, says, in 
 reference to the affair of the Peggy Stewart 'the tea 
 burning at Boston has acquired renown, as s.n act of 
 unexampled daring at that day in the defence of Ame- 
 rican liberties, but the tea burning at Annapolis, which 
 occurred in the ensuing fall, far surpasses it in the 
 apparent deliberation and utter carelessness of con- 
 cealment, attending the bold measures which led to 
 its accomplishment.' 'This instance, in its manifes- 
 tation of public feeling, is of a character with those 
 which occurred in other parts of the province, and 
 
 * Eddis' Letters.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 163 
 
 they evince the prevalence throughout it, of the most 
 determined and resistless opposition to the measures 
 of the English government.' 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Tea Burning in Frederick County The Citizens of Annapolis or- 
 ganized into Military Companies Proceedings of the Baltimore 
 Committee of Observation The ship Totness, with salt on board, 
 burnt just below Annapolis General Charles Lee Massachusetts' 
 Colony Lord Viscount Barrington Addresses Gen. Burgoyne 
 and Gen. Lee Council of Safety Chart of the Harbour of Anna- 
 polis Appropriation to fortify the City Fortifications Slaughter 
 Houses Certain Citizens ordered to leave the City Colonel John 
 Weems before the Committee of Safety Their proceedings there- 
 on Captures in the Chesapeake, by Capt. Nicholson, of the ship 
 Defence Offers Battle to Otter sloop of War Balls prohibited 
 throughout the Province A Declaration of the Delegates of Mary- 
 land Meeting of the Associations of the City of Annapolis Their 
 Proceedings Mary land Troops leave Annapolis for Philadelphia 
 Letters from Philadelphia Appeal to Maryland Responded to 
 Battle on Long Island Maryland Troops Major Gist Maryland 
 Officers made prisoners at Long Island Thomas Johnson, jr. Esq. 
 Governor of Maryland British Ships of War pass up the Bay 
 Gov. Johnson's Proclamation Mr. Griffith Baltimore Troops 
 Battle of Brandywine General Smallwood Colonel Smith Fort 
 Mifflin Surrender of General Burgoyne Count Pulaski Battle 
 of Monmouth Letter from Commodore Grason to Gov. Johnson 
 Battle at the Capes Winter of 1780 Chesapeake crossed by 
 carts and carriages Baron de Kalb Battle of Camden The 
 Baron wounded His death Congress voted a Monument to his 
 memory To be erected in Annapolis Inscription for the Monu- 
 ment Extracts of Letters relative to the Battle of Camden Mary- 
 land Troops Battle of the Cowpens Col. Howard Maryland 
 Troops British Sloops of War off Annapolis General Lafayette 
 drives them down the Bay Meeting of the citizens of Annapolis 
 To consider the Acts of Assembly For the Emission of Money
 
 164 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Bills Their Proceedings Militia Assembled at Annapolis Bri- 
 tish Fleet arrives before York Troops landed Maryland Regi- 
 ment marches from Annapolis to join the Southern Army The 
 Recruiting Service Gen. Smallwood The Fourth Maryland Re- 
 giment marches from Annapolis to join the Marquis de la Fayette 
 The French Fleet, kc. at Annapolis From the Head of Elk 
 The French Army arrives from the North about the same time, on 
 their way to Virginia Battle of Eutaw Extract of a Letter from 
 Camp Col. Howard Maryland and Virginia Troops Officers 
 killed and wounded at Eutaw Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 
 Rejoicing at Annapolis. 
 
 TEA BURNING in Frederick county, (taken from the 
 Maryland Gazette, Dec. 22, 1774. 
 
 'The committee for the upper part of Frederick 
 county, Maryland, having met at Elizabeth Town,* 
 on the 26th of November, which was the day ap- 
 pointed for the delivery of John Parks' chest of tea, 
 in consequence of his agreement published in the 
 Maryland Journal of the 16th ult. 
 
 'After a demand was made of the same, Mr. Parks 
 offered a chest of tea, found on a certain Andrew 
 Gibson's plantation, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, by the committee for that place, which tea 
 he declared was the same he promised to deliver. 
 
 'The committee are sorry to say that they have 
 great reason to believe, and indeed with almost a 
 certainty, that the said chest of tea was in Cumber- 
 land county at the time Parks said upon oath it was 
 at Christen Bridge. 
 
 'After mature deliberation, the committee were of 
 opinion, that John Parks should go with his hat off, 
 ?md lighted torches in his hands, and set fire to the 
 tea, which he accordingly did, and the same was 
 
 * Now Hagerstown, in Washington county, Maryland.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 165 
 
 consumed to ashes, amongst the acclamations of a 
 numerous body of people. The committee were also 
 of opinion that no further intercourse should be had 
 with the said Parks. Every friend to liberty is re- 
 quested to pay due attention to the same. 
 
 'Voted, the thanks of this committee to that of 
 Cumberland county, for their prudent and spirited 
 behaviour upon this occasion. 
 
 'Signed by order of the committee. 
 
 MOHN STULL, President. 
 
 'N. B. The populace thought the measures adopted 
 by the committee were inadequate to the transgression, 
 and satisfied themselves by breaking his door and 
 windows.' 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, December 22, 1774. 
 
 'In compliance with the recommendation of the 
 deputies of the several counties of this province, at 
 their late convention, to such of the gentlemen, free- 
 holders, and other freemen of this province, as are 
 from sixteen to fifty years of age, to form themselves 
 into companies, and to chuse their officers ; on Satur- 
 day last a number of the citizens met, and chose their 
 officers agreeably to the recommendation; the com- 
 panies are composed of all ranks of men in this city, 
 gentlemen of the first fortunes are common soldiers ; 
 this example, it is not doubted, will be followed by 
 every town and county in this province. 
 
 'It is said that there are a sufficient number of citi- 
 zens to form another company, which it is hoped will 
 be immediately done.' 
 
 'BALTIMORE, April 19th, 1775.' 
 Extracts from the proceedings of the Balti- 
 more committee of observation.
 
 166 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 1 Committee Chamber, Jipril 3, 1775. 
 
 information being made to the committee that a 
 few individuals, inhabitants of this town, have of late 
 worn pistols or private arms, alleging in justification 
 of their conduct, 
 
 'That a motion had been made in the committee to 
 sacrifice some of the persons in this town, who differed 
 from them, or were averse to the public measures now 
 carrying on in this province ; and that they wore arms 
 against any such attempts.' 
 
 'The committee, to remove any prejudice that may 
 be taken by the public against them, and to prevent 
 the ill effects of such false and injurious reports, if 
 circulated without contradiction, do solemnly declare, 
 that no such motion was ever made, or any entry 
 relative to the same, minuted in their proceedings. A 
 few members of the committee were of opinion, that 
 the names of such persons, who upon application, had 
 refused to contribute for the purchase of arms and 
 ammunition, should be published, but even this mea- 
 sure was over-ruled in the committee as improper at 
 that time. 
 
 'Our meetings have been held in public, nor has any 
 person who thought fit to attend, ever been excluded. 
 Our records are free and open for inspection. 
 
 'From the public we receive our authority, not by 
 personal solicitation, but a free and voluntary choice, 
 to that tribunal we submit our actions. 
 
 'Although we have uniformly persevered, and are 
 determined to persevere in carrying into execution 
 the association and measures of the congress, yet in 
 no instance have we exceeded the line pointed out by 
 that assembly, and our provincial assembly : and ab-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 167 
 
 horring every idea of proscription, the committee call 
 upon the persons who have circulated the aforesaid 
 report, to disclose the author. 
 
 ('A true extract from the minutes.) 
 
 'R. ALEXANDER, Sec.' 
 
 1 April 15M, 1775. 
 
 'The committee of observation for Baltimore county, 
 reflecting on the many mischiefs and disorders, usually 
 attending the fairs held at Baltimore town, and willing 
 in all things, strictly to observe the regulations of the 
 continental congress, who in their eighth resolution, 
 have advised to discountenance and discourage every 
 species of extravagance and dissipation, especially 
 horse-racing, cock-fighting, &c., have unanimously 
 resolved to recommend it to the good people of this 
 county, and do hereby earnestly request, that they will 
 not themselves nor will suffer any of their families to 
 attend, or in any wise encourage the approaching fair 
 at Baltimore town ; and all persons are desired not to 
 erect booths, or in any manner prepare for holding the 
 said fair. 
 
 'We are persuaded the inhabitants of the town in 
 particular will see the propriety of this measure, and 
 the necessity of enforcing it, as the fairs have been 
 a nuisance long before complained of by them, as 
 serving no other purpose than debauching the morals 
 of their children and servants, affording an opportunity 
 for perpetrating thefts, encouraging riots, drunkenness, 
 gaming, and the vilest immoralities. 
 
 'SAM. PURVIANCE, Jun., Chairman.'' 
 
 1 April 18th, 1775. 
 'The chairman of the committee for Baltimore county
 
 168 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 has this day received from Mr. John Veazey, .306 
 5s. Oc?., being the very generous donation of Cecil 
 county, for the relief of the distressed inhabitants of 
 Boston.' 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, July 20M, 1775. 
 
 'The ship ' TotnessJ captain Harding, belonging to 
 Mr. Gildard, of Liverpool, having on board a cargo 
 of salt and dry goods, in coming up the bay, ran 
 aground near the three Islands at the mouth of West 
 river ; upon this the committee immediately met, and 
 after consideration, determined she should proceed 
 on to Baltimore, her intended port, but before she 
 could get off, highly resenting so daring an infringe- 
 ment of the continental association, a number of people 
 met, went on board, and set her on fire.' 
 
 The following handsome compliment to general 
 Charles Lee, by the congress of the Massachusetts 
 colony, is inserted here, in respect to the memory of 
 that accomplished gentleman and distinguished officer. 
 General Lee, up to the 22d of June, 1775, was an 
 officer in the British army, on half pay. On that day 
 he addressed a letter to Lord Viscount Barrington, 
 secretary of war, in which he said, 
 
 'Although I can by no means subscribe to the 
 opinion of divers people in the world, that an officer 
 on half pay is to be considered in service, yet I think 
 it a point of delicacy to pay a deference to this opinion 
 erroneous and absurd as it is. I therefore apprize 
 your lordship in the most public and solemn manner, 
 that I do renounce my half pay from the date hereof. 
 At the same time, I beg to assure your lordship that 
 whenever it shall please his majesty to call me forth to
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 169 
 
 any honourable service against the natural hereditary 
 enemies of our country, or in defence of his just rights 
 and dignity, no man will obey the righteous summons 
 with more zeal and alacrity than myself; but the pre- 
 sent measures seem to me so absolutely subversive of 
 the rights and liberties of every individual subject, so 
 destructive to the whole empire at large, and ultimately 
 so ruinous to his majesty's own person, dignity, and 
 family, that I think myself obliged in conscience as a 
 citizen, Englishman, and soldier of a free State, to 
 exert my utmost to defeat them.' 
 
 'CAMBRIDGE, July 6th, 1775. 
 
 'To the honourable Charles Lee, Esq., major-gene- 
 ral of the continental army. 
 
 'Sir: The congress of the Massachusetts colony, 
 possessed of the fullest evidence of your attachment 
 to the rights of mankind, and regard to the distresses 
 which America in general, and this colony in particu- 
 lar, are involved in, by the impolitic, wicked and 
 tyrannic system, adopted by administration, and pur- 
 sued with relentless and savage fury, do with pleasure 
 embrace this opportunity to express the great satisfac- 
 tion and gratitude they feel on your appointment as a 
 major-general in the American army. 
 
 'We sincerely congratulate you on your safe arrival 
 here, and wish you all possible happiness and success 
 in the execution of so important a trust. We admire 
 and respect the character of a man who, disregarding 
 the allurements of profit and distinction his merit might 
 procure, engages in the cause of mankind, in defence 
 of the injured, and the relief of the oppressed. From 
 your character, from your great abilities and military 
 15
 
 170 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 experience, united with those of the commander-in- 
 chief, under the smiles of Providence, we flatter our- 
 selves with the prospect of discipline and order, success 
 and victory. 
 
 'Be assured, sir, that it will give us great pleasure 
 to contribute to your happiness. May the favour and 
 blessings of heaven attend you. May divine Provi- 
 dence guard and protect you, conduct you in the 
 paths of honour and virtue, grant you the reward of 
 the brave and virtuous, the applauses of mankind, 
 and the approbation of your own conscience, and 
 eternal happiness hereafter.' 
 
 To which general Lee replied, 
 
 'Gentlemen : Nothing can be so flattering to me 
 as the good opinion and approbation of the delegates 
 of a free and uncorrupt people. I was educated in 
 the highest reverence for the rights of mankind, and 
 have acquired, by a long acquaintance, a most par- 
 ticular regard for the people of America. You may 
 depend, therefore, gentlemen, on my zeal and integrity. 
 I can promise you nothing from my abilities. God 
 Almighty grant us success, equal to the righteousness 
 of the cause. I thank you, gentlemen, for an address 
 which does me so much honour, and shall labour to 
 deserve it.' 
 
 On the arrival of general Burgoyne in America, 
 general Lee, who had been on terms of intimacy and 
 friendship with him, addressed him a letter, in which 
 he sets forth in bold relief the 'wickedness and treach- 
 ery' of the British government, and expresses his 
 deep regret that 'men of such a stamp as Mr. Bur- 
 goyne and Mr. Howe, can be seduced into so impious 
 and nefarious a service by the artifice of a wicked and
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 171 
 
 insidious court and cabinet,' and says, 'not less than 
 150,000 gentlemen, yeomen, and farmers are now in 
 arms, determined to preserve their liberties or perish.' 
 He defends the Americans against the charge of cow- 
 ardice, and passes a high encomium on their bravery, 
 and reminds him of some instances of the reverse, 
 'particularly where the late col. Grant (he who lately 
 pledged himself for the general cowardice of America,) 
 ran away with a large body of his own regiment, and 
 was saved from destruction by the valor of a few 
 Virginians.' 
 
 General Burgoyne, in reply to this letter, defends 
 the course he pursued, and justifies that of his govern- 
 ment, but expresses great personal regard for general 
 Lee, and desires to have an interview with him, for 
 the purpose of delivering into his own hand some 
 letters, 'as well as to renew the rights of our fellow- 
 ship.' To this general Lee replied by the following 
 card: 
 
 'CAMBRIDGE, Head Quarters, July llth, 1775. 
 
 'General Lee's compliments to general Burgoyne 
 would be extremely happy in the interview he so 
 kindly proposed. But as he perceives that general 
 Burgoyne has already made up his mind on this great 
 subject, and that it is impossible that he (general Lee) 
 should ever alter his opinion, he is apprehensive that 
 the interview might create those jealousies and sus- 
 picions so natural to a people struggling in the dearest 
 of all causes, that of their liberty, property, wives, 
 children, and their future generations. He must there- 
 fore defer the happiness of embracing a man whom 
 he most sincerely loves, until the subversion of the
 
 172 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 present tyrannical ministry and system, which he is 
 persuaded must be in a few months, as he knows 
 Great Britain cannot stand the contest. He begs 
 general Burgoyne will send the letters which his aid- 
 de-camp has for him. If Gardiner is his aid-de-camp, 
 he desires his love to him.'* 
 
 1T7fi On the 21st of January, of this year, (1776,) 
 we find the following proceedings were had by 
 the council of safety, relative to the harbour of An- 
 napolis : 
 
 'Resolved, That Messrs. Lancelot Jacques, Charles 
 Wallace, William Hyde, Allen Quynn, James Brice, 
 William Whetcroft, and Beriah Maybury, or any three 
 of them, be requested to make a chart of the land and 
 water at the mouth of this river, specifying the width 
 and depth of the channel between Horn point and 
 Greensbury's point, and some distance without and 
 within the same.' 
 
 On the 16th of March following, the gentlemen 
 returned a chart of their survey, but which, like many 
 other of our public documents, is not to be found 
 among the archives of our State. 
 
 The convention of Maryland appropriated the sum 
 of five thousand nine hundred pounds to fortify this 
 ity. But the council of safety doubting the suffi- 
 ciency of that appropriation to erect suitable fortifica- 
 tions for the defence of the city, expressed their 
 opinion to the convention that, with an additional 
 sum, batteries might be erected on Greensbury's, 
 
 * See Appendix, for a letter from general Lee to the president 
 of the council of safety of Maryland, justificatory of the part he 
 took in advising the seizure of the ''person and papers of governor 
 Robert Edin a letter replete with the noblest sentiments of patriot- 
 ism and zeal, in the cause of American liberty. 

 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 173 
 
 Horn, and Windmill points, and other places adjacent, 
 between those places and the city, on the south side 
 of the river, which would fully answer the purpose of 
 preventing men-of-war approaching the town. They^ 
 therefore asked, and obtained from the convention, 
 authority to draw on the treasury for whatever sums 
 they might deem necessary to complete the fortifi- 
 cations, and to build a number of 'row-gallies or 
 gondolas.' 
 
 Fortifications were accordingly erected on Horn 
 point, Beamen's hill, and Windmill point, besides seve- 
 ral breast-works which were made at various other 
 places. These were all completed, with great vigour 
 and perseverance, under the superintendance of Messrs. 
 James Brice, John Bullen, Charles Wallace, William 
 Wilkins, Beriah Maybury, John Brice, John Campbell, 
 Joshua Fraizer, and Allen Quynn. 
 
 The council of safety, apprehending that the great 
 number of slaughter-houses then in the city, would 
 engender disease, adopted on the 22d day of July, 
 the following order : 
 
 ' Whereas, it hath been represented to the council 
 of safety by physicians and others, that the intolerable 
 stench arising from slaughter-houses and spreading 
 green hides to dry in the city of Annapolis, may be 
 productive of pestilential disorders and ill consequences 
 to the troops and others residing in the said city. 
 Therefore, ordered, that no butcher or other person 
 shall, after the 26th day of this instant, presume to 
 slaughter bullocks, mutton, or any kind of meat, or 
 put up green hides to cure within the limits of said 
 city for and during the term of three months, thence 
 next ensuing.' 
 15*
 
 174 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 On the 18th of December, several of the citizens 
 of Annapolis having received letters demanding their 
 immediate departure from the city, and the council of 
 safety being informed thereof, expressed their sense 
 of the illegality of such a measure, by the following 
 proceedings : 
 
 'In Council of Safety, Dec. 19, 1776. 
 
 'We are called upon by the duty of our station to 
 take notice of the powers assumed by some persons 
 yesterday evening in ordering divers of the inhabi- 
 tants of the city of Annapolis into banishment, with- 
 out any cause assigned, by cards transmitted them. 
 We are of opinion such cards are contrary to our 
 association, flying in the face of the resolves of con- 
 gress and convention, and against the letter and spirit 
 of our declaration of rights. The peace of the State 
 ought and must be preserved, and all offenders brought 
 before the proper judicatures for tryal. Therefore we 
 earnestly recommend to all associators and other well 
 disposed persons to discourage such extra-judicial and 
 disorderly proceedings, tending in their consequences 
 to prejudice the common cause, and to the destruction 
 of order and regular government.' 
 
 And on the 23d of the same month, the following 
 further proceedings were had : 
 
 ' Whereas, we have received information that on 
 Wednesday, the 18th day of this instant, (December) 
 in the evening, cards were delivered to sundry persons 
 in the city of Annapolis, to the following effect : 
 
 'You are hereby ordered to depart this city to-mor- 
 row, 9 o'clock. Signed, J. WE EMS, 
 
 'In behalf of Anne Arundel county.'
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 175 
 
 'Which cards we are informed were delivered by 
 Stephen Steward, Junior, the council of safety having 
 taken the same into consideration, are of opinion that 
 such cards are contrary to the resolves of congress and 
 convention, and against the 21st section of the decla- 
 ration of rights, which asserts : 
 
 * 'That no freeman ought to be taken or imprisoned, 
 or deprived of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or 
 outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or 
 deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the 
 judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.' 
 
 'Ordered, therefore, that the said John Weems and 
 Stephen Steward, Junior, attend the council of safety 
 on the thirtieth day of December, to shew by what 
 authority the said cards were so made out and de- 
 livered.' 
 
 On the 30th of December, colonel John Weems and 
 Stephen Steward, Junior, accordingly appeared before 
 the council of safety, and acknowledged that they had 
 been active in making out and delivering the cards 
 mentioned in the order of the board, and having pro- 
 mised that they would not intermeddle in the same 
 manner again, but would leave all persons to be dealt 
 with according to the law of the land. They were 
 dismissed by the council, on condition that they pay 
 the messenger his fees. 
 
 On Tuesday, the 5th of March, about seven in the 
 evening, information was received at this place, that a 
 man-of-war and two tenders were coming up the bay, 
 and had taken a New England schooner lying at the 
 mouth of the Patuxent river, the wind blowing hard 
 at S. W. and the general expectation was, that they 
 would be at Annapolis in a few hours, the necessary
 
 176 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 dispositions were made to receive them in case they 
 thought proper to land, and expresses were despatched 
 to Baltimore and other parts of the province, to com- 
 municate the intelligence. Between twelve and one 
 o'clock on Tuesday night the wind shifted, and blew a 
 violent gale at N. W., and so continued all day on 
 Wednesday, during which time there was no certain 
 information of the position of the vessels. On Thurs- 
 day there was a light breeze up the bay, and about 
 two o'clock the vessels hove in sight, and at half past 
 three came opposite to the city with some prizes, and 
 stood up the bay. Off the mouth of this harbour they 
 burnt a shallop loaded with oats, and in the evening 
 anchored off the mouth of the Patapsco. On Friday 
 night intelligence was received, that the vessels were 
 the Otter sloop-of-war, and two tenders, and the gene- 
 ral opinion was entertained, that they were going to 
 Baltimore to take or destroy the ship Defence. The 
 Defence, however, being got ready on Friday night, 
 towed down the river, manned with a number of brave 
 fellows, all of whom were Americans in their hearts, 
 and most of them by birth, attended by several smaller 
 vessels, crowded with men, to assist in case of an 
 engagement. Captain Nicholson, of the Defence, got 
 under way early on Saturday morning, resolved to 
 re-take Hudson's ship, (a large vessel the Otter had 
 made a prize of, loaded with wheat and flour,) and to 
 engage the Otter, if she moved to assist the tenders 
 which guarded the prize ; the morning was thick 
 and hazy, and the Defence got nearer to them than 
 was expected, before they discovered her bearing 
 down upon them, those on board the tenders appeared 
 much alarmed, and pushed off with precipitation^ and
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 177 
 
 on a signal given, more hands were sent by the Otter 
 to assist in rowing them off, which was effected with 
 difficulty, leaving three or four small prizes, besides 
 Hudson's ship, all of which fell into the hands of 
 captain Nicholson, who having manned the prize ship, 
 and seeing the Otter get under way, clued up her 
 courses and prepared for battle, expecting her to 
 come up, but the ' Otter' having waited about two 
 hours, as if in expectation of captain Nicholson's 
 coming down, at length bore away, and in the after- 
 noon came to anchor off this port. Captain Nicholson 
 continued his station some time, and having performed 
 his duty in the most gallant manner, returned with his 
 prizes to Baltimore. 
 
 On Sunday morning the Otter sloop and her tenders 
 made sail and went down the bay. The regulars, 
 militia, and the people in general, behaved on this 
 occasion in the most spirited and patriotic manner. 
 
 At this period of gloom and general distress, balls 
 were prohibited in this place, and throughout the 
 province, by a resolve of the convention. The public 
 mind at this period, disinclined as it was to the indul- 
 gence of- the ordinary pleasures and amusements of 
 life, was devoted to matters of a serious character, and 
 therefore musket and cannon balls lost none of the 
 public favour under the interdiction referred to. 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, July 6/A, 1776. 
 
 1 A declaration of the delegates of Maryland. 
 
 'To be exempt from parliamentary taxation, and 
 
 to regulate their internal government and polity, the 
 
 people of this colony have ever considered as their 
 
 inherent and unalienable right : without the former,
 
 178 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 they can have no property; without the latter, no 
 security for their lives or liberties. 
 
 'The parliament of Great Britain has of late claimed 
 an uncontroulable right of binding these colonies in 
 all cases whatsoever, to force an unconditional sub- 
 mission to this claim, the legislative and executive 
 powers of that State have invariably pursued for these 
 ten years past, a studied system of oppression, by 
 passing many impolitic, severe and cruel acts for 
 raising a revenue from the colonists, by depriving 
 them in many cases of the trial by jury, by altering 
 the chartered constitution of one colony, and the 
 entire stoppage of the trade of its capital, by cutting 
 off all intercourse between the colonies, by restraining 
 them from fishing on their own coasts, by extending 
 the limits of and erecting an arbitrary government in 
 the province of Quebec, by confiscating the property 
 of the colonists taken on the seas, and compelling 
 the crews of their vessels, under the pain of death, 
 to act against their native country and dearest friends, 
 by declaring all seizures, detention, or destruction 
 of the persons, or property of the colonists, to be 
 legal and just. 
 
 'A war unjustly commenced, hath been prosecuted 
 against the united colonies with cruelty, outrageous 
 violence and perfidy ; slaves, savages and foreign mer- 
 cenaries, have been meanly hired to rob a people 
 of their property, liberty and lives ; a people guilty 
 of no other crime than deeming the last of no esti- 
 mation without the secure enjoyment of the former. 
 Their humble and dutiful petitions for peace, liberty 
 and safety, have been rejected with scorn ; secure of 
 and relying on foreign aid, not on his national forces,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 179 
 
 the unrelenting monarch of Britain hath at length 
 avowed by his answer to the city of London, his 
 determined and inexorable resolution of reducing these 
 colonies to abject slavery. 
 
 'Compelled by dire necessity, either to surrender 
 our properties, liberties and lives, into the hands of 
 a British king and parliament, or to use such means 
 as will most probably secure to us and our posterity 
 those invaluable blessings. 
 
 'We, the delegates of Maryland, in convention 
 assembled, do declare, that the king of Great Britain 
 has violated his compact with this people, and that 
 they owe no allegiance to him. We have therefore 
 thought it just and necessary to empower our deputies 
 in congress to join with a majority of the united 
 colonies in declaring them free and independent States, 
 in fraq|ing such other confederacy between them, in 
 making foreign alliances, and in adopting such other 
 measures as shall be judged necessary for the preser- 
 vation of their liberties ; provided the sole and exclu- 
 sive rights of regulating the internal polity and govern- 
 ment of this colony be reserved to the people thereof. 
 We have also thought proper to call a new convention, 
 for the purpose of establishing a government in this 
 colony. No ambitious views, no desire of indepen- 
 dence, induce the people of Maryland to form an union 
 with the other colonies. To procure an exemption 
 from parliamentary taxation, and to continue to the 
 legislatures of these colonies the sole and exclusive 
 right of regulating their internal polity, was our original 
 and only motive. 
 
 'To maintain inviolate our liberties, and to trans- 
 mit them unimpaired to posterity, was our duty and 
 
 '*' *
 
 180 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 first wish ; our next, to continue connected with, and 
 dependent on Great Britain. For the truth of these 
 assertions, we appeal to that Almighty Being who is 
 emphatically styled the searcher of hearts, and from 
 whose omniscience nothing is concealed. Relying on 
 His divine protection and assistance, and trusting to 
 the justice of our cause, we exhort and conjure every 
 virtuous citizen to join cordially in defence of our 
 common rights, and in maintenance of the freedom 
 of this and her sister colonies.'* 
 
 'At a meeting of the associators of the city of An- 
 napolis, on Thursday, the llth oif July, 1776. 
 
 'WILLIAM ROBERTS, ESQ., Chairman. 
 'JOHN DUCKETT, Clerk. 
 
 '1st. Resolved, That it is the duty of every inhabi- 
 tant of the city of Annapolis, and all persons having 
 property therein, to contribute every assistance in their 
 power for the protection and defence .of the city and 
 the inhabitants thereof, and that Mr. James Brice, Mr. 
 John Bullen, Mr. Charles Wallace, Mr. William Wil- 
 kins, Mr. Beriah Maybury, Mr. John Brice and Mr. 
 John Campbell, or a majority of them, or of any three 
 or more of them, be a committee to act on behalf of the 
 inhabitants of this city, and that they wait on the 
 'council of safety,' and inform them that the inhabitants 
 will afford every assistance in their power for putting 
 the city into the best posture of defence ; and that the 
 inhabitants will in person, or by others employed at 
 their expense, labour on any intrenchments or works, 
 which the council shall think necessary. 
 
 '2d. Resolved, That the said committee be empow- 
 
 * See Appendix, for two letters from John Hancock, Esquire, to 
 the convention of Maryland, one dated June 4th, and the other July 
 8th, 1776.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 181 
 
 ered to call on every inhabitant of the city, and every 
 person having property therein, to labour in person, or 
 to furnish some person to labour in his stead, at such 
 time and place as the committee shall think proper, on 
 the works as may be ordered by the council of safety, 
 to be erected for the defence of the city. 
 
 '3d. Resolved, That the said committee be autho- 
 rized to execute all matters which may be recom- 
 mended by the council of safety, for the defence of the 
 city, or for keeping the peace and good order therein. 
 
 '4th. Resolved, That no member of this meeting 
 will, and that it is the opinion of the meeting that 
 no inhabitant of the city of Annapolis ought, to buy 
 from or employ, any merchant, tradesman,' or any 
 other person who hath not subscribed the association. 
 
 '5th. Resolved, That application be made by the 
 committee to the council of safety not to employ 
 in the public service any non-associator, and that 
 they be requested to give a preference to such trades- 
 men and others as have manifested their attachment 
 and zeal to the liberties of America. 
 
 ' Ordered, That copies of the above resolutions be 
 transmitted by the chairman to the associators of Bal- 
 timore town for their opinion and concurrence. 
 
 1 Ordered, That the names of the non-associators 
 in this city be published and distributed among the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 'Resolved, That this meeting be adjourned to the 
 10th day of August next, and that the committee 
 have power to call a meeting at any time before, if 
 they shall think proper. 
 
 'True copy of the proceedings. 
 
 'Test, JNO. DUCKETT, Clerk. 1 
 16
 
 182 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 1 ANNAPOLIS, July 11 th, 1776. 
 'Yesterday evening six companies of the first bat- 
 talion of Maryland troops stationed in this city, and 
 commanded by Col. William Smallwood, embarked 
 for the head of Elk in high spirits, and three compa- 
 nies of the same battalion stationed in Baltimore town, 
 embarked yesterday morning for the same place, from 
 thence they are to proceed to Philadelphia.' 
 
 Extracts of a letter from Philadelphia, dated, 
 
 'July 6, 1776, Saturday morning. 
 
 'General Howe has landed a great body of troops 
 on Staten Island : his force cannot be ascertained. 
 General Washington and his troops are in high spirits. 
 The strength of our army at New York cannot be 
 ascertained, the militia pour in so fast that it is im- 
 practicable. The Jersey militia, amounting to 3500, 
 have acquired great honour, in forming and marching 
 with such alacrity and expedition. They have for 
 some time past got over to New York. The batta- 
 lions of our city (every one of them) are marching to 
 Trenton and Brunswick, in the Jerseys. The rifle 
 battalion in the pay of this province, marched yester- 
 day for the same places. The militia in the counties 
 are also ordered to march : out of these bodies they 
 mean to form their quota of the flying camp, to be 
 posted in the Jerseys, and to be at the command of 
 general Washington. It is expected that the lower 
 counties and Maryland will immediately march their 
 quotas of militia, to compose the flying camp, to this 
 city, to defend it in the absence of its own battalions. 
 
 'Your hour of trial is come, your plighted faith, 
 your public honour, the love of your country, and
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 183 
 
 its dearest liberties, in this moment of imminent danger, 
 demand that you instantly fly to the assistance of a 
 sister colony.' 
 
 1 Saturday j noon. 
 
 'An express is just arrived from general Wash- 
 ington, Howe's army consists of 10,000 men : Admi- 
 ral Howe is not yet arrived, but hourly expected with 
 150 sail, having on board 20,000 troops. The ene- 
 my's grand army will consist of 30,000. The whole 
 militia of this province are ordered to the Jerseys. 
 We are in anxious expectation to hear from Mary- 
 land, nor can we for a moment entertain a doubt that 
 our brethren will not desert us, in the day" of our dis- 
 tress. The farmers here have left their harvest, and 
 cast away the scythe for the musket. I should rejoice 
 to hear you have imitated so laudable, so glorious an 
 example.' 
 
 How Maryland responded to this appeal to her 
 patriotism and love of country, is well known. The 
 battle-fields of Long Island, White Plains, Camden, 
 the Cowpens, and of Eutaw, tested the valor of her 
 sons, and proved them to be worthy of the freedom 
 they were resolved to achieve, or perish in the attempt. 
 
 In council, as well as in the field, they were ever 
 found ready to support the freedom and independence 
 of America. 
 
 Extracts of letters from New York. 
 
 'NEW YORK, August 21th, 1776. 
 
 'I sit down in the midst of confusion to tell you 
 that our people have been engaged with the enemy 
 on Long Island, all this morning, and are at it yet; 
 we cannot get at particulars.
 
 184 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'P. S. The first battalion of New York, colonel 
 Lasher, and the Pennsylvania and Maryland battalions 
 behaved with the greatest bravery, even to a fault. 
 They were commanded by Lord Sterling. We forced 
 the enemy into their lines.' 
 
 'PHILADELPHIA, August 31st. 
 
 'You will no doubt be very anxious to receive a 
 particular account of the late engagement between 
 our troops and the enemy on Long Island. 
 
 'Smallwood's battalion of Marylanders were dis- 
 tinguished in the field by the most intrepid courage, 
 the most regular use of the musket, and judicious 
 movements of the body. When our party was over- 
 powered and broken by superior numbers surround- 
 ing them on all sides, three companies of the Mary- 
 land battalion broke the enemy's lines and fought 
 their way through. Captain Veazey and lieutenant 
 Butler, are among the honourable slain. The Mary- 
 land battalion lost 200 men and twelve officers severe 
 fate. It is said our whole loss is five or six hundred.' 
 
 'New YORK, September I. 
 
 'Last Monday morning we went over to Long 
 Island,* and about midnight we were alarmed.' 'Upon 
 which near three thousand men were ordered out, 
 consisting chiefly of the Pennsylvania and Maryland 
 troops.' 'The Delaware and Maryland battalions 
 made one party.' 'Our orders were not to fire until 
 the enemy came within fifty yards of us, but when 
 they perceived we stood their fire so coolly and reso- 
 lutely, they declined coming any nearer, although 
 
 * See Appendix, for an official account of this battle from colonel 
 Smallwood, to the convention of Maryland.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 185 
 
 treble our number. In this situation we stood from 
 sunrise to twelve o'clock, the enemy firing upon us 
 the chief part of the time, when the main body of 
 their army, by a rout we never dreamed of, had entirely 
 surrounded us, and drove within the lines, or scattered 
 in the woods, all our men, except the Delaware and 
 Maryland battalions, who were standing at bay with 
 double their number, broke the enemy's lines and 
 forced their way through.' 
 
 'Many thought they would surrender in a body, 
 without firing; when they began the attack, general 
 Washington wrung his hands, and cried out, good 
 God, what brave fellows 1 must this day lose / Major 
 Gist commanded the Maryland battalion, the colonel 
 and lieutenant-colonel being both at New York. All 
 our officers behaved extremely well. Captain Smith 
 and lieut. Steret conducted their companies to a charm.' 
 'Our army was drove to the lines. The enemy came 
 within one hundred and fifty yards of our fort, but 
 were repulsed with great loss.' 
 
 'A list of Maryland officers made prisoners at Long 
 Island. 
 
 'Capt. Daniel Bowie, wounded ; lieutenants William 
 Steret, William Ridgely, Hatch Dent, WaltefMuse, 
 Samuel Wright, Joseph Butler, wounded, Edward 
 Praul, Edward de Courcy ; ensigns James Fernandes, 
 William Courts. 1 
 
 On Friday, the 21st of March, 1777, Thomas 
 ' Johnson, Junior, Esquire, the first republican 
 governor of Maryland, was proclaimed at the state- 
 house, in the presence of a great number of people, 
 all of whom expressed the highest satisfaction on the 
 occasion ; after which a procession was formed, con- 
 16*
 
 186 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 sisting of the several branches of the government, 
 mayor and city authorities, military, strangers and 
 citizens. 
 
 On a signal of three vollies of small arms from 
 the soldiery, who were paraded in front of the state- 
 house, thirteen cannon were fired. 
 
 The procession then repaired to the 'coffee-house' 
 and partook of a sumptuous entertainment, during 
 which many patriotic toasts were drank. The whole 
 concluded with an elegant ball in the evening. 
 
 'On Thursday, the 21st of August, between two 
 and three hundred sail of British ships-of-war, trans- 
 ports, &c., passed the mouth of this harbour, (Anna- 
 polis,) about 9 o'clock, A. M., and stood up the bay.' 
 
 Immediately after this fleet had passed Annapolis, 
 governor Johnson issued his proclamation, calling on 
 all the county lieutenants, field and other officers of 
 the militia of the western shore of this state, to march 
 at least two full companies of each battalion imme- 
 diately to the neighbourhood of the Susquehanna river, 
 in Cecil and Harford counties, and in concluding the 
 proclamation, says, 'to defend our liberties, requires 
 our exertions ; our wives, our children, and our coun- 
 try, implore our assistance : motives amply sufficient 
 to arm every one who can be called a man.' The 
 governor received information by express, that the 
 eastern shore militia 'were collecting in great num- 
 bers, determined to make the most obstinate resistance 
 against this invasion of the State.' 
 
 Mr. Griffith, in his 'Annals of Baltimore,' says, 
 'Lord Howe's fleet anchored near the mouth of Pa- 
 tapsco river, but proceeded to Turkey point, on Elk 
 river, near which the British army under sir William
 
 , 
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 187 
 
 Howe was landed.' That, 'the independent company 
 now under captain John Sterett, trained as infantry, 
 mounted their own horses, proceeded to watch the 
 enemy on the bay side, and arriving before them at 
 the head of it, joined the main army, including the 
 Maryland line, near Newport, but were then ordered 
 back by the commander-in-chief to assist in protecting 
 their homes.' 
 
 f On the llth September, was fought the battle of 
 Brandywine, at which the Maryland line was present 
 and shared the disasters of the day.' 
 
 'General Smallwood, with Maryland militia, includ- 
 ing captains Sterett, Cox and Bailey's companies from 
 Baltimore, joined general Wayne the 21st September, 
 immediately after Grey's sanguinary night attack on 
 the Americans at the Paoli. 
 
 'Those companies in which many citizens who left 
 numerous families dispersed about the country, or 
 exposed to the depredations of the maritime forces of 
 the enemy in the bay, went in the ranks volunteers, 
 shared in the route of Wayne and in the more equal 
 conflict at Germantown, 4th of October, at which 
 place the patriotic Cox, with several of his towns- 
 men, laid down their lives in their country's cause. 
 
 'At the same time colonel Smith commanding a 
 small detachment of continental troops at fort Mifflin, 
 with the aid of commodore Hazlewood's flotilla, in 
 which lieutenant Barney then served, was successfully 
 opposing the passage of Howe's fleet, which had 
 returned from the Chesapeake into Delaware, for which 
 congress voted the colonel a sword.' 
 
 'The gloom occasioned by the passage of the fleet 
 to Philadelphia was soon reversed, and confidence
 
 188 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 generally and forever restored, by the news which 
 arrived here on the 21st October, of the success of 
 general Gates at Saratoga, and the surrender of gene- 
 ral Burgoyne and his whole army four days before.' 
 ft 'Early in 1778, Count Pulaski's legion of 
 cavalry and infantry, raised partly in this State, 
 was organized here. The corps suffered severely in 
 Jersey in the same year, and the next lost their gallant 
 commander in Georgia.* 
 
 'On the 28th of June, the British were unsuccess- 
 fully attacked, but finally retired from the fields of 
 Mon mouth, in Jersey, where the Maryland line shared 
 the danger and the glory of the day.' 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, July 9, 1779. 
 
 177 q 'Extract of a letter from commodore Grason, 
 on board the Chester galley, to his excellency, 
 our governor. 
 
 'On Monday morning (the 28th of June,) we 
 weighed and stood out to sea, at 8 o'clock saw a 
 ship and a schooner standing in for Cape Henry, and 
 immediately gave them chase, till within about two 
 leagues of them, they then tacked and stood towards 
 us, which gave me an opportunity of getting nearer 
 the Cape, and in shoal water, when we were about 
 three leagues from Cape Charles, and four jailes from 
 
 * At the attack on Savannah, 'while penetrating the works at the 
 head of about two hundred horse, in order to charge in the rear, 
 Count Pulaski received a mortal wound.' 4th vol. Marshall's Life of 
 Washington. The brave Count Pulaski died of his wound on the 13th 
 of October, and his corpse was carried to Charlestown, and there 
 interred with great military funeral pomp, and with every other 
 mark of respect that a generous and grateful people could show a 
 hero, who had sacrificed his life in defence of their liberties.' Mary- 
 land Gazette, Nov. 12, 1779.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 189 
 
 the ship, it fell almost calm. I then anchored, hoping 
 she would have done the same, but she still kept under 
 way ; finding the tide driving her further from us, as 
 soon as the crew had dined, which was half past two 
 o'clock in the afternoon, we weighed and rowed down 
 to her ; at four we fired a shot, which she returned 
 with a broadside; in about ten minutes the action 
 became general, and continued without intermission 
 till after sun-set, when the wind sprung fresh up 
 southerly, she then made all the sail in her power, 
 and stood to sea, we continued the chase till near ten 
 o'clock, at which time she was quite out of gun-shot ; 
 we then hauled in for the land. She was quite a 
 clean ship, just out of port, mounted with 18 four and 
 six pounders, and two stern chasers on one deck, four 
 carriage guns and several swivels on the quarter deck 
 and forecastle. I have the greatest pleasure in assur- 
 ing your excellency, that the officers and men behaved 
 with great conduct and bravery, and that we had not 
 one man killed or wounded, except captain Dasbiell, 
 who received a slight wound on his hip-bone by a 
 cannon-ball.' 
 
 The winter of 1780, was one of unusual 
 severity, the Chesapeake bay was frozen from 
 its head to the mouth of the Potomac. For many 
 days together persons travelled from Annapolis to 
 Poplar Island, Rock Hall, and Baltimore, on the ice,* 
 and crossed to and from Kent Island in carts zfhd 
 carriages, a distance of seven miles across ; the ice 
 was six or seven inches thick. It is said to have been 
 one of the coldest winters ever known in our climate. 
 On the 8th of September, of this year, the tidings 
 of Baron de Kalb's death reached Annapolis, he having
 
 190 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 died from wounds received at the battle near Camden, 
 South Carolina. His death was much regretted by 
 the citizens, to whom he had greatly endeared himself 
 by his manly virtues, and patriotic bearing, while he 
 sojourned in this city. And such was the esteem in 
 which this veteran, the hero and patriot of the two 
 Hemispheres, was held by the American congress, 
 that soon after his death was known, in the fullness of 
 their gratitude and deep sense of his eminent services 
 in the cause of American liberty, passed the following 
 resolution : 
 
 'In Congress, October, 1780. 
 ^Resolved, That a monument be erected to the me- 
 mory of the late major-general, the Baron de Kalb, in 
 the city of Annapolis, in the State of Maryland,' with 
 the following inscription: 
 
 'Sacred to the memory of 
 
 THE BARON DE KALB, 
 
 Knight of the royal order of military merit, 
 
 Brigadier of the armies of France, 
 
 and 
 Major-general in the service of the United States 
 
 of America. 
 Having served with honour and reputation for 
 
 three years, 
 
 He gave a last and glorious proof of his 
 , attachment to the liberties of mankind, 
 
 and the cause of America, 
 In the action near Camden, in the State of 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 on the 16th August, 1780 ; 
 
 Where, leading on the troops of the Maryland and 
 
 Delaware lines, against superior numbers, 
 and animating them by his example to deeds 
 of valour, ,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 191 
 
 He was pierced with many wounds, and 
 on the 19th following expired, in the 48th year 
 
 of his age. 
 
 The Congress of the United States of America, 
 
 in gratitude to his zeal, services and merit, 
 
 have erected this monument.' 
 
 Thus it seems that congress, impelled by a patriotic 
 and laudable spirit of gratitude and justice to the me- 
 mory of this great man, passed the above resolve, and 
 doubtless in good faith to have this mark of their 
 sense of De Kalb's merit carried into execution. But 
 why it may be inquired, has this monument to heroic 
 worth 1 never been erected? Has congress determined 
 by this delay to sanction the stigma, which has often 
 been cast upon the gratitude of republics'? Sixty 
 years have elapsed, and yet the congress of a great 
 and free nation neglects to redeem its plighted faith to 
 the ashes of the departed patriot ! ! 
 
 It is ardently to 'be hoped that some gallant son 
 of the patriots of '76, will urge, and successfully urge, 
 the speedy execution of this righteous and just resolve 
 of an American congress. 
 
 Annapolis, of all others, is the place where this 
 monument should be erected, as then wisely deter- 
 mined by congress. The immortal De Kalb com- 
 manded the 'glorious old Maryland line,' he was well 
 known and loved here, and to this day his memory 
 is enshrined in the hearts of many of the inhabitants 
 of the 'ancient city,' whose ancestors saw, conversed 
 with, and blessed him. 
 
 Extracts from letters, relating to the battle of Cam- 
 den, South Carolina.
 
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 'BALTIMORE, August 29^, 1780. 
 'On the 16th inst, at two o'clock, A. M., a bloody 
 battle was fought between his excellency, general 
 Gates, at the head of about 3000 men, 900 of whom 
 were regulars, and the British forces under the com- 
 mand of earl Cornwallis, consisting of 1800 regulars, 
 and 2400 refugees. The contending armies engaged 
 each other with the greatest fury, and the prospect for 
 some time was extremely favourable to the American 
 troops, who charged bayonets on the enemy, which 
 obliged them to give ground, and leave some of their 
 artillery in the possession of our advancing troop.' 
 
 September 2. 
 
 'Since my last, advice is received from general 
 Gates, very few of Sumpter's party have suffered, 
 our greatest loss is the baggage and stores. Eter- 
 nal honour is due to the Maryland and Delaware bri- 
 gades, they killed and wounded upwards of 500 of 
 the enemy, and made their retreat good. De Kalb 
 is mortally wounded.* 
 
 * The Baron de Kalb, while making a vigorous charge at the head 
 of a regiment of infantry, fell under eleven wounds. His aid-de- 
 camp, lieutenant-colonel Du Buysson, embraced him, announced his 
 rank and nation to the surrounding foe, and begged that they would 
 spare his life. While he thus generously exposed himself to save 
 his friend, he received several dangerous wounds, and with his 
 general, was taken prisoner. Although he received every attention 
 and assistance it was in the power of the conquerors to bestow, the 
 Baron expired in a few hours. He spent his last breath in dictating 
 a letter expressive of the warmest affection for the officers and men 
 of his division ; of the great satisfaction he derived from the testi- 
 mony given by the British of the bravery of his troops; of his own 
 admiration of the firm opposition they had made to a superior force, 
 after being deserted by the rest of the army ; of the infinite plea- 
 sure he received from the gallant behaviour of the Delaware regiment,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 193 
 
 'The second Maryland brigade, which was on the 
 right, was the last engaged ; the efforts of those troops 
 to recover the day was heroically brave.' 
 
 On the 17th of January, was fought the 
 battle of the Cowpens, in which the Maryland 
 troops were again distinguished. Chief Justice Mar- 
 shall in his life of Gen. Washington, in giving the de- 
 tails of this battle says, 'believing the fate of the day 
 to be decided, the British pressed on with increased 
 ardor, and in some disorder; and when the Ameri- 
 cans halted, were within thirty yards of them. The 
 orders, then given by Col. Howard to face the enemy, 
 were executed as soon as they were received ; and the 
 whole line poured in upon them a fire as deadly as it 
 was unexpected. Perceiving the confusion occasioned 
 by this sudden fire, Howard seized the critical mo- 
 ment, and ordered his regiment to charge them with 
 the bayonet. These orders were instantly obeyed, and 
 the British line was broken.' 'The British were driven 
 from the ground with considerable slaughter, and were 
 closely pursued. Both Howard and Washington press- 
 ed the advantage they had respectively gained, until 
 the artillery and a great part of the infantry had sur- 
 rendered.' 
 
 'This complete and decisive victory cost the Ame- 
 ricans in killed and wounded, less than eighty men." 
 
 'Seldom has a battle in which greater numbers were 
 
 and the companies of the artillery attached to his brigades, and of the 
 endearing sense he entertained of the merit of the whole division 
 he commanded. Congress afterwards directed a monument to be 
 erected to his memory, with an inscription, testifying their sense of 
 his worth and gratitude for his services.' 4<A vol. Marshall's Life of 
 Washington. 
 
 17
 
 194 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 not engaged, been so important in its consequences 
 as that of the Cowpens. By it, Lord Cornwallis was 
 not only deprived of a fifth of his numbers, but lost, 
 so far as respected infantry, that active part of his 
 array, which, in the species of war about to be entered 
 on, is most useful to those who possess it, and most 
 terrible to an enemy. Had the issue of the engage- 
 ment been such as was to have been expected from 
 the relative strength of the two detachments, and Mor- 
 gan's corps, like that of Buford, been cut to pieces, 
 it is impossible to say what consequences would have 
 resulted to the southern States.'* 
 
 In March of this year Annapolis was blockaded by 
 two British sloops-of-war, the 'Hope* and 'Monk 1 
 which for a time prevented the French troops from 
 proceeding to the Head of Elk. Marquis de La- 
 fayette, who commanded these troops and who was 
 then at Annapolis, raised the blockade by a manoeuvre, 
 which would have done credit to a practical cruiser : 
 and which is mentioned in a letter written imme- 
 diately after his arrival at the Head of Elk, to general 
 Washington.! 
 
 * Fourth Vol. Marshall's Life of Washington, 
 
 'Head of Elk, April 8, 1781. 
 
 t Extract. 'On my arrival at Annapolis, I found that our prepara- 
 tions were far from promising a speedy departure. The difficulty ol 
 getting wagons and horses, is immense. There are not boats suffi- 
 cient to cross over the ferries. The state were very desirous of 
 keeping us as long as possible, as they were scared by the apparition 
 of the Hope of twenty guns, and the Monk of eighteen guns which 
 blockaded the harbour, and which as appears from intercepted letters, 
 were determined to oppose our movements. In these circumstancesj 
 I thought it better to continue my preparations for a journey by land, 
 which, I am told, would have lasted ten days on account of ferries ;
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 195 
 
 On the 18th of July, 1781 at a meeting of the citi- 
 zens of Annapolis Charles Wallace, Esq. in the chair, 
 and George Ranken, clerk, was taken into considera- 
 tion 'the late Jaw of the general assembly, for the 
 emission of two hundred thousand pounds, to defray 
 the expenses of the present campaign ; and the sub- 
 scription and association recommended by the legis- 
 lature, to support the credit and value of the said 
 emission' it was among other things, resolved by 
 the said meeting 'that as sufficient means could not 
 be raised to carry on the war by taxes that the emit- 
 ting of bills of credit was necessary, and deemed it 
 to be the duty, and real interest of every citizen of the 
 State who was determined to prosecute the war in 
 defence of his property and liberty, to exert every 
 effort to support the value of the said bills of credit, 
 at par with gold and silver and that every man ought 
 to associate to receive the said bills at par, 
 
 James Brice, Jeremiah T. Chase, Allen Quynn, 
 Frederick Green, Nicholas Maccubbin, jr. Samuel H. 
 Howard, and Thomas Harwood, Esquires, were ap- 
 pointed a committee, to attend to the conduct of asso- 
 ciators, and to see that none of them violated their 
 faith and honour, by wilfully depreciating the said bills 
 of credit and that they should publish the name of 
 any such offender, who should be deemed infamous, and 
 
 and, in the meantime, I had two eighteen pounders put on board a 
 small sloop, which appeared ridiculous to some, but proved to be of 
 great service. 
 
 'On the morning of the 6th, commodore Nicholson went out with 
 the sloop, and another vessel full of men. Whether the sound of 
 eighteen pounders, or the fear of being boarded, operated upon the 
 enemy, I am not able to say ; but, after some manoeuvres, they re-, 
 treated so far as to render it prudent for us to sail for this place.'
 
 196 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 that to deal or associate thereafter with such an one, 
 should be considered as dishonourable. That the 
 credit of the paper money depended solely on public 
 opinion, and must receive its value from the associa- 
 tion of the principal merchants and inhabitants of Bal- 
 timore town, and the principal farmers in the several 
 counties all of whom were earnestly recommended 
 to receive it at par, with specie. 
 
 In August, 1781 we are told, that two thousand 
 three hundred militia, were assembled at Annapolis, 
 on one day's notice, from Baltimore town, and its 
 vicinity when an attack was apprehended from the 
 British fleet which had entered the bay, but which 
 passed up York river, and landed their troops at Glou- 
 cester and York. 
 
 This fact, which evinces the ardor that prevailed 
 amongst our militia of that day, is deemed too credit- 
 able to their patriotic spirit, to be passed, unnoticed. 
 
 On the 28th of the same month, the third Maryland 
 regiment, commanded by Lieut. Col. Peter Adams, 
 marched from this city to join the southern army. 
 This regiment was raised here and is said to have 
 had 'all the appearance of a veteran corps' they were 
 enlisted for three years, and were well equipped for 
 the field. The mutual- good offices which had been 
 exchanged between the citizens, and officers of this 
 regiment while here, rendered their departure a cause 
 of much regret. The ardor that pervaded their ranks, 
 on the prospect of taking the field, and their military 
 appearance, inspired every beholder with a pleasing 
 confidence, that they would render essential services, 
 and be an honour to their country ; nor did they disap* 
 point these expectations as it is well known that the
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 197 
 
 flj 
 
 Maryland troops discharged their duty both in the 
 camp, and on the battle field ; and exhibited examples 
 of intrepidity and military perfection, seldom equalled 
 by the oldest troops. 
 
 The recruiting service then carried on at this place, 
 was under the direction of major-general Smallwood, 
 whose distinguished services in the field, were only 
 equalled by his unremitted attention to this important 
 branch of the service. 
 
 On the 7th of September in the same year, the 4th 
 Maryland regiment, commanded by major Alexander 
 Roxburgh, marched from this city to join the Marquis 
 de La Fayette. This regiment had its full comple- 
 ment, consisting of upwards of six hundred rank and 
 file. When we consider the short time in which the tw r o 
 regiments above mentioned were raised, it affords ad- 
 ditional testimony of the zeal an/1 ability with which 
 Maryland aided in prosecuting the war, and establish- 
 ing our independence. 
 
 On the 12th of September, a fleet of transports 
 arrived here, from the Head of Elk, having on board 
 the artillery, grenadiers, and light troops of the allied 
 army, on their route to James' river. And on the 18th, 
 about four thousand French troops, with a train of 
 artillery, marched into the city from the northward, on 
 their way to Virginia. 
 
 At this time there were anchored off the mouth of 
 our harbour, the 'Romulus,' 'Gentile,' and several 
 other frigates belonging to America's illustrious ally. 
 This must have been a spirit-stirring scene to our little 
 city and made all hearts feel confident in the success 
 of the common cause. 
 
 On the 8th of September in this year, was fought 
 
 n*
 
 198 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the battle of Eutaw where the troops of Maryland, 
 commanded by the 'hero of the Cowpens,' again dis- 
 tinguished themselves. 
 
 Extract of a letter, dated 
 'CAMP, at Trout Springs, September 12th, 1781. 
 
 'The battle of Eutaw, which was fought the 8th 
 instant, happened upon the same ground, on which 
 according to the tradition of this country, a memo- 
 rable battle was fought above a century past, between 
 a body of speculating Europeans, and the natives of 
 the soil. In the first we are told, -six hundred men 
 fell, and we find an Indian mound erected as a monu- 
 ment to perpetuate their glory. In the second, double 
 that number were killed and wounded ; but whether 
 this Christian nation will give such an honourable testi- 
 mony of the great worth of those who now sleep in 
 the bed of honour, is a matter not to be expected. 
 Our victory was complete, though the fate of the day 
 mingled sorrows in the triumph. I will enclose you a 
 list of the killed and wounded of the Maryland bri- 
 gade, &c. which will give you a tolerable idea of the 
 importance of the action. 
 
 'General Greene, who is one of the bravest and best 
 soldiers himself, is highly satisfied with the behaviour 
 of the troops in general, but particularly with our bri- 
 gade ; he saw them make a charge with trailed arms 
 through the hottest of the enemy's fire, and was so 
 delighted with their firmness and vivacity, that he rode 
 up to me, and complimented them in the field. He 
 has also done it in general orders, and made the Vir- 
 ginians a compliment in the same style. They behaved 
 with equal courage. 
 
 'If any former misconduct or accident in war had
 
 w 
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 199 
 
 left a stain upon the Maryland troops, their exemplary 
 conduct upon this occasion should obliterate it forever. 
 Around the monument which I mentioned, four of our 
 excellent officers and many of our brave brother sol- 
 diers fell. Let them rest in that ancient bed of ho- 
 nour. May their virtues only be remembered, and 
 their spirits enjoy eternal glory. 1 
 
 'Officers killed and wounded in the Maryland bri- 
 gade. 
 
 'Captains Dobson and Edgerly, and lieutenants Du- 
 vall and Gold, killed. Lieutenant-colonel Howard, 
 wounded in the shoulder; Captain J. Gibson, in the 
 arm ; Lieutenant Hugon, in the groin ; Lieutenant 
 Woolford, thigh broke ; Lieutenant Ewing, danger- 
 ously in the body ; Lieutenant Lynn, leg broke ; En- 
 sign Moor, thumb shot off.' 
 
 General Greene thought himself principally indebted 
 for this victory, to the free use made of the bayonet by 
 the Maryland and Virginia troops. 
 
 The first intelligence of the surrender of Lord Corn- 
 wallis was communicated by the Count de Grasse, in 
 a letter to the governor of this State and reached 
 Annapolis, on Saturday evening, the 20th of October, 
 1781, by express and which was hailed by the joyful 
 acclamations of the citizens, and firing of the artillery. 
 And on Monday afternoon, a feu de joie was fired by 
 the artillery, and select militia, and in the evening the 
 town was brilliantly illuminated.
 
 200 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 General Washington arrives at Annapolis Public Dinner Ball 
 The Citizens address him His Answer He leaves the City 
 The Birth of a Dauphin celebrated at Annapolis Count Rocham- 
 beau arrives at Annapolis Embarks for France Cessation of 
 Hostilities Public Rejoicing Public Dinner Toasts on the Oc- 
 casion State-House Illuminated Ball Peace General Greene 
 arrives at Annapolis Corporate Authorities of the City address 
 him General Greene's Reply The Society of Cincinnati! for the 
 State of Maryland formed in Annapolis Officers of the Maryland 
 Line Congress in Session at Annapolis General Washington ar- 
 rives there Is entertained by the Citizens Corporate Authorities 
 address him His Reply General Washington resigns his Com- 
 mission into the hands of the Congress Proceedings of Con- 
 gress thereon General Washington again visits Annapolis accom- 
 panied by General Lafayette They are entertained by the General 
 Assembly General Lafayette Addressed by the Governor and 
 Council, and by the Legislature His Answers The General As- 
 sembly naturalizes General Lafayette St. John's College The 
 President of the United States arrives at Annapolis His Decep- 
 tion Annapolis Baltimore Citizens of Annapolis address the 
 President of the United States The President's Reply Defence 
 of Annapolis Tribute to the Memory of Washington General 
 Tureau, arrives at AnnapolisHis Reception William Pinkney 
 arrives at Annapolis His Reception Public Dinner Officers and 
 Crew of the Frigate Philadelphia Meeting of the Citizens of 
 Annapolis Frigate Chesapeake Proceedings of the Citizens 
 Piracy in the Chesapeake Bay Pirates Captured Conclusion. 
 
 ON Wednesday, the 21st of November, 1781, gene- 
 ral Washington arrived in this city, on his way to the 
 northward. 'When the citizens received the plea- 
 sing information of his excellency's arrival, all business 
 ceased, and every consideration gave way to their im- 
 patience to behold their benefactor, and the deliverer of 
 his country. On his appearance in the streets, people 
 of every rank and every age eagerly pressed forward 
 to feed their eyes with gazing on the man, to whom, 
 
 .
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 201 
 
 under Providence, and the generous aid of oar great 
 and good ally, they owed their security, and hopes of 
 future liberty and peace ; the courteous affability, with 
 which he returned their salutes, lighted up ineffable 
 joy in every countenance, and diffused the most ani- 
 mated gratitude through every breast.' 
 
 'You would have thought the very windows spoke. 
 So many greedy looks of young and old through ease- 
 ments darted their desiring eyes upon his visage ; and 
 that all the walls, with painted imagery, had said at 
 once, 'God save thee, Washington.' 
 
 'The general's arrival was announced by the dis- 
 charge of cannon, and he was accompanied to his 
 excellency the governor's, by the honest acclamations 
 of the whigs ; a few tories, to expiate their crimes, and 
 shuffle off the opprobium of their characters, feebly 
 joined in applauding the man whose successes had 
 annihilated their hopes, and whose conduct was a 
 satire on their principles. The president of the se- 
 nate, speaker of the house of delegates, members of 
 the general assembly and council, and many of the 
 citizens, hastened to offer their tribute of affection, 
 which was richly repaid by the engaging frankness 
 and affectionate politeness of the reception. The 
 evening was spent at the governor's elegant and hos- 
 pitable board with festive joy, enlivened by good-hu- 
 mour, wit, and beauty.' 
 
 'On the next day the general partook of a public 
 dinner given by the legislature, as a mark of their 
 respect, and to render the participation of his company 
 as general as possible. In the evening the city was 
 beautifully illuminated, and an assembly prepared for 
 the ladies, to afford them an opportunity of beholding
 
 202 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 their friend, and thanking their protector with their 
 smiles.' 
 
 'His excellency, to gratify the wishes of the fair, 
 crowned the entertainment with his presence, and 
 with graceful dignity and familiar ease so framed his 
 looks, his gestures, and his words, that every heart 
 overflowed with gratitude and love, and every tongue 
 grew eloquent in his praise. When he retired from 
 the assembly with one united voice, all present ex- 
 claimed : 
 
 'Unrivalled and unmatched shall be his fame, 
 And his own laurels shade his envied name.' 
 
 The day on which general Washington reached 
 Annapolis, the following address was presented by the 
 citizens : 
 
 1 To his Excellency General Washington : 
 
 'The citizens of Annapolis feel themselves happy in 
 having an opportunity, personally, to express their 
 affection for, and gratitude to, your excellency. Your 
 private character forces admiration from the foes of 
 virtue and freedom. 
 
 'We derive peculiar pleasure from the contemplation, 
 that the successes at Trenton and Princetown laid the 
 corner stone of our freedom and independence, and that 
 the capture of Earl Cornwallis and his army has com- 
 pleted the edifice, and secured the temple of liberty to 
 us and our posterity. These brilliant and important 
 events are the more agreeable to every American, from 
 the reflection that they were planned by, and executed 
 under, the immediate command of your excellency. 
 
 'The love of your country alone, which induced you 
 to accept the command of our armies at the expense
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 203 
 
 of domestic happiness ; the persevering fortitude and 
 equanimity of soul you have displayed on every occa- 
 sion, and the very important services rendered Ame- 
 rica, justify us in saluting you as the patriot, the hero, 
 and the saviour of your country. 
 
 'Our prayers, with those of millions, are daily offered 
 up to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, for your 
 health, safety and happiness. 
 
 (Signed,) JOHN BULLEN, Mayor. 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, November 21, 1781.' 
 
 To which address general Washington made the 
 following reply : 
 
 '&'r, I am obliged by the polite and affectionate 
 address of the citizens of Annapolis. Nothing can be 
 more flattering to me than to know, that my general 
 conduct has met the approbation of my countrymen : 
 it is the most grateful reward for those services which 
 I have ever, in the course of my command, endea- 
 voured to render them, but which their too great par- 
 tiality has oftentimes over-rated. That the State in 
 general, and this city in particular, may long enjoy the 
 benefits which they have a right to expect from their 
 very spirited exertions in the prosecution of this just 
 war, is the sincere wish of, 
 
 'Sir, your most obedient and 
 
 'Very humble servant, 
 
 'G, WASHINGTON. 
 'The Worshipful JOHN BULLEN, Esq., 
 
 'Mayor of the City of Jlnnapolis. 
 'ANNAPOLIS, November 21, 1781.' 
 
 By this visit Annapolis had an early opportunity of 
 manifesting the gratitude and love which pervaded
 
 204 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 very American bosom, to the father of his country, 
 and the honour of making one of the first public ad- 
 dresses after the crowning act of all his other suc- 
 cesses during the Revolutionary war. For the reader 
 will observe, it was presented but a short time after 
 the -capitulation at Yorktown. 
 
 On Friday the 23d, general Washington left the 
 ity, attended by the prayers of her citizens for his 
 health, safety and happiness. 
 
 On Tuesday, the 25th of June, the birth of a Dau- 
 phin, was celebrated here a public dinner was given 
 in the state-house, to a numerous and most respecta- 
 ble assembly, where many toasts were drunk, suitable 
 to the occasion. Five hundred discharges of cannon 
 "were fired through the day ; and at night a splendid 
 ball was given to 'the fairer part of creation.' 
 
 ^ n the. 4th of January, 1783, his excellency, 
 general count Rochambeau, with his suite, ar- 
 rived in this city, and the next morning embarked on 
 board his most Christian majesty's frigate 'Le Emer- 
 aude,' for France. 
 
 Official intelligence being received by his excellency 
 the governor, of a general cessation of hostilities 
 Thursday, the 24th of April, in this year, was ap- 
 pointed as the day of public rejoicing. And on which 
 6ccasion, a convenient and extensive building was 
 erected on Carroll's Green, sufficient for the accom- 
 modation of many hundreds. Thirteen pieces of artil- 
 lery were planted, and an elegant dinner provided. 
 
 The proclamation being read thirteen cannon were 
 discharged, to announce the glorious and memorable 
 event. The gentlemen then repaired to dinner, at 
 which were present, 'his excellency the governor, the
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 205 
 
 honourable council, members of the senate and dele- 
 gates of the assembly, and a large number of gentle- 
 men, both of town and country ; who with unfeigned 
 satisfaction congratulated each other on the blessings 
 of peace the rising glory of their country the pros- 
 pects of her commerce her future grandeur, and im- 
 portance in the scale of nations.' 
 
 'After dinner the following truly liberal, generous, 
 and patriotic toasts were drunk, each attended with 
 thirteen cannon : 
 
 1. The third of February, 1783 in perpetual me- 
 mory, on which day a virtuous war was concluded by 
 an honourable peace. 
 
 2. The United States may their confederacy en- 
 dure forever. 
 
 3. Friendship with France may every nation imi- 
 tate the depth and moderation of her policy, by which 
 the freedom of navigation has been secured, the liberty 
 of these States confirmed, and the blessings of peace 
 and commerce diffused throughout the globe. 
 
 4. His excellency General Washington. 
 
 5. The generals, officers and soldiers of our army 
 may their services be remembered, and generously 
 rewarded by a grateful people. 
 
 6. The French generals, officers and troops, who 
 served in America. 
 
 7. The Marquis of Fayette .-may our posterity ever 
 retain a grateful sense of his strong attachment to this 
 country, and of the important services rendered it in 
 the field and cabinet. 
 
 8. The immortal memory of the gallant soldiers and 
 virtuous citizens who gloriously fell in the late war. 
 
 9. The patriots of America honour crowns their 
 
 18
 
 206 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 labours; may future ages revere their memory, and 
 emulate their fame. 
 
 10. The United Netherlands, and the friendly powers 
 in Europe. 
 
 11. May the influence of the present revolution be 
 extended to all the nations of the earth, by introducing 
 among them that spirit of humanity, and religious 
 toleration, which has so peculiarly distinguished this 
 country, and united the efforts of all denominations of 
 Christians in the support of freedom. 
 
 12. The Commissioners of the United States at Paris. 
 
 13. The State of Maryland may she ever support 
 religion, learning, and virtue ; preserve justice, public 
 faith, and honour ; give every encouragement and at- 
 tention to agriculture and commerce ; and on all occa- 
 sions maintain with dignity her national character.' 
 
 At night the state-house, a superb building, was 
 beautifully and magnificently illuminated ; and an ele- 
 gant entertainment was given to the ladies at the ball- 
 room, which concluded the evening. 
 
 Thus Annapolis, which had ever been energetic in 
 maintaining the war, was among the first in the Union 
 to hail with joy the blessings of an honourable peace, 
 
 On the 25th of September, (1783,) major-general 
 Greene, and his suite, arrived in the city, from the 
 south, on his way to the north. 
 
 The next day the corporation met, and presented 
 him with the following address: 
 
 l To the Hon* Major-General Greene: 
 
 'Sir, We, the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and com- 
 mon council, of the city of Annapolis, impressed with 
 the most grateful feelings for the eminent services ren- 
 dered these United States, and the cause of liberty,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 207 
 
 by the southern army under your command, beg per- 
 mission to congratulate you on your arrival in this city, 
 and to testify, with the sincerest respect and regard, 
 the lively sense we entertain of the invaluable bless- 
 ings secured to us, by your conduct and unremitted 
 assiduity, in the noblest cause that ever graced a sol- 
 dier's sword. 
 
 'Justice would wear the aspect of adulation, were we 
 to enumerate the many signal endowments which en- 
 dear you to the inhabitants of this city, and inspire us 
 with the warmest and most respectful gratitude. They 
 are such as will ever engage our prayers to Divine 
 Providence, that you may long continue to possess the 
 affections of a generous republic ; to share the sweets 
 of domestic felicity ; and to experience the happy re- 
 ward of your distinguished virtues. 
 
 'This address springs from the heart ; and we solicit 
 your acceptance of it, as the genuine sentiments of a 
 grateful people. 
 
 ' Signed by order and in behalf of the corporation. 
 
 'JAMES BRICE, Mayor. 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, September 26th, 1783.' 
 
 To which his excellency returned the following 
 answer : 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, September 21th, 1783. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, It is with the highest satisfaction I 
 receive your affectionate address, and feel my bosom 
 glow with gratitude upon the occasion. 
 
 'The happy termination of the war affords the most 
 pleasing field for contemplation, and while it promises 
 the richest harvest to the good citizens of America, 
 it gives the sweetest pleasure, and most desirable re-
 
 208 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 pose to the soldier. If the operations of the southern 
 army have answered the expectations of the public, 
 or have had any influence upon this great event, I 
 shall consider it one of the most happy employments 
 of my life. And if to this I may venture to flatter 
 myself, that my conduct either merits, or meets in the 
 smallest degree, the approbation of the public, I shall 
 be still more happy. The honour you have done me, 
 and the troops under my command, are too sensibly 
 felt to be fully expressed, or properly acknowledged. 
 
 'I beg leave to return my most sincere thanks to the 
 corporation, for the interest they take in what concerns 
 my future happiness, peace, and prosperity. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, gentlemen, 
 
 'Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 'NATH. GREENE. 
 
 l To the Corporation of the City of Annapolis. 1 
 
 On the 21st of November, 1783, the order of the 
 Society of Cincinnati, for the State of Maryland, was 
 formed in Annapolis, by the officers of the Maryland 
 line who had here assembled for that purpose. Otho 
 H. Williams in the chair, and John Eccleston, se- 
 cretary. 
 
 The officers of the order elected were, major-ge- 
 neral Smallwood, president; brigadier-general Gist, 
 vice-president ; brigadier-general Williams, secretary ; 
 colonel Ramsey, treasurer ; and lieutenant-colonel. Ec- 
 cleston, assistant treasurer, Annapolis was the place 
 appointed for their annual meetings the proceedings 
 of the order upon the occasion are to be seen at 
 large in the Maryland Gazette, of the 27th of No- 
 vember, 1783. 
 
 The congress of the United States being then in
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 209 
 
 session, at the city of Annapolis, general Washington 
 arrived there with his suite, on Friday, the 17th De- 
 cember, 1783, for the purpose of resigning his com- 
 mission into their hands. He was met a few miles 
 from the city, by generals Gates and Smallwood, 
 accompanied by several of the principal inhabitants 
 of the place, who escorted him to Mr. Mann's hotel, 
 where apartments were prepared for his reception. 
 His arrival was announced by the discharge of can- 
 non. After receiving visits from many of the citi- 
 zens, he waited on the president of congress, with 
 whom he and the members of that body, with the 
 principal military and civil officers of the State, dined 
 on Saturday. 
 
 On Sunday morning, he returned the visits of the 
 citizens and others who had waited on him. 
 
 On Monday, congress gave general Washington 
 a public dinner, at the ball-room, where upwards of 
 two hundred persons of distinction are said to have 
 been present ; and where every thing was provided by 
 Mr. Mann, in the most elegant and profuse style. 
 
 After dinner many toasts were drunk, accompanied 
 by the discharge of cannon. 
 
 At night the state-house was illuminated, where a 
 ball was given by the general assembly, at which a 
 very numerous and brilliant company of ladies was 
 present.* 
 
 The following address was made to general Wash- 
 ington, on this occasion, by the corporate authorities 
 of the city. 
 
 * On this occasion general Washington opened the ball with Mrs. 
 James Maccubbin, of this city, one of the most beautiful women of 
 her day. 
 
 18*
 
 210 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 ' To his excellency General Washington : 
 
 'The mayor, recorder, aldermen, and common coun- 
 cil, of the city of Annapolis, congratulate your excel- 
 lency on the restoration of peace, and the establish- 
 ment of the freedom and independence of the United 
 States of America. The citizens feel themselves par- 
 ticularly happy, in this opportunity afforded them, of 
 expressing their sincere approbation of your most dis- 
 tinguished and unexampled conduct through every 
 stage of the war, and the high sense they entertain 
 of your excellent virtues, fortitude, and unremitting 
 perseverance, under the pressure of the greatest diffi- 
 culties. To you they esteem themselves principally 
 indebted^ under the favour and smiles of Providence, 
 for the inestimable blessings of peace and freedom. 
 This acknowledgment flows from hearts filled with 
 gratitude, and the most perfect respect and veneration 
 for your person and character. 
 
 'In your retirement to the peaceful and pleasing 
 scenes of domestic tranquillity, may America long 
 experience the benign influence of your example, and 
 benefit by the salutary suggestions of your wisdom; 
 and may you, sir, long enjoy your health, and the hea- 
 venly sensations arising from a consciousness of hav- 
 ing done every thing for your country, and wrested her 
 from the oppressive hand of unrelenting tyranny, with- 
 out the hope of any reward, but the approbation of a 
 free people. 
 
 'We are, with every sentiment of esteem and respect, 
 
 'Your excellency's most obedient servants. 
 . 'Signed per order and on behalf of the corporation. 
 
 'J. T. CHASE, Mayor. 1
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 211 
 
 To which address he replied : 
 
 * To the worshipful the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and 
 Common Council of the city of Annapolis : 
 
 'Permit me, gentlemen, to offer you my sincere 
 thanks for your congratulations on the happy events 
 of peace, and the establishment of our independence. 
 
 'If my conduct throughout the war has merited the 
 confidence of my fellow-citizens, and has been instru- 
 mental in obtaining for my country the blessings of 
 peace and freedom, I owe it to that Supreme Being, 
 who guides the hearts of all : who has so signally 
 interposed his aid in every stage of the contest, and 
 who has graciously been pleased to bestow on me the 
 greatest of earthly rewards the approbation and affec- 
 tions of a free people. 
 
 'Though I retiie from the employments of public 
 life, I shall never cease to entertain the most anxious 
 care for the welfare of my country. May the Almigh- 
 ty dispose the heart of every citizen of the United 
 States to improve the great prospect of happiness 
 before us ! And may you, gentlemen, and the inhabi- 
 tants of this city, long enjoy every felicity this world 
 can afford. 
 
 'G. WASHINGTON. 
 
 'December, 1783.' 
 
 'The United States in congress assembled : 
 
 'December 23, 1783. 
 
 'According to order, his excellency, the commander- 
 in-chief, was admitted to a public audience, and being 
 seated, the president,* after a pause, informed him, 
 
 General Mifflin.
 
 212 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 that the United States in congress assembled, were 
 prepared to receive his communications ; whereupon 
 he arose and addressed congress as follows : 
 
 l Mr. President, The great events on which my 
 resignation depended having at length taken place, I 
 have now the honour of offering my sincere congratu- 
 lations to congress, and of presenting myself before 
 them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed 
 to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the 
 service of my country. 
 
 'Happy in the confirmation of our independence and 
 sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity offered 
 the United States of becoming a respectable nation, I 
 resign, with satisfaction, the appointment I accepted 
 with diffidence: a diffidence in my abilities to accom- 
 plish so arduous a task ; which, however, was super- 
 seded by a confidence in the rectitude of our cause, 
 the support of the supreme power of the Union, and 
 the patronage of Heaven. 
 
 'The successful termination of the war has verified 
 the most sanguine expectations ; and my gratitude for 
 the interposition of Providence, and the assistance 
 I have received from my countrymen, increases with 
 every review of the momentous contest. 
 
 'While I repeat my obligations to the army in gene- 
 ral, I should do injustice to my own feelings not to 
 acknowledge, in this place, the peculiar services, and 
 distinguished merits of the gentlemen, who have been 
 attached to my person during the war. It was impos- 
 sible the choice of confidential officers, to compose 
 my family, should have been more fortunate. Permit 
 me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those who have 
 continued in the service to the present moment, as
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 213 
 
 worthy of the favourable notice and patronage of 
 congress. 
 
 'I consider it as an indispensable duty to close this 
 last act of my official life, by commending the in- 
 terests of our dearest country to the protection of 
 Almighty God, and those who have the superintend- 
 ence of them to his Holy keeping. 
 
 'Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire 
 from the theatre of action, and bidding an affectionate 
 farewell to this august body, under whose orders I 
 have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and 
 take my leave of all the employments of public life.' 
 
 He then advanced and delivered to the president 
 his commission, with a copy of his address, and having 
 resumed his place, the president returned him the fol- 
 lowing answer. 
 
 'Sir, The United States in congress assembled, 
 receive with emotions too affecting for utterance, the 
 solemn resignation of the authorities under which you 
 have led their troops with success through a perilous 
 and doubtful war. Called by your country to defend 
 its invaded rights, you accepted the sacred charge, 
 before it had formed alliances, and whilst it was with- 
 out funds or a government to support you. You have 
 conducted the great military contest with wisdom and 
 fortitude, invariably regarding the rights of the civil 
 powers through all disasters and changes. You have, 
 by the love and confidence of your fellow-citizens, 
 enabled them to display their martial genius, and trans- 
 mit their fame to posterity. You have persevered, till 
 these United States, aided by a magnanimous king 
 and nation, have been enabled, under a just Provi- 
 dence, to close the war in freedom, safety, and inde-
 
 214 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 pendence ; on which happy event we sincerely join in 
 your congratulations. 
 
 'Having defended the standard of liberty in this new 
 world ; having taught a lesson useful to those who 
 inflict and to those who feel oppression, you retire 
 from the great theatre of action, with the blessings 
 of your fellow-citizens but the glory of your virtues 
 will not terminate with your military command, it will 
 continue to animate remotest ages. 
 
 'We feel with you our obligations to the army in 
 general, and will particularly charge ourselves with 
 the interests of those confidential officers, who have 
 attended your person to this affecting moment. 
 
 'We join with you in commending the interests of 
 our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, 
 beseeching him to dispose the hearts and minds of its 
 citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them, of 
 becoming a happy and respectable nation. And for 
 you we address to him our warmest prayers, that a life 
 so beloved may be fostered with all his care ; and that 
 your days may be happy as they have been illustrious ; 
 and that he will finally give you that reward which 
 this world cannot give.'* 
 
 Mr. Green, the editor of the Maryland Gazette, in 
 allusion to the resignation by general Washington, of 
 his commission to congress, says : 
 
 'Here we must let fall the scene few tragedies ever 
 drew more tears from so many beautiful eyes, as were 
 affected by the moving manner in which his excellency 
 took his final leave of congress. After which he im- 
 mediately set out for Virginia, accompanied to South 
 
 * Ninth vol. Journal of Congress, pages 12, 13, 14.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 215 
 
 river, by his excellency our governor,* with the 
 warmest wishes of the city for his repose, health and 
 happiness. Long, long may he enjoy them.' 
 7R On Monday, the 29th of November, 1784, 
 general Washington, arrived at Annapolis, ac- 
 companied by the Marquis de la Fayette. On the day 
 following, the general assembly of this State, being 
 then in session, to manifest thei gratitude and attach- 
 ment to those distinguished men, directed an elegant 
 ball to be provided for their entertainment. Mr. Green 
 says, 'the evening was crowned with the utmost joy 
 and festivity, the whole company being made happy 
 by the presence of two most amiable and all-accom- 
 plished men, to whom America is so deeply indebted 
 for her preservation from tyranny and oppression.' 
 
 The following addresses were presented by the ex- 
 ecutive and legislative bodies, respectively, to the Mar- 
 quis, during this visit at Annapolis, with his answers. 
 
 'ANNAPOLIS, November 30th, 1784. ) 
 In Council. ) 
 
 'Sir, We, the governor and council of Maryland, 
 beg leave with the most entire respect and heart-felt 
 satisfaction, to embrace this first opportunity of your 
 presence in the metropolis of this State, since the 
 establishment of our peace, to offer you our warmest 
 congratulations, and to express our high and grateful 
 sense of the illustrious share which you bore in the 
 accomplishment of that happy event. 
 
 'The early and decided part which you took in the 
 cause of American liberty and glory, your generous 
 services for us in the court of your august monarch, 
 
 * William Paca.
 
 216 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 our great and good ally, and your wise and magnani- 
 mous conduct in the field, upon many of the most 
 arduous occasions of the war, have endeared your 
 name to America, and enrolled it high in the list of 
 patriots and heroes, the supporters of her liberty, and 
 founders of her empire. 
 
 'May, sir, your future days be as great and honour- 
 able as the past, and may heaven take under its pecu- 
 liar care and protection, a life so eminently distinguished 
 for its attachment and devotion to the rights and liber- 
 ties of mankind. With every sentiment of regard and 
 respect, we have the honour to be, sir, your most obe- 
 dient humble servant, 
 
 'WILLIAM PACA. 
 
 l The honourable the Marquis de la Fayette.' 
 
 l To his excellency the Governor and the honourable 
 
 Council of the State of Maryland. 
 
 f Sir, In the polite attention of your excellency and 
 council, I find myself equally obliged to your attach- 
 ment, and honoured by your approbation. 
 
 'To have been early adopted among the sons of free- 
 dom, to have seen French and American standards 
 united in the cause of mankind, to have so peculiarly 
 shared in the confidence and friendship of the United 
 States, are ideas the more pleasing to me, as I am 
 assured, -when I reflect upon the difficulties this coun- 
 try overcame, that she will attend to the means of 
 splendor and happiness, which now, thank God, are 
 in her disposal. 
 
 'I beg, sir, your excellency and council will accept 
 the warmest aclchowledgments, and sincerest wishes 
 that an affectionate heart can most respectfully bestow., 
 
 LA FAYETTE.*
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 217 
 
 'November 30, 1784. 
 
 *Sir, The general assembly of Maryland, are happy 
 in having an opportunity of personally testifying the 
 grateful sense they and their constituents entertain of 
 the important services which you rendered these United 
 States during the late war. The strong attachment 
 which you have manifested to its interests in situations 
 the most trying and difficult, still continues to actuate 
 your conduct ; to this attachment and predilection we 
 partly attribute the commercial arrangements lately 
 adopted by his Most Christian Majesty, which bid fair 
 to perpetuate and extend the friendly intercourse and 
 connexions between his subjects and the citizens of 
 these United States. 
 
 'May the Great Ruler of the Universe long preserve 
 a life which has been so early dedicated to the service 
 of humanity, and engaged in the most useful and bril- 
 liant actions. 
 
 <GEO. PLATER, Pres. Sen. 
 <THO. C. DEYE, Sp. Ho. Del. 
 
 l The Marquis de la Fayette.' 
 1 To the Honourable the General Assembly of Maryland : 
 
 1 Gentlemen, On this opportunity so pleasingly anti- 
 cipated, of my respectful congratulations to your gene- 
 ral assembly, I meet such precious marks of your par- 
 tiality, as most happily complete my satisfaction. 
 
 'Amidst the enjoyments of allied successes, affection 
 conspires with interest to cherish a mutual intercourse ; 
 and in France you will ever find that sympathizing 
 good will, which leaves no great room for private 
 exertions. With the ardor of a most zealous heart, I 
 earnestly hope this State, ever mindful of the public 
 spirit she has conspicuously displayed, will to the 
 19
 
 218 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 fullest extent improve her natural advantages, and in 
 the federal Union so necessary to all, attain the highest 
 degree of particular happiness and prosperity. 
 
 'While you are pleased, gentlemen, to consider my 
 life as being devoted to the service of humanity, I feel 
 not less gratified by so flattering an observation than 
 by your friendly wishes for its welfare, and the pleasure 
 I now experience in presenting you with the tribute of 
 my attachment and gratitude. LA FAYETTE.' 
 
 During the sitting of this legislature, the following 
 act was passed : 
 
 'An act to naturalize major-general the Marquis de la 
 Fayette and his heirs male forever. 
 
 ' Whereas, the general assembly of Maryland, anxious 
 to perpetuate a name dear to the State, and to recog- 
 nize the Marquis de la Fayette for one of its citizens, 
 who, at the age of nineteen, left his native country, 
 and risked his life in the late revolution ; who, on his 
 joining the American army, after being appointed by 
 congress to the rank of major-general, disinterestedly 
 refused the usual rewards of command, and sought 
 only to deserve, what he attained, the character of pa- 
 triot and soldier ; who, when appointed to conduct an 
 incursion into Canada, called forth by his prudence 
 and extraordinary discretion, the approbation of con- 
 gress ; who, at the head of an army in Virginia, baffled 
 the manosuvres of a distinguished general, and excited 
 the admiration of the oldest commanders ; who early 
 attracted the notice and obtained the friendship of the 
 illustrious general Washington ; and who laboured and 
 succeeded in raising the honour and name of the 
 United States of America ; therefore,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 219 
 
 'Be it enacted, by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
 That the Marquis de la Fayette, and his heirs male for- 
 ever, shall be, and they and each of them are hereby 
 deemed, adjudged, and taken to be, natural born citi- 
 zens of this State, and shall henceforth be entitled to 
 all the immunities, rights and privileges of natural 
 born citizens thereof, they and every of them conform- 
 ing to the constitution and laws of this State, in the 
 enjoyment and exercise of such immunities, rights and 
 privileges.' 
 
 From this period Annapolis rather declined in her 
 commerce and importance as a city. Until about 
 this time, the merchants of Baltimore had here been 
 obliged to register, enter and clear vessels but a 
 custom-house being now established there, Thomas 
 Sellers, Esquire, naval officer, was authorized to grant 
 registers for vessels at that port. Baltimore, with a 
 thriving and enterprizing people in the interior, at- 
 tracted the produce of the country, until Annapolis 
 gradually lost all trade of importance. This was done 
 without rivalry, from the force alone of circumstances 
 and location. 
 
 Now Baltimore is truly styled the 'emporium of the 
 state ;"* and her increasing population and greatness is 
 viewed by every well-wisher of the State, with plea- 
 sure for the interests of Baltimore and those of the 
 State at large, are too closely united and identified to 
 permit the indulgence of any other feelings than such 
 as must arise in the bosom of every Marylander grati- 
 fied at the growing importance of the one, and pros- 
 perity and honour of the other. 
 
 To the conclusion of this volume from this time, 
 several years will be passed by without notices of any
 
 220 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 kind in regard to the city of Annapolis ; no records 
 or documents are to be found which afford any infor- 
 mation deemed sufficiently interesting or amusing to 
 detail. 
 
 St. John's College was opened and dedicated 
 
 on the llth of November, 1789, with much 
 solemnity, in the presence of a numerous and respecta- 
 ble concourse of people. The members of the general 
 assembly, the chancellor, judges of the general court, 
 together with the gentlemen of the bar, the corporate 
 authorities of the city, and principal inhabitants thereof, 
 preceded by the students, the faculty, and the govern- 
 ors and visiters of the college, walked in procession 
 from the state-house to the college hall. An eloquent 
 sermon, well adapted to the occasion, was preached 
 by the Rev. Dr. W. Smith, who presided for the day. 
 An oration was also delivered by the Rev. Ralph 
 Higinbothom, on the advantages of a classical edu- 
 cation. 
 
 On the 25th of March, 1791, the president of 
 
 the United States, accompanied by his private 
 secretary, major Jackson, reached Annapolis. He was 
 received with every mark of respect and affection, by 
 the citizens, and entertained by them during his visit 
 with their usual and known hospitality. Public din- 
 ners and balls were given on the occasion, and all 
 seem to have vied with each other to make their dis- 
 tinguished guest sensible of the gratitude of a free and 
 enlightened people. On his leaving the city, a com- 
 pany of gentlemen attended him as far as South river 
 ferry, where they took leave of their illustrious fellow- 
 citizen.
 
 ANNALS 01? ANNAPOLIS. 221 
 
 At a meeting of the citizens of Annapolis) 
 convened at the state-house on the 28th of June, 
 1798, the following address to the president of the 
 United States, was unanimously agreed to : 
 
 * To the President of the United States: 
 
 'The address of the citizens of Annapolis, respect* 
 fully sheweth : 
 
 'That gratefully sensible of the blessings we enjoy 
 under a government freely adopted, after mature deli- 
 beration, by the American people, and desirous of per- 
 petuating these blessings to the latest posterity, we 
 view with no less surprise than indignation, the treat- 
 ment of our envoys by the French Directory, and the 
 proffered terms of an ignominious and precarious 
 peace, dependent on the caprice of fleeting and cor- 
 rupt ministers ; we remark with contempt, the opinion 
 entertained that these terms ought to be accepted, be- 
 cause our disunion will render opposition to the enter- 
 prizes of France against this country unavailing. 
 
 'Threatened, as we are, with conditions harder than 
 these, with a dismemberment similar to that of Venice, 
 and with revolutionary systems, which the rulers of 
 France) intoxicated with success, and insatiable of 
 plunder, have produced among several European states 
 within their grasp, we cannot doubt, that all true Ame- 
 ricans will unite cordially in defence of their inde- 
 pendence, and, by union, avert those calamities with 
 which a timid and temporising policy has overwhelmed 
 those countries) the victims of avarice, ambition and 
 intrigue. 
 
 'Believing, as we do, that the executive of the united 
 government has maintained an impartial neutrality, 
 19*
 
 222 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS- 
 
 and that it has sedulously and faithfully endeavoured 
 to cultivate the friendship of France, to reconcile sub- 
 sisting differences, and to remove every just cause of 
 complaint against the United States, (if any there be,} 
 we are determined to support, to the utmost of our 
 abilities, the measures which the government may 
 think proper to adopt for the protection of commerce, 
 the defence of the country, and in vindication of the 
 insulted rights of an independent nation. 
 
 'We should lament the necessity of engaging in a 
 war, which the American people and government have 
 anxiously sought to avoid ; but war, with all its hor- 
 rors, would be preferable to base submission. On the 
 removal of the present rulers of France, it may be 
 expected that a milder policy will succeed that spirit 
 of aggrandisement and conquest which has disorgan- 
 ized Europe; that the French nation, whose sagacity 
 equals its courage, will embrace a different conduct 
 towards us ? it must reprobate the measures which 
 may force us to be its foe ; a speedy reconciliation and. 
 reparation of injuries,, we confidently hope, would re- 
 sult from such a change. But as this event may be 
 distant, it is prudent to be prepared against the worst ; 
 the plans, therefore, now adopted, or about to be 
 adopted, by congress, for putting this country in the 
 best posture of defence, meet our entire approbation. 
 We believe this to be a very general sentiment, and 
 we wish its expression to be as general, that the Direc- 
 tory may cease to project on the supposed disunion 
 of our citizens, the dismemberment and ruin of our 
 country. 
 
 *We admire, sir, and applaud, that firmness of tem- 
 per which, as the chief magistrate of a free people, you.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLI8. 225 
 
 have displayed during your administration. Averse 
 from war, and dreading its concomitant evils, you have 
 evinced an earnest disposition to preserve the peace of 
 your country, while it could be preserved without the 
 sacrifice of its honour and its rights. Persevere, sir, 
 in the same line of conduct ; we trust you may rely 
 on the hearty support of the American people, whose 
 calm good sense discerns their true interests, and 
 whose firm and deliberate courage, under the protec- 
 tion of Providence, will maintain them. 
 
 'Signed by order of the citizens, 
 
 'NICHOLAS CARROLL, Chairman. 1 
 
 To which address the president transmitted the fol- 
 lowing answer: 
 
 ' To the Citizens of Annapolis, in the State of Maryland* 
 
 ' Gentlemen, I am sensible of the honour done to 
 me, and the service to the public, by your unanimous 
 address. 
 
 'The voluntary acknowledgment of freemen of the 
 blessings they enjoy under a government of their own 
 institution and election, may safely be believed to be 
 sincere. 
 
 'With you, gentlemen, I wish to perpetuate these 
 blessings to the latest posterity ; but the fate of Venice 
 cannot fail to remind us of the frailty of all human in- 
 stitutions, and of the necessity of constant vigilance, 
 fortitude and valour, in defence of them r while it calls 
 to our minds the esto perpetua of its great patriot and 
 historian, Father Paul. 
 
 'With you I consider, with astonishment and indig- 
 nation, the repeated and persevering contempt and 
 insolence with which our ambassadors to the French
 
 224 AXNALS OF ANNAPOLlSi 
 
 Directory have been treated; no kind of justification 
 or apology can be made for it. 
 
 'You do no more than justice to the executive au* 
 thorities of the United States, in believing that it has 
 maintained an impartial neutrality, and that it has 
 sedulously and faithfully endeavoured to cultivate the 
 friendship of France. 
 
 'Your determination to support the measures which 
 government may adopt for the protection of commerce) 
 the defence of the country, and in vindication of the 
 insulted rights of an independent nation, is consistent 
 with the character of virtuous citizens and zealous 
 patriots. 
 
 'I agree with you, that war is preferable to any base 
 submission ; nor is it possible that submission itself 
 should avoid war. 
 
 'Although the sagacity of the French nation is equal 
 to its courage, we must consider the powers that be, 
 as their representatives, until they shall determine 
 otherwise, nor will prudence permit us to trust the 
 safety of our country to precarious and contingent 
 events. 
 
 'The applause of the citizens of Annapolis is very 
 flattering to me. My aversion to war, which to me, 
 personally, could bring in its train neither pleasure, 
 profit nor glory, nor any other effect than an incessant 
 anxiety, and unremitted labour, may easily be believed. 
 Yet I cannot sacrifice the honour or essential rights of 
 my country, even at the shrine of peace, but especially 
 when it is obvious that such sacrifices could produce 
 nothing but war. 
 
 'I have the most confident reliance on the support 
 of the American people, their good sense, their dis
 
 ANNAL'S OF ANNAPOLIS. 225 
 
 cernment of their true interests, their firm and delibe- 
 rate courage ; nor will I entertain a doubt that under 
 the protection of Divine Providence, these virtues and 
 talents will preserve them. JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 'United States, May 4, 1798.' 
 
 The citizens of Annapolis in the above spirited 
 address, showed that the stern courage and patriotic 
 ardor which they had been taught in the school of the 
 revolution, were not in the least abated. And that 
 they who were amongst the first to hail with joy, an 
 honourable peace with Great Britain, were now among 
 the earliest of the sons of freedom to repel with indig- 
 nation the insult and oppression of an ambitious and 
 turbulent Directory; and preferred war, with all its 
 train of evils, rather than basely to submit to the 
 dictation of a foreign power. 
 
 In August of this year, 1798, the citizens subscribed 
 a liberal and adequate sum for the purpose of erecting 
 a battery and mounting cannon thereon, for the defence 
 of the city and harbour, and appointed the following 
 named gentlemen a committee to carry the same into 
 effect, viz : John Davidson, John Shaw, John Gassa- 
 way, James Williams and Samuel Godman, Esquires. 
 The 22d day of February, 1800, being the 
 day appointed by the proclamations of the pre- 
 sident of the United States and of the governor of this 
 State, 'as a day of mourning, humiliation and prayer,' 
 the same was observed in this city in the most public 
 and solemn manner, as a just tribute to the memory of 
 the immortal Washington. 
 
 The day was ushered in by a morning gun ; and the 
 colours were suspended from the dome of the state- 
 house, in mourning.
 
 226 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 At half past ten o'clock, the procession proceeded 
 from the state-house, in the following order : 
 
 The Governor. 
 Ministers of the Gospel. 
 
 Executive. 
 Chancellor and Judges of the General Court. 
 
 Officers of Government. 
 
 Professors of the College. 
 
 Major and Corporation of the City. 
 
 Officers of Militia. 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 Citizens. 
 
 During the procession, rnirfute guns were fired the 
 bell tolling. 
 
 The services of the day were performed in St. 
 Anne's church. The Rev. Mr. Higinbothom deli- 
 vered a discourse from the following words : l lt is 
 appointed for all men once to die ;' ; in which (it is said 
 by one who was present) the eminent virtues and dis- 
 tinguished services of the deceased, were portrayed in 
 strong and eloquent language.' 
 
 In the afternoon, the Rev. Mr. Roberts officiated in 
 the same church, who addressed the congregation in 
 an eloquent and masterly discourse from the following 
 text : l Know ye not that there is a prince and a great 
 man fallen this day in Israel.' 
 
 8 On the 15lh November, 1804, the French 
 
 frigate 'Le President,' of 44 guns, captain Le 
 Brosse, arrived and anchored off Annapolis, having 
 on board the celebrated general Tureau, the minister 
 plenipotentiary from the emperor of the French, to 
 the United States. In the afternoon she fired a sa-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 227 
 
 ' 
 
 lute, which was returned by captain Muir's company 
 of artillerists. The next day the general landed under 
 a salute of 17 guns, and was received by the governor; 
 and on the following day he left this city for Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 On the 21st of the same month, the honourable 
 William Pinkney arrived here from his embassy in 
 England. The arrival of this distinguished man, was 
 hailed with joy by his fellow-citizens a large con- 
 Bourse of whom, attended by the members of the state 
 legislature, waited on him. The citizens presented 
 him with a congratulatory address, and invited him to 
 partake of a public dinner. Mr. Pinkney accepted 
 the invitation, and in his reply acknowledged the 
 peculiar sensibility with which he read the kind and 
 flattering testimonial of his fellow-citizens' approbation 
 and esteem, and said 'to meet with such a reception 
 from the inhabitants of my native city, to which in 
 every vicissitude of life and fortune, I have always 
 felt, and shall continue to feel, the most lively attach- 
 ment, is more grateful to my heart than I am able to 
 express.' 
 
 ^ n ^ e ^^ n ^ September, 1805, the release 
 
 of the officers and crew of the frigate Philadel- 
 phia, from Tripolitan captivity, was celebrated by our 
 citizens with every demonstration of joy becoming an 
 event which was hailed with a general exultation 
 throughout our country, especially as their deliverance 
 was effected by the valour and bravery of our gallant 
 little navy. 
 ~ The citizens of Annapolis held a meeting on 
 
 the 29th of June, 1807, and took into conside- 
 ration what measures it became them to adopt in rela-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 I 
 
 tion to the outrage which had been committed upon 
 the frigate Chesapeake, by the British naval force then 
 on our coast. 
 
 His excellency governor Wright, was unanimously 
 requested to take the chair, and John Johnson, esq. 
 was appointed secretary. 
 
 After the cause of the meeting had been stated in an 
 appropriate address from the chair, several spirited re- 
 solutions were adopted, expressive of their sentiments 
 of detestation and resentment, with which they viewed 
 the unprovoked attack upon the Chesapeake pledged 
 their lives and fortunes to co-operate with the govern- 
 ment of the United States in any measure of retalia- 
 tion which might be adopted. Also, renouncing all 
 intercourse with the British ships-of-war stationed on 
 our coast, until the decision of our government should 
 be known; with other declarations on the same sub- 
 ject, and with arrangements for carrying the design of 
 these resolutions into effect. 
 
 On the 26th of August of this year, the startling in- 
 formation was received here of a piracy having been 
 committed in the Chesapeake bay, about thirty miles 
 below Annapolis, by a French pirate, in the capture of 
 the ship Othello, captain Glover, bound to Baltimore. 
 
 Spirited preparations were immediately made, and 
 the 'Holy-Hawk' packet, with two brass four-poun- 
 ders, under command of capt. Muir of the artillery, 
 and capt. Duvall of the infantry, with a detachment of 
 their respective companies, armed with muskets and 
 boarding pikes, accompanied by a boat from the 
 'L'Eole,' (then lying in our harbour,) with thirty- 
 three volunteers, French and American, under the 
 command of lieut. Mann, of the United States' navy,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 229 
 
 and an officer of the 'UEokJ sailed in pursuit of the 
 pirate. They proceeded some distance down the bay, 
 but returned without encountering the modern Kidd. 
 Detachments from Baltimore, under captains Samuel 
 and John Sterett, in conjunction with captain Porter, 
 of the U. S. navy, were more fortunate, The piratical 
 vessel was taken to that port. Five of the crew, who 
 had passed through this place, were captured by our 
 citizens a short distance from town, and were also 
 taken to Baltimore* A gentleman) then high in autho- 
 rity, assured the captors of these five unarmed French 
 pirates, 'that they deserved well of their country.' 
 
 Nothing material transpired from this period until 
 the war of 1812, when the citizens of Annapolis were 
 still the same patriotic and zealous people in the cause 
 of their country, and for which they have ever been 
 distinguished in times of peril and danger : always as 
 resolved to repel an invasion of their soil, as were 
 their ancestors to resist tyranny and oppression, 
 
 20
 
 230 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS, AND 
 ITS MORE PROMINENT PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 City of Annapolis Its Population Shipping Its Site Its Advan- 
 tages Naval Academy The Round Bay Rail Road Its proxi- 
 mity to the seat of the National Government Its Harbour The 
 Treasury The Government-house St. John's College Epis- 
 copal Church Roman Catholic Chapel Methodist Church 
 African House of Worship The Farmers' Bank of Maryland 
 Court-house City Hall City Hotel Ball-room Theatre The 
 Garrison at Fort Severn. 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, the capital of Maryland, received its 
 name in 1708, in honour of Queen Anne, the then 
 reigning monarch of England. It is situated on the 
 south branch of the river Severn, thirty miles south 
 from Baltimore, and forty miles east-north-east from 
 Washington, in latitude 38 58' north ; longitude, 
 Washington city, 31' east. 
 
 Its population is about three thousand ; shipping, 
 4006 tons. It stands on a peninsula formed by 
 Acton's creek on the south, and Covey's creek on 
 the north ; the heads of these two creeks being 
 within half a mile of each other. Its greatest length 
 is little more than a mile, and in breadth something 
 more than half a mile. It covers an area of about an 
 hundred and forty-three acres. The site of the city 
 is one of great beauty, commanding an extensive view 
 of the Chesapeake and the surrounding country, which 
 exhibits a great diversity of landscape and picturesque 
 scenery. The appellation of the 'beautiful city? has 
 often been applied' to her, especially when clothed in 
 nature's brightest livery.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 231 
 
 Annapolis is the natal place of some of the most 
 distinguished men America can boast of; and has the 
 honour of being the native place of five of the most 
 beautiful and accomplished peeresses of our mother 
 land. 
 
 This city is admirably adapted as a location for a 
 Naval Academy, an institution which has long been 
 desired by all classes of our citizens. Her central 
 position between the north and the south ; her proxi- 
 mity to the seat of our national government ; her fine 
 and commodious harbour, which gives her great com- 
 mercial advantages all combine to recommend her to 
 the general government as decidedly the best location 
 in the Union for the site of such an institution. There 
 is water bold and extensive enough for all desirable 
 purposes ; and only seven miles from the mouth of the 
 Severn is the Round Bay, a beautiful sheet of water, 
 which of itself presents a commodious and secure 
 harbour for ships-of-war, and in every respect is an 
 eligible depot for naval stores. The Annapolis and 
 Elkridge rail road being finished, the distance be- 
 tween Annapolis and Washington can be accom- 
 plished in less than three hours, which removes at 
 once all the force of the objection heretofore made on 
 the ground of its difficulty of access during the winter. 
 
 It now occupies three hours by steamboat travel be- 
 tween this place and Baltimore ; by the rail road, two 
 hours, and perhaps less, will suffice to pass from one 
 to the other. And thus will Annapolis be rendered a 
 suitable and convenient outer or winter harbour for the 
 great emporium of our State, whose harbour is fre- 
 quently closed by ice, while this is open all the wintef, 
 unless it be one of unusual severity.
 
 232 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The public buildings are the state-house, the trea- 
 sury, the government-houre, St. John's college, Epis- 
 copal church, Roman Catholic chapel, Methodist 
 church, African house of worship, the Farmers' Bank 
 of Maryland, court-house, city hall, city hotel, ball- 
 room, theatre, the garrison at fort Severn. 
 
 THE STATE-HOUSE. 
 
 The state-house is situated on a beautiful elevation 
 in the centre of the city. It has elicited alike the ad- 
 miration of the citizen, the sojourner, and the stranger, 
 for the beauty of its structure. 
 
 The main building is of brick, and the superstruc- 
 ture which surmounts it is of wood. 
 
 The height from the base to the top of the spire is 
 two hundred feet. From the platform of the dome, 
 which is one hundred and thirty-five feet high, the 
 spectator has one of the most delightful panoramic 
 views to be found within the United States. It com- 
 mands a view of nature in all the beauty of poetic 
 scenery the ancient city its environs the adjacent 
 country the noble Chesapeake, and the eastern shore 
 beyond it, for an extent of thirty miles around, breaks 
 upon the view of the delighted eye. 
 
 The hill on whicli stands this noble edifice, is 
 enclosed by a neat and substantial granite wall., sur- 
 mounted by a handsome iron railing, which is entered 
 by three gates, one situated at the head of Francis 
 street, and in front of the building, the second to the 
 south-west, and the third to the north-east of the 
 circle. 
 
 The main entrance to the building is through a por- 
 tico of but modest pretensions, and opens into a spa-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 233 
 
 cious and beautiful hall, in which is had a view of 
 the interior of the dome, the stucco work of which 
 was made from plaster brought from St. Mary's 
 county. 
 
 On the right hand of the hall is the senate chamber. 
 This room is judiciously and tastefully fitted up for the 
 use of the senators of our State. It is 34 feet by 40 ; 
 it has a lobby and gallery for the accommodation of 
 visitors. Persons of distinction are often invited within 
 the bar of the senate, where seats are provided for 
 them. Portraits at full length,' of the distinguished 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Samuel Chase, William 
 Paca, and Thomas Stone, ornament the walls. These 
 gentlemen were the four signers of the declaration of 
 independence, on the part of Maryland, and were at 
 that period all citizens of Annapolis ; each of them in 
 his day filled various posts of honour and responsibi- 
 lity, and shared largely the confidence and esteem of 
 his fellow-citizens. 
 
 The first named gentleman was the last survivor of 
 that illustrious band of patriots who signed the decla- 
 ration of American independence. 
 
 There is also in this room a portrait of the 'hero of 
 the Cowpens,' the virtuous and excellent John Eager 
 Howard, who has with the rest of his compatriots, 
 gone to the land of his fathers, there to reap the re- 
 wards of an honourable and well-spent life. In 1788- 
 '89 and '90, Mr. Howard was governor of Maryland. 
 The first and last named portraits were painted by 
 Mr. Sully ; the others by Mr. Bordley, both native 
 artists. There is likewise in this room a portrait 
 of the elder Pitt, the friend of America. In this 
 picture lord Chatham is represented at full length, in 
 20*
 
 234 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the attitude and costume of a Roman orator with 
 decorations of emblematical figures, expressive of his 
 noble principles. It was painted by Charles Wilson 
 Peale, (who was a native of Annapolis,) while in Eng- 
 land, and presented by him in the year 1794, to his 
 native State. 
 
 This room is still more memorable as being the spot 
 upon which was consummated the greatest act in the 
 life of the greatest man of any age. It was here that 
 Washington, after having rescued his country from 
 foreign dominion and 'usurpation, nobly laid down his 
 authority on the altar of liberty resigning his com- 
 mission into the hands of congress. 
 
 And in this room, too, was ratified by the same con- 
 gress, the treaty of peace with Great Britain, of 1783, 
 recognizing our independence. 
 
 Adjoining the senate chamber is the committee 
 room, neatly fitted up for the purposes to which it is 
 applied. 
 
 On the left of the hall, immediately opposite to the 
 senate chamber, is the chamber of the house of dele- 
 gates, of the same dimensions of the senate chamber, 
 neatly fitted up, and accommodates seventy-nine mem- 
 bers, who sit at desks conveniently arranged. It has 
 also a lobby and gallery for the accommodation of 
 spectators, and with it are connected committee rooms. 
 From the walls of this room is suspended a large pic- 
 ture, presenting a full length likeness of general Wash- 
 ington, attended by general La Fayette and colonel 
 Tilghman, his aids-de-camp ; the continental army 
 passing in review. In his hand he holds the articles 
 of capitulation at Yorktown. 
 ' This picture was painted by Charles Wilson Peale,
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 235 
 
 in pursuance of a resolution of the general assembly of 
 Maryland. 
 
 At the termination of the hall of entrance, the State 
 library is situated, which is appropriately fitted up. 
 There are seven alcoves on the first floor, and ten 
 arches on the gallery. It contains at this time twelve 
 thousand volumes, and is calculated to hold twenty 
 thousand. It is of but recent origin, and has for the 
 short period of its existence, under the fostering care 
 of the legislature, already become valuable as a State 
 institution. 
 
 This portion of the hall was formerly occupied by 
 the general court of Maryland, and used as a hall of 
 justice until 1804, when that court was abolished. It 
 remained unoccupied from that period until the year 
 1834, when it was fitted up and appropriated to its 
 present purpose. 
 
 In the public hall are two archways, the one on the 
 right, leads by a flight of stairs to the State department, 
 directly over the senate chamber. This room was 
 occupied under the late constitution of the State, by 
 the governor and council. It has recently undergone 
 repair, and is neatly and appropriately furnished. 
 
 The executive business is here transacted by the 
 governor and the secretary of State. 
 
 A room north of the State department, formerly 
 occupied as the State library, is now the office of the 
 adjutant-general. 
 
 Opposite to the door of the State department, a gal- 
 lery leads to the armory, and to the dome of the build- 
 ing. The arrangement of the armory is considered by 
 many as one of great beauty, the arms being disposed 
 of upon the ceiling and walls of the room.
 
 236 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The archway on the left of the public hall, leads by 
 a flight of stairs to the court of appeals' chamber, im- 
 mediately over the hall of the house of delegates, and 
 to the chancery office, which occupies the west angle 
 on the second floor ; likewise to one of the committee 
 rooms of the house of delegates. 
 
 In the rear of the building are two entrances, the 
 one on the west leads to the land office, and the other 
 to record rooms of the court of appeals. 
 
 THE TREASURY. 
 
 Within the circle enclosing the state-house, on the 
 eastern margin of the hill, stands the treasury depart- 
 ment. This building is venerable as well as memora- 
 ble, for having been the legislative hall of the provin- 
 cial government. In the larger room, the lower house, 
 and in the smaller one, the upper house of assembly 
 sat for many years ; such accommodations contrast 
 strikingly with those of the present day. 
 
 From the state-house and Episcopal church circles, 
 respectively, many of the streets radiate, and inter- 
 sect each other at convenient points. The plan is a 
 peculiar and an agreeable one, when viewed from 
 some prominent point. 
 
 GOVERNMENT-HOUSE. 
 
 The main building of the government-house, was 
 erected by Edmund Jennings, Esq., and was pur- 
 chased from him by governor Eden, when he presided 
 over the province of Maryland ; and by whom were 
 built the wings and long room. 
 
 This edifice has a handsome court and garden, ex- 
 tending, with the exception of an, intervening lot, to
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 237 
 
 the water's edge, From the portico looking to the 
 garden, a fine prospect regales the vision. The build- 
 ing consists of two stories, and presents an extensive 
 front; there are on the lower floor a large room on 
 each side of the hall as you enter, and several smaller 
 ones ; the saloon, on the same floor, is nearly the 
 length of the house. On each side of the edifice are 
 commodious kitchens, carriage-houses and stables, 
 with spacious lots. Towards the water, the building 
 rises in the middle in a turreted shape. It stands 
 detached from other structures, and is altogether a 
 delightful and suitable mansion for the residence of 
 the chief magistrate of our State. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE. 
 
 In 1784, the general assembly of Maryland passed 
 an act for founding a college on the western shore, 
 and incorporated the institution by the name of the 
 ( Visitors and Governors of St. John's College;' and 
 for the purpose of providing a 'permanent fund for the 
 further encouragement and establishment of the said 
 college,' the sum of 1750 was 'annually and forever 
 thereafter given and granted, as a donation by the 
 public, to the use of the said college.' 
 
 The legislature also granted for the use of the insti- 
 tution, four acres of land, (now known by the name of 
 the College Green,) and which land had been in the 
 year 1744, conveyed by Stephen Boardley to Mr. 
 Bladen, the then governor of Maryland. Mr. Bladen 
 projected the present college building, as a noble man- 
 sion for the "residence of the governors of Maryland. 
 A Mr. Duff (the architect) came over from Scotland to 
 superintend the construction of the building. Mate-
 
 238 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 rials of every kind were provided equal to the spirit of 
 public liberality, and the edifice was nearly completed 
 in a style of superior magnificence, when an unhappy 
 contention took place between the governor and legis- 
 lature, which increased to such a degree, that at a 
 period when a very trifling sum would have rendered 
 it a noble residence, the further prosecution of the de- 
 sign was discontinued, and it remained for a long time 
 a melancholy and mouldering monument of the con- 
 sequences resulting from political dissensions. It 
 received the cognomen of the 'governor's folly.' 
 
 The depredations of time had greatly injured the 
 interior of the building, which in an unfinished state, 
 continued many years exposed to the inclemency of the 
 weather. But the legislature, actuated by sentiments 
 which reflect the highest credit on their patriotism and 
 wisdom, having determined to endow and found a col- 
 lege for the education of youth in every liberal and 
 useful branch of science, wisely resolved to repair the 
 damages sustained, and to apply the building to the 
 purposes of education. 
 
 The agents appointed by the legislature for solicit- 
 ing subscriptions and donations for St. John's college, 
 were the Rev. John Carroll, the Rev. Wm. Smith and 
 Patrick Allison, Doctors of Divinity, and Richard 
 Sprigg, John Steret and George Diggs, Esqs., with 
 power to appoint other agents. 
 
 By an act of assembly passed in 1785, the funds of 
 'King William's school,' which had been founded at 
 Annapolis ever since the year 1696, were conveyed to 
 St. John's college. 
 
 In thus establishing a seminary of learning at the 
 seat of government, our patriots and statesmen mani-
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 239 
 
 Tested their sense of the great importance of, and the 
 happy results which would flow from an institution of 
 this character, under the State patronage, and how 
 inseparably it was connected with the interest and 
 happiness of our people. For years the flourishing 
 condition of St. John's fully realized the most sanguine 
 expectations of its noble and enlightened founders. 
 Scholars and statesmen were sent forth from her halls, 
 who have been the pride of her own and the admira- 
 tion of other States, and who have earned for them- 
 selves the highest reputation, and reflected honour on 
 their alma rnater. But alas ! this noble and efficient 
 monument of the wisdom of our progenitors, was but 
 too soon to meet a sad reverse of fortune. For as 
 early as the year 1805, we find that political discord 
 that horrible hydra with its hundred heads reared its 
 crest against this institution, and by an act of the legis- 
 lature in that year, the funds of the college were with- 
 drawn. This paralyzed its energies, and reduced it to 
 a languishing condition, in which posture it remained 
 until 1811, when the legislature, partially awakened to 
 a sense of duty and justice to the cause of education, 
 granted $1000 annually, and again in 1821, granted to 
 its visitors and governors a scheme of a lottery, by 
 which was added to its permanent funds, twenty thou- 
 sand dollars. 
 
 In 1831, when the efforts of its visitors and govern- 
 ors were crowned with success in obtaining the ser- 
 vices of its present able principal, a still brighter 
 prospect dawned upon this 'old and favoured institu- 
 tion of our State. By the united and unceasing exer- 
 tions of the faculty, visitors and governors of the insti- 
 tution, it was again placed in a prosperous condition.
 
 240 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 The efforts thus made to revive this venerable seminary 
 of learning, could not but attract the further attention 
 of our legislature. In 1833, the State came nobly to 
 the rescue of good old St. John's, and passed an act of 
 compromise, by which $2000 per annum, in addition 
 to former grants, were secured to the college forever, 
 and which the visitors and governors accepted in full of 
 their legal and equitable claims ; and a deed of release, 
 enjoined by the provisions of the act, was executed 
 and entered upon the records of the court of appeals. 
 
 At a meeting of the board of the visitors and govern- 
 ors of the college, held on the 15th of February, 1834, 
 the principal was authorized and requested to collect 
 subscriptions, to be applied to the erection of suitable 
 buildings for the accommodation of students, and for 
 the improving and extending the library and the philo- 
 sophical apparatus of the institution. 
 
 For the purpose of carrying this object into effect, 
 the principal visited several parts of the State, and 
 succeeded in obtaining a subscription of more than 
 twelve thousand dollars. From the proceeds of which 
 has been erected a beautiful edifice, finished in a style 
 of elegance that reflects great credit upon its pro- 
 jectors. 
 
 This building is designed for one of the professors, 
 and the students ; there are twenty private rooms in it, 
 intended for separate studies for members of the ad- 
 vanced classes, and two large dormitories for pupils in 
 the preparatory branches. A building like this had 
 long been greatly needed, and will add much to the 
 prosperity of the institution. It will accommodate at 
 least sixty students in all the departments. 
 
 There is a library in the institution, but by no means
 
 ANNALS Or ANNAPOLIS. 241 
 
 such an one as it should be ; although there is a large 
 collection of books, and some of them of rare and 
 curious editions, yet they are not of the kind most 
 needed in an institution of the highest order of science. 
 And it is ardently hoped that the State, under whose 
 auspices this institution has been so recently revived, 
 will bestow an adequate fund for furnishing its library 
 with all the standard authors in literature, in science 
 and the arts ; and especially with all the philosophical 
 and scientific journals published in this country and in 
 Europe, 
 
 There have been at all times at least ten students in 
 the institution, who receive instruction free of expense, 
 under the provisions of an act of assembly. Provision 
 is also made by the visitors and governors to receive 
 in addition, one scholar from each county in the State. 
 
 The cabinet of minerals belonging to the college, 
 consists of various and interesting specimens of ores 
 and marls found within the borders of our own State, 
 which have been collected and arranged by Mr. Duca- 
 tel, the distinguished professor who was recently at the 
 head of that branch of science ; also, some very valu- 
 able specimens of minerals and ores of other States and 
 foreign countries. And valuable contributions are con- 
 tinued to be made from various quarters. 
 
 St. John's college stands on an eminence at the ter- 
 mination of Prince George street, and is a four-storied 
 structure, including the basement, and has recently 
 undergone considerable repairs. A more delightful 
 situation was never appropriated than this for its pur- 
 poses. It is situated on the banks of the Severn, 
 within the limits of the city, commanding, in every 
 point of view, the most interesting and beautiful ob- 
 21
 
 242 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 jects. The adjacent country is open and healthy; the 
 contiguous grounds are sufficiently extensive for the 
 advantages of exercise and amusement ; and the fabric 
 contains a variety of spacious and convenient apart- 
 ments for the accommodation of the professors and 
 students. 
 
 The peculiar advantages to youth in being educated 
 at this seminary, are numerous and evident ; with re- 
 spect to health, as far as a high and dry soil, with pure 
 air, will contribute to its preservation, or restore it 
 when impaired, few places can be put in competition 
 with, and none can excel it. The sessions of the 
 general assembly, and the meeting of the courts of 
 appeals, chancery and county, are so obviously bene- 
 ficial to those young men who may be called to the 
 public service, or enter into the profession of the law, 
 that no parent, especially a citizen of our State, should 
 hesitate a moment to send his son, whom he desires to 
 become eminent in any of the professions, to a place 
 where he is the most likely to acquire those qualifica- 
 tions which will render him useful and distinguished 
 as a statesman, or afford him the greatest chance of 
 professional improvement. 
 
 Large cities often defeat the salutary purposes of 
 education, by furnishing incitements to vice, and af- 
 fording opportunities of concealment. Annapolis is 
 happily free from these objections ; and the discipline 
 of this institution is such as to prevent the student 
 from deviating from the path of rectitude, even if so 
 inclined. The forming of manners, so essential to 
 those who are intended for any public or private pur- 
 suit, will keep pace with the improvement of the intel- 
 lect, and a youth when qualified to enter on the scene
 
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 of action, will be enabled to perform his part with 
 ease to himself and satisfaction to the observer. 
 
 If all the advantages mentioned are united in this 
 institution, and which it is presumed no one will dis- 
 pute, why, we may inquire, should the citizens of 
 Maryland send their sons abroad to other seminaries, 
 instead of patronizing an institution of our own? An 
 institution, we will venture to assert, that has sent 
 forth to the world, a constant and regular supply of 
 alumni, who by their talents at the bar, in the sacred 
 desk, and in our legislative halls, have proved them- 
 selves inferior to none from any other seminary in the 
 Union. 
 
 The college green, in the revolutionary war, was 
 used as the encampment of the French army; and 
 also by the American troops assembled in the war of 
 1812. Traces of these encampments still remain, and 
 render it an object of touching interest; parts of it 
 exhibit mounds raised to those who died in service ; 
 and though 'no storied urn' designates the spot where 
 the remains of any distinguished warrior repose all 
 being indiscriminately inhumed yet the interest of 
 their fate is undiminished by this circumstance, when 
 we reflect that they died in the same glorious cause. 
 
 On the grounds east of the college, stands a large 
 forest poplar, or 'American tulip tree,' the age of 
 which is not known. It is highly probable that it 
 formed a part of the forest which was growing when 
 Annapolis was first settled by the puritans in 1649. 
 This tree has been commemorated in verse by a 
 distinguished graduate of St. John's, (the lamented 
 Doctor John Shaw, who was a native of our city,) 
 and is held to this day in great veneration by our
 
 244 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 citizens. But a short time since, it was accidentally 
 set on fire. The occurrence excited as much interest 
 in, and exertion on the part of our inhabitants to 
 extinguish it, and save the old favourite tree from de- 
 struction, as if it had been one of the finest buildings 
 of the town. It was truly gratifying to see the inte- 
 rest elicited and the delight manifested by many when 
 the progress of the fire was arrested. 
 
 THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH 
 
 Is a large and commodious building,* and stands 
 about two hundred yards west of the state-house. It 
 is enclosed by a post and rail fence. Between the 
 church and the enclosure, are arranged in a circular 
 form, Lombardy poplars, which in the summer afford 
 an agreeable shade. The interior of the church is 
 plain and neat, and is capable of containing a nume- 
 rous congregation. A large and fine toned bell hangs 
 in the belfry, and is said to have been presented to the 
 city by Queen Anne. It has an old but fiae organ in 
 the gallery. Fronting the reading-desk and pulpit, 
 affixed to the wall, is a marble statue of chaste and 
 beautiful sculpture, erected in memory of one of the 
 Dulany family. In the church-yard are several sculp- 
 tured tombs enclosed with iron railing, which contain 
 the remains of the Tasker family. There is also a 
 monument erected in memory of some of the members 
 of the Carroll family < 
 
 * This church was erected soon after the American revolution. Its 
 architect was Mr. Robert Key, long a worthy and respectable citizen 
 of Annapolis.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 245 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPEL 
 
 Is a small structure, and is situated on the Duke of 
 Gloucester street. It was built mainly through the in- 
 strumentality of the venerable and generous Charles 
 Carroll of Carrollton. It has been erected but a few 
 years, and has a neat appearance outside. The interior 
 is very appropriate, and the general arrangement is 
 convenient and comfortable. It has a fine new organ 
 in the gallery. Near the chapel is a house for the mi- 
 nister, which is one of a row of buildings that formerly 
 stood there, then known as 'Mac Namara's row,' and 
 is said to be one of the oldest houses in the city. 
 
 THE METHODIST CHURCH 
 
 Was built about twenty years ago, and is capable of 
 accommodating a large congregation. This building 
 is of plain structure, and is situated on the north side* 
 of the state-house circle. It is larger than the Roman 
 chapel, but smaller than the episcopal church, its inte- 
 rior is like the outside, plain, but becomingly neat. 
 
 THE AFRICAN HOUSE OF WORHIP 
 
 Is situated on West street, in the suburbs of the city. 
 It is of brick and but recently erected, large and com- 
 modious, and accommodates the coloured population 
 of the place, who deserve great credit for their liberal 
 contributions towards its erection. 
 
 THE FARMERS' BANK OF MARYLAND 
 
 Is situate at the corner of West street, fronting the 
 church circle. It consists of one story, and is of singu- 
 lar form externally, though the interior, particularly the 
 01* 
 
 I 
 
 *."-,
 
 246 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 banking room, is well calculated for the purpose for 
 which it is intended. It may be truly said of this 
 institution, that it has ever been, and still is con- 
 sidered as sound and as safe as any other banking 
 establishment in this country. 
 
 THE COURT-HOUSE 
 
 Is quite a modern edifice, and stands on the south-west 
 of the church circle. As you enter there is a spacious 
 hall, on each side of which are two commodious 
 offices. The one on the right hand is occupied by the 
 register of wills, the other by the clerk of the county. 
 Immediately in the rear of the clerk's office, is the 
 sheriff's, and at the end of the nail is the court room. 
 This is a fine, spacious room, and well suited to the 
 purposes to which it is appropriated. On the second 
 floor are the jury rooms, surveyor's office, and rooms 
 used by the commissioners of the county. The front 
 roof of the building, compared with the rear, exhibits 
 the appearance of wings. It is enclosed by a brick 
 wall, surmounted by a neat wood railing. 
 
 THE CITY HALL 
 
 Is situate on Church street. It is a neat edifice, and 
 contains a hall on the upper floor the whole length of 
 the house, and is the place of meeting for the corpo- 
 rate authorities of the city. Rising from the roof is a 
 belfry, and under the hall the fire engines and appa- 
 ratus belonging the city are kept. 
 
 THE CITY HOTEL 
 
 Stands at the corner of Church and Conduit streets, 
 and has been in the occupancy of several individuals
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 247 
 
 since its establishment as such. The old building, as 
 it is termed, originally belonged to, and was occupied 
 by, Mr. Lloyd Dulany, as his residence. It is two 
 stories high ; the new building is three ; and a large 
 building of two stories has recently been added, ex- 
 tending back to the Duke of Gloucester street. The 
 present worthy and enterprising proprietors have added 
 greatly to its appearance and comfort. The court front- 
 ing the main building is tastefully embellished by neat 
 enclosures and shrubbery. This structure, with its 
 appendages, covers a large space of ground. It is an 
 excellent establishment, and in every respect well cal- 
 culated for the comfortable accommodation of travel- 
 ers, and others, who make it a place of abode or resort. 
 
 THE BALL ROOM 
 
 Is on the Duke of Gloucester street, and is a spacious 
 edifice. The dancing room is large and of elegant 
 construction, and when illuminated, shows to great 
 advantage ; the walls are decorated by a full length 
 likeness of Charles Lord Baltimore, and portraits of 
 several of the former governors of Maryland. At the 
 lower extremity is the supper room, which was for- 
 merly the revenue office of the province. At the 
 upper end is a card room, for the use of the gentlemen 
 who may choose to enjoy the 'circulation of the party- 
 coloured gentry,' without having their attention di- 
 verted by the sound of the violin, and the evolutions 
 of youthful performers. 
 
 This building was used as our legislative hall, 
 during the erection of the present state-house.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 THE THEATRE 
 
 Is also situated on the Duke of Gloucester street, and 
 is of late construction. It is built of wood, and is 
 rarely opened, not having votaries of the dramatic 
 muse sufficient to sustain it even for a season. 
 
 THE GARRISON AT FORT SEVERN 
 
 Occupies an area of several acres, tastefully laid off. 
 A substantial brick wall encloses in part the garrison, 
 consisting of several handsome buildings ; the river 
 Severn encloses the residue. On approaching this 
 establishment by water, your admiration is elicited by 
 a romantic and picturesque landscape, ornamented by 
 the dwellings, cottages, fort, trees and shrubbery. 
 
 There can be no site better suited for the purpose 
 to which it is applied. Great labour has been be- 
 stowed in rendering it perfectly healthy. The quarters 
 or barracks are preserved with all imaginable neatness, 
 and whatever belongs to the soldiers' apartments is kept 
 in the neatest order. The section of the town where 
 the garrison is located was formerly much neglected, 
 and had a very desolate appearance. Now the entire 
 aspect of the ground is greatly changed and improved 
 from the water's edge, where the fort stands, to the 
 extent of the enclosures. 
 
 The main building, occupied by the commandant of 
 the post, was erected by a Mr. Duff, (the architect of 
 St. John's college,) and by him sold to Mr. Walter 
 Dulany, who resided there for many years.
 
 ANNALS OF ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 249 
 
 Governors of the Province and State of Maryland from 
 the First Settlement in 1633 to 1840. 
 
 UNDER THE PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1633. Leonard Calvert. 
 1647. Thomas Greene. 
 1649. William Stone. 
 1654. Commissioners under Par- 
 liament. 
 1658. Josiah Fendall. 
 
 1661. Philip Calvert. 
 
 1662. Charles Calvert. 
 
 1676. Charles Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1678. Thomas Notley. 
 
 1681. Charles Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1715. John Hart. 
 
 1720. Charles Calvert. 
 
 1727. Benedict Leonard Calvert. 
 
 1732. Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1733. Charles Lord Baltimore. 
 1735. Samuel Ogle. 
 
 1742. Thomas Bladen. 
 1747. Samuel Ogle. 
 1753. Horatio Sharpe. 
 1769. .Robert Eden. 
 
 UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1689. Government seized by the 1699. Nathaniel Blackiston. 
 
 crown of England. 
 1692. Lyonel Copley. 
 1694. Francis Nicholson. 
 
 1704. John Seymour. 
 1714. John Hart. 
 
 PRESIDENTS OF THE PROVINCE. 
 
 1703. Thomas Tench. 1752. Benjamin Tasker. 
 
 1709. Edward Lloyd. 
 
 UNDER THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1776. Provisional Government. 
 J777. Thomas Johnson. 
 1779. Thomas Sim Lee. 
 1782. William Paca. 
 1785. William Smallwood. 
 1788. John Eager Howard. 
 
 1791. George Plater. 
 
 1792. Thomas Sim Lee. 
 1794. John H. Stone. 
 
 1797. John Henry. 
 
 1798. Benjamin Ogle. 
 1801. John Francis Mercer. 
 1803. Robert Bowie. 
 1806. Robert Wright. 
 1809. Edward Lloyd. 
 
 1811. Robert Bowie. 
 
 1812. Levin Winder. 
 1815. Charles Ridgely, of 
 
 Hampton. 
 
 1818. Charles Coldsborough. 
 
 1819. Samuel Sprigg. 
 1822. Samuel Stevens, Jr. 
 1825. Joseph Kent. 
 
 1828. Daniel Martin. 
 
 1829. Thomas King Carroll. 
 
 1830. Daniel Martin. 
 
 1831. George Howard. 
 
 1832. James Thomas. 
 1835. Thomas W. Veazey. 
 1838. William Grason.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Letter from General Charles Lee to the Honourable Daniel 
 of Sf. Thomas Jenifer, Esq., President of the Council of 
 Safety of Maryland. 
 
 'WiLLiAMSBCHG, May the 6th, 1776. 
 
 'Dear Sir, I find that I am extremely censured not 
 only by your board, but by a multitude of others, for my 
 letter to Mr. Purviance with respect to the seizure of Mr. 
 Eden's person and papers but I really think when the 
 circumstances are explained, that the censure will appear 
 unjust, and that I was neither violent, assuming nor preci- 
 pitate. When the secretary of state's letter to your go- 
 vernor was put into my hands, I naturally concluded that 
 could we possess ourselves of all Mr. Eden's papers, the 
 whole machinations of the ministry might be discovered ; 
 that this discovery might enable us to prevent their effects, 
 and perhaps defeat the whole plan. The possession of these 
 papers could not be hoped for without previously securing 
 his person, and to accomplish this, the utmost secrecy and 
 expedition were necessary. Now, sir, as I imagined you 
 had no troops at Annapolis to execute the purpose, (but in 
 this I find I was mistaken,) and as I knew there were 
 troops in readiness at Baltimore, and as there was no con- 
 tinental general or other officer in Maryland, Mr. Purvi- 
 ance, chairman of the committee, on the spot where I had 
 conceived troops alone to be stationed, occurred to me as 
 the only person to whom I could with propriety and effect
 
 252 APPENDIX. 
 
 make application. Had I known, sir, that a regiment or 
 any troops were stationed at Annapolis, I should undoubt- 
 edly, sir, have addressed myself to you as president of the 
 council of safety. 
 
 'It is said, sir, that Maryland was out of the district of 
 my command ; that consequently to intrude myself into 
 the business and concerns of that province, was assuming 
 and arrogant. I really conceive, sir, that when the safety 
 or very being of the whole community appears at stake, 
 the part I have acted in this affair cannot with justice be 
 esteemed arrogance. I did not presume authoritatively to 
 order, but as one servant of the public earnestly to entreat 
 and consider another servant who alone appeared to me to 
 have the means in his- hands, to take a certain step of the 
 best importance to the public cause. I must, therefore, 
 repeat, sir, that my reason for addressing myself to Mr. 
 Purviance, at Baltimore, proceeded entirely from my igno- 
 rance of there being any troops at Annapolis, and not (as 
 I have been told has been thrown out) from any indif- 
 ference in your virtue and decision. I suppose the com- 
 mittee of safety here viewed it in the same light, for I 
 read my letter to them, and it was approved of. In times 
 like these, sir, I conceive that when we have received 
 sufficient evidences of any treasonable practices being 
 carried on, and that when it appears to us that the imme- 
 diate seizure of a particular traitor's person, may lead to 
 discoveries on which the salvation of the State may de- 
 pend ; that when the utmost secrecy and expedition are 
 necessary to the seizure of his person, it is the duty of a 
 good citizen not to delay a single instant, if a single 
 instant's delay may prevent the execution. This was the 
 manner I thought it my duty to proceed in the case of 
 Mr. Wormley. On the discovery of his correspondence 
 with the enemy, I gave orders for the security of his per- 
 son and papers, and then referred the affair to the proper 
 tribunal, the committee of safety. The measure was so
 
 APPENDIX. 253 
 
 far from giving umbrage or creating jealousy, that it met 
 with their unanimous approbation. If this method is pro- 
 scribed at a juncture like the present, the great check on 
 dangerous correspondence and conspiracies will be taken 
 off; if councils are to be held previously to the seizure 
 of any traitor's person or papers, notwithstanding the 
 strongest evidences against him, I am much mistaken if 
 every traitor does not slip through your hands. 
 
 'I must now, sir, conclude, with assuring you, and the 
 respectable body over which you preside, that if they sup- 
 pose me capable of aiming or wishing to extend the mili- 
 tary authority, or trespass on the civil, they do me the 
 most cruel injustice. Although I was bred in the army, I 
 thank God the spirit and principles of the citizen were 
 ever predominant, and I solemnly declare that if I thought 
 it possible I should ever be so far intoxicated by military 
 command, as to harbour a wish injurious to the civil supre- 
 macy in all things, I would now, whilst I retain my senses, 
 beg leave to divest myself of my present office, and serve 
 as a volunteer in the glorious cause in which I have em- 
 barked my person, fortune and reputation. What I did in 
 this affair, I did in the character of a common zealous 
 member of the community, not of an officer; what ap- 
 peared irregular or offensive in the mode, I hope I have 
 explained to your satisfaction, and I entreat that it may be 
 entirely attributed to a mistake for which I am heartily 
 concerned, as it has prejudiced me in the opinion of men 
 whose esteem I am most ambitious of obtaining. 
 'I am, dear sir, your most obd't, humble serv't, 
 
 CHARLES LEE. 
 ' To Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Esq. 
 
 President of the Council of Safety of Maryland.' 

 
 254 APPENDIX. 
 
 Letter from the Honourable John Hancock to the Honourable 
 Convention of Maryland. 
 
 'PHILADELPHIA, June 4th, 1776. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, Our affairs are hastening fast to a crisis ; 
 and the approaching campaign will, in all probability, 
 determine forever the fate of America. 
 
 'Such is the unrelenting spirit which possesses the 
 tyrant of Britain and his parliament, that they have left 
 no measure unessayed that had a tendency to accomplish 
 our destruction. 
 
 'Not satisfied with having lined our coasts with ships-of- 
 war, to starve us into a surrender of our liberties, and to 
 prevent us from being supplied with arms and ammuni- 
 tion, they are now about to pour in a number of foreign 
 troops, who from their want of connections, and those feel- 
 ings of sympathy which frequently bind together the dif- 
 ferent parts of the same empire, will be more likely to do 
 the business of their masters without remorse or com- 
 punction. 
 
 'By the best intelligence from Canada, it appears that 
 our affairs in that quarter wear a melancholy aspect. 
 Should the Canadians and Indians take up arms against 
 us, (which there is too much reason to fear,) we shall then 
 have the whole force of that country to contend with, 
 joined to that of Great Britain, and all her foreign auxilia- 
 ries. In this situation what steps must we pursue ? The 
 continental troops alone, are unable to stem the torrent; 
 nor is it possible at this day to raise and discipline men 
 ready to take the field by the time they will be wanting. 
 
 'From the secrecy with which the ministry carry on 
 their machinations, we neither know their views, or how 
 near our enemies may be. Perhaps at this moment they 
 are landing on some part of our country. 
 
 'In this difficult and trying situation of our affairs, the 
 congress have come to the enclosed resolves, which I 
 have it in command to transmit you by express, containing
 
 APPENDIX. 255 
 
 matters of the greatest importance, and to which I beg 
 leave to request your attention. You will there find the 
 congress have judged it necessary to call upon the militia 
 at this alarming crisis. 
 
 'Should the united colonies be able to keep their ground 
 this campaign, I am under no apprehensions on account of 
 any future one. We have many disadvantages at present 
 to struggle with, which time and progress in the art of 
 war will remove. 
 
 'But this circumstance should rouse us to superior exer- 
 tions on the occasion. 
 
 'The militia of the united colonies are a body of troops 
 that may be depended upon. 
 
 'To their virtue, their delegates in congress now make 
 the most solemn appeal. 
 
 'They are called upon to say, whether they will live 
 slaves or die freemen. They are requested to step forth 
 in defence of their wives, their children, their liberty and 
 every thing they hold dear. The cause is certainly a most 
 glorious one, and I hope every man in the colony of Mary- 
 land is determined to see it gloriously ended, or to perish 
 in the ruins of it. 
 
 'In short, on your exertions at this critical period, to- 
 gether with those of the other colonies in the common 
 cause, the salvation of America now evidently depends. 
 'Your colony, I am persuaded, will not be behind hand. 
 Exert, therefore, every nerve to distinguish yourselves. 
 Quicken your preparations, and stimulate the good people 
 of your government, and there is no danger, notwith- 
 standing the mighty armament with which we are threat- 
 ened, but they will be led on to victory, to liberty, and to 
 happiness 
 
 'I have the honour to be, with great respect, gentlemen, 
 your most obedient and very humble servant, 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK, President. 
 'The Honourable the Convention of Maryland.'
 
 256 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Letter from John Hancock, Esquire, President of Congress, 
 to the Honourable Convention of Maryland. 
 
 'PHILADELPHIA, July 8tfl, 1776. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, Although it is not possible to foresee the 
 consequences of human action, yet it is nevertheless a 
 duty we owe ourselves and posterity, in all our public 
 councils, to decide in the best manner we are able, and to 
 trust the event to that Being, who controls both causes 
 and events, so as to bring about his own determinations. 
 
 'Impressed with this sentiment, and at the same time 
 fully convinced that our affairs may take a more favour- 
 able turn, the congress have judged it neccessary to 
 dissolve all connection between Great Britain and the 
 American Colonies, and to declare them Free and Inde- 
 pendent States, as you will perceive by the enclosed 
 declaration, which I am directed by congress to transmit 
 to you, and to request you will have it proclaimed in your 
 colony, in the way you shall think most proper. 
 
 'The important consequences to the American States 
 from this Declaration of Independence, considered as the 
 ground and foundation of a future government, will natu- 
 rally suggest the propriety of proclaiming it in such a man- 
 * ner, as that the people may be universally informed of it. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, gentlemen, your most obe- 
 dient and very humble servant, 
 
 'JoHN HANCOCK, President. 
 'The Hon'ble Convention of Maryland.' 
 
 Letter from Colonel Smallwood to the Hon'ble Matthew 
 Tilghman, Esq. President of the Convention of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 'CAMP OF THE MARYLAND REGULARS, ) 
 HEAD-QUARTERS, October 12th, 1776.3 
 
 'Sir, Through your hands I must beg leave to address 
 the honourable Convention of Maryland, and must confess, 
 not' without an apprehension, that I have incurred their
 
 APPENDIX. 257 
 
 displeasure for having omitted writing when on our march 
 from Maryland for New York, and since our arrival here. 
 Nor shall I in a pointed manner urge any thing in my 
 defence, but leave them at large to condemn or excuse 
 me, upon a presumption, that should they condemn, they 
 will at least pardon, and judge me perhaps less culpable, 
 when they reflect, in the first instance, on the exertions 
 necessary to procure baggage wagons, provisions and house 
 room for seven hundred and fifty men, marched the whole 
 distance in a body, generally from fifteen to twenty miles 
 per day. as the several stages made it necessary. And in 
 the latter, I trust they will give some indulgence for this 
 neglect, for since our arrival at New York, it has been the 
 fate of this corps to be generally stationed at advanced 
 posts, and to act as a covering party, which must una- 
 voidably expose troops to extraordinary duty and hazard, 
 not to mention the extraordinary vigilance and attention 
 in the commandant of such a party, in disposing in the 
 best manner, and having it regularly supplied, for here the 
 commanders of regiments, exclusive of their military duty, 
 are often obliged to exert themselves in the departments 
 of commissary and quarter-master-general, and even di- 
 rectors of their regimental hospitals. 
 
 'Perhaps it may not be improper to give a short -detail 
 of occurrences upon our march to Long Island, and since 
 that period. 
 
 'The enemy, from the 21st to the 27th of August, were 
 landing their troops on the lower part of Long Island, 
 where they pitched a large encampment, and ours and 
 their advanced parties were daily skirmishing at long shot, 
 in which neither party suffered much. 
 
 'On the 26th the Maryland and Delaware troops, which 
 composed part of Lord Sterling's brigade, were ordered 
 over. 
 
 'Col. Haslet and his lieut. col. Bedford, of the Delaware 
 battalion, with lieut. col. Hare and myself, were detained 
 22*
 
 258 APPENDIX. 
 
 on the trial of lieut. col. Zedwitz, and though I waited on 
 general Washington, and urged the necessity of attending 
 our troops, yet he refused to discharge us, alledging there 
 was a necessity for the trials coming on, and that no 
 other field-officers could be then had. 
 
 'After our dismission from the court martial, it was too 
 late to get over, but pushing over early next morning, 
 found our regiment engaged. Lord Sterling having 
 marched them off before day, to take possession of the 
 woods and difficult passes between our lines and the 
 enemy's encampment ; but the enemy the over night had 
 stole a march on our generals, having got through those 
 passes, met and surrounded our troops on the plain 
 grounds, within two miles of our lines. Lord Sterling 
 drew up his brigade on an advantageous rising ground, 
 where he was attacked by two brigades in front, headed 
 by the generals Cornwallis and Grant, and in his rear the 
 enemy's main body stood ready drawn up to support their 
 own parties and intercept the retreat of ours. This excel- 
 lent disposition and their superior numbers, ought to have 
 taught our generals there was no time to be lost in secu- 
 ring their retreat, which might at first have been effected, 
 had the troops formed into a heavy column and pushed 
 their retreat, but the longer this was delayed, it became 
 the more dangerous, as they were then landing more 
 troops in front from the ships. 
 
 'Our brigade kept their ground for several hours, and in 
 general behaved well, having received some heavy fires 
 from the artillery and musquetry of the enemy, whom 
 they repulsed several times ; but their attacks were neither 
 so lasting or vigorous as was expected, owing, as it was 
 imagined, to their being certain of making the whole 
 brigade prisoners of war ; for by this time they had so 
 secured the passes on the road to our lines, (seeing our 
 parties were not supported from thence, which indeed our 
 numbers would not admit of,) that there was no possibility
 
 APPENDIX. 259 
 
 of retreating that way. Between the place of action and 
 our lines there lay a large marsh and deep creek, not 
 above eighty yards across at the mouth, (the place of 
 action upon a direct line, did not exceed a mile from a 
 part of our lines,) towards the head of which creek there 
 was a mill and bridge, across which a certain col. Ward, 
 from New England, (who is charged with having acted a 
 bashful part that day,) passed over with his regiment and 
 then burnt them down, though under cover of our cannon, 
 which would have checked the enemy's pursuit at any 
 time, otherwise this bridge might have afforded a secure 
 retreat. There then remained no other prospect but to 
 surrender or attempt to retreat over this marsh and creek at 
 the mouth, where no person had ever been known to cross. 
 In the interim, I applied to general Washington for some 
 regiments to march out to support and cover their retreat, 
 which he urged would be attended with too great risk to 
 the party and the lines; he immediately afterwards sent 
 for and ordered me to march down a New England regi- 
 ment, and captain Thomas' company, which had just come 
 over from York, to the mouth of the creek, opposite where 
 the brigade was drawn up, and ordered two field pieces 
 down, to support and cover their retreat, should they 
 make a push that way. Soon after our march, they began 
 to retreat, and for a small time the fire was very heavy on 
 both sides, till our troops came to the marsh, where they 
 were obliged to break their order, and escape as quick as 
 they could to the edge of the creek, under a brisk fire, 
 notwithstanding which they brought off twenty-eight 
 prisoners. 
 
 'The enemy taking advantage of a commanding ground, 
 kept up a continual fire from four field pieces, which were 
 well served and directed, and a heavy column advancing 
 on the marsh must have cut our people off, their guns 
 being wet and muddy, not one of them could have fired ; 
 but having drawn up the musquetry and disposed of some
 
 260 APPENDIX. 
 
 riflemen conveniently, with orders to fire on them when 
 they came within shot; however, the latter began their 
 fire rather too soon, being at two hundred yards distance, 
 which, notwithstanding, had the desired effect, for the 
 enemy immediately retreated to the fast land, where they 
 continued parading within six hundred yards, till our 
 troops were brought over ; most of those who swam over, 
 and others who attempted to cross before the covering 
 party got down, lost their arms and accoutrements in the 
 mud and creek, and some poor fellows their lives, particu- 
 larly two of the Maryland, two of the Delaware, one of 
 Astley's Pennsylvania, and two Hessian prisoners, were 
 drowned. 
 
 'Thomas' men contributed much in bringing over this 
 party have enclosed a list of the killed and missing, 
 amounting to 256, officers included. It has been said the 
 enemy during the action also attacked our lines, but this 
 was a mistake ; not knowing the ground, one of their 
 columns advanced within long shot, without knowing they 
 were so near, and upon our artillery and part of the mus- 
 quetry's firing on them, they immediately fled. 
 
 'The 26th, during a very hard rain, there was an alarm 
 that the enemy had advanced to attack our lines, which 
 alarmed the troops much, but was without foundation. 
 
 'The 29th, it was found by a council of w r ar, that our 
 fortifications were not tenable, and it was therefore judged, 
 expedient that the army should retreat from the island that 
 night; to effect which, notwithstanding the Maryland 
 troops had had but one day's respite, and many other 
 troops had been many days clear of any detail of duty, 
 they were ordered on the advanced post at fort Putnam, 
 within 250 yards of the enemy's approaches, and joined 
 with two Pennsylvania regiments on the left, were to re- 
 main and cover the retreat of the army, which was hap- 
 pily completed under cover of a thick fog and a south- 
 vvest wind, both which favoured our retreat, otherwise the
 
 APPENDIX. 261 
 
 fear, disorder, and confusion of some of the eastern troops, 
 must have retarded and discovered our retreat, and sub- 
 jected numbers to be cut off. 
 
 'After remaining two days in New York, our next sta- 
 tion was at Harlaem, nine miles above, at an advanced 
 post opposite to Montresore's and Bohana's islands, which 
 in a few days the enemy got possession of without oppo- 
 sition, from the former of which we daily discoursed with 
 them, being within two hundred yards, and only a small 
 creek between. 
 
 'It being judged expedient to abandon New York and 
 retreat to our lines below fort Washington, the military 
 stores, &c. had been removing some days, when on the 
 15th September, the enemy effected a landing on several 
 parts of the island below, and it is cutting to say, without 
 the least opposition. 
 
 'I have often read and heard of instances of cowardice, 
 but hitherto have had but a faint idea of it till now. I 
 never could have thought human nature subject to such 
 baseness. I could wish the transactions of this day blotted 
 out of the annals of America. Nothing appeared but 
 flight, disgrace and confusion ; let it suffice to say that 60 
 light infantry upon the first fire put to flight two brigades 
 of the Connecticut troops wretches who, however strange 
 it may appear, from the brigadier-general down to the pri- 
 vate sentinel, were caned and whipped by the generals 
 Washington, Putnam and Mifflin, but even this indignity 
 had no weight, they could not be brought to stand one 
 shot. General Washington expressly sent and drew our 
 regiment from its brigade, to march down towards New 
 
 O O 
 
 York, to cover the retreat and to defend the baggage, with 
 direction to take possession of an advantageous eminence 
 near the enemy, upon the main road, where we remained 
 under arms the best part of the day, till Sargent's brigade 
 came in with their baggage, who were the last troops 
 coming in, upon which the enemy divided their main
 
 262 APPENDIX. 
 
 body into two columns, one filing off on the North river, 
 endeavoured to flank and surround us ; we had orders to 
 retreat in good order, which was done, our corps getting 
 within the lines a little after dusk. 
 
 'The next day about 1000 of them made an attempt 
 upon our lines, and were first attacked by the brave col. 
 Knolton, of New England, who lost his life in the action, 
 and the third Virginia regiment, who were immediately 
 joined by three independent companies under major 
 Price, and some part of the Maryland flying camp, who 
 drove them back to their lines, it is supposed with the loss 
 of 400 men killed and wounded ; our party had about 100 
 killed and wounded, of the former only 15. Since which 
 we have been viewing each other at a distance, and 
 strongly entrenching, till the 9th October, when three of 
 their men-of-war passed up the North river, above King's 
 bridge, under a heavy cannonade from our batteries, which 
 has effectually cut off our communication by water, with 
 Albany. 
 
 'I must now break off abruptly, being ordered to march 
 up above King's bridge, the enemy having landed 6000 
 men from the sound on Frog's Point; 50 ships have got 
 up there, landing more troops; there is nothing left but 
 to fight them ; an engagement is generally expected, and 
 soon. Have enclosed a copy of a general return of the 
 battalion, and Veazey's company, being all the troops I 
 marched from Maryland, with the accoutrements and 
 camp equipage, taken in Philadelphia, to be rendered the 
 congress, together with our weekly general return. 
 
 'The independents are about their returns of arms, ac- 
 coutrements and camp equipage, brought by them from 
 Maryland, but not having time to finish, they must here- 
 after be returned to the council of safety. 
 
 'We have upwards of 300 officers and soldiers of the 
 Maryland regulars, very sick, which you will observe by 
 the return, and I am sorry to say, it's shocking to humanity
 
 APPENDIX. 263 
 
 to have no more care taken of them; this must hurt the* 
 service upon the new establishments. Majors Price and 
 Gist, and capt. Stone, are in the Jerseys, very sick, and 
 col. Ware and myself are very unfit for duty, though we 
 attend it; many more officers are very unwell. 
 
 'I am, very respectfully, your obedient and very humble 
 servant, W. SMALLWOOD.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Thomas Johnson, Esq., 
 
 Governor of Maryland. 
 HEAD-QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, I7lh May, 1778. 
 
 'My Dear Sir, From a number of concurring circum- 
 stances, there is reason to believe that the enemy mean to 
 evacuate Philadelphia. 
 
 'It is necessary, therefore, to draw together as great a 
 force as can be provided for, with the utmost expedition. 
 But as several of our out-posts, covering magazines and 
 the like, cannot be recalled without a body of militia to 
 act in their room, I am obliged to request of the neigh- 
 bouring States a reinforcement for this and other purposes. 
 The requisition of congress extends to 5000 militia from 
 the Jerseys, Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 
 'A large compact body of regulars are wanted, and seve- 
 ral valuable intentions to be attended to at the same time. 
 
 'General Smallwood, who lays at Wilmington, covers a 
 quantity of stores at the head of Elk. If he is withdrawn, 
 the enemy may destroy our magazine at that place. 
 
 'I would imagine that five hundred militia of your State 
 would be a sufficient security, and proper restraint upon 
 the enemy on that quarter. I would, therefore, beg of 
 you to embody and send forward five hundred of your 
 militia, equipped, and the most contiguous to the head of 
 Elk. You may probably find it most convenient to send 
 them by companies. 
 
 'The most expeditious way is certainly the best, and the 
 sooner Jhey get to the head of Elk, the sooner shall I have 
 it in my power to recall the garrison from Wilmington,
 
 264 APPENDIX. 
 
 nd complete such a body of continental troops as may 
 enable me to act according to conjunctures. 
 
 'I rely upon your particular assistance on this critical 
 occasion, and am, 
 
 'Dear sir, with respect and esteem, 
 
 'Your ob't and very humble servant, 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON. 
 'His Excellency Thomas Johnson, 
 
 ' Governor, fyc. Maryland, at Annapolis.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Daniel of St. Thomas 
 
 Jenifer and William Fitzhugh, Esquires. 
 * 'HEAD-QUARTERS, MIDDLEBROOK, 10/A Jlpril, 1779. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, I have been duly honoured with your 
 letter of the 26th ultimo and its enclosures. 
 
 'The length of time in which the rank has been fluc- 
 tuating and undecided, by producing, in some measure, a 
 number of claims, gives apprehension of complaint, from 
 whatever mode may be now adopted for determining the 
 several disputes. 
 
 'However, to afford the utmost latitude for their consi- 
 deration, I have ordered a board of general officers to sit, 
 to hear and report on respective claims, precedencies, and 
 the rank of the whole line, which I hope will enable me 
 to complete a final arrangement, as much as possible to 
 the general satisfaction. 
 
 'The officers cannot but be pleased in the provision 
 which you have made them, not only for the prospect of 
 ease which it promises, but that honourable distinction of 
 past services, when they shall resume the happy character 
 of citizen. 
 
 'I am, gentlemen, with the greatest regard, your most 
 obedient and humble servant, G. WASHINGTON. 
 
 (Public service.) 
 'Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Esq., President of the Senate, 
 
 and William Fitzhugh, Esq., Speaker of the House of 
 
 Delegates, at Jlnnapolis.'
 
 APPENDIX. 265 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee. 
 
 'HEAD-QUARTERS, MORRISTOWN, 24th January, 1780. 
 'Sir, I have been honoured with your excellency's 
 letter of the 26th December, and its inclosures. The 
 immediate attention of government to the distresses of the 
 army, and the effectual assistance promised from the ope- 
 ration of the act, cannot but claim the acknowledgments 
 of every good citizen. 
 
 'I flatter myself from your exertions, and those of the 
 other States from which we derive our supplies, that we 
 shall not again experience a like evil. 
 'I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 'G. WASHINGTON. 
 ' Thomas Sim Lee, Esq. Governor, Sfc. at Annapolis.' 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, dated 
 
 'February 19th, 1780. 
 
 'Sir, About the latter end of December last, I had the 
 honour to receive a letter from his excellency governor 
 Johnson, dated the 27th October, in which he proposes an 
 arrangement for the three companies of artillery, belong- 
 ing to the State of Maryland, and asks my opinion upon 
 it. As general Knox, being at the head of the artillery, 
 is consequently best acquainted with its interior circum- 
 stances, and can best judge of the operation of any ar- 
 rangements which might take place, I communicated the 
 letter to him to know his sentiments. His answer you 
 will find in the enclosed extract. I beg leave to add that 
 the mode he recommends appears to me well calculated 
 to do justice to the State, to the officers of the three 
 companies, and to promote the general good of the service. 
 
 'It is essential to have the corps that compose the army 
 upon our formation, regulated by general principles. The 
 contrary is productive of innumerable inconveniences. 
 
 'This makes me wish the idea of erecting the four cora- 
 23
 
 266 APPENDIX. 
 
 panies into a separate corps under the command of a 
 major, may be relinquished. 
 
 'If the plan now proposed is agreeable to the views of 
 the State, I shall be happy its intentions may be signified 
 as speedily as possible to congress, that the incorporation 
 and arrangement may be carried into execution. 
 'I have the honour, &c. 
 
 'G. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Letter from the same to the same, dated 
 
 'March 26th, 1780. 
 
 'Sir, Your excellency will have received, I presume, 
 before this, a transcript of an act of congress of the 25th of 
 last month, calling on the several States for specific quan- 
 tities of provisions, rum and forage for the army, and 
 directing the articles of supplies to be collected and de- 
 posited at such places in each of the States as should be 
 judged most convenient by me. In the case of a defen- 
 sive war like ours, which depends almost wholly on the 
 movements and operations of the enemy, it is difficult, if 
 not impracticable, to fix on places of deposite for stores, 
 which may not be rendered improper by subsequent 
 events, and all we can do upon such occasions, is to collect 
 them where it shall appear from a comparative view of 
 circumstances, that they will be probably secure, and most 
 likely to facilitate the purposes intented. I have con- 
 sidered the point with respect to the supplies required of 
 your State, and I beg leave to inform your excellency, that 
 it appears to me, that they should be deposited in the 
 following places, and in the proportions set against each 
 respectively, viz: 
 
 Barrels Flour. Tons Hay. Bushels Corn. 
 
 Head of Elk, .... 14,000 140 52,152 
 
 Baltimore, 3,000 30 2,000 
 
 George Town, . . . 3,000 30 2,000 
 
 20,000 200 56,152
 
 APPENDIX. 267 
 
 'As to the beef, the time and place of delivery, and the 
 proportion from time to time, must of necessity be go- 
 verned by the occasional requisitions of the commissary- 
 general. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 'G. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Philip Schuyler, John 
 Matthews, and Nathaniel Peabody, Committee of Congress. 
 
 'HEAD-QUARTERS, SPRINGFIELD, June IMA, 1780. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, It appears to me to be a very eligible step, 
 at the present juncture, to reiterate our instances with the 
 several States, to engage them to press the measures re- 
 commended in your former letter. Not only the time is 
 sliding away very fast, every moment of which ought to 
 be improved for the intended co-operation, but the move- 
 ments of the enemy demand every exertion in our power 
 for the purpose of defence. 
 
 'There can now remain no doubt that Charleston and 
 its garrison have fallen. There is every reason to believe 
 that Sir Henry Clinton, with the whole or the greatest 
 part of his force will shortly arrive at New York. 
 
 'The expectation of the French fleet and army, will 
 certainly determine the enemy to unite their " forces. 
 General Knyphausen still continues in the Jerseys, with 
 all the force which can be spared from New York ; a force 
 greatly superior to ours. 
 
 'Should Sir Henry join him, the superiority will be 
 decided, and equal to almost any thing the enemy may 
 think proper to attempt. It is true they are at this time 
 inactive, but their continuance where they are, proves 
 that they have some project of importance in contempla- 
 tion. Perhaps they are only waiting till the militia grow 
 tired and return home, (which they are doing every hour) 
 to prosecute their designs with less opposition. 
 
 'This would be a critical moment for us. Perhaps they
 
 268 APPENDIX. 
 
 are waiting the arrival of Sir Henry Clinton, either to 
 push up the North river against the highland posts, or to 
 bend their whole force against this army. In either case 
 the most disastrous consequences are to be apprehended. 
 You, who are well acquainted with our situation, need no 
 arguments to evince the danger. 
 
 'The militia of this State have run to arms, and behaved 
 with an ardor and spirit of which there are few examples, 
 
 'But perseverance in enduring the rigors of military 
 service, is not to be expected from those who are not by 
 profession obliged to it. 
 
 'The reverse of this opinion has been a great misfortune 
 in our affairs, and it is high time we should recover from 
 an error of so pernicious a nature. We must absolutely 
 have a force of a different composition, or we must relin- 
 quish the contest. 
 
 'In a few days we may expect to have to depend almost 
 wholly on our continental force, and this (from your own 
 observation) is totally inadequate to our safety. The exi- 
 gency calls loudly upon the States to carry all the recom- 
 mendations of the committee into the most vigorous and 
 immediate execution, but more particularly that of com- 
 pleting our battalions by a draft, and with all the expe- 
 dition possible. 
 
 'I beg to advise that these ideas be all clearly held up 
 to the States. Whatever inconvenience there may be in 
 diffusing the knowledge of our circumstances > delicate as 
 they are, there is, in my opinion, more danger in conceal- 
 ing than disclosing them. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, with perfect respect and 
 esteem, gentlemen, your most obedient and humble ser'vt, 
 
 'Gfio. WASHINGTON. 
 ' Committee of Congress for Co-operation.'
 
 APPENDIX. 269 
 
 Letter from General Washington to the Committee of 
 
 Congress for Co-operation. 
 HEAD-QUARTERS. SPRINGFIELD, June 12th, 1780. 
 
 ' Gentlemen, I have received information, which though 
 not official, I deem authentic, that some of the States have 
 taken up the measure of augmenting their battalions by 
 draft, on a less extensive footing than was urged in your 
 circular letter of the 23d of May. Though I wish to pay 
 in every instance, implicit deference to the determination 
 of the respective States, I think it my duty, in the present 
 crisis, once more to declare with freedom, that I conceive 
 the measure of filling our battalions to their full comple- 
 ment, fundamental to a co-operation on a large scale, that 
 any thing short of this, will infallibly compel us to confine 
 ourselves to a mere defensive plan, except as to some little 
 partial indecisive enterprize against remote points, and 
 will of course disappoint the expectations of our allies, and 
 protract the war. 
 
 'The force which has been stated as necessary, is as 
 small as can give us any prospect of a decisive effort. If 
 it is not furnished, we must renounce every hope of this 
 kind. 
 
 'It remains with the States to realize the consequences. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect and 
 esteem, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON. 
 'The Committee of Co-operation. 1 
 
 Letter from General Washington to the Committee of 
 
 Congress. 
 
 HEAD-QUARTERS, ROCKAWAY, 23d June, 1780. 
 'Gentlemen, The enemy are now in full force, bending 
 their march towards Morristown, and by my last advices 
 had advanced beyond Springfield. They were vigorously 
 opposed by our advanced corps. But what could the 
 23*
 
 270 APPENDIX. 
 
 valour of a handful do against so infinite a superiority of 
 numbers ? 
 
 'The enemy can effect any particular object they may 
 attempt. Besides the army, they can have no other in 
 this State, than our stores, as we cannot defend them, we 
 must endeavour to remove them. 
 
 'I am so entirely engaged in attention to our military 
 operations, that I must entreat you to write to the execu- 
 tives of Pennsylvania and Jersey, pressing them to bring 
 put all the wagons they can to our relief. An application 
 has been already made to Pennsylvania for two hundred 
 and fifty wagons, they ought to be instantly furnished. 
 
 'But we do not know what may be the ultimate designs 
 of the enemy, all we know is, that they are very strong, 
 and that we are very weak. 
 
 'I beg leave to recommend that the States may be again 
 called upon to redouble their exertions, to comply with 
 the demands that have been already made upon them. 
 
 'It is essential to our immediate safety, to say nothing 
 of the expected co-operation. If she means to be free, 
 this is the moment for America to exert herself. 
 
 'With every sentiment of esteem, I have the honour to 
 be, gentlemen, your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON. 
 'Hon'ble Committee of Co-operation.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to the Committee of 
 Congress. 
 
 'HEAD-QUARTERS, July IStfl, 1780. 
 
 'Gentlemen, We have received intelligence through 
 different channels, from New York, that the Gaudeloupe 
 had arrived there on Sunday morning, and brought an 
 account that she had fallen in with a large French fleet, 
 consisting of several sail of the line, and a number of 
 transports, between the capes of Virginia and Delaware. 
 This intelligence has every appearance of authenticity,
 
 APPENDIX. 271 
 
 and if true, the arrival of the fleet on the coast may be 
 instantly looked for. This indeed must be the case, at 
 any rate, from the time they are said to have sailed. 
 
 'It cannot be too much lamented, that our preparations 
 are still so greatly behind hand. Not a thousand men, 
 that I have heard of, have yet joined the army ; and in all 
 probability, the period for commencing our operations is at 
 hand. 
 
 'I am happy to learn that a spirit of animation has 
 diffused itself throughout the States, from which we may 
 expect the happiest consequences. But the exigency is 
 so pressing, that we ought to multiply our efforts to give 
 new activity and despatch to our measures ; levying and 
 forwarding the men, providing the supplies of every sort 
 required : forage and transportation demand particular 
 attention. 
 
 'After vrhat has been preconcerted with the honoura- 
 ble, the congress, after two months previous notice of the 
 intended succour, if our allies find us unprepared, and are 
 obliged to wait several weeks in a state of inaction, it is 
 easy to conceive how unfavourable the impressions it will 
 make of our conduct. Besides this, the season is exceed- 
 ingly advanced. A decisive enterprize, if our means are 
 equal to it, will not permit us to lose a moment of the 
 time left for military operations, which if improved with 
 all the vigour in our power, is less than were to be wished 
 for an undertaking of so arduous and important a nature ; 
 so much is at stake ; so much to be hoped ; so much to be 
 lost ; that we shall be inexcusable if we do not employ all 
 our zeal and all our exertion. 
 
 'With the highest respect and esteem, I have the honour 
 to be, gentlemen, your most obedient and humble servant, 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON. 
 'The Committee of Co-operation.'
 
 272 APPENDIX. 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee, of 
 Maryland, dated 
 
 'July 26, 1780. 
 
 'Sir, I have been honoured with your excellency's 
 favour of the 10th, enclosing copies of the several laws 
 passed by the legislature of your State, for procuring the 
 supplies of men, provisions and carriages, required by the 
 Honourable Committee of Co-operation in conjunction 
 with me. 
 
 'The readiness with which these laws were passed, and 
 the pointed attention which your excellency seems deter- 
 mined to pay to the due execution of them, are happy pre- 
 sages that they will be speedily and fully carried into effect. 
 'I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to the Committee of 
 
 Congress. 
 HEAD-QUARTERS, ORANGETOWN, nth. August, 1780. 
 
 'Gentlemen, We are now arrived at the middle of 
 August, if we are able to undertake any thing in this 
 quarter this campaign, our operations must commence in 
 less than a month from this, or it will be absolutely too 
 late. It will then be much later than were to be wished, 
 and with all the exertions that can be made, we shall 
 probably be straitened in time. 
 
 'But I think it my duty to inform you, that our pros- 
 pects of operating diminish in proportion as the effects of 
 our applications to the respective States unfold ; and I am 
 sorry to add, that we have every reason to apprehend, we 
 shall not be in a condition at all to undertake any thing 
 decisive. 
 
 'The completion of our continental battalions to their 
 full establishment of five hundred and four, rank and file, 
 has been uniformly and justly held up as the basis of 
 offensive operations.
 
 APPENDIX. 273 
 
 'How far we have fallen short of this, the following 
 state of the levies received, and of the present deficiencies, 
 will show. 
 
 'By a return of the 16th instant we had received from 
 
 New Hampshire, 457 
 
 Massachusetts, 2,898 
 
 Rhode Island, . . . 502 
 
 Connecticut, . / 1,356 
 
 New York, 283* 
 
 New Jersey, 165 
 
 Pennsylvania, 482 
 
 Rank and file, 6,143 
 
 'The deficiencies of the battalions from a return of the 
 12th, allowing for the levies since arrived, to the 16th, 
 Of New Hampshire, three battalions, . . 248 
 Of Massachusetts, including Jackson's adopt- 
 ed, 16 battalions, 3,514 
 
 Of Rhode Island, 2 battalions, .... 198 
 Of Connecticut, including Webbs' battalion 
 
 adopted, 9 battalions, 1,866 
 
 Of New York, 5 battalions, .... 1,234 
 Of New Jersey, 11 battalions, .... 2,768 
 
 Rank and file, 10,397 
 
 'If the amount of these deficiencies and the detached 
 corps, necessarily on the frontier, and at particular posts, 
 be deducted, and a proper allowance made for the ordi- 
 nary casualties, and for the extra calls upon the army for 
 wagoners, artificers, &c. it will be easy to conceive how 
 inadequate our operating force must be to any capital 
 enterprize against the enemy. It is indeed barely 'suffi- 
 cient for defence. 
 
 'Hitherto all the militia for three months, that have 
 taken the field under my orders, have been about 700 
 from New Hampshire, 1,700 from Massachusetts, 800 
 from New York, 500 from New Jersey.
 
 274 . APPENDIX. 
 
 'A part of the eastern militia has been detained to assist 
 our allies at Rhode Island, and will shortly march to join 
 the army. 
 
 'But from all the information I have, the number of 
 militia will fall as far short of the demand as the continen- 
 tal troops ; and from the slow manner in which the latter 
 have for some time past come in, I fear we have had 
 nearly the whole we are to expect. 
 
 'In the article of provisions, our prospects are equally 
 unfavourable. We are now fed by a precarious supply 
 from day to day. 
 
 'The commissary, from what has been done in the seve- 
 ral States, so far from giving assurances of a continuance 
 of this supply, speaks in the most discouraging terms, as 
 you will perceive by the enclosed copy of a letter of the 
 15th instant, in which he proposes sending back the Penn- 
 sylvania militia, who were to assemble at Trenton the 
 12th, on the principle of a failure of supplies. 
 
 'As to forage and transportation, our prospects are still 
 worse. These have lately been principally procured by 
 military impress, a mode too violent, unequal, oppressive, 
 and consequently odious to the people, to be long prac- 
 tised with success. 
 
 'In this state of things, gentlemen, I leave it to your 
 own judgment to determine how little it will be in my 
 power to answer the public expectations, unless more 
 competent means can be, and are, without delay, put into 
 my hands. 
 
 'From the communications of the general and admiral 
 of our allies, the second division, without some very unfor- 
 tunate contrariety, will in all probability arrive before the 
 time mentioned as the ultimate period for commencing our 
 operations. 
 
 'I submit it to you whether it will not be advisable im- 
 mediately to lay before the several States, a view of our 
 circumstances at this juncture, in consequence of which 
 they may take their measures.
 
 APPENDIX. 276 
 
 'I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect arid 
 esteem, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON. 
 ' The Honourable the Committee 
 
 of Congress for Co-operation. 
 
 'N. B. The returns of the Rhode-Island recruits, is to 
 the last of July. More may have since joined. 
 
 'There is a body of Connecticut State troops and militia, 
 stationed on the Sound, employed in preparing fascines.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to George Plater, Esq., 
 President of the Senate, and William Bruff, Speaker of 
 the House of Delegates of Maryland, dated 
 
 'February 9th, 1781. 
 
 'Gentlemen, I am honoured with your favour of the 
 27th ultimo. As the troops of Maryland compose part of 
 the southern army now under the immediate command of 
 major-general Green, I think there would be an impro- 
 priety (as it may interfere with the arrangements of that 
 army) to give general Smallwood directions to remain in 
 Maryland for the purposes you mention ; but if his doing 
 this is not incompatible with the orders or views of general 
 Green, I have no objection to his remaining in that State 
 till application can be made to general Green, who I make 
 no doubt will acquiesce in a measure which seems calcu- 
 lated for the public good, if general Smallwood's services 
 from the army can be dispensed with. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee, dated 
 
 Tune 7, 1781. 
 
 'Sir, By a resolve of congress of 31st May, two batta- 
 lions of infantry and a corps of horse, consisting of sixty-
 
 276 APPENDIX. 
 
 four dragoons, are required of the State of Maryland, to 
 serve for three months from the time of their respectively 
 rendezvousing at the place or places directed by me. 
 
 'Your excellency has no doubt been made acquainted 
 that the aforegoing requisition is founded upon the alarm- 
 ing progress which the enemy are making in Virginia. 
 
 'You will be pleased, therefore, to give orders to the 
 officers commanding the respective corps, to march by 
 detachments as they are raised and equipped, to whatever 
 place may be the head-quarters of the American army in 
 Virginia or Maryland, (should the enemy have advanced 
 into that State,) and take their further commands from the 
 general or other commanding officer. 
 
 'I need but refer your excellency to the circular letter of 
 the president of congress, of the 1st inst., for the reasons 
 which ought to influence the exertions of your State, most 
 particularly at this moment. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, &c. 
 
 'Go. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Extract of a letter from General Washington to Governor 
 Lee, dated 
 
 <1<MA July, 1781. 
 
 'I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 excellency's favour of the 29th June. It is with very 
 great satisfaction I observe the proceedings of the general 
 assembly of your State, which you have been pleased to 
 communicate to me. 
 
 'The exertions of that legislature have heretofore been 
 laudable, and I am exceedingly glad to see the same spirit 
 still prevailing. G. WASHINGTON.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee. 
 
 HEAD-QUARTERS, CHATHAM, 27th August, 1781. 
 'Sir Official accounts which I have received, giving 
 me reason to expect the arrival of a powerful fleet of our
 
 APPENDIX. 277 
 
 allies very soon in the Chesapeake, if not already there ; 
 this expectation, together with some other circumstances 
 not necessary at present to detail to your excellency, have 
 induced me to make a total alteration in the concerted 
 operations of this campaign. In consequence, I am now 
 marching a very considerable detachment from the Ame- 
 rican army, with the whole of the French troops, imme- 
 diately to Virginia. 
 
 'As our hopes of success against lord Cornwallis, in a 
 great measure depend on the despatch and celerity of our 
 movements, I have to request in the most earnest manner, 
 all the aid and assistance from your excellency, which we 
 may have occasion for, and that may be in your power to 
 afford us. 
 
 'Among these the means of transportation from the head 
 of Elk to the point of operation, will be among the most 
 essential. All the water craft that can be procured suit- 
 able for the transportation of our army, with their artillery, 
 baggage, stores, &c., will be needed, and should be ready 
 at the head of Elk, by the 8th of September ; a quantity 
 of forage will also be necessary for the cattle which will 
 unavoidably attend the army. As I shall probably be dis- 
 appointed of a quantity of salted provisions, which cannot 
 with safety be conveyed from the eastern States, I must 
 beg your excellency to pay particular attention to that 
 article, if any is to be obtained in your State. Other aids, 
 as well in provisions as other articles, will probably be 
 needed, which cannot at this moment be particularly 
 specified. 
 
 'I communicate my intentions to your excellency, and 
 have the fullest confidence that I shall receive every aid 
 and assistance that is in your power, towards their exe- 
 cution. 
 
 'I expect to have no occasion to call on you for the aid 
 of men, further than your State troops which are ordered 
 24
 
 278 APPENDIX. 
 
 to be raised, and which I hope you have already com- 
 pleted. 
 
 'Mr. Robert Morris will have the principal agency in 
 procuring the water craft mentioned ; perhaps nothing 
 more will be expected from your excellency in that arti- 
 cle, than to afford Mr. Morris every aid which he may 
 stand in need of, from government, in their procurement. 
 This, I am persuaded, you will do with readiness and 
 decision. 
 
 'The moment is critical the opportunity is precious 
 the prospect is most happily favourable. I hope that no 
 supineness or want of exertion on our own part, may 
 prove the means of a fatal disappointment. 
 
 'I have the honour to be, with great sincerity of esteem 
 and regard, your excellency's most obedient and humble 
 servant, Go. WASHINGTON. 
 
 'P. S. Our forage will 'be principally wanted at the head 
 of Elk, and from thence on the route to Georgetown. 
 
 'To his Excellency Governor Lee, of Maryland.' 
 
 Letter from General Washington to Governor Lee. 
 MOUNT VERKON, llth September, 1781. 
 
 'Sir, I intended on passing through Maryland, to have 
 done myself the pleasure to have called on your excel- 
 lency, but circumstances pressing upon me, as I advanced 
 on my march, and time slipping too fast from me, I found 
 a necessity of getting on with that rapidity as has obliged 
 me to proceed without calling at Annapolis. 
 
 'I am exceedingly pleased to find, as I passed through 
 your State, that a spirit for exertion prevails universally 
 in such manner as gives me the happiest prospects of 
 receiving very effectual support from you. 
 
 'Great attention is necessary to be given to the article 
 of supplies. I mention this circumstance, as I am just 
 informed from below, that the army is in distress at this
 
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