M FINGAL: AN EPIC POEM. 
 
 BY JOHN TRUMBULL. 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 BY BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D., 
 
 4UTHOR OF " PICTORIAL FIELD-BOOK OF THE REVOLUTION," ETC., ETC 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK EXCHANGE, 
 764 BROADWAY. 
 
 1881.
 
 f 
 
 
 .3 
 
 COPYRIGHT, l88l. 
 BENSON J. LOSSING.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE scenes and incidents of the old war for 
 independence, known as the American Revolu 
 tion, furnished themes for contemplation and 
 comment for every variety of minds, and evolved 
 many brilliant sparks of genius which might 
 otherwise have remained latent in the flint of 
 common thought. While the powers of highest 
 statesmanship and military skill were demanded 
 in the management of great public interests, 
 there appeared much in the details of current 
 events to excite mirth and provoke the keenest 
 weapons of wit and satire to wonderful activity. 
 Prudence generally commended anonymity to 
 those who used the Press for the exercise of 
 these weapons, at a time when there was an 
 enemv in every bush. But such active men as
 
 4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Paine, Hopldnson, Freneau, Trurabull, and others 
 of less note, could not long wear the disguise so 
 as effectually to conceal themselves, and tln-y 
 became objects of admiration for the Patriots, 
 and of hatred for the Loyalists. 
 
 Of all the literary productions of that day, 
 having for its theme the character and doings 
 of the men and times of the Revolution, the 
 remarkable epic entitled M FiXGAL is confess 
 edly most deserving of immortality. It holds 
 an honorable place among works of highest 
 poetic merit ; and as a satire, applied \vith scath 
 ing power to those who opposed the war, and 
 were active in their loyalty to the king, it ex- . 
 hibits force rarely equalled, and never surpassed 
 by its predecessors in that peculiar field. That 
 force can be appreciated now, when almost 
 three generations of men have passed away 
 since the actors in the drama were upon the 
 stage, only by a thorough knowledge of the 
 point of each allusion, drawn from the charac 
 ter of the times, and familiarity with the social 
 and political position of the victims of the keen 
 Damascene blade of the satirist. 
 
 The late Timothy Dwight, President of Yale 
 College, who was a compatriot, a brother poet,
 
 INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 and a friend of the author, writing in long-after 
 years, said : " It may be observed, without any 
 partiality, that M Fingal is not inferior in wit 
 and humor to Hudibras ; and in every other re 
 spect is superior. It has a regular plan, in 
 which all the parts are well proportioned and 
 connected. The subject is fairly proposed, and 
 the story conducted through a series of ad 
 vancements and retardations to a catastrophe, 
 which is natural and complete. The versifica 
 tion is far better, the poetry is in several in 
 stances in a good degree elegant, and in some 
 even sublime. It is also free from those endless 
 digressions, which, notwithstanding the wit dis 
 covered in them, are so tedious in Hudibras ; 
 the protuberances of which are a much larger 
 mass than the body on which they grow." 
 
 " The Hudibrastic body," says the Cydopce- 
 dia of American Literature, " is thoroughly 
 interpenetrated by its American spirit. The 
 illustrations, where there were the greatest 
 temptations to plagiarism, are drawn from the 
 writer s own biblical and classical reading, and 
 the colloquial familiarities of the times. For 
 the manners of the poem, there is no record of 
 the period which supplies so vivid a present a-
 
 6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tion of the old Revolutionary Whig habits of 
 thinking and acting. We are among the ac 
 tors of the day ^the town committees, the yeo 
 manry, the politicians and soldiers, participating 
 in the rough humors of the times ; for nothing 
 is more characteristic of the struggle than a 
 certain vein of pleasantry and hearty animal 
 spirits which entered into it. Hardships were 
 endured with fortitude, for which there was 
 occasion enough, but the contest was carried 
 on with wit as with other weapons." 
 
 The purpose of the poem was explained by 
 the author himself, in a letter to the Marquis de 
 Chastellux, written in 1785. " It had been un 
 dertaken, he said, " at the instigation of some 
 of the leading members of the first Congress, 
 who urged him to compose a satirical poem on 
 the events of the campaign in the year 1775 ;" 
 and that he " had aimed at expressing, in a 
 poetical manner, a general account of the 
 American contest, with a particular description 
 of the character and manners of the times, in 
 terspersed with anecdotes, which no history 
 could probably record or display ; and where as 
 much impartiality as possible, satirize the follies 
 and extravagancies of his countrymen, as well as
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 of their enemies. I determined," he says, "to 
 describe every subject in the manner it struck 
 my own imagination, and without confining my 
 self to a perpetual effort at wit, drollery and 
 humor, indulge every variety of manner, as my 
 subject varied, and insert all the ridicule, satire, 
 sense, sprightliness and elevation, of which I 
 was master." How well this design was exe 
 cuted, the intelligent reader will discover. 
 
 The first and second cantos of MTingal were 
 published as one, in a thin pamphlet of forty 
 pages, by William and Thomas Bradford, of 
 Philadelphia. It \vas issued in the Autumn of 
 1775, as Canto I., or the Town-Meeting, In 
 the course of the next year it was reprinted in 
 London, where it passed through several 
 editions, and was very popular with the anti- 
 ministerial party in Great Britain and America. 
 For a long time it was believed to be the pro 
 duction of some English scholar, and made a 
 very favorable impression everywhere, on ac 
 count of its literary merits. As a political 
 satire it was regarded as inimitable, and was 
 praised by men of all parties. But when it was 
 known that the author was a native of Xew 
 England, the London press and loyal writers in
 
 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 America, poured obloquy and contempt upon 
 him in full measure. 
 
 When the first part of M Fingal was pub 
 lished, the author had sketched a plan for its 
 extension, but he did not take it up again until 
 the close of the war, when his friends urged him 
 to complete it. lie did so, by dividing the first 
 half into two cantos, and adding two more. 
 The whole work was printed and published by 
 Hudson and Godwin at Hartford in Connecticut, 
 before the close of 1782. Of that edition the 
 one now offered to the public is a faithful tran 
 script. 
 
 In the explanatory notes appended to the 
 Poem in the present edition, the reader will 
 find that full information which is necessary to 
 a proper appreciation oi the force of the satire. 
 
 John Trumbull, the author of M FINGAL, was 
 the child of a congregational minister. He was 
 an only son, delicate in physical constitution, 
 and a favorite of his accomplished mother. He 
 was an exceedingly precocious child, and at the 
 age of seven years was considered qualified to 
 enter Yale College, as a student. There he 
 was graduated, in 1767, with the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts, and remained a student three
 
 INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 years longer. He turned his attention chiefly 
 to polite literature, as well as the Greek and 
 Latin classics, and became a most accomplished 
 scholar. He and Timothy D wight became in 
 timate friends, and the bond of mutual attach 
 ment was severed only by death. They were 
 co-essayists, in 1769 ; and, in 1771, they were 
 both appointed tutors in the college. The fol 
 lowing year young Trumbull published the first 
 part of a poem entitled The Progress of Dul- 
 ness. He selected the law as his profession, 
 arid devoted much of his leisure time to its 
 study. He was admitted to the bar in 1773, 
 but immediately afterward went to Boston, and 
 placed himself under the instructions of John 
 Adams. While in Boston he wrote an Elegy 
 on the Times, a poem in sixty-eight stanzas, 
 which celebrated the Boston Port Bill, the 
 non-importation associations, and the present 
 strength and future glory of the country. He 
 commenced the practice of law at Hartford, in 
 1781, and soon became distinguished for legal 
 acumen and forensic eloquence. As we have 
 observed, his M -Fingal was completed, and 
 published at Hartford in 1782. As authors 
 were then unprotected by copyright laws, there
 
 io INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were more than thirty different pirated impres 
 sions printed, and circulated by " newsmongers, 
 hawkers, peddlers, and petty chapmen." 
 
 Mr. Trumbull was soon afterward associated 
 with Humphreys, Barlow, and Dr. Lemuel 
 Hopkins, in the production of a work which 
 they styled The Anarchiad. It contained bold 
 satire, and exerted considerable influence on 
 the popular taste. 
 
 In 178.9, Mr. Trumbull was appointed State 
 Attorney for the county of Hartford ; and, in 
 1792, he represented that district in the Con 
 necticut legislature. His health failed ; and, in 
 1795, he resigned his office, and declined all 
 public business. Toward the close of 1798, a 
 severe illness formed the crisis of his nervous 
 excitement, and after that his health was much 
 better. He was again elected to a seat in the 
 State legislature in May, 1800, and the follow 
 ing year he was appointed a judge of the Su 
 perior Court of Connecticut. From that time 
 he abandoned party politics, as inconsistent 
 with judicial duties. In 1808, he was ap 
 pointed jud ^e of the Supreme Court of Errors, 
 in which oihce he remained several years. In 
 the year 1805, Woodruff and Periam printed an
 
 INTRODUCTION. n 
 
 edition of M Fingal at Elizabethtown, in New 
 Jersey, by permission of the author. In 1820, 
 he revised his works, and they were published 
 in Hartford, in handsome style, by Samuel G, 
 Goodrich, from whom the author received the 
 handsome compensation of one thousand dol 
 lars. 
 
 Judge Trunibull and his wife went to De 
 troit in 1825, and made their abode with their 
 daughter, Mrs. Woodbridge, where he died of 
 gradual decay, on the 10th of May, 1831, at 
 the age of eighty-one years.
 
 M FINGAL : 
 
 A MODERN 
 
 EPIC POEM, 
 IN FOUR CANTOS. 
 
 Ergo non fads eft rifu diducere riftum 
 
 Auditoris : ct eft quaedam tamer, hie quoque virtus ; 
 
 Eft brcvitate opus, ut currat fententia, neu fe 
 
 Impediat verbis tafias onerantibus aures. 
 
 Et fcrmone opus eft modo trifti, fepe jocofo, 
 
 Defendente vicem modo Rhetoris, atque Poeta;, 
 
 Intcrdum urbani parcentis viribus atque 
 
 Extenuantis cas confulto. Ridiculum acri 
 
 Fortius et mclius magnas plerumque fecat res. 
 
 Horat. Lib. i. Sat. 10. 
 
 HARTFORD: 
 
 Printed by HUDSON and GOODWIN, near the 
 Great Bridge, 1782.
 
 M FINGAL : 
 CANTO FIRST, 
 
 O R 
 
 THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 
 
 Yankies , Ikill d in martial rule, 
 Firft put the Britifh troops to fchool ; 
 Inftrudled them in warlike trade, 
 And new manoeuvres of parade ; 
 The true war-dance of Yanky-reels, 
 And manual exercife of heels ; 
 Made them give up, like faints complete, 
 The arm of flefh and truft the feet, 
 And work, like Chriftians undiflembling, 
 Salvation out, by fear and trembling 2 ; 
 Taught Percy fafhionablc races, 
 And modern modes of C hevy-chaces : 
 
 From
 
 1 6 M F i N c A L : FCANTO 
 
 From Bofton, in his beft array, 
 Great Squire M Fingal 4 took his way, 
 And graced with enfigns of renown, 
 Steer d homeward to his native town. 
 
 His high defcent our heralds trace 
 To Offian s famed Fingalian race : 
 For tho their name fome part may lack, 
 Old Fingal fpelt it with a Mac ; 
 Which great M Pherfon, with fubmiffion 
 We hope will add, the next edition 5 . 
 
 His fathers flourifli d in the Highlands 
 Of Scotia s fog-benighted iflands ; 
 Whence gain d our Squire two gifts by right, 
 Rebellion and the Second-fight 8 . 
 Of these the firft, in ancient days, 
 Had gain d the nobleft palms of praife, 
 Gainrt Kings flood forth and many a crown d head 
 With terror of its might confounded ; 
 Till rofe a King with potent charm 
 His foes by goodnefs to difarm, 
 
 Whom
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. 17 
 
 Whom ev ry Scot and Jacobite 7 
 Straight fell in love with, at firft fight; 
 Whofe gracious fpeech, with aid of penfions, 
 Hufh d down all murmurs of diflenfions, 
 And with the found of potent metal, 
 Brought all their bluft ring swarms to fettle 8 ; 
 Who rain d his miniilerial mannas, 
 Till loud Sedition fung hofannahs ; 
 The good Lords-Bifhops and the Kirk 
 United in the public work 9 ; 
 Rebellion from the Northern regions, 
 With Bute and Mansfield fwore allegiance 10 ; 
 And all combin d to raze as nuifance, 
 Of church and ftate, the conflitutions ; 
 Pull down the empire, on whofe ruins 
 They meant to edify their new ones ; 
 Knflave th American wildernefles, 
 And tear the provinces in pieces u : 
 For thcfe our Squire among the valiant ft, 
 Employ d his time and tools and talents ; 
 And in their caufe with manly zeal 
 Ufcd his firft virtue, to rebel ; 
 
 And
 
 i8 M C F ING AL : 
 
 And found this new rebellion pleafmg 
 As his old king-deftroying treafon. 
 
 Nor lefs avail d his optic Height, 
 And Scottifh gift of fecond-fight. 
 No antient fybil fam d in rhyme 
 Saw deeper in the womb of time I5 ; 
 No block in old Dodona s 13 grove, 
 Could ever more orac lar prove. 
 Nor only faw he all that was, 
 But much that never came to pass ; 
 Whereby all Prophets far outwent he, 
 Tho former days produc d a plenty; 
 For any man with half an eye, 
 What Hands before him may efpy; 
 But optics (harp it needs I ween, 
 To fee what is not to be feen. 
 As in the days of antient fame 
 Prophets and poets were the fame, 
 And all the praife that poets gain 
 Is but for what th invent and feign : 
 So gain d our Squire his fame by feeing 
 Such things as never would have being. 
 
 [CANTO 
 
 Whence
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. i g 
 
 Whence he for oracles was grown 
 The very tripod 11 of his town. 
 Gazettes no fooner rofe a lye in, 
 But ftraight he fell to prophcfying ; 
 Made dreadful {laughter in his courfe, 
 O erthrew provincials, foot and horfe ; 
 Brought armies o er by fudden preffings 
 Of Hanoverians, Swifs and Heffians 15 ; 
 Feafted with blood his Scottifh clan, 
 And hang d all rebels, to a man ; 
 Divided their eftates and pelf, 
 And took a goodly (hare himfelf 16 . 
 All this with fpirit energetic, 
 He did by fecond-fight prophetic. 
 
 Thus ftor d with intellectual riches, 
 Skill d was our Squire in making fpeeches, 
 Where ftrength of brain united centers 
 With ftrength of lungs furpaffing Stentor s 17 . 
 But as fome mufquets fo contrive it, 
 As oft to mifs the mark they drive at, 
 And tho well aim d at duck or plover, 
 Bear wide and kick their owners over : 
 
 So
 
 zo M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 So far d our Squire, whofe reas ning toil 
 Would often on himfelf recoil, 
 And fo much injur d more his fide, 
 The ftronger arg mcnts he applied : 
 As old war-elephants difmay d, 
 Trode down the troops they came to aid, 
 And hurt their own fide more in battle 
 Than lefs and ordinary cattle. 13 
 Yet at town-meetings ev ry chief 
 Pinn d faith on great M Fingal s fleeve, 
 And as he motion d, all by rote 
 Rafe d fympathetic hands to vote. 
 
 The town, our Hero s fcene of aftion, 
 Had long been torn by feuds of faftion, 
 And as each party s ftrength prevails, 
 It turn d up different, heads or tails; 
 With conftant rattling in a trice 
 Show d various fides as oft as dice : 
 As ihat fam d weaver, wife t Ulyfles, 
 By night each day s work pick d in pieces, 
 An tho fhe ftoutly did beltir her, 
 Its finifhing was ne er the nearer 19 : 
 
 So
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. 21 
 
 So did this town with fledfaft zeal 
 
 Weave cob-webs for the public weal, 
 
 Which when compleated, or before, 
 
 A fecond vote in pieces tore. 
 
 They met, made fpeeches full long winded, 
 
 Refolv d, protefled, and refcinded ; 
 
 AddrefTes figned, then chofe Committees, 
 
 To flop all drinking of Bohea-teas j 
 
 With winds of doftrine veer d about, 
 
 And turn d all Whig-Committees out 20 . 
 
 Meanwhile our Hero, as their head, 
 
 In pomp the tory 21 faction led, 
 
 Still following, as the Squire mould please, 
 
 Succeffive on, like files of geefe. 
 
 % 
 And now the town was fummon d greeting, 
 
 To grand parading of town-meeting ; 
 A mow, that flrangers might appall, 
 As Rome s grave fenate did the Gaul 22 . 
 High o er the rout, on pulpit flairs 23 , 
 Like den of thieves in houfe of pray rs, 
 (That houfe, which loth a rule to break, 
 
 Serv d heav n but one day in the week, 
 
 Open
 
 22 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Open the reft for all fupplics 
 
 Of news and politics and lies) 
 
 Stood forth the conftable, and bore 
 
 His ftafF, like Merc ry s wand of yore 24 , 
 
 Wav d potent round, the peace to keep, 
 
 As that laid dead men s fouls to fleep. 
 
 Above and near th hermetic ftafF, 
 
 The moderator s upper half, 
 
 In grandeur o er the culhion bow d, 
 
 Like Sol half-feen behind a cloud. 25 
 
 Beneath ftood voters of all colours, 
 
 Whigs, tories, orators and bawlers, 
 
 With ev ry tongue in either faftion, 
 
 Prepar d, like minute-men- 6 , for action; 
 
 Where truth and falfehood, wrong and right, 
 
 Draw all their legions out to fight; 
 
 With equal uproar, fcarcely rave, 
 
 Oppofing winds in ^Eolus cave 27 ; 
 
 Such dialogues with earneft face, 
 
 Held never Balaam with his afs 28 . 
 
 With daring zeal and courage bleft 
 Honorius 29 firft the crowd addrefs d; 
 
 When
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN -MEETING, A. M. 23 
 
 When now our Squire returning late, 
 Arrived to aid the grand debate, 
 With ftrange four faces fat him down, 
 While thus the orator went on. 
 
 " For ages bleft, thus Britain rofe 
 The terror of encircling foes; 
 Her heroes rul d the bloody plain ; 
 Her conq ring ftandard aw d the main : 
 The difFrent palms her triumphs grace, 
 Of arms in war, of arts in peace : 
 UnharrafT d by maternal care, 
 Each rifing province flourifh d fair; 
 Whofe various wealth with lib ral hand, 
 By far o er-paid the parent-land 30 . 
 But tho fo bright her fun might mine, 
 Twas quickly halting to decline, 
 With feeble rays, too weak t affuage, 
 The damps, that chill the eve of age. 
 
 For ftates, like men, are doom d as well 
 Th infirmities of age to feel 31 ; 
 
 And
 
 24 M * F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 And from their different forms of empire 
 
 Are feiz d with ev ry deep diftemper. 
 
 Some ftates high fevers have made head in, 
 
 Which nought could cure but copious bleeding ; 
 
 While others have grown dull and dozy, 
 
 Or fix d in helplefs idiocy; 
 
 Or turn d demoniacs to belabour 
 
 Each peaceful habitant and neighbour ; 
 
 Or vex t with hypocondriac fits, 
 
 Have broke their ftrength and loft their wits. 
 
 Thus now while hoary years prevail, 
 Good Mother Britain feem d to fail ; 
 Her back bent, crippled with the weight 
 Of age and debts and cares of ftate : 
 For debts flic ow d, and thofe fo large, 
 As twice her wealth could not difcharge, 
 And now *twas thought, fo high they d grown, 
 She d break and come upon the town 32 ; 
 Her arms, of nations once the dread, 
 She fcarcc could lift above her head ; 
 Her deafen d ears ( twas all their hope) 
 The nnal trump perhaps might ope, 
 
 So
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN -MEETING, A. M. 25 
 
 So long they d been in ftupid mood, 
 Shut to the hearing of all good ; 
 Grim Death had put her in his fcroll, 
 Down on the execution-roll ; 
 And Gallic crows, as {he grew weaker, 
 Began to whet their beaks to pick her 33 
 And now her pow rs decaying faft, 
 Her grand ClimacYric had me part, 
 And, juft like all old women elfe, 
 Fell in the vapours much by fpells. 
 Strange whimlies on her fancy ftruck, 
 
 And gave her brain a difmal mock ; 
 
 Her mem ry fails, her judgment ends ; 
 
 She quite forgot her neareft friends, 
 
 Loft all her former fenfe and knowledge, 
 
 And fitted fart for Beth lem college 34 ; 
 
 Of all the pow rs me once retain d, 
 
 Conceit and pride alone remain d. 
 
 As Eve when falling was fo modeft 
 
 To fancy me mould grow a goddefs a >; 
 
 As madmen, ftraw who long have flept on, 
 
 Will stile them, Jupiter or Neptune: 
 
 So
 
 2ft M F I N G A L : [CANTC 
 
 So Britain midft her airs fo flighty, 
 
 Now took a whim to be Almighty; 
 
 Urg d on to defp rate heights of frenzy, 
 
 Affirm d her own Omnipotency 36 ; 
 
 Would rather ruin all her race, 
 
 Than bate Supremacy an ace ; 
 
 Affumed all rights divine, as grown 
 
 The churches head 37 , like good Pope Joan 38 ; 
 
 Swore all the world mould bow an d fkip 
 
 To her almighty Goodymip ; 
 
 Anath matiz d each unbeliever, 
 
 And vow d to live and rule forever. 
 
 Her fcrvants humour d every whim, 
 
 And own d at once her pow r fupreme, 
 
 Her follies pleas d in all their ftages, 
 
 For fake of legacies and wages ; 
 
 In Stephen s Chapel 39 then in ftate too 
 
 Set up her golden calf to pray to, 
 
 Proclaim d its pow r and right divine, 
 
 And call d for worfhip at its fhrine, 
 
 And for poor Heretics to burn us, 
 
 Bade North 40 prepare his fiery furnace; 
 
 Struck
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 27 
 
 Struck bargains with the Romifh churches 
 
 Infallibility to purchafe ; 
 
 Set wide for Popery the door, 
 
 Made friends with Babel s fcarlet whore 41 , 
 
 Join d both the matrons firm in clan ; 
 
 No filters made a better fpan. 
 
 No wonder then, ere this was over, 
 
 That me mould make her children fuffer. 
 
 She firft, without pretence of reafon, 
 
 Claim d right whate er we had to feize on ; 
 
 And with determin d refolution, 
 
 To put her claims in execution, 
 
 Sent fire and fword, and called it, Lenity, 
 
 Starv d us, and chrillen d it, Humanity 42 . 
 
 For me, her cafe grown defperater, 
 
 Miftook the plaineft things in nature ; 
 
 Had loft all ufe of eyes or wits ; 
 
 Took flav ry for the bill of rights 43 ; 
 
 Trembled at Whigs and deem d them foes, 
 
 And ftopp d at loyalty her nofe ; 
 
 Stiled her own children, brats and caitiffs, 
 
 And knew us not from th Indian natives. 
 
 What
 
 28 M FiNGAL. [CANTO 
 
 What tho with fupplicating pray r 
 We bcgg d our lives and goods ihe d {pare 44 ; 
 Not vainer vows, with fillier call, 
 Elijah s prophets rais d to Baal 45 ; 
 A worfhipp d flock of god, or goddefs, 
 Had better heard and underftood us. 
 So once Egyptians at the Nile 
 Ador d their guardian Crocodile, 
 Who heard them firlt with kindeft ear, 
 And ate them to reward their pray r 46 ; 
 And could he talk, as kings can do, 
 Had made as gracious fpeeches too 47 . 
 
 Thus fpitc of pray rs her fchemes purfuing, 
 She ftill went on to work our ruin ; 
 AnnullM our charters of releafes 43 , 
 And tore our title-deeds in pieces ; 
 Then fign d her warrants of ejection, 
 And gallows rais d to ftretch our necks on : 
 And on thefe errands fent in rage, 
 Her bailiff, and her hangman, Gage 49 , 
 And at his heels, like dogs to bait us, 
 
 Difpatch d her Pofle Comitatus 50 . 
 
 No
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 29 
 
 No ftate e er chofe a fitter perfbn, 
 To carry fuch a filly farce on. 
 As Heathen gods in antient days 
 Received at fecond-hand their praife, 
 Stood imag d forth in ftones and flocks, 
 And deified in barber s blocks ; 
 So Gage was chofe to reprefent 
 Th omnipotence of Parliament. 
 And as old heroes gain d, by fhifts, 
 From gods, as poets tell, their gifts; 
 Our Gen ral, as his actions mow, 
 Gain d like affiftance from below, 
 By Satan graced with full fupplies, 
 From all his magazine of lies. 
 Yet could his practice ne er impart 
 The wit to tell a lie with art. 
 Thofe lies alone are formidable, 
 Where artful truth is mixt with fable ; 
 But Gage has bungled oft fo vilely, 
 No foul would credit lies fo filly, 
 Outwent all faith and llretch d beyond 
 Credulity s extremeft end. 
 
 Whence
 
 30 M F i N G A r. . [CANTO 
 
 Whence plain it feems tho Satan once 
 O erlook d with fcorn each brainlefs dunce, 
 And blund ring brutes in Eden fhunning, 
 Chofe out the ferpent for his cunning 51 ; 
 Of late he is not half fo nice, 
 Npr picks affiftants, caufe they re wife. 
 For had he flood upon perfection, 
 His prefent friends had loft th eledlion, 
 And far d as hard in this proceeding, 
 As owls and afles did in Eden. 
 
 Yet fools are often dang rous enemies, 
 As meaneft reptiles are moft venomous ; 
 Nor e er could Gage by craft and prowefs 
 Have done a whit more mifchief to us : 
 Since he began th unnatural war, 
 The work his matters fent him for. 
 
 And are there in this freeborn land 
 Among ourfelves a venal band, 
 A daftard race, who long have fold 
 Their fouls and confcicnces for gold ; 
 
 Who
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 31 
 
 Who wifh to ftab their country s vitals, 
 If they might heir furviving titles ; 
 With joy behold our mifchiefs brewing, 
 Infult and triumph in our ruin ? 
 Priefts who, if Satan fhould lit down, 
 To make a Bible of his own, 
 Would gladly for the fake of mitres, 
 Turn his infpir d and facred writers ; 
 Lawyers, who fhould he wifh to prove 
 His title t his old feat above, 
 Would, if his caufe he d give em fees in, 
 Bring writs of Entry fur difleifm 52 , 
 Plead for him boldly at the feffion, 
 And hope tD put him in pofleffion; 
 Merchants who, for his kindly aid, 
 Would make him partners in their trade, 
 Hang out their figns in goodly Ihow, 
 Infcrib d with Beelzebub and Co. 
 And Judges, who would lift his pages, 
 For proper liveries and wages ; 
 And who as humbly cringe and bow 
 
 To all his mortal fervants now ? 
 
 There
 
 32 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 There are ; and fhame with pointing gefturcs, 
 Marks out th Addreflcrs and Protefters 53 ; 
 Whom, following down the ftream of fate, 
 Contempts ineffable await, 
 And public infamy forlorn, 
 Dread hate and everlafling fcorn." 
 
 As thus he fpakc, our Squire M Fingal 
 Gave to his partizans a fignal. 
 Not quicker roll d the waves to land, 
 When Mofes wav d his potent wand, 
 Nor with, more uproar, than the Tories 
 Set up a gen ral rout in chorus ; 
 Laugh d, hifs d, hem d, murmur d, groan d and jeer d ; 
 Honorius now could fcarce be heard. 
 Our Mufe amid th increafing roar, 
 Could not diftinguifh one word more : 
 Tho me fat by, in firm record 
 To take in fhorthand ev ry word ; 
 As antient Muses wont, to whom 
 Old Bards for dcpofitions come ; 
 Who muft have writ em ; for how elfe 
 Could they each fpecch verbatim tell s ? 
 
 And
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. 33 
 
 And tho fome readers of romances 
 
 Are apt to flrain their tortur d fancies, 
 
 And doubt, when lovers all alone 
 
 Their fad foliloquies do groan, 
 
 Grieve many a page with no one near em, 
 
 And nought but rocks and groves to hear em, 
 
 What fpright infernal could have tattled, 
 
 And told the authors all they prattled ; 
 
 Whence fome weak minds have made objection, 
 
 That what they fcribbled muft be fiction : 
 
 Tis falfe ; for while the lovers fpoke, 
 
 The Mufe was by, with table-book, 
 
 And leaft fome blunder might enfue, 
 
 Echo flood clerk and kept the cue. 
 
 And tho the fpeech ben t worth a groat, 
 
 As ufual, tisn t the author s fault, 
 
 But error merely of the prater, 
 
 Who fhould have talk d to th purpofe better: 
 
 Which full cxcufe, my critic-brothers, 
 
 May help me out, as well as others ; 
 
 And tis defign d, tho here it lurk, 
 
 To ferve as preface to this work. 
 
 So
 
 34 M F i N c, A i : [CANTC 
 
 So let it be for now our Squire 
 No longer could contain his ire ; 
 And riling midft applauding Tories, 
 Thus vented wrath upon Honorius. 
 
 Quoth he, " Tis wondrous what ftrangc (luff 
 Your Whig s-heads are compounded of; 
 Which force of logic cannot pierce, 
 Nor fyllogiftic carte & tierce, 
 Nor weight of fcripture or of reafon 
 Suffice to make the leaft impreffion. 
 Not heeding what ye raifd contell on, 
 Ye prate, and beg or fteal the queilion ; 
 And when your boafted arguings fail, 
 Strait leave all reaf ning off, to rail. 
 Have not our High-Church Clergy 51 made it 
 Appear from fcriptures which ye credit, 
 That right divine from heav n was lent 
 To kings, that is the Parliament, 
 Their fubjefts tp opprefs and teaze, 
 And ferve the Devil when they pleaie? 
 Did they not write and oniy and preach, 
 And torture ail the part;; of ipeech,
 
 FIRS T.J T H E T O W N - M E E T I h G , A . M . 3 J 
 
 About Rebellion make a pother, 
 From one end of the land to th other ? 
 And yet gain d fewer proPlyte Whigs, 
 Than old St. Anth ny mongft the pigs ; 
 And chang d not half fo many vicious 
 As Auftin, when he preach d to fifties ; 
 Who throng d to hear, the legend tells, 
 Were edified and wagg d their tails " : 
 But fcarce you d prove it, if you tried, 
 That e er one Whig was edified, 
 Have ye not heard from Parfon Walter 56 
 Much dire prefage of many a halter ? 
 What warnings had ye of your duty 
 From our old Rev rend Sam. Auchmuty 8 *? 
 From Pricfts of all degrees and metres, 
 T our fag-end man poor Parfon Peters 53 ? 
 Have not our Cooper 59 and our Seabury 60 
 Sung hymns, like Barak and old Deborah" ; 
 Prov d all intrigues to fet you free 
 Rebellion gainft the pow rs that be ; 
 Brought over many a fcripture text 
 That ufed to wink at rebel fefts, 
 
 Coax d
 
 36 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Coax d wayward ones to favour regents, 
 Or paraphraf d them to obedience ; 
 Prov d ev ry king, ev n thofe confeft 
 Horns of th Apocalyptic beaft 62 , 
 And fprouting from its noddles feven, 
 Or dain d, as bifhops are, by heav n; 
 (For reafons fim lar, as we re told 
 That Tophet was ordain d of old) 
 By this lay-ordination valid 
 Becomes all fanftified and hallow d, 
 Takes patent out when heav n has fign d it, 
 And ftarts up ftrait, the Lord s anointed ? 
 Like extreme unction that can cleanfc 
 Each penitent from deadly fins, 
 Make them run glib, when oil d by Prieft, 
 The heav nly road, like wheels new greafd, 
 Serve them, like moeball 63 , for defences 
 Gainft wear and tear of confciences : 
 So king s anointment cleans betimes, 
 Like fuller s earth 61 , all {pots of crimes, 
 For future knav ries gives commiffions, 
 Like Papifts finning under licence 65 . 
 
 For
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN -MEETING, A. M. 3 * 
 
 For heav n ordain d the origin, 
 
 Divines declare, of pain and fin ; 
 
 Prove fuch great good they both have done us, 
 
 Kind mercy twas they came upon us : 
 
 For without pain and iln and folly 
 
 Man ne er were bleft, or wife, or holy ; 
 
 And we mould thank the Lord, tis fo, 
 
 As authors grave wrote long ago. 
 
 Now heav n its iffues never brings 
 
 Without the means, and thefe are kings ; 
 
 And he, who blames when they announce ills, 
 
 Would counteract th eternal counfels. 
 
 As when the Jews, a murm ring race, 
 
 By conftant grumblings fell from grace, 
 
 Heav n taught them firft to know their diftance, 
 
 By famine, flav ry and Philiftines ; 
 
 When thefe could no repentance bring, 
 
 In wrath it fent them laft a king 63 : 
 
 So nineteen, tis believ d, in twenty 
 
 Of modern kings for plagues are fent you ; 
 
 Nor can your cavillers pretend, 
 
 But that they anfwer well their end. 
 
 Tis
 
 }8 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 Tis yours to yield to their command, 
 
 As rods in Providence s hand ; 
 
 And if it means to fend you pain, 
 
 You turn your nofes up in vain ; 
 
 Your only way s in peace to bear it, 
 
 And make neceffity a merit. 
 
 Hence fure perdition muft await 
 
 The man, who rifes gainft the ftate, 
 
 Who meets at once the damning fentence, 
 
 Without one loophole for repentance ; 
 
 E en tho he gain the royal fee, 
 
 And rank among the pow rs that be CT : 
 
 For hell is theirs, the fcripture mows, 
 
 Whoe er the pow rs that be oppofe, 
 
 And all thofe pow rs (I am clear that tis fo) 
 
 Are damn d for ever, ex officio. 
 
 Thus far our Clergy ; but tis true, 
 We lack d not earthly reaf ners too. 
 Had I the Poet s brazen lungs 63 
 As found-board to his hundred tongues, 
 I could not half the fcriblers mufter 
 
 That fwarm d round Rivington ra in cluftcr ; 
 
 Aflcmblies,
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. 39 
 
 Aflemblies, Councilmen, forfooth ; 
 
 Brufh 70 , Cooper 71 , Wilkins 72 , Chandler 73 , Booth 74 . 
 
 Yet all their arguments and fap ence, 
 
 You did not value at three halfpence. 
 
 Did not our MafTachufettenfis 75 
 
 For your conviftion ftrain his fenfes ? 
 
 Scrawl ev ry moment he could fpare, 
 
 From cards and barbers and the fair; 
 
 Show, clear as fun in noonday heavens, 
 
 You did not feel a fingle grievance ; 
 
 Demonftrate all your oppofition 
 
 Sprung from the eggs of foul fedition ; 
 
 Swear he had feen the neft fhe laid in, 
 
 And knew how long fhe had been fitting ; 
 
 Could tell exal what flrength of heat is 
 
 Requir d to hatch her out Committees 7F ; 
 
 What fhapes they take, and how much longer s 
 
 The fpace before they grow t a Congrefs ? 
 
 New whitewafh d Hutchinfon 77 and varnifh d, 
 
 Our Gage, who d got a little tarnifh d, 
 
 Made em new mafks, in time no doubt, 
 
 For Hutchinfon s was quite worn out ; 
 
 And
 
 4-O M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 And \vhilc he muddled all his head 
 
 You did not heed a word he faid. 
 
 Did not our grave Judge Sewall 78 hit 
 
 The fummit of news-paper wit ? 
 
 FilPd ev ry leaf of ev ry paper 
 
 Of Mills and Hicks 79 and mother Draper 80 ; 
 
 Drew proclamations, works of toil, 
 
 In true fublime of fcarecrow flyle ; 
 
 Wrote farces too, gainft Sons of Freedom 81 , 
 
 All for your good, and none would read em ; 
 
 Dcnounc d damnation on their frenzy, 
 
 Who died in Whig-impenitency ; 
 
 Affirm d that heav n would lend us aid, 
 
 As all our Tory-writers faid, 
 
 And calculated fo its kindnefs, 
 
 He told the moment when it join d us." 
 
 " Twas then belike, Honorius cried, 
 When you the public faft defied ^, 
 RefuPd to heav n to raife a prayer, 
 Becaufe you d no connections there ; 
 And fmce with rev rent hearts and faces 
 To Governors you d make addrefles, 
 
 In
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A. M. 41 
 
 In them, who made you Tories, feeing 
 You lived and mov d and had your being ; 
 Your humble vows you would not breathe 
 To pow rs you d no acquaintance with." 
 
 " As for your fafts, replied our Squire, 
 What circumftance could fafts require ; 
 We kept them not, but twas no crime ; 
 We held them merely lofs of time. 
 For what advantage firm and lafting, 
 Pray did you ever get by farting ? 
 And what the gains that can arife 
 From vows and offerings to the fkies ? 
 Will heav n reward with pofts and fees, 
 Or fend us Tea, as Confignees ^ 
 Give penfions, fal ries, places, bribes, 
 Or chufe us judges, clerks, or fcribes ? 
 Has it commiffions in its gift, 
 Or cam, to ferve us at a lift ? 
 Are acts of parliament there made, 
 To carry on the placeman s trade ? 
 Or has it pafs d a fmgle bill 
 To let us plunder whom we will ? 
 
 And
 
 4 2 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 And look our lift of placemen all over ; 
 
 Did heav n appoint bur chief judge, Oliver 84 , 
 
 Fill that high bench with ignoramus, 
 
 Or has it councils by mandamus 8 " ? 
 
 Who made that wit of water-gruel 8 ^, 
 
 A Judge of Admiralty, Sewall ? 
 
 And were they not mere earthly ftruggles, 
 
 That raiPd up Murray s7 , fay, and Ruggles*"? 
 
 Did heav n fend down, our pains to med cine, 
 
 That old fimplicity of Edfon 89 , 
 
 Or by eleftion pick out from us, 
 
 That MarMeld blund rer Nat. Ray Thomas 90 ; 
 
 Or had it any hand in ferving 
 
 A Loring 91 , Pepp rell 9 *, Browne 93 , or Erving ! "? 
 
 Yet we ve fome faints, the very thing, 
 We ll pit againft the beft you ll bring 
 For can the ftrongeft fancy paint 
 Than Hutchinfon a greater faint ? 
 Was there a parfon ufed to pray 
 At times more reg lar twice a day ; 
 "As folb exaft have dinners got, 
 Whether they ve appetites or not ? 
 
 Was
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 43 
 
 Was there a zealot more alarming 
 
 Gainft public vice to hold forth fermon, 
 
 Or fix d at church, whofe inward motion 
 
 Roll d up his eyes with more devotion ? 
 
 What Puritan 9 could ever pray 
 
 In Godlier tone, than treaf rer Gray 96 , 
 
 Or at town-meetings fpeechify ng, 
 
 Could utter more melodious whine, 
 
 And fhut his eyes and vent his moan, 
 
 Like owl afflifted in the fun ? 
 
 Who once fent home his canting rival, 
 
 Lord Dartmouth s 97 felf, might outbedrivel." 
 
 " Have you forgot, Honorius cried, 
 How your prime faint the truth defied, 
 Affirm d he never wrote a line 
 Your charter d rights to undermine ; 
 When his own letters then were by, 
 That prov d his meflage all a lie 98 ? 
 How many promifes he feal d, 
 To get th oppreffive afts repeal d, 
 Yet once arriv d on England s more, 
 Set on the Premier to pafs more 99 ? 
 
 But
 
 f 4 M F i N c A L . [CANTO 
 
 But these are no defefts, we grant, 
 
 In a right loyal Tory faint, 
 
 Whofe godlike virtues muft with eafe 
 
 Atone fuch venal crimes as thefe : 
 
 Or ye perhaps in fcripture fpy 
 
 A new commandment, Thou flialt lie ; 
 
 And if t be fo (as who can tell ?) 
 
 There s no one fure ye keep fo well." 
 
 " Quoth he, For lies and promife-breaking 
 Ye need not be in fuch a taking ; 
 For lying is, we know and teach, 
 The higheft privilege of fpeech ; 
 The universal Magna Charta, 
 To which all human race is party, 
 Whence children firft, as David fays, 
 Lay claim to t in their earlieft days ; 
 The only ftratagem in war, 
 Our Gen rals have occafion for ; 
 The only freedom of the prefs 
 Our politicians need in peace : 
 And tis a fhame you wifh t abridge us 
 Of thefe our darling privileges. 
 
 Thank
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN-MEETING, A.M. 45 
 
 Thank heav n, your (hot have mifs d their aim, 
 For lying is no fin, or Ihame. 
 
 As men laft wills may change again, 
 Tho drawn in name of God, amen ; 
 Befure they muft have much the more, 
 O er promifes as great a pow r, 
 Which made in hafte, with fmall infpcflion, 
 So much the more will need correction ; 
 And when they ve carelefs fpoke, or penn d em, 
 Have right to look em o er and mend em ; 
 Revife their vows, or change the text, 
 By way of codicil annex d, 
 Turn out a promife, that was bafe, 
 And put a better in its place. 
 So Gage of late agreed, you know, 
 To let the Bofton people go ; 
 Yet when he faw gainft troops that brav d him, 
 They were the only guards that fav d him 100 . 
 Kept off that Satan of a Putnam, 
 From breaking in to maul and mutt n him 101 ; 
 He d too much wit fuch leagues t obfcrve, 
 
 And (hut them in again to ftarvc. 
 
 So
 
 46 M F i N G A L . [CANTO 
 
 So Mofcs writes, when female Jews 
 Made oath? and vows unfit for ule, 
 Their parents then might fet them free 
 From that confcientious tyranny m : 
 And (hall men feel that fpir tual bondage 
 Forever, when they grow beyond age ; 
 Nor have pow r their own oaths to change ? 
 I think the tale were very ftrange. 
 Shall vows but bind the ftout and ftrong, 
 And let go women weak and young, 
 As nets enclofe the larger crew, 
 And let the fmaller fry creep thro ? 
 Befides, the Whigs have all been fet on, 
 The Tories to affright and threaten, 
 Till Gage amidil his trembling fits 
 Has hardly kept him in his wits ; 
 And tho he fpeak with art and finefle, 
 Tis faid beneath durefs per minas. 
 For we re in peril of our fouls 
 From feathers, tar and lib rty-poles I03 : 
 And vows extorted are not binding 
 fn law, and fo not worth tne minding. 
 
 Fo>
 
 FIRST.] THE TOWN -MEETING, A. M. 47 
 
 For we have in this hurly-burly 
 Sent off our confciences on furiow, 
 Thrown our religion o er in foi m ; 
 Our fhip to lighten in the ftorm. 
 Nor need we blufli your Whigs befor: ; 
 If we ve no virtue you ve no more. 
 
 Yet black with fins, would ftain a mitre, 
 Rail ye at crimes by ten tints whiter, 
 And ftuff d with choler atrabilious, 
 Infuk us here for peccadilloes ? 
 While all your vices run fo high 
 That mercy fcarce could find fupply : 
 While mould you offer to repent. 
 You d need more falling days than Lent, 
 More groans than haunted churchyard vallies 3 
 And more confeflions than broad-alleys 1C4 . 
 I ll mow you all at fitter time, 
 The extent and greatnefs of your crime, . 
 And here demonftrate to your face, 
 Your want of virtue, as of grace, 
 Evinced from topics old and recent : 
 But thus much muft fuflice at prefcnt. 
 
 To
 
 48 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 To th after-portion of the day, 
 I fcave what more remains to fay ; 
 When I ve good hope you ll all appear, 
 More fitted and prepared to hear, 
 And gricv d for all your vile demeanour 
 But now tis time : adjourn for dinner."
 
 M FINGAL : 
 CANTO SECOND, 
 
 O R 
 
 THE TOWN-MEETING, P. M. 
 
 I *HE Sun, who never flops to dine, 
 
 Two hours had pafs d the midway line, 
 And driving at his ufual rate, 
 Lafh d on his downward car of flate. 
 And now expired the fhort vacation, 
 And dinner done in epic fafhion ; 
 While all the crew beneath the trees, 
 Eat pocket-pies, or bread and cheefe ; 
 Nor {hall we, like old Homer care 
 To verfify their bill of fare. 
 For now each party, feafted well, 
 Throng d in, like fheep, at found of bell, 
 
 With
 
 50 M F i N c A i. : [CANTO 
 
 With equal fpirit took their places ; 
 And meeting oped with three Oh yefles : 
 When firft the daring Whigs t oppofe, 
 Again the great M Fingal rofe, 
 Stretch d magifterial arm amain, 
 And thus aflum d th accufing ftrain. 
 
 " Ye Whigs attend, and hear affrighted 
 The crimes whereof ye ftand indiftcd, 
 The fins and follies paft all compafs, 
 That prove you guilty or non compos. 
 I leave the verdict to your fenfes, 
 And jury of your confciences ; 
 Which tho they re neither good nor true, 
 Muft yet convifl you and your crew. 
 Ungrateful fons ! a fadlious band, 
 That rife againft your parent-land ! 
 Ye viper d race, that burft in ftrife, 
 The welcome womb, that gave you life, 
 Tear with fharp fangs and forked tongue, 
 Th indulgent bowels, whence you fprung ; 
 And fcorn the debt of obligation 
 
 You juftly owe the Britifli nation, 
 
 Which
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 51 
 
 Which fince you cannot pay, your crew 
 A ffodl to fvvear. twas never due. 
 Did not the deeds of England s Primate* 
 Firft drive your fathers to this climate, 
 Whom jails and fines and ev ry ill 
 Forc d to their good againft their will ? 
 Ye owe to their obliging temper 
 The peopling your newfangled empire, 
 While ev ry Britifh acl and canon 
 Stood forth your caufa fine qua non. 
 Did they not fend you charters o er 3 , 
 And give you lands you own d before, 
 Permit you all to fpill your blood, 
 And drive out heathen where you could ; 
 On thefe mild terms, that conqueft won, 
 The realm you gain d mould be their own. 
 Or when of late attack d by thofe, 
 Whom her connection made your foes 4 , 
 Did they not then, diftreft in war, 
 Send Gen rals to your help from far 6 , 
 Whofe aid you own d in terms lefs haughty 
 
 And thankfully o erpaid your quota ? 6 
 
 Say
 
 3 2 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Say, at what period did they grudge 
 To fend you Governor or Judge, 
 With all their miflionary crew, 
 To teach you law and gofpel too ? 
 Brought o er all felons in the nation, 
 To help you on in population ; 
 Propos d their Bifhops to furrender, 
 And made their Priefts a legal tender, 
 Who only afk d in furplice clad, 
 The fimple tythe of all you had 7 : 
 And now to keep all knaves in awe, 
 Have fcnt their troops t eftablifh law, 
 And with gunpowder, fire and ball, 
 Reform your people one and all. 
 Yet when their infolence and pride 
 Have anger d all the world befide, 
 When fear and want at once invade, 
 Can you refufe to lend them aid ; 
 And rather rifque your heads in fight, 
 Than gratefully throw in your mite"? 
 Can they for debts make fatisfadlion, 
 
 Should they difpofe their realm by auction ; 
 
 And
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. ^3 
 
 And fell off Britain s goods and land all 
 
 To France and Spain by inch of candle ? 
 
 Shall good king George, with want oppreft, 
 
 Infer t his name in bankrupt lift, 
 
 And fhut up fhop, like failing merchant, 
 
 That fears the bailiffs mould make fearch in t ; 
 
 With poverty mail princes ftrive, 
 
 And nobles lack whereon to live ? 
 
 Have they not rack d their whole inventions, 
 
 To feed their brats on ports and pennons 9 , 
 
 Made ev n Scotch friends with taxes groan, 
 
 And pick d poor Ireland to the bone ; 
 
 Yet have on hand as well deferving, 
 
 Ten thousand baftards left for ftarving ? 
 
 And can you now with confcience clear, 
 
 Refufe them an afylum here, 
 
 Or not maintain in manner fitting 
 
 These genuine fons of mother Britain 10 ? 
 
 T evade thefe crimes of blackeft grain, 
 
 You prate of liberty in vain, 
 
 And ftrive to hide your vile defigns, 
 
 With terms abftrufe like fchool-di vines. 
 
 Your
 
 54 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Your boafted patriotifm is fcarce, 
 And country s love is but a farce ; 
 And after all the proofs you bring, 
 We Tories know there s no fuch thing. 
 Our Englifh writers of great fame 
 Prove public virtue but a name. 
 Hath not Dalrymple n fliow d in print, 
 And Johnfon 12 too, there s nothing in t ? 
 Produc d you demonftration ample 
 From other s and their own example, 
 That felf is ftill, in either faftion, 
 The only principle of adlion j 
 The loadftone, whofe attracting tether 
 Keeps the politic world together : 
 And fpite of all your double-dealing, 
 We Tories know tis fo, by feeling. 
 
 Who heeds your babbling of tranfmitting 
 Freedom to brats of your begetting, 
 Or will proceed as though there were a tie, 
 Or obligation to pofterity 13 ? 
 We get em, bear em, breed and nurfe ; 
 What lias pofter ty done for us, 
 
 That
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN -MEETING, p. M. 55 
 
 That we, left they their rights fhould lofe, 
 
 Should trull our necks to gripe of noofe ? 
 
 i 
 
 And who believes you will not run ? 
 
 You re cowards, ev ry mother s fon ; 
 
 And fhould you offer to deny, 
 
 We ve witnefles to prove it by. 
 
 Attend th opinion firft, as referee, 
 
 Of your old Gen ral, ftout Sir Jeffery 14 , 
 
 Who fwore that with five thoufand foot 
 
 He d rout you all, and in purfuit, 
 
 Run thro the land as eafily, 
 
 As camel thro a needle s eye 15 . 
 
 Did not the valiant Col nel Grant 
 
 Againft your courage make his flant, 
 
 Affirm your univerfal failure 
 
 In ev ry principle of valour, 
 
 And fwear no fcamp rers e er could match you, 
 
 So fwift, a bullet fcarce could catch you " ? 
 
 And will ye not confefs in this, 
 
 A judge moft competent he is, 
 
 Well fkill d on runnings to decide, 
 
 As what himfelf has often tried ? 
 
 Twould
 
 56 M F I N G A L . [CANTO 
 
 Twould not methinks be labour loft, 
 If you d fit down and count the coil ; 
 And ere you call your Yankies out, 
 Firft think what work you ve fet about. 
 Have ye not rouz d, his force to try on, 
 That grim old beaft, the Britiih lion? 
 And know you not that at a fup 
 He s large enough to eat you up ? 
 Have you furvey d his jaws beneath, 
 Drawn inventories of his teeth, 
 Or have you weigh d in even balance, 
 His ftrcngth and magnitude of talons ? 
 His roar would turn your boafts to fear, 
 As eafily as four fmall-beer ", 
 And make your feet from dreadful fray, 
 By native inilincl run away. 
 Britain, depend on t will take on her 
 T aflert her dignity and honor, 
 And ere fhe d lofc your fhare of pelf, 
 Deftroy your country arid hcrfelf. 
 For has not North declar d they fight 
 
 To gain fubftantial rcv nue by t 18 , 
 
 Denied
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. 57 
 
 Denied he d ever deign to treat, 
 Till on your knees and at his feet ? 
 And feel you not a trifling ague, 
 From Van s Delenda eft Carthago 19 ? 
 For this, now Britain has come to t. 
 Think you me has not means to do t ? 
 Has me not fet to work all engines 
 To fpirit up the native Indians, 
 Send on your backs a favage band, 
 With each a hatchet in his hand, 
 T amufe themfelves with fcalping knives, 
 And butcher children and your wives 20 ; 
 That me may boaft again with vanity, 
 Her Englifh national humanity ? 
 (For now in its primaeval fenfe, 
 This term, human ty, comprehends 
 All things of which, on this fide hell, 
 The human mind is capable ; 
 And thus tis well, by writers fage, 
 Applied to Britain and to Gage.) 
 And on this work to raife allies, 
 She fent her duplicate of Guys, 
 
 To
 
 58 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 To drive, at different parts at once, on 
 Her ftout Guy Carlton and Guy Johnfon 21 ; 
 To each of whom, to fend again ye 
 Old Guy of Warwick were a ninny 92 . 
 Tho the dun cow he fell d in war, 
 Thefe killcows are his betters far 23 . 
 
 And has fhe not afTay d her notes, 
 To rouze your flaves to cut your throats, 
 Sent o er ambafladors with guineas, 
 To bribe your blacks in Carolinas 24 ? 
 And has not Gage, her miffionary 
 Turn d many an Afric (lave t a Tory, 
 And made th Amer can bifhop s fee grow, 
 By many a new-converted Negro 25 ? 
 As friends to gov rnment did not he 
 Their flaves at Boilon late set free ; 
 Enlift them all in black parade, 
 Set off with regimental red 26 ? 
 And were they not accounted then 
 Among his very braveft men? 
 And when fuch means fhe {loops to take, 
 Think you fhe is not wide awake ? 
 
 As
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 59 
 
 As Eliphaz good man in Job 
 
 Own d num rous allies thro the globe ; 
 
 Had brought the ftones along the ftrcet 
 
 To ratify a cov nant meet, 
 
 And ev ry bead from lice to lions, 
 
 To join in leagues of ftrift alliance 21 : 
 
 Has me not cring d, in fpite of pride, 
 
 For like affistance far and wide ? 
 
 Was there a creature fo defpif d, 
 
 Its aid me has not fought and priz d ? 
 
 Till all this formidable league rofc 
 
 Of Indians, Britim troops and Negroes 28 , 
 
 And can you break thefe triple bands 
 
 By all your workmanfhip of hands ? " 
 
 " Sir, quoth Honorius, we prefume 
 You guefs from paft feats, what s to come. 
 And from the mighty deeds of Gage, 
 Foretell how fierce the war he ll wage. 
 You doubtlefs recollefted here 
 The annals of his firft great year : 
 While wearying out the Tories patience, 
 
 He fpent his breath in proclamations ; 
 
 While
 
 60 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 While all his mighty noife and vapour 
 Was ufcd in wrangling upon paper; 
 And boafted military fits 
 Clofed in the {training of his wits ; 
 While troops in Bofton commons plac d ** 
 Laid nought but quires of paper wafte ; 
 
 While ftrokes alternate ftunn d the nation, 
 
 
 
 Proteft, addrefs and proclamation ; 
 
 And fpeech met fpeech, fib clam d with fib, 
 
 And Gage ftill anfwer d, fquib for fquib. 
 
 Tho this not all his time was loft on ; 
 He fortified the town of Bofton ; 
 Built brciftworks that might lend affiftance 
 To keep the patriots at a diftance* ; 
 (For howfoe er the rogues might fcofF, 
 He liked them bed the fartheft ofF) 
 Of mighty ufe and help to aid 
 His courage, when he felt afraid ; 
 And whence right off in manful ftation, 
 He d boldly pop his proclamation. 
 Our hearts muft in our bofoms freeze 
 At fuch heroic deeds as thefe." 
 
 " Vain
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN -MEETING, P.M. 6 1 
 
 " Vain," quoth the Squire, "you ll find to fneer 
 At Gage s firfl triumphant year ; 
 For Providence, difpos d to teaze us, 
 Can ufe what inftruments it pleafes. 
 To pay a tax at Peter s wifh, 
 His chief cafhier was once a Fifh n ; 
 An Afs, in Balaam s fad difafter, 
 Turn d orator and lav d his mafter 32 ; 
 A Goofe plac d centry on his ftation 
 Preferv d old Rome from defolation 33 ; 
 An Englifh Bimop s Cur of late 
 Difclofed rebellions gainft the ftate 34 ; 
 So Frogs croak d Pharaoh to repentance, 
 And Lice rcvers d the threat ning fentence 35 : 
 And heav n can ruin you at pleafure, 
 By our fcorn d Gage, as well as Casfar. 
 Yet did our hero in thefe days 
 Pick up fome laurel wreaths of praife. 
 And as the ftatuary of Seville 
 Made his crackt faint an exc llent devil ; 
 So tho our war few triumphs brings, 
 We gain d great fame in other things. 
 
 Did
 
 62 M F i N o A L : [CANTO 
 
 Did not our troops {how much difccrning, 
 And fkill your various arts in learning ? 
 Outwent they not each native Noodle 36 
 By far in playing Yanky-doodle ; 
 Which, as twas your New-England tune, 
 Twas marvellous they took fo foon 37 ? 
 And ere the year was fully thro , 
 Did not they learn to foot it too ; 
 And fuch a dance as ne er was known, 
 For twenty miles on end lead down ? 
 Was there a Yanky trick you knew, 
 They did not play as well as you ? 
 Did they not lay their heads together, 
 And gain your art to tar and feather, 
 When Col nel Nefbitt thro the town, 
 In triumph bore the country-clown ? 
 Oh, what a glorious work to fing 
 The vet ran troops of Britain s king, 
 Advent rmg for th heroic laurel, 
 With bag of feathers and tar-barrel ! 
 To paint the cart where culprits ride, 
 And Nefbitt marching at its fide, 
 
 Great
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 63 
 
 Great executioner and proud, 
 Like hangman high on Holbourn road ; 
 And o er the bright triumphal car 
 The waving enfigns of the war 38 ! 
 As when a triumph Rome decreed, 
 For great. Calig la s valiant deed, 
 Who had fubdued the Britim feas, 
 By gath ring cockles from their bafe w ; 
 In pompous car the conqu ror bore 
 His captiv d fcallops from the fhore, 
 Ovations gain d his crabs for fetching, 
 And mighty feats of oyfler-catching 
 O er Yankies thus the war begun, 
 They tarr d and triumph d over one . 
 And fought and boafted thro the fec,fon, 
 With might as great, and equal realbn. 
 
 Yet thus, tho fkill d in vift ry s toils, 
 They boaft, not unexpert, in wiles. 
 For gain d they not an equal fame in 
 The arts of fecrecy and fcheming ? 
 In ftratagems fhow d mighty force, 
 And moderniz d the Trojan horfe, 
 
 Play d
 
 64. M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 Play d o er again thofe tricks Ulyflean, 
 In their fam d Salem-expedition ? 
 For as that horfe, the Poets tell ye, 
 Bore Grecian armies in his belly ; 
 Till their full reck ning run, with joy 
 Their Sinon midwif d them in Troy 40 : 
 So in one fhip was Leslie 41 bold 
 Cramm d with three hundred men in ho!d f 
 Equipp d for enterprize and fail, 
 Like Jonas ftow d in womb of whale. 
 To Marblehead" in depth of night, 
 The cautious veflel wing d her flight. 
 And now the fabbath s filent day 
 Call d all your Yankies off to pray ; 
 Rcmov d each prying jealous neighbour, 
 The fcheme and veflel fell in labour j 
 Forth from its hollow womb pour d haft ly 
 The Myrmidons of Col nel Leflie : 
 Not thicker o er the blackcn d ftrand 
 The frogs detachment rufh d to land, 
 Equipp d by onfet or furprize 
 To ftorm th entrenchment of the mice 41 . 
 
 Thro
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 65 
 
 Thro Salem ftrait without delay, . 
 The bold battalion took its way, 
 March d o er a bridge in open Tight 
 Of fev ral Yankies arm d for fight, 
 Then without lofs of time, or men 
 Veer d round for Bofton back again ; 
 And found fo well their projects thrive, 
 That ev ry foul got home alive 44 . 
 
 Thus Gage s arms did fortune blefs 
 With triumph, fafety and fuccess : 
 But mercy is without difpute 
 His firfr. and darling attribute ; 
 So great it far outwent and conquer d 
 His military fkill at Concord 45 . 
 There when the war he chofe to wage 
 Shone the benevolence of Gage ; 
 Sent troops to that iil-omen d place 
 On errands meer of fpecial grace. 
 And all the work he chofe them for 
 Was to prevent a civil war 46 : 
 And for that purpofe he projected 
 The only certain way t eiFeft it, 
 
 To
 
 66 M F i N c, A L : [CANTO 
 
 To take your powder, ftores and arms, 
 
 And all your means of doing harms: 
 
 As prudent folks take knives away, 
 
 Left children cut themfclvcs at play. 
 
 And yet tho this was all his fcheme, 
 
 This war you (till will charge on him ; 
 
 And tho he oft has fworc and faid it, 
 
 Stick clofe to fads and give no credit. 
 
 Think you, he wifh d you d brave and beard him ? 
 
 Why, twas the very thing that fcar d him. 
 
 He d rather you mould all have run, 
 
 Than ftay d to fire a {ingle gun. 
 
 And for the civil war you lament, 
 
 Faith, you yourfelves muft take the blame in t ; 
 
 For had you then, as he intended, 
 
 Giv n up your arms, it mult have ended. 
 
 Since that s no war, each mortal knows, 
 
 Where one fide only gives the blows, 
 
 And th other bears em ; on reflection 
 
 The moft you ll call it is correftion. 
 
 Nor could the conteft have gone higher, 
 
 If you had ne er return d the fire ; 
 
 But
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 67 
 
 But when you fhot, and not before, 
 It then commenc d a civil war 47 . 
 Elfe Gage, to end this controverfy, 
 Had but corrected you in mercy : 
 Whom mother Britain old and wife, 
 Sent o er, the Col nies to chaftise ; 
 Command obedience on their peril 
 Of minifterial whip and ferule ; 
 And fmce they ne er muft come of age, 
 Govern d and tutor d them by Gage. 
 Still more, that this was all their errand, 
 The army s conduft makes apparent. 
 What tho at Lexington you can fay 
 They kill d a few they did not fancy, 
 At Concord then, with manful popping, 
 Discharg d a round the ball to open ? 
 Yet when they faw your rebel-rout 
 Determin d ftill to hold it out ; 
 Did they not Ihow their love to peace, 
 And wifh, that difcord nrait might ceafe, 
 Demonftrate, and by proofs uncommon, 
 Their orders were to injure no man? 
 
 For
 
 68 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 For did not cv ry Rcg lar run 
 As foon as e er you fir d a gun 43 ; 
 Take the first fhot you fent them greeting, 
 As meant their fignal for retreating; 
 And fearful if they ftaid for fport, 
 You might by accident be hurt, 
 Convey themselves with fpecd away 
 Full twenty miles in half a day 49 ; 
 Race till their legs were grown fo weary, 
 They d fcarce fufiice their weight to carry ? 
 Whence Gage extols, from gcn ral hearfay, 
 The great acliv ty of Lord Piercy 50 ; 
 Whofc brave example led them on, 
 And fpirited the troops to run ; 
 And now may boaft at royal levees 
 A Yanky-chase worth forty Chevys 51 . 
 Yet you as vile as they were kind, 
 Purfucd, like tygers, ftill behind, 
 Fir d on them at your will, and fhut 
 The town, as tho you d ftarve them out ; 
 And with parade prepoft rous hcdg d 
 
 Affecl: to hold them there bcfieg d"; 
 
 (Tho
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. 69 
 
 (Tho Gage, whom proclamations call 
 
 Your Gov rnor and Vice-Admiral, 
 
 Whofe pow r gubernatorial ftill 
 
 Extends as far as Bunker s hill ; 
 
 Whofe admiralty reaches clever, 
 
 Near half a mile up Myftic river 53 , 
 
 Whofe naval force commands the feas, 
 
 Can run away when er he pleafe) 
 
 Scar d troops of Tories into town, 
 
 And burnt their hay and houfes down, 
 
 And menac d Gage, unlefs he d flee, 
 
 To drive him headlong to the fea"; 
 
 As once, to faithless Jews a fign, 
 
 The de el, turn d hog-reeve, did the fwine 15 . 
 
 Bjat now your triumphs all are o er ; 
 For fee from Britain s angry more 
 With mighty hofts of valour join 
 Her Howe, her Clinton and Burgoyne 56 . 
 As comets thro the affrighted fkies 
 Pour baleful ruin, as they rife 57 ; 
 As ^Etna with infernal roar 
 In conflagration fweeps the more ; 
 
 Or
 
 7o M F i N c A i. : [CANTO 
 
 Or as Abijah White when fent 
 
 Our Marfhfield friends to reprefent, 
 
 Himfelf while dread array involves, 
 
 Commiffions, piftols, fwords, refolves, 
 
 In awful pomp defcending down, 
 
 Bore terror on the factious town 58 : 
 
 Not with lefs glory and affright, 
 
 Parade thefe Gen rals forth to fight. 
 
 No more each Rcg lar Col ncl runs 
 
 From whizzing beetles, as air-guns, 
 
 Thinks hornbugs bullets, or thro fears 
 
 Mufkitoes takes for mufketeers ; 
 
 Nor fcapes, as tho you d gain d allies 
 
 From Belzebub s whole hoft of flies. 
 
 No bug their warlike hearts appalls ; 
 
 They better know the found of balls 69 . 
 
 I hear the din of battle bray, 
 
 The trump of horror marks its way. 
 
 I see afar the fack of cities, 
 
 The gallows ftrung with Whig-committees sn ; 
 
 Your Moderators triced, like vermin, 
 
 And gate-ports graced with heads of Chairmen ; 
 
 Youi
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN -MEETING, p. M. 71 
 
 Your Gen rals for wave-ofPrings hanging 61 , 
 
 And ladders throng d with Priefts haranguing. 
 
 What pill ries glad the Tories eyes 
 
 With patriot-ears for facrifice ! 
 
 What whipping-pofts your chofen race 
 
 Admit fucceffive in embrace 6 2 , 
 
 While each bears off his crimes, alack ! 
 
 Like Bunyan s pilgrim, on his back 63 ; 
 
 Where then, when Tories fcarce get clear, 
 
 Shall Whigs and Congrefles appear ? 
 
 What rocks and mountains mail you call 
 
 To wrap you over with their fall, 
 
 And fave your heads in thefe fad weathers, 
 
 From fire and fword, and tar and feathers ! 
 
 For lo, with Britifh troops tarbright, 
 
 Again our Nefbitt heaves in fight ! 
 
 He comes, he comes, your lines to ftorm, 
 
 And rig your troops in uniform 64 ! 
 
 To meet fuch heroes, will ye brag, 
 
 With fury arm d, and feather-bag; 
 
 Who wield their miffile pitch and tar, 
 
 With engines new in Britifh war ? 
 
 Lo
 
 72 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Lo, where our mighty navy brings 
 Deftruction on her canvas-wings 65 , 
 While thro the deeps her potent thunder, 
 Shall found th alarm to rob and plunder ! 
 As Phoebus firit, fo Homer fpeaks, 
 When he march d out t attack the Greeks 66 , 
 Gainft mules fent forth his arrows fatal, 
 And flew th auxiliaries, their cattle ; 
 So where our mips mall ftrctch the keel, 
 What conquer d oxen fhall they fteal ! 
 What heroes rifing from the deep 
 Invade your marfliall d hofts of fhcep ! 
 Difperfc whole troops of horfc, and preffing, 
 Make cows furrender at difcretion ; 
 Attack your hens, like Alexanders, 
 And reg mcnts rout of geefe and ganders ; 
 Or where united arms combine 
 Lead captive many a herd of fwine 6T ! 
 Then rum in dreadful fury down 
 To fire on ev ry feaport town ; 
 Difplay their glory and their wits, 
 Fright unarm d children into fits, 
 
 And
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN- MEETING, p. M. 73 
 
 And ftoutly from th unequal fray, 
 
 Make many a woman run away ss ! 
 
 And can ye doubt whene er we pleafe 
 
 Our chiefs mall boaft fuch deeds as thefe ? 
 
 Have we not chiefs tranfcending far, 
 
 The old fam d thunderbolts of war ; 
 
 Beyond the brave romantic fighters, 
 
 Stiled fwords of death by novel- writers? 
 
 Nor in romancing ages e er rofe 
 
 So terrible a tier of heroes. 
 
 From Gage, what flames fright the waves ! 
 
 How loud a blunderbufs is Graves 69 ! 
 
 How Newport dreads the bluitring fallies, 
 
 That thunder from our popgun, Wallace, 
 
 While noife in formidable ftrains 
 
 Spouts from his thimble-full of brains 70 ! 
 
 I fee you fink with aw d iurprize ! 
 
 I fee our Tory-brethren rife ! 
 
 And as the fecYries Sandemanian, 
 
 Our friends defcribe their wifli d Millennium " ; 
 
 Tell how the world in ev ry region 
 
 Ar once mall own their true religion j 
 
 For
 
 74 M F i N n * L : [CANTO 
 
 For heav n with plagues of awful dread. 
 Shall knock all heretics o th head ; 
 And then their church, the meek in fpirit, 
 The earth, as promif d, fhall inherit, 
 From the dead wicked, as heirs male, 
 And next remainder-men in tail : 
 Such ruin fhall the Whigs opprefs ! 
 Such fpoils our Tory friends fhall blefs ! 
 While Confifcation at command * 
 Shall ftalk in horror thro the land, 
 Shall give your Whig-cftates away, 
 And call our brethren into play. 
 
 And can ye doubt or fcruple more, 
 Thefe things are near you at the door ? 
 Behold ! for tho to rcaf ning blind, 
 Signs of the times ye fure might mind, 
 \nd view impending fate as plain 
 As ye d foretell a fhow r of rain. 
 
 Hath not heav n warn d you what muft enfue, 
 And Providence declar d againlr. you ; 
 
 Hung
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 75 
 
 Hung forth its dire portents of war, 
 
 By figns and beacons in the air 13 ; 
 
 Alarm d old women all around 
 
 By fearful noifes under ground ; 
 
 While earth for many dozen leagues 
 
 Groan d with her difmal load of Whigs ? 
 
 Was there a meteor far and wide 
 
 But mufter d on the Tory-lide ? 
 
 A ftar malign that has not bent 
 
 Its afpefts for the Parliament, 
 
 Foreboding your defeat and mifery ; 
 
 As once they fought againft old Sifera 74 ? 
 
 Was there a cloud that fpread the fkies, 
 
 But bore our armies of allies ? 
 
 While dreadful hofts of fire ftood forth 
 
 Mid baleful glimm rings from the North ; 
 
 Which plainly mows which part they join d, 
 
 For North s the minifter, ye mind ; 
 
 Whence oft your quibblers in gazettes 
 
 On Northern blafts have ftrain d their wits 7 " ; 
 
 And think ye not the clouds know how 
 
 To make the pun as well as you ? 
 
 Did
 
 76 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Did there arife an apparition, 
 
 But grinn d forth ruin to fedition ? 
 
 A death-watch, but has join d our leagues, 
 
 And click d deftrudlion to the Whigs ? 
 
 Heard ye not, when the wind was fair, 
 
 At night our or tors in the air, 
 
 That, loud as admiralty-libel, 
 
 Read awful chapters from the bible, 
 
 And death and deviltry denounc d, 
 
 And told you how you d foon be trounc d ? 
 
 I fee to join our conqu ring fide 
 
 Heav n, earth and hell at once allied ! 
 
 See from your overthrow and end 
 
 The Tories paradife afcend ; 
 
 Like that new world that claims its ftation 
 
 Beyond the final conflagration ! 
 
 I fee the day that lots your Ihare 
 
 In utter darknefs and defpair ; 
 
 The day of joy, when North, our Lord, 
 
 His faithful fav rites mail reward ! 
 
 No Tory then (hall fet before him 
 
 Small wilh of Squire, or Juftice Quorum ; 
 
 But
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. 77 
 
 But fore his unmiftaken eyes 
 
 See Lordfhips, ports and penfions rife. 
 
 Awake to gladnefs then, ye Tories, 
 
 Th unbounded profpecl lies before us ? 
 
 The pow r difplay d in Gage s banners 
 
 Shall cut Amcr can lands to manors, 
 
 And o er our happy conquer d ground 
 
 Difpenfe eftates and titles round. 
 
 Behold, the world fhall flare at new fetts 
 
 Of home-made earls in Maflachufetts * ; 
 
 Admire, array d in ducal taffcls, 
 
 Your Ol vers, Hutchinfons and Vaffals " ; 
 
 See join d in miniftcrial work 
 
 His grace of Albany and York l8 ! 
 
 What Lordfhips from each carv d efiatc, 
 
 On our New- York AfTembly wait ! 
 
 What titled Jauncys, Gales 80 and Billops 81 ; 
 
 Lord Brufh 82 , Lord Wilkins 83 and Lord Philips 84 ! 
 
 In wide-fleev d pomp of godly guife, 
 
 What folemn rows of bifhops rife ! 
 
 Aloft a card nal s hat is fpread 
 
 O er punfter Cooper s 85 rev rend head ! 
 
 In
 
 78 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 In Vardell 8R , that poetic zealot, 
 I view a lawn-bedizen d prelate ! 
 While mitres fall, as tis their duty, 
 On heads of Chandler and Auchmuty 8T ! 
 Knights, vifcounts, barons fhall ye meet 
 As thick as pavements in the llrcet ! 
 Ev n I perhaps, heav n fpeed my claim, 
 Shall fix a Sir before my name. 
 For titles all our foreheads ache ; 
 For what bleft changes can they make! 
 Place rev rence, grace and excellence 
 Where neither claim d the leaft pretence ; 
 Transform by patent s magic words 
 Men, likcft devils, into Lords ; 
 Whence commoners to peers tranflated 
 Are justly laid to be created 88 ! 
 Now where commiffioners ye faw 
 Shall boards of nobles deal you law ! 
 Long-robed comptrollers judge your rig its, 
 And tide-waiters ftart up in knights ! 
 While Whigs fubdued in flavifli awe, 
 Our wood (hall hew, our water draw, 
 
 And
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, p. M. 79 
 
 And blcfs that mildnefs, when paft hope, 
 Which fav d their necks from noofe of rope. 
 For as to gain afliitance we 
 Defign their Negroes to fet free ; 
 For Whigs, when we enough fhall bang cm, 
 Perhaps tis better not to hang em ; 
 Except their chiefs ; the vulgar knaves 
 Will do more good preferv d for flaves." 
 
 " Tis well, Honorius cried, your fchcme 
 Has painted out a pretty dream. 
 We can t confute your fecond fight ; 
 We {hall be flaves and you a knight : 
 Thefe things muft come ; but I divine 
 They ll come not in your day, or mine. 
 But oh, my friends, my brethren, hear, 
 And turn for once th attentive ear. 
 Ye fee how prompt to aid our woes, 
 The tender mercies of our foes ; 
 Ye fee with what unvaried rancour 
 Still for our blood their minions hanker, 
 Nor aught can fate their mad ambition, 
 From us, but death, or worfc, fubmiffion. 
 
 Shall
 
 8o M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Shall thefc then riot in our fpoil, 
 Reap the glad harveft of nur toil, 
 Rifj from their country s ruin proud, 
 And roll their chariot wheels in blood ? 
 And can ye flecp while high outfpread 
 Hangs defolation o er your head ? 
 See Gage with inaufpicious ftar 
 Has oped the gates of civil war ; 
 When ftreams of gore from freemen flain, 
 Encrimfon d Concord s fatal plain ; 
 Whofe warning voice with awful found, 
 Still cries, like Abel s from the ground, 
 And heav n, attentive to its call, 
 Shall doom the proud oppreffbr s fall". 
 
 Rife then, ere ruin fwift furprize, 
 To victory, to vengeance rife ! 
 Hark, how the diltant din alarms ! 
 The echoing trumpet breathes, to arms ; 
 From provinces remote, afar, 
 The fons of glory rouze to war ; 
 Tis freedom calls; th enraptur d found 
 The Apalachian hills rebound 90 ; 
 
 The
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN -MEETING, P . M . 8 I 
 
 The Georgian fhores her voice fhall hear 91 , 
 And ftart from lethargies of fear. 
 From the parch d zone, with glowing ray, 
 Where pours the fun intenfer day, 
 To mores where icy waters roll, 
 And tremble to the dufky pole, 
 Infpir d by freedom s heav nly charms, 
 United nations wake to arms. 
 The ftar of conqueft lights their way, 
 And guides their vengeance on their prey- 
 Yes, tho tyrannic force oppofe, 
 Still fhall they triumph o er their foes, 
 Till heav n the happy land fhall blefs, 
 With fafety, liberty and peace. 
 
 And ye whofe fouls of daftard mould 
 Start at the brav ry of the bold ; 
 To love your country who pretend, 
 Yet want all fpirit to defend ; 
 Who feel your fancies fo prolific, 
 Engend ring vifion d whims terrific, 
 O er-run with horrors of coercion, 
 Fire, blood and thunder in reverfion, 
 
 King .*
 
 82 M F i N o A i. : [CANT( 
 
 King s ftandards, piU ries, confifcations, 
 And Gage s fcarecrow proclamations 92 , 
 With all the trumpery of fear j 
 Hear bullets whizzing in your rear ; 
 Who fcarce could rouze, if caught in fray, 
 Prefence of mind to run away ; 
 See nought but halters rife to view 
 In all your dreams (and dreams are true); 
 And while thefe phantoms haunt your brains, 
 Bow down the willing neck to chains ; 
 Heav ns ! are ye fons of fires fo great, 
 Immortal in the fields of fate, 
 Who brav d all deaths by land or fea, 
 Who bled, who conquer d to be free ! 
 Hence, coward fouls, the word difgrace 
 Of our forefathers valiant race ; 
 Hie homeward from the glorious fi.ki ; 
 "There turn the wheel, the diftaff wield ; 
 Aft what ye are, nor dare to ftain 
 The warrior s arms with touch profane : 
 There beg your more heroic wives 
 To guard your children and your lives ; 
 
 Beneath
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. 83 
 
 Beneath their apj-ons find a fcreen, 
 Nor dare to mingle more with men." 
 
 As thus he laid, the Tories anger 
 Could now rcitrain itfelf no longer, 
 Who tried before by many a freak, or 
 Infulting noife, to Hop the fpeaker ; 
 Swung th unoil d hinge of each pew-door ; 
 Their feet kept muffling on the floor ; 
 Made their disapprobation known 
 By many a murmur, hum and groan, 
 That to his fpeech fupplied the place 
 Of counterpart in thorough-bafe : 
 As bag-pipes, while the tune they breathe, 
 Still drone and grumble underneath ; 
 Or as the fam d Demofthenes 
 Harangued the rumbling of the feas, 
 Held forth with eloquence full grave 
 To audience loud of wind and wave 93 ; 
 And had a ftiller congregation 
 Than Tories are to hear th oration. 
 But now the ftorm grew high and louder 
 As nearer thunderings of a cloud are, 
 
 And
 
 84 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 And ev ry foul with heart and voice * 
 
 Supplied his quota of the noife ; 
 
 Each liilcning ear was fet on torture 
 
 Each Tory bell wing out, to order ; 
 
 And fome, with tongue not low or weak, 
 
 Were clam ring faft, for leave to fpeak ; 
 
 The moderator, with great vi lence, 
 
 The cufhion thump d with " Silence, filence ; " 
 
 The conftable to ev ry prater 
 
 Bawl d out, " Pray hear the moderator 94 ; " 
 
 Some call d the vote, and fome in turn 
 
 Were fcreaming high, " Adjourn, adjotfrn : " 
 
 Not chaos heard fuch jars and clafhcs 
 
 When all the el ments fought for places. 
 
 Each bludgeon foon for blows was tim d ; 
 
 Each fist flood ready cock d and prim d ; 
 
 The ftorm each moment louder grew ; 
 
 His fword the great M Fingal drew, 
 
 Prcpar d in either chance to (hare, 
 
 To keep the peace, or aid the war. 
 
 Nor lack d they each poetic being, 
 
 Whom bards alone are flcili d in feeing ; 
 
 Plum d
 
 SECOND.] THE TOWN-MEETING, P.M. 85 
 
 Plum d Viftory flood perch d on high, 
 
 Upon the pulpit-canopy 95 . 
 
 To join, as is her cuftom tried, 
 
 Like Indians, on the ftrongeft fide ; 
 
 The Deftinies with (hears and diftafF, 
 
 Drew near their threads of life to twifl off 96 ; 
 
 The Furies gan to feaft on blows 97 , 
 
 And broken heads or bloody nofe ; 
 
 When on a fudden from without 
 
 Arofe a loud terrific fhout ; 
 
 And ftrait the people all at once heard 
 
 Of tongues an univerfal concert : 
 
 Like ^Efop s times, as fable runs, 
 
 When ev ry creature talk d at once 9 *, 
 
 Or like the variegated gabble 
 
 That craz d the carpenters of Babel". 
 
 Each party foon forgot the quarrel, 
 
 And let the other go on parole ; 
 
 Eager to know what fearful matter 
 
 Had conjur d up fuch gen ral clatter ; 
 
 And left the church in thin array, 
 
 As tho it had been ledlure-day 10 . 
 
 Oui
 
 86 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Our Squire M Fingal Itraitway beckon d 
 The conftable to ftand his fecond, 
 And Tallied forth with afpeft fierce 
 The crowd aflembled to difperfe. 
 The moderator out of view 
 Beneath a bench had lain perdue; 
 Peep d up his head to view the fray, 
 Beheld the wranglers run away, 
 
 And left alone with folemn face, 
 
 
 Adjourn d them without time or place. 
 
 END OF CANTO SECOND
 
 - - - 
 mm Bs 
 
 ^^:f. . 
 
 M FINGAL : 
 CANTO THIRD 
 
 O R 
 
 THE LIBERTY POLE. 
 
 "VTOW arm d with minifterial ire, 
 
 Fierce Tallied forth our loyal Squire, 
 And on his ftriding fteps attends, 
 His defp rate clan of Tory friends; 
 When fudden met his angry eye, 
 A pole afcending thro the fky, 
 Which num rous throngs of Whiggifh race 
 Were railing in the market-place ; 
 Not higher fchool-boys kites afpire, 
 Or royal mail or country fpire, 
 Like fpears at Brobdignagian tilting 2 , 
 Or Satan s walking-ftafF in Milton 11 ; 
 
 And
 
 88 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 And on its top the flag unfurl d, 
 Waved triumph o er the proftratc world, 
 Infcribed with inconfiftent types 
 Of liberty and thirteen ftripes 4 . 
 Beneath, the croud without delay, 
 The dedication-rites eiTay, 
 And gladly pay in antient fafhion, 
 The ceremonies of libation ; 
 While brifkly to each patriot lip 
 Walks eager round th infpiring flip 6 : 
 Delicious draught, whofe pow rs inherit 
 The quinteflencc of public fpirit ! 
 Which whofo taftes, perceives his mind 
 To nobler politics refined, 
 Or rouz d for martial controverfy, 
 As from transforming cups of Circe"; 
 Or warm d with Homer s neclar d liquor, 
 That fill d the veins of gods with ichor 7 . 
 At hand for new fupplies in ftore, 
 The tavern opes its friendly door, 
 Whence to and fro the waiters run, 
 Like bucket-men at fires in town*. 
 
 Then
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 89 
 
 Then with three fhouts that tore the fky, 
 Tis confecrate to Liberty ; 
 To guard it from th attacks of Tories, 
 A grand committee cull d of four is, 
 Who foremoft on the patriot fpot, 
 Had brought the flip and paid the mot. 
 
 By this, M Fingal with his train, 
 Advanc d upon th adjacent plain, 
 And fierce with loyal rage poflefs d, 
 Pour d forth the zeal, that fired his breait. 
 " What madbrain d rebel gave commiffion, 
 To raife this Maypole 9 of fedition ! 
 Like Babel rear d by bawling throngs, 
 With like confufion too of tongues 10 , 
 To point at heav n and fummon down, 
 The thunders of the Britifli crown 11 ? 
 Say will this paltry pole fecure 
 Your forfeit heads from Gage s pow r? 
 Attack d by heroes brave and crafty, 
 Is this to fland your ark of fafety ? 
 Or driv n by Scottifh laird and laddie 12 , 
 Think ye to refl beneath its fhadow ? 
 
 When
 
 90 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 When bombs, like fiery ferpents, fly 
 
 And balls move hiffing thro the fky, 
 
 Will this vile pole, devote to freedom, 
 
 Save like the Jewifh pole in Edom ;. 
 
 Or, like the brazen fnake of Mofes 1 ", 
 
 Cure your crack t ikulls and batter d nofes ? 
 
 Ye dupes to ev ry fa&ious rogue, 
 
 Or tavernprating demagogue, 
 
 Whofc tongue but rings, with found more full, 
 
 On th empty drumhead of his fkull, 
 
 Behold you know not what noify fools 
 
 Ufe you, worfe fimpletons, for tools ? 
 
 For Liberty in your own by-fenfe 
 
 Is but for crimes a patent licence ; 
 
 To break of law th Egyptian yoke, 
 
 And throw the world in common flock, 
 
 Reduce all grievances and ills 
 
 To Magna Charta u of your wills, 
 
 Eftablifh cheats and frauds and nonfenfe, 
 
 Fram d by the model of your confcience, 
 
 Cry juftice down, as out of fafhion 
 
 And fix its fcale of depreciation 15 , 
 
 Defy
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 91 
 
 Defy all creditors to trouble ye, 
 
 And pafs new years of Jewifh jubilee ; 
 
 Drive judges out, like Aaron s calves, 
 
 By jurifdictions of white ftaves 17 , 
 
 And make the bar and bench and fteeple, 
 
 Submit t our fov reign Lord, the people ; 
 
 Aflure each knave his whole aflets, 
 
 By gen ral amnefty of debts ; 
 
 By plunder rife to pow r and glory, 
 
 And brand all property as tory 18 ; 
 
 Expofe all wares to lawful feizures 
 
 Of mobbers and monopolizers ; 
 
 Break heads and windows and the peace, 
 
 For your own int reft and increafe ; 
 
 Difpute and pray and fight and groan, 
 
 For public good, and mean your own ; 
 
 Prevent the laws, by fierce attacks, 
 
 From quitting fcores upon your backs, 
 
 Lay your old dread, the gallows, low, 
 
 And feize the ftocks 19 your antient fo~ ; 
 
 And turn them, as convenient engines 
 
 To wreak your patriotic vengeance ; 
 
 While
 
 92 M F i N G A i, : [CANTO 
 
 Wliile all, your claims who underftand, 
 Confefs they re in the owner s hand : 
 And when by clamours and confufions, 
 Your freedom s grown a public nuifance, 
 Cry, Liberty, with pow rful yearning, 
 As he does, fire, whofe houfe is burning, 
 Tho he already has much more, 
 - Than he can find occafion for. 
 
 While every dunce, that turns the plains 
 Tho bankrupt in eftate and brains, 
 By this new light transform d to traitor, 
 Forfakes his plow to turn diftator, 
 Starts an haranguing chief of Whigs, 
 And drags you by the ears, like pigs. 
 All bluffer arm d with factious licence, 
 Transform d at once to politicians ; 
 Each leather-apron d clown grown wife, 
 Prefents his forward face t advife, 
 And tatter d legiflators meet 
 From ev ry workfhop thro the ftreet ; 
 His goofe the tailor finds new ufe in, 
 
 To patch and turn the conftitution ; 
 
 The
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 93 
 
 The blackfmith comes with fledge and grate, 
 To ironbind the wheels of Hate ; 
 The quack forbears his patient s foufe, 
 To purge the Council and the Houfe, 
 The tinker quits his molds and doxies, 
 To caft arTcmbly-men at proxies 20 . 
 From dunghills deep of fable hue, 
 Your dirtbred patriots fpring to view, 
 To wealth and pow r and penfion rife, 
 Like new-wing d maggots chang d to flies; 
 And fluttring round in proud parade 
 Strut in the robe, or gay cockade. 
 See Arnold quits for ways more certain, 
 His bankrupt perj ries for his fortune, 
 Brews rum no longer in his ftore, 
 Jockey and flapper now no more ; 
 Forfakes his warehoufes and docks, 
 And writs of flander for the pox, 
 And purg d by patriotifm from fhame, 
 Grows Gen ral of the foremoft name 1 . 
 
 HIATUS 52 . 
 
 For
 
 94 M F i N n A i. : f CANTO 
 
 For in this ferment of the ftream, 
 The dregs have work d up to the brim, 
 And by the rule of topfyturvys, 
 The fkum (lands fwclling on the furface. 
 You ve caus d your pyramid t afccnd 
 And fet it on the little end ; 
 Like Hudibras 23 , your empire s made, 
 Whole crupper had o ertopped his head ; 
 You ve pufh d and turn d the whole world up- 
 Side down and got yourfelvcs a-top : 
 While all the great ones of your rtate, 
 Are crufh d beneath the pop lar weight, 
 Nor can you boaft this prefent hour, 
 The fhadow of the form of pow r. 
 For what s your Congrefs, or its end ? 
 A power t advife and- recommend ; 
 To call for troops, adjuft your quotas, 
 And yet no foul is bound to notice 24 ; 
 To pawn your faith to th utmoft limit, 
 But cannot bind you to redeem it :> , 
 And when in want no more in them lies, 
 Than begging of your State-Affemblics ; 
 
 Can
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POL F. . 95 
 
 Can utter oracles of dread, 
 
 Like friar Bacon s brazen head 26 , 
 
 But mould a faction e er difpute em, 
 
 Has ne er an arm to execute em. 
 
 As tho you chofe fupreme dictators, 
 
 And put them under confervators ; 
 
 You ve but purfued the felffame way, 
 
 With Shakefpeare s Trinclo in the play M , 
 
 " You mall be viceroys here, tis true, 
 
 But we ll be viceroys over you." 
 
 What wild confufion hence muft enfue, . 
 
 Tho common danger yet cements you ; 
 
 So fome wreck d vefTcl, all in matters, 
 
 Is held up by furrounding waters, 
 
 But ftrandcd, when the preffure ceafes, 
 
 Falls by its rottennefs to pieces. " 
 
 And fall it muft if wars were ended, 
 
 You ll ne er have fenfe enough to mend it ; 
 
 But creeping on with low intrigues 
 
 Like vermin of an hundred legs 53 , 
 
 Will find as fhort a life affign d, 
 
 As all things clfe of reptile kind. 
 
 Your
 
 96 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 Your Commonwealth s a common harlot, 
 The property of ev ry varlet, 
 Which now in tafte and full employ, 
 All forts admire, as all enjoy ; 
 But foon a batter d ftrumpet grown, 
 You ll curfe and drum her out of town. 
 Such is the government you chofe, 
 For this you bade the world be foes, 
 For this fo mark d for diflblution, 
 You fcorn the Britifh conflitution 29 , 
 That cenftitution, form d by fages, 
 The wonder of all modern ages : 
 Which owns no failure in reality, 
 Except corruption and venality ; 
 And only proves the adage juft, 
 That bed things fpoffd corrupt to word. 
 So man fupreme in mortal ftation, 
 And mighty lord of this creation, 
 When once his corfe is dead as herring, 
 Becomes the moft offenfive carrion, 
 And fooner breeds the plague, tis found, 
 Than all bcafts rotting bove the ground. 
 
 Yet
 
 THIRD] THE LIBERTY POLE. 97 
 
 Yet for this gov rnment, to difmay us, 
 You ve call d up anarchy from chaos, 
 With all the followers of her fchool, 
 Uproar and rage and wild mifrule ; 
 For whom this rout of Whigs diftraded 
 And ravings dire of ev ry crack d head ; 
 Thefe new-cart legiflative engines 
 Of county-mufters and conventions, 
 Committees vile of correfpondence 30 , 
 And mobs, whofe tricks have aim oft undone s ; 
 While reafon fails to check your courfe, 
 And loyalty s kick d out of doors, 
 And folly, like inviting landlord, 
 Hoifts on your poles her royal ftandard. 
 While the king s friends in doleful dumps, 
 Have worn their courage to the flumps, 
 And leaving George in fad difafter, 
 Moft finfully deny their mafter. 
 What furies raged when you in fea, 
 In mape of Indians drown d the tea sl , 
 When your gay fparks, fatigued to watch it" , 
 Affumcd the moggifon 33 and hatchet. 
 
 With
 
 98 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 With wampom d blankets hid their laces 31 , 
 
 And like their fweethearts, primed their faces s *: 
 
 While not a redcoat 36 dar d oppofe, 
 
 And fcarce a Tory fhow d his nofe, 
 
 While Hutchinfon for fure retreat, 
 
 Manouvred to his country feat, 
 
 And thence affrighted in the fnds, 
 
 Stole off bareheaded thro the woods 37 ! 
 
 Have you not rous d your mobs to join, 
 
 And make Mandamus-men refign 3 *, 
 
 Call d forth each duffil-drefs d curmudgeon, 
 
 With dirty trowfers and white bludgeon, 
 
 Forc d all our Councils thro the land, 
 
 To yield their necks to your command 3 ; 
 
 While palenefs marks their late difgraces 
 
 Thro all their rueful length of faces ? 
 
 Have you not caufed as woful work, 
 
 In loyal city of New York 40 , 
 
 When all the rabble well cockaded, 
 
 In triumph thro the ftreets paraded ; 
 
 And mobb d the Tories, feared their fpoufes, 
 
 And ranfack d all the cultom-houfes 41 , 
 
 Maae
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 99 
 
 Made fuch a tumult, blufter, jarring, 
 That mid the clam of tempefts warring, 
 Smith s weathercock 41 with veers forlorn, 
 Could hardly tell which way to turn ; 
 Burnt effigies of th higher powers 4 , 
 . Contriv d in planetary hours, 
 As witches with clay-images, 
 Deftroy or torture whom they pleafe ; 
 Till fired with rage, th ungrateful club 
 Spared not your beft friend, Belzebub 44 , 
 O erlook d his favours and forgot 
 The rev rence due his cloven foot, 
 And in the felffame furnace frying, 
 Burn d him and North and Bute and Tryon u 
 Did you not in as vile and mallow way, 
 Fright our poor Philadelphian, Galloway, 
 Your Congrefs when the daring ribald 
 Belied, berated and befcribblcd ? 
 What ropes and halters did you fend, 
 Terrific emblems of his end, 
 Till leaft he d hang in more than effigy, 
 
 Fled in a fog the trembling refugee 46 ? 
 
 Now
 
 loo jVl f i N c A L . [CANTO 
 
 Now rifmg in progreffion fatal, 
 Have you not ventur d to give battle ? 
 When treafon chaced our heroes troubled, 
 With rufty gun and leathern doublet, 
 Turn d all ftonewalls and groves and bufhes, 
 To batt ries arm d with blunderbufTes, 
 And with deep wounds that fate portend, 
 Gaul d many a reg lar s latter end, 
 Drove them to Bofton, as in jail, 
 Confined without mainprize or bail 47 . 
 Were not thefe deeds enough betimes, 
 To heap the meafure of your crimes, 
 But in this loyal town and dwelling, 
 You raifc thefe enfigns of rebellion ? 
 Tis done ; fair Mercy fhuts her door ; 
 And Vengeance now mail fleep no more 43 ; 
 Rife then, my friends, in terror rife, 
 And wipe this fcandal from the fkies ! 
 You ll fee their Dagon 49 , tho well jointed, 
 Will fink before the Lord s anointed 60 , 
 And like old Jericho s proud wall, 
 Before our ram s horns proilrate fall 11 ." 
 
 This
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 101 
 
 This faid, our Squire, yet undifmay d 
 Call d forth the Conrtable to aid, 
 And bade him read in nearer ftation, 
 The riot-aft and proclamation ; 
 Who now advancing tow rd the ring, 
 Began, " Our fov reign Lord the King " 53 
 When thoufand clam rous tongues he hears, 
 And clubs and ftones affail his ears ; 
 To fly was vain, to fight was idle, 
 By foes encompafs d in the middle ; 
 In flratagem his aid he found, 
 And fell right craftily to ground ; 
 Then crept to feek an hiding place, 
 Twas all he could, beneath a brace ; 
 Where foon the conq ring crew efpied him 
 And where he lurk d, they caught and tied him. 
 
 At once with refolution fatal, 
 Both Whigs and Tories rufh d to battle ; 
 Inftead of weapons, cither band 
 Seiz d on fuch arms, as came to hand. 
 And as fam d Ovid paints th adventures 
 Of wrangling Lapithae and Centaurs 53 , 
 
 Who
 
 IO2 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Who at their feaft, by Bacchus 54 led, 
 
 Threw bottles at each other s head, 
 
 And thefc arms failing in their fcufflcs, 
 
 Attack d with handirons, tongs and fhovels : 
 
 So clubs and billets, ftaves and ftoncs 
 
 Met fierce, encount ring ev ry fconce, 
 
 And cover d o er with knobs and pains 
 
 Each void receptacle for brains ; 
 
 Their clamours rend the hills around, 
 
 And earth rebellows with the found ; 
 
 And many a groan incrcas d the din 
 
 From broken nofe and batter d fliin. 
 
 M Fingal rifmg at the word, 
 
 Drew forth his old militia fword ; 
 
 Thrice cried, " King George," as erft in diftrefs 
 
 Romancing heroes did their miftrefs, 
 
 And brandifhing the blade in air, 
 
 Struck terror thro th oppofing war. 
 
 The Whigs, unfafe within the wind 
 
 Of fuch commotion fhrunk behind. 
 
 With whirling ftcel around addrcfs d, 
 
 Fierce thro their thickeft throng he prefs d, 
 
 (Who
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 103 
 
 (Who roll d on either fide in arch, 
 Like Red-fea waves in Ifrael s march) 
 And like a meteor milling through, 
 Struck on their pole a vengeful blow. 
 Around, the Whigs, of clubs and ftones 
 Difcharg d whole vollies in platoons, 
 That o er in whittling terror fly, 
 But not a foe dares venture nigh. 
 And now perhaps with conqueft crown d, 
 Our Squire had fell d their pole to ground ; 
 Had not fome Pow r, a Whig at heart, 
 Defcended down and took their part ; 
 (Whether twere Pallas 55 , Mars 56 , or Iris 57 , 
 Tis fcarce worth while to make enquiries) 
 Who at the nick of time alarming, 
 Affumed the graver form of Chairman ; 
 Addrefs d a Whig, in ev ry fcene 
 The ftouteft wreftler on the green, 
 And pointed where the fpade was found, 
 Late ufed to fix their pole in ground, 
 And urg d with equal arms and might 
 To dare our Squire to fingle fight 58 . 
 
 The
 
 104 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 The Whig thus arm d, untaught to yield, 
 
 Advanc d tremendous to the field ; 
 
 Nor did M Fingal fliun the foe, 
 
 But flood to brave the dcfp rate blow ; 
 
 While all the party gaz d fufpended, 
 
 To fee the deadly combat ended. 
 
 And Jove in equal balance weigh d 
 
 The fword againft the brandifh d fpade, 
 
 He weigh d ; but lighter than a dream, 
 
 The fword flew up and kick d the beam, 
 
 Our Squire on tiptoe rifing fair, 
 
 Lifts high a noble flroke in air, 
 
 Which hung not, but like dreadful engines 
 
 Defcended on the foe in vengeance. 
 
 But ah, in danger with difhonor 
 
 The fword perfidious fails its owner ; 
 
 That fword, which oft had flood its ground 
 
 By huge trainbands encompafs d round, 
 
 Or on the bench, with blade right loyal 69 , 
 
 Had won the day at many a trial, 
 
 Of flones and clubs had brav d th alarms, 
 
 Shrunk from thefe new Vulcanian arms 00 . 
 
 The
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 105 
 
 The fpade fo temper d from the fledge, 
 Nor keen nor folid harm d its edge, 
 Now met it from his arm of might 
 Defcending with fteep force to finite* 1 ; 
 The blade fnapp d fhort and from his hand 
 With ruft embrown d the glitt ring fand. 
 Swift turn d M Fingal at the view, 
 And call d for aid th attendant crew, 
 In vain ; the Tories all had run, 
 When fcarce the fight was well begun ; 
 Their fetting wigs he faw decreas d 
 Far in th horizon tow rd the weft. 
 Amaz d he view d the fhameful fight, 
 And faw no refuge but in flight : 
 But age umvcildy check d his pace, 
 Tho fear had wing d his flying race ; 
 For not a trifling prize at flake ; 
 No lefs than great M Fingal s back. 
 With legs and arms he work d his courfe, 
 Like rider that outgoes his horfe, 
 And labour d hard to. get away, as 
 Old Satan ftruggling on thro chaos": 
 
 Till
 
 1 06 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Till looking back he fpied in rear 
 
 The fpadc-arm d chief advanc d too near. 
 
 Then ftopp d and fciz d a itone that lay, 
 
 An antient land-mark near the way ; 
 
 Nor fhall we, as old Bards have done, 
 
 Affirm it weigh d an hundred ton K : 
 
 But fuch a ftone as at a fhift 
 
 A modern might fuffice to lift, 
 
 Since men, to credit their enigmas, 
 
 Are dwindled down to dwarfs and pigmies, 
 
 And giants exiled with their cronies, 
 
 To Brobdingnags and Patagonias 64 . 
 
 But while our hero turn d him round, 
 
 And ftoop d to raife it from the ground, 
 
 The deadly fpade difcharg d a blow 
 
 Tremendous on his rear below : 
 
 His bent knee fail d, and void of ftrength, 
 
 Stretch d on the ground his manly length ; 
 
 Like antient oak o erturn d he lay, 
 
 Or tow rs to tempells fall n a prey, 
 
 And more things elfe but all men know em, 
 
 If flightly vers d in Epic Poem. 
 
 At
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 107 
 
 At once the crew, at this fad crifis, 
 Fail on and bind him ere he rifes, 
 And with loud fhouts and joyful foul 
 Conduct him pris ner to the pole. 
 
 When now the Mob in lucky hour, 
 Had got their en mies in their pow r, 
 They firft proceed by wife command 
 To take the conftable in hand. 
 
 
 
 Then from the pole s fublimeft top 
 
 They fpeeded to let down the rope, 
 
 At once its other end in hafte bind, 
 
 And make it faft upon his waiftband, 
 
 Till like the earth, as ftretch d on tenter, 
 
 He hung felf-balanc d on his center 65 . 
 
 Then upwards all hands hoifting fail, 
 
 They fwung him, like a keg of ale, 
 
 Till to the pinnacle fo fair, 
 
 He rofe like meteor in the air. 
 
 As Socrates of old at firft did 
 
 To aid philofophy get hoifted, 
 
 And found his thoughts flow ftrangely clear, 
 
 Swung in a bafket in mid air 66 : 
 
 Our
 
 1 08 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Our culprit thus in purer fky, 
 
 With like advantage rais d his eye ; 
 
 And looking forth in profpeft wide 
 
 Hib Tory errors clearly fpied, 
 
 And from his elevated ftation, 
 
 With bawling voice began addreflmg. 
 
 " Good gentlemen and friends and kin, 
 
 For heav n s fake hear, if not for mine ! 
 
 I here renounce the Pope, the Turks, 
 
 The King, the. Devil and all their works ; 
 
 And will, fet me but once at eafe, 
 
 Turn Whig or Chriftian, what you please ; 
 
 And always mind your laws as juftly ; 
 
 Should I live long as old Methus lah, 
 
 I ll never join with Britifh rage, 
 
 Nor help Lord North, or Gen ral Gage, 
 
 Nor lift my gun in future fights, 
 
 Nor take away your charter d rights, 
 
 Nor overcome your new-rais d levies, 
 
 Deftroy your towns, nor burn your navies, 
 
 Nor cut your poles down while I ve breath, 
 
 Tho rais d more thick than hatchel-tecth 67 : 
 
 But
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 109 
 
 But leave king George and all his elvc 
 To do their conq ring work themfelves." 
 
 This faid, they lower d him down in ftate, 
 Spread at all points, like falling cat ; 
 But took a vote firft on the queftion, 
 That they d accept this full confeffion, 
 And to their fellowfhip and favor, 
 Reftore him on his good behaviour. 
 
 Not fo, our Squire fubmits to rule, 
 But flood heroic as a mule. 
 " You ll find it all in vain, quoth he, 
 To play your rebel tricks on me. 
 All punifhments the world can render, 
 Serve only to provoke th offender ; 
 The will s confirm d by treatment horrid, 
 As hides grow harder when they re curried. 
 No man e er felt the halter draw, 
 With good opinion of the law j 
 Or held in method orthodox 
 
 His love of juftice in the flocks 68 ; 
 
 Oi
 
 iio M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Or fail d to lofc by fheriff s fhears 
 At once his loyalty and ears 69 . 
 Have you made Murray 10 look lefs big, 
 Or fmoak d old Williams to a Whig 11 ? 
 Did our mobb d Oliver 2 quit his ftation, 
 Or heed his vows of refignation ? 
 Has Rivington, in dread of ftripes, 
 Ceas d lying iince you ftole his types 3 ? 
 And can you think my faith will alter, 
 By tarring, whipping, or the halter ? 
 I ll ftand the worft ; for recompence 
 I truft King George and Providence. 
 And when, our conqueft gain d, I come, 
 Array d in law and terror home, 
 You ll rue this inaufpicious morn, 
 And curfe the day you e er were born, 
 In Job s high llyle of imprecations, 
 With all liis plagues, without his patience." 
 
 Meanwhile befide the pole, the guard 
 A Bench of Juftice had prepar d, 
 Where fitting round in awful fort, 
 The grand Committee hold their court 14 ; 
 
 While
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. MI 
 
 While all the crew in filent awe, 
 Wait from their lips the lore of law. 
 Few moments with deliberation, 
 They hold the folemn confultation, 
 When foon in judgment all agree, 
 And Clerk declares the dread decree ; 
 " That Squire M Fingal having grown, 
 The vileft Tory in the town, 
 And now on full examination, 
 Convicted by his own confeffion, 
 Finding no tokens of repentance, 
 This Court proceed to render fentencc : 
 That firft the Mob a flip-knot fingle 
 Tic round the neck of faid M Fingal ; 
 And in due form do tar him next, 
 And feather, as the law directs ; 
 Then thro the town attendant ride him, 
 In cart with Conftable befide him, 
 And having held him up to fhamc, 
 Bring to the pole from whence he came "V 
 
 Forthwith the croud proceed to deck 
 With halter d noofe M FingaPs neck, 
 
 While
 
 112 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 While he, in peril of his foul, 
 
 Stood tied half-hanging to the pole; 
 
 Then lifting high the pond rous jar, 
 
 Pour d o er his head the fmoaking tar : 
 
 With lefs profufion erft was fpread 
 
 The Jewish oil on royal head" 6 , 
 
 That down his beard and veftments ran, 
 
 And cover d all his outward man. 
 
 As when (fo Claudian fmgs) the Gods 
 
 And earth-born giants fell at odds 77 ,. 
 
 The ftout Enccladus 18 in malice 
 
 Tore mountains up to throw at Pallas ; 
 
 And as he held them o er his head, 
 
 The river from their fountains fed, 
 
 Pour d down his back its copious tide, 
 
 And wore its channels in his hyde : 
 
 So from the high rais d urn the torrents, 
 
 Spread down his fide their various currents ; 
 
 His flowing wig, as next the brim, 
 
 Firft met and drank the fable ftream ; 
 
 Adown his vifage ftern and grave, 
 
 Roll d and adhered the vifcid wave ; 
 
 With
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 115 
 
 With arms depending as he ftood. 
 
 Each cuft" capacious holds the flood ; 
 
 From nofe and chin s remoteft end, 
 
 The tarry icicles depend ; 
 
 Till all o erfpread, with colors gay 
 
 He glitter d to the weftern ray, 
 
 Like fleet-bound trees in wintry flues, 
 
 Or Lapland idol carv d in ice. 
 
 And now the feather-bag difplay d, 
 
 Is wav d in triumph o er his head, 
 
 And fpreads him o er with feathers miflive. 
 
 And down upon the tar adhefive : 
 
 Not Maia s fon, with wings for ears 19 , 
 
 Such plumes around his vifage wears ; 
 
 Nor Milton s fix wing d angel 80 gathers, 
 
 Such fupcrfluity of feathers. 
 
 Till all compleat appears our Squire 
 
 Like Gorgon or Chimera dire 81 ; 
 
 Nor more could boaft on Plato s plan 
 
 To rank amid the race of man, 
 
 Or prove his claim to human nature, 
 
 As a two-legg d, unfeather d creature 82 . 
 
 Then
 
 114 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 Then on the two-wheel d car of Hate, 
 They rais d our grand Duumvirate* 3 . 
 And as at Rome a like committee, 
 That found an owl within their city, 
 With folemn rites and fad proccffions, 
 At ev ry Ihrine perform d luftrations ; 
 And leall infection mould abound 
 From prodigy with face fo round, 
 All Rome attends him thro the ftreet, 
 In triumph to his country-feat 84 ; 
 With like devotion all the choir 
 Paraded round our feather d Squire ; 
 In front the martial mufic comes 
 Of horns and fiddles, fifes and drums, 
 With jingling found of carriage bells, 
 And treble creak of ruftcd wheels ; 
 Behind, the croud in lengthen d row, 
 With grave proceflion clofcd the fiiow ; 
 And at fit periods ev ry throat 
 Combined in univerfal fhout, 
 And hail d great Liberty in chorus, 
 Or bawl d, Confufion to the Tories. 
 
 Not
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. 115 
 
 Not louder llorm the welkin braves, 
 From clamors of conflicting waves ; 
 Lefs dire in Lybian wilds the noife 
 When rav ning lions lift their voice ; 
 Or triumphs at town-meetings made, 
 On paffing votes to reg late trade 85 . 
 
 Thus having borne them round the town, 
 Laft at the pole they fet them down, 
 And tow rd the tavern take their way, 
 To end in mirth the feftal day. 
 
 And now the Mob difpers d and gone, 
 Left Squire and Conftable alone. 
 The Conftable in rueful cafe 
 Lean d fad and folemn o er a brace. 
 And fail befidc him, cheek- by jowl, 
 Stuck Squire M Fingal gainft the pole, 
 Glued by the tar t his rear applied, 
 Like barnacle 86 on veffePs fide. 
 But tho his body lack d phyfician, 
 His fpirit was in worfe condition. 
 
 He
 
 Ii6 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 He found his fears of whips and ropes, 
 By many a drachm outweigh d his hopes. 
 As men in goal without mainprize, 
 View ev ry thing with other eyes, 
 And all goes wrong in church and ftate, 
 Seen thro perfpeftive of the grate : 
 So now M Fingal s fecond-fight 
 Beheld all things in different light ; 
 His vifual nerve, well purg d with tar, 
 Saw all the coming fcenes of war. 
 As his prophetic foul grew ftronger, 
 He found he could hold in no longer ; 
 Firft from the pole, as fierce he fhook, 
 His wig from pitchy durance broke, 
 
 His mouth unglued, his feathers flutter d, 
 
 
 His tarr d fkirts crack d, and thus he uttcr d, 
 
 " Ah, Mr. Conftable, in vain 
 We drive gainft wind and tide and rain ! 
 Behold my doom ! this feather d omen 
 Portends what difmal times are coming. 
 Now future fcenes before my eyes, 
 And fecond-fighted forms arife ; 
 
 I hear
 
 THIRD.] THE LIBERTY POLE. n? 
 
 I hear a voice that calls away, 
 And cries, the Whigs will win the day 87 ; 
 My beck ning Genius gives command, 
 And bids us fly the fatal land ; 
 Where changing name and conftitution, 
 Rebellion turns to revolution 88 , 
 While Loyalty opprefs d in tears, 
 Stands trembling for its neck and ears. 
 Go, fummon all our brethren greeting, 
 To mufter at our ufual meeting. 
 There my prophetic voice mail warn em, 
 Of all things future that concern em, 
 And fcenes difclofe on which, my friend, 
 Their conduct and their lives depend : 
 There I but firft tis more of ufe, 
 From this vile pole to fet me loofe ; 
 Then go with cautious fteps and fteady, 
 While I fleer home and make all ready." 
 
 END OF CANTO THIRD.
 
 M FINGAL : 
 
 CANTO FOURTH 
 
 THE VISION. 
 
 night came down, and rofe full foon 
 That patronefs of rogues, the Moon j 
 Beneath whofe kind, protecting ray 
 Wolves, brute and human, prowl for prey. 
 The honeft world all fnored in chorus, 
 While owls, and ghofts and thieves and Tories, 
 Whom crft the mid-day fun had aw d, 
 Crept from their lurking holes abroad. 
 On cautious hinges, flow and ftiller 
 Wide oped the great M FingaPs cellar , 
 Where fhut from prying eyes in clufter, 
 The Tory Pandemonium * mufler. 
 
 Theii
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . 119 
 
 Their chiefs all fitting round defcried are, 
 On kegs of ale and feats of cyder ; 
 When firtl M Fingal dimly fecn 
 Rofc folcmn from the turnep-bin 3 . 
 Nor yet his form had wholly loll 
 The original brightnefs it could boail 4 , 
 Nor lefs appear d than Juftice Quorum, 
 In feather d majefty before em 5 . 
 Ad own his tarftreak d vifage, clear 
 Fell glift ning faft th indignant tear, 
 And thus his voice, in mournful wife, 
 Purfued the prologue of his fighs. 
 
 " Brethren and friends, the glorious band 
 Of loyalty in rebel land ! 
 It was not thus you ve feen me fitting 
 Return d in triumph from town-meeting, 
 When bluftring Whigs were put to ftand, 
 And votes obey d my guiding hand, 
 And new commiffions pleas d my eyes ; 
 Blefl days, but ah, no more to rife ! 
 Alas, againft my better light 
 And optics fure of fecond-fight , 
 
 My
 
 i zo M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 My ftubborn foul in error ftrong, 
 
 Had faith in Hutchinfon 7 too long. 
 
 See what brave trophies ftill we bring 
 
 From all our battles for the king ; 
 
 And yet thefe plagues now paft before us, 
 
 Are but our entring wedge of forrows. 
 
 I fee in glooms tempeftuous ftand 
 
 The cloud impending o er the land ; 
 
 That cloud, which ftill beyond their hopes 
 
 Serves all our orators with tropes, 
 
 Which tho from our own vapors fed, 
 
 Shall point its thunders on our head ! 
 
 I fee the Mob, beflipp d 8 in taverns, 
 
 Hunt us, like wolves, thro wilds and caverns ! 
 
 What dungeons rife t alarm our fears, 
 
 What horfewhips whiitle round our ears ! 
 
 Tar yet in embryo in the pine 9 
 
 Shall run, on Tories backs to mine ; 
 
 Trees rooted fair in groves of fallows 
 
 Are growing for our future gallows ; 
 
 And geefe unhatch d, when pluck d in fray, 
 
 Sha J rue the feath ring of that day 10 . 
 
 For
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . 121 
 
 For me, before thefe fatal days 
 I mean to fly th accurfed place, 
 And follow omens, which of late 
 Have warn d me of impending fate ; 
 Yet pafs d unnoticed o er my view, 
 Till fad convidtion proved them true ; 
 As prophecies of belt intent, 
 Are only heeded in th event. 
 
 For late in vifions of the night 
 The gallows flood before my fight ; 
 I faw its ladder heav d on end ; 
 I faw the deadly rope defcend ; 
 And in its noofe that wav ring fwang, 
 Friend Malcolm 11 hung, or feem d to hang. 
 How changed from him, who bold as lyon, 
 Stood Aid-dc-Camp to Governor Tryon, 
 Made rebels vanifh once, like witches, 
 And laved his life, but dropp d his breeches 1 2 , 
 I icarce had made a fearful bow, 
 And trembling afk d him, " How d ye do." 
 When lifting up his eyes fo wide, 
 
 His eyes alone, his hands were tied ; 
 
 With
 
 122 M FiNGAL: [CANTO 
 
 With feeble voice, as fpirits ufe, 
 
 Now almoft choak d with gripe of noofe ; 
 
 " Ah 13 fly, my friend, he cried, efcape, 
 
 And keep yourfelf from this fad fcrape ; 
 
 Enough you ve talk d and writ and plann d ; 
 
 The Whigs have got the upper hand. 
 
 Dame Fortune s wheel has turn d fo fhort, 
 
 It plung d us fairly in the dirt ; 
 
 Could mortal arm our fears have ended, 
 
 This arm (and shook it) had defended. 
 
 But longer now tis vain to flay; 
 
 See ev n the Reg lars run away : 
 
 Wait not till things grow dcfperater, 
 
 For hanging is no laughing matter : 
 
 This might your grandfires fortunes tell you on 
 
 Who both were hang d the laft rebellion 14 ; 
 
 Adventure then no longer ftay, 
 
 But call your friends and run away. 
 
 For lo, thro deepeft glooms of night 
 
 I come to aid thy fccond-fight, 
 
 Difclofe the plagues that round us wait 
 
 And wake the dark decrees of fate. 
 
 Afcend
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 123 
 
 Afcend this ladder whence unfurlM 
 The curtain opes of t other world, 
 For here new worlds their fcenes unfold, 
 Seen from this backdoor of the old 15 . 
 As when ^Eneas " rifqued his life, 
 Like Orpheus vent ring for his wife n , 
 And bore in fhow his mortal carcafe, 
 Thro realms of Erebus and Orcus ", 
 Then in the happy fields Elyfian, 
 Saw all his embryon fons in vifion : 
 As fhown by great archangel, Michael, 
 Old Adam faw the world s whole fequel, 
 And from the mount s extended fpace, 
 The rifing fortunes of his race 19 ; 
 So from this ftage malt thou behold, 
 The war its coming fcenes unfold, 
 Rais d by my arm to meet thine eye ; 
 My Adam, thou, thine Angel, I. 
 But firft my pow r for vifions bright, 
 Muft cleanfe from clouds thy mental fight, 
 Remove the dim iliffufions fpread, 
 Which bribes and fal ries there have bred ; 
 
 And
 
 124 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 And from the well of Bute infufe, 
 Three genuine drops of Highland dews, 
 To purge, like euphrafy and rue 20 , 
 Thine eyes, for much thou haft to view. 
 
 Now freed from Tory darknefs raife 
 Thy head and fpy the coining days ; 
 For lo before our fecond-fight, 
 The Continent afcends in light ; 
 From north to fouth what gath ring fwarms, 
 Increafe the pride of rebel arms ! 
 Thro ev ry State our legions brave, 
 Speed gallant marches to the grave, 
 Of battling Whigs the frequent prize, 
 While rebel trophies ftain the Ikies 21 . 
 Behold o er northern realms afar, 
 Extend the kindling flumes of war ! 
 See fam d St. John s and Montreal, 
 Doom d by Montgom ry s arm to fall 25 ! 
 Where Hudfon with majeftic fway, 
 Thro hills difparted plows his way ; 
 Fate fpreads on Bemus Heights alarms, 
 And pours deftruction on our arms 23 ; 
 
 There
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 125 
 
 There Bennington s cnfanguin d plain 24 . 
 And Stony-Point, the prize of Wayne 25 . 
 Behold near Del ware s icy roar, 
 Where morning dawns on Trenton s fhore, 
 While Heffians fpread their Chriftmas feafts, 
 Rufh rude thefe uninvited guefts ; 
 Nor aught avail, to Whigs a prize, 
 Their martial whifkers grifly fize 26 . 
 On Princeton plains our heroes yield, 
 And fpread in flight the vanquifh d field, 
 While fear to Mawhood s heels puts on 
 Wings, wide as worn by Maia s fon ". 
 Behold the Pennfylvanian more, 
 Enrich d with ftreams of Britifh gore 28 ; 
 Where many a vet ran chief in bed 
 Of honor refts his flumbring head, 
 And in foft vales in land of foes, 
 Their wearied virtue finds repofe 29 . 
 See plund ring Dunmore s negro band 
 Fly headlong from Virginia s ftrand ; ; 
 And far on fouthern hills our coufins, 
 The Scotc h M Donalds fall by dozens 31 j 
 
 Or
 
 126 M F i N c A r. : [CANTO 
 
 Or where King s Mountain lifts its head, 
 Our ruin d bands in triumph led 35 ! 
 Behold o er Tarlton s blull ring train, 
 The Rebels ftretch the captive chain 3i ! 
 Afar near Eutaw s fatal fprings 
 Defcending Vift ry fpreads her wings 34 ! 
 Thro all the land in various chace, 
 We hunt the rainbow of fuccefs ; 
 In vain ! their Chief fuperior ftill 
 Eludes our force with Fabian fkill 35 , 
 Or fwift defcending by furprize, 
 Like Pruffia s eagle fweeps the prize." 
 
 I look d, nor yet, oppreft with fears, 
 Gave credit to my eyes or ears, 
 But held the views an empty dream, 
 On Berkley s immaterial fcheme 2t5 ; 
 And pondring fad with troubled breaft 
 At length my rifmg doubts exprcfs d. 
 " Ah whither, thus by rebels fmittcn, 
 Is fled th omnipotence of Britain " , 
 Or fail d its ufual guard to keep, 
 Gone truanting or fall n afleep ; 
 
 As
 
 FOURTH.] T.HEVlSION. 127 
 
 As Baal his prophets left confounded, 
 
 And bawling vot rics gafh d and wounded 3<i ? 
 
 Did not, retir d to bow rs Elyiian, 
 
 Great Mars leave with her his commiffion, 
 
 And Neptune erft in treaty free, 
 
 Give up dominion o er the fea 39 ? 
 
 Elfe w here s the faith of famed orations 40 , 
 
 Addrefs, debate and proclamations, 
 
 Or courtly fermon, laureat ode, 
 
 And ballads on the watry God 41 ; 
 
 With whofe high /trains great George enriches 
 
 His eloquence of gracious fpeeches 42 ? 
 
 Not faithful to cur Highland eyes, 
 
 Thefe deadly forms of vifion rife ; 
 
 But fure fome Whig-infpiring fprite 
 
 Now palms delufion on our fight. 
 
 I d fcarcely truft a tale fo vain, 
 
 Should revelation prompt the ftrain, 
 
 Or Offian s ghoft the fccnes rehearfe, 
 
 In all the melody of Erfe." 43 
 
 " Too long, quoth Malcolm, with confufion 
 You ve dwelt already .in delufion, 
 
 As
 
 1 28 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 As Sceptics, of all fools the chief, 
 
 Hold faith in creeds of unbelief. 
 
 I come to draw thy veil afide 
 
 Of error, prejudice and pride. 
 
 Fools love deception, but the wife 
 
 Prefer fad truths to pleafing lies. 
 
 For know thofc hopes can ne er fucceed 
 
 That truft on Britain s breaking reed. 
 
 For weakening long from bad to worfe 
 
 By fatal atrophy of purfe, 
 
 She feels at length with trembling heart, 
 
 Her foes have found her mortal part. 
 
 As famed Achilles, dipped by Thetis 
 
 In Styx, as fung in antient ditties, 
 
 Grew all cafeharden d o er like ftecl, 
 
 Invulnerable, fave his heel" 14 , 
 
 And laugh d at fwords and fpcars, as fquibs, 
 
 And all difeafes, but the kibes 5 ; 
 
 Yet met at laft his fatal wound, 
 
 By Paris arrow nail d to ground 1 ": 
 
 So Britain s boafted ftrength deferts, 
 
 In thefe her empire s utmoft fkirts, 
 
 Remov d
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . I 29 
 
 Rcmov d beyond her fierce impreflions, 
 
 And atmofphere of omniprcfence ; 
 
 Nor to rhefe fhores remoter ends, 
 
 Her dwarf omnipotence extends : 
 
 Whence in this turn of things fo ftrange, 
 
 Tis time our principles to change. 
 
 For vain that boafted faith, which gathers 
 
 No perquifite, but tar and feathers, 
 
 No pay, but Whig s infill ting malice, 
 
 And no promotion, but the gallows. 
 
 I ve long enough flood firm and ileady, 
 
 Half hang d for loyalty already : 
 
 And could I fave my neck and pelf 
 
 I d turn a flaming Whig myfelf, 
 
 And quit this caufe and courfe and calling,, 
 
 Like rats that fly from houfe that s falling. 
 
 But fince, obnoxious here to fate, 
 
 This faving wifdom comes too late, 
 
 Our nobleft hopes already croft, 
 
 Our fal ries gone, our titles loft, 
 
 Doom d to worfe fuff rings from the mob 
 
 Than Satan s furg rics ufcd on Job 47 ; 
 
 What
 
 130 
 
 M F I N G A L : 
 
 What more remains but now with Height, 
 What s left of us to lave by flight ? 
 
 Now raife thine eyes for vifions true 
 Again afcending wait thy view." 
 I iook d and clad in early light, 
 The fpires of Bofton rofe to fight ; 
 The morn o er eaftern hills afar, 
 Illum d the varying fcenes of war. 
 Great Howe had long fince in the lap 
 Of Loring taken out his nap, 
 And with the fun s afcending ray, 
 The cuckold came to take his pay 1 **. 
 When all th encircling hills around, 
 With inftantaneous breaftworks crown d, 
 With pointed thunders met his fight, 
 By magic rear d the former night. 
 Each fummit, far as eye commands, 
 Shone peopled with rebellious bands 49 . 
 Aloft their tow ring heroes rife, 
 As Titans erlt affaiPd the fkies 50 , 
 Leagued with fuperior force to prove, 
 The iccptcr d hand of Britiih Jove. 
 
 Mounds
 
 FOURTH.] THEVlSION. I 3 I 
 
 Mounds piled on hills afcended fair 
 With batt ries placed in middle air, 
 That rais d like angry clouds on high 
 Seem d like th artill ry of the Iky, 
 And hurl d their fiery bolts amain, 
 In thunder on the trembling plain. 
 1 faw along the proflrate ftrand, 
 Our baffled Gen rals quit the land, 
 And fwift as frighted mermaids flee, 
 T our boafted element, the fea 51 ! 
 Refign that long contefted fhore, 
 Again the prize of rebel-power, 
 And tow rd their town of refuge fly, 
 Like convicl Jews condemn d to die a ". 
 
 Then tow rd the north, I turn d my eyes, 
 Where Saratoga s heights arife, 
 And faw our chofen vet ran band, 
 Defcend in terror o er the land 53 ; 
 T oppofe this fury of alarms, 
 Saw all New-England wake to arms, 
 And ev ry Yanky full of mettle, 
 
 Swarm forth, like bees at found of kettle 5 *. 
 
 Nor
 
 132 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Not Rome, when Tarquin raped Lucretia 65 , 
 Saw wilder muft ring of militia. 
 Thro all the woods and plains of fight, 
 What mortal battles fill d my fight, 
 While Britifh corfes ftrew d the fhore, 
 And Hudfon ting d his ftreams with gore ! 
 What tongue can tell the difmal day, 
 Or paint the party-color d fray ; 
 When yeomen left their fields afar, 
 To plow the crimfon plains of war ; 
 When zeal to fwords transformed their mares, 
 And turn d their pruning-hooks to fpcars, 
 Chang d tailor s geefe to guns and ball, 
 And rtrctch d to pikes the cobler s awl 56 ; 
 While hunters fierce like mighty Nimrod, 
 Made on our troops a daring inroad ; 
 And levelling fquint on barrel round, 
 brought our beau-ofHcers to ground 57 ; 
 Awhile rifle-frocks fent Gen rals cap ring, 
 And redcoats fhrunk from leathern apron, 
 And epaulette and gorget run 
 
 From whinyard brown and rufty gun : 
 
 While
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 133 
 
 While funburnt wigs in high command, 
 Rum furious on our frighted band, 
 And anticnt beards and hoary hair, 
 Like meteors ftream in troubled air 58 . 
 With locks unfhorn not Samfon more 
 Made ufelefs all the mow of war, 
 Nor fought with aflcs jaw for rarity, 
 With more fuccefs or fingularity 59 . 
 I faw our vet ran thoufands yield 
 And pile their mulkets on the field, 
 And peafant guards in rueful plight 
 March off our captured bands from fight ; 
 While ev ry rebel-fife in play, 
 To Yanky-doodle tun d its lay, 
 And like the mufic of the fpheres, 
 Mellifluous footh d their vanquifli d ears 60 . 
 
 " Alas, faid I, what baleful ftar, 
 Sheds fatal influence on the war, 
 And who that chofen Chief of fame, 
 That heads this grand parade of fhame ? " 
 
 " There fee how fate, great Malcolm cried, 
 Strikes with its bolts the tow rs of pride. 
 
 Behold
 
 134 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Behold chat martial Macaroni 61 , 
 Compound of Phoebus and Bcllona 62 , 
 With warlike fword and fingfong lay, 
 Equipp d alike for feaft or fray, 
 Where equal wit and valour join ; 
 This, this is he, the famed Burgoyne 63 : 
 Who pawn d his honor and commiffion, 
 To coax the Patriots to fubmiffion, 
 By fongs and balls fecure obedience, 
 And dance the ladies to allegiance 04 . 
 Oft his camp mufes he ll parade, 
 At Bofton in the grand blockade, 
 And well invoked with punch of arrack, 
 Hold converfe fweet in tent or barrack, 
 Infpired in more heroic fafhion, 
 Both by his theme and fituation ; 
 While farce and proclamation grand, 
 Rife fair beneath his plaftic hand 65 . 
 For genius fwells more ftrong and clear 
 When clofe confin d, like bottled beer : 
 So Prior s wit gain d greater pow r, 
 By infpiration of the tow r 6<! ; 
 
 And
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 135 
 
 And Raleigh fafl in prifon hurl d 
 
 Wrote all the hift ry of the world 6r : 
 
 So Wilkes grew, while in goal he lay, 
 
 More patriotic ev ry day, 
 
 But found his zeal, when not confin d, 
 
 Soon fink below the freezing point, 
 
 And public fpirit once fo fair, 
 
 Evaporate in open air 8 . 
 
 But thou, great favorite of Venus, 
 
 By no fuch luck flialt cramp thy genius ; 
 
 Thy friendly ftars till wars mall ceafe, 
 
 Shall ward th illfortune of releafe, 
 
 And hold thee fart in bonds not feeble, 
 
 In good condition ftill to fcribble. 
 
 Such merit fate mail fliield from firing, 
 
 Bomb, carcafe, langridge and cold iron, 
 
 Nor trufts thy doubly laurell d head, . 
 
 To rude affaults of flying lead. 
 
 Hence in this Saratogue retreat, 
 
 For pure good fortune thou lt be beat ; 
 
 Nor taken oft, releas d or refcued, 
 
 Pafs for fmall change, like funple Prefcott 69 ; 
 
 But
 
 136 M FINSAL : [CANTO 
 
 But captured there, as fates befall, 
 Shalt ftand thy hand for t, once for all. 
 Then raife thy daring thoughts fublime, 
 And dip thy conq ring pen in rhyme, 
 And changing war for puns and jokes, 
 Write new Blockades and Maids of Oaks." 10 
 
 This faid, he turn d, and faw the tale, 
 Had dyed my trembling cheeks with pale ; 
 Then pitying in a milder vein 
 Purfued the vifionary ftrain. 
 
 " Too much perhaps hath pain d your views 
 Of vidl ries gain d by rebel crews ; 
 Now fee the deeds not fmall or fcanty, 
 Of Britifh Valor and Humanity ; 
 And learn from this aufpicious fight, 
 How England s fons and friends can fight ; 
 In what dread fcenes their courage grows, 
 And how they conquer all their foes." 
 
 I look d and faw in wintry fkies 
 Our fpacious prison-walls arife, 
 
 Where
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 137 
 
 Where Britons all their captives taming, 
 
 Plied them with fcourging, cold and famine ; 
 
 Reduced to life s concluding ftages, 
 
 By noxious food and plagues contagious. 
 
 Aloft the mighty Loring flood, 
 
 And thrived, like Vampyre, on their blood, 
 
 And counting all his gains arifmg, 
 
 Dealt daily rations out of poifon. 
 
 Amid the dead that croud the fcene, 
 
 The moving fkeletons were feen 11 . 
 
 At hand our troops in vaunting {trains, 
 
 Infulted all their wants and pains, 
 
 And turn d on all the dying tribe, 
 
 The bitter taunt and fcornful gibe : 
 
 And Britifh officers of might, 
 
 Triumphant at the joyful fight, 
 
 O er foes difarm d with courage daring, 
 
 Exhaufled all their tropes of fwearing. 
 
 Around all ftain d with rebel blood, 
 
 Like Milton s lazar houfe it flood 72 , 
 
 Where grim Defpair attended nurfe, 
 
 And Death was Gov rnor of the houfe. 
 
 Amaz d
 
 138 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 Amaz d I cried, " Is this the way, 
 
 That Britifh Valour wins the day ? " 
 
 More had I faid, in ftrains unwelcome, 
 
 Till interrupted thus by Malcolm : 
 
 " Blame not, quoth he, but learn the reafon 
 
 Of this new mode of conq ring treafon. 
 
 Tis but a wife, politic plan, 
 
 To root out all the rebel-clan ; 
 
 (For furely treafon ne er can thrive, 
 
 Where not a foul is left alive :) 
 
 A fcheme, all other chiefs to furpafs, 
 
 And to do th effectual work to purpofe. 
 
 For war itfelf is nothing farther, 
 
 But th art and myftery of murther", 
 
 And who moft methods has eflay d, 
 
 Is the beft Gen ral of the trade, 
 
 And ftands Death s Plenipotentiary, 
 
 To conquer, poifon, ftarve and bury. 
 
 This Howe well knew, and thus began, 
 
 (Defpifmg Carlton s coaxing plan, 
 
 Who kept his pris ners well and merry, 
 
 And dealt them food like Commiffary, 
 
 And
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V i s i o N . 139 
 
 And by paroles and ranfoms vain, 
 Difmifs d them all to fight again :) 74 
 Whence his firfl captives with great fpirit, 
 He tied up for his troops to fire at 78 , 
 And hoped they d learn on foes thus taken, 
 To aim at rebels without making. 
 Then wife in ftratagem he plann d 
 The fure deftruftion of the land, 
 Turn d famine, ficknefs and defpair, 
 To ufeful enginry of war, 
 Inftead of cannon, mufket, mortar, 
 Ufed pcftilence and death and torture, 
 Sent forth the fmall pox and the greate , 
 To thin the land of ev ry traitor, 
 And order d out with like endeavour, 
 Detachments of the prifon-fever 17 ; 
 Spread defolation o er their head, 
 And plagues in Providence s flead, 
 Pcrform d with equal fkill and beauty, 
 Th avenging angel s tour of duty, 
 Brought all the elements to join, 
 And flars t affift the great defign, 
 
 As
 
 1 40 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 As once in league with Kifhon s brook, 
 Famed Ifrael s foes they fought and took 18 . 
 Then proud to raife a glorious name, 
 And em lous of his country s fame, 
 He bade thefe prison-walls arifc, 
 Like temple tow ring to the fkies, 
 Where Britim Clemency renown d, 
 Might fix her feat on facred ground ; 
 (That Virtue, as each herald faith, 
 Of whole blood kin to Punic Faith) 
 Where all her Godlike pow rs unveiling, 
 She finds a grateful mrine to dwell in. 
 Then at this altar for her honor, 
 Chofe this Highprieft to wait upon her, 
 Who with juft rites, in antient guifes, 
 Prefents thefe human facrifices ; 
 Great Loring, famed above laymen, 
 A proper Prieft for Lybian Ammon, 
 Who, while Howe s gift his brows adorns, 
 Had match d that deity in horns 80 . 
 Here ev ry day her vot ries tell 
 She more devours than th idol Bel S1 ; 
 
 And
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 14! 
 
 And thirfts more rav noufly for gore, 
 
 Than any worfhrpp d Pow r before. 
 
 That antient Heathen Godhead, Moloch, 
 
 Oft ftay d his ftomach with a bullock, 
 
 Or if his morning rage you d check firft, 
 
 One child fufficed him for a breakfafl 8 ; 
 
 But Britifh Clemency with zeal 
 
 Devours her hundreds at a meal, 
 
 Right well by Nat ralifts defined, 
 
 A Being of carniv rous kind. 
 
 So erft Gargantua pleas d his palate, 
 
 And eat his pilgrims up for fallad 83 . 
 
 Not bleft with maw lefs ceremonious, 
 
 The wide-mouth d whale that fwallow d Jonas 84 ; 
 
 Like earthquake gapes, to death devote, 
 
 That open fepulchre, her throat ; 
 
 The grave, or barren womb you d fluff, 
 
 And fooner bring to cry, enough ; 
 
 Or fatten up to fair condition, 
 
 The leanflefh d kine of Pharaoh s vifion 85 . 
 
 Behold her temple where it ftands 
 Ereft by famed Britannic hands ; 
 
 Tis
 
 142 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 Tis the blackhole of Indian ftrudlure, 
 New-built with Englifh architecture, 
 On plan, tis faid, contrived and wrote. 
 By Clive, before he cut his throat 86 ; 
 Who ere he took himfelf in hand, 
 Was her Highorieft in Nabob-land s; : 
 And when with conq ring glory crows d, 
 He d well enflav d the nation round, 
 With pitying heart the gen rous chief, 
 (Since flav ry s worfe than lofs of life) 
 Bade dcfolation circle far, 
 And famine end the work of war ; 
 Thus loofed their chains and for their merits, 
 Difmifs d them free to worlds of fpirits : 
 Whence they with gratitude and praife, 
 Return d to attend his latter days, 
 And hov ring round his reftlefs bed, 
 Spread nightly vifions o er his head 88 . 
 
 " Now turn, he cried, to nobler fights, 
 And mark the prowefs of our fights : 
 Behold like whelps of Britim Lyon, 
 The warriors, Clinton, Vaughan and Trvon 8 , 
 
 March
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 14} 
 
 March forth with patriotic joy, 
 
 To ravifh, plunder, burn, dcllroy. 
 
 Great Gen rals foremoft in the nation, 
 
 The journeymen of Defolation ! 
 
 Like Samfon s foxes each affails, 
 
 Let loofc with firebrands in their tails, 
 
 And fpreads destruction more forlorn, 
 
 Than they did in Philiilinc corn 90 . 
 
 And fee in flames their triumphs rife, 
 
 Illuming all the nether Ikies, 
 
 And dreaming, like a new Aurora, 
 
 The weftcrn hemifphere with glory ! 
 
 What towns in afhes laid confefs 
 
 Thefe heroes prowefs and fuccefs ! 
 
 What blackcn d walls, or burning fane, 
 
 For trophies fpread the ruin d plain ! 
 
 What females caught in evil hour, 
 
 By force fubmit to Britifh power, 
 
 Or plunder d Negroes in difafter 
 
 Confefs king George their lord and maftcr ! 
 
 What crimfon corfes ftrew their way 
 
 Till fmoaking carnage dims the day ! 
 
 Along
 
 1 44 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Along the fhorc for furc reduction 
 
 They wield their bcfom of definition. 
 
 Great Homer likens, in his Ilias, 
 
 To dogftar bright the fierce Achilles ; 
 
 But ne er beheld in red proccffion, 
 
 Three dogftars-rife in conftellation ; 
 
 Or faw in glooms of ev ning mifty, 
 
 Such figns of fiery triplicity, 
 
 Which far beyond the comet s tail, 
 
 Portend deftruftion where they fail 91 . 
 
 Oh had Great-Britain s godlike more, 
 
 Produced but ten fuch heroes more, 
 
 They d fpared the pains and held the flation, 
 
 Of this world s final conflagration, 
 
 Which when its time comes, at a ftand, 
 
 Would find its work all done t its hand ! 
 
 Yet tho gay hopes our eyes may blefs ; 
 Indignant fate forbids fuccefs ; 
 Like morning dreams our conqueft flies, 
 Difperf d before the dawn arife." 
 
 Here
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 145 
 
 Here Malcolm paus d ; when pond ring long, 
 Grief thus gave utt rance to my tongue. 
 " Where fhrink in fear our friends difmay d, 
 And all the Tories promis d aid, 
 Can none amid thefe fierce alarms, 
 Affift the pow r of royal arms ? " 
 " In vain, he cried, our king depends, 
 On promis d aid of Tory-friends 9e . 
 When our own efforts want fuccefs, 
 Friends ever fail as fears increafe. 
 As leaves in blooming verdure wove, 
 In warmth of fummer cloath the grove, 
 But when autumnal frofts arife, 
 Leave bare their trunks to wintry fkies ; 
 So while your pow r can aid their ends, 
 You ne er can need ten thoufand friends, 
 But once in want by foes difmay d, 
 May advertife them ftol n or ftray d. 
 Thus ere Great-Britain s flrength grew flack, 
 She gain d that aid, me did not lack, 
 But now in dread, imploring pity, 
 
 All hear unmov d her dol rous ditty ; 
 
 Allegiance
 
 1 46 M F i N c A i. : [CANTO 
 
 Allegiance wand ring turns aftray, 
 
 And Faith grows dim for lack of pay 
 
 In vain flic tries by new inventions, 
 
 Fear, falfliood, flatt ry, threats and penfions, 
 
 Or fends Commifs ners with credentials 
 
 Of promifcs and penitentials 93 . 
 
 As for his fare o er Styx of old, 
 
 The Trojan ftole the bough of gold, 
 
 And leaft grim Cerberus fliouid make head, 
 
 Stuff d both his fobs with gingerbread 94 ; 
 
 Behold at Britain s utmoft fhifts, 
 
 Comes Johnftone loaded with like gifts, 
 
 To venture thro the Whiggifh tribe, 
 
 To cuddle, wheedle, coax and bribe"", 
 
 Enter their lands and on his journey, 
 
 Pofleflion take, as King s Attorney, 
 
 Buy all the vaflals to proteft him, 
 
 And bribe the tenants not t ejecl him : 
 
 And call to aid his defp rate miffion, 
 
 His petticoated politician, 
 
 While Venus join d t affift the farce, 
 
 Strolls forth Embafladrefs for Mars 9 ". 
 
 In
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 147 
 
 In vain he drives, for while he lingers, 
 Thcfe maftiffi bite his off ring fingers ; 
 Nor buys for George and realms infernal, 
 One fpaniel, but the mongrel Arnold 97 . 
 
 " Twere vain to paint in viiion d (how, 
 The mighty nothings done by Howe ; 
 What towns he takes in mortal fray, 
 As ftations, whence to run away ; 
 What conquefts gain d in battles warm, 
 To us no aid, to them no harm ; 
 For ftill the event alike is fatal, 
 What er fuccefs attend the battle, 
 If he gain vidlory, or lofe it, 
 Who ne er had fkill enough to ufe it " ; 
 And better twere at their expence, 
 T have drubb d him into common fenfe, 
 And wak d by ballings on his rear, 
 Th aftivity, tho but of fear. 
 By flow advance his arms prevail, 
 Like emblematic march of fnail ; 
 That be Millennium nigh or far, 
 Twould long before him end the war. 
 
 From
 
 148 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 From York to Philadelphian ground, 
 He fweeps the mighty flourifh round, 
 WheePd circ lar by excentric ftars, 
 Like racing boys at prifon-bars, 
 Who take the adverfe crew in whole, 
 By running round the opp fite goal ; 
 Works wide the traverfe of his courfe, 
 Like fhip m florins oppofmg force, 
 Like millhorfe circling in his race, 
 Advances not a Jingle pace, 
 And leaves no trophies of reduction, 
 Save that of cankerworms, deftru&ion. 
 Thus having long both countries curfl, 
 He quits them, as he found them firfl, 
 Steers home difgraced, of little worth, 
 To join Burgoyne and rail at North ". 
 
 Now raife thine eyes, and view with pleafure, 
 The triumphs of his famed fuccefTor." 10 
 I look d, and now by magic lore, 
 Faint rofe to view the Jerfey more ; 
 But dimly feen, in glooms array d, 
 For Night had pourM her fable made, 
 
 And
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 149 
 
 And ev ry ftar, with glimm rings pale, 
 Was muffled deep in ev ning veil : 
 Scarce vifible in dufky night, 
 Advancing redcoats rofe to fight ; 
 The lengthen d train in gleaming rows 
 Stole filent from their flumb ring foes, 
 Slow moved the baggage and the train, 
 Like fnail crept noifelefs o er the plain ; 
 No trembling foldier dared to fpeak, 
 And not a wheel prefum d to creak lot . 
 My looks my new furprize confefs d 
 Till by great Malcolm thus addrefs d : " 
 " Spend not thy wits in vain researches ; 
 Tis one of Clinton s moonlight marches. 
 From Philadelphia now retreating, 
 To fave his anxious troops a beating, 
 With hafty flride he flies in vain, 
 His rear attack d on Monmouth plain : 
 With various chance the mortal fray 
 Is lengthen d to the clofe of day, 
 When his tired bands o ermatch d in fight, 
 Are refcued by defcending night 1M ; 
 
 He
 
 150 M F I N G A L : [CANTC 
 
 He forms his camp with vain parade, 
 Till ev ning fpreads the world with fhade, 
 Then ftill, like fome endanger d fpark, 
 Steals off on tiptoe in the dark ; 
 Yet writes his king in boafting tone, 
 How grand he march d by light of moon 10J . 
 I fee him ; but thou canfl not ; proud 
 He leads in front the trembling croud, 
 And wifely knows, if danger s near, 
 Twill fall the heavieft on his rear 104 . 
 Go on, great Gen ral, nor regard 
 The feoffs of ev ry fcribling Bard, 
 
 Who fing how Gods that fatal night 
 
 
 Aided by miracles your flight, 
 
 As once they ufed, in Homer s day, 
 To help weak heroes run away ; 
 Tell how the hours at awful trial, 
 Went back, as erft on Ahaz dial, 
 While Britifh Jofhua ftay d the moon, 
 On Mcnmouth plains for Ajalon : 
 Heed not their fneers and gibes fo arch, 
 Becaufe me fct before your march 105 . 
 
 A final]
 
 FOURTH.] THEVlSION. I 5 1 
 
 A fmall miftake, your meaning right, 
 You take her influence for her light ; 
 Her influence, which {hall be your guide, 
 And o er your Gen ralfhip prefide. 
 Hence ftill fhall teem your empty fkull, 
 With vift ries when the moon s at full, 
 Which by tranfition yet more ftrange, 
 Wane to defeats before the change ; 
 Hence all your movements, all your notions 
 Shall fteer by like excentric motions, 
 Eclips d in many a fatal crifis, 
 And dimm d when Wafhington arifes. 
 And fee how Fate, herfelf turn d traitor, 
 Inverts the antient courfe of nature, 
 And changes manners, tempers, climes, 
 To fuit the genius of the times. 
 See Bourbon forms his gen rous plan, 
 Firft guardian of the rights of man, 
 And prompt in firm alliance joins, 
 To aid the Rebels proud defigns 10 ". 
 Behold from realms of eaftern day, 
 His fails innum rous fhape their way.. 
 
 In
 
 152 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 In warlike line the billows fweep, 
 
 And roll the thunders of the deep 107 . 
 
 See low in equinoctial fkics, 
 
 The Weftern Iflands fall their prize 10S , 
 
 See Britifh flags o ermatch d in might, 
 
 Put all their faith in inftant flight, 
 
 Or broken fquadrons from th affray, 
 
 Drag flow their wounded hulks away. 
 
 Behold his chiefs in daring fetts, 
 
 D Eitaings 109 , De Grafles 1 and Fayettes ln , 
 
 Spread thro our camps their dread alarms, 
 
 And fvvell the fears of rebel-arms. 
 
 Yet ere our empire fink in night, 
 
 One gleam of hope lhall itrike the fight ; 
 
 As lamps that fail of oil and fire, 
 
 Colleft one glimmering to expire. 
 
 And lo where fouthern fliores extend, 
 
 Behold our union d hofls dcfcend, 
 
 Where Charleftown views with varying beams, 
 
 Her turrets gild th encircling ftreams. 
 
 There by fuperior might compell d, 
 
 Behold their gallant Lincoln yield, 
 
 Nor
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 153 
 
 Nor aught the wreaths avail him now, 
 
 Pluck d from Burgoyne s imperious brow 11 *. 
 
 See furious from the vanquifh d ftrand, 
 
 Cornwallis leads his mighty band ! 
 
 The fouthern realms and Georgian more 
 
 Submit and own the viftor s pow r, 
 
 Lo, funk before his wafting way, 
 
 The Carolinas fall his prey 113 ! 
 
 In vain embattled hofts of foes 
 
 Eflay in warring ftrife t oppofe. 
 
 See fhrinking from his conq ring eye, 
 
 The rebel legions fall or fly m ; 
 
 And with ring in thefe torrid flues, 
 
 The northern laurel fades and dies 11S . 
 
 With rapid force he leads his band 
 
 To fair Virginia s fated ftrand, 
 
 Triumphant eyes the travell d zone, 
 
 And boafts the fouthern realms his own 116 , 
 
 Nor yet this hero s glories bright 
 
 Blaze only in the fields of fight ; 
 
 Not Howe s humanity more deferving, 
 
 In gifts of hanging and of ftarving ; 
 
 Not
 
 154 M FINGAL : [CANTO 
 
 Not Arnold plunders more tobacco, 
 
 Or fteals more Negroes for Jamaica in ; 
 
 Scarce Rodney s felf among th Euftatians, 
 
 Infults fo well the laws of nations ns ; 
 
 Ev n Tryon s fame grows dim, and mourning, 
 
 He yields the laurel crown of burning 119 . 
 
 I fee with rapture and furprize, 
 
 New triumphs fparkling in thine eyes. 
 
 But view where now renew d in might, 
 
 Again the rebels dare the fight." 
 
 I look d and far in fouthern fkies, 
 Saw Greene, their fecond hope, arife, 
 And with his finall but gallant band, 
 Invade the Carolinian land m . 
 As winds in ftormy circles whirl d 
 Rufh billowing o er the darken d world 
 And where their wafting fury roves, 
 Succeffive fweep th aftonifh d groves ; 
 Thus where he pours the rapid fight, 
 Our boafted conquefts Jink in night, 
 And wide o er all th extended field, 
 
 Our forts refign, our armies yield, 
 
 Till
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . 155 
 
 Till now regain d the vanquifh d land, 
 He lifts his ftandard on the ftrand m : 
 
 Again to fair Virginia s coaft, 
 I turn d and view d the Britifh hoft. 
 Where Chefapeak s wide waters lave 
 Her mores and join th Atlantic wave, 
 There fam d Cornwallis tow ring rofe, 
 And fcorn d fecure his diftant foes ; 
 His bands the haughty rampart raife, 
 And bid th imperial ftandard blaze 122 . 
 When lo, where ocean s bounds extend, 
 I faw the Gallic fails afcend, 
 With fav ring breezes ftem their way, 
 And croud with mips the fpacious bay 193 . 
 Lo Wafhington from northern mores, 
 O er many a region, wheels his force, 
 And Rochambeau with legions bright, 
 Defcends in terrors to the fight m . 
 Not fwifter cleaves his rapid way, 
 The eagle cow ring o er his prey, 
 Or knights in fam d romance that fly 
 On fairy pinions thro the iky. 
 
 Amaz d
 
 1,6 M FlNGAL: [CANTC 
 
 Amaz d the Briton s ftartled pride, 
 Sees ruin wake -on ev ry fide; 
 And all his troops to fate confign d, 
 By inftantaneous ftrokc Burgoyn d 1J5 . 
 Not Cadmus view d with more furprize, 
 From earth embattled armies rife, 
 When by fuperior pow r impell d, 
 He fow d with dragon s teeth the field 4M . 
 Here Gallic troops in terror ftand, 
 There rum in arms the Rebel band ; 
 Nor hope remains from mortal fight, 
 Or that laft Britifh refuge, flight HT . 
 1 faw with looks downcaft and grave, 
 The Chief emerging from his cave m , 
 (Where chaced like hare in mighty round, 
 His hunters earth d him firft in ground) 
 And doom d by fate to rebel fway, 
 Yield all his captur d hofts a prey li9 . 
 
 There while I view d the vanquim d town, 
 Thus with a figh my friend went on : 
 " Beholdft thou not that band forlorn, 
 Like flaves in Roman triumphs borne 130 ; 
 
 Their
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 157 
 
 Their faces length ning with their fears, 
 And cheeks diftain d with ftreams of tears, 
 Like dramatis perfonae fage, 
 Equipt to aft on Tyburn s ftage. 
 Lo thefe are they, who lur d by follies, 
 Left all and follow d great Cornwallis ; 
 True to their King, with firm devotion, 
 For confcience fake and hop d promotion, 
 Expeftant of the promis d glories, 
 And new Millennial ftate of Tories. 
 Alas, in vain, all doubts forgetting, 
 They tried th omnipotence of Britain ; 
 But found her arm, once ftrong and brave, 
 So fhorten d now me cannot fave. 
 Not more aghaft departed fouls, 
 Who rifk d their fate on Popifh bulls 18J , 
 And find St. Peter at the wicket 
 Refufe to counterfign their ticket, 
 When driv n to purgatory back, 
 With all their pardons in their pack : 
 Than Tories muft ring at their ftations 
 On faith of royal proclamations 13Z ,
 
 158 M F i N G A i. : [CANT 
 
 As Pagan Chiefs at ev ry crifis, 
 Confirm d their leagues by facrifices, 
 And herds of beafts to all their deities, 
 Oblation s fell at clofe of treaties : 
 Cornwallis thus in antient fafhion, 
 Concludes his league of cap tulation, 
 And vidims due to Rebel-glories, 
 Gives this an off ring up of Tories. 
 See where reliev d from fad embargo, 
 Steer off confign d a recreant cargo, 
 Like old fcapegoats to roam in pain, 
 Mark d like their great forerunner, Cain m . 
 The reft, now doom d by Britifh leagues, 
 To juftice of refentful Whigs, 
 Hold worthlefs lives on tenure ill, 
 Of tenancy at Rebel-will, 
 While hov ring o er their forfeit pcrfons, 
 The gallows waits his fure reverfions. 
 
 Thou too, M Fingal, ere that day, 
 Shalt tafte the terrors of th affray. 
 See o er thee hangs in angry fkies, 
 Where Whiggifh conftellations rife, 
 
 And
 
 FOURTH.] THEVlSION. 1 59 
 
 And while plebeian figns afcend, 
 
 Their mob-infpiring afpedls r^end ; 
 
 That baleful Star, whofe horrid hair lal 
 
 Shakes forth the plagues of down and tar ! 
 
 I fee the pole, that rears on high 
 
 Its flag terrific thro the fky ; 
 
 The Mob beneath prepar d t attack, 
 
 And tar predeftin d for thy back ! 
 
 Ah quit, my friend, this dang rous home, 
 
 Nor wait the darker fcenes to come ; 
 
 For know that Fate s aufpicious door, 
 
 Once fhut to flight is oped no more, 
 
 Nor wears its hinge by various ftations, 
 
 Like Mercy s door in proclamations 135 . 
 
 But lell thou paufe, or doubt to fly, 
 To ftranger vifions turn thine eye : 
 Each cloud that dimm d thy mental ray, 
 And all the mortal mifts decay ; 
 See more than human Pow rs befriend, 
 And lo their hoftile forms afcend ! 
 See tow ring o er th extended ftrand, 
 
 The Genius of the weilern land, 
 
 In
 
 1 60 M F i N c A L : [CANTO 
 
 In vengeance arm d, his fword affiimes, 
 
 And (lands, like Tories* drefl in plumes 136 . 
 
 See o er yon Council feat with pride, 
 
 How Freedom fprcads her banners wide 137 ! 
 
 There Patriotism with torch addrefs d, 
 
 To fire with zeal each daring breaft ! 
 
 While all the Virtues in their band, 
 
 Efcape from yon unfriendly land, 
 
 Defert their antient Britifh ftation, 
 
 Pofleft with rage of emigration. 
 
 Honor, his bufinefs at a ftand, 
 
 For fear of ftarving quits their land ; 
 
 And Juftice, long difgraced at Court, had 
 
 By Mansfield s fentence been tranfportcd m . 
 
 Vift ry and Fame attend their way, 
 
 Tho Britain wifh their longer flay, 
 
 Care not what George or North 139 would be at, 
 
 Nor heed their writs of ne exeat un ; 
 
 But fired with love of colonizing, 
 
 Quit the fall n empire for the rifmg." 
 
 I look d and faw with horror fmitten, 
 Thefc hoftile pow rs averfe to Britain. 
 
 Whet,
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 161 
 
 When lo, an awful fpcftre rofe 141 , 
 
 With languid palcnefs on his brows ; 
 
 Wan dropiies fwell d his form beneath, 
 
 And iced his bloated cheeks with death ; 
 
 His tatter d robes expofed him bare, 
 
 To cv ry bluft of ruder air ; 
 
 On two weak crutches propt he flood, 
 
 That bent at cv ry flep he trod, 
 
 Gilt titles graced their fides fo flcnder, 
 
 One, "Regulation," t other, " Tender U4 ;" 
 
 His breaftplate grav d with various dates, 
 
 " The faith of all th United States 14J : " 
 
 Before him went his fun ral pall, 
 
 His grave flood dug to wait his fall. 
 
 I ftarted, and aghaft I cried, 
 
 " What means this fpcftre at their fide ? 
 
 What danger from a Pow r fo vain, 
 
 And why he joins that fplendid train ? " 
 
 " Alas, great Malcolm cried, experience 
 
 Might teach you not to trull appearance. 
 
 Here ftands, as dreft by fierce Bellona I44 , 
 
 The ghoft of Continental Money "% 
 
 Of
 
 1 6z M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Of dame Neceflity defcended, 
 With whom Credulity engender d. 
 Tho born with confutation frail, 
 And feeble ftrength that foon muft fail ; 
 Yet ftrangely vers d in magic lore, 
 And gifted with transforming pow r. 
 His fkill the wealth Peruvian joins 
 With diamonds of Brazilian mines 146 . 
 As erft Jove fell by fubtle wiles 
 On Danae s apron thro the tiles, 
 In fhow rs of gold ; 147 his potent hand 
 Shall flied like fhow rs thro all the land. 
 Lefs great the magic art was reckon d, 
 Of tallies caft by Charles the fecond, 
 Or Law s famed Miffiffipi fchemes 148 , 
 Or all the wealth of Southfea dreams " . 
 For he of all the world alone 
 Owns the longfought Philofpher s ftone 15n , 
 Reftores the fab lous times to view, 
 And proves the tale of Midas true 1M . 
 O er heaps of rags, he waves his wand, 
 
 All turn to gold at his command, 
 
 Provide
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . 1 63 
 
 Provide for prefent wants and future, 
 
 Raife armies, victual, clothe, accoutre, 
 
 Adjourn our conquefts by effbign, 
 
 Check Howe s advance and take Burgoyne, 
 
 Then makes all days of payment vain, 
 
 And turns all back to rags again loi . 
 
 In vain great Howe {hall play his part, 
 
 To ape and counterfeit his art : 
 
 In vain fliall Clinton, more belated, 
 
 A conj rer turn to imitate it 153 ; 
 
 With like ill luck and pow r as narrow, 
 
 They ll fare, like for cers of old Pharaoh, 
 
 Who tho the art they underftood 
 
 Of turning rivers into blood, 
 
 And caus d their frogs and fnakes t exift, 
 
 That with fome merit croak d and hifs d, 
 
 Yet ne er by ev ry quaint device, 
 
 Could frame the true Mofaic lice 1M . 
 
 He for the Whigs his arts fliall try, 
 
 Their firft, and long their fole ally; 
 
 A patriot firm, while breath he draws, 
 
 He ll pcrifh in his country s caufe ; 
 
 And
 
 1 64 M F i x GAL : [CANTO 
 
 And when his magic labours ceafc, 
 Lie buried in eternal peace. 
 
 Now view the fcencs in future hours, 
 That wait the famed European Povv rs. 
 See where yon chalky cliffs arife, 
 The hills of Britain flrike your eyes 150 : 
 Its fmall extenfion long fupplied, 
 By vaft immenfity of pride ; 
 So small that had it found a ftation 
 In this new world at firft creation, 
 Or were by Juftice doom d to fuffer, 
 And for its crimes tranfported over 156 
 We d find full room for t in lake Eri, or 
 That larger waterpond, Superior, 
 Where North on margin taking ftand, 
 Would not be able to fpy land ". 
 No more, elate with pow r, at cafe 
 She deals her infults round the feas ; 
 See dwindling from her height amain, 
 What piles of ruin fpread the plain ; 
 With mould ring hulks her ports are fill d, 
 And brambles clothe the cultur d field ! 
 
 See
 
 FOURTH.] THE VISION. 165 
 
 See on her cliffs her Genius lies, 
 
 His handkerchief at both his eyes, 
 
 With many a dcepdrawn figh and groan, 
 
 To mourn her ruin and his own ! 
 
 While joyous Holland, France and Spain, 
 
 With conq ring navies rule the main, 
 
 And Ruffian banners wide unfurl d, 
 
 Spread commerce round the eaftern world l38 . 
 
 And fee (fight hateful and tormenting) 
 
 Th Amer can empire proud and vaunting, 
 
 From anarchy mail change her crafis, 
 
 And fix her pow r on firmer bafis ; 
 
 To glory, wealth and fame afcend, 
 
 Her commerce rife, her realms extend ; 
 
 Where now the panther guards his den, 
 
 Her defart forefts fwarm with men, 
 
 Her cities, tow rs and columns rife, 
 
 And dazzling temples meet the fkies ; 
 
 Her pines defcending to the main, 
 
 In triumph fpread the watry plain, 
 
 Ride inland lakes with fav ring gales, 
 
 And croud her ports with whit ning fails ; 
 
 Till
 
 1 66 M F i N G A L : [CANTO 
 
 Till to the fkirts of weftern day, 
 
 The peopled regions own her fvvay 16 V 
 
 Thus far M Fingal told his tale, 
 When thundring fhouts his ears affail, 
 And ftrait a Tory that flood centry, 
 Aghaft rufh d headlong down the entry, 
 And with wild outcry, like magician, 
 Difpers d the refidue of vifion 16 : 
 For now the Whigs intell gence found 
 Of Tories muftring under ground, 
 And with rude bangs and loud uproar, 
 Gan thunder furious at the door lbl . 
 The lights put out, each Tory calls 
 To cover him, on cellar walls, 
 Creeps in each box, or bin, or tub, 
 To hide his head from wrath of mob, 
 Or lurks, where cabbages in row 
 Adorn d the fide with verdant (how. 
 M Fingal decm d it vain to flay, 
 And rifk his bones in fecond fray ; 
 But chofc a grand retreat from foes, 
 in lit ral fenfe, beneath their nofe 1H . 
 
 The
 
 FOURTH.] T H E V I S I O N . 1 6? 
 
 The window then, which none elfe knew, 
 
 He foftly open d and crept thro 
 
 And crawling flow in deadly fear, 
 
 By movements wife made good his rear. 
 
 Then fcorning all the fame of martyr, 
 
 For Boflon took his fwift departure """ ; 
 
 Nor dar d look back on fatal fpot, 
 
 More than the family of Lot 104 . 
 
 Not North in more diftrefs d condition, 
 
 Outvoted firfl by oppofition: 
 
 Nor good king George when that dire phantom 
 
 Of Independence comes to haunt him, 
 
 Which hov ring round by night and day, 
 
 Not all his conj rers yet can lay 165 . 
 
 His friends, aflembled for his fake, 
 
 He wifely left in pawn at ftake, 
 
 To tarring, feath ring, kicks and drubs 
 
 Of furious, difappointed mobs, 
 
 And with their forfeit hides to pay 
 
 For him, their leader, crept away lo6 . 
 
 So when wife Noah fummon d greeting 
 
 All animals to gen ral meeting ; 
 
 From
 
 i68 M FINGAL: [CANTO 
 
 From ev ry fide the members fent 
 
 All kinds of hearts to reprefent ; 
 
 Each from the flood took care t embaik, 
 
 And fave his carcafe in the ark; 
 
 But as it fares in ftate and church, 
 
 Left his coniHtuents in the lurch. 
 
 FINIS.
 
 NOTES. 
 
 CANTO I. 
 
 1 The origin of the word Yaukey (now spelled 
 Yankee) is involved in obscurity. Some suppose 
 it to be derived from an appellation in use in Eu 
 rope, long before the settlement of the English 
 colonies in America. Others, with more plausi 
 bility, say that it was coined from the guttural 
 sound of the New England Indians in their at 
 tempt to pronounce the word Entjltxli. The sound 
 would be nearly represented thus Yaunghees, the 
 <7 being pronounced hard, and approaching to the 
 sound of k, joined with a strong aspirate. The 
 Dutch settlers on the Hudson adopted it as an 
 epithet of derision, and applied it to all the in 
 habitants of New England. Dr. Thacher says that 
 a farmer of Cambridge, Massachusetts, named 
 Jonathan Hastings, who lived at about the year 
 1713, used it as a favorite cant word to express 
 excellence, as a yankee good house, or yankee good 
 cider. The students of Harvard on that account
 
 170 NOTES. 
 
 called him Yankee Jonathan. As he was a weak 
 man, when the students wished to denote a person 
 of that character, they would call him Yankee 
 Jonathan. It is now often used in England as a 
 general name for the people of the United States. 
 Layard, in his narrative of hi.-; discoveries at Nin 
 eveh, says that some of the natives there uttered 
 a sound very similar to that of Yankee, in giving 
 a general name to the Americans. 
 
 2 This is in allusion to the tumultuous flight of 
 the British toward Boston, after the skirmishes at 
 Lexington and Concord on the 19th of April, 
 1775. It might also apply to many similar flights 
 of the enemy during the war. This canto was 
 published in the autumn of 1775, and the allusion 
 was only to the events in the vicinity of Boston. 
 
 3 When General Gage heard of the aifair at 
 Lexington, he sent out Lord Percy, a son of the 
 Duke of Northumberland, with a reinforcement. 
 Percy was a lineal descendant of the noted Earl 
 Percy, who was slain in the battle of Chevy Chase, 
 so celebrated in English song and story. As he 
 marched out through lloxbury, his band playing 
 Yankee Doodle, in derision, (it being then used 
 in the British army as a sort of Rogue s March, 
 when drumming delinquents out of the camp,) he 
 observed a boy performing many antics. Percy 
 asked him why he was so merry. " To think," 
 said the shrewd lad, " how you will dance by-and- 
 by, to Chevy Chase. 1 Percy was often influenced
 
 NOTES. 171 
 
 by presentiments, and the remark of the boy 
 pressed heavily upon his spirits all the day. 
 
 4 M Fingal is a representative of numerous 
 magistrates at the commencement of the Revolu 
 tion, who, desirous of retaining their offices, 
 were over-zealous for the Crown, and became ex 
 ceedingly obnoxious to the Whigs, as the Frieuds 
 of Liberty were called. 
 
 6 Fingal was the Warrior King of ancient Scot 
 land, celebrated for his martial deeds in the Poema 
 of Ossian, a reputed Celtic Homer, who lived in the 
 second or third century of the Christian Era, 
 These poems, professedly translated from the 
 Gaalic, or Erse language, by James McPherson, a 
 native of Inverness-shire, Scotland, were first pub 
 lished in 1762, under the title of Fingal ; An 
 Ancient Epic Poem, in Six Books. Many believe 
 this epic to have been the offspring of the brain of 
 McPherson alone. The question of its antiquity 
 is yet open. McPherson was in America in 1770, 
 as Surveyor General, under Governor Johnstone, 
 of Florida ; and it is asserted by McGregor, that 
 he took his Gaelic manuscripts with him, and lost 
 many of them there. 
 
 6 The Gaelic Taischitaraugh, a well-known 
 Highland superstition. The belief was prevalent 
 that certain persons were endowed with powers of 
 divination, and that they would sometimes not 
 only foretell events, but by some mysterious 
 method, unknown to themselves had actual
 
 172 NOTES. 
 
 visions of things distant, or in future. The belief 
 was, according to Martin, universal in the Western 
 Islands; and Dr. Johnson, in his narrative of his 
 visit there, gives a graphic account of the su 
 perstition, and even defends it. Sir Walter Scott 
 often used it with effect, in prose and verse. The 
 character of McAllister, in the Legend of Mon- 
 trose, exhibits it; and in his fiue ballad of Lord 
 Itoland, and in the Lady of the Lake, he has 
 given glimpses of it. So has Campbell, in 
 Lochiel s Warning; and Collins, in his ode on the 
 Superstitions of the Highlands find}* describes 
 it. The belief has almost passed away, and 
 now has existence only in tradition and poetry. 
 
 T The English people had a traditional hatred of 
 the Stuarts, which, after the rebellion in favor of 
 the young Pretender, Charles Edward, in 1745, 
 was extended, in a great degree, to the whole 
 Scotch people. On the accession of George the 
 Third, the minds of the English people, and espe 
 cially of the ultra Protestants, were excited by 
 unpleasant forebodings, because John, Earl of 
 Bute, a needy Scotch adventurer, who had been 
 the young King s tutor, was admitted to his 
 counsels as Chief Minister, to the exclusion of the 
 eminent William Pitt. He was a great favorite 
 of the queen-dowager, and rumor spoke disparag 
 ingly of her virtue. These facts made the people 
 fear the influence of the Jacobites, as the adhe 
 rents of the Stuarts were called, in the affairs of
 
 NOTES. 173 
 
 government ; and somebody had the boldness, 
 at the beginning of George s reign, to place a large 
 placard on the Royal Exchange, with the words. 
 " No Petticoat Government No Scotch Minis 
 ter." The Scotch were noted for their loyalty, in 
 this country, and Avere generally found among the 
 Tories, especially in the Carolinas. This fact, 
 and the odium that rested upon the Jacobites in 
 the mother country, made the Americans, during 
 the Revolution, look with suspicion upon all Scotch 
 men. Jefferson manifested this*feeling, when he 
 drew up the Declaration of Independence. In 
 the original draft, he alluded to " Scotch arid 
 foreign mercenaries." This was omitted, on mo 
 tion of Dr. Witherspoon, who was a Scotchman 
 by birth. In most minds, the word Jacobite was 
 synonymous with Popery. Trumbull showed his 
 dislike of the Scotch by his choice of a hero in 
 this poem. Frenau, another eminent poet of the 
 Revolution, also evinced the same hatred. In 
 one of his poems, in which he gives Burgoyne 
 many hard rubs, he consigns the Tories, with 
 Burgoyne at their head, to an ice-bound, fog-cov 
 ered island, off the northern coast of Scotland, 
 thus : 
 
 "There, Loyal?, there, with loyal hearts, retire, 
 There pitch your tents, and kindle there your fire ; 
 There desert Nature will her stings display, 
 And fiercest hunger on your vitals prey; 
 And with yourselves, let John Biirgoyne retire, 
 To reign your mou.ire!;, whom vour he/.rtri desire."
 
 174 NOTES. 
 
 * When bees are swarming, loud beating upon 
 sonorous metal, such as tin pans, kettles, et cetera, 
 causes them to alight, or " settle," when they are 
 placed in a newly-prepared hive. 
 
 9 Alluding to the influences of the established 
 churches of England and Scotland, in favor of the 
 crown. 
 
 10 Bute is mentioned in a preceding note. Lord 
 Mansfield, here alluded to, was a powerful sup 
 porter of the Ministry, and was employed to draw 
 up many of the bills introduced after the passage 
 of the famous stamp act, in 1765, for enslaving 
 the colonies. On that account, and because of his 
 Popish tendencies, he was hated by the American?. 
 He was one of the most able of the Chief Justices of 
 England, and was raised to the peerage in 177G. 
 Because he seemed to favor the Roman Catho 
 lics, his mansion was burned during the anti-Cath 
 olic riots in London in 1780, and with it his 
 valuable collection of books and rare manuscripts. 
 
 11 Soon after the accession of George the Third, 
 Bute sent secret agents to America, to spy out the 
 condition of the colonists. The Germans, who were 
 then rapidly settling large districts in Pennsyl 
 vania, as well as in the Curolinas, were found to be 
 a liberty-loving people, and generally inimical to 
 royal prerogatives. The French Roman Catho 
 lics, then quite rapidly increasing in Maryland, 
 and the French Protestants in South Carolina, 
 were obnoxious to the same objections, and the
 
 NOTES. 175 
 
 King was advised to cast obstacles in the way of 
 emigration to the English colonies in America. 
 Restrictive measures were soon employed, and a 
 scheme was proposed to " reform the American 
 Charters." In this lay the egg of active tyranny. 
 This measure is alluded to in one of the charges 
 made against the King in the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. 
 
 Sybillae were prophetic women, ten in number, 
 said to have lived in the early ages of Greece and 
 Rome. The most noted of these was the Sybil 
 of C unite, celebrated by Virgil in the sixth book 
 of his JEneid. She is said to have written her pro 
 phecies in book?, in which she foretold the fate of 
 the Roman Empire. This Sybil was consulted by 
 JEueas, and, according to the poets, she accom 
 panied him to the lower world. She is probably 
 the one who offered her books to Tarquin in his 
 palace. She had nine volumes, which she offered 
 to sell to Tarquin at a very high price. He 
 refu.sed. She disappeared, burned three of them, 
 and then offered him the remaining six at the 
 same price. He again refused, when she burned 
 three more, and came on the same errand. The 
 astonished Emperor bought the remaining three, 
 and they were long preserved with the greatest 
 care. The whole story is probably a poetic fable, 
 covering some important fact in Roman history. 
 
 13 Dodona was the most ancient oracle in Greece 
 and is said to have been consulted by the Pelasgi.
 
 176 NOTES. 
 
 The responses of the oracle were delivered by a 
 priestess, from the sacred oak or beach. There 
 were two oracles of the same name, one at Epirus, 
 and one in Thessaly. 
 
 14 The tripod was an ancient three-legged stool, 
 on which priests and priestesses sat when they 
 uttered their oracles. 
 
 13 In the autumn of 1775, the British govern 
 ment bargained with some of the petty German 
 princes for about seventeen thousand troops, to 
 assist in crushing the rebellion in America. As 
 the Larger portion of these troops were hired from 
 the Prince of Hesse Cassel, they bore the general 
 name of Hessians, and as such are known in the 
 history of our "War for Independence. They 
 came in the summer and autumn of 177G, and 
 were first let loose upon the patriots on Long 
 Island, and in lower Westchcster County, New 
 York. They were generally ignorant, blood 
 thirsty and cruel, and were despised by the English 
 soldiers. They were employed iu the least hon 
 orable enterprises during the war, especially in 
 forays upon hamlets, and the burning of towns. 
 They cost the British government a million of 
 dollars, and a vast amount of reputation among 
 the nations. The scheme for their employment 
 was distasteful even, to the King, and it was de 
 nounced in Parliament, as " disgraceful to the 
 British name." 
 
 " This prophecy was but half accomplished
 
 NOTES. 177 
 
 The mercenaries did come over, but the hanging, 
 and division of estates never occurred. 
 
 11 A Grecian warrior and herald, in the army 
 that besieged Troy. His voice, according to 
 Homer, was louder than the combined voices of 
 fifty men. 
 
 18 In the wars between the ancient Greeks and 
 Persians, and other eastern nations, elephants 
 were employed. Sometimes they became fright 
 ened, turned and fled. In their flight they would 
 trample upon those " they came to aid." 
 
 19 Penelope, wife of Ulysses, monarch of Ithaca, 
 who was remarkable for her fidelity to her hus 
 band. Ulysses was absent twenty years, after his 
 departure for the siege of Troy. Many lovers 
 sought the hand of Penelope, and her relatives 
 urged her to abandon all thoughts of her husband s 
 return. She finally agreed to make choice of one 
 of the suitors as soon as she should complete a 
 web she was then weaving, as a funeral ornament 
 for the aged Laertes. Every night she would 
 undo all that she had wrought in the day time, and 
 thus she protracted her promise until the final 
 return of her husband. 
 
 -" The British Parliament, in its assertion of its 
 power " to bind the colonies in all cases what^o- 
 ever," levied a small duty upon all tea imported 
 into the colonies. The sum was small, but the 
 principles involved were of vast importance. 
 The colonists had already stoutly opposed govern-
 
 178 NOTES. 
 
 ment measures having a like tendency to tax the 
 people without their consent, and had boldly 
 enunciated the grand postulate, that TAXATION 
 
 WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, IS OPPRESSION. Tli6 
 
 even nominal duty on tea, levied without the con 
 sent of the colonists, was in violation of the free 
 dom negatively asserted in that postulate, and the 
 people resolved not to submit to the tax. They 
 held meetings, declared that tea should not be 
 landed for sale on our shores, while the duty re 
 mained, warned consignees not to offend the popu 
 lar will, and appointed committees of vigilance 
 and correspondence to see that that will had free 
 exercise. Commotions ensued, cargoes of tea 
 were destroyed, and the Revolutionary crisis was 
 thus hastened. For ten long years, the people 
 had remonstrated, petitioned, addressed the Kiiig, 
 Parliament and people of Great Britain, but to no 
 purpose, and so, despairing of redress, and deter 
 mined to be free, they raised the arm of resistance, 
 and the war bogan. 
 
 21 The terms Whig and Tory were adopted at 
 an early period of the struggle. The appellation 
 of Tory was first given to the wild Irish, outside 
 of the English real jurisdiction in Ireland, who 
 made predatory war against the British settle 
 ments in Dublin and vicinity. In the civil wars 
 in the reign of Charles the First, these clana 
 adhered to the royal party. The name was also 
 applied to a volunteer troop of cavalry in Charles s
 
 NOTES. 179 
 
 army, composed of young noblemen, and the sons 
 of gentlemen, who were famous for revelry, and 
 the singing of songs, the chorus of which con 
 sisted in a roll of unmeaning words. They had a 
 favorite ballad, suited to the times, the chorus of 
 which was, 
 
 " Sing tory, rcry, rantum, sanctum, tory rory row." 
 
 The origin of the word Whig is not so clear. 
 Some say that it originally meant a sour kind of 
 crab-apple, and that it was applied to the Puri 
 tans in the army of Cromwell, who clipped their 
 hair short, scowled upon all pleasantries, &c. 
 They were called Whigs, prick-ears, and round 
 heads. Bishop Burnet gives a different account 
 of its origin. The waggoners in the West of 
 Scotland, when driving their horses, used the word 
 whiggam, and the drivers were called tchigga- 
 mores, abbreviated to whiggs. On one occasion, 
 about six thousand of these people marched 
 to Edinburgh, headed by the Marquis of Argylo, 
 to oppose the ministerial troops, and, after that, 
 all who opposed the court, were called Whigs, in 
 contempt. Ever since then, the court party in 
 England have been called Tories, and their oppo 
 nents Whigs. These were significant terms for 
 the Americans at the commencement of the revo 
 lutionary contest, and became common in 1774. 
 
 22 Allusion is here probably made to a King of 
 the Averui district whom Caesar made a prisoner 
 after his last battle with and final conquest of the
 
 180 NOTES. 
 
 Gauls, and carried in triumph to Rome. When he 
 laid the royal ensigns and arms at the foot of Cjesar, 
 he exclaimed. " Receive them; thou, 0, bravest of 
 men, hast conquered a brave man/ The Senate de 
 creed a triumph to Csesar, and the Gallic King and 
 other notable prisoners were astonished and awed 
 by the great display of wealth, and power, and 
 pageantry, in the imperial city. 
 
 23 Formerly town meetings were usually held in 
 the churches or meeting-houses in the country 
 towns of New England. 
 
 24 Mercury was the messenger of the gods, and 
 is represented with wings upon his cap and feet, 
 and bearing a staff (caduccus) in his hand, about 
 which serpents are entwined. Mercury was also 
 considered the patron of eloquence, and of thieves, 
 and other dishonest persons. 
 
 55 In many parts of New England, the term 
 Model ator is yet given to the chairman of the 
 meeting, whether political or religious. In the 
 present case, he is seated in one of those high, 
 old-fashioned pulpits, which seemed to have been 
 constructed chiefly for the purpose of concealing 
 the person of the speaker. 
 
 s During the summer and autumn of 1774, the 
 people of the colonies, especially those of New 
 England, commenced armii g themselves. They 
 practised daily in military exercises; the manufac 
 ture of gunpowder was encouraged ; and throughout 
 Massachusetts in purticular, the people were en-
 
 NOTES. 181 
 
 rolled as a rnilitia force, in companies, prepared to 
 take up arms, and rush to the field at a minute s 
 warning. From this circumstance, they were 
 called minute-men. Such were the men who 
 opposed the British at Lexington and Concord, 
 and annoyed them by a galling fire from behind 
 hedges and stone walls, all the way of their re 
 treat to Boston. 
 
 57 JEolus was the god or ruler of the winds ; and 
 was represented as holding them in restraint, in a 
 great cave, from which they issued at his bidding. 
 
 !j Numbers, chapter xii. 
 
 59 Honorius, as opposed to M Fingal, is a repre 
 sentative of a stanch Whig patriot, and a bold 
 leader of his class. 
 
 110 British statesmen, opposed to the colonists, in 
 their struggle for freedom, were fond of boasting 
 of the liberality of Great Britain, toward her 
 children in the New World. They were either 
 ignorant of, or artfully concealed the fact, that 
 England had been fully repaid for all her boasted 
 aids, by services, the most arduous and important. 
 All of the settlements, except Georgia, had been 
 made on private account ; and all through the 
 colonial period, the connection with Great Britain 
 was a detriment to the colonies, rather than a 
 benefit. For long and gloomy year?, thoy had 
 struggled up, from feebleness to strength, unaided 
 and alone. They had built fortifications, raised 
 armies, and fought battles, for Eugland s glory
 
 182 NOTES. 
 
 and their own preservation, without England s 
 aid, and often without her sympathy. In 1758 
 when the French and Indian War was progressing 
 public and private advances to carry on the war, 
 made in Massachusetts alone, amounted to more 
 than a million of dollars. The taxes on real 
 estate, in order to raise money, were enormous ; 
 in many instances, equal to two-thirds of the in 
 come of the tax-payers. Yet it was levied by 
 their own representatives, and they did not com 
 plain. Lord Baltimore spent 200,000 sterling, 
 in colonizing Maryland ; and William Pcnn became 
 deeply involved in debt, in his efforts to settle and 
 improve Pennsylvania. On one occasion, in 1765, 
 Charles Townshend, in the House of Commons, 
 spoke of the Americans as children planted by the 
 care of Great Britain, nourished up by its indul 
 gence, and protected by its arms. Colonel Barre 
 replied, They planted by your care! No, your 
 oppressions planted them in America." * * * 
 They nourished up by your indulgence! They 
 grew by your neglect of them." * 
 " They protected by your arms ! They have 
 nobly taken up arms in your defence." And then 
 he recounted the valorous deeds of the Americans, 
 and warned the English legislature that " that 
 same spirit of freedom which actuated the people 
 at first," in fleeing from persecution, would " ac 
 company them still," and predicted that they 
 would take up aruis in defence of their liberties.
 
 NOTES. 183 
 
 31 Growth and decay seem to be the law of pro 
 gress in nations as well as individuals. This 
 truth, all past history teaches us. States have 
 their youth, maturity, and season of decrepitude 
 before decay. 
 
 3! This is to become a public charge. The 
 national debt of England, at that time, was more 
 than seven hundred and fifty millions of dollars. 
 The debt was commenced by William the Third, 
 and the English people were alarmed at its amount, 
 in 1697, then only twenty-five millions of dollars. 
 At the close of the war of the Revolution, in 
 1783, it had swelled to about thirteen hundred 
 millions. Now (1857) it is more than four thou 
 sand millions of dollars ! 
 
 " z This alludes to the time of the elder Pitt s 
 administration, when Canada was wrested from 
 the French, and a vast empire in India lay pros 
 trate at the feet of Great Britain. Fifteen years 
 had now elapsed, and the Gallic or French power 
 had loomed up amazingly, and the traditionary 
 feud between the two people, though quieted by 
 treaties, was as fierce as ever. When our Revolu 
 tion broke out, the French perceived an opportu 
 nity to damage England, by helping her rebellious 
 colonies. Early in the struggle, the Americans 
 received material aid from France, and finally, in 
 1778, formed a treaty of alliance with that nation. 
 For three years, Gallic crows had been whetting 
 " their beaks to pick her."
 
 184 NOTES. 
 
 34 An ancient " Hospital of St. Mary of Bctlile 
 hem," situated in London, and incorporated by 
 Henry the Eighth, in 1540. The hospital build 
 ing in Moorfields, which was erected in 1675, was 
 pulled down in 1814. The present buildings of 
 the institution are in St. George s Fields. It has 
 long been used as a hospital for lunatics, which 
 explains the allusion in the poem. In later edi 
 tions of this poem, the word Bethlehem is changed 
 to Bedlam. The latter is a corruption of the 
 former. 
 
 35 " Who sees thee? (and what is one?) who shouklst 
 
 be seen, 
 
 A goddess among gods, adored and served, 
 By angels numberless thy daily train. 
 
 Satan to Eve. 
 
 ******* 
 
 " but henceforth my early care, 
 Not without song, each morning and due praise, 
 Shall tend thee, and the fertile burden ease 
 Of thy full branches, offered free to all ; 
 Till, dieted by thee, I grow mature 
 In knowledge as the gods, who all things know." 
 Eve to the Tree of Life, Milton s Paradise Lost, Boole IX. 
 
 36 Special reference is here made to an act, 
 passed by the British Parliament in 176G, known 
 as the Dedaratonj Act, in which the omnipotence 
 of the British Parliament was affirmed, and its 
 right" declared to bind the colonies in all 
 cases whatsoever." This measure, strange as it 
 may appear, was proposed by Pitt, who hud
 
 No T E S . 185 
 
 labored zealously for the repeal of the odious 
 stamp act. It was a necessary expedient, he 
 thought, in order to insure that repeal, but it un 
 fortunately became the egg from which issued the 
 most obnoxious measures. 
 
 " When, in 1534, Henry the Eighth of England 
 quarrelled with the Popo, he cast off his allegiance 
 to the Pontiff, and settled the supremacy over 
 the Church and State, in his dominions, in the 
 person of the Sovereign. The monarchs of 
 England have ever since asserted and maintained 
 that supremacy. 
 
 33 It is asserted (and positively denied) that, in 
 the ninth century, a female named Joan conceived 
 a violent passion for a young monk named Felda, 
 and in order to be admitted into his monastery, 
 assumed the garb of a man. On the death of 
 her lover, she entered upon the duties of Professor, 
 and, being very learned, was elected Pope on the 
 deatli of Adrian, in 872. This" story lias occa 
 sioned violent disputes among ecclesiastical his 
 torians. We have no record of any trial to prove 
 her sex, as in the case of the Chevalier D Eon, 
 before Lord Mansfield. 
 
 39 The English Parliament House is called St. 
 Stephen s Chapel. A chapel so called in honor 
 of Stephen, the proto-martyr, was erected by 
 King Stephen, at about the year 1135. It was 
 rebuilt in 1347 , and about the year 1550, it was 
 applied to the use of Parliament.
 
 1 86 NOTES. 
 
 40 Lord North, Earl of Guilford, became First 
 Lord of the Treasury, or Prime Minister of 
 England, in 1770, and continued in that important 
 office until 1782. He was a well-meaning man, 
 but lacked the better qualities of a great stutes- 
 man ; and by his official blunders, obstinacy, and 
 unwise measures, he was chiefly instrumental in 
 alienating the loyalty of the American people, 
 and in causing and protracting their armed strug 
 gle for independence. He was blind for some 
 years before his death, which occurred in July, 
 1792, when he was sixty years of age. See note 
 157, Canto IV. 
 
 41 This is in allusion to the measure known as 
 the Quebec Act, in the spring of 1774, which 
 established the Roman Catholic religion in Canada. 
 When the British ministry perceived the general 
 disaffection in the American colonies, and the 
 probability that the important province of Canada 
 would join in the revolt, this conciliatory measure 
 toward the lloman Catholic population there, was 
 intended to prevent such a result. The cry of 
 " No Popery " was then very popular in England, 
 and the Quebec Act deeply offended public senti 
 ment there, and in America. The title here 
 given to the central Papal authority is derived 
 from the 17th chapter of Revclaiions. 
 
 45 At the commencement of hostilities, British 
 ships and armies were employed in plundering our 
 seas, ravaging our coast, burning our towns, and
 
 NOTES. 187 
 
 destroying the lives of our people, and when, in 
 the summer of 1779, the royal Governor of New 
 York, William Tryon, had burned East Haven. 
 Fail-field, and Norwalk, in Connecticut, on Long 
 Island Sound, and openly insulted the defenceless 
 inhabitants, he boasted of his extreme leniency in 
 leaving a single house standing on the New 
 England coast. And British ministers often 
 disgusted their own people by repeating that boast. 
 
 43 One of the great foundations of the British 
 Constitution was obtained from Charles the First 
 by Parliament, in 1628, by his signature to a bill 
 which recognized all the legal privileges of the 
 subject. Ou the accession of William and 
 Mary, in 1689, a Bill of Rights, declaratory of 
 the franchises of British subjects, was passed, and 
 received the royal signature. It is the only 
 written law respecting the liberties of the British 
 people, except MAGXA CIIARTA the Great Charter. 
 
 44 For ten long years, the colonists petitioned 
 the King and Parliament for justice, and a redress 
 of grievances. Instead of listening and com 
 plying, the government denied their prayer, some 
 times with indifference, at others with insults, and 
 again by an accumulation of oppressive measures, 
 which restricted personal liberty and commercial 
 operations. 
 
 45 First Kings, chapter xviii. Baal, or Belus, 
 was the chief idol among the idolatrous nations 
 of Canaan and vicinity.
 
 188 NOTES. 
 
 46 The crocodile was worshipped in only some 
 portions of Ancient Egypt; in others it was 
 warred upon ; and the ichneumon, which destroyed 
 its eggs, was regarded with great favor. Many 
 mummied crocodiles have been found at Thebes, 
 and at the modern Mauhdah, where extensive 
 grottos contain them. Persons were sometimes 
 eaten by the beast, after having adored it. 
 
 41 In almost every speech from the throne, con 
 cerning the American people, the King used 
 honeyed words, and the colonists were often 
 deceived by false hopes, springing from the prom 
 ises of " His Most Gracious Majesty," which 
 ministers compelled him to break. The hopes 
 which budded in the warmth of these promises, 
 were uniformly blasted by the frosts of Parlia 
 mentary* action. 
 
 48 In consequence of the destruction of tea in 
 Boston Harbor, [see note 31, p. 257,] and other 
 overt acts of rebellion, so called, Parliament, by 
 enactment in the spring of 1774, ordered the port 
 of Boston to be closed against all shipping, and 
 suspended all commercial operations there. This 
 is known as the Boston Port Bill, which was pro 
 ductive of more real misery, and greater irrita 
 tion, than any other of the obnoxious measures of 
 the ministry. Soon after the passage of that bill, 
 others, equally tyrannical, were adopted. Among 
 them was one, whose operations were equivalent 
 to a total subversion of the Charter of Massa-
 
 NOTES. 189 
 
 chusetts. Other colonies were thi-eatened with a 
 similar lash, if they dared to raise voice or hand 
 against the omnipotence of Parliament. By that 
 enactment, every thing pertaining to courts of 
 law and equity was placed in the hands of the 
 creatures of the government ; and the officers in 
 the province were made independent of the people 
 by receiving their salaries from the crown, 
 
 4S Thomas Gage was a native of England, and 
 was an active officer during the French and Indian 
 War. He was appointed Military Governor of 
 Montreal in 1760, and on the departure of 
 Amherst from America in 1763, he succeeded that 
 officer as Commander-in-chief of the British 
 forces in America. He was appointed Governor 
 of Massachusetts, in the place of Hutchinson, in 
 1771, and went to Boston on the first of June, 
 fully authorized and prepared to enforce the pro 
 visions of the Port Bill, by arms if necessary. 
 He was naturally amiable in disposition, but in 
 executing the will of his royal master, he became, 
 necessarily, a tyrant. Gage was the last royal 
 Governor of Massachusetts. Howe succeeded 
 him as military commander in the summer of 
 1775, and he went to England in the autumn of 
 the same year, where he died in April, 1787. 
 
 50 This is a law term, signifying " the power of 
 the country," or the citizens who are summoned 
 to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, or in execu 
 ting any legal precept which is forcibly opposed.
 
 190 NOTES. 
 
 61 Genesis, chapter iii. 
 
 " In at his mouth 
 The devil entered, and his brutal sense 
 In heart or head, possessing, soon inspired 
 With act intelligential." 
 
 Paradise Lost, Book IX. 
 
 6 - A writ of ejectment. 
 
 53 At the commencement of the contest, loyalist? 
 and timid republicans, desirous of conciliating 
 government officers, formally addressed them, 
 and assured them of friendship and support. In 
 Boston, in 1774, when General Gage was enforcing 
 the Port Bill with rigor, one hundred and twenty 
 merchants and others, signed an address to Gagy, 
 expressive of their gratitude and loyalty, and 
 even went so far as to offer to pay the East India 
 Company for the tea destroyed in December pre 
 vious. There were some others who protested 
 against the course of the Committee of Corre 
 spondence, and the action of a large portion of the 
 ministers of the Gospel in New England, who, 
 they averred, were unduly exciting the people, 
 and urging them to ruin. These Addressers 
 and Protestors " were summarily dealt with by 
 the Whigs, and many of them were compelled to 
 sign a recantation which the General Committee 
 of Correspondence for Massachusetts declared 
 satisfactory. Those who would not sign it left 
 the province, and became the first Refugee Royal-
 
 NOTES. 191 
 
 ists. See Lossing s Pictorial Field Book of the 
 Revolution, i., 512. 
 
 04 At the commencement of the war, great 
 prejudice prevailed throughout most of the colo 
 nies, and especially in New England, against the 
 clergy, and even many of the laity of the Church 
 of England, as the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 was called. There were many reasons for this 
 prejudice. For a long time Archbishop Seeker 
 aud others had labored zealously in efforts to 
 establish Episcopacy in America, which the colo 
 nists regarded as ano her form of oppression, 
 because it was so intimately connected with the 
 throne ; so they strenuously resisted such efforts. 
 Sometimes newspaper and pamphlet controversies 
 on the subject ran high, and were very bitter. 
 Cooper, of King s College, Auchinuty, Chandler, 
 and other Episcopal clergymen, kept their pens 
 quite actively engaged, while William Livingston, 
 of New Jersey, was equally active with his pen, in 
 opposition. The Church clergy constantly harped 
 upor, and were in favor of the absurd doctrines of 
 passive obedience, non-resistance, and the divine 
 right of Kings, and were active in endeavors to 
 produce divisions among the patriots. The fact that 
 for several years previous to the Revolution, the 
 whole bench of Bishops, in the British Parliament, 
 were opposed to the colonists, and always advised 
 coercive measures, made their class obnoxious to 
 the patriots. Again, the Episcopal clergy gener-
 
 192 NOTES. 
 
 ally took sides with the Crown, and joined in the 
 hue and cry against the leading Whigs. One of 
 their writers, in Hugh Graine s New York Mer 
 cury, in 17t)8, supposed to have been Dr. Auch- 
 muty, of Trinity Church, or Professor Vardell, of 
 King s College, thus alluded to Livingston, in a 
 long poem. It must be remembered that Liv 
 ingston wrote anonymously : 
 
 " Some think him a Tindall, some think him a Chubb, 
 Some think him a. Ranter, that sports from his tub; 
 Some think him a Newton, some think him a Locke, 
 Some think him a Stone, some think him a Stock. 
 But a Slock he at least may thank Nature for giving, 
 And if he s a STONE, I pronounce it a LIVING." 
 
 :6 The stories of the wonderful exploits of St. 
 Anthony and his pigs, and of St. Austin preach 
 ing to the fishes, are told in the Popish legends. 
 
 * William Walter, D. D., was rector of Trinity 
 Church, Summer street, Boston. He was placed 
 over that congregation in 1708, and left his people 
 early in 1776, after this canto of M Fingal was 
 written. He was an addressor of Gage, and was 
 among the proscribed and banishea. He was 
 afterwards Chaplain to De Lancey s Third Bat 
 talion of American Loyalists, and at th.e close of 
 the war he went to Nova Scotia, and took charge 
 of a church at Shelburue. He died at Boston, 
 in the year 1800. Before he left his flock in 
 Boston, he preached many furious discourses 
 against rebellion, and oi teu warned his people of
 
 N O T E S . 193 
 
 the dangers of the halter that awaited those who 
 lifted their hands against "the powers that be." 
 
 57 Samuel Auchmuty, D. D., was the son of an 
 eminent lawyer and Judge of Admiralty, in 
 Massachusetts. He was a graduate of Harvard 
 College, and received his Doctorate of Divinity 
 from Oxford, England. He was chosen rector of 
 Trinity Church, in New York, on the death of 
 Dr. Barclay, in 1764, and continued his connec 
 tion until the summer of 1776, when, with his 
 family, he retired to New Jersey. He died the 
 following spring. His sermons, before the break 
 ing out of the war, were strongly denunciatory of 
 the Sons of Liberty, as the associated patriots 
 were called, the most prominent of whom, in New 
 York, was Isaac Sear.-?, (commonly known as 
 u King Sears,") who was a member of his church, 
 and at the close of the war, was a vestryman. In 
 April, 177;"), Dr. Auchmuty wrote from New York 
 to Captain Montressor, Gage s Chief Engineer in 
 Boston : " We have lately been plagued with a 
 rascally Whig mob here, but they have effected 
 nothing, only Sears, the King, was I escued at the 
 jail door. [See note 60] * * * Our 
 magistrates have not the spirit of a louse." 
 
 6 - Samuel Peter. , D. D., was a native of 
 Hebron, Connecticut, a graduate of Yale College, 
 and a Tory Episcopal clergyman. His loyalty 
 and his lack of judgment led him into many difficul 
 ties, and he became exceedingly obnoxious to the
 
 194 NOTES. 
 
 Whigs. He was compelled to sign retractions 
 and declarations, but, finding Hebron too hot for 
 him, he fled to Boston, and took shelter under the 
 British flag. He seems to have indulged a 
 peculiar spite against his native State, and pro 
 posed a scheme for wiping it off the list of Com 
 monwealths, partitioning it between New York and 
 Massachusetts. He went to England, and re 
 mained abroad until 1805, when he returned to 
 America. In the meanwhile, he was elected 
 Bishop of Vermont, but declined the honor. He; 
 had also written a History of Connecticut, which 
 is a contemptible libel, and full of untruths. lie 
 never acknowledged being the author, but the fact 
 is well known. In the years 1817 and 1818, he 
 journeyed to the far North West, even to the 
 Falls of St. Anthony. He died at New York on 
 the 19th. of April, 1826, aged 90 years, and was 
 buried at Hebron. 
 
 59 Myles Cooper,- D. D., was President of King s 
 (DOW Columbia) College, at the commencement <>t 
 the Revolution, and for some years previous. Hi; 
 was educated at Oxford, England, came to Amer- 
 ca in 1762, and the next year was made Preside:, t 
 of the College. His opposition to the patriots was 
 violent and unrelenting, yet some of the students 
 under Iris care, among whom was Alexander Ham 
 ilton, boldly defied his menaces. He became very 
 obnoxious to the Whigs; and, finally, feeling 
 alarmed for his personal safety, he fled in haste
 
 NOTES. 195 
 
 from the College, took refuge in Stuyvesant s 
 house, near the East River, and made his escape 
 on board the Asia, a British man-of-war. He 
 went to England soon afterward, and never 
 returned. He died suddenly at Edinburgh, in 
 1785, at the age of iifty years. Among his papers 
 was found the following epitaph, written by him 
 self: 
 
 " Here lies a priest of English blood, 
 Who, living, liked whate er was good ; 
 Good company, good wine, good name, 
 Yet never hunted after fame." 
 
 60 Samuel Seabury, D. D.. was the first Bishop 
 of the Protestant p]piscopal Church in America. 
 He was a native of New London, Connecticut, 
 where his remains were laid at death. He took 
 orders in the Church in London, in 1753, and 
 became pastor of a congregation in New Bruns 
 wick, New Jersey. He afterwards took charge of 
 a small flock at Jamaica, Long Island, and from 
 there he went to We.^tchester county, New York, 
 where he was settled at the commencement of the 
 Revolution. There he took an active part witb 
 the loyalists, and was one of a large number whc 
 met at White Plain?, and signed a protest against 
 "all unlawful Congresses and Committees," am 
 expressed their determination " to support tlr 
 King and Constitution," at all hazards. The.- 
 proceedings made him a mark for public indigna 
 tion, and when, in the autumn of 1775, a party ot
 
 196 NOTES. 
 
 light horsemen from Connecticut, led by " King 
 Sears," returned from destroying Rivington s 
 printing press in New York, they carried Mr. 
 Seabury with them as a prisoner to Connecticut. 
 After his release, he became Chaplain in Colonel 
 Fauning s American Regiment of Loyalists. He 
 settled at, New London, at the clo:se of the war ; 
 was consecrated bishop in Scotland in 1784, and 
 presided over the dioceses of Connecticut and 
 Rhode Island, until his death, in February, 1790. 
 He was highly esteemed for his piety and learn 
 ing. 
 
 61 Judges, chapter v. 
 
 62 Revelations, chapter xiii. 
 
 63 A kind of paste-blacking, containing grease, 
 and much used in those days for the preservation 
 of shoes from the effects of water. It was made 
 in the form of a ball. 
 
 M A soft, friable clay, which absorbs grease, and 
 was much used in fulling cloth. 
 
 63 In allusion to the sale of Indulgences in the 
 Papal Church, by which, for certain sums of 
 money, a man was allowed to commit certain sins, 
 and even great crimes. This practice was com 
 menced by Pope Leo the Third, about the year 
 800. Urban used them for revenue in 1090, and 
 afterwards they were offered by the Roman Pon 
 tiffs as awards to the Crusaders. Clement the 
 First made the first public sale of them in 1313 
 In 1517, Leo the Tenth published general Indul-
 
 NOTES. 197 
 
 gences throughout Europe, and this great socia. 
 grievance led to the Reformation, first in Ger 
 many, and then in England, in 1534. They were 
 pardon for sins past, present, and future ; and 
 were written upon parchment, and signed by the 
 Pope or his legates. 
 
 66 1 Samuel, chapter x. 
 
 67 This refers to the position of the Pope of 
 Rome, who is also a temporal prince. 
 
 68 See Virgil s JEneid, book vi. 
 
 H James Rivington, printer of the Royal Ga 
 zette, in New York, during the Revolution. He 
 came to America from London, in 1760, estab 
 lished a bookstore, first in Philadelphia, and then 
 in New York, and in 1773 commenced his paper, 
 first called the Royal Gazetteer. No man was 
 more detected by the Whigs than Rivington, and 
 his piper received the name of the Lying Gazette. 
 Frenau, another poet of the Revolution, gave him 
 many hard blows ; and at public meetings he was 
 everywhere denounced. In the autumn of 1775 
 a party of light horsemen from Connecticut, led 
 by Isaac Sears, (one of the chiefs of the Sons of 
 Liberty in New York,) rode iuto the city, dis 
 mounted in front of Rivingtou s printing office, 
 and deliberately destroyed his press, and carried 
 off his types. The following year, when the 
 British had taken possession of New York, he was 
 appointed King s Printer, resumed the publi 
 cation of his paper, and continued it until tha
 
 198 NOTES. 
 
 close of the war, when, to the astonishment of all, 
 he remained in the city unmolested, while far less 
 sinful loyalists felt compelled to flee to Canada 
 and Nova Scotia. The reason is in the fact, that 
 he was false to his royal imster, and that during 
 the latter years of the war, while he was abusing the 
 Whigs the most, he was secretly conveying intelli 
 gence to General Washington of all the important 
 movements of the British in the city. See Los- 
 sing s Pictorial FielJ Bjjk of the Revolution, 
 ii.,591. Rivington died i-.i Now York in July, 
 1802, at the a<ie of S3ve ity-eight yoar.-i. 
 
 Crean Bru.sh was a co;iceitjd and sycophantic 
 loyalist in New York. II .3 was a native of Cum 
 berland county, (now forming a part of the 
 southern portion of Vermont, next to New York,) 
 and member of the Assembly. In February, 
 1775, he madi a speech against the appointment 
 of delegates to the second Continental Congress, 
 which* was published. It was answered by Philip 
 Schuyler and George Clinton. He continually 
 opposed Whig measures; and after the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, we find him in Boston, ready, with 
 supple muscles, to do the will of General Howe, 
 in damaging the patriots. 
 
 71 Dr. JMyles Cooper, referred to in note 59. 
 
 " Isaac VVilkins, D. D., was the son of a rich 
 West India planter, and when quite young was 
 sent to New York to be educated. He prepared 
 Jiiuiself for the ministry, but. did not take orders
 
 NOTES. 199 
 
 until some years afterward. He settled in West- 
 chester county, became a member of the New 
 York Assembly, and was considered a leader on 
 the ministerial side. He had great influence, and 
 chiefly through his instrumentality, a resolution to 
 pass a vote of (hanks to the New York Delegates 
 to the Continental Congress, offered by the early 
 martyr, Nathaniel Woodhull, was lost. His 
 speech in opposition to the appointment of Dele 
 gates to the Second Continental Congress, is pre 
 served in Sabine s Lives of the American Loyal 
 ists. He was very obnoxious to the Whigs, and 
 young Alexander Hamilton became his opponent 
 with the pen. Wilkins soon abandoned the 
 county, went to England, but returned to Long 
 Island in 177G. There he remained until the end 
 of the war, when he retired to Shelburne, in Nova 
 Scotia. In the meanwhile he had taken orders in 
 the Church; and in the year 1800, he became rec 
 tor of an Episcopal parish in Westchester county, 
 where he continued in the ministry until his death, 
 in 1830, at the age of eighty-nine years. 
 
 " 3 Samuel Chandler was a High Church clerg_y- 
 man, in New York, and was one of the earliest in 
 that city to denounce the measures of the Sons of 
 Liberty. He became very obnoxious to the 
 Whigs, and in 1775, he went to England, and 
 never returned. 
 
 4 Benjamin Booth was a stanch loyalist, and 
 was for a time Secretary of the Loyal Refugees
 
 zoo NOTES. 
 
 of the different colonies, whose head quarters 
 were iii New York, under the protection of British 
 arms. He called a meeting of the loyalists in that 
 city in September, 1778, when, it appears, about 
 two thousand of them were present. 
 
 75 A series of well-written essays, against Whig 
 measures, over the signature of " Massachusett- 
 ensis," were published in Boston papers, between 
 December, 1774, and April, 1775. The authorship 
 was long attributed to Jonathan Sewall, but they 
 were really the production of Daniel Leonard, of 
 Taunton, Massachusetts, who was one of the 
 Mandamus Council. [See r.ote 85]. Leonard 
 was a graduate of Harvard College, was bred to 
 the law, and became an acute logician, and power 
 ful political writer. He was a member of the 
 General Court of Massachusetts, and was one of 
 the barristers, who, in 1774, signed an address to 
 Governor Hutch inson. Bullets were fired into 
 his house by a mob, and he took refuge in Boston 
 in May, 1775. In 1776 he accompanied the 
 British army to Halifax, and afterward became 
 Chief Justice of the Bermudas. He died in 
 London in 1829, at the age of eighty-nine years. 
 His essays, above alluded to, wen; answered by 
 John Adams, over the signature of " Novanglus," 
 in a series published between January and the 
 19th of April. 1775. Both were reprinted in 1819 
 with a preface by Mr. Adams. 
 
 16 Those powerful and widely-scattered engines
 
 NOTES. 201 
 
 of the Revolution, Committees of Correspondence 
 became exceedingly hateful to the government and 
 the loyalists. Massachusetts and Virginia have 
 disputed the honor of originating them. They 
 seem to have b^en conceived by leading pa 
 triots almost simultaneously in both colonies, 
 in 1773, and in 1774 ; they existed all over the 
 land. They were the depositories arid distributors 
 of secret information of every kind, and through 
 them, concert of political action was seen every 
 where, from New Hampshire to Georgia. Of 
 these " Massachussttcusis " said, " This is the foul 
 est, subtlest, and most venomous serpent ever issued 
 from the egg of sedition. It is the source of the 
 rebellion. I saw the small seed when it was 
 implanted; [by Samuel Adams] it was a grain 
 of mustard. I have watched the plant until it 
 has become a great tree. The vilest reptiles that 
 crawl upon the earth arc concealed at the root; 
 the foulest birds of the air rest upon its branches. 
 I now would induce you to go to work immedi 
 ately with axes and hatchets to cut it down, for a 
 twofold reason ; because it is a pest to society, 
 and lest it be felled suddenly, by a stronger arm, 
 and crush its thousands in its fall." 
 
 17 Thomas Hutchinson, Governor of Massachu 
 setts, from 1771 until superseded by Gage, in the 
 spring of 1774. He was a native of that province, 
 held many important public offices, and wrote a 
 valuable history of his native colony. Some of his
 
 2O2 NOTES. 
 
 obnoxious acts will be referred to hereafter. lie 
 became alarmed for his personal safety, and fled to 
 England. The allusion of the poet is to a laudatory 
 address which loyalists and timid Whigs presented 
 to him, just before his departure. He died in 
 England in June, 1780. 
 
 78 Jonathan Sewall was a native of Massachu 
 setts, was educated at Harvard College, became a 
 school teacher, and then a lawyer, and at about 
 the year 1707, was appointed Attorney-General of 
 Massachusetts. It is believed that he was dis 
 posed to take part with the Whigs, but had not 
 the courage. He and John Adams were intimate 
 ?ricnds, and that friendship was not broken, even 
 after Sewall became one of the addressors of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. Later in the season, he 
 tried to persuade Adams not to attend the Conti 
 nental Congress, when the firm patriot used those 
 remarkable words : " Tiic die is now cast; I have 
 now passed the Rubicon ; swim or sink, live or die 
 survive or perish, with my country, is my unal 
 terable determination." They never met again 
 until after the war. Judge Sewall became Gage s 
 chief adviser, and, it is said, wrote most of his 
 proclamations. He was an essayist of some dis 
 tinction. His house at Cambridge was attacked 
 by a mob, and he fled to Boston : and in 1775 he 
 went to England, and resided at Bristol. In 
 1788, he came to America, and was made Judge 
 of Admiralty in the province of New Brunswick
 
 NOTES. 203 
 
 He died there in 1796, at the age of sixty-eight 
 years. His wife was a sister of Dorothy Quincy, 
 wife of John Hancock. 
 
 79 Nathaniel Mills and John Hicks were printers 
 of a ministerial paper in Boston. They opened a 
 printing-house, as partners, in School street, in 
 1773, and their paper, the Massachusetts Gazette 
 and Boston Post Boy, became the government 
 organ in that city. The commencement of hos 
 tilities, in 1775, put an end to their paper, and the 
 following spring they accompanied the refugee 
 loyalists who fled to Halifax with the British 
 army, when Washington drove it out of Boston. 
 They afterwards opened a stationery store in New 
 York, and printed some for the royal army and 
 navy. They were among the New York refugees 
 who fled to Nova Scotia, at the close of the war. 
 
 "" Margaret, was the widow of Richard Draper, 
 printer of the Massachusetts Gazette and News 
 Letter, who died in Boston, in June, 1774. Mrs. 
 Draper continued the paper after the death of her 
 husband. She became his successor as printer to 
 the Governor and Council, and continued business 
 wLile the British were in possession of Boston. It 
 was the first and the last newspaper published iu 
 Bo,ytou, previous to the Declaration of Indepen 
 dence. Mrs. Draper went to Halifax with the 
 army, and from thence accompanied friends to 
 England, where she received a pension until her 
 death, a few years afterward.
 
 ZO4 NOTES. 
 
 81 Judge Sewall wrote a farce called America 
 Arouse. It was a dull affair a farce of itself, 
 and not to be laughed at. 
 
 52 The oppressive provisions of the Boston Port 
 Bill, went into effect on the first of June, 1774. 
 The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts ap 
 pointed that day as one of solemn fasting and 
 prayer, for the people of the province. 
 
 63 In various places the people had signed a 
 League, agreeing not to import or use tea in any 
 way, while a duty levied by government without 
 the consent of the colonists, remained upon that 
 article. Yet men were found among loyalists 
 bold enough to brave public opinion by becoming 
 consignees. Intelligence reached America that 
 ships laden with tea were crossing the ocean. 
 The people gathered, and made preparations in 
 several seaport towns to prevent the landing of 
 the cargoes. Two tea ships arrived in Boston, 
 late in 1773. The consignees were warned of 
 danger, but refused to listen. They were threat 
 ened by mobs ; and one of them, Richard Clarke, 
 had his house damaged by missies thrown by a 
 crowd of excited people. Finally, on the evening 
 of the 16th of December, a party, many of them 
 disguised, went on board the tea ships, and cast 
 their contents into Boston Harbor. The con 
 signees were despised as supple tools of the 
 British ministry, and this popular demonstration
 
 NOTES. 205 
 
 kept them quiet and inactive ever afterward. See 
 note 31, Canto iii. 
 
 84 Peter Oliver, a native of Massachusetts, was 
 made, first a Judge of the Superior Court, and 
 then Chief Justice of the province, notwithstand 
 ing he was not bred a lawyer, nor possessed a 
 knowledge of legal science. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1730, and possessed some learning 
 and fair abilities, but was totally unfit for the high 
 office which he held. Because he received his 
 salary direct from the crown, instead of the people 
 of Massachusetts, and thus became independent 
 of the latter, he was impeached in 1774, and soon 
 afterward went to England. He died at Birming 
 ham, in the autumn of 1791. 
 
 s5 A writ of mandamus is a command from a 
 high power, to any person, corporation, or inferior 
 court, requiring them to do some specified act 
 which appertains to their office or duty. By the 
 charter of Massachusetts, the Council had always 
 been elective, but by one of the bills passed by 
 Parliament in the spring of 1774, that charter 
 was declared void, and the King appointed a 
 council by mandamus. They were, of course, 
 chosen from among the loyalists, and many of them 
 accepted the office, and took the prescribed oath. 
 These councillors became very detestable to the 
 Whigs, who regarded their act as equivalent to 
 joining the crown in its oppressions.
 
 zo6 NOTES. 
 
 86 " A proper emblem of his genius," says 
 Trumbull. 
 
 87 John Murray was a native of Rutland, in 
 Massachusetts, a coloual of militia, and for several 
 years a member of the General Court. He was 
 one of the Mandamus Council, but was not sworn 
 into office. Menaced by the Whigs, he abandoned 
 Ms house in the night, fled to Boston, and accom 
 panied the British army to Halifax in 1776. 
 After the war, Colonel Murray became a resident 
 of St. Johns, New Brunswick. His large pro 
 perty in the United States was confiscated, yet he 
 left a handsome estate in St. Johns. 
 
 s8 Timothy Ruggles was an old stager in public 
 life, having been a member of the Massachusetts 
 Assembly as early as 1736. He was a man of de 
 cided talents and energy, a lawyer by profession, but 
 for many years was a tavern-keeper in Sandwich. 
 He loved military life, attained to the rank of a 
 brigadier-general, and led a body of troops to join 
 Sir William Johnson, in 1755. He was distin 
 guished in the battle at the head of Lake George 
 that year. Two years afterward, he was appointed 
 a Judge ; arid in 1765, he was one of the Massa 
 chusetts delegates to the " Stamp Act Congress," 
 assembled at New York. He was President of 
 that body, but his conduct was so loyal toward 
 the Crown, that he was ceusured by the Assembly 
 of his province. When the Revolution broke out, 
 lie was a violent opponent of the Whigs, and
 
 NOTES. 207 
 
 crowned his detested acts by becoming a Manda 
 mus Councillor. His house was attacked, his 
 cattle were injured, and in terror, he fled to Boston, 
 and endeavored to raise a volunteer corps of 
 loyalists. He then proposed associations to act 
 against the Whigs; and when the British army 
 fled to Halifax, he was among the refugee loyalists 
 who accompanied it. He afterwards appeared 
 upon Long Island and Stateu Island, and succeeded 
 iu. raising a military corps of about three hundred 
 men, called the Loyal Militia, but he did not per 
 form much service with them. His property was 
 confiscated iu 1779, ai.d he went to Nova Scotia 
 al the conclusion of the war. He died in 1798 
 at the age of eighty-ssvea years. Mercy Warren, 
 in her drama called The Group, gives him the 
 character of Hate-all, because he w r as a sort of 
 social Ishmael. 
 
 K J Josiah Edson, of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, 
 was an active politician, and was known by the 
 odious names of Rescinder and Mandamus Coun 
 cillor. He was a man of weak courage, and was 
 rather a passive than an active loyalist, yet a 
 mob attacked his house, and he was compelled to 
 fiee to Boston for safety, in 1774. He went to 
 Halifax in 1776, and afterwards became a resident 
 iu the city (or its vicinity) of New York, where 
 he died. He is represented as an amiable, virtuous 
 and highly respectable man. But mobs make no 
 distinction of persons, if their avowed principles 
 are offensive.
 
 zo8 NOTES 
 
 90 Nathaniel Ray Thomas was a resident of. 
 Marshfield, and a graduate of Harvard University 
 in 1751. Having become a member of the 
 Mandamus Council, he shared in the afflictions of 
 that unhappy body, who seemed to receive the 
 special attention of mobs. He went to Halifax 
 in 1776, and in 1778 his property was confiscated. 
 He died in Nova Scotia in 1791. 
 
 91 This was Joshua Loring, of Massachusetts, 
 whose property was confiscated, and himself ban 
 ished. He became British commissary of prison 
 ers in Boston, and is charged with the perpetra 
 tion of most outrageous cruelties toward them. 
 It is affirmed that when he fled to. England, his 
 wife did not accompany him, but remained as mis 
 tress of General Sir William Howe. An allusion 
 is made to her in Francis Hopkinson s Battle of 
 the Keys, as " Mrs. L g." Loring left be 
 hind him a name most odious, and he never re 
 turned to America. He died in England, in 1782. 
 
 2 Sir William Peppcrell was a descendant of 
 the first of that name, who settled in Maine, and 
 \vas knighted by William the Third. He was 
 educated at Harvard University, and was after 
 wards one of the Council of Massachusetts. He 
 was continued in that office under the mandamus 
 of the King in 1774, and, of course, became very 
 odious to the people. He was denounced by his 
 neighbors, and in fear he fled to Boston. He and 
 his wife started for England in 1775. but she died
 
 NOTES. 209 
 
 on the passage. He was proscribed and banished by 
 the act of 1778, and the following year his property 
 was confiscated, under the conspiracy act. He 
 was an active, benevolent and very useful citizen, 
 and became one of the founders of the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society. He was also Presi 
 dent of the Association of Loyalists, in London, 
 formed in 1779. He never returned to America. 
 He died at his residence on Portman Square, in 
 December, 1816, at the age of seventy years. He 
 appears iu West s celebrated picture, the " Recep 
 tion of the American Loyalists by Great Britain, 
 in 1783," a copy of which may be found in Lossing a 
 Field Book of the Revolution, vol. ii. page 667. 
 
 93 William Browne was a grandson of Governor 
 Burnet, was owner of an immense landed estate, 
 and was one of the hated Mandamus Councillors. 
 He was an active and popular man in Massachu 
 setts, prior to the Revolution. He was compelled 
 to leave in 1776 ; and in 1779, his property was 
 confiscated, and he became an exile in England. 
 Afterward he was appointed Governor of the 
 Bermudas. He died in England in 1802. 
 
 94 John Erving, Jr., of Boston, was an addresser 
 of both Hutchiuson and Gage, and a Mandamus 
 Councillor. He was therefore double-dyed in 
 iniquity in the eyes of the Whigs. He led to 
 Halifax iu 1776, and from thence to England. 
 He was perpetually banished, and his property 
 being confiscated by the conspiracy act of 1779,
 
 no NOT F s . 
 
 he never returned to his native country. He died 
 in England in 1810, at the age of eighty-nine 
 years. 
 
 95 Henry the Eighth, of England, established 
 Protestantism as the religion of the State, at about 
 the middle of the sixteenth century, aud during 
 the reign of his son Edward, which commenced in 
 1574, the tangible line of doctrinal difference 
 between Luther and Calvin was drawn. The fol 
 lowers of the former allowed many of the ceremo 
 nials of the Church of Rome. Those of the latter 
 were more austere, demanded more simplicity in 
 the public worship, and great purity of life. On 
 the latter account, they were called Puritans, 
 in derision. They were afterwards persecuted by 
 
 .both the llomau Catholics and the English church 
 men. Many fled to Holland, and from the Puritan 
 congregation there, came the Pilgrim Fathers, 
 who commenced settlements in New England, in 
 1620. 
 
 96 Harrison Gray was Treasurer, or llecoivcr- 
 Grer.eral of Massachusetts. He was an addresser 
 of Hutchinson, and one of Gage s Mandamus 
 Council. He became greatly detested by the 
 Whigs on that account, and especially because of 
 a pamphlet which ho wrote, in which he charged 
 the Congress of Philadelphia with being drunk 
 when they sig.ied the Continental Association. A 
 copy of the Association may be found in the journals 
 of the first Congress, in 1774. At the evacuation
 
 NOTES. 211 
 
 of Boston by the British, he went, with others, to 
 Hal. fax, aud from thence to England, where he 
 diud. Ou leaving, he parted with his only daugh 
 ter, who was the first wife of Samuel Otis, father 
 of the late Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston. Mr. 
 Gray was an excellent man, in every relation of 
 life, and did not deserve the harsh language here 
 made use of by the poet. 
 
 97 The Earl of Dartmouth succeeded the Earl 
 of Hillsborough as Secretary of State for the 
 Colonies in 1772, and was in that station when the 
 Revolution broke out. He was considered rather 
 friendly to the colonies at first ; and was always 
 favorable to mild measures. He aud Doctor 
 Franklin were warm personal friends. 
 
 IJS The "prime saint" alluded to was Governor- 
 Hutchinson, who always professed great friendship 
 for the people of his native province. His own 
 letters proved his hypocrisy, for while he was 
 making these professions, he was writing to the 
 ministry, declaring the necessity, in order to 
 maintain government in Massachusetts, of destroy 
 ing the charter, abridging what he termed English 
 liberties, making Judges dependant only upon the 
 Crown, and creating a nobility in America ! 
 Some of these letters were secretly placed in the 
 hands of Dr. Franklin, then Provincial Agent at- 
 the English Court, and he transmitted them to 
 Boston. Soon afterward, (1773,) finding himself 
 suspected of advising thu ministry to employ op
 
 2iz NOTES. 
 
 pressive measures, he declared, in a message to 
 the Assembly, that he had ever been an advocate 
 of the rights of the province contained in the 
 charter, and the equal liberties of the colonists 
 with other British subjects. His letters were 
 then published, and gave the lie to all his preten 
 sions. The excitement which they produced was 
 intense, and, for a time, his person was in great 
 danger. 
 
 99 When Hutchinson fled to England, a spirit 
 of revenge, uniting with his real sentiments 
 respecting government in America, caused him to 
 strongly urge Lord North to turn the screw of 
 oppression still closer, and he remained a bitter 
 and uncompromising enemy of the Americans. 
 
 100 After the events at Lexington and Concord, 
 Boston was menaced by an exasperated multitude, 
 and General Gage became alarmed. He aban 
 doned his haughty tone and demeanor, and sought 
 an interview with the select men, as the municipal 
 trustees were called. A town meeting was held 
 on the 22d of April, and an agreement was 
 entered into between the local authorities and the 
 Governor, " That upon the inhabitants in general 
 lodging their arms in Faneuil Hall, or any other 
 convenient place, under the care of the select men, 
 marked with the names of their respective owners, 
 all such inhabitants that arc inclined, might leave 
 the town with their families and eifects," &c.,&c. 
 The Tories remonstrated with Gage, and working
 
 NOTES. 21^ 
 
 npon his fears in another way, caused him to put 
 obstacles in the way of the people who desired to 
 leave, and finally, to refuse to grant passes alto 
 gether. He concluded it was better to keep the 
 Whigs in the city, as hostages for the good beha 
 vior of their brethren outside, for really, 
 
 " They were the only guards that saved him." 
 
 105 When the news of the skirmishes at Lexing 
 ton and Concord swept over New England, the 
 people flocked toward Boston by hundreds and 
 thousands, resolved to chain the tiger upon that 
 peninsula, or drive him into the sea. Israel 
 Putnam, a veteran of the French and Indian War, 
 and then a brigadier-general of the Connecticut 
 militia, was among the earliest of the rallying 
 minute-men of the East, and took command of 
 the motley host by common consent, at first. 
 Gage well -knew the spirit of the man, and was 
 in daily expectation that he would force his 
 way into Boston, and " mutton him ; " in 
 other words, destroy him and his army. Putnam 
 was afterwards appointed one of the four major- 
 generals, commissioned by Congress to assist in 
 the command of the Continental Army ; and he 
 served his country well, until disabled by paralysis, 
 in 1779. He lived in retirement after the war, 
 and died in Brooklyn, Wyndham county, Con 
 necticut, on the 29th of May, 1790, at the age of 
 eeventy-two years.
 
 214 NOTES. 
 
 IW Numbers, chapter xxx. 
 
 10 In 1766, the Sons of Liberty, in New York, 
 as Ihe associated patriots who opposed the Stamp 
 Act were called, ai ter dining at Montague s, and 
 procuring the sanction of the Governor, erected a 
 masf or tall pole a little north-east of the present 
 City Hall, in front of Warren street, and upon it 
 was inscribed, " To his most gracious majesty, 
 George the Third, Win. Pitt and Liberty." These 
 poles were erected afterward, and elsewhere, and 
 became known as " Liberty poles," a name which 
 they still bear. Around these poles the patriots as 
 sembled, and near them they sometimes punished 
 Tory offenders, by stripping them naked, pouring 
 warm tar over them, and then emptying a bag of 
 feathers upon thorn. There were certain large trees 
 in 13oston, Norwich, Charleston and other places, 
 where the Whigs assembled, which were called 
 TAberty trees These became very obnoxious to the 
 f/iends of government, and attempts were often inaJ.i 
 to cut them down. The one in Boston, which 
 stood at the corner of the present Washington and 
 Essex streets, opposite the Boylston Market, was 
 cut down by the British in 1775, with great 
 parade. A soldier was killed by falling from its 
 branches, during the operation, of whom somu 
 poetic wit of the day wrote : 
 
 " 1 ale turned the wretch he spread each helpless hand 
 But spread in vain with headlong force he fell, 
 Nor stopped desL-euuing till he stopped in hell ! "
 
 NOTES. 215 
 
 104 This is in allusion to the church discipline of 
 New England, when a person was obliged to stand 
 in the aisle, called the " broad alley," name the 
 offence he had committed, and ask pardon, of his 
 brethren. 
 
 CANTO II 
 
 1 This refers to the thrice-repeated words " Oh 
 yes ! " used in opening courts, and as a preface to 
 verbal proclamations, and the commencement of 
 the business of public meetings. 
 
 - The person here alluded to, was William 
 Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was the 
 Primate, or Chief Ecclesiastical officer of England, 
 during a portion of the reign of Charles the First. 
 He succeeded Abbot as primate, in 1633, and at 
 the same time he was the prime minister of State. 
 He held these exalted offices with a firm and steady 
 rein, and with great energy he endeavored to re 
 press the Puritan spirit. The persecutions which 
 he employed drove some of the best men from 
 England to America ; and, it is said, that even 
 John Hampden, and Oliver Cromwell, were, at one 
 time, on the eve of embarkation for the New 
 World. Laud became very obnoxious to all who 
 disliked the hierarchy, and he was accused of high 
 trinies, which were not proven against him. Popular
 
 2i6 NOTES. 
 
 hatred demanded his blood. The peers, overborne 
 by the prevailing sentiment, pronounced him 
 guilty, and he was beheaded on Tower Hill, on the 
 10th of January, 1G4-3, when 71 years of age. 
 That was four years before his royal master 
 met the same fate. Laud was an honest but mis 
 taken man. We must judge him by the spirit of 
 the times in which he lived. 
 
 3 In the edition of M Fingal, revised by the 
 author and published in 1820, there are the four 
 following lines, immediately preceding this : 
 
 " Who d seen, except for these restraints, 
 Your Witches, Quakers, Whigs, and Saints, 
 Or heard of Mather s famed Magnalia, 
 If Charles and Laud had chanced to fail you ? " 
 
 The allusion to Cotton Mather refers to his book 
 called Magnalia, in which he gives a ridiculous 
 history of pretended miracles which occurred 
 during the first years of the settlement of New 
 England. In his " Wonders of the Invisible 
 World," Mather gave an account of the delusion 
 known as the Salem Witchcraft. Mather was a 
 man of learning, yet he wag a believer in witches. 
 Although the settlements in America were 
 nearly all made by private individuals, and at the 
 expense of private capital, the King claimed to 
 own the lands discovered by his subjects in the 
 New World, and they were compelled to procure 
 grants from him, by which certain privileges were
 
 NOTES. 217 
 
 given to the proprietor, who made the settlements. 
 These charters were the original fundamental laws 
 of all the colonies. That given to llhode Island by 
 Charles the Second remained in force as the Con 
 stitution of the State until 1843, when the people 
 made a new one. The first charters were often 
 annulled, and new ones were given ; and those 
 charters in which privileges were defined were 
 regarded by the people with great reverence. I have 
 already referred in Note 30, Canto I., to the boasts 
 of English statesmen, concerning aids given to the 
 colonists. 
 
 4 Although the ancient feud between France and 
 England, as well as a difference in religion, caused 
 the English and French settlers in America to 
 regard each other as rivals, yet it was doubtless 
 the quarrels of the parent government that made 
 them actual and open enemies, and brought them 
 into bloody conflicts. And in those wars the 
 colonists bore much more than their own proper 
 share of the burden. 
 
 5 Generals Braddock, Abercrombie, Amherst, 
 Loudoun, Wolfe and others, were sent over to con 
 duct the war that broke out in 1755, aud oftentimes 
 by their folly, arrogance, or tardiness, they thwarted 
 the mere enterprising provincials, and stood in the 
 way of success. On the field where Braddock was 
 killed, death and desolation were spread in all 
 directions, until the fall of that officer, and others, 
 placed the command in the hands of young Wash- 
 
 10
 
 2i8 NOTES. 
 
 ington, when the fortunes of the day were irame 
 diately changed. In almost every instance, tho 
 provincial officers were more efficient than those 
 of the regular army. The history of the tardiness 
 a:;d stupidity of Loudouu forms a disgraceful chap 
 ter in the records of England. Wolfe and Am- 
 herst were the most efficient of all the English of 
 ficers who were sent to America during the French 
 and Indian War. 
 
 6 The energy and justice of Pitt were greatly 
 applauded by the Americans ; and when, in the 
 spring of 1750, his splendid scheme for the con 
 quest of Canada was to be put into execution, the 
 provincials flocked to the standards of their chiefs 
 with such alacrity, that the quota of soldiers called 
 for was far exceeded by numbers. When Amherst 
 came, he fouiid twenty thousand troops at his dis 
 posal, and many others were eager to join the royal 
 army. 
 
 7 The first step toward the establishment of 
 Episcopacy in America was at about the year 1748, 
 when Dr. Seeker, archbishop of Canterbury, not 
 only proposed the matter, but offered the mitre to 
 several Puritan divines. AYhitetield, the cele 
 brated field-preacher, said to Dr. Langdon, of 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, at about that time, 
 " I can t in conscience leave this town without ac 
 quainting you with a secret. My heart bleeds for 
 America. poor New England ! There is a 
 deep-laid plot agaiiut both your civil and religious
 
 NOTES. 219 
 
 liberties, and they will be lost. Your golden days 
 are at an end you have nothing but trouble be 
 fore you Your liberties will be lost. 
 
 He referred to the scheme then in preparation by 
 the English hierarchy. The first important step 
 was the sending over several Episcopal clergymen 
 as missionaries, who had been ordained by the 
 Bishop of London. These settled in the colonies; 
 and those at the North, especially, became attached 
 to the royal cause. The intention was to have the 
 New England churches ruled by bishops; but the 
 Revolution swept the whole plan into oblivion. 
 
 8 The simple fact of sending troops to America 
 to awe the people, produced much irritation in the 
 provinces; but when the colonists were called 
 upon to contribute toward the support of these 
 troops, they regarded the matter as downright op 
 pression. The New York Assembly refused to 
 vote supplies, and for this contumacious act, Par 
 liament, in 1767, passed an act, " prohibiting the 
 Governor, Council, and Assembly of New York, 
 passing any legislative act for any purpose what 
 ever " This alarming disability caused the legis 
 lature of that province to make some concessions, 
 yet the point was not yielded until 1769, when a 
 small appropriation was made for the support of the 
 troops. In Boston, the insolence of the troops 
 greatly irritated the people, and finally they came 
 to an open rupture early in March, 1770, which 
 resulted in the death of several citizens. This
 
 22O NOTES. 
 
 event is known in history as The Boston Massa* 
 ere. So in Wilmington in North Carolina, and 
 in Charleston in South Carolina, and other places, 
 the people were exceedingly restiff under the 
 frowns of a military despotism. 
 
 9 It has been asserted that a large portion of the 
 old English peerage, created previous to the close 
 of the reign of Charles the Second, have originated 
 from the illegitimate progeny of the kings. It is 
 to this fact, and the grievance of having such men 
 hold all of the best offices of trust and emolument 
 in the kingdom, that the author here alludes. 
 
 10 At that time the urgent calls of an exchequer, 
 depleted by recent wars and increasing pensions, 
 caused the levying of very heavy taxes, even in 
 Scotland and Ireland, where, hitherto, they had 
 been less than in England. The Scotch mur 
 mured, and the Irish endured the burden with a 
 bad grace, while the English people themselves, 
 borne down by taxation, sympathized with their 
 brethren in America, in their resistance to the 
 same form of oppression. The chief cause of com 
 plaint was the pensioning of, and giving sinecure 
 places to, undeserving scions of royalty or the aris 
 tocracy. And the Americans justly complained 
 that the best offices in the colonies were filled by 
 such men, to the exclusion of native-born citizens, 
 who could justly boast of s uperior intelligence and 
 virtue. 
 
 11 Sir David Dalrymple was a ministerial writer
 
 NOTES. 22 
 
 of some eminence, and a lawyer and antiquarian 
 of note in Edinburgh. He undertook at one time 
 to prove that all of the celebrated British patriots, 
 in the time of the civil war, were pensioners, in 
 the pay of France. He based his charges upon 
 the alleged fact, that the letters of the French am 
 bassadors in England disclosed the significant se 
 cret, that thousands of guineas were paid by them 
 to Algernon Sydney, John Hampden, &c. He 
 also alleged that Admiral Russell defeated the 
 French fleet at a time when he was under a solemn 
 engagement, and had received a stipulated sum, to 
 be beaten himself. How far truth will support a 
 theory founded on these alleged facts, cannot be 
 easily determined. But it was from premises like 
 these, that Sir David argued that " public virtue 
 was but a name." 
 
 12 Dr. Samuel Johnson also wrote against the 
 Americans. His pamphlet entitled Taxation no 
 Tyranny is an able paper. He, too, had no faith 
 in patriots so called, and in public virtue. Like 
 Cardinal Richelieu, he believed that every man 
 had his price. A poet of the time, in an epigram, 
 intimated that the doctor s price was paid to hiia 
 for his defence of ministers. 
 
 13 This is in allusion to the noble words of Samuel 
 Adams, in the first Continental Congress, when a 
 proposition of Joseph Galloway to make con 
 cessions to Great Britain elicited a warm debate, 
 Adams regarded the proposition as a concession to
 
 222 NOTES. 
 
 tyranny, and, his soul kindling with patriotic zeal, 
 he exclaimed : " I should advise persisting in om 
 struggle for liberty, though it were revealed from 
 Heaven that nine hundred and ninety-nine were 
 to perish, and only one of a thousand were to sur 
 vive and retain his liberty ! One such freeman 
 must possess more virtue, and enjoy more happi 
 ness, than a thousand slaves; and let him propo- 
 gate his like, and transmit to them what he has so 
 nobly preserved." 
 
 14 Sir Jeffrey Amherst, who commanded the 
 British troops in America, in the final conquest of 
 Canada. 
 
 15 Amherst declared, on the floor of the HOUPC 
 of Commons, that with five thousand regular 
 troops, he could inarch from one end of the coii 
 tiuent to the other, unmolested. Gage repeated 
 the foolish boast to Putnam, who instantly replied, 
 " So you might, if they behaved themselves, and 
 paid for what they got; if not, the women would 
 knock your soldiers in the head with their 
 ladles. 1 
 
 " Colonel Grant was a meritorious officer in the 
 French arid Indian War, and was the successful 
 leader of an expedition against the Cherokees in 
 1761. He was a brigadier at the commencement of 
 the Revolution, and kd the division of the British 
 army in the battle near Brooklyn, at the close of the 
 summer of 1770, which first engaged the Americans 
 under Lord Stirling. Grant made assertions simi-
 
 NOTES. 223 
 
 lar to those of Amherst, and added that nothing 
 would exceed the speed of the Americans in their 
 flight before an enemy. On several occasions 
 during the Revolution, General Grant was com 
 pelled to run swiftly before the " rebels " he af 
 fected so much to despise, but never after them. 
 At this he seems to have been very expert, and 
 
 " Well skilled on runnings to decide." 
 
 9 
 
 17 It is asserted that the roar of a lion will turn 
 small beer sour. The lion is the emblem of Great 
 Britain s courage and strength, and is the principal 
 figure on the national escutcheon. It was origi 
 nally a leopard, according to a record of the year 
 1252. 
 
 13 Such declarations were continually made by 
 North and his cabinet. They asserted the right 
 of Parliament to tax the colonies, and declared the 
 necessity of such a tax for the purposes of reve 
 nue. 
 
 19 In the debate on the Boston Port Bill, in the 
 spring of 1774, Mr. Van, a ministerial member of 
 Parliament, used very violent language toward 
 the people of Boston. " They ought to have their 
 town knocked about their ears, and destroyed," 
 he said, because of their destruction of the car 
 goes of tea in that harbor, a few months before ; 
 and concluded his tirade of abuse by quoting the 
 words of Cato the Censor, concerning Carthage,
 
 224. NOT E s . 
 
 Delenda est Carthago Carthage must be des 
 troyed. 
 
 20 It cannot be doubted that among the measures 
 for crushing the rising rebellion in America, 
 adopted by the British ministry early in 1774, 
 was that of exciting the Indians on the frontiers 
 of the white settlements against their neighbors. 
 In this work, a little later, the sons of Sir Wil 
 liam Johnson, in the Mohawk Valley, were 
 engaged. Stuart, in the Carolines, was busy 
 among the Creeks and other frontier tribes; and 
 the Governors of some of the provinces had, 
 doubtless, secret instructions on this point. Gov 
 ernor Gage and Governor Dumnore, of. Virginia, 
 were known to be employed in this nefarious 
 business in 1775. In the autumn of that year, 
 Dr. Connolly, of Pittsburg, visited General Gage, 
 at Boston, and soon afterward, while on his way 
 toward the Ohio country, through Maryland, he 
 was arrested as a suspicious character. Concealed 
 in his saddle were papers, which revealed the fact 
 that he was commissioned to arouse and lead 
 the Indians against the people of Virginia. Gov 
 ernor Carleton, of Canada, was also engaged in 
 the same business ; anQ the effect of the agency of 
 secret emissaries among the savages, was seen as 
 the war progressed, in the terrible massacres every 
 where committed by the Indians, under the pro 
 tecting wing of British power. The horrid prac 
 tice of employing the Indians was severely com-
 
 NOTES. 225 
 
 merited upon in the British Parliament. A mem 
 ber attempted to justify the measure by saying, 
 that they had a right to employ the means " which 
 God and nature had put into their hands." The 
 great Pitt scornfully repeated these words, and 
 said, " These abominable principles, and this most 
 abominable avowal of them, demands most deci 
 sive indignation. I call upon that right reverend 
 bench (pointing to the Bishops), those holy minis 
 ters of the G*spel and pious pastors of the Church, 
 I conjure them to join in the holy work, and to 
 vindicate the religion of their God." Bat " those 
 holy ministers" had no word of condemnation. In 
 the Declaration of Independence the King was 
 charged with endeavors " to bring on the inhabi 
 tants of our frontiers the merciless Indian sava 
 ges," and the proofs of the truth of that charge 
 were many and undeniable. 
 
 - 1 Guy Carleton (afterward Lord Dorchester), 
 was Governor of Canada from 1772 to 1781, when 
 he succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as Commander- 
 in-Chief of the British army in America. He 
 was made Governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and 
 New Brunswick in 1786. As a reward for long 
 services he was raised to the peerage. He died in 
 1808, at the age of eighty-five years. It is due to 
 his memory to say, that he doubtless was opposed 
 to the employment of the savages against the 
 Americans. He was a very humane man, as his 
 
 kindness to American prisoners often proved. 
 0*
 
 226 NOTES. 
 
 Guy Johnson was a son of Sir William John 
 son, by a sister of Brant, the great Mohawk 
 Chief. He had great influence over the Iroquois, 
 and in 1775 he, in connection with the Butlers and 
 Brant, held a large council of Indians, composed 
 chiefly of Cayugas and Senecas. After the war 
 he was an Indian agent in Canada. 
 
 y2 Guy, Earl of Warwick, was called the King 
 maker. He was killed at the battle of Baruet in 
 April, 1471. He is very celebrated in the martial 
 annals of Great Britain. 
 
 53 The Dun cow is celebrated in tradition as a 
 fierce animal that roamed over a heath, and had 
 killed many people. She was twelve feet in height 
 from hoof to shoulder, and eighteen feet in length 
 from the neck to the root of the tail. The young 
 and fiery Guy undertook to kill the beast, in order 
 to win a mistress. He did so, and the heath still 
 bears the name of Dunsmore. This is supposed 
 to be a myth, and that the cow was a Countess, 
 who led a disreputable life, and ruined many young 
 lords by winning their estates from them at card- 
 playing. Guy beat her at the game, and so the 
 destroyer was conquered. 
 
 * Among the threats of royal Governors in the 
 slave-holding provinces, was that of giving these 
 bond-servants their freedom, and letting them 
 loose, like bloodhounds, upon their masters. And 
 this was no idle threat. Nothing but the general 
 attachment of the slaves to their masters prevented
 
 NOTES. 227 
 
 the perpetration of the most frightful massacres. 
 When, in June, 1775, Lord Dunmore, the Governor 
 of Virginia, fled for safety to a British man-of-war, 
 his first vindictive and retaliatory efforts were to call 
 the slaves to his standard, under a promise of free 
 dom. Many obeyed the call, and were in the bat 
 tle at the Great Bridge, twelve miles from Nor 
 folk, in December following. Hundreds of them 
 afterwards miserably perished. The same thing 
 was attempted, by authority, in the Carolinus ; and 
 in Boston a company of negroes was formed and 
 regularly enrolled. Yet the negroes were not all 
 " loyal," for we find that, on one occasion, when 
 they had been ordered to assemble in Faneuil Hall, 
 to choose from among their number proper per 
 sons to clean the streets, Caesar Merrian, in the 
 presence of Joshua Levering, moderator, dared to 
 oppose the measure, for which he " was committed 
 to prison, and confined until the streets were all 
 cleaned." The Declaration of Independence says, 
 " He has excited domestic insurrection among us," 
 and these facts are the proofs. 
 
 56 This was a specimen of M Fingal s " second 
 eight," for there was, as yet, no Bishop in America 
 
 6 The negroes who enlisted in the army in Bos 
 ton Avere chiefly slaves of the whigs who had left 
 the town. They were dressed in the scarlet uni 
 form of the British army, a color particularly 
 adapted to win the black man, who is fond of show
 
 228 NOTES. 
 
 81 " The stones and all the elements with thee 
 Shall ratify a strict confed racy ; 
 Wild beasts their savage temper shall forget, 
 And for a firm alliance with thee treat." 
 
 Blackmore^ Paraphrase of Job. 
 
 28 These were the materials employed against 
 the Americans by the British ministry previous to 
 the sending over German troops, mentioned in 
 Note 15, Canto I. 
 
 29 When Gage proceeded to Boston to enforce 
 the Bort Bill, he ordered two additional regiments 
 to march there. They entered Boston with great 
 display, and encamped on the Common, or Mall. 
 Other troops soon joined them, and as the people 
 refused to give them shelter, they all remained en 
 camped on the Common during the summer of 
 1774. The contending political parties wrote and 
 published much. Massacliusettensis (See Note 
 75, Canto I.) began his essays, and John Adams 
 soon answered them. Gage sent out proclamation 
 after proclamation, and the patriots met him with 
 " squib for squib" at every turn. His proclama 
 tions were very bombastic, and were much ridi 
 culed. They were sometimes paraphrased in 
 rhyme. The following is a specimen of one of 
 these : 
 
 " Tom Gage s proclamation, 
 Or blustering denunciation, 
 (Replete with defamation,) 
 Threatening devastation
 
 NOTES. 229 
 
 And speedy jugulation, 
 
 Of the Xe\v English nation, 
 
 Who shall his pious ways-shim." 
 
 This was the commencement. Then followed a 
 paraphrase, and the whole ended with, 
 
 " Thus graciously the war I wage, 
 As witnesseth my hand, 
 
 TOM GAGE 
 By command of Mother Carey, 
 
 THOMAS FLUCKER, Secretary. 
 
 Flucker was the Secretary of Massachusetts un 
 der Gage. He was the father of Lucy, the wife 
 of General Henry Kuox, the Commander-in-Chief 
 of the artillery of the Continental army. 
 
 30 Gage s fears made him more of a tyrant than 
 he wished to be. Alarmed by hostile demonstra 
 tions on all sides, he first stationed a strong guard 
 upon Boston Neck, which connected the peninsula 
 with the main, at Roxbury, with the avowed shal 
 low pretence that he wished to prevent desertions 
 from his ranks. He next commenced erecting a 
 line of fortifications across the Neck. Boston 
 carpenters could not be hired to do the work, and 
 mechanics from New York were employed for the 
 purpose. These things greatly irritated the peo 
 ple, because they were proofs of the manifest inten 
 tion of Government to coerce them into submission 
 to unjust laws. 
 
 31 Matthew, xvii. 27. 
 
 82 Numbers, Chapter xii.
 
 230 NOTES. 
 
 83 When Rome was invested by the Gauls, al 
 most four hundred years before the birth of Christ, 
 a noble band of citizens and soliliers shut them 
 selves up in the Capitol. One night the Gauls 
 climbed up the steep rocks of the Capitoline Hill, 
 and were about to kill the sentinels and capture 
 the garrison, when some geese, being awakened by 
 the noise, cackled so loudly that they aroused the 
 soldiers in time to save the Capitol, and perhaps 
 the Roman Empire. 
 
 34 See an account of Bishop Atterbury s trial, 
 in the Histories of England. Francis Atterbury 
 was Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster. 
 He favored the Stuarts, and being suspected of 
 being in league with the old Pretender, son of 
 James the Second, he was sent to the Tower on a 
 charge of treason, i;i 17:22. lie was banished the 
 following year, and died at Paris in 1732. 
 
 35 Exodus, Chapter viii. 
 
 86 A noodle meant simpleton. This term was 
 much in use formerly. 
 
 37 The exact origin of Yankee Doodle, our na 
 tional aii 1 , is not positively known. There was a 
 popular song adapted to tho old air of Nancy Daw- 
 son, composed and sung in derision of Cromwell 
 by the Cavaliers and other loyalists, which com 
 menced thus : 
 
 " Nankcy Doodle came to town, 
 
 Riding on a pony, 
 With a feather in his hat 
 Upon a macaroni."
 
 NOTES. 231 
 
 A " doodle " is defined in the old English diction 
 aries, as " a sorry, trifling fellow," and the term 
 was thus applied to Cromwell. A " macaroni " 
 was a knot on the hat, on which a feather was 
 fastened. In a satirical poem accompanying a 
 caricature of William Pitt, published in 1766, in 
 which he appears on stilts, the following stanza 
 occurs : 
 
 " Stamp act ! le diable ! dat is de job, sir ; 
 Dat is in de stiltman s nob, sir, 
 To be America s nabob, sir. 
 Doodle, noodle, do." 
 
 The air of Yankee Doodle was known in New 
 England, long before the Revolution, as " Lydia 
 Fisher s Jig;" and in 1755, a surgeon in the 
 British army at Albany, composed a song to that 
 air, in derision of the uncouth appearance of the 
 New England troops then assembled there. He 
 called it " Yankee Doodle." The air was popular 
 as martial music ; and we find on record that 
 when, in 1768, British troops arrived in ships in 
 Boston harbor, " the Yankee Doodle tune was the 
 capital piece in the band of music at Castle Wil 
 liam." The change in spelling the first word from 
 Yaukey to Yankee, did not occur until after the 
 Revolution. While the army under Washington 
 was at Cambridge, in 1775, some loyal poet wrote 
 a long string of doggerel verse, in derision of the 
 New England people, and troops, commencing :
 
 232 NOTES. 
 
 "Father and I went down to camp, 
 
 Along with Captain Goodwin, 
 There we see the men and boys 
 As thick as hasty-jDW<M ." 
 
 Sec Note 1, Canto I. 
 
 38 The people in Boston, and the army there, 
 after Gage s arrival, held toward each other the 
 most bitter animosity, and that was often inflamed 
 by the wicked or injudicious conduct of subordi 
 nate officers. Among sinners of this kind, was 
 Lieutenant Colonel Nesbitt, who, at the beginning 
 of 1775, took great pains to i isult and injure the 
 Americans. The country people sometimes came 
 into town, to buy muskets for hunting. On one 
 occasion Nesbitt instructed a soldier to sell one of 
 them an old rusty musket. The purchaser was 
 an inoffensive man, who sold vegetables, and paid 
 the soldier three dollars for the gun. He was al 
 most immediately seized under a false charge of 
 carrying arms for a treasonable purpose, and 
 thrown into the guard-house. Early the next 
 morning punishment was adjudged, and he was 
 stripped naked, furnished with a covering of tar 
 and feathers, placed upon a cart, paraded the 
 length of the city and back, and was taken to 
 Liberty Tree. This brave act was performed by 
 about thirty grenadiers of the 47th regiment, with 
 fixed bayonets, and twenty drums and fifes playing 
 the Rogue s March. The procession was headed 
 by Nesbitt with a drawn sword. The indignant
 
 NOTES. 233 
 
 people flocked to Liberty Tree, when the alarmed 
 soldiers fled to their barracks, and the poor man 
 was rescued. 
 
 The origin of the punishment by tar and feathers, 
 has been fixed at the period of the llevolution, by 
 most writers. According to the Pictorial History 
 of England, vol. i. page 487, quoted in Duyck- 
 inck s Cyclopedia of American Literature, the 
 " plumeopicean robe " is as old as the crusaders. 
 Richard Coeur de Lion made the regulation that 
 " A man convicted of thoft or pickerie, was to 
 have his head shaved, and hot pitch poured upon his 
 bare pate, and over the pitch the feathers of some 
 pillow or cushion were to be shaken, as a mark 
 whereby he might be known as a thief." 
 
 39 Caligula was the most detested of the Roman 
 Emperors, because of his ferocious and dissipated 
 character. In the year of our Lord 16, he led 
 an army to the shores of Gaul, for the purpose of 
 invading Britain, but he did not embark. He 
 there ordered a charge to be sounded, and a signal 
 to be made for engaging an enemy. But no enemy 
 of course, appeared. His soldiers were then di 
 rected to gather cockle-shells, to be sent to Rome 
 as " spoils of the ocean," and these adorned the 
 ridiculous triumph which a corrupt senate decreed 
 for him. 
 
 40 After a siege of ten years, ancient Troy was 
 taken by the Greeks, through strategy. Finding 
 they could not gain a forcible entrance into the
 
 234 NOTES. 
 
 city, they constructed an enormous wooden horse, 
 introduced many armed men into its body, and 
 then made a pretended retreat toward the sea 
 shore, leaving the colossal beast near the walls. 
 Sinon, one of the Greek warriors, went to Troy 
 with his hands bound behind him, and solemnly 
 assured the Trojans of the absolute abandonment 
 of the siege by the Greeks. He then advised 
 them to convey the great horse into the city, as a 
 trophy. It was done, and during that night, 
 Sinon opened the secret door in the side of the 
 horse, and let out the armed Greeks. They sur 
 prised the Trojans, pillaged the city, and Troy 
 fell! 
 
 41 Colonel Leslie was one of the most useful of 
 the British officers w r ho came to America to " crush 
 the rebellion." He arose to the rank of brigadier, 
 whilst here, and was the last commander-in-chief 
 of the British army at Charleston. His sei vices 
 at the south, under Coruwallis, were very highly 
 commended, and he was generally esteemed by 
 the Americans as a judicious, honorable, and hu 
 mane commander. 
 
 4i Marblehead was originally a part of Salem, 
 and is about sixteen miles from Boston. It Mas 
 remarkable for its fishermen at the time of the 
 Revolution. Colonel Glover of the Continental 
 Army, was from that town, and he employed 
 many seamen from that place in conveying the 
 Americans across the East river in the retreat of
 
 NOTES. 235 
 
 the army from Brooklyn to New York in Septem 
 ber, 1776. They also transported American stores 
 in boats, from New York to Dobbs Ferry. 
 
 43 See Homer s description of the battle of tho 
 frogs and mice. 
 
 44 On Sunday, the 26th of February, 1775, 
 Colonel Leslie, with about three hundred men, 
 was sent by Gage to seize some brass cannons and 
 gun-carriages in .possession of the Americans at 
 Salem. They proceeded very secretly in a trans 
 port, which was moored at Marblehead before any 
 of the soldiers appeared. They then rushed 
 ashore, and commenced their march through the 
 town. The people were engaged in public wor 
 ship. Leslie s intentions being suspected, intelli 
 gence was immediately sent to Colonel Timothy 
 Pickering, who called out the minute-men, and at 
 an opened drawbridge near Salem, he confronted the 
 British. A parley ensued, and Leslie agreed that 
 if the people would close the bridge, and let him 
 pass over in due form of invasion, he would immedi 
 ately return. The terms of the treaty were complied 
 with, and Leslie, like a sensible man, returned 
 to Boston. Had he possessed the folly of some of 
 the British officers, he would have given to Salem 
 the honor which now belongs to Lexington, of 
 having been the scene of the first bloodshed in the 
 Revolution. As it was, the news went to Eng 
 land that in Salem " the Americans had hoisted 
 the standard of liberty."
 
 tT,6 NOTES. 
 
 45 Concord is a few miles from Lexington. There 
 the stores were concealed, which Gage sought to 
 capture or destroy, when he sent out the detach 
 ment that was checked by the minute-men at Lex 
 ington. 
 
 46 General Gage, in his letter to Governor Trum- 
 bull concerning the affair at Lexington and Con 
 cord, pretended that his object in attempting to 
 seize the stores and munitions of war at the latter 
 place, was " to prevent civil war," by taking dan 
 gerous weapons out of the hands of the people ! 
 
 47 The important question after blood had flowed 
 was, Which party began the war ? A great many 
 depositions were taken, and it was fully proven 
 that the British troops first fired on the minute- 
 men at Lexington, and killed several. The fire 
 was promptly returned, however, in self-defence. 
 In reference to this question, a writer in Ander 
 son s Constitutional Gazette, published in New 
 York in 1775, thus states the matter : 
 
 " The Quarrel with America fairly stated. 
 
 "Rudely forced to drink tea, Massachusetts in anger 
 Spills the tea on John Bull John falls on to bang her ; 
 Massachusetts, enraged, calls her neighbors to aid, 
 And give Master John a severe bastinade. 
 Now, good men of the law ! pray, who is in fault, 
 The one who began, or resents the assault ? " 
 
 4S In former wars in America, the term R yular 
 was applied to the British troops which came fron;
 
 NOTES. 237 
 
 England, to distinguish them from the provincials, 
 or new levies in America. 
 
 49 This refers to the distance the British had to 
 retreat after the affair at Lexington. 
 
 60 In his account of the skirmishes, General Gage 
 was pleased to say, " Too much praise cannot be 
 given to Lord Percy for his remarkable activity 
 throughout the whole day." 
 
 61 This is explained in Note 3, Canto I. 
 
 6 - Gage endeavored to make light of the fact 
 that he was so hemmed in by the Americans, who 
 had gathered by thousands around Boston ; and 
 in his last proclamation, issued before the battle 
 on Breed s Hill, he said, " With a preposterous 
 parade of military arrangements, they affect to 
 hold the army besieged." 
 
 3 The Mystic river is on the northeast side of 
 the Peninsula of Charlestown, on which are Bun 
 ker s and Breed s hills. 
 
 51 In a late edition, the two following lines were 
 added after the third line above this reference 
 number : 
 
 " Nay, stern with rage, grins Putnam, boiling, 
 Plunder d both Ilogg and Noddle Island." 
 
 These were two islands in Boston Harbor, from 
 which the Americans carried off all the cattle, 
 sheep and swine, to prevent their falling into the 
 hands of the British. Gage really had no alter 
 native but to flee, or be driven 
 
 " headlong to the sea."
 
 238 NOTES. 
 
 Howe, -who succeeded him in command, was re 
 duced to the same alternative, and in March, 1776, 
 he fled in his ships to Halifax, and the Americans, 
 after a siege of several mouths, took possession of 
 Boston. The British had been completely hemmed 
 In upon the Boston peninsula frora the 19th of 
 April, 1775, until the 17th of March, 1776. 
 Whenever they attempted to penetrate the country, 
 or take possession of any of the islands in the har 
 bor, they were met with determined resistance. 
 
 65 Matthew viii., 32. 
 
 56 The British man-of-war, Cerberus, arrived at 
 Boston on the 25th of May, 1775, with Generals 
 Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, three officers expe 
 rienced in the military tactics of Europe, but unfit, 
 in many respects, to conduct the war then just 
 commenced. General William Howe was com 
 missioned commander-in-chief, in place of General 
 Gage, who was recalled and went to England soon 
 afterward. 
 
 67 Popular belief ascribed very evil effects to 
 comets, and they were generally regarded as omens 
 of calamity. 
 
 53 Abijah White was a member of the Massachu 
 setts House of Representatives, from Marshfield, 
 and a warm adherent of the crown. He possessed 
 very little judgment or discretion, and made him 
 self very ridiculous by the way in which he mani 
 fested his zeal. When the loyalists of Marshfield, 
 in public meeting, adopted resolutions which ecu-
 
 NOTES. 239 
 
 sured the people of Boston for destroying the tea, 
 he was employed to carry them to that city, and 
 lay them before the governor. Pretending a fear 
 of being robbed of them by the way, he armed 
 himself with gun, pistol and cutlass, and, mounting 
 his horse, appeared like another Hudibras. On 
 arriviug at Boston, he caused the momentous docu 
 ment to be published. This act drew upon him 
 some of the wrath, but more of the ridicule of the 
 whigs, and he disappeared from public life forever. 
 
 5J It is related as a fact, that some British offi 
 cers, soon after Gage s arrival in Boston, while 
 walking on Beacon hill one night, were much 
 alarmed by noises in the air resembling the whiz 
 zing of bullets. They supposed they were missiles 
 from noiseless air-guns, in the hands of the 
 " rebels," and they fled precipitately to their quar 
 ters. They gave terrible accounts of this " nefa 
 rious business " in their letters to friends at home. 
 The supposed bullets were the common beetles, 
 with which we are all made familiar in the warm 
 summer evenings. 
 
 60 British officials, from ministers of state down 
 to subalterns of lowest grade, were fond of threat 
 ening the Whigs with the pillory, whipping-post 
 and gibbet. During the war, a son of Richard 
 Henry Lee, of Virginia, was at school at St. Bees, 
 in England. A gentleman one day asked the 
 tutor, " What boy is this ? " "A son of Richard 
 Henry Lee, of America," he replied. The gentle-
 
 240 NOTES. 
 
 man put his hand on the boy s head and remarked, 
 " We shall yet see your father s head upon Tower 
 Hill." The boy promptly replied, " You may 
 have it when you can get it." That boy was the 
 late Ludwell Lee, Esq., of Virginia. 
 
 61 Called also " Heave-offering." Grain and 
 fruit were waved or heaved toward the four cardi 
 nal points. It was a special present to the priests. 
 See Numbers, chapter xviii. 
 
 6 2 Cropping off portions of the ears, tying men 
 to posts and whipping them, and confining them in 
 a standing position in wooden frames called pillo 
 ries, were barbarous modes of punishment, for light 
 offences, at that time. 
 
 B:i Bunyan, in his Pilgrim s Progress, represents 
 Christian as setting forth upon his journey with a 
 very heavy bundle of all his sins, original and ac 
 tual, upon his back. 
 
 64 See Note 38, Canto II. The uniform alluded 
 to was that of tar and feathers. The want of 
 uniform dress in the American Army was a con 
 stant theme of ridicule with the British at the be 
 ginning of the war. Mr. Kidder, in his history 
 of New Ipswich, gives, from the lips of an old 
 soldier, a graphic description of his company when 
 it joined the army of Gates a little while before the 
 capture of Burgoyne. They all wore small clothes, 
 and " not a pair of boots graced the company." 
 Their coats and waistcoats were as various in 
 colors " as the barks of oak, sumach, aud other
 
 NOTES. 241 
 
 trees of our lulls and swamps could make them. 1 
 Their arms were as various as their costume ; one 
 had a heavy " Queen Anne" musket, that had 
 done service" in the conquest of Canada, and by 
 his side would be a boy, Carrying a little Spanish 
 fuzee, captured, perhaps, at Havana. They all 
 used powder-horns instead of cartridge-boxes, and 
 occasionally a bayonet might be seen. A country 
 blacksmith made the swords of many of the offi 
 cers, and in every particular they were as uncouth 
 as could well be imagined. 
 
 65 The ships that " ravaged our coasts " were not 
 so benign as those of whom Waller sung : 
 
 " Where er our navy spreads her canvass wings, 
 Honor to thee and peace to all she brings." 
 
 66 Phodbus was another name for Apollo, or the 
 Sun. 
 
 61 While the British occupied Boston, they sent 
 out military detachments to the neighboring islands 
 to seize sheep and cattle Many skirmishes with the 
 Americans ensued on these occasions. And while 
 the army occupied New York, these expeditions 
 were very common, and sometimes resulted in con 
 siderable bloodshed. The Americans, also, had 
 frequent occasions to send out foraging parties dur 
 ing the war. It was one of these occasions in 
 which General Wayne was concerned, in New Jer 
 sey, opposite New York, that gave a theme to Ma 
 jor Andre when he wrote the famous poem called
 
 242 NOTES. 
 
 " The Cow Chase." It was during a foraging ex 
 pedition of the British from Charleston, up the 
 Combahee river, in South Carolina, that the last 
 battle of the Revolution was fought, in which Col. 
 John Laurens was killed. 
 
 68 Charlestown was burned during the battle on 
 Breed s Hill, June 17 tli, 1775. Fahnouth (now 
 Portland, in Maine) was soon afterward destroyed 
 by fire ; and on the first of January, 1770, Nor 
 folk, in Virginia, was also consumed, by order of 
 Lord Dunmore. Later in the war, Daubury, Fair- 
 field, and Norwalk were laid in ashes, and attempts 
 were made to destroy other places. At Fail-field, 
 the brutal Hessians, to whom Tryon gave full lib 
 erty to ravage and destroy, excited by strong drink, 
 cruelly treated the women who fell into their 
 hands, and whole families were driven into the 
 swamps for shelter against their infernal lusts. 
 Elsewhere, at the North and at the South, this 
 kind of cruel warfare was frequently carried on 
 by British hirelings, assisted by the Tories, who 
 were justly more hated by the people than the 
 Royal troops, or their German fellow mercenaries. 
 
 69 Admiral Graves first appears in the drama of 
 the Revolution, as Commander of the British fleet 
 at Boston, in 1775. He last appeared in the con 
 test in a sea-fight off the Capes of Virginia, a 
 short time before the surrender of Coruwallis, in 
 1781, which was the concluding great military 
 event of the war.
 
 NOTES. 243 
 
 70 Sir James Wallace, a fussy, blustering, naval 
 commander, had charge of a little fleet of small 
 vessels, in Narraganset Bay, to watch the move 
 ments of the Americans, plunder Rhode Island 
 of sheep and cattle for the benefit of the British 
 army in Boston, and to annoy the Americans gen 
 erally. And he did annoy the people very much, 
 and sometimes distressed them very much. When 
 he first sailed into the harbor of Newport, he 
 dispatched a letter, in the following words, to Cap 
 tain Abraham Whipple, of Providence, who, in 
 1772, commanded an expedition which burned the 
 Gaspe schooner, in Narraganset Bay : 
 
 " You, Abraham Whipple, on the 17th of June, 
 1772, burned His Majesty s vessel, the Gaspe, and 
 I will hang you at the yard-arm. 
 
 JAMES WALLACE." 
 
 Whipple immediately replied : 
 " To Sir James Wallace: 
 
 SIR : Always catch a man before you hang him. 
 ABRAHAM WHIPVLE." 
 
 Wallace was driven out of Narraganset Bay iu 
 the spring of 1776, and in the autumn of 1777, he 
 went up the Hudson river and assisted in burning 
 Kingston. 
 
 71 The Sandemanians were a small religious sect, 
 so named because Robert .Sandeman, a native of 
 Perth, Scotland, was the founder. Their leading 
 tenet of belief was that Faith is a mere intellec 
 tual belief, a bare belief of the bare truth." They
 
 244 NOTES. 
 
 also believed the Millennium near, and fixed upon 
 the year 1793 as the time for its dawning. San- 
 deman came to America in 1764, and organized a 
 church or society in Boston, and also in Danbury, 
 Connecticut. He died and was buried at the lat 
 ter place, in 1771, at the age of 53 years. Hia 
 remains rest a few feet from those of General Da 
 vid Wooster. 
 
 72 The unjust system of depriving whole fami 
 lies of property because of the political sins of 
 the fathers, was commenced against the adherents 
 of the Crown, first in Massachusetts in 1778, when 
 a vast amount of property belonging to refugees 
 who had fled, and some who ventured to remain, 
 was confiscated. In 1779 the Massachusetts Le 
 gislature passed a conspiracy act, which sent into 
 perpetual banishment a large portion of the same 
 persons. 
 
 7;! The Tory party in New England worked upon 
 the fears of the credulous and superstitious, by re 
 lating wonderful stories of strange appearances in 
 the heavens, and strange noises in the air and un 
 der ground, and called them warnings of great 
 troubles, if the Whigs persisted in their iniqui 
 tous proceedings. A remarkable meteor and 
 Aurora Boiealis were observed at the commence 
 ment of the war, and the superstitious were greatly 
 alarmed. 
 
 74 " The stars in their courses fought against 
 Sisera." Song of Deborah, Judges v. 29.
 
 NOTES. 245 
 
 75 A play upon the name of Lord North, the 
 Prime Minister. 
 
 76 Referring to a scheme proposed by Hutchin- 
 son and Oliver, in their letters to the British Min 
 istry. See Note 98, Canto I. When the Caro- 
 linas were first settled, Shaftsbury and Locke pro 
 posed a magnificent scheme of aristocratic govern 
 ment in that portion of the New World, known 
 as the Fundamental Constitutions. It contem 
 plated orders of nobility, and all the parapherna 
 lia of aristocracy except a King and Court. Even 
 at that early day the people would not listen to 
 such schemes, and they were abandoned. 
 
 77 We have already noticed Hutchinson and 
 Oliver. John Vassal, of Cambridge, was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson, in 1774, and the next 
 year he was driven from his house by a mob, and 
 made his abode in Boston. Without waiting for 
 Confiscation Laws, the Committee of Safety ap 
 propriated some of his property to the public use. 
 Such appropriation consisted chiefly of the pro 
 ducts of the land, then in the fields. When Wash 
 ington arrived at Cambridge, he made Mr. Vas 
 sal s house his head-quarters. It is now owned and 
 occupied by Professor Longfellow, the eminent poet. 
 Mr. Vassal went to England, with his family. His 
 property was confiscated in 1778. At the age of 
 sixty years, he died in England. The Vassala 
 were among the earliest and most respectable of 
 the settlers in New England.
 
 246 NOTES. 
 
 78 These were the titles of James, the brother of 
 Charles the Second, who afterward became King 
 of England. The province of New Netherlaud 
 was given to him by his brother, and when, by 
 actual conquest, he came into possession of it, the 
 name of the city of New Amsterdam was changed 
 to New York, and that of the town of Fort Orange, 
 near the head of navigation on the Hudson river, 
 to Albany. 
 
 9 James Jauncy was at first inclined to be a 
 whig, and was an associate with Jay and others 
 on the Committee of Correspondence of Fifty. 
 He was a member of the New York Assembly in 
 1775, and was one of the fourteen of that body 
 who addressed General Gage on " the unhappy 
 contest." He held the office of Master of the Rolls 
 under the Crown ; and his property was confis 
 cated. After the war, he applied to the legisla 
 ture of New York for a restoration of his pro 
 perty. 
 
 80 Samuel Gales was also one of the fourteen 
 Addressers of Gage, who were members of the 
 New York Assembly in 1775. 
 
 81 Colonel Christopher Billop was a man of pro 
 perty and influence. His house is yet (1857) 
 standing on Staten Island, opposite Perth Amboy. 
 It was there that Lord Howe held a conference 
 with a committee of Congress on the subject of 
 peace, in 177G. Colonel Billop was another mem 
 ber of the New York Assembly, who addressed
 
 NOTES. 247 
 
 General Gage. He afterward commanded a corps 
 of Loyalists, was made a prisoner, and was con 
 fined in New Brunswick (New Jersey) jail, where 
 lie was very harshly treated in retaliation of his 
 cruelties to two American prisoners in his custody. 
 After the war he went to the province of New 
 Brunswick, where he became a prominent man. 
 He died there in 182", at the age of ninety years. 
 8 - See notice of Crean Brush, in Note 70, Canto I. 
 63 See notice of Isaac Wilkins, D. D. Note 72, 
 Canto I. 
 
 84 Frederick Phillipse, of the Phillipse Manor, in 
 Westchester County. New York, is here alluded 
 to. He was the brother of Mary Phillipse, whose 
 hand was once sought by George Washington, 
 when he was a provincial Colonel. Phillipse was 
 a member of the New York Assembly, and a colo 
 nel of militia; and finally, on account of his op 
 position to the whigs, he felt compelled to leave 
 his home and take refuge under British protection 
 in New York. From thence he went to England. 
 His large property was confiscated, and the British 
 Government afterwards allowed him, in compen 
 sation, about three hundred thousand dollars. 
 Colonel Phillipse died in England. 
 
 83 This was Dr. Myles Cooper, already referred 
 to in Note 59, Canto I. He was a noted punster. 
 
 86 John Vardell was educated at King s (now Co 
 lumbia) College. He there prepared for the minis 
 try, and became a professor in that institution for
 
 248 NOTES. 
 
 a while. He went to England in 1774, to re 
 ceive orders ; and after the death of Dr. Ogilvie, 
 he was appointed to the rectorship of Trinity 
 Church, in New York. He did not accept it, 
 being, as is supposed, in the employment of Govern 
 ment. Before he left for England, he had written 
 several poetical satires on the Sons of Liberty, 
 and was quite noted as a political writer in prose 
 and verse. 
 
 87 Two High Church clergymen of New York, 
 already noticed. 
 
 88 In note 9, Canto II, we have referred to the 
 materials of which the old peerage of England waa 
 created. Adam was " created " of the dust of the 
 ground. So the English technical phrase of 
 " creating " a peer seems to be very appropriate, 
 when we turn back to that old peerage, for surely 
 it was of " low degree." 
 
 89 See Note 47, Canto II, concerning the re 
 sponsibility of striking the first blow. 
 
 90 These are the Alleghany Mountai s, which 
 extend from the State of New York t( that of 
 Georgia. They were then on the westeru frontier 
 of the English settlements in America. 
 
 91 The province of Georgia had not joined the 
 union when the first Canto (of which this is a 
 part) of McFingal was written. Georgia was rep 
 resented in the next Congress, however. 
 
 92 See Note 29, Canto II. 
 
 93 Demosthenes pursued a course of very severe
 
 NOTES. 
 
 249 
 
 self training, so as to excel in oratory. In ordei 
 to acquire for his voice a mastery over greater 
 sounds, he used to stand upon the sea-shore, in 
 storms, and declaim amidst the roar of the waves. 
 By this means he was enabled to make his words 
 heard and heeded in the tumult of a great as 
 sembly. 
 
 94 See Note 25, Canto I. 
 
 95 At that time, and until a quite recent period, 
 the pulpits in this country were covered by a 
 canopy called a " sounding board," to assist in 
 making the preacher s voice heard by the whole 
 congregation. Drawings of such pulpits may be 
 seen in Lossing s Pictorial Field-Book of the 
 devolution, vdi. i. p. 254, and vol. ii. p. 215. 
 
 96 The Parcaa or Fates of ancient mythology 
 were Clotho the spinster, who spins the thread of 
 our existence ; Lachesis, the allotter of our des 
 tinies ; and Atropos, the unchangeable, whose 
 shears clip the thread when life s mission is ful 
 filled. 
 
 97 The Furije of mythology were Alecto, the un 
 ceasing ; Megcera, the envier or denier ; and Ti- 
 siphone, the blood-avenger. 
 
 98 See ^Esop s Fables. 
 
 99 Genesis, Chapter xi. 
 
 100 On some day in the week previous to the ad 
 ministration of the sacrament of the Lord s Sup 
 per in the New England Churches, a sermon was 
 preached which was called a lecture, and that 
 
 11*
 
 25 NOTES. 
 
 day was known as lecture-day. These lectures 
 were generally very thinly attended ; a fact here 
 alluded to by the poet. 
 
 CANTO III. 
 
 1 See Note 103, Canto I. 
 
 4 See Gulliver s Travels, by Dean Swift. Tha 
 "Brobdignagiaus are represented as a race of 
 giants. 
 
 8 " His spear, to equal which the tallest pine 
 Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast 
 Of some great Admiral, were but a wand." 
 
 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book I. 
 
 4 At an early period of the contest, after the 
 close of the session of the first Continental Con 
 gress in the autumn of 1774, the Americans used 
 a flag with thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
 white, to signify union. The stars on a blue 
 ground wore not used until late in 1777. Congress 
 adopted the following resolution on the 14th of 
 June of that year : " That the flag of the thirteen 
 United States be-thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
 white ; that the Union be thirteen stars, white, 
 in a blue field, representing a new constellation." 
 This Canto was written at the close of the con 
 test.
 
 NOTES. 251 
 
 6 A mixed liquor, consisting of beer and spirits 
 sweetened, and warmed by thrusting a hot iron 
 into it. 
 
 6 A female, celebrated by the ancient poets as 
 skilled in magic arts and a knowledge of subtle 
 poisons. She inhabited an Island, and all those who 
 approached her were first feasted, and then, on 
 tasting the contents of her magic cup, were 
 changed into swine. She may properly be re 
 garded as the representation of Alcohol, or of 
 sensual indulgence in general. 
 
 1 Nectar, in mythology and poetry, was the 
 beverage used by the Gods. 
 
 8 At that time fire engines were not introduced 
 into this country. Leather buckets were kept in 
 almost every house, and especially by the members 
 of fire companies, to be used for the purpose of 
 extinguishing fires. One set of men were ap 
 pointed to use instruments for breaking into or 
 pulling down buildings, and others, called " bucket 
 men," supplied water. 
 
 9 From time immemorial high poles, called May 
 poles, have been raised in England on the first day 
 of May, and profusely garlanded with leaves and 
 flowers in honor of the day, the ushering in of the 
 summer wealth of the land. May-poles were 
 places for joyful gatherings of the young, and 
 doubtless suggested liberty-poles as the rallying 
 points for public meetings. See Note 103, Canto I. 
 
 10 Genesis, Chapter, xi.
 
 252 NOTES. 
 
 11 Alluding to the electric conductors, or light 
 ning rods, of Dr. Franklin, then becoming quite 
 common in America and Europe. 
 
 12 See Note 7, Canto I. 
 
 13 Numbers, Chapter xxi. v. 9. 
 
 14 The great Charter of England, obtained bj 
 the English Barons, of King John, at Runny- 
 mede, in the year 1215. In other words, a funda 
 mental constitution, which guaranties rights and 
 privileges. 
 
 15 This is in allusion to the depreciation of the 
 Continental paper money. Congress ascertained 
 the cause of its declension at different periods, by 
 what was called a Scale of Depreciation. 
 
 16 A grand national festival of the Jews, held 
 every fiftieth year, when all debts were cancelled, 
 all prisoners and slaves were liberated, and when 
 all lands and estates, whether they had been sold 
 or mortgaged, were restored to the original propri 
 etor. It was ushered in with trumpets and the 
 most vehement demonstrations of joy. 
 
 17 The courts of justice were everywhere closed 
 at the commencement of the war, and those Judges 
 who had been appointed by the Crown, and per 
 sisted in holding their seats, were driven from the 
 court-rooms by the people, who assembled in mul 
 titudes, armed with white staves, the insignia of 
 order. 
 
 18 Alluding to the seizure of the property of 
 Tories or Loyalists in the neighborhood of Bos-
 
 NOTES. 253 
 
 ton, after their flight into that city. See Not6 
 163, Canto IV. 
 
 19 An old method of mild punishment, used even 
 as far back as the time of the early Jews. The 
 feet were confined in a wooden frame-work, so 
 that the sitting delinquent could not move them, 
 and in that situation he was subjected to the scoffs 
 and rude insults of passers by. Hudibras, the 
 great prototype of M Fingal, was subjected to such 
 punishment. 
 
 20 The Loyalists often taunted the Whigs be 
 cause some of their leaders were mechanics and 
 tradesmen. In the temporary theatres established 
 by the British in Boston, New York, and Phila 
 delphia, during the war, these taunts formed a 
 staple of the amusements. And these were con 
 tinued long afterward. On one occasion a play 
 was in course of performance in a London theatre, 
 in which American officers were represented as 
 mechanics of every kind. In the midst of the 
 hilarity which the play occasioned on that account, 
 an American sailor in the gallery shouted, " Hur 
 rah ! England whipt by cobblers ?ud tailors ! " 
 The tables were turned upon John Bull. 
 
 21 Unfortunately for Benedict Arnold, when his 
 overt act of treason became known, he had not 
 the redeeming antecedents of a good character to 
 fall back upon. In early life he was an apothe 
 cary, and those with whom he served an appren 
 ticeship in Norwich, Connecticut, set him up iu
 
 254 NOTES. 
 
 business iu New Haven, where he also kept books 
 and a general store. His sign " B. Arnold, 
 Druggist, Bookseller, &c., from London," is yet 
 iu existence. He also became interested in the 
 West India trade, and made several voyages 
 thither. He sometimes traded in horses ; and it is 
 said that the minute knowledge of the city of 
 Quebec, displayed by him when he led troops acro.-a 
 the wilderness to that place, in 1775, was obtained 
 during his previous visits there for the purpose of 
 buying horses. He finally failed in business, be 
 came a bankrupt, and was charged with saving a 
 good deal of moncry by perjury. In this sentence 
 there is an allusion to a curious lawsuit which he 
 instituted against a brother skipper for slander. 
 
 12 The author here remarks, in a Note, that 
 "M Fingal having here inserted the names and 
 characters of several great men, whom the public 
 have not yet fully detected, it is thought proper 
 to omit sundry paragraphs of his speech in the 
 present edition." These were never added. 
 
 23 Hudibras, a satirical epic by Samuel Butler, 
 is one of the few productions of that kind aimed 
 at living characters or systems, which have sur 
 vived their age. Hudibras is a cavalier burlesque 
 of the extravagant ideas and rigid manners of the 
 English Puritans of the Civil War and the Com 
 monwealth. It was published after the restora 
 tion of monarchy; and it is understood that Sir 
 Hudibras, the chief hero of the epic, was the
 
 NOTES. 255 
 
 representation of Sir Samuel Luke, a well known 
 Bedfordshire gentleman, one of Cromwell s favorite 
 officers. His character is strongly marked by the 
 peculiarities of that period. Butler s model for 
 the actions of his h.3ro was Don Quixotte, of Cer 
 vantes. Hudibras is considered not only the best 
 burlesque of the Puritans, but the best satire 
 in the English language. 
 
 n - 4 This is a thrust at the many glaring defects 
 in the Articles of Confederation the original 
 constitution of the Federal Union. They served 
 a good purpose while the union was cemented by 
 the necessities of the existing war ; but when Con 
 gress attempted to control the action of any of the 
 States, it was powsrless. These defects were so 
 grave, that Washington and others took measures 
 to have a revision of those fundamental statutes. 
 A convention for that purpose was called, when it 
 was found to be wiser to make a new machine than 
 to attempt to patch up the old one ; and a second 
 convention framed the present Federal Constitu 
 tion, in the year 1787. 
 
 K In issuing bills of credit, and in other trans 
 actions, Congress " pledged the faith of the United 
 States," when, in fact, the States were not indi 
 vidually bound, by the old confederation, to redeem 
 that pledge. The British ministry would not re 
 cognize the Congress as a legal body, and for a 
 long time refused to hold any communication with 
 its members, except as private individuals. And
 
 256 NOTES. 
 
 General Howe, under ministerial instructions, at 
 first addressed letters to the American commander- 
 in-chief, as " Mr. Washington," alleging that his 
 commission was not valid, because not given by a 
 legal body. Of course the general refused to re 
 ceive any communications thus addressed, and 
 Howe was compelled to yield. 
 
 86 Roger Bacon was a wonderful philosopher of 
 the thirteenth century. He became a Franciscan 
 monk, but his scientific discoveries and pursuits 
 were so far above the comprehension of his asso 
 ciates and the age in .which lie lived, that he was 
 generally regarded as a magician. Many stories 
 of his magic arts were circulated ; among others, 
 that he possessed a human head of brass, out of 
 which issued wise oracles. His fellow-monks be 
 came afraid of him, discarded his books, and finally 
 procured his imprisonment for twelve long years. 
 He undoubtedly discovered gunpowder and the 
 telescope, and made many wonderful experiments 
 in chemistry. In his treatises he couched his in 
 formation in allegorical figures, and the then igno 
 rant world was left to guess at his meaning. All 
 nj ay be interpreted by the light of science at tho 
 present time. 
 
 7 This political plan of Trinculo, the jester, in 
 the Tempest, may be found in the old folio editions 
 of Shaksneare, but, for some reason, it has been ex 
 punged by his commentators, and does not now 
 appear.
 
 NOTES. 257 
 
 
 
 The Centipede. 
 
 59 The English Constitution comprehends the 
 whole body of laws by which the British people 
 arc governed. Lord Bolingbroke made this nice 
 distinction : " This assemblage of laws is distin 
 guished from the term government in this respect ; 
 that the Constitution is the rule by which the 
 sovereign ought to rule at all times, and govern 
 ment is that by which he does govern at any par 
 ticular time." 
 
 30 See Note 76, Canto I. 
 
 31 We have already alluded in Note 83, Canto I., 
 to the destruction of tea in Boston harbor. It was 
 done immediately after the breaking up of a popu 
 lar meeting in the Old South Church, Boston, on 
 the evening of the 16th of December, 1773. Mr. 
 Josiah Quincy had pronounced an eloquent and 
 stirring speech in the course of the afternoon. 
 Twilight approached, and a call was made for can 
 dles. At that moment, a person in the gallery, 
 disguised as a Mohawk Indian, raised the war- 
 whoop, and was immediately answered from with 
 out. Another voice cried out, " Boston Harbor 
 a tea-pot to-night ! Hurrah for Griffin s wharf 1 " 
 At that wharf the two tea-ships were moored. The 
 meeting broke up in great excitement, and several 
 persons, disguised as Indians, were seen to cross 
 Fort Hill to Griffin s wharf. There was evident 
 concert of action, and about fifteen or twenty per 
 sons thus disguised, with others differently con-
 
 258 NOTES. 
 
 cealed, went on board the ships, deliberate took 
 the chests of tea from the holds, broke ther, open, 
 and cast their contents into the water. Three 
 hundred and forty-two chests of tea were thus 
 destroyed. 
 
 82 The tea-ships were watched for twenty suc 
 cessive nights by parties of young men, to prevent 
 the landing of the cargo. Under the Indian dis 
 guise, when the tea was destroyed, might have 
 been seen ruffled shirts and laced vests ; for those 
 who performed that act were among the most re 
 spectable residents of Boston. Samuel Adams, the 
 sturdy patriot, was one of them. 
 
 33 The moccasin is the flexible Indian shoe, gene 
 rally made of the tanned deer-skin, and is often 
 highly ornamented. 
 
 84 Warnpum was the money of the Indians, and 
 constituted expensive ornaments. It was made 
 of the clear parts of the clam-shell, wrought into 
 the form of small cylinders, like the beads of our 
 day known as bugles, and about half an inch in 
 length. They were arranged in strings and belts. 
 When used for ornaments, they were disposed in 
 alternate layers of white and black. As a circu 
 lating medium, they were valued at about two 
 cents for three black beads, or six of the white 
 ones. They were strung in parcels to represent a 
 penny, three pence, a shilling, and five shillings of 
 white, and double that amount in black. The al 
 lusion to " laces " refers to the respectable charae-
 
 NOTES. 259 
 
 ter of the persons engaged in the destruction of the 
 tea, as mentioned in a preceding note. 
 
 35 That is, painted their faces. A single coat 
 of paint is technically called a priming. 
 
 36 The British soldiers, whose coats were made 
 of scarlet cloth, were called Red-coats. In allu 
 sion to the same color, the provincial troops in the 
 French and Indian war sometimes called the 
 British Regulars, " lobsters." 
 
 a; Governor Hutchinson was very much alarmed 
 at the proceedings of the populace in destroying 
 the tea, and very early the next morning he re 
 tired secretly to his country-seat at Milton, a short 
 distance from the city. There he received an in 
 timation that the mob was coming to pull down 
 his house. With the utmost haste he escaped 
 across the fields. The story was current at the 
 time, that he was half-shaved by the barber when 
 the alarming news reached him, and that in such 
 plight " in the suds " and bare-headed, he fled. 
 
 3S See Note 85, Canto I. 
 
 39 *This alludes to the general breaking-up of all 
 the councils of the royal governors in the colonies. 
 These officials, unable to stem the current of pub 
 lic opinion and popular indignation, were compelled 
 to relinquish their power and leave the country. 
 
 40 Although some of the earlier organizations of 
 the Sons of Liberty took place in the city of New 
 York, yet the Loyalists held sway there in the 
 public councils longer than in any other province,
 
 260 NOTES. 
 
 When the Provincial Congress met on the 2 2d of 
 May, 1775, its political complexion greatly disap 
 pointed the people ; for much timidity prevailed 
 in the Assembly, and under the influence of Gov 
 ernor Tryon and the municipal authority, a major 
 ity of the members were favorable to conciliatory 
 measures, instead of vigorous preparations for de 
 fence. For this reason New York was taunted as 
 loyal, when the great mass of the people were 
 really whig to the core. 
 
 41 When the skirmishes at Lexington and Con 
 cord became known in New York, Captain Isaac 
 Sears, one of the boldest of the patriots of the day, 
 was in custody on a charge of making treasonable 
 propositions to the people. He was about to be 
 taken to prison, when the populace took him forci 
 bly from the officers, and bore him in triumph 
 through the town, preceded by a band of music 
 and a banner. This is the occurrence alluded to 
 by Dr. Auchmuty in Note 57, Canto I. The peo 
 ple also took possession of the City Hall, armed 
 themselves, and, led by John Lamb, Marinus Wil- 
 lett, John Morin Scott, and others, they embar 
 goed all vessels in the harbor, laden with provisions 
 for the British army in Boston. A cargo of rum 
 for the patriots arrived. The collector of the port 
 would not allow it to be landed. Sears and Lamb, 
 with a large concourse of people, took possession 
 of it, carried it to its destination in the city, and, 
 returning to the custom-house, they demanded and
 
 NOTES. 261 
 
 j the keys of that establishment, dismissed 
 the employees, and closed the building. All the 
 money and arms in the custom-house were seized ; 
 and during the summer many of such overt acts 
 of rebellion were committed by the highly exas 
 perated people. Tories were insulted ; and on 
 one occasion, when the Sons of Liberty were carry 
 ing off the cannon from Fort George and the Bat 
 tery, and the Asia man-of-war fired upon them, 
 the story was circulated that the city was about to 
 be pillaged and burnt. Hundreds of men, women 
 and children, frightened by the rumor, hurried off 
 at midnight beyond the suburbs of the doomed 
 town. 
 
 4 2 This is in allusion to the quandary in which 
 events placed William Smith, an eminent lawyer 
 of New York, who seemed very desirous of being 
 on the strongest side. He first opposed the mea 
 sures of Great Britain, but finally adhered to the 
 crown, and became a very decided Loyalist. He 
 was brother to Joshua Hett Smith, who figured in 
 the Arnold and Andre episode. Smith afterward 
 became Chief Justice of Canada. 
 
 43 Burning or hanging the effigy of an obnoxious 
 officer was a common practice, and is still con 
 tinued. It was an indication of the public senti 
 ment against a man, and was practised here in imi 
 tation of a former custom of the English, in burning 
 annually effigies of the Pope, the Devil, and the 
 Pretender.
 
 262 NOTES. 
 
 44 lu almost every case of effigy burning, that of 
 the Devil was associated with the mortal offender. 
 Thus, when in 1765 a mob in New York burned 
 the effigy of Lieutenant-Governor Cadwallader 
 Golden, they placed an image of the Devil, with 
 a boot in his hand, by his side. The boot (used 
 also in caricatures of that period) was a representa 
 tion of the Earl of Bute, mentioned in Note 7, 
 Canto I., because of a similarity in the orthoepy. 
 
 45 William Tryon had figured as an oppressor, 
 from 1768 to 1771, in North Carolina, where a 
 party calling themselves Regulators, in the west 
 ern part of the State, raised the standard of rebel 
 lion. He became governor of New- York, and held 
 that office when the war broke out. Like other 
 royal governors, he was compelled to yield to 
 popular indignation, and he retaliated as a mili 
 tary leader. We shall meet him again. 
 
 46 Joseph Galloway was an influential and very 
 popular Whig leader in Pennsylvania at the com 
 mencement of troubles. He had worked shoulder 
 to shoulder with Dr. Franklin in the Pennsylvania 
 Assembly against the Proprietaries, and was a 
 member of the First Continental Congress in 1774. 
 After a while, when there appeared no chance for 
 reconciliation with Great Britain, he wavered ; 
 and in 1776 he abandoned the Whigs, wrote much 
 against them, and became one of the most violent 
 and prescriptive Loyalists of the time. He joined 
 the royal army in New York, and from thence he
 
 NOTES. 263 
 
 went to England* in 1778, where he remained until 
 his death in 1803. Just before his escape, a 
 trunk was put on board a vessel in the Delaware, 
 directed to Joseph Galloway, Esq. It contained 
 only, as Shakspeare says, 
 
 " A halter gratis, and leave to hang himself." 
 
 His examination before the House of Commons 
 was a remarkable episode in the history of that 
 period. He was in continual correspondence with 
 Loyalists in America for many years, upon sub 
 jects connected with tlie war. His estate in 
 Pennsylvania, valued at $200,000, was confiscated ; 
 but a greater portion of it was afterward restored 
 to his daughter, it having been originally derived 
 from his wife. 
 
 47 Mainprize, in law, is a writ directed to a 
 sheriff, commanding him to take sureties for the 
 prisoner s appearance, and to let him go at large. 
 The allusions in this sentence are to the retreat of 
 the British, after the skirmishes at Lexington and 
 Concord. The minute-men, concealed behind 
 stone-walls, bushes and buildings, galled them ter 
 ribly. A greater part of the loss of the enemy 
 on that day occurred from this mode of warfare. 
 
 43 It was a favorite method of the royal officers, 
 when speaking of the " rebels," or in making 
 propositions to them, to say, " The door of mercy 
 is shut," or " it will soon be shut," and " Vengeance 
 shall sleep no more."
 
 264 NOTES. 
 
 49 Dagou, the chief idol-god of -the Philistines, 
 represented with the body of a man, and the tail 
 of a fish. 1 Samuel v. 1-5. 
 
 50 The Tory clergy always spoke of the king as 
 The Lord s Anointed. 
 
 51 Joshua, chapter vi. 
 
 M When the people had fairly lifted the arm of 
 open resistance, they would not acknowledge the 
 king as ruler in any form. Henry Laurens boldly 
 asserted his independence in this particular, even 
 while a 1 state prisoner, on a charge of treason, in 
 the Tower of London, in 1781. He was at first 
 treated very rigorously, but the people of England 
 became so clamorous because of the injustice, that 
 ministers were very anxious to relieve themselves 
 of the odium. He was offered pardon if he would 
 ask it. He nobly refused, because he had done 
 nothing that required pardon. Then the ministry 
 procured bail for him, intending that his release 
 from confinement, under that form of law, should 
 be perpetual. When, in reading the form, the 
 clerk of the court repeated the words, " Our sove 
 reign Lord and King," the prisoner immediately 
 said, " Not my Sovereign," and refused to ac 
 knowledge George the Third as such. He was 
 bailed, and then joined the commission to nego 
 tiate for peace between the two countries. 
 
 53 Ovid s Metamorphoses, Book 12. The Lapi- 
 thae and Centaurs were hostile tribes of Thessaly.
 
 NOTES. 265 
 
 The latter, because always seen on horseback, were 
 said to be half men and half h orscs. 
 
 54 Bacchus was the god of Wine the tutelar 
 deity of inebriates a personification of sensual 
 indulgence. 
 
 55 Pallas was one of the names of the goddess 
 Minerva, as opposed to the wild war-god, Mars ; 
 and she was the patroness and teacher of just and 
 scientific warfare. She was the presiding deity in 
 the Parthenon at Athens. 
 
 56 Mars was the great god of War in the Greek 
 mythology. 
 
 67 Iris was the daughter of Thaumas and Elec 
 tro, Wonder and Brightness and was the god 
 dess of the Rainbow. 
 
 68 In this the reader will readily observe the al 
 lusions to the single combats of Paris and Men- 
 elaus, as described by Homer ; and of ,ZEneas and 
 Turnus, mentioned by Virgil. Also of Michael 
 and Satan, in Milton s Paradise Lost, Book VI. 
 
 69 It was the fashion in New England at that 
 time for Judges to wear swords, on the bench. 
 
 60 Vulcan was the god of Fire, the great me 
 chanic of the Greek mythology. Mount Etna 
 and other volcanoes were regarded as his forges, 
 and, according to the legends, he made imple 
 ments of war for the old Grecian heroes. 
 
 si " The sword 
 
 Was given him tempered so that neither keen 
 Nor solid might resist its edge : it met
 
 266 NOTES. 
 
 The sword of Satan with steep force to smite 
 Descending, and in half cut sheer." 
 
 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book VI. 
 
 62 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book II. 
 
 63 This idea is from Juvenal, Satire 15. 
 
 64 Alluding to the large people described in 
 Gulliver s Travels, already mentioned, and to the 
 popular belief that the Patagonians who inhabit 
 the southern extremity of South America, were 
 giants in stature. 
 
 65 "And earth self-balanced on her centre hung." 
 
 Milton. 
 
 66 Aristophanes, in his Comedy of The Clouds, 
 represents Socrates as hoisted in a basket. The 
 object was to aid him in contemplation. 
 
 67 The hatchel was an implement used in domes 
 tic manufacture to clean the coarser from the finer 
 fabric of the flax, when preparing it for spinning. 
 It was made of a piece of plank, with a large num 
 ber of iron spikes driven through, and standing 
 upright and close together. Through them the 
 flax was drawn by hand, and the tow was sepa 
 rated from the finer fibre. 
 
 6S See Note 19, Canto III. 
 
 69 At that time the barbarous practice of clip 
 ping off a part or the whole of the ears of crimi 
 nals was in vogue. It was called cropping. 
 
 See- Note 87, Canto I. 
 
 71 Israel Williams was a member of the Massa 
 chusetts Assembly for many years, and became a
 
 NOTES. 267 
 
 Mandamus Councillor in 1774. That fact brought 
 Whig vengeance upon him. Though old and quite 
 infirm, a mob took him from his house one night, 
 carried him several miles, and put him into a room 
 with fire. They then closed the doors and the top 
 of the chimney, and kept him there in the smoke 
 several hours. On being released he was compelled 
 to sign a sort of recantation, drawn up by one of 
 his tormentors. 
 
 72 Thomas Oliver, of Cambridge, .who mingled 
 but little in politics. He was the last Royal Lieu 
 tenant-Governor of Massachusetts. His house 
 was mobbed on the morning of September 2, 1774, 
 because of his refusal to resign his seat as Presi 
 dent of the Mandamus Council. They compelled 
 him to make a sort of resignation in writing. 
 Governor Oliver went to Halifax with the British 
 troops, and from thence to England. He died at 
 Bristol in 1815. 
 
 73 See Note 59, Canto I. 
 
 14 It is a curious fact, that the mobs in New 
 England at that time always conducted their pro 
 ceedings after the prescribed legal forms, when 
 they tried and condemned Tories. 
 
 75 This was in retaliation and imitation of the 
 outrageous conduct of Colonel Nesbitt, mentioned 
 in Note 38, Canto II. Sometimes those who re 
 ceived a coat of tar and feathers were placed 
 astride a rail, and were thus paraded through the 
 town.
 
 268 NOTES. 
 
 76 The Jewish kings were <l anointed " by the 
 High Priest before they were crowned, by having 
 perfumed oil poured upon their heads. Hence the 
 cant of Tory clergymen at that time, in calling 
 King George " The Lord s Anointed." To this 
 day an allusion to the ancient practice is contained 
 in the expression " By the Grace of God, King," 
 &c. 
 
 " See Claudian s Gigantomachia. 
 
 8 Enceladus was one of the Giants or Titans 
 who warred against Jove. As he fled, Minerva 
 fluug the Island of Sicily upon him, when, accord 
 ing to the poets, his motions caused the eruptions 
 of xEtna. 
 
 79 Mai was the mother of Mercury. See Note 
 24, Canto I. 
 
 80 " A seraph winged ; six wings he wore, to shade 
 
 His lineaments divine." 
 
 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book V. 
 
 81 The Gorgons were three sisters Stheno, Eu~ 
 ryale, and 3/<?<fwsa,whosc hairs were entwined with 
 serpents, and they had wiogs of gold. Their 
 hands were of brass, and their bodies were cov 
 ered with impenetrable scales. Their teeth were 
 as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned 
 to stone all those upon whom they fixed their eyes. 
 Chimera was a terrible monster, that vomited 
 fire. It had the head and neck of a lion, the body 
 of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. 
 
 8S Plato s famous definition of man was, animal
 
 NOTES. 269 
 
 bipes implumis : " a two-legged animal withou 4 
 feathers." 
 
 s * In ancient Rome, the union of two men in 
 the same office was called a Duumvirate. Several 
 kinds of offices were thus filled by two persons at 
 the same time. 
 
 84 Livy mentions the fact that an owl having 
 been discovered in Rome, it was considered an 
 omen of great evil. It was caught, taken from 
 temple to temple, where lustrations were per 
 formed, and in great and solemn procession the Ro 
 mans conducted the ill-omened bird beyond the 
 walls, and set it at liberty in the forest. 
 
 85 Votes were frequently passed at town meet 
 ings in New England, with a view to prevent 
 the augmentation of prices of various arti 
 cles, and to stop the depreciation of Continental 
 money. 
 
 86 A shell-fish which often adheres to the bottoms 
 of ships at sea (as well as rocks and timber) in such 
 quantities as to impede their progress. 
 
 87 " I hear a voice you cannot hear, 
 
 That says I must not stay." 
 
 Ticknell s Ballad. 
 
 88 In the debate on Lord North s first proposi 
 tion in Parliament, in February, 1775, to use co 
 ercive measures against the Colonies, the celebra 
 ted John Wilkes, then a member of the House of 
 Commons, took a couspi cuous part in favor of the
 
 270 NOTES. 
 
 Americans. He declared that " a proper resistance 
 to wrong was revolution, not rebellion," and pro 
 phetically intimated that if the Americans were 
 successful in the struggle then commenced, they 
 might, in after times, celebrate the Revolution of 
 1775, as the English did that of 1688, when they 
 drove the last of the Stuart kings from the throne. 
 
 CANTO IV. 
 
 1 The Tories during the Revolution, being not 
 only in the minority, but more hated by the Whigs 
 than were the British soldiery, were compelled to 
 use great caution, and their secret meetings were 
 held in cellars and -other lurking-places. 
 
 " The great hall or council-chamber of evil 
 spirits. A description of it, in Paradise Lost, Book 
 I., is one of the most sublime creations of Milton s 
 genius, and has been embodied by art, by the fine 
 pencil of Martin of our day. 
 
 3 In all New England cellars, bins are furnish 
 ed for vegetables in winter. They are general .y 
 about four feet in height, and form good plar u 
 for concealment. 
 
 * " His form had not yet lost 
 
 All its original brightness, nor appeared 
 Less than Archangel ruined." 
 
 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book x
 
 NOTES. 271 
 
 5 It must be remembered how the Whigs had 
 just robed poor Squire McFingal ia tar and 
 feathers. 
 
 6 See Note 6, Canto I. 
 
 7 See Note 98, Canto I. 
 
 8 Drunk on flip. See Note 5, Canto III. 
 
 J Tar is procured from the pine and fir trees, by 
 burning the wood by a close smothering heat. 
 
 10 " To drive the deere with hound and home, 
 
 Erie Percy took his way ; 
 The child may rue that is unborne, 
 The hunting of that day." 
 
 Clievy Chase. 
 
 11 John Malcolm was a Scotchman, who settled 
 in North Carolina after the famous rebellion of 
 1745. He was aid to Governor Tryon in 1771, 
 when he went against the Regulators. [See Note 
 12, Canto IV.] He afterward became a custom 
 house officer at Falmouth (now Portland), in 
 Maine; and early in 1774, he was in a similar 
 position in Boston. He was an insolent man. 
 One day he struck a tradesman for an alleged 
 insult, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. 
 The constable pretended he could not find him. 
 A mob gathered about his house, when he thrust 
 a sword through a broken window and wounded 
 oue of them. They broke in, found him in a 
 chamber, lowered him by a rope from a window 
 to a cart, tore off his clothes, tarred and feathered
 
 272 NOTES. 
 
 him, and dragged him through several of the 
 streets, with a rope around his neck, to Liberty 
 Tree. From there he was taken to a gallows on 
 Boston Neck, beaten, and threatened with death. 
 In the course of an hour, he was conveyed to the 
 extreme north end of the town ; and then, after be 
 ing bruised, and benumbed with cold for four 
 hours, they took him back to his house. What 
 became of him afterward, is not on record. He 
 was despised by both parties, and became equally 
 malevolent toward Whigs and Tories. 
 
 15 The rapacity of officials in North .Carolina, 
 caused a great increase in the taxes of the pro 
 vince during the adminstration of Governor Tryon. 
 The oppression was real not an abstract princi 
 ple, as in New England. The people in the in 
 terior associated for protection, and as already 
 mentioned, they called themselves Regulators of 
 public affairs. In the spring of 1771, their opera 
 tions became open rebellion, and Tryon marched 
 to subdue them with a strong militia force. The 
 belligerents met on the Allamance, a tributary of 
 the Haw, in Allamance County. While in oppos 
 ing battle order, Malcolm, Tryon s aid above 
 mentioned, was sent with a flag of truce. Recent 
 perfidy on the part of Tryon, made the Regulators 
 reckless of the rules of war, and they immediately 
 fired on the bearer. Malcolm took to his heels, 
 and, as tradition avers, the buttons of his small
 
 NOTES. 273 
 
 clothes gave way in his haste. " He saved his 
 life," however, and cared little for the ridicule. 
 
 13 There is in the scene that follows, a general 
 allusion to the appearance and speech of Hector s 
 Ghost, in the second book of Virgil s ^neid. 
 
 14 In 1715, a son of James the Second of Eng 
 land, who had been acknowledged king of that 
 realm, as James the Third, by Louis the Four 
 teenth of France, set up his standard in Scotland, 
 and caused a rebellion there. It was suppressed, 
 and the Pretender, as the prince was called, 
 escaped to the continent. In 1745, his son, 
 Charles Edward, landed in Scotland, proclaimed 
 his father king of Great Britain, and caused an 
 other serious rebellion. That, too, was suppressed 
 the following year, and many of the Highlanders 
 who were implicated came to America, and settled 
 in the Carolinas, as voluntary or involuntary 
 refugees. Among them was the famed Flora 
 McDonald. This was " the last rebellion " al 
 luded to by the poet. 
 
 15 " Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view, 
 
 Who stand upon the threshold of the new." 
 
 Waller. 
 
 16 JEneas was a celebrated Trojan warrior, 
 whose adventures and wanderings form the sub 
 ject of Virgil s ^Eneid. 
 
 11 Orpheus was a Greek poet, musician, and 
 philosopher. His beloved wife Eurydice died, and 
 12*
 
 274 NOTES. 
 
 the disconsolate husband determined to descend 
 to the regions of Pluto, and attempt to induce the 
 powers of the lower world to allow her to return 
 to the domain of light. His music charmed all the 
 gods of the infornal regions. His wife was re 
 leased, and allowed to follow him, on condition 
 than he should not look back upon her until they 
 had passed the confines of darkness. His impa 
 tience made him violate the conditions, and she 
 was lost to him for ever. 
 
 1S Erebus, in the old mythology, or Orcus, in 
 the ancient Latin religion, was the region of dark 
 ness. They were the same as Hades and Pluto 
 of the Greeks. 
 
 19 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book xi. 
 
 Milton s Paradise Lost, Book xi. Euphrasy 
 is a genus of plant, sometimes called eye-bright. 
 Rue is a bitter plant, and the two compounded, 
 were formerly used in making eye-water to 
 strengthen the vision. 
 
 21 The general rising of all the colonies to re 
 sistance, after the meeting of the first Continental 
 Congress in the autumn of 1774, is here alluded 
 to. Each colony had its particular flag. 
 
 22 The American Congress resolved, in the sum 
 mer of 1775, to invade Canada. An army under 
 General Schuyler went down Lake Champlain , 
 Schuyler sickened and returned to Albany Gene 
 ral Richard Montgomery took the command and 
 at the close of August, he appeared before St.
 
 NOTES. 275 
 
 John on the Sorel, the first military post within 
 the Canadian lines. He captured the fort and gar 
 rison, and pushing forward, captured Montreal, on 
 the nothern bank of the St. Lawrence, on the 13th 
 of November. Flushed with success, he pushed 
 forward toward his grand destination, Quebec. 
 He first besieged and then attempted to storm 
 the city. The attack was unsuccessful, and there 
 Montgomery lost his life. 
 
 43 In the summer of 1777, Lieutenant-general 
 Burgoyne, with a large force of British, Germans, 
 and Canadian soldiers, and a horde of Indians, in 
 vaded New York by the way of Lake Champlain. 
 He captured Ticonderoga in July, and pressing 
 forward, reached Saratoga on the upper Hudson, 
 in September. The Americans fortified Bemis s 
 Heights near Stillwater, to oppose him. A hard- 
 fought battle occurred. Burgoyne was driven 
 back, and after another battle early in October, 
 he was compelled to surrender his whole force of 
 more than five thousand men. 
 
 84 Before he crossed the Hudson, a little above 
 Stillwater, Burgoyne was induced to send an expe 
 dition to Bennington in Vermont, to capture need 
 ful stores and cattle, for his provision had become 
 very scarce. Five hundred Germans, Canadians, 
 and Tories, and one hundred Indians, all com 
 manded by a German officer, composed the expedi 
 tion. Colonel John Stark, with the New Hamp 
 shire militia, met them in the town of Hoosick, a
 
 276 NOTES. 
 
 few miles from Bennington, and after a severe 
 engagement, totally routed the invaders. This 
 defeat was a very severe blow to Burgoyne. 
 
 58 The British held possession of a strong fort 
 on Stony Point, a small rocky promontory, jutting 
 into the Hudson river a few miles below the lower 
 entrance to the Highlands. On the night of the 
 15th July, 1779, General Anthony Wayne led a 
 choice band of soldiers to surprise the garrison. 
 He was entirely successful ; and though severely 
 wounded in the head, he wrote to Washington, on 
 the ramparts, at two o clock in the morning, " The 
 fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours." 
 It was one of the most brilliant events of the war. 
 
 56 After being driven before the British host, 
 across New Jersey, Washington and his haudful 
 of half-starving, half-naked troops, stood shivering 
 in cold December, on the Pennsylvania shores of 
 the Delaware, opposite Trenton. A detachment 
 of Hessians, under Colonel Kail, occupied that 
 post. Christmas day approached. Washington 
 knew full well that the Germans would have a 
 carouse on that day, and therefore would be 
 weaker and less guarded than usual. On Christ 
 mas night he crossed the Delaware in boats, in 
 the midst of floating ice, eight miles above Tren 
 ton, and early in the morning, fell upon the Hes 
 sians while their commander was yet drinking 
 with boon companions. The Hessians were cap- 
 turod, and were taken across the river as prison-
 
 NOTES. 277 
 
 ers. This bold and brilliant stroke alarmed the 
 British, and gave new courage to the desponding 
 Americans. 
 
 57 Encouraged by his success at Trenton, Wash 
 ington resolved to act on the offensive. He crossed 
 the Delaware and took post at Trenton. Cornwal- 
 lis marched against him from Princeton ten miles 
 distant, leaving Colonel Mawhood in command of 
 a detachment there. Cornwallis encamped on one 
 side of a small stream, opposite the American 
 army, on the evening of the 2d of January, 1777, 
 intending to make an easy capture of the " rebels " 
 in the morning. During the night, Washington 
 secretly withdrew ; and at dawn, while Cornwallis 
 was rubbing his opening eyelids, he heard the 
 booming of Washington s cannon at Princeton. 
 At first he thought the sound was thunder ; he 
 was soon undeceived. The Americans, after a 
 severe skirmish at Princeton, defeated and routed 
 Mawhood, who was greatly applauded for his skill 
 in escaping with two hundred men. Cornwallis 
 came to his assistance, but Washington had hasten 
 ed forward, and was soon far beyond his reach in 
 the hill-country of the Jerseys. 
 
 48 In September, 1777, the Americans under 
 Washington, had a severe battle with the British 
 under Howe and Cornwallis, on the Brandywino 
 Creek, in lower Pennsylvania, and were defeated 
 with much loss. The British also suffered much 
 losa on that occasion. Not long afterward (early
 
 zy8 NOTES. 
 
 in October) there was a severe battle at German 
 town, in which the Americans and British lost 
 many men ; and during that month and November, 
 many more were slain at forts Mifflin and Mercer, 
 on the Delaware, a little below Philadelphia. 
 These events are alluded to by the poet. 
 
 29 This phraseology reminds us of the following 
 passage in Milton : 
 
 " Have ye chosen tin s place, 
 After the toils of battle, to repose 
 Your wearied virtue ; for the ease ye find 
 To slumber here, as in the vales of heaven ? " 
 
 30 See Note 24, Canto II. 
 
 31 The Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina, 
 already mentioned in Note 14, Canto IV, were 
 generally Loyalists, and at the commencement of 
 1776, they were organized, enrolled, and armed for 
 the royal cause, under Donald McDonald, who 
 was commissioned a brigadier-general by Martin, 
 the royal governor. McDonald set up his stand 
 ard at Cross Creek (now Fayetteville), and pre 
 pared for conflict. The patriot militia of neigh 
 boring districts under Carroll, Moore, and Lilling- 
 ton, marched against them. They met on MooreV 
 Creek, in Hanover county, and on the 27th of 
 February, a severe engagement occurred there. A 
 great many of the Scotchmen were killed, many 
 were made prisoners, Mid the remainder were
 
 NOTES. 279 
 
 routed and dispersed. Amcmg the prisoners was 
 the husband of Flora McDonald. 
 
 38 In the autumn of 1780, Major Patrick Fer 
 guson, an active officer under Cornwallis, was sent 
 into the mountain districts of South Carolina, to 
 embody the Tories. Early in October, he cross 
 ed the Broad River into the Yorkville district, 
 with about fifteen hundred Loyalists, and encamp 
 ed on King s Mountain. Several corps of Whig 
 niilitia were united to oppose him, and attacked his 
 camp there on the 7th of October. It was a 
 bloody conflict ; Ferguson was killed, and his 
 party were totally defeated, with great loss. This 
 side-engagement was as disastrous to Cornwallis, 
 then marching to invade North Carolina, as was 
 that of Bennington to Burgoyne. 
 
 3 Three months after the victory of the Ameri 
 cans on King s Mountain, General Morgan gained 
 another over Colonel Tarleton at the Cowpeus, in 
 the same neighborhood. It was a very brilliant 
 affair, and still more weakened the power of Corn 
 wallis. Tarleton, who was an exceedingly active 
 officer, managed to escape, closely pursued by 
 Colonel William Washington. These two officers 
 had a personal engagement during the pursuit, and 
 Tarleton was wounded in the hand. Afterward, 
 Tarleton was in the company of a witty Whig 
 lady in North Carolina, and remarked in a con 
 temptuous manner, " I would like to see this Colo 
 nel Washington of whom you speak so much."
 
 280 NOTES. 
 
 Had you looked behind you at the battle of the 
 Cowpens, you might have seen him," retorted the 
 lady. Having remarked to her sister, : I under 
 stand this Colonel AVashington cannot write his 
 name," glancing at Tarle ton s scarred hand, the 
 lady instantly replied, " You will acknowledge 
 that he knows how to make his mark." 
 
 34 General Greene, who succeeded General Gates 
 in the command of the Southern Army, was suc 
 cessful during the spring and summer of 1781, in 
 gradually driving the British toward the seaboard. 
 Marching slowly down the Santee, he fell upon 
 the British at Eutaw Springs, on the morning of 
 the 8th of September. A bloody battle ensued, 
 in which neither party gained an absolute victory. 
 It was disastrous to both, but especially so to the 
 British. Although they held the field at the end 
 of the conflict, they immediately abandoned it, and 
 fled percipitately toward Charleston. 
 
 35 Fabius was a successful Roman general, and 
 the great opponent of Hannibal. He was remark 
 able for his caution. He made many marches and 
 countermarches, and would never be drawn into 
 battle in a disadvantageous position. Because of 
 this system, which in time always worked favor 
 ably, he was called " the delayer," and was much 
 censured by the young and reckless officers. 
 Washington pursued a similar course throughout 
 the war, and with the same .success; yet he was 
 often censured for his " Fabian slowness."
 
 NOTES. 281 
 
 so An English philosophical writer of that name, 
 carried the ideal system of Locke so far as to deny 
 the existence of matter. 
 
 37 This is in allusion to the oft-repeated asser 
 tions in parliamentary resolves, in speeches from 
 the throne and the people, and in proclamations, 
 that Britain was omnipotent. 
 
 33 These two lines are omitted in the revised 
 editions of 1820 ; and the last one preceding them 
 was altered so as to read 
 
 " Absent from home, or fast asleep? " 
 
 39 The boast of British orators of that day. 
 
 40 Thus British orators and writers alluded to 
 Great Britain oftentimes with much display of 
 pompous declamation. 
 
 41 There was an English ballad, very famous and 
 much sung at that time, in which Neptune (styled 
 The Watry God) is made, with great deference, 
 to surrender his trident to King George, and to 
 acknowledge him as monarch and ruler of the 
 ocean. A hundred years before, Waller wrote : 
 
 " They that the whole world s monarchy design d, 
 Are to their ports by our bold fleet contin d, 
 From whence our red cross they triumphant see, 
 Riding without a rival on the sea." 
 
 And again, 
 
 " Others may use the ocean as their road, 
 Only the English make it their abode."
 
 282 NOTES. 
 
 ** See Note 47, Canto I. 
 
 43 The Erse was the ancient language of Scot 
 land. See Note 5, Canto I. 
 
 44 The old poets aver that Thetis, the mother of 
 Achilles, desirous of making him invulnerable, 
 plunged his whole body into the river Styx (the 
 water that divides mortality from immortality), 
 except his heel, by which she held him. Tradition 
 asserts that he was finally slain by an arrow which 
 penetrated his heel. There are various traditions 
 and myths concerning this celebrated hero of the 
 Trojan War. 
 
 43 A kibe is a chap or crack occasioned by cold> 
 or an ulcerated chilblain, as in the heels. 
 
 46 Paris was a son of Priam, king of Troy, and 
 was regarded as the cause of the ruin of his coun 
 try, as predicted by .ZEsacus, the soothsayer, at 
 his birth. He seduced and carried to Troy, Helen, 
 the beautiful wife of Menelaus, king of Crete. 
 This outrage led to the siege of Troy, its fall, and 
 the fulfilment of the predictions of ^sacus. Tra 
 dition relates that Paris hurled the fatal arrow 
 into the heel of Achilles. 
 
 41 Job, chapter ii. 
 
 4s The poet here alludes to the popular scandal 
 concerning the intimacy of General William Howe 
 with the wife of Joshua Loring, the commissary 
 of prisoners, mentioned in Note 91, Canto I. But 
 ler, in his .Hudibras, says in similar words: 
 The sun had long since, in the lap 
 Of Thetis, taken out his nap "
 
 . NOTES. 285 
 
 49 On Sunday evening, March 8, 1776, General 
 Thomas, with two thousand men, and proper en 
 trenching tools, cattle and carts, went secretly to 
 Dorchester Heights (now in South Boston), and 
 there, in the bright moonlight, unobserved by the 
 British in the city, they piled up huge fortifica 
 tions before the dawn, under the direction of 
 Richard Gridley, a veteran engineer. At break 
 of day, the breastworks were sufficiently high to 
 afford ample protection to the Americans. Howe, 
 overwhelmed with astonishment, exclaimed when 
 he saw those formidable works, " What shall I do ? 
 The rebels have done more in one night than my 
 whole army would have done in a month ! " They 
 had even done more than pile up the earth they 
 had placed cannons upon those mounds, and with 
 these commanded the town and harbor of Boston. 
 From that moment, Howe sought means for es 
 cape, and finally, through the wisdom and leniency 
 of Washington, he was allowed to sail away for 
 Halifax, unmolested, and followed by more than 
 three thousand Loyalists, who dared not brave 
 the indignation of the victorious Patriots. 
 
 50 The Titans are described by the ancient poets 
 as giants, sons of the earth, who rebelled against 
 Jupiter, the supreme ruler of the universe. They 
 heaped mountains upon mountains, in order to 
 scale Olympus, on whose apex was the throne of 
 Jupiter. They were driven back, discomfited bj 
 the thunders of Jove and the arrows of Apollo.
 
 284 NOTES. 
 
 51 Alluding to the hasty departure of the British 
 from Boston, when Howe perceived that he could 
 no longer keep it. Although Washington had 
 tacitly consented, on the application of Howe, to 
 allow him to depart unmolested, yet great terror 
 pervaded the ranks of the enemy, and the house 
 holds of the Tories. They all went on board the 
 ships on Sunday morning, March 17th ; and on the 
 same day the deserted city was taken possession 
 of by General Putnam in the name of the Thir 
 teen United Colonies. 
 
 M This is an allusion to the cities of refuge 
 among the Jews, in which, if a murderer or other 
 criminal could reach before arrest, he was safe 
 from punishment. The city of refuge here alluded 
 to was Halifax, in Nova Scotia, to which the 
 British army fled. 
 
 53 This was the victorious army of Burgoyne, 
 which, after capturing Ticonderoga and Mount In 
 dependence, gained a victory at Hubbardton, and 
 destroyed the American stores at Skenesborough, 
 now Whitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain. 
 Then, flushed with these successes, Burgoyne 
 marched slowly, but unimpeded by American arms 
 through the wilderness toward the Hudson River. 
 The people of that region fled in terror, for they 
 dreaded the savages who accompanied the invaders- 
 
 54 The manner of " hiving " bees, to which this 
 is an allusion, is mentioned in Note 8, Canto I. 
 
 65 The rape of Lucretia, by Sextus Tarquinius,
 
 NOTES. 285 
 
 is given in the old legends as the proximate cause 
 of the downfall of kingly power in Rome. The 
 tragic result of the outrage caused Brutus to 
 swear, by the pure blood which incarnadined a 
 dagger with which Lucretia had stabbed hers*clf, 
 that he would pursue to the uttermost Tarquinius 
 and all his race, and thenceforward suffer no man 
 to be king at Rome. The aroused people gathered 
 together, and passed a decree to the same effect, 
 and Tarquin the Superb was banished. Such is 
 the legend, which sober historians doubt. 
 
 w See Note 20, Canto III. 
 
 51 This has reference to the death of General 
 Fraser, during the first battle on Bemis s Heights. 
 Fraser was a gallant officer, and was mounted on 
 a splendid iron-gray horse. He was dressed in 
 full uniform, and made a conspicuous mark. Colo 
 nel Daniel Morgan, commander of the celebrated 
 rifle corps, perceived that the fate of the battle de 
 pended upon Fraser, and he ordered his riflemen 
 to shoot him. As was afterward ascertained, a 
 rifle-ball first cut the crupper of Fraser s horse, 
 and soon another passed through his horse s mane. 
 Fraser s aid noticed it and said, " It is evident 
 that you are marked out for particular aim ; would 
 it not be prudent for you to retire from this place ? " 
 Fraser replied, " My duty forbids me to fly from 
 danger* " and the next moment he fell, mortally 
 wounded by a ball from the rifle of Timothy Mur-
 
 286 NOTES. 
 
 phy, one of Morgan s men, who took sure aim from 
 a small tree into which he had mounted. 
 
 68 "Loose his beard and hoary hair, 
 
 Streamed like a meteor to the troubled air." GRAY. 
 
 . 
 
 59 Judges xv. 15. 
 
 60 After Burgoyne had surrendered his army at 
 Saratoga, and the terms of the capitulation were 
 agreed upon and settled, the prisoners, English 
 and Hessian, started under guard across the coun 
 try to Cambridge. They commenced the march 
 to the tune of Yankee Doodle, which they had so 
 often heard in derision in the British camp. The 
 pride of Burgoyne was dreadfully humbled by the 
 whole affair. He had declared that he would eat 
 his Christmas dinner in Albany, as a victor. He 
 dined there sooner than Christmas, but as a pris 
 oner, although a guest at the. table of General 
 Schuyler, whom he had greatly injured, by causing 
 his house, mills, and other property at Saratoga, to 
 be burned. 
 
 61 This allusion to Burgoyne s foppery is a very 
 happy one, as the young men of fashion who com 
 posed the Macaroni Club had very recently pro 
 duced a great sensation in England. They were 
 young men who had travelled in Italy, and had 
 returned, bringing with them all the vices and 
 follies which they had picked up there. They 
 formed their club in London in 1772, and were 
 particularly distinguished for their extravagance
 
 NOTES. 287 
 
 in dress. They wore enormous knots of hair be 
 hind, an exceedingly small cocked hat, an enor 
 mous walking-stick with long tassels, and jacket, 
 waistcoat, and breeches, cut very close. Soon 
 every thing that was fashionable was a la Maca 
 roni. Macaroni articles everywhere abounded, 
 and Macaroni songs were set to Macaroni music. 
 One song closed with this stanza : 
 
 "Five pounds of hair they wear behind, 
 
 The ladies to delight, 0, 
 Their senses give unto the wind, 
 
 To make themselves a fright, 0. 
 The fashion who does e er pursue, 
 
 I think a simple-toney ; 
 For he s a fool, say what you will, 
 
 Who is a Macaroni." 
 
 The word macaroni took the place of beau and 
 fribble, which had been given previously to men 
 of fashion. 
 
 *- See Note 66, Canto II. Bellona was the ac- 
 compl.ished goddess of war. 
 
 63 General Burgoyne was a natural son of Lord 
 Bingley, and was not only a successful soldier, but 
 a polished gentleman. He was a brigadier in Por 
 tugal in 1762. He was afterward a privy coun 
 cillor, and when he came to America in 1775, and 
 while a prisoner of war in 1777, he was a member 
 of the British Parliament. His misfortunes here 
 deprived him of the sunshine of the royal counte 
 nance ; and in 1780, after publishing his viudica-
 
 288 NOTES. 
 
 tion, he resigned all offices and their emoluments 
 and in 1781 joined the opposition in Parliament, 
 in favor of the Americans. From that time until 
 his death, in August, 1792, he was chiefly em 
 ployed in literary pursuits, in which he delighted. 
 
 64 When setting out for America, Burgoyne 
 playfully remarked that he meant to dance the 
 Whig ladies to obedience, and their husbands would 
 soon follow In this, as in many other things, the 
 British officers were disappointed. Howe and 
 Clinton, and some of their subordinates, expected 
 to " crush the rebellion " in a week almost ; and 
 they actually brought fishing-tackle with them, to 
 have some fine sport after the smoke of gunpowder 
 had cleared away. 
 
 65 Burgoyne s proclamations, like those of Gage, 
 were very pompous. He was fond of making 
 them, for he always delighted in the use of his 
 pen. While in Boston, during the siege, he wrote 
 a farce called Boston Blockaded, in which the per 
 son designed to represent Washington enters with 
 uncouth gait, wearing a large wig, a long, rusty 
 sword, and attended by a country servant with a 
 rusty gun. Other American officers were simi 
 larly burlesqued. While this farce was in course 
 of performance in the temporary theatre in Bos 
 ton, on the night of the 8th of January, 1776, a 
 sergeant suddenly entered and exclaimed, " The 
 Yankees are attacking our works on Bunker s 
 Hill ! " The audience thought this was part of
 
 NOTES. 289 
 
 the play, and laughed immoderately at the idea ; 
 but they were soon undeceived by the burly voice 
 of Howe shouting, " Officers, to your alarm-posts !" 
 The people were dispersed in great confusion. 
 The fact was, that Majors Knowlton, Carey, and 
 Henly, three gallant American officers, had crossed 
 the mill-dam from Cobble Hill, and had set fire 
 to some houses in Charlestown, at the foot of 
 Bunker s Hill, occupied by some British soldiers. 
 They burned eight houses, killed one man, and 
 carried off five prisoners. 
 
 66 Matthew Prior wrote his Alma, the best of 
 his works, while in confinement in the Tower of 
 London. 
 
 67 Sir Walter Raleigh wrote his famous History 
 of the World, while confined in the Tower on a 
 charge of treason. The first volume appeared in 
 1614. 
 
 68 John Wilkes, already mentioned in Note 88, 
 Canto III, was a fearless political writer during the 
 early years of the reign of George the Third, and 
 for a long time he was editor of The North 
 Britain. In the 45th number of that paper, pub 
 lished in 1763, he uttered sentiments considered 
 libellous, and he was sent to the Tower. His ar 
 rest was proved to be illegal, and he was released. 
 For several years, as editor, as alderman in Lon 
 don, and as a member of the House of Commons, 
 he was considered a very dangerous enemy to the 
 crown. Wilkes was a liceutious, unprincipled
 
 290 NOTES. 
 
 man ; and because he wrote an indecent Essay nn 
 Woman, he was arraigned before the King s 
 Bench, and, upon conviction, was expelled from 
 Parliament. He afterward obtained a verdict 
 against Wood, the uuder-secretary of state, with 
 $5,000 damages, and soon went to Paris He re 
 turned to England, was elected to the House of 
 Commons in 1768, but was deprived of his seat. 
 He became Lord Mayor of London in 1774, when 
 he took his seat in the House of Commons, and was 
 the friend of the Americans. He was afterward 
 Chamberlain of London. Wilkes flourished but in 
 the midst of agitation. When out of the troubled 
 sea of politics, he sunk into obscurity, and died 
 in the Isle of Wight, in 1797, at the age of 70 
 years. 
 
 69 General Prescott was twice made prisoner, 
 during the Revolution. The first time he was 
 captured at Montreal by Montgomery, near the 
 close of 1775 ; and the second time he was seized 
 in his rooms, while in command of the British on 
 Rhode Island, in July, 1777, taken to the Head- 
 Quarters of the American army, and afterward 
 exchanged for General Charles Lee, who had been 
 captured in New Jersey in December previous. 
 Colonel William Barton, with a few men in whale- 
 boats, crossed Narragansett Bay in the night, for 
 the purpose of seizing Prescott, who was a petty ty 
 rant of the meanest stamp. He was taken from his 
 bedroom, conveyed across to Warwick, and from
 
 NOTES. 2/j i 
 
 thence to Providence, and afterward to Head- 
 Quarters. A full account of the affair, with a 
 portrait of Barton and a picture of the house from 
 which Prescott was taken, may be found in Los- 
 sing s Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. 
 
 70 Here again is an allusion to Burgoyne s farce 
 of The Siege of Boston. The Maid of the Oaks 
 was another farce from his pen, which was much 
 thought of, and was often performed in the 
 English theatres. He also wrote a comedy en 
 titled The Heiress, which had great reputation. 
 Some critics have pronounced it one of the best 
 productions of the modern British drama. 
 
 11 This refers to the cruelties toward prisoners, 
 charged to Joshua Loring, the commissary. If 
 the stories related of his inhumanity to those who 
 fell into his hands were true, he was even worse 
 than the detested Cunningham, the keeper of the 
 Provost prison in New York. The Vampyre was 
 a creation of superstition, a belief in which pre 
 vailed extensively among many nations in Europe. 
 It was pretended to be a dead body, which arose 
 from the grave at night, and sucked the blood of 
 the living. 
 
 " * " a place 
 
 Before his eyes appeared, sad, noisome, dark, 
 
 A Lnzar-house it seemed Despair 
 
 Tended the sick, busiest from couch to couch, 
 And over them triumphant Death his dart 
 SLook, but delayed to strike." 
 
 Alilton s Paradise Lost, Book XL
 
 292 NOTES. 
 
 73 Murder was thus spelled in former times. 
 
 74 Sir Guy Carleton was a very humane m-an 
 After the unfortunate attack of the Americans on 
 Quebec, at the close of 1775, he treated the 
 " rebel " prisoners with great humanity, and final 
 ly paroled them. 
 
 75 It has been asserted, and not denied, that 
 after the battle near Brooklyn, on Long Island, 
 Howe and Clinton both allowed their troops, and 
 especially the Hessians, to tie up American prison 
 ers and use them for marks to fire at. The excuse 
 was that such treatment would keep the people 
 from joining the rebel army, and thus the rebel 
 lion would be sooner ended ! " 
 
 76 Among other measures to distress the people, 
 great pains were taken by the British in New 
 York, to communicate the small-pox throughout 
 the country, and especially to the American army. 
 At that time Jenuer had just announced, in Eng 
 land, his great discovery of vaccination, but it was 
 not practised iu America until about the close of 
 the Revolution. Inoculation was resorted to ; and 
 while the army lay in the Highlands in 1781 the 
 soldiers were inoculated by companies. 
 
 77 After the battles on Long Island and Fort 
 Washington, where a great many Americans were 
 made prisoners, the places of confinement on ship 
 board and* in New York were crowded with the 
 captives. Impure air and food soon caused a 
 terrible mortality among them. They died by
 
 NOTES. 293 
 
 scores, and the disease known as the pi isori-fever, 
 similar to that of the ship fever of our day, be 
 came apparently contagious. The British endea 
 vored to infect the American camp with the dis 
 ease. A multitude of Americans perished on board 
 the old Jersey and other prison-ships in the har 
 bor of New York, and in the old sugar-houses in 
 the city, which, being strong and large, were con 
 verted into jails. 
 
 78 Judges. Chapter iv. 
 
 79 Punic was the ancient language of the Car 
 thaginians ; and the contests in which the Romans 
 and that people were involved, during more than 
 three centuries, were called Panic Wars. The 
 Carthaginians were so notoriously treacherous, and 
 unfaithful, that the Romans made the expression 
 Punica Fides Punic Faith synonymous with 
 unfaithfulness to promises. 
 
 88 Ammon or Hammon was the name given to 
 Jupiter, as worshipped in Libya, in Africa. He 
 is represented with the head and horns of a ram, 
 because a legend asserts that when the army under 
 Bacchus was in Africa, and about to perish for 
 want of water, a ram appeared and guided them 
 to an oasis where it was found in abundance. 
 Bacchus erected a temple to Jupiter on the spot, 
 and gave the impersonation of the deity the form 
 above mentioned. The poet thought Loring a fit 
 priest, because (again alluding to the unfaithfulness 
 of the commissary s wife) the Libyan Aramon 
 wore horns.
 
 294 NOTES. 
 
 " Bel or Baal was an ancient Chaldean idol, 
 mentioned by both Isaiah and Jeremiah. Baal is 
 also mentioned in the Book of Numbers, Judges, 
 and Kings. It is said to have devoured enormous 
 quantities of food daily, which the people supplied, 
 and which, of course, the priests and their friends 
 consumed. 
 
 62 Moloch was the chief idol of the Ammonites, 
 in Canaan, and is mentioned in the eleventh chap 
 ter of 1 Kings. The idol was made of brass, 
 seated on a throne of the same metal, with the 
 head of a calf, and a crown on it. Parents often 
 sacrificed their children to this divinity. It was 
 heated by fire beneath, and when tlie children 
 were put into its hot brazen arms, they rolled into 
 the idol and were consumed. Bullocks and other 
 animals were also offered to Moloch in sacrifice. 
 
 83 See Rabelais s history of the Giant Gar- 
 gantua. 
 
 84 Jonah, Chapter i. 
 
 83 Genesis, Chapter xli. 
 
 88 This sentence refers to the alleged cruelties 
 of Lord Clive (who was governor first of Fort St. 
 David, and then of Bengal in the East Indies) 
 toward the native inhabitants, whom, as military 
 commander, he conquered. By his exploits he 
 gained the title of Omrah of the Mogul Empire, 
 an Irish peerage and immense wealth. He re 
 tired to England in 1767, and in November, 1773, 
 he committed suicide by cutting his throat. The
 
 NOTES. 295 
 
 Black Hole " referred to, was a dungeon m Cal 
 cutta, where, on the 20th of June, 1756, the Na 
 bob or chief man confined one hundred and forty- 
 six British gentlemen merchants and others in 
 the service of the East India Company, in a room 
 only eighteen feet square. The heat, crushing, 
 and stench of the dungeon, caused the death of 
 one hundred and twenty-three of the prisoners be 
 fore morning. It was the Provost prison (now 
 Hall of Records) in New York, and especially the 
 sugar house in Liberty street, and the Jersey 
 prison ship, which the poet here alludes to in the 
 comparison. 
 
 87 The various districts of the East Indies were 
 governed by wealthy subordinate rulers called 
 Nabobs. It has become a term significant of a 
 very wealthy man. 
 
 83 In the latter part of his life Lord Clive con 
 ceived himself haunted by the ghosts of those per 
 sons in the East, who were the victims of his inhu 
 manity. Notwithstanding the alleged cruelties 
 of Clive were not doubted by the British nation, 
 the then corrupt Parliament, before whom he was 
 accused, awarded him a vote of thanks for his ser 
 vices in the East Indies. But 
 
 "Conscience makes cowards of us all." 
 
 89 These three commanders were famous during 
 portions of the war, for their marauding services. 
 " Judges, Chapter xv.
 
 296 N O T E S. 
 
 91 We have already referred to the ravages of 
 Tryon and others on the New England coasts, 
 and to the operations of Lord Dunmore in Virginia. 
 In South Carolina, likewise, many negroes were 
 taken from the plantations, by marauding parties, 
 and those who did not perish were sent to the 
 West Indies and sold. And every -where, espe 
 cially during the earlier years of the war, before 
 the opportunities which the Americans obtained 
 for retaliation had taught the British and Hessian 
 troops circumspection, they committed the most, 
 outrageous crimes. 
 
 t2 The King and Parliament were both long de 
 ceived by the reports of expected aids from the 
 Tories sent over by the military commanders here. 
 Indeed, it was believed by the ministry, even as 
 late as the time of the capture of Burgoyne, that 
 the wiiig party was a very small one, and that the 
 great body of the people of the colonies were loyal, 
 when fear of the violent patriots would allow them 
 to be so. The fact was the reverse of this. 
 
 93 In February, 1778, Lord North proposed in 
 parliament, a conciliatory plan, which, he thought, 
 would end all difficulties with the colonies. He 
 proposed to repeal all obnoxious acts of parlia 
 ment, if the Americans would rescind their Dec 
 laration of Independence, and return to the loyalty 
 of loving colonists. The proposition was in the 
 form of two bills. These bills arrived in America 
 about the middle of April. They were looked
 
 NOTES. 297 
 
 npon with suspicion, and were called " deception- 
 ary bills." Congress refused to accede to the 
 terms offered in these bills, because the independ 
 ence of the colonies was not guarantied. Com 
 missioners to negotiate with Congress, in accord 
 ance with North s proposition, arrived in June. 
 They were the Earl of Carlisle, George Johnstone, 
 formerly governor of West Florida, and William 
 Eden, a brother of the then .late governor of Mary 
 land. They were accompanied by the eminent 
 Adam Ferguson, as secretary. The proceedings 
 of Congress, before the arrival of the Commis 
 sioners, had barred the door effectually to all 
 negotiations, and they found their " occupation 
 gone." 
 
 " medicatam frugibus offam." See 
 an account of the descent of ^Eneas into hell, in 
 Virgil s ^Eneid, Book vi. 
 
 95 When the commissioners found they could do 
 nothing officially, Johnstone determined to try the 
 power of money and place, by offering such bribes 
 to public men. Because of his notoriously cor 
 rupt conduct, the Congress declared that no inter 
 course should be had with him. Yet he persisted, 
 flattering some and boldly approaching others with 
 promises of royal favor. 
 
 96 rpk e petticoated politician here alluded to, 
 Was an American lady, daughter of Dr. Thomas 
 Graeme of Pennsylvania, and then the wife of 
 Hugh Ferguson, a relation of the secretary of the 
 
 13*
 
 298 NOTES. 
 
 commissioner. Her husband being in the British 
 service, she was much in the company of Loyalists. 
 Being a woman of superior attainments, and ac 
 quainted with many leading men in Congress, 
 Johnstone succeeded in making her an unconscious 
 instrument of his corrupt efforts. He first spoke to 
 her warmly in favor of American interests, and she 
 believed him to be a true friend of her country. 
 He expressed a strong desire to stop the effusion 
 of blood, and intimated that, if a proper representa 
 tion could be made to leading men in Congress, a re 
 conciliation might yet be effected. Her womanly 
 sympathies were aroused, and Johustone, who was 
 not permitted to go within the American lines, 
 desired Mrs. Ferguson to say to General Joseph 
 Reed that, provided he could, conformably to his 
 conscience and views of things, exert his influence 
 to settle the dispute, he might command ten thou 
 sand guineas and the best post in government. 
 Mrs. Fergusou suggested that such a proposition 
 would be considered as a bribe by General Reed. 
 Johnstone disclaimed the idea ; and, convinced of 
 his sincerity and good will, she sought an inter 
 view with General Reed, three days after the 
 British evacuated Philadelphia, and laid the pro 
 position before him. Reed afterward declared, 
 that he at once exclaimed, " My influence is but 
 small, but were it as great as Governor Johnstone 
 would insinuate, the King of Great Britain has 
 nothing within his gift that would tempt me."
 
 NOTES. 299 
 
 This attempt at bribery was soon made known 
 to the public. .The alleged reply of General Reed 
 went from lip to lip ; the commissioners were every 
 where denounced, and poor Mrs. Ferguson, the 
 innocent dupe of a corrupt hireling, was accused of 
 being a British emissary. She outlived all sus 
 picions, however. 
 
 97 Benedict Arnold s services against his gov 
 ernment were actually purchased for ten thousand 
 guineas and the commission of a brigadier in the 
 British army. This was the stipulated considera 
 tion for the betrayal of the strong fortress at 
 West Point and its dependencies, into the hands 
 of Sir Henry Clinton, in September, 1780. He 
 failed in his wicked purpose, escaped to the enemy, 
 received his reward, and performed eminent ma 
 rauding services for his royal master, during the 
 remainder of the war. Arnold had been a brave, 
 skilful, and exceedingly useful officer before his 
 fall. 
 
 98 It was very fortunate for the Americans, that 
 inefficient men like the brothers Howe commanded 
 the British land and naval forces at the commence 
 ment of the Revolution. General Howe, in par 
 ticular, always moved slowly, and when he had 
 gained a victory, he almost always lost the advan 
 tages of it by supineness. Such was the case after 
 his victory near Brooklyn. The really captive 
 army of Washington within the American lines 
 escaped to New York, while Howe was sleeping
 
 300 NOTES. 
 
 and yet, for his victory on that occasion, he was 
 knighted and became Sir William Howe. He re 
 mained in Philadelphia after he had captured it 
 in the autumn of 1777, for many months, with a 
 well-provisioned and well-furnished army, while 
 the half-starved, half-clad, and feeble force.of the 
 Americans were shivering and famishing at Valley 
 Forge, only twenty miles distant. Yet he made 
 no attempt at what might have been an easy cap 
 ture of the whole. His idle army in the city be 
 came greatly weakened by inactivity and dissipa 
 tion. Dr, Franklin justly observed, <; Howe has 
 not taken Philadelphia; Philadelphia has taken 
 Howe." The acute Colonel Hamilton, young as 
 he was, said to General Washington, when that 
 officer was regretting his failure in capturing 
 Howe, " For my part I am glad of it, for Great 
 Britain might have sent a more active man in his 
 place." 
 
 99 The Continental Congress held its session at 
 York, Pennsylvania, while the British held posses 
 sion of Philadelphia during the winter and spring 
 of 1778. In May, after being honored by a re 
 markable fete called Mischianza, iu the prepara 
 tion of which the unfortunate Major Andre was 
 the principal actor, General Howe resigned the 
 command of the army to Sir Henry Clinton and 
 returned to England. He was severely censured 
 by Burgoyne and other military men, and some 
 spicy correspondence, statements, &c., ensued.
 
 NOTES. ^of 
 
 Howe was a good-natm-ed, full-fed, heavy, indolent 
 man " the most indolent of mortals," according 
 to General Charles Lee, who averred that he 
 " never took pains to examine the merits or de 
 merits of the cause in which he was engaged." 
 Howe jmblished a narrative of his campaigns in 
 America, the style of which partakes largely of 
 the sluggishness of his character. He died 
 in 1814. 
 
 100 This was Sir Henry Clinton. He was grand 
 son of Francis, sixth Earl of Lincoln, and was 
 Knight of the Bath. He came to America just 
 before the Battle of Bunker Hill, and remained 
 until near the close of the war. Clinton was quite 
 an active officer, yet not a very skilful one. Soon 
 after his return home, he published a narrative of 
 his campaigns in 1781-83, which Lord Cornwallis, 
 another of the British commanders here, thought 
 
 i O 
 
 it necessary to answer. To this Clinton made a 
 reply. Clinton was Governor of Gibraltar in 
 1795, and the same year he was elected a member 
 of parliament. He died the following year. 
 
 101 Soon after taking command of the British 
 army in America, Sir Henry Clinton was in 
 formed that a powerful French fleet, under the 
 Count D Estaing, was on its way, and would prob 
 ably block up and perhaps capture the British ves 
 sels in the Delaware under the command of Earl 
 Howe, and thus secure New York. He immedi 
 ately resolved to evacuate Philadelphia and the
 
 30* NOTES. 
 
 Delaware, and hasten with army and fleet to Ne\* 
 York. With eleven thousand men and an im 
 mense baggage and provision train he started foi 
 New York, by way of New Brunswick. Wash 
 ington, at Valley Forge, was on the alert, and 
 commenced a pursuit of Clinton with a more than 
 equal force. By the adroit movement of detach 
 ments, he compelled Clinton to change his course 
 in the direction of Sandy Hook. 
 
 102 Clinton was sore pressed by his pursuers, and 
 the New Jersey militia greatly annoyed him on 
 the flanks. Finally he was obliged to halt at 
 Momnouth Court-House, (now Freehold, New 
 Jersey,) change front, and engage in a general 
 battle with the Americans. The engagement com 
 menced quite early on Sunday morning, the 28th 
 day of June, 1778. It was one of the hottest dajs 
 ever experienced in that latitude. All day the 
 conflict raged, and night only put an end to it. 
 Both parties slept on their arms, the Americans, 
 under Washington, intending to renew the battle 
 in the morning. Clinton chose rather to avoid that 
 necessity, and at midnight he silently resumed his 
 march, undiscovered by the wearied and sleeping 
 Americans. 
 
 103 In his official dispatch to Lord George Ger 
 main, Clinton wrote : " Having reposed the troops 
 until ten at night, to avoid the excessive heat of 
 the day, I took advantage of the moonlight to re- 
 joiu CJuucrul Knyphausen, [the commander of the
 
 NOTES. 303 
 
 Hessians,] who had advanced to Nut Swamp, near 
 Middletown." This dispatch caused a great deal 
 of merriment in America, for it was known that 
 the event took place at about the time of new 
 moon. Poor Will s Almanac, printed by Joseph 
 Cruikshank, in Philadelphia, indicates the occur 
 rence of new moon, on the 24th of June, and be 
 ing four days old on the night of the battle, it set 
 at fifty-five minutes past ten. Clinton had waited 
 for its setting in order to 
 
 " Steal off on tiptoe in the dark." 
 
 104 In his retreat, Clinton placed Knyphausen 
 and his Germans in the rear. In fact during the 
 whole time of service of the German troops in 
 America, they were always used as shields to the 
 British, and were made to perform those services 
 in which honorable soldiers would not willingly 
 consent to be engaged. 
 
 103 The poet s allusion here, to the remarkable 
 event recorded in the tenth chapter of the Book 
 of Joshua, is very pertinent, and is elucidated by 
 note 103. 
 
 ll6 This refers to the treaty of friendship and 
 alliance, formed between the struggling colonies 
 and France, on the 6th of February, 1778. The 
 Bourbon king of France had been secretly aiding 
 the revolted colonies, by supplies of arms, ammu 
 nition, and money, ever since 1776, but unwilling 
 to have an untimely rupture with Great Britain,
 
 304 NOTES. 
 
 all the transactions were so conducted as to have 
 a commercial aspect in private hand*. But when 
 the success of the Americans appeared certain 
 after they had, unaided, captured the powerful 
 army of Burgoyne, the French king saw that he 
 might then inflict a severe blow upon his old enemy, 
 England, by acknowledging the independence of 
 the colonies, and by forming an alliance with them. 
 That measure was soon accomplished, and the in 
 telligence that, on account of that alliance, France 
 had sent a powerful fleet to America, caused, as 
 we have seen (note 101), the evacuation of Phila 
 delphia and the Delaware by the British land and 
 naval forces. 
 
 107 Pursuant to the terms of the treaty of al 
 liance with France, the Count D Estaing sailed 
 from Toulon with a powerful fleet in April, 1778, 
 and arrived off the Capes of the Delaware in July 
 following. The British fleet had escaped to the 
 safe anchorage within Sandy Hook, where the heavy 
 French vessels could not reach them. After block 
 ading Howe s fleet there for a short time, D Estaing 
 sailed eastward, to aid the Americans in rescuing 
 Rhode Island from the British. Off Newport, iu 
 August, D Estaing and a fleet under Howe, which 
 had followed him from New York, attempted to 
 fight, but a terrible gale dispersed both fleets, and 
 damaged them badly. 
 
 108 In 1779, D Estaing was sent to the West 
 Indies with a powerful fleet, captured St. Vincent
 
 NOTES. 305 
 
 and Grenada from the English, defeated Admiral 
 Biron in a naval engagement, and made prizes of 
 a British ship-of-the-line, and several frigates, on 
 the southern coast of the United States. He also 
 assisted in the siege of Savannah, in the autumn 
 of that year ; but, pretending to fear the effect of 
 the autumn storms upon his fleet, he abandoned 
 the siege when victory was almost in the grasp of 
 the allies, and went to sea. 
 
 109 Charles Henry, Count D Estaing, was a na 
 tive of Auvergne, France. He was a famous sol 
 dier in the French service in the East Indies in 
 1756, was made prisoner by the English, broke 
 his parole and escaped. He commanded an ex 
 pedition against Grenada. He became a member 
 of the Assembly of Notables in the French Revo 
 lution, and, being suspected of unfriendliness 
 toward the Terrorists, he was guillotined in 
 April, 1793. 
 
 110 Francis Joseph Paul, Count De Grasse, was 
 a native of France, and born in 1723. He was an 
 active naval officer in the West Indies, before 
 coming upon the American coast, and afterward 
 performed signal service in assisting in the cap 
 ture of Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 
 October, 1781. He formed an alliance with an 
 unworthy woman after his return to France, whose 
 conduct embittered his life. He died early in 
 1788, at the age of sixty-five years. 
 
 11 The life and services of the Marquis De La
 
 306 NOTES. 
 
 Fayette, arc too well known to every American 
 reader, to need any special notice here. 
 
 1U General Lincoln was second in command of 
 the army under Gates, at die capture of Burgoyne. 
 He was appointed to succeed General Ilobert 
 Howe in command of the southern army, in 
 1779; and in the spring of 1780, having been 
 ordered by Congress to defend Charleston, the 
 capital of South Carolina, at all hazards, he 
 collected what force he could there, and sustained 
 a siege, conducted by Sir Henry Clinton, Lord 
 Coruwallis, and Admiral Arbuthnot, for several 
 weeks. He was at length compelled to yield, and 
 on the 12th of May surrendered his army and the 
 city to the victorious enemy. 
 
 113 After the capture of Charleston, the British 
 officers displayed an activity hitherto unknown to 
 them, and Clinton left Coruwallis to take energetic 
 measures for a complete subjugation of the whole 
 South. Cornwallis himself marched up the Santee 
 toward Camden; another detachment under Colo 
 nel Cruger took possession of Fort Ninety-six in the 
 south-western part of South Carolina, and another, 
 under Lieutenant-colonel Brown, who, like Cruger, 
 was an American Loyalist, took possessiou of 
 Augusta, in Georgia. For a while, these two 
 States were completely crushed beneath the heel 
 of British power. 
 
 114 This refers to the partisan corps under Sum- 
 ter, Morgan, Marion, Pickens, Clark, Buford,
 
 NOTES. 307 
 
 and other bold leaders, but especially to the van 
 quished array of Gates mentioned in the next 
 note. 
 
 115 General Gates was sent to the South after 
 the fall of Charleston, to rally the patriots and 
 reclaim Georgia and South Carolina. He went 
 with proud confidence of success, and in a night 
 and early morning, engagement with Cornwallis, 
 near Camden, he was signally defeated, his whole 
 army was dispersed, and he was compelled to be 
 come a flying fugitive with only a handful of at 
 tendants. General Charles Lee, (then in disgrace 
 because of bad conduct at Monmouth,) who knew 
 Gates well, said to him, on his departure, " Take 
 care that you do not exchange your Northern 
 laurels for Southern willows." To this the poet 
 alludes. 
 
 116 After the defeat of Gates, Cornwallis pressed 
 forward into North Carolina, took post at Hills- 
 borough, and really held military sway, even to the 
 borders of Virginia, which, also, he included in 
 his programme of conquest. 
 
 157 This is in allusion to Arnold s marauding ex 
 peditions in Virginia. He sent off several cargoes 
 of negroes and tobacco (the fruits of his plunder) 
 to the West Indies, ani sold them for his own 
 profit. 
 
 118 Admiral Lord Rodney, having been unsuc 
 cessful in attempting to recapture St. Vincent 
 from the French, in 1781, sailed for the Dutch
 
 308 NOTES. 
 
 island of St. Eustatius, where there was an im 
 mense amount of goods, belonging to people of 
 several nations, neutrals as well as belligerents, 
 because it was a free island. The Governor had 
 not heard of the commencement of hostilities be 
 tween Great Britain and Holland, and being un 
 prepared, made no defence. The value of the 
 capture was immense. Two hundred and fifty 
 vessels, some with rich cargoes, were taken, and 
 goods valued at three millions of pounds sterling 
 were seized. This capture of property belonging 
 to subjects of neutral nations, and the general 
 seizure and sale of private as well as public pro 
 perty for the benefit of the captors, was truly an 
 insult to the laws of nations. 
 
 19 In allusion to Tryon s marauding expeditions 
 already referred to. 
 
 110 After the defeat of Gates near Camden, in 
 August, 1780, General Nathaniel Greene was ap 
 pointed to the command of the Southern army. 
 He soon gathered a considerable force, took post 
 at Cheraw on the east, and on the Broad River ou 
 the west, and prepared to reclaim the Carolinas. 
 He was, however, compelled to flee before Corn- 
 wallis to Virginia, early in 1781. Greene re 
 mained in Virginia only long enough to refresh 
 his troops and receive recruits, when he again 
 entered North Carolina. The decisive battle at 
 Guilford Court- House, in which Cornwallis was 
 victor, so far as maintaining the field was con-
 
 NOTES. 309 
 
 oerncd, occurred in March. " Another such vio 
 tory," said Charles Fox in the House of Commons, 
 " will ruin the British army." It was disastrous 
 to Cornwallis, and he hastened with the remains 
 of his army to Wilmington, near the seaboard, 
 and then pushed forward into Virginia, wher&, 
 Benedict Arnold, the traitor, was marauding. 
 
 121 During the spring and summer of 1781, 
 Greene swept every vestige of British power from 
 the interior of the Carolinas, and drove the enemy 
 toward the coast. Outposts, forts, encampments, 
 depots, all were captured or broken up, and the 
 lost South was almost completely regained. When, 
 in October, Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, 
 the British in South Carolina were confined to 
 Charleston, and those in Georgia were hemmed 
 within the narrow limits of Savannah and its im 
 mediate vicinity. 
 
 u " 2 After in vain attempting to overrun and sub 
 due Virginia, Cornwallis, close pressed by La 
 Fayette, Wayne and Steuben, slowly retired sea 
 ward; and, pursuant to orders from General Clin 
 ton, to be prepared to come to his aid at New 
 York, if necessary, he crossed the James River 
 and took post at Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk. 
 Disl-king that situation, he entered the Chesapeake 
 Bay, and going up York River, commenced forti 
 fying the village of York, and Gloucester Point, 
 opposite. There he constructed heavy fortifications, 
 and seemed to defy the power of t!ie Americans.
 
 310 NOTES. 
 
 m When General Clinton heard of the march of 
 the allied armies southward, he sent Admiral 
 Graves to assist Cornwallis. But the Count De 
 Grasse, who had just arrived with his fleet from 
 the West Indies, was already in Lynn Haven Bay, 
 within the capes, and Graves could not enter York 
 River. After the two fleets had a slight combat 
 just outside the mouth of the Chesapeake, Graves 
 withdrew. 
 
 u 4 Count Rochambeau, the commander-in-chief 
 of the French army in America, joined Washing 
 ton on the Hudson, a few miles above New York, 
 in the summer of 1781. After deceiving Clinton 
 into the belief that they intended to attack him 
 in New York, the allied armies made rapid 
 marches southward, at the suggestion of La 
 Fayette, who was watching Cornwallis there. 
 They arrived at Williamsburgh, a few miles from 
 Yorktown, twelve thousand strong, on the 28th of 
 September, and made immediate preparations to 
 attack the invader. 
 
 H5 After the capture of Burgoyne at Saratoga, 
 in 1777, to Burgoyne an army, was a favorite ex 
 pression in America, when alluding to a total and 
 complete capture. 
 
 m According to Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, 
 Cadmus, the founder of Grecian Thebes, wish 
 ing to sacrifice to the gods a cow which he had 
 followed to the spot, by command of the Delphic 
 Oracle, he sent to a fountain for water. It was
 
 NOTES. 311 
 
 guarded by a serpent, which he afterwards killed. 
 By direction of Minerva, he sowed its teeth, and 
 instantly a crop of armed men started up from the 
 ground, five of whom assisted him in building 
 Thebes. 
 
 J *" Fnding his fortifications to be gradually 
 crumbling under the terrible blows of the allied 
 besiegers, Cornwallis sought shelter for himself 
 and army, by flight. He determined to cross the 
 York river, break through the French troops on 
 the other side, and make forced marches toward 
 New York. Just as a part of his troops were 
 embarked a sudden tempest arose, and they were 
 driven back. Cornwallia was foiled, and saw no 
 alternative but surrender or destruction. 
 
 128 Yorktown stands upon a high bluif of rock 
 marl, making the shore of the York river, very 
 precipitous. At the foot of this bank Cornwallis 
 had an excavation made, in which, secure from 
 the rage of battle above, he held councils with his 
 officers. That excavation has now disappeared, 
 but another made since, was shown to visitors, at 
 a shilling a-piece, as the identical one, when the 
 writer visited Yorktown a few years ago. 
 
 1J9 Driven to extremities, and despairing of aid 
 from General Clinton, Cornwallis offered to nego 
 tiate for a surrender of his whole army. It was 
 done, and in the presence of a vast concourse of 
 people assembled from the country, and before 
 the allied armies, the sword of Cornwallis was
 
 312 NOTES. 
 
 delivered by General O Hara to General Lincoln, 
 and the whole army laid down their arms, on the 
 19th of October, 1781. The shipping in the 
 river every thing became spoils of victory. 
 The whole number of persons surrendered, was a 
 little more than seven thousand. 
 
 130 f>} 16 Vi r gi n i a Loyalists, and those who had 
 accompanied Cornwallis from North Carolina. 
 
 131 Edicts issued by the popes were called Bulls, 
 from the seal (bulla) attached to them. These 
 seals were made of metals and wax. The cele 
 brated " golden bull " of the Emperor Charles the 
 Fourth, was so called because the seal was made 
 of gold. 
 
 13J The British commanders, and especially 
 Cornwallis, had proclaimed full protection to the 
 Loyalists, on all occasions. There were about 
 fifteen hundred Tories with Cornwallis at York- 
 town. All the favor he asked for them, on his 
 surrender, was that a vessel might be provided to 
 carry away the most obnoxious, who were afraid 
 to meet the resentment of the Whigs. 
 
 133 Genesis, Chapter iv. 
 
 i " From his horrid hair, 
 
 Shakes pestilence and war." 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Before alluded to the often re 
 peated assurances in British proclamations, that
 
 NOTES. 313 
 
 the " door of mercy is now open," and " the door 
 of mercy will be shut." The poet seemed to fear 
 that the hinge of that door so constantly swinging, 
 might be quite worn out. 
 
 w The genius of America was generally repre 
 sented as a native female, in the scant costume of 
 the aborigines, and head dressed with the long 
 plumage of the eagle and other birds. Such a 
 figure may be seen on the colonial pendant seals. 
 " Tories dressed in plumes," is an allusion to their 
 being tarred and feathered. 
 
 187 Referring to the American flag. 
 
 138 In allusion to Lord Mansfield s favorite dis 
 position of culprits, by transporting them into 
 exile in some colony of Great Britain. 
 
 139 King George the Third, and Lord North, his 
 prime minister. 
 
 140 In law, a writ to restrain a person from 
 going out of the kingdom, without the king s per 
 mission. 
 
 141 The description of Continental paper money, 
 which here follows, is one of the finest examples of 
 the sublime burlesque to be found in our language, 
 especially when all its allusions are made plain by 
 the light of history. 
 
 14 The crutches called " Regulation " and " Ten- 
 der," by which the specter was supported, were the 
 acts of the State legislatures, in their attempts to 
 prevent the depreciation of the Continental money, 
 and to maintain its credit. Some of those acts 
 14
 
 314 NOTES. 
 
 were for the regulation of the prices of commodi 
 ties, and the others were 1 to make that paper a 
 lawful tender, in payment for goods, or debts. 
 
 143 On all the emissions of Continental Bills, 
 there was printed the pledge of Congress for their 
 punctual redemption, in the words, " The Faith of 
 the United States." 
 
 144 See Note 62, Canto IV. 
 
 145 On the 22d of June, 1775, the Continental 
 Congress resolved to issue bills of credit, or paper 
 money, to pay the current expenses of the war. 
 This was called Continental money. These bills 
 were issued soon afterward, and new emissions 
 were authorized from time to time, until the aggre 
 gate sum put forth represented two hundred mil 
 lions of dollars. Within a little more than two 
 years after their emission, they began to depreciate 
 in value, because the pledge, printed upon each 
 bill, that Congress would pay gold and silver for 
 them, could not be redeemed. In 1780, forty 
 paper dollars were worth only one in specie ; and 
 so rapid was the depreciation, that at the close of 
 1781, they were worthless. They had performed 
 a temporary public good, but produced much in 
 convenience, and even suffering, to individuals. 
 To the worthlessness of this currency the poet al 
 ludes in speaking of the " Ghost of Continental 
 money." 
 
 146 Brazil in South America, is one a? the chief 
 sources from whence diamonds have been pro-
 
 NOTES. 315 
 
 cured in modern times. The allusion to Peruvian 
 wealth, refers to the rich gold and silver mines 
 the richest then known in the world discovered by 
 the Spanish conquerors of Peru, as well as the im 
 mense amount of precious metals found in the 
 temples, and in the palaces of the Incas or rulers 
 of that country. 
 
 147 Danae was the daughter of a king of Argos, 
 who on consulting an oracle, was told that she 
 would bear a son who would deprive the king of 
 his life. To prevent this, the king shut her up 
 in a brazen tower, with her nurse. Jupiter had 
 seen and loved the maiden ; and under the form 
 of a golden shower, he poured through the roof, 
 into her bosom. She became the mother of Per 
 seus, by Jupiter, and the young man killed his 
 grandfather, by accident. 
 
 145 One of the most ruinous speculations of 
 modern times, was the conception of John Law of 
 Edinburgh, who, by remarkable shrewdness in 
 financial schemes, became comptroller-general of 
 the treasury of France. He proposed three 
 schemes a bank, an East India Company, and a 
 Mississippi Land and Trading Company. The 
 French ministry became enamored with his plans 
 in 1710, and in 1716 Law opened a bank in his 
 own name, under the Regent of France. Most of 
 the people of property, and of all ranks, pur 
 chased shares in his bank and his companies, with 
 the expectation of immense profits. His was de
 
 316 NOTES. 
 
 clared a royal bank in 1718. The shares rapidly 
 appreciated in value upwards of twenty-fold that 
 of the original and in 1719, they were worth 
 eighty times the amount of all the current specie 
 in France. That great fabric of false credit fell to 
 the ground the following year, and almost pros 
 trated the French government in its fall. Tens 
 of thousands of families were utterly ruined. 
 
 149 It is a singular fact that a scheme of specu 
 lation similar to that of Law s in France, had 
 birth in England the same year (1710), and ex 
 ploded the same year (1720). A company was 
 incorporated in 1716, under the name of the 
 South Sea Company. The affair promised im 
 mense gains to the stockholders, and the shares, 
 originally 100, raised to the enormous price of 
 1000 ! As in France, almost every person of 
 wealth in Great Britain, became stockjobbers and 
 speculators in the fatal scheme. The airy fabric 
 fell in 1720, and ruined thousands of families. 
 The estates of the directors, valued at 2,014,000, 
 were seized in 1721. Mr. Knight, the cashier, 
 absconded with 100,000, but compounded for 
 10,000, and returned. The success of Law s 
 scheme in France, was the origin of the similar 
 Bcheme in England. The papers and pamphlets of 
 the time, contained many squibs during the pre 
 valence of the mania, and after the bubble burst, 
 caricatures in abundance appeared, in ridicule of 
 the whole thing. " Bubble-Cards " were used
 
 NOTES. 317 
 
 by players, all bearing some appropriate verse, 
 give one as a fair specimen : 
 
 " A lady pawns her jewels by her maid, 
 And in declining stock presumes to trade, 
 Till in South Sea at length she drowns her coin, 
 And now in Bristol stones glad is to shine." 
 
 50 The infancy of modern chemistry, assumed 
 the charlatan form of Alchemy, or the pretence of 
 transmuting baser metals into gold. It was pre 
 tended that a certain powder, known to chemists, 
 would convert base metals into gold ; and many 
 men have wasted their lives in attempts to dis 
 cover this philosopher s stone, as that powder was 
 called. At about 1782, Dr. Price, of Guilford, 
 England, professed to have made the discovery, 
 and carried specimens of his gold to the king, af 
 firming that it was made by means of a red and 
 white powder. He was a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and was required, on pain of expulsion, 
 to repeat his experiments before a committee of 
 that body. After some equivocation, he committed 
 suicide by the use of poison, in 1783. The Phi 
 losopher s stone may be ranked with Perpetual 
 motion, the Inextinguishable lamp, the Quadra 
 ture of the circle, and other impossibilities, which 
 have puzzled and deranged the brains of other 
 wise sensible men. 
 
 151 The name of Midas appears among the earli 
 est mythological legends of the Greeks, as king
 
 318 NOTES. 
 
 of a district in Thrace. One legend (to which our 
 poet here refers), represents Midas us having on 
 one occasion excited the gratitude of Bacchus, 
 who desired him to ask any favor he pleased. 
 Midas requested that whatever he touched might 
 be turned to gold. It was granted. The myth 
 doubtless illustrates the historical fact of an an 
 cient Phrygian prince, who became very wealthy 
 by mines and by commercial operations. 
 
 I5 2 The Continental money, as here indicated, 
 performed a vast amount of public good, during 
 the first years of the war, notwithstanding its de 
 preciation, as we have said, fell heavily upon th<! 
 great mass of the people. Tt carried on the finan 
 cial operations of the war ; and weak and faithless 
 as it afterwards proved, it was the very sinews of 
 strength in providing means for opposing the su 
 perior power of Great Britain, in the conflict. 
 
 153 In order to facilitate the depreciation of 
 Continental paper money, and thus weaken this 
 arm of patriotic resistance, vast quantities of 
 counterfeit Continental bills were printed, and 
 sent into the country from New York and Long 
 Island. In Gaine s New York Mercury, April 
 14th, 1777, appeared the following significant ad 
 vertisement : " Persons going into other colonies 
 may be supplied with any number of counterfeited 
 Congress notes, for the price of the paper per ream. 
 They are so neatly and exactly executed, that 
 there is no risk in getting thfnn off, being almost
 
 NOTES. 319 
 
 impossible to discover that they are not genuine. 
 This has been proven by bills to a very large 
 amount which have already been successfully cir 
 culated. Inquire of Q. E. D. at the coffee-house, 
 from 11 A. M. to 5 P. M. during the present 
 month." These counterfeits were sent into the 
 country by cart-loads. Such was one of the dis 
 honorable modes of warfare, employed by the 
 British commanders here. The younger Pitt, 
 when prime minister of England, caused a large 
 number of French assignats to be forged at Bir 
 mingham, to depreciate the currency of the French 
 republic. Napoleon also caused forged notes of 
 the Austrian Bank to be distributed throughout 
 the Austrian Tyrol. 
 
 u4 Exodus, Chapter viii , verse 17. 
 
 U5 Portions of the shores of Great Britain are 
 remarkable for cliffs of chalk, which may be seen 
 at a great distance. For this reason, Caesar gave 
 it the name of Albion. 
 
 6 The common penalty for felony in England, 
 was transportation to the colonies, and many left 
 their country for their country s good. The idea 
 of transporting the whole Island, was a grand am 
 plification in the mind of the poet. 
 
 167 The superficial area of Lake Erie is greater 
 than that of England ; while Lake Superior, the 
 largest body of fresh water in the world, is 
 twenty-two hundred miles in circumference. Eng 
 land might be placed in its centre, and its people
 
 5 2O NOTES. 
 
 could hardly spy the main from its shores. This 
 couplet, however, drew down upon the head of the 
 author very severe rebuke from the British press 
 in after years. The poem was first published 
 complete in America in 1782. Some years after 
 ward it was reprinted in London. In the mean 
 while Lord North, who was always near-sighted, 
 had lost his sight entirely, and the critics unfairly 
 imagined that these two lines were intended as a 
 cruel insult. In a subsequent edition, the name 
 of the king was inserted in place of that of 
 North. A few years afterward, the king also was 
 afflicted with blindness. So, to later readers, the 
 unfortunate poet still appeared cruel. 
 
 158 This refers to the confederacy of the Northern 
 European powers against England, commenced in 
 1780 by the Empress Catharine, of Russia. The 
 ostensible object was to protect the rights of neu 
 trals in time of war the real object was to crip 
 ple the maritime power of England. Catharine 
 issued her proclamation in February. In the 
 course of the summer, Prussia, Denmark, and 
 Sweden, became parties to the policy declared by 
 the Czarina, namely, that no port should be con 
 sidered blockaded, unless there was sufficient force 
 present to maintain a blockade. In November 
 the States-General of Holland joined the con 
 federacy. France and Spain also acquiesced in the 
 new maritime code, and a general Continental war 
 against England appeared inevitable. This was
 
 NOTES. 321 
 
 called the Armed Neutrality. The scheme failed, 
 however, because of a want of confidence in the 
 faithfulness of the Empress. 
 
 59 This was not uttered in a spirit of prophecy, 
 yet how prophetic were the words, let current his 
 tory testify. Freneau, another poet of the llevo 
 lution, seemed equally prophetic in his Rising 
 Glory of America, written in 1775. He says : 
 
 " I see, I see 
 
 Freedom s established reign ; cities and men, 
 Numerous as sands upon the ocean s shore, 
 And empires rising where the sun descends! 
 The Ohio soon shall glide by many a town 
 Of note ; and where the Mississippi stream, 
 By { orQsts shaded, now runs weeping on, 
 Nations shall grow, and states not less in fame 
 Than Greece and Rome of old ! " 
 
 160 We can never sufficiently lament this sudden 
 termination of the VISION, for it might have ex 
 tended far down the ages beyond our present experi 
 ence, and revealed future realities which have no 
 yet become elements of our dreams. 
 
 16; " either tropic now, 
 
 Gan thunder." 
 
 Milton s Paradise Regained. 
 
 161 The poet here uses a common phrase with 
 the British officers during the war. Every officci 
 who luckily escaped capture or destruction, de 
 scribed his retreat as having " been under the very 
 nose of the enemy." 
 
 163 In allusion to the fact that all obnoxious 
 14*
 
 322 NOTES. 
 
 New England Tories, when the places of their 
 abode became too hot for them, hastened to Boston, 
 and placed themselves under the protection of the 
 British. M Fingal, for his loyalty, and for his 
 courage when out of the presence of danger, was 
 as highly deserving of that protection, as his great 
 needs, at that perilous moment, could claim. 
 
 164 Genesis. Chapter xix. 
 
 165 After the Americans had promulgated the rr 
 Declaration of Independence, the ministerial 
 speakers in parliament, and writers in favor of 
 the government, amused themselves by calling it 
 " The Phantom of Independence." The news 
 papers echoed the simile, and it was a favorite 
 idea until it assumed a shape so substantial, in 
 the progress of the war, as to make the word 
 ridiculous. 
 
 166 The hegira of M Fingal, was a memorable 
 epoch in the computation of the Loyalists. Epic 
 poetry has scarcely a parallel in giving the grand 
 catastrophe the denouement of the story. We 
 would gladly tell the reader more of the life of 
 the hero his sufferings in exile his promotion 
 in office his safe denunciations of democracy 
 " under the very nose " of monarchy but the re 
 spectful silence of the poet puts an injunction of 
 secrecy upon the pen of the Annotator.
 
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