S1TY AT LOS ANGELES THE PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE » m o BY THE REV. WALTER W. SKEAT ' Lirr.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., F.B.A. ELRINOTON AND BOSWOKTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON AND TELLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE : : • • •• .• • • . :•■ ■ y . : . ; - , . ; . . . > •';,'• V •• • • • r . i . . » > , , * •> , ' ■ ■ » o ■ . • » > ■ .» » > «• ' - • • » * » * • ' * »> >.»•»*.'■ OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1911 • * c • «» «* t «- c * • * < HENRY FKOWDE, M.A. PDBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE « . > « • • « V C • C c « • ' • • • 1 « < « c . 8 X>A 2>^& ® PREFATORY REMARKS )-^ In 1901 my essay on 'The Place-names of Cambridgeshire ' was published for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, and a little later the same 0_ Society published my similar essay on ' The Place- -names of Huntingdonshire'. In 1906 they ec published my ' Place-names of Bedfordshire '. In 1904 the East Herts. Archaeological Society published for me a somewhat larger pamphlet on 1 The Place-names of Hertfordshire '. After thus completing some account of the ^ place-names of these four counties, it occurred to me to investigate those of Berkshire. I was 3 inclined to this by two considerations. The first, that it is not a very large county in itself ; and 2] secondly, that Birch's edition of Anglo-Saxon o~> Charters contains a considerable number that refer to this county, so that the Anglo-Saxon spellings of a rather large proportion of the names >.are readily accessible. j|j It is necessary to repeat here some of the con- siderations which it is desirable for the student ^to know. w 1 . The place-names of Berkshire are nearly all c of native English origin ; and are formed in strict Oaccordance with the rules of Anglo-Saxon grammar. 3 2. They are nearly all of one of two types. Either they are significant of possession, like Spars- holt ; or they are descriptive of position, like Eastbury. 4 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE 3. In the latter case, the place-name is formed by composition, like cart-horse. In the former case, possession is indicated by the use of the geni- tive case. The possessor's name is usually mas- culine, in which case the grammatical rules for the formation of the genitive are quite simple ; viz. as follows. 4. If the nominative ends (in very early times) in -i, or (later) in -e, or in a consonant, the genitive ends in -es. Examples : nom. Pefi, later Pefe ; gen. Pefes. This occurs in Pusey. JEsc (Ash) ; gen. JEsces. Hence Ashbury, short for Ash's bury. In the modern form, the genitive ending has been lost. 5. Nearly all other genitives end in -a, and take a genitive in -an. Thus the genitive of Uffa is Uffan ; whence both Uffington and Ufton. In the former case, n has been turned into ng ; in the latter, the suffix has disappeared. 6. If the possessor's name is feminine, the nominative ends in a consonant or in -e. In the former case, the genitive ends in -e ; in the latter, in -an. Thus the genitive of Burghild is Burg- hilde, as in the case of Bucklebury. And the genitive of Cille is Cillan, as in the case of Chil- drey. It should be borne in mind that most place- names are of rather simple, sometimes of almost trivial origin. When the oldest or Anglo-Saxon form can be recovered, the interpretation is often obvious. When this cannot be done, we must rely upon the oldest and fullest forms in Middle English or in Domesday Book ; always bearing in PREFATORY REMARKS 5 mind that Norman spellings are often peculiar, and require to be rightly interpreted. The principal authorities are the following : — Birch, W. de Gray, Cartularium Saxonicum. London, 1885-93. 3 vols. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon ; ed. Rev. J. Steven- son (Rolls Series). 2 vols. Duignan, \V. H., Staffordshire Place-names. London, 1902. The same; Worcestershire Place-names. London, 1905. Earle, Rev. J., Handbook to the Land-Charters. Oxford, 1888. Kemble, J. M., Codex Diplomaticus Mvi Saxonici. London, 1839-48. 6 vols. Searle, Rev. W. G., Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. Cambridge, 1897. Thorpe, B., Diplomatarium Anglicum. London, 1865. Also the following, denoted by abbreviations : — Ab.— Rotulorum Originalium in Curia Scaccarii Abbre- viatio. London, 1805. Vol. i. Cat.— A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds in the Public Record Office. London, 1890. Vol. i. CI. R.— Close Rolls; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi asservati. a.d. 1204-24. Vol. i. Cl.R., vol. 2. The same; vol. 2. a.d. 1224-7. D.B.— Domesdav Book ; part relating to Berkshire. E.D.D.— The English Dialect Dictionary ; ed. J. Wright. F. A.— Feudal Aids (Record Series) ; vol. i. H.R.— Hundred Rolls ; Rotuli Hundredorum ; vol. i. Index.— Index to Charters in the British Museum; ed. H. J. Ellis and F. B. Bickley. London, 1900. Ipm. — Calendarium Inquisitionum post Mortem, sive Escaetarum ; ed. J. Caley. (Record Series.) Vol. i. N.E.D.— The New English Dictionary (Oxford). Pipe Rolls. — Great Rolls of the Pipe; ed. J. Hunter. Vol. i (1155-8) ; vol. ii (1189-90). P. R.— Patent Rolls ; Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium (Henry III— Edward IV). 6 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE R.B.— Red Book of the Exchequer; ed. W. D. Selby (Rolls Series). See the index in vol. iii. R.C.— Calendarium Rotulorum Chartarum (John — Henry VI). R.T. — Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi asservati ; ed. T. D. Hardy. London, 1837. T.E.— Taxatio Ecclesiastiea (1291). Ed. 1802. T.N. —Testa de Neville (Henry III— Edward I). V.E. — Valor Ecclesiasticus ; temp. Henry VIII. Some of these have indexes of personal names as well as of place-names. Both should be consulted. The place-names of Berkshire are here arranged (in alphabetical order) under the various suffixes which they exhibit, which are likewise arranged in alphabetical order. The number of names in which no suffix appears is only six ; and these are given at the end. All the suffixes found in Berkshire names are of English origin or form, and may conveniently be here enumerated. They are as follows : -bergh, -bourn, -brook, -bury, -combe, -cot, -cross, -den, -don (rarely -down), -ey, -Jield, -ford, -grave, -hale, -ham (with two values), -hay, -hill, -hit he, -holt, -hurst, -ing, -ley, -low, -marsh, -mere (with two values), -or, -pen, -ridge, -rith, -shet {-shot), -stead, -ham-stead, -thorn, -ton, -ware (-wer), -well, -worth. The suffixes -combe and -don were borrowed from Celtic ; -cross is ultimately Latin. The six names in which no suffix appears are Beedon (notwith- standing its appearance), Bray, Shaw, Shippon, Speen, and Theale. In selecting the names, I have been guided by Kelly's Post Office Directory of Berkshire, and have included all that seemed to be of any interest. PREFATORY REMARKS 7 I have also made much use of the County Atlases by Bacon and Philips ; also of an earlier one by Pigot (1831), which gives the hundreds into which the county is divided. I discuss, first of all, the etymology of Berkshire itself, and then those of a few of the hundreds that are not now coincident with known place- names. Perhaps it is well to warn the reader that many of the explanations that have been offered by some of our antiquaries are sadly mistaken, owing to their almost total ignorance of the phonetic laws of Old English and of Norman French. A conspicuous example of this occurs in the case of Speen, which has frequently been identified with the Latin Spinae. I greatly doubt whether it is topographically suitable ; indeed, some authors would prefer to locate Spinae at Newbury. But however this may be, it is not possible to identify the names ; as is shown below. The most helpful county history is that by Daniel and Samuel Lysons, comprised in vol. i of Magna Britannia; London, 1806-22; quarto. In ten parts, forming six volumes. I have also taken good care to consult Mr. W. H. Stevenson's edition of Asser's Life of King Alfred, which contains some valuable hints, and have carefully considered The History of Berks., by Lieut. Cooper King, though the etymologies there given are frequently due to impossible guesses. The Victoria County History of Berkshire contains useful notes upon Domesday Book. THE PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Berkshire. The etymology of Berkshire is, practically, given in the opening sentence of Asser's Life of King Alfred : e Anno Dominicae Incarnationis dcccxli.y natus est Alfred, Angul-Saxonum rex, in villa regia, quae dicitur Uuanating, in ilia paga, quae nominatur Berrocscire : quae paga taliter vocatur a Berroc silva, ubi buxus abundantissime nascitur.' Giles's version has : ( In the year of our Lord's incarnation 849, was born Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, at the royal village of Wanating [footnote, Wantage], in Berkshire ; which country has its name from the wood of Berroc, where the box-tree grows most abundantly.' Here Berroc is a sort of polite Latinised spelling of the A.S. Bearruc ; for earr is hardly acceptable to the eye that is accustomed to the Latin err in ferrum. The Mercian form was Barruc. The true nomina- tive of ' shire ' was sclr. We find Beamicscir in Birch, C. S. iii. 75 ; Baerrocscir in the same, ii. 378 ; Berrucscir, ii. 376 ; Barroccscir in Thorpe, Dipl. JEvi Saxonici, p. 414. Later forms are Berrochescire, D.B., p. 1 ; Berkesire, R.B. ; Barcssire, Robert of Gloucester. Though there is no doubt about the etymology, it 1257 B 10 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE has been absurdly misinterpreted in various ways. Bearruc is, formally, a diminutive of beam, a wood, a grove. The gen. of this is bearw-es, showing that the true stem is bearwo-, which, by the addition of -c, became bearwoc, bearwuc ; and then, by the assimilation of rw to rr, bearruc. The -c made little difference to the sense, which Asser expresses by ' silva '. He further tells us that it abounded with box-ti-ees ; whence arose one of the misinterpretations, viz. that Bearruc meant 1 a box-tree ' ! This is as if we were to declare that forest means ' an oak-tree ' ; yet it is gravely repeated by successive ' authorities '. The name of the county merely signifies that it once abounded with woodland ; and we further learn from Asser that there were many box-trees. As to this latter point, note the place-names Boxford (originally Box-ora) and Boxgrove in the parish of Sulham, near Reading. Another fable was started by Brompton, the historian, that Baroc-scir [so misspelt] meant f bare oak shire ', so called from a polled oak in Windsor Forest, where public meetings were held ; which is even preserved in Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. It cannot be taken seriously, being but a poor joke ; yet it has found its way into school-books on geography, and is industriously taught ; for in some schools any rubbish is good enough when English etymology is handled. Others ' derive ' Berkshire from the British tribe of the Bibroci ; and others from the Roman town of Bibracte. The effect of the latter attempt is somewhat marred by the rival assertion that BERKSHIRE 11 Bibracte is the origin of Bray ! Any sort of similarity between two names was held by our older writers to prove identity. The result was sadly embarrassing, as it provided many names with half a dozen origins, and exalted impudent assertions far above positive evidence. The Berkshire Hundreds. The hundreds into which Berkshire has been divided have varied to some extent from time to time. They are now twenty in number, viz. Baynhurst, Bray, Charlton, Compton, Cookham, Faircross, Faringdon, Ganfield, Hormer, Kintbury, Lambourn, Moreton, Ock, Reading, Ripplesmere, Shrivenham, Sonning, Theale, Wantage, and Wargrave. The etymologies of these names are all discussed below. It may be remarked that Baynhurst, Faircross, Ganfield, Hormer, Ock, and Ripplesmere are not now place-names. The Charlton near Wantage has nothing to do with the hundred, though its origin is the same. Ock is really the name of a river ; called in A.S. Eocca. In the Hundred Rolls, &c, we meet with some other names,viz. Blekebyr', Borghedeberie, Cotset- tlesford, Rugheberg. Blekebyr' is discussed under Blewberry ; Borghedeberie is a form of Buckle- bury, and Rugheberg of Roborough. Cotsettlesford (not noticed in D.B.) is explained by the A.S. cotsctla, a cottager ; lit. a settler in a cot ; so that the sense is l cottager's ford'. In the Domesday Book we meet with a few other names, some of which are merely variants 12 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE of those already mentioned. Thus Beners appears to be Baynhurst ; Blitberie is a by-form of Blew- berry ; Cerletone is Charlton ; Gamenesfelle is Ganfield ; Hilleslaue is discussed under Ilsley ; Hornimere is Hormer ; Merceham is Marcham ; Roeberg is the Rugheberg of the Hundred Rolls ; Sudtune and Taceham are Sutton and Thatcham. The hundreds of Kintbury and Egley, called in D.B. Cheneteberie and Eglei respectively, are now united in the hundred of Kintbury, formerly called Kintbury-Eagle. But we further meet with some entirely new names of hundreds : Eslitesford, Nachededorn, and Wifol, which correspond to nothing that is now known. I make a few remarks upon each of these. Eslitesford. Also spelt Eletesford, D.B., p. 13; H eslitesford, p. 2 ; but the H is of no value ; English names beginning with SI had an E (or He) prefixed to them to suit the Norman pro- nunciation. Cf. Sleteford, Pipe Rolls (l Rich. I) ; Slottesford, F.A. The prefix represents an A.S. Slottes- or Slyttes-, the gen. case of some unknown masculine personal name ; from a nominative Slott or Slytt. We cannot tell. It seems to have formed a part of Moreton hundred. Nachededorn. This curious name evidently arose from the A.S. phrase f aet tham nacodan thorne ', at the Naked Thorn. As Mr. Stevenson says, in his edition of Asser, p. 238, ' it is tempting to identify this bare or leafless thorn with the unica spinosa arbor' mentioned in the Life of Alfred, ch. 39, 1. 5. This refers to the battle of THE BERKSHIRE HUNDREDS IS Ashdown, where Dr. Giles's translation has : — ' There was also a single thorn-tree, of stunted growth, and Ave have with our own eyes seen it. Around this tree the opposing armies came to- gether with loud shouts from all sides,' &c. (p. 55). This old hundred is now included in the hundred of Compton. Wifol, or Wiford. In D.B., p. 8, it appears as Wiford, which is the more intelligible form ; but some consonant has been lost before the J) most likely a guttural. It may very well represent the A.S. Wicford, modern E. Wickford. There is a Wickford in Essex. From the A.S. ti'ic, Lat. incus, a village. The sense would be ' ford near a village '. I may add that Merceham and Sudtune, names of hundreds in D.B., i. e. Marcham and Sutton, are now both in the hundred of Ock. Taceham (Thatcham) is in the hundred of Reading. The boundaries of the modern hundreds are so extremely irregular, and their shapes are so ex- traordinary, that the position of a given place in the hundred to which it is assigned can only be understood by reference to a map in which these boundaries are well defined. For example, Cook- ham hundred consists of two portions, at some distance apart ; and Cookham itself is in the smaller portion of the two. The Suffix -dergh. Bergh is the Middle English form of the suffix which appears in A.S. (Anglo-Saxon) as beorh, Mercian berk, a hill; whence the modern E. barrow, 14 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE in the sense of burial-mound or tumulus. Being little used, it was easily confused with the modern E. borough, and appears in that form in the two examples given below. Farnborough. Spelt Farnborowe in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But the older spelling is Farnberg, T.E. ; or Farnebergh, Ipm. ; Fermeberge (error for Ferneberge), D.B., p. 7. In a charter dated 931, in Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 370, the boundaries of some land at Farnborough are given ; and we find the various forms following, viz. to Fearn- beorgan, of Fearn-beorge, on Fearn-beorg. Hence we may infer the nom. sing. Fearn-beorh, dat. Fearn-beorge. The meaning is e fern-hill '. Roborough. There is now no such place ; but this form occurs as the name of a ' hundred ' in S. Devon. It is the modern form of a Berkshire hundred spelt Rughcberg in the Hundred Rolls, vol. i, and Rubergh in Ipm. D.B. has Roeberg hun- dred, p. 5. The late A.S. form is Ruanbergh, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 227 ; better Ruwan-beorh, as in Birch, Cart. Saxon, hi. 309 ; though these examples do not refer to Berkshire. However, we find (probably another) Ruwan-beorg in a Berks, charter, in Birch, C.S. ii. 51 6. Another variant is Rugan-beorh, id. i. 545, or Rugan-biorg, ii. 362 ; and, in the line above, we find Rugan-slaed ; which makes it likely that Rugan is the gen. of Ruga, a personal name. The lit. sense of ruga is ' rough', as it is a definite form of A.S. ruh, rough. If this be right, the sense is ' Ruga's (or Ruwa's) barrow', rather than simply ' rough hill '. THE SUFFIX -BOURN 15 Bourn. Bourn, bourne, or borne, represents the A.S. burn, a small river, a stream. Examples occur in Cran- bourn (near Winkfield), Enborne, Hagbourne, Lambourn, Pangbourn, Shalbourne (formerly in Berks., but now in Wilts.), and Winterbourne. Cranbourn. The prefix represents the A.S. cran, a crane ; a bird ' formerly abundant in Great Britain, and prized as food, but now extinct ' ; N.E.D. The sense is 'crane stream'; and was at first applied to a streamlet. Cranbourn Wood adjoins Windsor Park. Enborne. The forms are Eneburne, F.A. (131 6) ; Enebum, H.R. ; Enedbum, T.N. ; Enedeborne, R.C. All from A.S. ened, cognate with Lat. anus (gen. anal-is), a duck. The sense is ' duck-stream ' ; originally applied to the stream which, under the name of the river Emborne, forms a part of the boundary between Berks, and Hants. Cf. Enford (Wilts.), formerly Enedford, i.e. ' duck- ford ' ; Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 408. It is strange that the river itself is corruptly called the Em- borne ; though the names are both from the same original. Hagbourne. East and West Hagbourne are to the west of Wallingford. Called Hagborne in V.E. (temp. Hen. VIII). But the older form is Hakeburn, T.N. ; T.E. ; Hakeburne, F.A. ; D.B. has Hachebome ; p. 1 2. A charter of King Alfred has ' a?t Hacce-burnan, Sonon of Hacce- broce ', &c, Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 206-7 ; and 16 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Hacce- answers to the later Hake- and to Hache- in D.B. (with ch for k). But it is not the original form, as shown by the variant Haccan-broc in the same, p. 557 ; which alone could give Hake- and Hag-. Haccan is the genitive case of the per- sonal name Hacca ; and the sense is l Hacca's stream ' ; just as Haccan-broc is ' Hacca's brook '. Lambourn. This is the name of a stream, a place, and a hundred. D.B,, p. 4, speaks of Lam- borne in Lamborne hundred. The A.S. Lamb-bur- nan occurs in King Alfred's Will • Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 178. Evidently compounded of lamb, a lamb, and burna, by-form of burn, a stream. The sense is ' lamb-stream '. In F.A. the place is called Chepinglamborne, i. e. Market Lam- bourn; from the A.S. ceaping, bargaining. See Cheaping in N.E.D. We also find the A.S. spell- ing Lamburna in 943 ; Birch, C.S. ii. 535. This might be explained as being from the A.S. lam, loam ; with the a shortened before mb. It is diffi- cult to decide ; but the spelling given above, in a document so important as Alfred's Will, is a strong argument in favour of the former explana- tion. In Birch, C.S. iii. 29, Idrnburna has the a marked long, but this may be due to the occur- rence of lam-pyt below. Mr. M c Clure (British Place- names, p. 289) decides that Lamb-hythe in the A.S. Chron., an. 1041, is a late form, and corrupted from Lam-hythe ; but he produces no evidence beyond a statement that the latter form is found in 1088 ! Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 158, has Lambe- hythe in a charter of Edward the Confessor ; but THE SUFFIX -BOURN 17 the copy is late. It is difficult to see how the long a could have been shortened before mh ; the A.S. Lam-hythe should have become Loam- hithe. His further argument that 'loam-hithe' is analogous to ' chalk-hithe ', which is the mean- ing of Chelsea, is easily met by adducing the form Rother-hithe. And why is the b in Lambeth so strongly pronounced even at the present day? Paxgbourn. This is situate at the junction with the Thames of the river Pang, formerly called the Pangbourn. Spelt Pangeburn, T.E. ; D.B., p. 5, has Pandebome, better spelt Pangeborne at p. 1 2 of the same. The original form of the prefix is very curious ; it appears in the forms Peginga-burnan and Paegeinga-burnan in a charter of the date 833 or 834 ; Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 20. The shortened form Pangan-burnan occurs in 956 ; p. 88. All these forms are in an oblique case, from the weak masc. nom. burna. The correct old form is Pjeginga-burna, i. e. ' the stream of the sons of Paaga '; since Paiginga is the gen. pi. of Pteg-ing, 'a son of Pjega,' which is a recorded personal name. The abbreviation was easily made, because the A.S. g represented a mere glide, like the modern E. y in pay ; so that the original sound, somewhat like that of paying, was shortened to something like paing, and then to pang. This is a good example of the difficulty of guessing the source of a name befox-ehand. The fact that the ^-sound was sometimes written as ge explains the form Psegeinga. Shalbourne. Now in Wilts., but formerly in 1257 C 18 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Berks. Spelt Shalbornc, V.E. (temp. Hen. VIII) ; but at an earlier date with ld> as in Shaldeburne, F.A. (1316); also with and for aid, as in Scaudi- burne, R.B. Owing to the Norman inability to pronounce the E. Sh, it appears in D.B. as Eseldeborne ; p. 4. The A.S. form occurs in aet Scealdeburnan, dat. ; Birch, Cart. Saxon, iii. 404. From the A .S. sceald, ' shallow ' ; so that the sense is ' shallow stream '. The A.S. sceald is not in the Dictionaries, but has been amply exemplified by Mr. Stevenson in his paper in the Phil. Soc. Trans., 1895-8, p. 532. The M.E. form is shald, as in Barbour's Bruce, bk. ix, 1. 354. The a was some- times lengthened, and so passed into long o, and the word survives in the expression ' shoal water ', with loss of the final d. Dryden has shoaly in much the same sense, in his translation of Virgil, JEn. V. 1 1 30. The same prefix occurs in Shalfleet in the Isle of Wight, Shalford in Essex and Surrey, and Shelford in Cambridgeshire. See my ai'ticle on Shelford, in The Place-names of Cambs. WiNTEnBouRNE. It lies between Chieveley and Boxford. Spelt Winterburn, H.R. ; Wintreborne in D.B., pp. 5, 12. The name also occurs in Gloucs., and several times in Dorsets. and Wilts. A.S. Winterburna, as in Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 347 (a.d. 930). Still common in Hants and Sussex (see E.D.D.), to signify an intermittent stream that flows in the winter-time. Whoever desires a full and exact description of a ' winter-bourn ' will find it in Blackmore's novel entitled Alice Lorraine. THE SUFFIXES -BROOK, -BURY 19 Brook. Shottesbrook. There is but little difference between bourn and brook, either in sense or use. The only example of the latter is in Shottes- brook, not far from Bray, where a brook from the neighbourhood of Shottesbrook enters the Thames. Spelt Shotesbroke, P.R. ; Schottesbroch, Pipe Rolls (l Rich. I). But owing to the Norman difficulty of pronouncing Sh, the usual forms are Sottcsbroc, Ipm. ; Sottebroc, T.N. ; Sotesbroke, F.A. (1316); Sotesbroc, R.B. ; Sotesbroc, D.B., p. 16. In such a case, the modern English sound is a better guide than the old Normanised spelling. The A.S. form of the prefix is Scottes, which occurs in Scottes- healh, lit. ' Scot's [or Shot's] haugh ', in Birch, Cart. Saxon, hi. 2-iO (a.d. 958). Scottes is the gen. sing, of the known name Scot (pronounced as shot). The sense is ' Shot's brook '. Whether this personal name was the same word as the A.S. Scot, meaning (l) a Scot of Ireland, and (2) a Scot of Scotland, can hardly be decided. There is no absolute necessity for considering them identical. Bury. Bury represents the A.S. byrig, really the dative case of burh, mod. E. borough. The use of the dative arose from the old habit of prefixing (or understanding) the preposition cet, ' at ', before most place-names. Examples occur in Ashbury, Badbury Hill, Blewberry, Bucklebury, Eastbury, Grimsbury, Kintbury, Newbury. Ashbury. It lies between Shrivenham and 20 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Lambourn. Spelt Asschebary, I pin. (1316-17). But the A.S. name was aet iEscesbyrig ; Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 548 (a.d. 944). The nom. case occurs as iEseesburh ; id. hi. 59 (a.d. 953). This renders it certain that the name is not derived (as a guesser would suppose) from ash as the name of a tree ; but from the A.S. JEsc, which was in use as a man's name, though the original sense had reference to the tree. One iEsc was the son of no less a man than Hengist. Hence the sense is ' iEsc's borough ', or f Ash's borough '. Of course the syllable -es was easily lost after the sound of sh. Badbury Hill. Near Faringdon. There is also a hundred in Dorsets. called Badbury hundred. The latter is spelt Baddebury, Ipm. The A.S. form is Baddanbyrig ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 214 ; Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 540. The same prefix occurs in Baddandun ; Birch, C. S. i. 1 79- Baddan is the gen. case of Badda, a known name. Hence the sense is 'Badda's borough'. Similarly, Baddandun means ' Badda's down'. Blewberry, or Blewbury. The usual Middle English forms are Blebitry, T.E. ; Blebery, R.B. ; H.R. ; Bleobery, R.C. It was formerly also the name of a hundred, which appears in the curious form Blekebyr' , H.R. D.B. has yet a third form, viz. Blitberie in Blitberie hundred; p. 2. But the A.S. form agrees with the M.E. forms, appearing as Bleobyrig (dat. case), Birch, Cart. Saxon, ii. 557, line 13. The prefix bleo is a sb. in frequent use, with the senses of colour, hue, complexion, look, THE SUFFIX -BURY 21 appearance ; the M.E. form being blee. The A.S. bleo and M.E. blee were applied to things both of disagreeable and agreeable appearance; at the same time, we frequently find, at least in the M.E. period, the phrase ' bright of blee ', i. e. of bright or fair hue. This suggests that the original sense of Bleobyrigwas literally 'show-borough', i.e. 'bright borough ' ; compare such names as Fairfield, Fair- ford, Fairlight, Fairsted, and the Berks. Brightwell, as explained below. When this prefix Blee- became unintelligible, it was supplanted by the Norman Bleu- or Blew-, i.e. 'blue '. The variants Blekebyr (for Blekcbyri) and Blitberie are difficult to explain, and I can only offer a suggestion. Such spellings as Blebcry, Bleobeiy, Blitberie, and the modern Blew- berry suggest that, in this instance (but in no other), the suffix was confused with the mod. E. berry, M.E. berye, bene ; or rather that the name of the place was confused with that of the prov. E. blaeberry or bleabcrry, a bilberry ; and as the literal sense of this blue was ' blue ', this may further account for the name Blew-berry. The form Blekcbyri, how- ever, is suggestive rather of the blackberry, A.S. blaceberie ; of which it is just possible that the Norman Blitberie is a poor imitation, though it is closer in forcn to ' blithe bury '. However, we are sure that neither Blekebyri nor Blitberie is really due to the A.S. Bleobyrig ; nor is either really connected with the modern name. But that there has been an alteration from the A.S. blco, * hue,' to the M.E. blew, ' blue,' is quite clear ; though the two words are in no way connected by etymology. 22 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Bucklebury. On the river Pang. The sense is quite certain, though it could hardly have been guessed. The form is Buckilbury, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But the earlier forms are differ- ent, viz. Burghildebur , T.E. ; Burghildeburg, F.A. (13 16); Burhildbury, Ipm. It was formerly also the name of a hundred ; spelt Burghildebyr , H.R. ; Burghildebury, F.A. (1316). D.B. has Borgedeberie in Borgedeberie hundred; p. 9- The M.E. forms can only represent an A.S. form Burghilde byrig, where Burghild is a known A.S. feminine name, with the fern. gen. in -e instead of the masc. gen. in -es. The sense is ' Burghild' s borough'; it being borne in mind that Burghild was a woman. One Burghild was a king's daughter, viz. a daughter of Cenwulf, king of Mercia (796-819); see Searle's Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. We again meet the same genitive feminine in a slightly debased form, in the case of Burgilde treow, i.e. ' Burghild's tree ' ; Birch, C.S. ii. 207, 1. 2 ; and in a still more debased form, in the case of Buggilde stret, i.e. ' Burghild's street' ; id. i. 184, 1. 14. Eastbury. Spelt Estbury, Ipm. ; Estbery, R.B. ; Esbury, H.R. The sense is obvious, viz. ' East borough '. Grimsbury. Spelt Grimmesbiria, R.B. There is mention of a Northants. Grimesbiri in Ipm., p. 11. The sense is obvious, viz. ' Gi'im's borough '. There is a Grimes Hill in Worcs., also a Grim's Pits ; concerning which Mr. Duignan remarks that ' Grim was an A.S. name [originally a Norse name], but it also meant a spectre, goblin, or evil spirit. THE SUFFIX -BURY 23 Grimes Dyke, Grimes Graves, Grimsditch, are pre- historic earthworks, and the probability is that supernatural agency in their construction is referred to '. A reference to Grimes die, ' Grim's dyke,' occurs in Birch, C.S. iii. 110, 1. 22. Kintbury. Also the name of a hundred. We find Kenetbury hundred, Ipm. ; Kenetebur hundred, H.R. ; hundreda de Kenetbury el Egg/e, F.A. (1316) ; Kcnetebury, T.E. ; Cheneteberie in Ch. hundred, D.B., p. 4. The A.S. form appears in <a?t Cynetan byrig' ; Birch, C.S. ii. 367. The sense is ' Kennet borough ' ; the reference being to the river Kennet, called Cyneta in Anglo-Saxon. This river-name is certainly of Celtic origin. The A.S. Cyneta represents an older form *Cunetio ; which may be compared with the Latin place-name Cunetione (abl.) in the Itinerary of Antoninus, no. xiv, also probably due to the British name of the same river. Cf. Kennet in my Place-names of Cambs. For f Eagle ', see Egley, p. 73. Newbury. The sense is simply ' new borough '. But at the present date it is not f new' by any means. It is spelt Newburye in Ipm., p. 242, under the date 1310-11 ; but in the same, p. 107, Johannes de Neubiry is referred to as possessing land in Berks, in 1 290, which shows at once that it is older than this latter year. The earliest re- ference to it that I have observed belongs to the reign of Henry I (1100-35); viz. in Stevenson's edition of the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 77, where we find the expression apud Niuueberiam ; w being denoted by uu. The very form of the word shows 24 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE its antiquity, as it answers to A.S. niwan byrig (dative). In the Hist, of Berks., by Lieut. Cooper King, p. 89, we are told that the castle of Newbury was erected by the Earl of Perche, ' probably in the early part of the thirteenth century, and was stormed by Stephen in 1154'; where it is obvious that for thirteenth we must read twelfth. Perhaps we may date it soon after 1 1 00. From Camden's remark that ' Newburie must acknowledge Speen as its mother ', I entirely dissent. It arose from his identification of Speen with the Roman Spinae, which is nothing but an unjustifiable guess. See remarks upon Speen at p. 112. But perhaps he only meant that Newbury would suit the position of Spinae much better than Speen ; and this may easily be the case ; since (as is explained below) Spinae and Speen are independent of each other, and refer to different places. Combe. Combe, spelt Coomb in the New E. Diet., means a deep hollow or narrow valley, and is often applied to a hollow on the flank of a hill. The A.S. form is cumb, probably of Celtic origin ; the Welsh cwm has the same sense, and occurs in Welsh place- names. Whitley Stokes refers the latter to a Celtic type *kii7tiba, a valley. This suffix occurs in Letcombe, Ruscombe, and Whatcomb. Letcombe. There are two places of this name, near together, viz. Letcombe Regis (King's Letcombe) and Letcombe Basset. The Bassets were a Norman family, who possessed lands in THE SUFFIX -COMBE 25 various parts of England. Lysons says that they had the manor of Letcombe in the thirteenth century, in succession to D'Oilly. Spelt Letc- coumb, H.R.; but usually Ledccumbe, P.R. ; R.B. ; R.C.; T.E. ; T.N. Also in D.B., p. 13. A fuller form is Ledencumbe, D.B., p. 4. As to what was the A.S. form, we have no evidence. We can only guess. However, the prefix Leden- exactly agrees with the A.S. Leodan, genitive of Leoda, where Leoda may be a pet-name for one of the numerous names beginning with Leod-, such as Leodbeald, Leod- brand, &c. If this be right, the sense is ' Leoda's combe '. We may compare the Middle English Ledebury, in Ipm., the old name of Ledbury in Herefordshire. Ledcombe became Letcombe as a matter of course, by the influence of the unvoiced c upon the voiced d. Ruscombe. Near Twyford. Spelt Ruscombe, V.E.; Roscombe, F.A. Probably the sense is 'rush combe '. Cf. Rushden, in Herts. Whatcomb, or Watcumbe. D.B. has Wate- cumbe; p. 13. Lysons refers it to Watcumbe in Great Sheffbrd. Bacon's map gives Whatcomb Farm between Chaddleworth and S. Fawley. Whatcombshey refers to a place in Somersets. ; and Whetecombe is in Dorsets. ; Birch, C.S. ii. 205, 422. The prefix Wale- here represents the A.S. hwcete, wheat, which occurs in several compounds, such as Whatfield in Suffolk. The sense is ' wheat combe '. See Waddon in my Place-names of Cambs., and cf. Wheathampstead in Herts. 1257 d 26 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Cot. Cot or Cote is the old word for a cottage or small detached house, and is common in place- names. From the A.S. cot, a cottage. It occurs in Ascot, Buscot, Didcot, Dray cot, Hodcot, and Longcott. Ascot. Near Sunninghill. Spelt Ascote, P.R. ; but Escot, T.N. The latter is for Estcot, i.e. 'east cot '. Cf. the A.S. forms Eastcotun, Eastcoten, which are in the dat. plural ; Birch, C.S. ii. 335, iii. 621. The same substitution of As- for the A.S. east, M.E. est, occurs in the case of Aston, p. 91- Compare also Eastcotts, near Cardington, Beds. Buscot. On the Thames, above Eaton Hastings. A curious example of a much abbreviated form ; but easily restored. Spelt Burwardcscote, Ipm. ; Borwardcscote, F.A. ; Burwardescot, T.N. ; Bure- wardescote, T.E. ; Burwardscott, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). D.B. has Boroardescote ; p. 9- All the forms represent a Mercian form Burgwardes cot ; where Burgward is the Mercian form of Burgweard, a known personal name. Hence the sense is ' Burgward' s (or Burgweard's) cot '. Didcot. Sometimes called Dudcote (Kelly). Spelt Dudcote, Ipm. ; Dudecote, R.B. ; V.E. ; Doudecote, Dudecothe, T.N. The A.S. y is vari- ously represented in later English by i and u ; so that Did- and Dud- are both due to the personal name Dydda, not noticed by Searle, but occurring in Dyddan-hamm, in Birch, C. S. iii. 101, 103; Dyddan being the gen. of Dydda. The sense is THE SUFFIXES -COT, -CROSS 27 * Dydda's cot '. A very similar name is Dudda, preserved in Dudley, Worcs. Cf. also Dydinc- cotan (dative) ; Birch, C. S. iii. 486. Dravcot. Draycot Moor is a township in Long- worth (Kelly). Spelt Draicote, R.B. ; D.B., p. 7 ; and in the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 5 (a.d. 1 066-87). The prefix is discussed under Drayton, p. 95. The probable sense is a ' cot for shelter '. Taylor's explanation, viz. ' dry cot ', is out of the question, as the A.S. for ' dry ' is dryge, which is in no way related, and would have given Drycot. Hodcot. Situate in West Ilsley. In Ipm., p. 49, the manors of Hodicote and West Hildesleyc are mentioned together. D.B. also has Hodicote ; p. 11. Hodi- is shortened from Hoden, a later form of A.S. Hodan, gen. of Hoda, a known personal name. The sense is therefore ' Hoda's cot '. One Hoda was certainly a Berkshire man, as he was buried near Sparsholt. This we learn from Birch, C. S. iii. 359 (a.d. 963), where mention is made in a Sparsholt charter of Hodan hlaew, i. e. ' Hoda's burial-mound '. Longcot, or Longcott. It lies to the NE. of Shrivenham. I find no early mention of it, and it may be comparatively modern. The sense, viz. c long cot ', is obvious. Cross. Faircro8s. One of the hundreds is called Fair- cross hundred ; evidently named from a fair or well-made cross, of which I find three notices. Ballivam Belle Cruris, Ab. ; hundredum de Bella 28 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Cruce, H.R. ; F.A. (1428). Chieveley is near the central point of this hundred. Cross is borrowed from a Celtic form that was itself an adaptation of Lat. crucem, ace. of crux, a cross. See Cross in N.E.D. Dene, Den. The suffix -dene or -den represents the A.S. denu, a valley, and is rather common. But Berks, furnishes only two examples of it, viz. Basilden or Basildon, and Yattenden, of which the usual spelling is Yattendon. The suffixes denu, a valley, and dun, a down, or in modern English dene and down, often reduced to -den and -don, are very fre- quently confused ; for wherever there is a valley there is usually a hill or hills above, and the village might take its name from either. Basilden, or Basildon. Near the Thames, be- tween Wallingford and Reading. The former is the better spelling. Formerly spelt Basteldene, Ipm. ; Bastildene, Ipm. ; R.C. ; Bastilesden, Ipm. (124-1-2); Basteleden, Bastelesden, T.N. ; Bastindene, R.B. D.B. has Bastedene ; p. 3. The best form of the prefix is Bastehs, out of which all the rest can be produced. This answers to the A.S. Baestles, spelt Baestlaes in Bsestlees-ford, Birch, C. S. ii. 207, and Bestles in Bestles-ford, on the same page. We also find Bestles-ford in the same, i. 108, 147. The charters connect Baestles-ford or Bestles-ford with Bradfield (Berks.), not far from Basildon ; so that it is clear that the personal name (and pro- bably the person) is the same in Ba?stles-ford as in THE SUFFIXES -DENE, -DEN 29 Basilden. The nom. case is Baestel, later Bestel ; the latter is given in Searle, p. 105. Hence the sense is c Baestel's dene ' or ' Baestel's valley '. Note that the genitive of such a form as Baestel is not Baesteles, but Baestles ; by rule. See also Bisham, p. 55. Yattenden, or Yattendon. In the present case the old spellings are likewise decisive. We find Yatindene, F.A. (1316) ; Yatendene, F.A. (1428); Yatingeden, Yatingden, Yeti?igeden,T.N. ; Yeiingden, P.R. ; Yatingdon, Yatinden, Ipm. ; Yatyndene, Index to Charters (1365). D.B. has Etingedene ; p. 11. The fullest forms of the prefix are Yatinge, Yetinge, representing an A.S. Geatinga, gen. pi. of Geating, a patronymic formed from the personal name Geat. In the A.S. Chronicle, under the date 855, we find a note as to ' Godwulf Geating, Geat Taetwaing '; meaning that Godwulf A\as the son of Geat, and Geat was the son of Taetwa. These names occur in the pedigree of King iEthelwulf, lather of /Elfred the Great. Geat is by no means a common name, and it is remarkable that it only occurs once in a charter ; but this is a Berks. charter, granted to Abingdon. See Birch, C. S. iii. 68, which informs us that there was once a place near Cumnor called Geates-cumb, or ' Geat's combe '. Hence the meaning of Yattenden is 1 valley of the Geatings or sons of Geat'. It has to be observed that the A.S. g was pronounced as ay before e, and the initial sound gea- (also geci-) would give either yc- or yd- in later forms, and could be shortened (as it was) to ye- or yd- before 30 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE the following t ; so that the development to Yet- tenden and Yattenden (of which only the latter has survived) is quite regular. [N.B. Shortly after writing the above I observed that W. H. Stevenson expressly says of Yattenden — ' that name must have appeared in Old English as *Geatinga-denu ' ; Asser's Life of Alfred, ed. W. H. Stevenson, p. 277. No other solution is possible.] Down, -don. The suffix -down, often shortened to -don, repre- sents the A.S. dun, a down or hill. It occurs in Abingdon, Ashdown, Faringdon, Moreton (origin- ally Mordon), and in Sinodon Hill. Abingdon. Several place-names ending in -ingdon or -ington exhibit a corrupt form of suf- fix, which should rather be -indon and -inton, or -endon and -enton. A well-known example occurs in Newington, representing the A.S. nlwan tune (dative), which means precisely the same thing as the commoner Newton. The -ing has here supplanted an older -en (for A.S. -an), which is nothing but the sign of the dative case. Similarly, Abingdon should rather have become Abbindon or Abbendon ; as will appear. Old spellings are : Abingdon, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; de Abendonia, R.B. ; Abbendon, H.R. ; Abendon, T.E. ; Ipm. In the A.S. charters, we find f iuxta Abbendune', C.S. i. 147 ; ' e latere montis iEbbandune ' (where the final -e represents the Latin gen. suffix -ae), id. 224 ; and iEbbandune (dative), id. 490. The nominative case is jEbban-dun : where iEbban is THE SUFFIXES -DOWN, -DON 31 the gen. of the masculine personal name JEbba, or of the feminine name iEbbe. We cannot say which, as both of these occur ; but the former is perhaps more likely to have given name to a hill. The names may also be written Abba and Abbe ; but the fem. form Abbe has not been noted. The prefix in Abing-ton (Cambs. and Northants) has the same origin. I explain it as ' Abba's down '. According to the Chronicle of Abingdon, i. 6, /Ebban-dun was not the original name. The previous name was Seoueces-ham, answering to A.S. Seofeces-ham, i.e. ' Seofec's home ' ; where Seofec is a strong masculine allied to the weak masculine Seofeca which appears in the original form of Seacourt. Any suggestion that Seoueces- ham may be of British origin must be summarily dismissed ; for ham is characteristically English. See Seacourt, p. 107. Ashdown. Ashdown Park lies to the SE. of Ashbury ; and just as it has been shown at p. 20 that the Ash- in Ash-bury does not refer to the ash-tree, but to a man's name, we find the same to be true of Ashdown. It happens that D.B. has Asscdone, p. 9; but this is not to be identified with Ashdown (see p. 32). Robert of Gloucester, in his Chronicle, has the notable fonn Assesdoune, lines 5312 and 6004, at a later date. The true spelling occurs as iEsces dun, in the A.S. Chroni- cle, under the years 648, 661, and 871. Hence the sense is ' Mscs (or Ash's) down '. No doubt the same iEsc gave name to both places. For further information, see the remarks at pp. 234-8 32 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE of W. H. Stevenson's edition of Asser's Life of Alfred. It is there pointed out that the D.B. spell- ing Assedone cited above is an error for Assedene, and does not refer to Ashdown at all. Also, that iEsces-dun was a range of hills, ' a district or country rather than a town.' And it is remark- able that Asser's Latin text (much interpolated) has ' iEscesdun, quod Latine " mons fraxini " inter- pretatur ', which is contrary to fact, and f not a mistake that an Englishman in the ninth century would be likely to make '. He adds — ' the use of the genitive was restricted to compounds of which the first member was a personal name.' Faringdon. As in the case of Abingdon, the ng is here delusive and unoriginal. Faringdon is also the name of a hundred ; and we find mention of Farindon hundred, H.R. ; also of Ferendonc, R.B.; Farendone, Robert of Gloucester ; Farendon,T.N.; but Farndon, T.E. D.B. has Ferendone ; p. 4. In the A.S. Chronicle, anno 924, two of the MSS. say that King Eadweard died among the Mercians at ' Farndun or at ( Fearndun ' ; which is ex- plained by Mr. Plummer to refer to Faringdon, Berks. If this, as is probable, is really the case, we must suppose that, in such spellings as Faren- don and Farindon, the e or i after the r merely means that the r was strongly trilled ; examples of similar spellings are, in fact, known. A curious example of this occurs in Ipm., p. 157, where there is mention of ' Farendon iuxta Bowdon, North[amp]t[onshire] ', which of course means E. Farndon, near Little Bowden, in that county; THE SUFFIXES -DOWN, -DON 33 and the name of ' Westfarendon ' occurs a few lines above. If we accept this simple solution, the Middle English spellings represent an A.S. form fearn-d Tin, which appears in Kemble's Index, and merely means ' fern-down '. Otherwise we should have to assume a personal name *Faera, gen. *Fa?ran, and to explain it as ' Faera's down'. Faera is quite possible as a pet name, since we find many examples of names beginning with Far-, such as Faerbeorht, Faerhild, Fserman, Faer- mund, &c. Note also Fsern-dun, l fern-down ' ; Birch, C.S. hi. 432. Moreton. N. and S. Moreton are near Walling- ford. Morton is also the name of the hundred in which they are situate. The suffix -ton is very old, as it appears in D.B. ; probably it was sub- stituted by the Normans for the original A.S. suf- fix -dun. We find Morton, T.N. ; Morton hundred, H.R. ; Norihmorton, Ipm. Also Mortune in Blit- berie [Blewberry] hundred', D.B., pp. 11, 15. But the A.S. form was Mordun, as in the grant by King Eadweard of land at Mordun, in Birch, C.S. hi. 323 (a. d. 962). The sense is simply ' moor- down'; from the A.S. mor, a moor. Sinodun Hill, or Sinodon Hill. A hill with this strange name lies to the NW. of Wallingford. I find no especial mention of it, but I notice it in order to point out that there is no particular reason why it may not simply mean f synod-down'. Hills were often used for meetings, and it is a eurious fact that the word synod, though of Greek origin, was a fairly common word in A.S. times, 1257 E 34 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE and appears several times in the A.S. Chronicle, spelt sinoth, senoth, synoth, sinath, with the sense of 'council'. Compare such expressions as ' terra de Synod ', R.T., in the 16th year of King John ; gemot-leah, lit. 'meeting-lea', in Birch, C.S. iii. 4-92, line 25 ; seonoth-stow, /Elfred's Beda, ii. 2. The Suffix -ey. The Middle English ey answers to the Anglian eg, A.S. leg, ig, an island. It meant not only ' island ' in the modern sense, but peninsula ; or, indeed, any piece of land wholly or partially sur- rounded by brooks or marshy country. It occurs in Binsey, Charney, Cholsey, Goosey, Hanney (or Hannay), Hinksey, Mackney, Pusey, Tubney. (But not in Childrey.) Binsey. Not far from Oxford, and near the Thames. I can find little mention of it ; but R.T. has Beneseia, which is a Latinised form of it. The -es is the genitive case-ending of strong sbs. ending in n, or even in i (later e) if the vowel is short ; and Benes may represent the genitive of *Beni, or of Byni, of which only the latter form is found. The sense is probably ' Byni's isle'. The y is short. Charney. Beside the river Ock, in the Vale of the White Horse. Also known as Charney Basset, the Bassets being a Norman family who owned land in Berks. Spelt Cerney, T.N. ; Cernee, T.E. D.B. has Cemei; p. 8. The A.S. form is Ceornei ; Birch, C.S. i. 506, 1. 2. The prefix is a river-name ; it is spelt Cern in Birch, C.S. THE SUFFIX -EY 35 iii. 238. In the Chronicle of Abingdon, i. 29, we find ' flumen . . Cim-ea ' ; where ea is the A.S. for ' river ' or ' stream '. In Birch, ii. 60, it is spelt Cyrn-ea. There is a river Ceme in Dorsets., which flows into the Frome. The name is probably Celtic ; there is a river Cerniog in Montgomeryshire, which flows into the river Carno ; and the latter joins the Severn. The sense of Charney is 'Cern- isle ', or ' isle in (or beside) the Cern '. Cholsey. Beside a stream that joins the Thames. Spelt Celsei in D.B. ; p. 2. The boundaries are given in a charter of Alfred, in Birch, C.S. ii. 206 ; where the dat. case appears as Ceolslge; from the nom. Ceols-Ig. Here Ceols is for Ceoles, gen. of the personal name Ceol. The sense is ' Ceol's isle '. Of course Taylor is wrong in explaining ceol here as meaning 'ship' or ' keel'. The s shows that it is a man's name. Goosey. Beside a stream that joins the river Ock. Spelt Goseye, T.E. ; de Goseya (Latin), R.B. ; Gosei, D.B., p. 7. The A.S. form is Gos-Ig, of which the dative Gos-ige occurs in Birch, C.S. iii. 69 ; where the boundaries of Goosey are given. Among the boundaries are mentioned the mcer-dic, or boundary-ditch, a brook called Teale-burn, the river Ock, and another stream and brook ; so that it was once isolated. The sense is ' goose isle '. Hanney, West and East. West Hanney lies between two affluents of the river Ock. Spelt Hanney, R.C. ; Hanneie, R.B. ; Hannei, D.B., p. 9. The boundaries of Hanney are given in a 36 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE charter dated 956 ; the dative set Hannlge occurs there, in Birch, C.S. iii. 129. The nominative is Hann-ig ; where the prefix appears to represent han-, the form which hana, a cock, takes in com- pounds, as in han-cred, e cock-crow.' The sense, accordingly, is 'cock isle' ; with reference, perhaps, to water-hens (Taylor). Compare Goosey above, and Hendred, p. 86. Hinksey, North and South. Near Oxford and the Thames. In an Abingdon charter, printed in Birch, C.S. i. 505, we find it spelt Hengestesie ; and in a note printed on p. 506 it appears as Hengestes-ieg. The sense is obvious from this form, viz. ( Hengest's isle'. Similarly, Hinxton (Cambs.) means ' Hengest's town' ; and Hinxworth (Herts.) means e Hengest's worth (or farm) '. The latter is spelt Haingeste uuorde in D.B. Hengest was a personal name, not merely (as Taylor says) a horse. Mackney. Near a stream that joins the Thames at Wallingford. Spelt Mackeney, T.N. ; F.A. (1428). The A.S. gen. Maccaniges occurs in a grant of land near Mackney and Wallingford dated 957 ; see Birch, C.S. iii. 184. The nom. is Maccan-ig. The prefix Maccan is the gen. case of the personal name Macca. The sense is ' Macca's isle'. Pusey. It lies between streams that unite and flow into the Ock, just above Charney. Spelt Pusey, Ipm., p. 159; Pesy, H.R. ; Pesey, T.N. ; Piiftie, Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 5 (1066-87); THE SUFFIX -EY 37 Pesie, id. ii. 121 (1100-35). D.B. has Pesei in Gamesfelle hundred; p. 14. It is the same name as Pewsey in Wilts. ; the latter appears as Pevesey in JViltes'., P.R. Both forms result from contraction. The dat. case Pefeslgge occurs in King JElfred's will ; see Birch, C.S. ii. 178, line 1. In the same, ii. 469, the boundaries are given of land set Peuesige ; where u has the sound of v. Spelt Pevesy in the same, ii. 187, and Pefesy (with /for v), ii. 1 82. The A.S. nom. is Pefes-Ig, where/ has the sound of v ; and Pefes is the genitive of a strong masculine form *Pefi, of which we have no other record. The sense, accordingly, is ' Pen's isle '. (The e is short.) The name Pef-i (from an older *Pabi) can fairly be concluded from the fact that its derivative *Pab-jon- would give the form Pebba (since bj becomes bb in A.S.). Pebba is implied in Pebbe-ivorthe (Ipm.), the Middle English form of Pebworth, Glouc. ; and Pavenham, Beds., probably represents ' Paba's home '. Tubney. It lies to the NW. of Marcham, beside an affluent of the river Ock. Spelt Tobbeney, F.A. (1316); Tubbeney, T.N. The later form Tubney occurs in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). D.B. has Tobenie ; p. 6. The same prefix occurs in the A.S. Tubban-ford, which was in the same neigh- bourhood ; see Birch, C.S. ii. 514. Tubban is here the gen. of Tubba ; and the latter place-name means 'Tubba's ford', just as Tubney means 'Tubba's isle'. No doubt the same Tubba is commemorated in both names. 38 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Field. Field, from the A.S. f eld, often signified a tract of open country. It occurs in ArborfielcL Binfield, Bradfield, Burghfield, Englefield, Fyfield, Ganfield, Shinfield, Straffield, Swallowfield, Warfield, Watch- field, Winkfield, and Wokefield. Arbor field. This name is comparatively modern, and hardly older than the 15th century. It is spelt Arburfeld in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). The prefix is the M.E. erber or herber, from the Anglo-French herber, Old French herbier, Lat. herbarium, a herb-garden ; at first applied to a garden-lawn, and afterwards transformed (after many changes in sense and some in form) into the modern E. arbour. See the full account in the N.E.D., s.v. arbour. Binfield. Spelt Bynfeld, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Earlier Benefeld, F.A. (1316), Ab. ; Bene- feud (with ud for Id), Ipm. p. 72, which is cox*rectly described as being not far from Windsor Forest ; Benetfeld, Ipm. p. 46, and Ipm. vol. 2 ; Bentfeld, Ipm. vol. 2. Thus Binfield, formerly Benfeld, is short for Bentfeld, and that again for Benetfeld. The prefix is the A.S. beonet, noted in the A.S. Diet, by Clark Hall, the same word as the prov. E. bennet, bent, a kind of coarse grass ; see E.D.D. and bent, sb. (1) in the N.E.D. The sense is ' field containing bent-grass '. Bradfield. Spelt Bradefeld, H.R. ; R.B. ; Brad- feld, V.E. D.B. has Bradefelt ; p. 10. The A.S. form appears in a Latin charter (a.d. 688-690) as Bradanfelda ; Birch, C.S. i. 108. Here Bradan THE SUFFIX -FIELD 39 is the weak dative of A.S. brad, broad ; and the sense is 'broad field'. The dative of the A.S. fe/d is not felde, but felda (as above). Burghfield. To the SW. of Reading. Spelt Burfcld, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Earlier, Burg- feld, Burghfield, Ipm. ; Burghefelde, F.A. (131 6). D.B. has Borgefel; p. 14. The prefix represents the A.S. burh, a borough ; and the literal sense is 'borough-field'. It may be remarked here that burh was also used to denote ' a small fort ' ; which suits better. Englefield. Spelt Englefeld, H.R. D.B. has Englejel, p. 1 ; and, on the same page, Inglefelle in Radingps hundred, i. e. in the hundred of Reading. It appears as Engla feld in the A.S. Chronicle, under the date 871 ; which means 'field of the Angles '. Engla is the gen. pi. ; and occurs again in Engla land, ' the land of the Angles,' i. e. ' England'. Fyfield. Near Marcham; to the W. of Abingdon. Called Fifeld in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But in the preceding century it was certainly called Fifhide, as Lysons says. Spelt Fifhide in the Index to Charters (1437) ; and so in R.B. D.B. has Fivehide in yierceham hundred; p. 10. In an A.S. charter dated 9^6 there is an allusion to it in the expression to J'if hldum, meaning ' to five hides ' ; hide being here a measure of land ; Birch, C.S. hi. 1 68. Thus the original sense was ' five hides ' ; afterwards altered to ' five fields ', or (in one word) 'five-field'. Taylor remarks that ' Fifield, Essex, is Fif-hide in Domesday '. 40 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Ganfield. This is the name of one of the Berks, hundreds, situate between the Thames and the Ock, and containing, for example, Pusey. D.B. has Pesei [Pusey] in Gamesfelle hundred, p. 14; and again, at p. 7, in Gamenesfelle hundred. Thus it appears that Gan- is an abbreviated form of Games, Gamenes ; and the Hundred Rolls have Gamenes- feld. The A.S. Gamen (gen. gamenes) means f a game' or f sport ' ; but it is hardly conceivable that gamenes feld could have been a correct ex- pression, any more than we should now speak of a cart's horse. The A.S. expression for ' playfield ' would rather have been gamen-feld. The use of the genitive in -es implies the use of a man's name ; and, as Gamenes-feld is a form later than the Conquest, it is tolerably certain that it was a per- version of Gameles feld, i. e. ' field of Gamel '. Gamel (also Gamal) is a well-established name, of which there are at least six instances ; and it seems to have entered freely into place-names. Ipm. (vol. i) has the forms Gamelesby, Gameles- ton(now Gamston), Gamelsthorp, Gamilswath; cf. Gamblesby (from Gamelesby) in Cumberland, and Gamelingay in Cambs. The last means 'isle of the Gamelings, or of the sons of Gamel '. Gamel, or gamal, or gamol was, in quite early times, a perfectly common word, meaning simply ' old ' ; and though it perished in England at an early date, it is still as common in Scandinavia as the word old is in England. In fact, the Scandina- vians have no use for the word old at all ; in Denmark everything old is gammel, and in Sweden it is gammal. The sense ' field of Gamel ' is per- THE SUFFIX -FIELD 41 fectly intelligible. It cannot mean ' field of play '. A similar substitution of n for / in an unstressed syllable occurs again in the case of Watchfield, p. 43. And after all, the A.S. gamcl still'survives as a proper name, in the forms Gammel and Gamble. Shinfield. To the S. of Reading. Formerly trisyllabic. Spelt Schyn?iyngfeld,V.~E. ; Shenyngfeld, Ab.; Shenyngfelde, F.A. (1316); H.R. ; Senefeld, R.B. ; Shy nyngf eld, Index; Schunnyngj eld, Ipm. D.B. has Scanesfe/t ; p. 3 (which may refer to Shinfield, but is clearly incorrect). The prefix is the same as that which appears in the old forms of Shingay (Carnbs.) ; formerly Skening-ay, as explained in my Place-names of Cambs. The A.S. form of it would be Scleninga (Sceninga, Scyninga), gen. pi., meaning ' of the Sclenings or sons of Selene '. And the sense of Shinfield must have been ' field of the Scienings '. The A.S. Selene is not recorded as a personal name by itself, but it forms part of the name Scen-wulf, which occurs in the Liber Vitae of Durham. As an adj., the A.S. sciene (more frequently scene, scyne), meaning f fair, beautiful ', being the exact equivalent of the Ger. sch'on, is extremely common. The variable vowel shows that the above solution is correct. The forms with Sheiiing- are due to scene ; and the forms with Shynyng-, Schun(ii)yng-, are due to scyne. Straffield, or Stratfield Mortimer. Straftield is merely an assimilated form of Stradfield or Stratfield. Called Stratfeld Mortymar, V.E. ; Stratf eld Mortimer, Ipm. ; H.R. D.B. has Strad- feld in Redinges hundred, i. e. in Reading hundred ; 1257 F 42 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE p. 14. The corresponding A.S. form is straet-feld, and the sense is ' street-field ' ; or field near an old high-way (often of Roman construction). The Mortimers were a Norman family who owned much land in various counties. The entry Ed- mundus de Mortuo Mari (in Ipm.) shows that Mortimer once meant the Dead Sea. Svvallowfield. The sense is obvious. Spelt S waif eld, H.R. ; Swalefeld, T.N. ; Swaleewefeld, R.B. ; Solafel, D.B., p. 16. From the Mercian smalrve, A.S. swealwe, a swallow. Warfield. Spelt War f eld, R.C. ; Ipm. ; Ware- felde, F.A. (131 6); Warwelt, D.B., p. 3. I take the prefix to represent the A.S. wcer, an occasional spelling of iver, whence modern E. weir. The usual sense of A.S. iver was ( a fishing-pool ', as explained in my Place-names of Cambs., s.v. Upware. The sense was probably f field beside a pool '. (The mod. E. war is from the Norman iverre.) Watchfield. Near Shrivenham. The form has been shortened. Spelt Wachenesfeld,T.T$.; D.B., p. 7. The A.S. forms require care. Wachenesfeld answers to A.S. Wacenesfeld, Birch, C.S., i. 224 ; spelt Uuacenesfeld, id. i. 506. But neither of these copies is of much authority. A far better copy is printed in the same, ii. 360. Here the boundaries of Watchfield are given, headed l Mete de Wachenesfeld ', which I take to be a later addition, on account of the use of ch ; and Birch prints it in italics. The same spelling occurs in the headline, which I suppose to repre- THE SUFFIX -FIELD 43 sent a late endorsement. But in 1. 3 of the charter itself (dated 931) we find the true old spelling, viz. Waeclesfeld, which makes far better sense. Waecles, variant of Wacles, is a correct form of the gen. case of the A.S. wacol, ' wakeful, vigilant,' here used as a proper name. Hence the sense is l Wacol' s field '. (It may be remarked that this is the only example hitherto noted of the use of wacol as a personal name, but the equivalent form wacor, with the same sense, has been noted as so occurring twice, with the spelling Wacer.) It is clear that the old form Waeclesfeld was altered to Wacenesfeld by the confusion of the old adj. wacol with the abstract sb. wacen, meaning 'vigilance' or 'keeping watch', which was not ideally adapted for use in place-names that deal with the concrete. And further, as the sense of wacen was connected with the idea of watching, the modern name Watchfield easily resulted. The case of Wakefield is different, because the wakes held in fields had no such abstract sense, but were very substantial. Cf. p. 41, 1. 2. Winkfield. Spelt Wink field, P.R. ; Winckefeld, T.E. ; Wynekefeld, T.E. ; Wynekfeld, F.A. (131 6). The A.S. form Winecan-felda (dative) occurs in Birch, C.S. ii. 5l5, in a charter dated 942. The sense is ' Wineca's field '. Wineca seems to be a diminutive of the common personal name Wine, of which the literal sense is ' friend '. Wokkpield. In Stratfield Mortimer (Kelly). Wokcfidd, Berks., is mentioned in Ab., and in the Index to Charters (1424). The prefix Woke- is 44 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE due to the Wocc- seen in the tribal name of the Wocc-ingas, whence the place-name Woking is derived. The gen. case Wocc-es occurs in Wocces- geat, for which see Birch, ii. 242, 1. 5. We must either explain Wokefield as being from this strong form Wocc (which should rather have given Wokes-field), or from an allied weak form *Woeca (gen. Woccan) of which we have no other record. Ford. The suffix -ford has its usual meaning. There are several names with this ending, viz. : Appleford, Boxford, Denford, Duxford, Frilford, Garford, Hatford, Hungerford, Lyford, Moulsford, Sand- ford, Sandleford, Shefford, Shellingford, Stanford, Twyford, Wallingford, Welford. Appleford. D.B. has Apleford ; p. 7. The A.S. form is /Eppelford ; in Birch, C.S. ii. 224. From A.S. ceppel, an apple. The sense is 'apple-tree ford '. Cf. Boxford and Welford. Boxford. On the river Lambourn, to the NW. of Speen. Apparently the same place as Boxworth in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But the older name was Boxore ; see Lysons, Hist, of Berks, p. 245. Spelt Boxhore (with intrusive h), Ipm. p. 4. D.B. has Bovsore ; p. 6. Spelt Boxora in Birch, C.S. i. 506 ; iii. 221 ; which gives the A.S. spelling. The A.S. box means ' box-tree'; and Boxford means ' box-tree ford '. Cf. Appleford above, and Welford. The A.S. ora means ' river-bank ' or shore ; cf. Bagn-or, &c, p. 81. From the oblique THE SUFFIX -FORD 45 case box-wan we may explain the form Bochesome in D.B. ; p. 15. Denford. Situate in Avington, near the N. bank of the river Kennet. Spelt Deneford, Ipm. ; but with reference to Denford in N'hants. Also Deneford, R.C. ; apparently with reference to Den- ford in Berks. D.B. has Dane ford, p. 11. In Wulfgar's will, printed in Birch, ii. 366-7, we find the dative Denforda (various reading Daenforda) with reference to Denford, probably in Berks. ; it is connected with Inkpen and with Cynetan-byrig (Kintbury). The form Dam- suggests a derivation from the A.S. dcen, variant of dcenn, derm, a den, lair, cave, also a woodland pasture for swine ; a word closely related to denu, a valley. In the last sense it occurs in many local names; see Birch, iii. 490 : 'this daen is genamod Hyringdaenn' ; and the references in Toller's Supplement to Bosworth's A.S. Diet., pp. 148, 149. The later forms Deneford,Daneford mayhave been influenced by the A.S. denu, a valley, or by Dene, pi. Danes. Some have derived Denford from Dene, ' Danes ', to suit certain theories, but Mr. Stevenson points out that denu, a valley, is quite as likely ; see his note to Asser's Life of Alfred, p. 275. But the right source is the A.S. daen. The sense is 'ford near the swine-pasture '. Duxford. Situate by the Thames, near Hinton Waldrist. Spelt Ditdochesforde in D.B., which notes that it is in Game/el (Ganfield) hundred. This evidently answers to' the A.S. form Duduces- ibrd. The strange personal name Duduc occurs 46 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE at least ten times (Searle). The original sense was ' Duduc's ford '. Frilford. Near Marcham, on an affluent of the Ock. Spelt F.rileford, Ipm. ; Frylesford, F.A. ; later Fryleford, F.A. (1428). Spelt F.rileford in Birch, C.S. hi. 428, no. 1170 ; but the copy seems to be late. The spelling Fryles-ford suggests that the prefix is the same as in Frils-ham. If so, Frilford is a contraction of ( Frithel's (or Frithuwulf s) ford '. Violent contractions of this character are common in place-names. See Frilsham, p. 56. Garford. Situate near Marcham, beside the river Ock. Spelt Gareford, T.N. ; T.E. The A.S. form is Garan-forda (dative) in a grant of land at Garford to the thegn Wulfric, dated 940. The sense appears to be Gara's ford. The former a was probably once long (Gara), since Gar- is a common prefix in such names as Gar-beorht, Gar-beald (Searle). It was shortened before the consonantal combination rf; or it would now be Goreford. The A.S. gara also means a ' gore ', or triangular piece of land ; see E.D.D. Hatford. To the N. of Stanford, which is in the Vale of the White Horse, and situate beside a small stream that flows into the river Ock. Originally trisyllabic. Spelt Hatford, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII); but Havedford in T.N. ; and Hautford in the Index to the Charters (1420). D.B. has Hevaford in Merceham (Marcham) hundred ; p. 13. Here Heva is evidently an error for Hevad, as the dental is still preserved. The forms haved, THE SUFFIX -FORD 47 herad point clearly to the A.S. heqfod, ' head ', found in M.E. as hceved, hcej'd, heved, &c. The sense appears to be ' head-ford ' ; or c ford near the head of the stream '. Hungerford. Situate on the S. bank of the river Kennet. Spelt Hungerford, Ipm. ; P.R. ; R.C. ; Hungreford, R.T. ; Hungerforde, R.B. But it is improbable that the prefix should be the modern E. hunger. A simpler solution is suggested by the fact that the older name of Hungerhill, near Nottingham, was Hongerhill ; see Records of Nottingham, ed. W. H. Stevenson, vol. i. pp. 374, 434. Mr. Stevenson well derives Honger from the A.S. hongra, variant of hangra, whence prov. E. hanger, a hanging wood on a hill- side ; see E.D.D. See also the examples higran hongran and cylf hongran in Birch, C.S. ii. 206 ; and sadol hongran in the same, iii. 589- If this be right, the sense is 'ford near the hanging wood '. Cf. Appleford, Welford. Lvford. Situate beside the Ock, between Stanford and Garford. Spelt Lvford, Ipm. p. 203 ; Li ford, H.R. But an older form was certainly Linford ; so that n has been lost. This is clearly shown by the account of the boundaries of land at Garford printed in Birch, C.S. ii. 489; where we read that the boundary runs thus : ' Of Garan-forda and-lang Eoccen oth thaet thaer Cilia suth ut scyt ; thonne up and-lang Cilia rithe oth Linfordinga gemaere ' ; i. e. from Garford along the Ock until the stream from Childreth goes out southward ; then along the Childreth-stream as far as the 48 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE boundary of the Linfordings, or dwellers in Linford. It is obvious that this Linford can only be Lyford. Again, in Birch, C.S. ii. 552, Linford is described as lying between the Ock and the stream from Childreth. This must of course be Lyford. Yet again, in the Abingdon Chronicle, ii. 192, Linford is mentioned in connexion with Tubney. But we must go yet a step further ; for it is unlikely that even Linfoi'd is the original form, as it would mean '.flax ford ' ; whereas fords are generally referred to more permanent objects. The riddle is not difficult ; for Linford in Bucks., near Newport Pagnell, is referred to in Ipm. p. 30 as e Lindford maner in Neuporte fee, Bucks.' The right form is obviously Lindford ; cf. 'on lind- ford' in Birch, iii. 288, in the boundaries of Ringwood, Hants. This lind is the A.S. form of what is now called the lime-tree, by an extra- ordinary corruption of the Shakespearian form line (as in line-grove, Tempest, A. v. 1. 10, in the First Folio). The fact that the A.S. form lind actually dropped the d and lengthened the i, helps us to see that Lyford is nothing but ' line-ford ', or ' ford near the lime-tree .' Cf. Appleford, Welford. Moulsford. On the Thames, to the S. ot Wallingford. Spelt Mul les ford, Ipm. The pre- fix is the same as in Moulsey (Surrey) ; A.S. Mules-eg (in Kemble's Index). From the A.S. Mules, gen. of Mul, a known personal name. The A.S. mul (from Lat. mulus) also means 'mule'; it became moid in Middle English, and so occurs in the Cursor Mundi, 1. 6001. But it is now ob- THE SUFFIX -FORD 49 solete, having been superseded by the O.F. mid (from Lat. midum, ace), which is now written mule. Hence Moulsford means ' Mul's ford' or ' Mule's ford ' ; taking Mule to represent the per- sonal name. Sandford. Near Besilsleigh. The derivation is obvious ; from sand and ford. The dat. Sand- forda occurs in Birch, C.S. i. 490 ; and there is an interesting allusion to the Sandfordinga gemaere, i.e. the boundary of the Sandfordings or dwellers in Sandford in the same, ii. 374. Sandleford. There is a Sandleford Priory on the N. side of the river Emborne (or Enborne) which forms a part of the S. boundary of the county. It is spelt Sandelford in H.R. ; R.C. ; T.E. ; V.E. In P.R. the expression ( pro priore de Sandlesford' occurs thrice, and furnishes a clue, as it shows that Sandles here represents the gen. case of a personal name. There is only one name on record that will fit, viz. Sandwulf, or (in a shorter form) Sandolf. Sandles clearly stands for Sandols, and that for Sandolves, a late form of the gen. of Sandolf. There are many examples in which nndf, as the second element in a name, is so attenuated as to be absolutely unrecognisable. The present case is not stranger than that of the A.S. Eadwulfes treow, 1 which is an old form of Elstree in Herts. Here tvulfes is reduced to Is, whereas, in the case of Sandleford, it is reduced 1 Even Eadwulfes seems to have arisen from Tidwulfes ; by changing aet Tidwulfes to aet Eadwulfes, 1257 G 50 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE to le. But Sand- is much better preserved than End-, reduced as it is to E. Shefford. On the river Lambourne. There is a Great or West Shefford, and a Little or East Shefford. Spelt Shifford Magna and Parva, V.E. ; Sipford, Cl.R. ; Sip ford (hundred de Egle), T.N. ; Westsipford, T.N. f West Shefford, F.A. (1316). D.B. has Siford (in Eglei hundred); p. 13. The same name as Stafford in Oxon., A.S. Scypford, i.e. ' sheep-ford ' ; see Kemble, CD., hi. 343. Cf. prov. E. ship, a sheep ; and the numerous Shiptons. Shellingford. On a stream that flows into the river Ock from the north. Spelt Shillingford, P.R. ; Schalinge ford, T.N. ; T.E. ; Sillingford, Ipm.; Shallingford, F.A. (131 6); Shalingford, V.E. (The original vowel in the first syllable was a.) D.B. has Serengeford ; p. 8 (for Sherengeford). An older form, Sannge ford (for Shari?igeford),occurs in the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 196. The A.S. form is Scaringa-ford ; see Birch, C.S. ii. 373, 1. 3, and 374. At p. 372, we find the curious Norman form Xalingeford, with X for Sh. We thus see that Shell- has resulted from A.S. Scar-. In con- nexion with Scaringa, we may notice the form Scaren-dene, in a Kentish charter; see Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 81, which suggests a proper name Scara, not otherwise known. The original sense of Shellingford was certainly 'ford of the Searings', since Scaringa represents a gen. pi. And it is further probable that the Searings were 'sons of Scara ' or e the tribe or family of Scara '. Stanford. There is a Stanford-in-the-Vale ; THE SUFFIX -FORD 51 i.e. in the Vale of the White Horse, and a Stan- ford Dingley near Midgham. The church of the latter contains a brass dated 1444, in memory of Margaret, wife of William Dyneley, esquire to Henry VI, which is supposed to explain Dingley (Kelly). Spelt Stanford in D.B. ; p. 10. There are many Stanfords ; all from the A.S. stein-ford, i.e. 'stone ford'. Twyford. On the Loddon, not very far from the point where it enters the Thames. There is here a double ford over the divided Loddon ; and, as in the case of Twyford, Herts., the name represents the A.S. twlford, ' double ford.' This name-form is noticed in Beda, Eccl. Hist. bk. iv. c. 28 (or 26) : ' in loco qui dicitur ad tidfyrdi, quod significat ad duplex uaduni.' Wallingford. On the Thames. The double I is modern. Spelt Walingford, Robert of Glou- cester; H.R. ; Walingeford, R.B. ; D.B., p. 1; T.E. The A.S. forms are Welinga-ford, in Birch, C.S. ii. 206, 568 ; and Wealinga-ford, in the A.S. Chronicle, under the year 1 006 ; Walinge-ford in the same, 1126; and Waling- ford in the same, under 1 140. The sense is ' ford of the Wealings'; where Wealing is related to the A.S. tvealh, lit. ' foreigner ', but also used as a personal name. We may further explain it as ' ford of the sons of Wealh'. It need hardly be said that Walling- ford is not derived from the c British Gua I hen-ford, or old fort by the ford '. This is a pure invention, as ford is an English word ; the Welsh being rhijd. Welkoud. On the Lambourn. Spelt Welford, 52 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; WeUeford, R.B. The A.S. form (in a late copy) is Weliford ; Birch, C.S. i. 506 ; but we find the true form set Weligforda, in the same, iii. 29, in a charter dated 949- (It is a peculiarity of ford that, like feld, it has a dative in a ; such sbs. are few in number.) From the A.S. welig, a willow. The sense is ' willow ford '. Cf. Appleford, Boxford, Lyford ; also Ash- ford (Kent), and Salford (Beds.). The last is named from the A.S. salig, a sally-tree, or willow-tree. Grave. The suffix -grave represents the A.S. grcefe, dat. of grqf, or grcef, ' a trench,' sometimes ' a grave '. It occurs in Wargrave. Wargrave. On the Thames. Spelt Wergrave, R.B. ; R.C. ; Weregrave, F.A. (1316) ; Weregrauce, Index to Charters (106 1-5). Wargrave is also the name of a hundred ; called Weregrave hundred, H.R. D.B. has Weregrave', p. 3. The prefix were- represents the A.S. wera, gen. pi. of wer, a man. Cf. Wera-horna in Birch, C.S. i. 552. The sense is 'men's trench', or ' men's grave'. The exact allusion is necessarily lost. Hale. The suffix -hale is explained in the N.E.D. as meaning f a nook, a corner, a secret place'. It is due to the Mercian hale, dat. of halh ; A.S. heale, dat. of healh. The A.S. healh answers to the modern E. haugh, a nook, corner ; so that, grammatically, the form hale is the dative of THE SUFFIXES -HALE, -HAM 53 haugh, which was especially used to mean ' a flat piece of alluvial land by the side of a river, forming part of the floor of the river valley ' ; N.E.D. It occurs in Bracknell. (It is not related to Icel. hallr, as Taylor says.) Bracknell. To the E. of Wokingham, and SW. of Winkfield. It evidently corresponds to the A.S. Braccan heal {for healh) mentioned in a charter relating to Winkfield, dated 942 ; see Birch, C.S. ii. 51 6, 1. 4. The dat. Braccan heale occurs in the next line. (There is no personal name Bracca on record.) Braccan may well answer to the modern E. bracken, a kind of fern. Note that many place-names begin with Farn-, i. e. fern ; such as Farnham, Farnborough ; and see Faring don, p. 32. The A.S. Dictionaries give neither 'bracken' nor 'brake'; but the former answers to braccan (as above), which is the combining form of a sb. *bracca or *bracce (pi. braccan) ; and the latter occurs in fearn-braca, lit. 'fern-brakes', in Birch, C.S. ii. 295, last line. The sense of Bracknell is, accordingly, ' bracken- haugh ' or ' bracken-nook '. Ham. There are two suffixes of this form. One of them answers to the A.S. ham, ' home,' and the other to the A.S. hamm, 'enclosure,' whence the modern E. verb to hem in. It is not always pos- sible to say to which class a given example belongs ; but sometimes the evidence is clear. The names containing this suffix, from either source, or from 54 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE an undetermined source, are here all taken together, viz. Barkham, Beenham or Benham, Bisham, Cookham, Crookham, Frilsham, Marcham, Midgham, Remenham, Shrivenham, Sulham, Thatcham, Waltham, Wickham, Wittenham, Wo- kingham, and Wytham. Barkham. To the S W. of Wokingham. Spelt Barkam, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; Berkham, F.A. (1316) ; Bercham, H.R. ; D.B. has Bercheham; p. 3. The A.S. form is Beorcham, in Birch, C.S. iii. 55 ; where its boundaries are duly given in a charter dated 952. The prefix Beorc means ' birch ' ; and the suffix most likely represents ham, 'home.' The sense is 'birch-home', or home near a birch-tree. It may be remarked that the change from A.S. ^eorc to Bark- is regular ; the mod. E. birch is not derived from beorc, but from a by-form birce. Hence there is here no violation of phonetic laws. Beenham (or Benham) Valence. Benham is the preferable form ; Beenham is a curious contraction of Be(nn)enham, which ignores the nn. Spelt Benham, R.C. ; R.B. ; H.R. ; T.E. ; F.A. (1316); Benham Valence, Ipm. p. 214. In Ipm. p. 312, we find Benham manerium among the lands held by Adomarus de Valencia (Aymer de Valence), Comes Pembroc. ; which explains the connexion with Valence. D.B. has Beneham; p. 6. Also spelt Benneham, D.B., p. 16 ; Binneham,T.N. The A.S. form is Bennanham, Birch, C.S. iii. 274; or Bennan- hamm, as shown by the expression 'set Bennan- hamme ', id. iii. 120 (a.d. 956). Bennan is the gen. THE SUFFIX -HAM 55 of the personal name Benna, and hamm is here 'an enclosure '. The sense is ' Benna' s enclosure '. There is another Benham in the parish of Welford, called Hoe Benham. Here Hoe represents the A.S. hok, ' the spur of a hill.' Bisham. On the Thames. Formerly Bisteham and Bustleham (Lysons). Spelt Bustleham, H.R.; T.N. ; Bustleskam, Ab.; V.E. ; F.A. (1316); Besllesham, R. T. ; Bistlesham, R.C. (1 John) ; Cl.R. D.B. has Bistesham in Benes hundred; p. 10. The A.S. form does not appear, but we have the same prefix in Bestles-ford, near Bradfield (on the Pang), Birch, i. 108, 145, 147, ii. 206. At the last reference it is also spelt Baestlaesford. Bsestles is the gen. of the personal name Baestel ; and the suffix probably means f home '. So that Bisham is ' Baestel's home '. The same prefix occurs in Basilden, p. 28. Cookham. On the Thames above Maidenhead. Cookham is also the name of a hundred. Spelt Cokam, R.B. ; Cokham hundred, H.R. ; Cocham, Ipm. p. 29; Cucham, Ipm. p. 22. D.B. has Cocheham in Benes hundred ; p. 2 ; where che is for ke. In .Elfheah's will, we find aet Coccham and aet Thaecham, before a. d. 971 ; see Birch, C.S. hi. 432. Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 315, has to Cocham. The spelling Cucham and the modern form seem to point to the A.S. coc, 'a cook '; as if the sense were ' cook-home'. But the older sense was ' cock-home ' ; from the A.S. cocc. Crookham. Near Brimpton, as shown in Bacon's Atlas. It is worth notice, as the name is old and 56 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE curious. Spelt Crokham, R.B. ; T.N. D.B. has Crocheham ; p. 2 (with ch for k). In the boun- daries of Brimpton, as given by Birch, C.S. ii. 559, we find ' to Croh-hamme ', showing that the suffix is ham?n, an enclosure. The A.S. croh is merely an English form of the Lat. crocus, with the sense of 1 saffron '. The sense is ( saffron-enclosure '. Frilsham. On the river Pang. Spelt Fridles- ham, F.A. (131 6); H.R. ; Fridelesham, Pipe Rolls; T.N. ; Ipm. ; Frydelysham, F.A. (1428); Fiy- delsham; Index (1410). D.B. has Frilesham ; p. 9- The prefix is possibly *Fritheles, gen. of *Frithel, if there was such a name. Such a form seems to be suggested by Frithelestok, Ipm. ; Frithelinga die, Birch, C.S. ii. 260 ; Frithela byrig, id. iii. 201. But if, on the other hand, the name (as often) has been much abbreviated, it may stand for Fritholfes, gen. of Fritholf, a name which occurs in Birch, C.S. iii. 369, and is a familiar form of Frithuwulf. Thus the sense is either ' Frithel's home ' or ' Frithuwulf s home '. There is no evidence to show which is right. See Frilford, p. 46. March am. Near Abingdon. It was formerly also the name of a hundred, as in D.B. Formerly written M'cham (Merchant), T.E. D.B. has Merce- ham ; p. 6. The boundaries of Marcham are given in Birch, C.S. iii. 427, where we find the dat. Merchamme, showing that the suffix is hamm, an enclosure. The prefix is mere, mearc, ' a march ' or boundary; and the sense is 'boundary-enclosure'. The river Ock bounds the parish on the south, THE SUFFIX -HAM 57 Midgham. On the Kennet ; not far from Brimpton (see p. 93). Spelt Migham, F.A. (131 6) ; Migeham, T.N. D.B. has Migeham in Taceham [Thatcham] hundred; p. 12. It is either the same as Midghale, or close to it. We find Migehala, Migehale, R.B. ; Migehala in Bernintun [Brimpton], Pipe Rolls. In Kemble we find Mieghjema ge- msera ; Cod. Dipl. hi. 193, 196; which shows that the suffix is -ham, not -hamm, because -hsema can only result from the former. The prefix micg is a late spelling of A.S. mycg, a midge. The sense is ' midge home '. It must be borne in mind that many place-names are of trivial origin. Rf.menham. On the Thames, below Henley. Spelt Remenham, F.A. (1316); Remnant, V.E. ; Remeham, T.N. But also Ramenham (1321), Index ; Rammenham, Ipm. ; and D.B. has Rameham ; p. 3. The variation between e and a in the first syllable suggests that the A.S. vowel is ce ; and I have little hesitation in connecting the prefix with the A.S. hrcemn, hremn, both common late spellings of hraefn, a raven. The second e is intrusive ; cf. the spelling Remnam above. In such cases, the suffix commonly means 'home' or 'dwelling'. The sense appears to be 'raven home'. Cf. Midgham (above). We may also compare the form Remnes- dun, in Birch, C.S. hi. 363 ; i. e. ' Raven's down ', where Raven is used as a personal name. Surivenham. Near the western boundary ot the county. Spelt Shrivenham, F.A. (131G); Scriveham,'R.B.; Serivenham hundred, H.R. ; Scriven- 1257 n 58 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE ham (for Shrivenhavi), D.B., p. 7 (noted as being in a hundred of the same name). A charter in late spelling has Scriuenham, Birch, C.S. i. 506 ; where a variant in earlier spelling is given in a footnote as Scrivenanhom, showing that the form has lost a syllable. The full A.S. form is Scrifenan-hamm, which appears in the dat. case in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 131. As Scrifena is not a sb. in common use, it must be a name. The sense is ' Scrifena's enclosure '. Sulham. To the W. of Reading. Spelt Sule- Inrni, H.R. ; Ipm. In the Chronicle of Abingdon I find the name of W. de Suleham ; and in the Red Book, Rob. de Suleham. But there is also a form Soleham, R.C. ; T.E. ; Ipm.; D.B., p. 12; which seems to refer to the same place ; and in D.B., p. 1 1, we find Solelut (sic) in Redinges hundred, which must be Sulham. Another form is Soulham ; Ipm., p. 203. The phonology offers great diffi- culty, as it seems impossible to connect Sulham with Sulhampstead, which is not many miles off; for the alternative spelling of the latter is Sylhamp- stead. The first vowel seems to be short x, for which Norman scribes sometimes write o. In the form Soulham, it seems to have been lengthened, perhaps by mistake. I can find nothing to suit it unless it be the prefix Sulan-, which occurs in Sulangraf in a list of boundaries in Birch, C.S. ii. 384, 1. 21. The charter there printed is in late spelling. Cf. also Sulan-ford and Sulan-broc ; id. iii. 589- If this be correct, and if we may take Sulan to be the gen. of an unrecorded personal THE SUFFIX -HAM 59 name Sula, the sense will be ( Sula's home '. But I only offer this as a guess. Thatcham. Formerly also the name of a hundred, as in D.B. Spelt Thachame, T.E. ; Taccham, R.T. ; Tacham, T.N. D.B. has Taccham hundred, p. 2, and Taccham hundred, p. 8. Norman scribes often write T for Th, especially at the beginning of a name. The A.S. form is Th sec-ham, Birch, C.S. iii. 4-32. As the A.S. ihcec (lit. thatch) means e roof, the reference seems to be to a house. The pro- bable sense is ' roofed home ', or ' thatched house'. Waltham. There are two places of this name, to the SW. of Bray, viz. White Waltham and St. Lawrence Waltham. The same name as the better known Waltham in Herts., already dis- cussed by me in the Place-names of Herts. The spelling is Waltham in H.R. ; and we find Waltham Sancti Laurentii in F.A. (131 6). D.B. has Waltham, p. 8. The A.S. form is Wealtham ; Birch, C.S. ii. 490 (in a charter supposed to refer to White Waltham, dated a. d. 940) ; and again, in the same, iii. 167, with regard to a Waltham in Hants. In a still earlier charter, dated 909, we find the form Wealth aaminga, gen. pi. ; Birch, C.S. ii. 285 ; where the suffix implies derivation from ham, ' home,' not hamm, ' enclosure.' In my Place-names of Herts. I proposed an ety- mology from *Wealtanham, as if ' home of Wealta', a name not otherwise known. But the absence of the suffix -an in charters so early as 909 and 940 suggests that we may regard Wealt-ham as the right form. If we take ham to mean ' home ' 60 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE or 'house', tvealt must be inferred (from the adj. un-wealt, 'steady/ or 'firm') to mean 'unsteady', or 'infirm', i.e. ill-built, shattered, or decayed. Cf. Icel. valtr, ' easily upset.' If we take the com- pound to mean ' decayed house ', it is probable enough that it is correct. A common error is to explain Wealt- from weald, a wood ! Wickham. Near Welford ; the latter is on the Lambourn. Spelt Wicham, R.B. ; H.R. The A.S. form is Wicham, in Birch, C.S. i. 506, where it is mentioned along with several places in Berks. There are several Wickhams, including one in Cambs. and one in Herts. In my Place-names of Cambs. and Herts. I have explained the name from A.S. wic (from Lat. ulcus), 'a village,' and ham, ' home,' relying on the form Wichjema. But I now find that there is also a form Wic- hamm, where hamm means ' enclosure '. The evidence shows that Wickham, Cambs., means ' village-enclosure ' ; whilst Wickham, Hants., means 'village-home'. The sense of the Berks. Wickham is left undetermined. Wittenham. On the Thames, between Abing- don and Wallingford. There is a Long Witten- ham and a Little Wittenham ; the former is some- times called West Wittenham. Spelt West Wy- tenham, H.R. V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) has Whit- tenham Comitis and Wittenham Abbatis ; Ipm. has Wytenham. The A.S. form Wittanhamme occurs in the dative in Birch, C.S. ii. 22-1, in the boun- daries of Appleford. Hence the suffix is -hamm, 'enclosure.' The prefix is Wittan, gen. of Witta, THE SUFFIX -HAM 61 a personal name of which there are half a dozen examples. The sense is ' Witta's enclosure '. N.B. Mr. Zachrisson connects the spelling Witre- ham in the Calendar of Documents preserved in France, ed. J. H. Round (Rolls Series), with Wyt- ham ; but this is not possible, as will be seen by referring to the etymology of that place-name just below. Witreham is only a Norman spelling of the M.E. Witenham ; and therefore really re- presents Wittenham. Wokingham. Also called Oakingham or Ock- ingham (Kelly). Spelt Wokingham, F.A. ; Cl.R. ; Wokingeham, T.N. ; Cl.R., vol. 2 ; Okyngham, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; Okingham, 1568, Index. The loss of W is rather late. The prefix Wokinge- represents the A.S. gen. pi. Woccinga, from the nom. pi. Woccingas, or ' sons of Wocc ', to whom is due the name of Woking, in Surrey. The gen. Wocc-es occurs in Wocces-geat, i.e. ' Wocc's gate ' ; Birch, C.S. ii. 242, 1. 5. The suf- fix probably means ( home ' ; and the sense may be ' home of the Woccings, or sons of Wocc '. Woking is spelt Wocking, in Cl.R. vol. 2. Wytham. To the NW. of Oxford. Also Wightham (Lysons). Spelt Wightham, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). The A.S. form is Wihtham, in the boundaries of Hinksey, B. iii. 201, 1. 1. Also spelt Wictham, in the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 312; and Uuihteham in the same, i. 270 (a.d. 968). The last suggests an original form Wihtan- ham, where Wihtan is the genitive of Wihta, a pet name for one of the numerous names begin- 62 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE ning with Wiht, such as Wihtbeorht, Wihtbrord, &c. The probable sense is ' Wihta's home ' ; though the suffix is undetermined. If we now reconsider the above cases, we see that ham occurs with the sense of l enclosure ' in Beenham, Crookham, Marcham, Shrivenham, and Wittenham. The sense of ' home ' appears in Midgham and Waltham ; perhaps also in Cookham, Thatcham, and Wokingham. In the remaining cases we have no indication as to the right sense. Hay. The suffix -hay, meaning ' hedge ' or ' fence ', is derived from A.S. hege, with the same meaning. (There was also a Norman form haie, haye, of Germanic origin, but this need not be here con- sidered.) We must distinguish this hay from the A.S. haga, ' a haw ' or hedge, and from the A.S. hecg, whence the modern ' hedge ' really comes. The only derivative is Woodhay. Woodhay. To the S. of Kintbury. Spelt Woodhay, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Also spelt Widehay, H.R. ; Wydehay, F.A. (131 6); T.N. From A.S. wudu, also widn, 'wood'; which ac- counts for the double form. The sense is ' wood- fence '. Hill. A well-known word. Hence Coleshill and Sunninghill. Coleshill. On the river Cole. Spelt Coleshull, T.N. ; F.A. ; Coleshidle, R.B. ; T.E. The Middle THE SUFFIXES -HILL, -HITHE 63 English forms for hill are hylle, Mile, hulle, Kentish helle. D.B. has Coleselle in Wifol hundred ; p. 15. It is now in Faringdon hundred. Spelt Coleshylle once, and Colleshylle thrice, in Wynflaed's Will ; see Thorpe, Diplomatarium, pp. 534, 535. The suffix -es shows that the place was not named from the stream ; the contrary is possible. The personal names Col and Coll both occur. The sense is < Col's hill ' or < Coil's hill '. N.B. There is another Coleshill in Warwickshire, near which another stream named Cole joins the river Tame. Sunninghill. To the S. of Windsor. Spelt Suninghull, H.R. ; Sunningehulle, R.T. The prefix is the same as in Sunningwell, which see below. The sense is ' hill of the Sunnings, or sons of Sun- na '. See Sonning, p. 69- Hithe. Hithe means ' a port ' or ' haven ' ; Kemble ex- plains it as ' a place that receives a ship on its landing, a low shore, fit to be a landing-place for boats ' ; or shortly, a landing-place. The only example is Maidenhead. Maidenhead. Spelt Maydenhythe, F.A. (1428) ; * pro ponte de Maydenheth '', P.R. (1297-8). Here heth is for hethe, a Kentish form of hithe, due to a Kentish scribe ; the A.S. form is hyth. The prefix is simply maiden, A.S. nuegden ; and the sense is ' Maiden hithe '. Comically explained in Kelly as ' midway wharf ! There is nothing extra- ordinary about it. Cf. m&gdenne-brigce, lit. e maiden bridge', in Kemble, Cod. Uipl. no. 680; vol. iii. 64 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE 259- One curious characteristic of our old antiquaries is the persistence with which they refuse to regard Maiden as being an English word. In cases like Maiden Bower and Maiden Castle they call it ' Celtic ' ; and they would sooner call it Egyptian than admit it to be quite a common English word. The modern use ot -head for -hythe is absurd ; but ' maidenhead ' was once so common, in place of e maidenhood ', that it was easily accepted. I take the sense ot Maidenhithe to be 'a. landing-place for maidens', i. e. a place where landing from a boat was very easily accomplished. According to the E.D.D., a Roman road is sometimes called l a maiden way ', as being easy to traverse in the days of ill-made roads. We have a ' Maids' Causeway ' in Cam- bridge ; it merely means ( well-paved walk' or 1 parade '. Holt. Holt, also spelt holt in Anglo-Saxon, means a wood or copse ; see N.E.D. It only occurs in Sparsholt. Sparsholt. To the W. of Wantage. Formerly Spersholt, P.R. ; Ipm. ; Speresholt, R.B. D.B. has Spersolt, p. 3 ; Spersold, p. 7. Birch has set Speresholte (dat.), C.S. iii. 358 (a.d. 963) ; Kemble has aet Spaeresholte, Cod. Dipl. iv. 170 (charter no. 820). The sense is f Spser's copse ' or ' Sper's copse '. Hurst. Hurst, meaning a wooded eminence, a copse, a wood, is common in Kent ; see N.E.D. The THE SUFFIX -HURST 65 A.S. form is hyrst. It occurs in Hui'st, and in Baynhurst, Sandhurst, and Tilehurst. Hurst. To the E. of Reading. We find la Hurst, F.A. (1316) ; de la Hurst, T.E. A.S. hyrst, as above. Baynhurst. Now the name of a hundred that contains Hurley and Cookham. The prefix is the same as in Bayworth (for Baynworth, the n being lost). The sense is ' Baega's copse ', or ' Baaga's copse'. In D.B., p. 8, we find in Betters hundred; where Betters appears to be merely a Normanised form of Baynhurst ; and it appears in a still more corrupt form in the entries of ' Cocheham [Cook- ham] in Benes hundred ', p. 2 ; and ' Hurlei in Benes hundred', p. 13 ; which show that Benes is really Baynhurst. We find Benestr' Hundred in H.R. ; apparently an error for Benerst. Sandhurst. Spelt Sandhurst, F.A. (1316). Sand- hyrst occurs in the dat. form Sandhyrste in Birch, C.S. i. 366, with reference to Sandhurst in Kent. The sense is obvious. Tilehurst. To the W. of Reading. Spelt Tylehurst, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; but earlier Tigelhurste, T.N. ; Tygelhurst, T.E. ; Tyghelhurst, F.A. (131 6). The A.S. Tigelhyrst appears in the dat. Tigelhyrste, in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 157. The A.S. tigel (borrowed from Lat. tegula) means ' tile '. The sense is c tile copse ', whatever be the reason. Tiles may have been made there. 1257 66 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE -ING. The suffix -ing is very different from the rest, having a purely personal reference. Thus 'son of Adam' is expressed in A.S. by Adaming. The nom. sing, ends in -ing, and the gen. sing, in -inges. The nom. pi. ends in -ingas, and the gen. pi. in -inga. All four endings are common. The pi. also has the sense of ' dwellers in', when it follows a place-name. Thus Catmer-ingas means 'dwellers in Catmere '. Place-names containing the A.S. -ing are Balking, Ginge, Lockinge, Reading, Sonning, Wantage, and Wasing. Balking, or Baulking. In the Vale of the White Horse. A contracted form. Spelt Balk- ing, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Earlier Badeleking Cl.R.; Bathelking (1286); Index. The A.S. forms are Bedelacinge, Birch, C.S. iii. 25 ; Bathalacing, id. iii. 358 ; Bada-lacing, id. 359 (various reading Bathalacing). Of these, the oldest form is Badalacing or Bathalacing (a. d. 963), which must have lost a suffix, owing to its being already quadrisyllabic. The full form would be Badalac- inga, gen. pi. ; of which the sense is uncertain ; but it probably means ' belonging to (lit. of) the sons of Badalac'. And Badalac is probably a Mercian form of Beadulac, a name composed of the very common prefix Beadu (lit. ' battle '), and the known suffix -lac (lit. ' play ') as in Guth-lac. If this be right, Balking denotes a place where the family of Beadulac settled. The form Bathalacing may easily have arisen from drawingan unnecessary THE SUFFIX -ING 67 stroke through the d ; it first appears with a D in the form BADALACING, in capital letters ; C.S. iii. 358. But it is Badalacing at p. 359. Ginge. East Ginge and West Ginge are in the parish of Hendred, to the S. of West Hendred. There is also a stream so named, sometimes spelt Geenge ; but it was originally a place-name. We find Genge manerium; Ipm. p. 151; Gac/ig', Going', Geing, T.N. ; Est Genge, F. A. ; Estgeyng (1225); Index (where Est = East). Also spelt Gainz, in the Pipe Rolls (1155-6). D.B. has Gainz, p. 8 ; where z has the sound of is or dz, and only approximately represents the English sound of a palatalised g (like modern E. J). Also Gainz, Geinz, R.B. The oldest recorded form is Gseging (better Gaeginge), Birch, C.S. iii. 257; whence the later forms Gainge, id. iii. 173, Gaincg, iii. 67, and Geinge, i. 506. The second g in Gaeginge was a mere glide, like y in paying, and so was easily lost. The original form must have been Gaeginga, gen. pi., from Gaegingas, nom. pi. ; referring to the ' sons (or family) of Gaega '. The name Gaega is not in Searle, but can be inferred from the equivalent modern E. Gay in such names as Gaydon, Gayton, and Gaywood. Moreover, in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 137, we find Gegan- lege ; and in the same, vi. 148, we find Gage-leage ; both variants of Ga>gan-leage, and implying ( raegan, gen. of Gaega. Lockinge. To the E. of Wantage. The ge is sounded as;. There is an East Lockinge and a West Lockinge (Kelly). It is certain that the o 68 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE is a late substitution for a. Spelt Lokinge, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But earlier it is Laking, H.R. ; T.E. ; though it is Lokinge, Lokinges in T.N. ; Westlokyng (1459), Index. D.B. has Lach- inges in Wanetinz hundred (with ch for k), p. 8. Spelt Lakinge (various reading Lacinge), Birch, C.S. ii. 139- We should particularly notice the description of the boundaries of Drayton in Birch, C.S. iii. 234 and 279, where Laking and Waneting (i. e. Wantage) are mentioned in similar terms. We find : ' thonon on Lacing; andlang Lacing on Cealc- ford ; thonon on mser-dic ; . . . thonon on Wanet- inge ; andlang Waneting on Oeccene ' ; i. e. thence to Laking ; along Laking to Chalkford ; thence to the boundary-ditch ; . . . thence to Wantage ; along Wantage to the river Ock. This suggests that Lacing (like Waneting) is a tribal name. Moreover, the a was long, and passed regularly into o, after which it was shortened before the strong stop k. Hence Lacing was probably named from ' the Lacings ' or ' sons of Lac '. Lac is not found elsewhere alone as a proper name, but it is a very common word, and occurs in Guthlac. See Balking; p. 66. Note particularly the D.B. form Lachinges, and the form Lokinges in T.N. The final -es answers to A.S. -as; whence we infertile form Lacingas, nom. pi. ; a correct form. The modern Lockinge may have well been due to the gen. pi. Lacinga, later Lakinge ; after which the g was palatalised, becoming j, whilst a became o. The shortening of a stressed vowel in the first syllable is not uncommon. Indeed, an example occurs in the next name that follows. THE SUFFIX -ING 69 Reading. The ea, once long, is now short. Spelt Radinges, R.B. ; F.A. ; Redinges, R.C. ; Radinge, T.E. It -was also (and still remains) the name of a hundred. Hundred de Radinge, F.A. (131 6); H.R. D.B. has Redinges in Redinges hundred, p. 5 ; also Radinges hundred, p. 9- The A.S. form appears as Readingum in the A.S. Chronicle, an. 871, where it is in the dative plural; also as RSdingan, a late form of the dat. pi., an. 1006. We also find Readingan, dat. pi., in Birch, C.S. iii. 600 (last line). It thus appears that the old name was Readingas, nom. pi., which the D.B. form fairly well preserves. The sense is ' the sons (or family, or tribe) of Read or Reada ', i. e. 'the Red'. The adj. read, red, was very common, and is still a common surname in the forms Read, Reid, Reade, &c. Strangely enough, it is not in Searle's list ; whilst, on the other hand, the unallied abstract sb. rd'd, lit. ' advice', is common both as a prefix and suffix, as in Rjedwulf, iElfred. Sonning. On the Thames, below Reading. Formerly spelt Sunninges, Pipe Rolls ; C'l.R. ; T.N. ; Suninges, H.R. ; Sunninge, T.N. It is also the name of a hundred; hence we find Suninge hundred, H.R. ; hundred de Sonnynge, F.A. (1316). Also Sonnynges (with o), T.E. The Normans wrote on for the A.S. un, as in A.S. sunu, modern E. son. Hence D.B. has So?iinges, p. 5. In a late copy of an early charter we find the A.S. form given as Sunninges, Birch, C.S. i. 56, 1. 5. For Sunningas, i. e. ' the sons (or family) of Sunna ', rather than 'of Sunne', i.e. the sun. We must remember 70 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE that sunne, f sun,' was feminine. In either case, we may say that Sonning took its name from ' the Sunnings ' . We may compare Sundon, Beds., from the A.S. Sunnan-dun ; where sunnan can either be the gen. of a masc. surma, or of the fern, sunne. It is just possible that both Sonning and Sundon referred originally to sun-worship. Our present Sunday represents an A.S. Sunnan-daeg. Cf. also Sunninghill (p. 63) and Sunningwell (p. 105). Wantage. The form must be somewhat modern, as the name is still Wanting in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Earlier we find Wanatinge, Wanet- inge, R.B. ; Waneting, R.C. ; T.N. It was also (and still is) the name of a hundred ; hence we find Waneting hundr , H.R. D.B. has Wanetinz in Wanetinz hundred, p. 3 ; where z represents ts or dz, though the English sound intended was rather that of our j (written ge). The A.S. forms are Waneting, in Birch, C.S. ii. 178 ; hi. 279 ; Wanet- inge, hi. 234 ; Waeneting, hi. 508. The forms Wanetinge, R.B., Wanetinz, D.B., and the A.S. Wanetinge, point to an original form Wanetinga, gen. pi. The sense is ' home of the Wanetings '. The Wanetings (A.S. Wanetingas) are a family that cannot be traced further back. The chief's name may have been Wanet or Waneta ; but we have nothing to help us here. Wasing. Between the Emborne and the county boundary. Spelt Wausijnge,F.A.(l3l6); Wawesenge, T.N. We usually find that au represents an older al; indeed, D.B. has the form Wahinge, p. 15. The D.B. suffix -inge answei's to A.S. -inga ; and THE SUFFIXES -LAND, -LEY 71 the D.B. form Walsinge obviously represents the A.S. gen. pi. Waelsinga, which occurs in Waelsinga- ham (home of the Waelsings), the modern Walsing- ham. Hence Wasing was a settlement ' of the Waelsings ', or ' sons of Waels '. The name is very old ; for Waels is mentioned in 1. 897 of the old poem of Beowulf; and his son Sigemund is called Waelsing (son of Waels) in the same, 1. 877. The A.S. Waelsing is equivalent to the Icelandic Vol- sungr. Land. There is but one Berks, name with this suffix, viz. Buckland. Buckland. To the NE. of Faringdon. The same as Buckland in Herts. Spelt Bocland, H.R. ; Ipm. D.B. has Bocheland (with ck for k), p. 6. The A.S. form is Boc-land ; Birch, C.S. hi. 205. Lit. ' book-land '; a name given to land granted by a hoc or written charter to a private owner. See Bookland in N.E.D. Ley. The sense is somewhat vague; see N.E.D. We may usually take it to represent the A.S. leak, nom., or its dat. case Icage, ' a tract of cultivated land ' ; modern E. lea. It occurs in Bagley, Bessilsleigh, Chieveley, Early, Egley, Fawley, Hur- ley, Ilsley, Oakley Green, Purley, Radley, Streat- ley, Whistley. Bagley Wood. Not far to the S. of Oxford. Spelt Bagelc, H.R. The A.S. form is Bacgan leah ; 72 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Birch, C.S. iii. 96 (last line). The sense is ' Bacga's lea '. Bacga is a known personal name. Bessilsleigh, or Besils Legh (Lysons). Near Appleton. Not a very old name. It simply means ' Besils' leigh (or lea) '. It is called Legh in V.E. (temp. Henry VIII); and D.B. has Leie, p. 6. It is said that the Besils family came into possession of this manor in 1350 ; and held it till the death of William Besils in 1516. Mathias de Besyles had land in Buckland, Berks., as early as 1295-6 ; Iprn., p. 127. This name is Norman. Chieveley. To the N. of Newbury. Formerly spelt Chivele, Ipm. ; F.A. (1316); T.N. ; T.E. ; Chiveley, H.R. Latinised as Chiveleia ; R.B. Later Cheveley, V.E. The A.S. form is Cifan-lea, Birch, C.S. iii. 51, 274. (It has no connexion with either Cofen-lea or Cufan-lea, as suggested by Kemble ; and is also quite distinct from Cheveley, Cambs.) The sense is ' Cifa's lea '. Cifa is a personal name not otherwise known. The i was originally short, but has been lengthened, as in E. cleave from A.S. clifian. It is possible that Cifa may be the same name as Ceofa, a name given by Searle ; see Sievers, A.S. Grammar, § 107. Early. Near Reading. Spelt Erie, Ipm. ; F.A. (1316) ; Erlee, F.A. (1816) ; Erley, T.N. ; Arle, F.A. (1428); Erlegh, Cl.R. ; Ipm. R.B. has the forms Erleye, Erlega. D.B. has Erlei ; p. 5. The form Arle shows that Early may well be the same name as Arley ; and there are several places so called. Of these one at least, viz. Upper Arley in Stafford- THE SUFFIX -LEY 73 shire, is known to have been formerly named Arnley, A.S. Earnleah ; see Duignan's Staffs. Place-names. A variant of Arnley is Eamley ; and Earnley (Sussex) is written Earneleagh in Birch, C.S. i. 331. Here Earne- is for Earnan, gen. of Earna ; cf. Earna-lea in Kemble, CD. vi. 168 ; so that the sense is ' Earna' s lea ' ; Earna being a pet-name for names beginning with Earn-, such as Earnbeald, Earnbeorht, &c. All founded on A.S. earn, which means ' an eagle '. This solution is, of course, conjectural. N.B. Earna leah, as it stands, might mean f field of eagles '. Egley. This is the name of an old hundred which was united with that of Kintbury ; and the combined hundred is frequently called by the rather ludicrous name of Kintbury-Eagle, by con- fusing an English name with the Anglo-French cglc, whence modern E. eagle. We find hundred dc Kenetbury et Eggle, F.A. (131 6); Eggele hundred, H.R. ; Egle, H.R. The A.S. form of the prefix is probably Ecgan, as found in Ecgan-croft ; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. no. 621 ; badly spelt Egcean in Egcean- laea (i.e. Egley) in the same, no. 714 (vol. iii. p. 344). Thesense is 'Ecga'slea'. Some have confused it with Iglea, mentioned in the A.S. Chronicle, though the prefixes are quite different, as pointed out by Mr. W. H. Stevenson in his edition of Asser's Life of Alfred, p. 272. Mr. Stevenson further shows that Egley hundred appears as Egeslcah in the Pipe Rolls, 17 Henry II, p. 90, and as Eggesleah, in the same, 18 Henry II, p. 15 ; which require for their origin the A.S. form 1257 k 74 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE *Ecges-leah, meaning the ' lea of Ecg '. But the correctness of these forms seems to me to be doubtful, as we should expect Ecges-leah to give a form Edgeley rather than Egley, whereas the g remains hard, in the form Eagle, even now. However, the name meant either ' lea of Ecga ' or ' lea of Ecg '. It is only a question as to the weak form in -a or the strong form without it. Fawley. Not far from Lambourn. Spelt Falelea, R.T. ; Faleley, R.C. ; Fallele, F.A. (131 6) ; Fa/elee, Ab. ; Faleleg , Cl.R. ; Falleygh, Ipm. ; Falelegh, T.N. [It somewhat resembles the A.S. Falod-leah, the name of an uncertain place men- tioned in a Hants, charter; Birch, i. 515. Fale(5- lea is a mistaken spelling of this, with a needlessly crossed d, in the same, iii. 415. This prefix is the A.S. falod, the old form of the word now spelt fold, in the sense of f sheep-fold'.] But Falod-leah, being near the river Meon, cannot be Fawley in Hants. I prefer to think that our prefix Fale- answers rather to the E. Friesic falge, sb., 'fallow land ' ; and that the sense of Fawley is simply ' fallow-lea '. Hurley. On the Thames, below Henley. Spelt Hurle, P.R. ; Ipm.; F.A. (1316); Hurley, V.E. D.B. has Herlei in Beners [Baynhurst] hun- dred, p. 13. These forms give no sense. According to the Index to the Charters in the British Museum, there is a Hurley in Warwickshire which appears in a charter as Hurnlega. If in this case likewise we may look upon Hur- as short for Hum-, we may explain the name from the A.S. hyme (hyrn- in THE SUFFIX -LEY 75 composition), ' a corner, a nook ' ; so that the sense may be l lea in a nook '. Cf. Guyhirn, Cambs. But more evidence is desired. We find Hurran-cumb in the Crawford Charters, p. 58, where Hurran is the genitive of Hurra. But the D.B. form Herlei favours the A.S. hyrne. Ilsley. There is a West Ilsley and an East or Market Ilsley. The name has lost both initial H and a d. Spelt Ildesley, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). H ildesley, Hildesleye, Ipm. ; Est Hildesley, H.R. D.B. has Hildeslei, p. 5. It also gives Hilleslave or Hilleslav as the name of a hundred, answering to an A.S. form Hildes hljew, i.e. ' Hild's low' or burial mound ; which is actually mentioned in the boundaries of Compton Beauchamp ; in Birch, C.S. hi. 70. The A.S. form of the place-name would be Hildes leah ; cf. Hildes-lege, dat., in Birch, C.S. hi. 660. Hildes-forda, dat., occurs in the same line. The name Hild is both masculine and feminine ; see Searle. The sb. hild, ' battle/ is feminine only ; so that Hild is here used merely as a masculine personal name, without any refer- ence to Hild, the goddess of battle, as Mr. J. Stevenson wrongly suggests in his edition of the Chronicle of Abingdon. When hild is feminine, the genitive is hilde. Oakley Green. Near Bray (Kelly). Lit. ( oak lea '. The A.S. form is ac-leah. Purley. On the Thames, above Reading. Spelt Purley,Purlegh,Ipm.\ Pu de, R.B ; T.N. ; P.R. D.B. has Porlei, p. 14. The prefix is the same as 76 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE in Pur-ton (Wilts.) ; spelt Pyn/ton, Index, answer- ing to the A.S. ping-tun, spelt Piritun in a late charter, in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 166. From A.S. pirige, a pear-tree ; from peru, a pear, which is adapted from Lat. pirum, a pear. The sense is 'pear-tree lea'. There is another Purley in Surrey. Radley. To the NE. of Abingdon. Spelt Radeley, T.N. ; Raydeley, V.E. The A.S. form is spelt Radeleage, in the dative ; Birch, C.S. iii. 85 ; with reference to a place in Wiltshire. It is difficult to interpret the prefix. It seems to be the same as in Radenweg, Birch, C.S. ii. 205, 1. 6, and to represent Radan, gen. of Rada, variant of Rfeda, a pet-name for the numerous names beginning with Raid-. We find rod for reed, ' advice,' in Thorpe, Ancient Laws, vol. i. p. 38, 1. 21. If this be right, the sense is ' Rada's lea'. It would seem that the prefix Rad- sometimes answers to A.S. read, 'red'; but it can hardly do so here. Streatley. On the Thames. There are several Streatleys, and the sense is invariable, viz. f street lea'. The A.S. form is Strait-leah, also written Stretlea, as in Birch, C.S. i. 108, with reference to this Streatley in Berks. The name Street com- monly refers to a Roman road. Whistley. In Hurst ; to the E. of Reading. The name is ill preserved ; it should rather be Wishley. Spelt Wisselay, P.R. ; probably Wishe- legh, Ipm., also refers to Whistley. Latinised as THE SUFFIXES -LEY, -LOW 77 Wisseleia, Wisckeleia in the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 196, 306. The A.S. form is Wiscelea, in a Hui'st charter; Birch, C.S. hi. 511, 1. 1. Cf. Wise-lea, id. ii. 298, 1. 7. The prefix Wisce is the exact equivalent of the E. Fries, wiske, a small meadow, diminutive of the word which appears in German as wiese, a meadow, Old High German wisa. Related by gradation to A.S. wase, ooze, mud, which is now spelt ooze ; so that tviscc was more especially used with reference to moist or low-lying ground. The sense is c meadow-lea ' Cf. Wishford in Wilts. Low. Low is from the A.S. Maw, hlcerv, a mound, especially a bai*row or burial-mound ; and is com- mon as a suffix. Two examples occur, viz. Chal- low and Cuckhamslow. Challow. West and East Challow lie to the W. of Wantage. Spelt Westchallow, V.E. Earlier, Estchaulo, F.A. (131 6) ; Chaulawe, T.N. ; Chawelaw, R.C. ; Westchaularve, T.E. The A.S. form appears in the dat. Ceawan-hlgewe in the boundaries of Dench worth, Birch, C.S. ii. 601. The sense is obviously f Ceawa's burial-mound '. Cuckhamslow. The name of a hill near Want- age ; also known as Scutchamfly barrow ; see Earle, Land Charters, p. 486, col. 2, 1. 12. Called Quichehneslewe by Robert of Gloucester. There is no difficulty ; the A.S. form appears as Cwicelmes- hltewe, in the dative case ; in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iii. 292 ; no. 693. Cwicelmes is an error for Cwic- 78 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE helmes ; and the sense is < Cwichelm' s burial- mound '. It is alluded to in the A.S. Chronicle, an. 1006. One Cwichelm was king of the West Saxons, and died a. d. 636. But as he was bap- tized shortly before his death, Mr. Stevenson re- marks (Asser's Life of Alfred, p. 236) that 'it is unlikely that he was buried in heathen fashion under a barrow. It is more probably the pagan king Cwichelm of Wessex, whose death is entered in the Chronicle under the year 593, who is meant.' Marsh. A common word. The only example of it as a suffix is in Tidmarsh. Tidmarsh. On the Pang, above Pangbourn. Spelt Tydemershe, F.A. (1428) ; Tudemershe, Ipm. ; Tedmarsh, V.E. ; Thedmarsh, Ab. ; Thed- mersshe, F.A. (131 6). Here Th is a Norman substi- tution for the English T. The vowels i, u, e, y, can only result from an A.S. short y, and the middle e in Tud-e-merske suggests the A.S. genitive suffix -an. Hence the prefix is Tyddan, gen. of Tydda ; and the sense is ' Tydda' s marsh '. Mere (l). Mere, from the A.S. mere (rarely moere), a mere, lake, pool, is familiar to all who know the English Lakes. It occurs in Catmore (formerly Catmere), Peasemore (formerly Peasemere), and Ripples- mere. Catmore. Near Farnborough. Spelt Calmer, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII); and Catmere in Ly- THE SUFFIX -MERE 79 sons, Hist, of Berks. Also Catmere in D.B., p. 9 ', Catmere, T.N. The sense is simply 'cat mere'. (The wild guess, in Taylor, that it represents a Welsh coed mawr, 'great wood,' is valueless.) Catmore means ' cat moor ' ; and, when the mere dried up or was drained away, it was natural to substitute 'moor'. The A.S. form is also Cat- mere, as in Birch, C.S. ii. 371, 1. 1-i ; and only three lines below there is a reference to the Cat- maeringa gemajre, i. e. ' boundary of the Catmer- ings or dwellers in Catmere '. We also find Cat- meres gemjere, in the same, iii. 52 ; which avoids confusion between mere and gemcere. The same charters mention a place called Catbeorh, ' cat- barrow,' in the same neighbourhood. Peasemore. Between Leckhampstead and Beedon. Formerly Peasemere. Spelt Pesemere, T.E. ; Cl.R. ; T.N. ; R.C. Peysmer, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; Pesemere, Ipm., p. 167. In the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 31, there is mention of Ecclesia de Pesimara (or Pesimaro). D.B. has Peine in Gamencsfelle [Ganfield] hundred, p. 8 ; but this must refer to Pusey. We also find a Pease- marsh in Sussex, and a Peasenhall in Suffolk, which appear in Ipm. as Pesemersh and Pesenhale (or Pesehale). It does not seem possible to see for this prefix any other origin than the A.S. pisa, a pea, pi. pisan, Middle English pese, pi. pesen, later pease, now absurdly cut down to pea. The sense must refer to a piece of land where peas were cultivated, just as we find in the Index to Kemble's Charters such forms as Bean-broc, 80 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Bean-leah, Bean-setan, Bean-stede, all apparently from the A.S. bean, a bean. The sense would be 'mere near a field for peas'. The form Pesimaro is due to an attempt at representing a syllabic final -e in a Latin spelling, and is of no value. Ripplesmere. This is the name of a hundred which contains Windsor. It appears as a hundred- name from the first. We find hundred de Ripples- mere, F.A. (1316); and D.B. has Riplesmcrc or Riplesmer hundred twice, pp. 7, 12. The nom. case of Ripples appears as Rippell in Birch, C.S. i. 84, and as Ryppel in the same, iii. 486 ; with re- ference to Ripple in Worcestershire. There is another Ripple in Kent, near Deal. The standard form is Rippel, and it must have been a personal name. The sense is l Rippel' s mere '. Mere (2). There is a less common mere, meaning ' a boun- dary'. Lord Bacon has meere-stone, a boundary- stone, in his Essay 56 (Of Judicature). It only occurs in Horme \ The A.S. form is ge?nd}re, or (rarely) maere. Hormer. This is the name of the most north- ern hundred, containing Hinksey and Cumnor. Spelt Hornemere hundred, Ipm. ; H.R. D.B. has Hornimere hundred, p. 6. In the Chronicle of Abingdon it is further extended to Hornigmere, ii. 278 ; but the full form is Horninga mgere, as in Birch, C.S. iii. 520. This name occurs as one of the boundaries of some land at Witney, Oxon., THE SUFFIX -OR oh -ORE 81 which extended over thirty hides ; and the list of boundaries is closed by a reference to Hinksey, which is in Hornier hundred. The sense is ' boundary of the Hornings or sons of Horn'. Horninga is the gen. of the pi. form Horningas. Horn is a famous name, as there is a Romance of Kim; Horn. The Suffix -or or -ore. The A.S. ora, a margin, bank, shore, is cognate with the Latin ora, which happens to be identical with it in form. Nevertheless, it is a native Teu- tonic word, and occurs as a suffix in place-names ; viz. in Bagnor, Cumnor, and Windsor. It also appears alone, in the place-name Oare ; which I shall consider first. 0\re. Near Chieveley, and considered as in it (Kelly). Spelt Ore, T.N. ; F.A. (131 6). The A.S. form is Ora, dat. Oran ; in Birch, C.S. iii. 509. It simply means f bank, edge, margin '. Bagnor. Near the Lambourn, above Donning- ton. Spelt Bagenore, T.N. ; F.A. (1316). D.B. has Bagenore ; p. 15. From an A.S. type Bacgan- ora, i.e. ' Bacga's bank or edge'. The gen. case Bacgan occurs in Bacgan-leah (i.e. Bagley) in Birch, C.S. iii. 96. The nom. Bacga occurs in the Liber Vitae of Durham. See Bagley Wood, p. 71. Cumnor. Not far from Oxford. Spelt Comenore, P.R. ; H.R. ; Cumenore, R.C. ; Comenor, T.N. D.B. has Comenore, p. 6. The A.S. type appears as Cumenoran in Birch, C.S. i. 505, last line ; but the copy is late. On p. 368, Charter 680 gives an 1257 ' L 82 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE earlier spelling Cumanora ; with a for e. And again, Cumenoran occurs in the same, iii. 67. But we find a still fuller form in the same, ii. Appendix, p. vii ; and in iii. 68 ; viz. Colmanora (Colmonora). As this occurs twice, it must be taken to be significant. The variant Colmon (for Colman) is only admissible if we take Colman to be a complete name, and exclude the supposition that -on is the termination of a genitive singular. But this leaves no sign of the genitive at all. We must therefore assume that the full form must have been *Colmannesora ; and that the -es has dropped out owing to the rather cumbrous form of the word ; a phenomenon of which there is really quite a large number of examples. And when we notice that Colman is a name that occurs at least Jive times, whilst Colma is not known, it will be seen that the most probable sense is ' Colman's bank, or edge '. Taylor is mistaken in taking Cumenora to be the oldest form. Windsor. Formerly spelt Windesore, H.R. ; JVhulesoi'es, RB. D.B. also has Windesores ; p. 2. Fuller forms are Windelsore, Robert of Gloucester; Ipm. ; Windlesor , T.N. ; Wyndlesora, T.E. ; Wyndeleshore, R.B. ; Windlesores, Pipe Rolls. In the A.S. Chronicle it is Windlesoran, in the dative ; an. 1 096. An earlier form of the prefix is Wendles ; as in Wendles-ore, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 165. And a still earlier one is Wamdles, which occurs in another compound, viz. Waendles-dun, in Birch, C.S. iii. 518, 1. 3. Waendles or Wendles is the gen. case of Waendel or Wendel. Hence THE SUFFIX -PEN 83 the sense is l VYaendel's bank ' or ' Wsendel's shore ' . It is highly probable that Wsendel is the same word as Vandal, which is merely a Latin spelling of a Teutonic word ; though Waendel, in the present case, is merely a man's name. When we use the word ' vandalism' reproachfully, we should remember that it obtained its sinister sense from the Romans, who were enemies of the Goths and Vandals and of the Teutonic races generally, and regarded them as ' barbarians'. The English were on the other side ; and there may be Vandals amongst us still. There is a Wandlebury, i.e. ' Vandal fort ', within three miles of Cambridge. The original sense of Waendel (Vandal) seems to have been simply ' wanderer ' ; from the same source as the A.S. wandrian, to wander. Cf. also Wendles-dun, Waendles-dun ; Birch, C.S. hi. 517, 518; Wendles-clif, id. i. 341; Waendles-cumb, Kemble, CD. vi. 120. -PEN. Pen is not common as a suffix. When it occurs, it represents the A.S. perm, a pen for cattle or a sheepfold. There is but one example in Berks., viz. Inkpen. Inkpen. To the S. of Kintbury. This curious name looks as if it had an obvious reference to writing materials ; but the resemblance is acci- dental. The k was once ag ; and the pen referred to is a cattle-pen. Formerly spelt Inkepennc, T.E.; F.A. (1316); V.E. ; Ynkepenne, Ipm., p. 105. Earlier Ingpenne, Ipm., p. 49 ; Ingepennc, T.N. 84 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE D.B. has Hingepene, p. 11; with a meaningless H prefixed. In an A.S. charter we find Ingepenne in the dative ease ; Birch, C.S. ii. 367. Here penne is the dat. of pom, a pen for cattle ; and Inge is for Ingan, gen. of Inga, a known personal name. The sense is e Inga's pen '. -RIDGE. Ridge is still in common use, though it seldom has the exact old sense of ' back '. The A.S. form is hiycg, dat. hycge ; common also in Northum- brian in the form rigg. One example of a Berks, name that contains this suffix is disguised by an absurd spelling, probably thought to be phonetic ; viz. Courage. A second example is of obvious etymology, viz. Hawkridge. Courage. Situate in Chieveley. It is a daring respelling, after the Norman manner, of an English name which might better be denoted by Curridge. Spelt Curry ggc, F.A. (1428) ; Cuserugge, T.N. ; Cusengge, Pipe Rolls ; Cusrigge, Ipm. ; Coserugge, Ipm. ; F.A. (1316). D.B. has Coserige ; p. 14. It is obvious that the rr is due to sr ; and arose from assimilation. It is Latinised as Cuserugia in 1147 ; Index. It appears in an A.S. (Chieveley) charter as Cusan-ricge and Cusan-hricge, in the dative case ; Birch, C.S. iii. 60. Cusan is the gen. of the per- sonal name Cusa. The sense is ' Cusa's ridge '. Hawkridge. In Bucklebury (Kelly). Although this is a very small place, it is mentioned in a Saxon charter, dated 956, in which its boundaries are THE SUFFIX -RITH 85 given, and it is stated to be near the river Pang. See Birch, C.S. hi. 87, where it is spelt Heafoc- hrycg. From the A.S. heaj'oc, hqfoc, a hawk, and hrycg, a ridge. The name, in fact, explains itself at once. The Suffix -rith. This is a most interesting word. The A.S. nth, masc, and tithe, fern., both denoted a rill or streamlet. In fact, our modern rill is merely a French formation from a diminutive form rithel, 'little rill.' It is the same as the Low German reide, North Friesic ride, rie, with the characteristic Low German loss of d between two vowels. Hence, even in England, the river-name Rye ; and the famous Rie-vaulx Abbey owes its name to an extraordinary combination of the A.S. nthe, a stream, with the Norman vaulx, vaux (Latin vattis), a valley. Shottery, in Warwickshire, appears as Scotta-rlth in A.S. charters. The Berks, examples are Childrey and Hendred. In these examples the suffixes -rey, -red, are due to Anglo-French substitutions. In the latter, the A.S. th is ex- changed for d, in the former it has become part of a diphthong, the consonant being suppressed. Perhaps it is well to add that the A.S. rv-th is from the same root as the Lat. ri-uus, a river. And further, that the modern form Rye is perfectly distinct from the Essex ree, a stream, which is sometimes absurdly written Rhee. (This ree arose from a misdi vision of the A.S. formula ait thcere ea, ' at the stream,' whence the M.E. at ther ee, at the ree. For ca (like Lat. aqua) is feminine.) 86 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Childrey. To the W. of Wantage. The d is excrescent, and of late introduction. Spelt Chelrey, Celry, Celrea, T.N.; Chelrethe, Chelereye, Ipm. D.B. has Celrea, p. 1 3 ; where C (before e) has the sound of the modern E. ch. It appears in an A.S. charter as Cilia rithe ; Birch, C.S. ii. 489. A still older spelling is Cillan rithe, id. 601 ; in the dative case, from the masc. nom. rith. Cillan is the gen. of the feminine name Cille ; and the sense is ' Cille's rill '. In this case, it is probable that we know who Cille was, viz. the sister of Hean, first abbot of Abingdon. See the Chronicle of Abingdon, i. 13. Hendred. There is a West Hendred and an East Hendred ; to the E. of Wantage. The d is excrescent, and of late introduction. Spelt Hcn- rcth, H.R. ; Esthenreth, Westhenreth, T.E. ; Henreth (with <5 for th), Pipe Rolls. D.B. has Henret, p. 4 ; with the Norman t for E. th. In A.S. charters it appears as Henna-rith ; Birch, C.S. iii. 165, 326, 391. Henna is the gen. pi. of A.S. hen, keen, a hen. The sense is ' hens' rill ', or ' rill of water-hens '. Cf. Henbrook, Wore. ; also Emborne, ' duck stream,' as at p. 15. The Suffix -shet or -sheet. Only in Bagshot. Bagshot is in Surrey ; but as Bagshot Heath is in Berks., I include it. Bagshot. Both syllables have suffered altera- tion. A better form would have been Backsheet or Bakshet. Spelt Baggeshott, Ipm., p. 334 ; also Bagshat, Ipm. ; Bagshott, P.R, ; but Bagshet, Ab., R.C. ; Bakeshet, Bakset, T.N. ; Baggeshete, Ipm., THE SUFFIXES -STEAD, -HAMSTEAD 87 vol. 2. In the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 7, 132, there is mention of a wood near Winkfield called Bac-sceat (temp. Will. I ; 1066-1087). The sense is ' back-nook'; from A.S. bar, the back, and sceat, an angle, nook, corner. Cf. Wop-shete (Kemble). -STEAD, -HAMSTEAD. Stead is from the A.S. stede, f a stead, place, station, site.' It only occurs, in Berks., in com- position with ham-, giving hamstead or hampstead (with an excrescent or unoriginal p). The A.S. hamstede means f a homestead ' or ' farm ' ; from ham, a home. The a is shortened before mst. Examples are Ashampstead, Easthampstead, Finchamstead, Hampstead Marshall, Hampstead Norris, Leckhampstead, Sulhampstead. Ashampstead. To the W. of Pangbourn. Spelt Ashamsted, P.R. ; R.C. (1307); Ashehampstede, R.C. (1316). The sense is f ash-homestead ' ; or homestead near the ash-tree. Easthampstead. To the S. of Bracknell. The sense is l homestead lying to the east '. East- hampstead Plain lies to the east of Finchamstead. Finchamstead. Spelt Finchamstede, H.R.; Fynch- amsted, F.A. (131 6). D.B. has Finchamestede ; p. 3. The prefix is the A.S. fine (dat. fince), a finch. The sense is ' homestead or farm frequented by finches '. Cf. Finchfield, Wore. Hampstead Marshall. To the E. of Kintbury. Spelt II ampsted Marshall, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII); 88 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Humpstcd, R.C. ; Hamstede, H.R. D.B. has Hame- stede in Chcnetebeiie [Kintbury] hundred; p. 15. In an A.S. charter relating to this place it is spelt hamstede; Birch, C.S. hi. 302. The sense is 'home- stead ' or ' farm ' ; and the name Marshall is explained from the fact that it once belonged to the Lord Marshal of England. We find Ha?npsted Marshal in the possession of Roger le Bygod, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England, and his wife Alicia, in 1307 ; see Ipm., p. 21 6. Hampstead Norris. Spelt Hampsted Norres, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). So called because held by the family of Norreys. Norreys is a Norman name, and signifies a Norman or Northman. Leckhampstead, or Leckhamstead. Spelt Lec- hampstede, R.B. ; Leckhampsted, F.A. (1316); Lec- hamstede, H.R. ; Lekehamstede (1459), Index. D.B. has Lecanestede ; p. 6 ; Lachenestede ; p. 8. An A.S. charter in Birch, C.S. ii. 534, gives the boundaries of Leachamstede. The prefix is the A.S. leac, a leek ; but the same name was applicable to any garden-herb. The sense is ' homestead or farm with a kitchen garden'. N.B. There is another Leckhampstead in Bucks. Sulhampstead. Sulhampstead Bannister and Sulhampstead Abbots lie to the S. of Theale. Bannister (formerly Banistre) is a Norman name of French origin. Spelt Sulhampsted Banaster and Sulhampsted Abbatis, V.E. ; Silhamsted, T.E. ; F.A. (1428); Sylhamsted, T.N. ; Silhampstede, Ab. ; Syllampstede, F.A. (1402). The A.S. form does THE SUFFIXES -THORN, -TOWN, -TON 89 not appear ; but the vowels u, i, ij require A.S. y. Hence the prefix probably represents the A.S. sijlu, a miry place ; and the sense is ' a homestead in a miry place '. -THORN. The A.S. thorn is often used with the sense of thorn-bush ; cf. hawthorn. It is frequently men- tioned in boundaries of places. Crowthorn. To the N. of Sandhurst. In Ipm., p. 294, there is a mention of Crowethorne, as being in Somersets. There was also once a Crowthorn in Hants, called Cra wan-thorn in a Hants charter; Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. 103, 1. 4 (Bromdame in 1. 6 I take to be Bramdean, and Heantun to be Hinton Ampner). From era/van, combining form of crdive, a crow. Lit. ' crow-thorn '. Cf. crawanleac=craw- leac, crow-garlic. -TOWN, -TON. The suffix -ton is for A.S. tun, the unstressed form of tun, ' town.' It practically meant ' a home- stead ', or a farmhouse with all its outbuildings, &c. It occurs frequently, viz. in Aldermaston, Apple- ton, Ardington, Aston, Avington, Bourton, Bright- walton, Brimpton, Charlton, Chilton, Clapton, Compton, Donnington, Drayton, Easton, Eaton, Garston, Hinton, Kennington, Kingstone, Milton, Steventon, Sutton, Uffington, Ufton, Upton, Weston, Woolhampton, Woolstone, Wootton. The double suffix -hampton occurs in Bockhampton. Aldermaston. Near the middle of the south- ern boundary of the county. An n has been lost 1257 M " 90 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE before the s, much disguising the name. Aldermas- ton, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But earlier it is Aldermanston, F.A. (131 6) ; Aldremanneston, T.N. ; Aldremanston, Ipm. D.B. has Heloremanestune (ab- surdly), p. 5 ; but on the same page it has El- dremanestune. The prefix is obvious, as it repre- sents the A.S. ealdormannes, gen. case of ealdormann, ' an alderman/ originally a name given to a noble- man of the highest rank, or the chief officer of a shire. Thus the literal sense is 'alderman's town '. Appleton. On the Thames ; above Oxford. Formerly Appelton, Ipm. ; Apeltonc, R.B. D.B. has Apletune, p. 12; Aplctone, p. 16. An A.S. charter has .Eppeltun, in Birch, C.S. ii. 513. The sense is 'apple town'; or 'farm with an apple- orchard '. We are told in the same charter that this place had formerly gone by a totally differ- ent name, viz. iErmundes-lea, i.e. ' iErmund's lea'. The name .ZErmund is an abbreviation of some earlier form, probably of Earnmund or of Eard- mund. Ardington. Near Wantage. Formerly spelt Ardington, Ipm. ; Ardinton, H.R. ; T.N. ; Ardynton, F.A. (1316); Erdinton, Cl.R. Latinised as Ardin- tona, Erdintona ; Index. D.B. has Ardintone, p. 13. It is the same name as that of Erdington, near Birmingham. I have explained (Place-names of Cambs.,p. 6l) that Armingford (formerly Arning- ford, Emingford) answers to the A.S. Earninga- ford ; and in precisely the same way Ardin(g)ton and Erdington answer to the A.S. form Eardinga- THE SUFFIX -TON 91 tun ; i. e. ' town of the Eardings, or sons of Earda'. Here Earda is a pet-name for names beginning with Eard-, such as Eardbeorht, Eardwulf, &c. In his edition of Asser, Mr. Stevenson has a note at p. 236, in which he suggests that (judging from its situation) the * Eardulfes leah ' mentioned in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 129, niay be another name for Ardington. If so, we may certainly consider Earda to signify Eardwulf. Indeed, Eardwulf is much the commonest of the names beginning with Eard- ; more than twenty examples of it have been recorded. Aston, or Aston Tiruold. To the E. of Blew- berry. Lysons also gives the form Aston Thorold. Aston is a very common name, as it simply means ' east town '. This appears from the fact that old spellings often appear as Eston. Spelt Estone, T.E. ; Aston Tomld, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). D.B. has Estone in Blilberie [Blewberry] hundred; p. 9- The A.S. form appears as Eastun (for cast tun) in a charter relating to this very place ; see Birch, C.S. i. 390 ; hi. 393. Aston in Herts, and Aston in Bucks, can both be proved to have the like origin. Tirrold and Tyrrell are both forms of the Norman Turold, which corresponds to the M.E. Thorold, later form of the Norse Thoraldr, cognate with A.S. Thurwold, Thurweald ; see Bardsley and Searle. Avington. On the Kennet ; near Kintbury. There is another Avington in Hants. Spelt Aventon, F.A. (1316); Avynton, Avienton, H.R. ; Aventon, Avinton, T.N. ; but Avyngton, V.E. (temp. 92 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Henry VIII). The name appears in an A.S. char- ter as Afintune (dative) ; see Birch, C.S. hi. 292. The nom. is Afintun. But I cannot explain it. As a guess, I should suppose it to be short for Afinga- tun, i.e. f town of the Afings ', or 'of the sons of Afa '. Afa is a known name, of which Searle gives two examples. But the frequent absence of g in all the earlier examples suggests that Avin or Aven may have resulted from the simple form Afan, gen. of Afa. In this case, the sense would be 'Afa's town'. It obviously makes but little difference. The weakening of an to en, and again of en to in, are both rather common. Bourton. In Shrivenham. In Birch, C.S. i. 506, we find ' Scriuenham. Burgton ', thus men- tioned together in a Grant to Abingdon Abbey. This shows at once that Bourton corresponds to the A.S. burg-tun or burh-tun, lit. ' borough town'. Brightwalton. To the E. of Lambourn. Also called Brightwaltham ; which is certainly corrupt. Spelt Brightwalton, T.E. ; Bri/ghtwa/ton, Ipm. ; Brictewalton, T.N. ; all shortened and unmeaning forms. Spelt Bristwoklintona (1086) ; Index. D.B. has Bristoldestone ; p. 8. Norman scribes often write st for ght, A.S. hi. There is no doubt as to the form, because it appears in an A.S. charter, dated 939> as Beorhtwaldingtune, dative, in Birch, C.S. ii. 462. It is obviously short for Beorhtweald- inga-tun, i.e. 'town of the Beorhtwealdings or sons of Beorhtweald '. Beorhtweald is a very common name, of which there are more than forty examples. THE SUFFIX -TON 93 Brimpton. Near the Emborne, and to the W. of Aldermaston. Certainly the same name as Brington, Hunts., as the old forms show. Spelt Brympton, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII); Brinton, Ipm. ; Biimton, Biimptun, T.N. ; H.R. ; Bernynton, F. A. ; Bernintun, Pipe Rolls. D.B. has Brintonc in Tacekam [Thatcham] hundred; p. 13. The A.S. form Bryningtune (dative) appears in 9^4 ; Birch, C.S. ii. 559- Short for Bryningatun, i.e. 'town (or enclosure) of the Brynings '. Bryning is a patro- nymic from the personal name Bryni ; so that the Brynings were ' sons of Bryni '. Hence also Briningham (Norfolk). Charlton. There is a Charlton to the NE. of Wantage. A more important use of Charlton is as the name of a hundred (containing Shinfield), in quite another part of the county. There are, in fact, many Charltons. We find Cherledon hun- dred, H.R. D.B. has Cerlctone, p. 3 ; with Cc for E. Che. Cf. Cherletone, R.B. Charlton, in Wantage, is actually mentioned in an A.S. charter, where it is spelt Ceorlatun ; Birch, C.S. iii. 98. Ceorla is the gen. pi. of ceorl, a churl, a husbandman. The literal sense is 'churls' town'. Chilton. To the W. of Blewberry. Spelt Chilton, Ipm.; T.N. D.B. has Cilletone ; p. 7. The A.S. form is Cilda-tun, in a charter dated 1015 ; see Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 169. The A.S. eilda is a form of the gen. pi. of cild, a child. The sense is f children's town ' or farm. The allusion may be to a farm carried on by young men whose parents had died. Cf. Chilford, Cambs., which 94 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE means ' children's ford ' ; where the allusion is, no doubt, to the shallowness of the ford. Clapton. To the N. of the Kennet, near Avington and Hungerford. Also called Clopton, described as being near Avington; F.A. (1316); R.C. (D.B. has Clopcote in Eletesford hundred; p. 12. This refers to Clopcot, which, according to Kelly, belongs to Wallingford.) The prefix Clap- or Clop- is common ; the A.S. form, in both cases, is usually clop. I have discussed this clop in my Place-names of Beds., s. v. Clapham. The sense is not quite certain, but it seems to be the same word as the Middle Danish Hop, a stub, or stump; probably allied to clump. If so, it means ' a town or enclosure of stubby ground '. Compton Beauchamp. Not far from Dragon Hill. (There is another Compton, near E. Ilsley, which gave its name to Compton hundred.) Called Compton Beauchamp, Ipm., p. 276, a.d. 1315-16; where it is described as held by Guido de Bello Campo, Earl of Warwick, and Alicia his wife ; Guido de Bello Campo being a Latin rendering of Guy Beauchamp. Spelt Compton, T.E. ; Cumpton, Ipm., p. 105 ; Compton, Cumpton, H.R. ; Compton Beauchemc, V.E. D.B. has Contonc; p. 4. The dative Cumtune occurs in an A.S. charter dated 955 ; see Birch, C.S. hi. 69- The nom. is Cumtun. The prefix is from A.S. cumb, a hollow valley, a combe ; a word of Celtic origin, as seen by comparison with the Welsh cwm, a combe, a hollow in a hill-side. The sense is 'town or farm in a combe'. Cf. Compton, Staffs. THE SUFFIX -TOX 95 Donnington. Near Shaw ; cf. Shaw-cum-Don- nington (Kelly). Spelt Donington, R.C. ; Dunyng- ton, F.A. (1316); Duninton, Cl.R., vol. i. We find the A.S. expression ( on Dunninglande ' in a Will; see Birch, C.S. iii. 601, last line. The correct original form was, accordingly, Dunninga- tun ; i. e. ( town of the Dunnings or sons of Dunn '. Drayton. To the S. of Abingdon. Spelt Drayton, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; Draitonc, R.B. D.B. has Draitune ; p. 9- The A.S. form Draegtun occurs in a charter dated 960 ; see Birch, C.S. iii. 279. From the A.S. droeg, discussed in my Place- names of Cambs., where there is also a Drayton. It is certainly derived from dragon, to draw, also, to build a nest (N.E.D.). This explains the prov. E. dray, 'a squirrel's nest', and shows that the A.S. dra'g meant a place of shelter. It may have meant 'a sheltered farm'. See Draycot, p. 27. Easton. In Welford. Lit. ' east town '. Cf. Aston above. Alluded to in an A.S. charter of 79b"; see Birch, C.S. i. 390. It is there spelt Eastun. Eaton Hastings. On the Thames, not far from Faringdon. Spelt Eatone, T.E. ; Eton, H.R. ; Eton Hastinges, Ipm., p. 146; P.R. The same name as Eton. Spelt Eatun in an A.S. charter relating to Abingdon ; see Birch, C.S. i. 490. From the A.S. ea, a stream, a river ; with reference (apparently) to the Thames, as in the case of Eton, Bucks. The sense is ' river town ', or ' town on the river'. The Hastings family was English, named from Hastings in Sussex. 96 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Garston, or East Garston. On the Lamboum. Called Est garston, H.R. The A.S. form is Gaerstun ; as in Birch, C.S. iii. 96, line 14. In the same, iii. 68, we find Gerstun and Grestun. The prefix goers is a variant of grass, modern E. grass. The sense is ' grass town ', or ' farm with abundance of grass '. Hinton Waldrist, or Waldridge. Near Long- worth and the Thames. The old name seems to have been Henton. In Ipm., p. 1 62, Henton and Harewell (Harwell) are said to be in Berks. D.B. has Hentone in Gamesfel [Ganfield] hundred (p. 16), a correct reference to Hinton. Probably not the same name as Hinton, or Cherry Hinton, Cambs. It is further remarkable that Ipm. (Inquisitiones post Mortem) has many references for Henton, in nine different counties, including Dorsets., Wilts., and Hants, which all have Hintons. I think that the careful examination of the Worth charter, printed in Birch, C.S. iii. 228, as no. 1028, will pi'ove that Hinton Waldrist is referred to in it. Mr. Birch says it relates to land at Worth in Faringdon. What that means I do not know ; but it is certain that Worth is the old name of Longworth, and it is to Longworth that the charter really refers. For it not only mentions, in the boundaries, the Thames and the Ock, but the eing-hcema gemcere or ' boundary of the people of king's home ', i.e. of Kingstone, the cearninga gemcere, or ' boundary of the people of Charney ', and lastly the heantunninga gemcere, or l boundary of the people of Heantun ', And this Heantun is, THE SUFFIX -TON 97 of course, Henton, or Hinton Waldrist ; just as Heandun became Hendon. Thus the A.S. form ■was Hean-tun ; where Kean is the usual dative of heah, high. The sense is ' high town '. As to Waldridge, it is not a Norman but an English form ; from the A.S. Wealdric (like Aldridge from Ealdric). This name actually occurs in the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 127 (a.d. 1100-35), >\here we find : 'ego Waldricus regis cancellarius.' Waldrist seems to have been formed from the gen. Wealdrices, or Waldric's. Cf. Woolstone, p. 101. Kennington. On the Thames, below Oxford. Spelt Kenington, Ipm. ; P.R. ; Kenintone, R.B. ; Keninton, T.N. The name appears in A.S. charters as Cenintune (dative) in Birch, C.S. hi. 162 ; Cenigtun, id. iii. 160. Also, in a late copy, as Chenitun, id. i. 505 ; Chenigtun, 506, in the foot- note ; here the spelling Che is due to a Norman scribe, who wrote Che for A.S. Ce (as often). The A.S. spellings are therefore Cenintun and Cenigton, which are not reconcilable unless we suppose them to represent the form Ceningtun. I think, therefore, that the original form was Ceninga tun, in accordance with the present name. The A.S. cene means ' bold, valiant, keen ' ; whence Keen as a surname. It is further noticeable that, although the A.S. ce becomes che when the e is shoi't, the A.S. ce becomes kee when it is long. The sense is ' town of the Keenings or sons of Keen '. In later times the ee was shortened. The same is true of Kensworth (Herts.), which means ' Keen's worth or farm '. See my Place-names of Herts. 1257 N 98 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Kingstone Bagpuize. To the W. of Marcham. Spelt Kingeston, H.R. D.B. has Chingestune in Merceham [Marcham] hundred, p. 10 ; with Chi for Ki (as usual). The boundaries of this place are given in an A.S. charter ; see Birch, C.S. iii. 546. It is there spelt Kingestun and Cingestun. Here tinges is the gen. of ring, ci/ning, a king. The sense is 'king's town'. The name Bagpuize is of Norman origin, due to the holder of the land. It is called Kingston Bakepas, F.A. (131 6); Kingston Bagepuys, F.A. (1428); and Kingston Bagpuz, V.E. In the Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 30, 31, Adelelmus and Radulphus de Bachepuiz are mentioned in con- nexion with the church at this Kingston ; temp. William II. In the same, ii. 121, the Norman name is spelt Bakepuz. It is of local origin, from a place in France. The Norman bake answers to the Old French bache, explained by Godefroy as meaning a gulley or watercourse ; and pus, puiz are old forms of F. puits, Lat. puteus, a well. The place-name had reference to ' a well with a water- course '. Kingston Lisle. Between Shrivenham and Wantage. Noted as Kingeston Lisle, R.C. (15 Ed- ward I). A note in Kelly says that it was named from William de Insula (or De L'isle) in the time of Henry II. The Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 145, mentions Robertus de Insula as being loi - d of the vill of Bradendene (1100-1135). Milton. To the S. of Abingdon. As in the case of Milton, Cambs., and in many other cases, Milton THE SUFFIX -TON 99 is a shortened form of Middleton. Spelt Milton, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). But Middelton, H.R. ; T.E. D.B. has Middeltune in Sudtune [Sutton] hundred ; p. 7. It is close to Sutton Courtney. The sense is ' middle town ' ; perhaps because it is between Steventon and the southern end of Sutton Courtney. Steventon. Near Milton (above). Spelt Stiven- ton, H.R. ; T.E. ; Stivinton, R.T. ; Styvinton, R.C. ; Styvington, F.A. (1316). Later Stevynton, V.E. ; so that the former e was once i. D.B. has Stivetune ; p. 4. The same name as Steventon or Stevington, Beds. Stiven- (as in H.R.) probably represents an A.S. form Sty fan, gen. of Styfa, in which the /was pronounced as v. This name is not recorded, but occurs in the diminutive form Styf'ec. From its genitive Sty feces was formed the name of Stetch- worth, Cambs. ; and perhaps Stechford in Worces- tershire. The sense is 'Styfa's farm '. The change from Stiventon to Steventon was doubtless owing to the influence of the Norman name Stephen. Perhaps Styfa is also implied in the patronymic which appears in Stifinge-haema; Birch, C.S. iii. 392. Sutton Courtney. To the S. of Abingdon. Spelt Suttone, R.B. ; Sutton hundred, H.R. ; Suthtun, Pipe Rolls. D.B. has Sudtone,p. 4 ; Sudtune, p. 7. Spelt SuStun in a charter giving the boundaries of Appleford, Berks. ; Birch, C.S. ii. 224. The sense is ' south town '. There are more than forty Suttons. Note that Sutton was once also the name of a hundred. Courtney is a Norman name, of French origin. Named, according to 100 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Bardsley, from Courtenay in the Isle of France, which was the name of an old French province that also contained Paris. Uffington. To the E. of Shrivenham. Spelt Uffinton, H.R. ; T.N. ; Offingtone, Offentone, T.E. D.B. has Offentone, p. 7; where the Norman initial o had much the same sound as the A.S. u, and was quite distinct from A.S. o. Spelt Uffentune, in the dative case, in Birch, C.S. ii. 376, where its boundaries are given. The writing of ng for n is comparatively late, and is of no significance. The original A.S. form would be UfFantun, where UfFan is the gen. case of UfFa, a known name, and per- fectly distinct from Offa, though they are often ignorantly confused. U and o differ ; a cut is not a cot. Ufton Nervet. To the S. of Theale. Spelt Uftone, F.A. (1316). Even without other forms to guide us, it is obvious that the A.S. form must have been UfFantun, i. e. ' Uffa's town ', precisely as in the case of Uffington above. We might suppose, from the forms, that Ufton is the older place, and that its name has suffered greater change by contraction. Nervet must be an old Norman surname. The form nervet is the exact Norman equivalent of the Old French nerve, which Gode- froy explains as ' full of nerve, strong ' ; so that it was originally a complimentary epithet. Upton. Near Blewberry. Spelt Upton, H.R. ; T.N.; Optone, T.E. D.B. has Optone in Blitberie [Blewberry] hundred ; p. 1 5. The same name as THE SUFFIX -TON ; ;*4pj Upton, Hunts. From the A.S. up, up ; used \i> composition with the sense of f uppe?": The sense is ' upper town '. Not far off there is an Aston Upthorpe (i. e. upper village) near Aston Tirrold. Weston. In Wei ford (Kelly). The sense is ' west town '. There are about thirty Westons. Woolhampton. Between Thatcham and Theale (nearly). I discuss the suffix -Hampton at p. 102. In this case the old form did not really possess that suffix, as will appear. Spelt Wullaminton, H.R. ; Wolamptone, F.A. (1428) ; Wllaumton, R.T. But earlier, it is Wulavinton, T.N. ; Wullavintoii, R.C. D.B. has OUavintone, p. 10 ; with for Wu. It thus appears that the successive forms were Wullavintoii, Wullaminton, Wollamton, Wolhamp- ton, &c. The form Wullavintoii fairly agrees with the modern names Woolavington, Somersets., and Woollavington, Sussex. All have the same origin ; and as the A.S. f between two vowels denotes v, we find the same prefix as in the A.S. Wullafing- land, which occurs in Kemble, Cod. Dipl. vi. 243. Further, Wullaf is a late form of Wulflaf, due to assimilation. Hence the A.S. form of Woolhamp- ton must originally have been Wulflafinga-tun, i.e. ' town (or farm) of the Wulfiafings or sons of Wulflaf '. Wulflaf (later Wullaf) is a known name. Woolstone. Not far from Shrivenham. An old name and much contracted ; entirely unconnected with wool and stone. (There are other places with a similar name, but they may not be from the same original.) Spelt Wlricheston, Wulurichcston, H.R. 102 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Wlfrkhestone (error for Wlfrkhestone, by the very frequent substitution of t for c), T.E. ; Wulf riches- ion, Wulvricheston, T.N. ; Wolricheston, Ab. In F.A. (13 16) we find that Wolfricheston is in Shri- venham hundred. D.B. has Olvricestone ; p. 5. The A.S. original is unmistakable. It must have been Wulfrices tun, i.e. 'Wulfric's town or farm'. Note that, in D.B., p. 14, the name recurs, but is there miswritten Vlritone (omitting ces), and is moreover incorrectly said to be in Thatcham hundred, by confusion with Woolhampton. Wild and silly fables have been founded upon this mis- reading, which is a reason for recommending caution. Wootton. Between Appleton and Kennington. Spelt Wotton, T.E. Alluded to in a charter ; see Birch, C.S. i. 506, line 2, where it appears as Uudetun, a late spelling of Wudetiin, or rather of Wuduton. Literally, 'wood toAvn '; or 'farm near a wood'. There are a dozen Woottons or Wootons. -HAMP-TON. The suffix -hampton (with excrescent p) is a com- pound suffix, composed (in this instance) of the A.S. ham, 'home,' and tun, 'town.' The sense is much the same as that of ' homestead '. The only example is Bockhampton. Bockhampton. A tithing, one mile to the E. of Lambourn (Kelly). Spelt Bokhampton, Ipm.; Bochamton,T.N.; Bockhampton, P.R. ; Bochampton, Ab. The sense of the prefix is doubtful. The Middle English sometimes represents A.S. ; THE SLTFIXES -WARE, -WELL 103 perhaps the form bock represents the A.S. boc, a beech-tree ; see boc-haga, hoc-holt in the Supple- ment to the A.S. Diet. If this is right, the sense is ' beech homestead '. Compare Buckland above, and Bookham (Surrey), A.S. Bocham. (Doubtful.) The Suffix -ware. Clewer. Near Windsor. Spelt Cliware, Cle- tvare, Ipm., vol. 2 ; Cleware, Ab. ; Clyware, F.A. (1316) ; Cliwar, T.N. ; Cluer, V.E. But Clyfwere (temp. Edw. I) ; Index. D.B. has Clivore in Riples- mere hundred; p. 14. The prefix is evidently the A.S. clij) lit. <a cliff', also an acclivity or slope. In Birch, C.S. ii. 476, we find the expression on clifwere, but the charter (which relates to Wilts.) is full of late spellings and is not helpful. A better form is given in a Kentish charter, in Birch, i. 318, where we find f on eastan clifwara gemaere ' and ' on suthan clifwara gemaere '. Here warn is the gen. pi. of the pi. sb. ware, ' people ' ; as in Cant- ware, men of Kent, people of Kent. Similarly, the A.S. clif-ware would mean 'cliff-men ', applied to a small tribe or company who had settled at Clewer. It is obviously impossible to say how they came to possess this epithet. Well. Well is used in the usual sense of 'spring of water '. It occurs in Brightwell, Coxwell, Harwell, Sotwell, and Sunningwell. Brightwell. Near Wallingford. Spelt Brith- tvell (with th for hi) ■ H.R. ; Bridewell, T.N. D.B. 104 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE has Bristowelle, p. 5 ; with st for A.S. ht. There is also a Brightwell in Oxfordshire, alluded to in an A.S. charter in the phrase ' a?t Berhtanwellan ' ; Birch, C.S. ii. 166. Again, in the same, ii. 596, we read : ' incolae prolatum nomen latialiter declara- tam font em indiderunt, nunc vero . . . Beorhtan- wille.' This proves at once that the sense is simply 'bright well'. It is remarkable that Kemble, in his Codex Diplomaticus, vol. iii, p. xiii, sees in this name an allusion to ' Berhte or Beorhte, the goddess of wells '. It would seem, however, that our ancestors were quite unconscious of any such allusion, because the A.S. beorhtan is ex- pressly explained to mean declaratam. I think it means 'clear, translucent', as defined in the N.E.D. Coxwell. Great and Little Coxwell are near Faringdon. Spelt Cokestvell, T.N. ; Index ; Cofces- welle, T.E. D.B. has Cocheswelle, p. 4 ; where che — he. These represent an A.S. form Cocces-wielle, lit ' Cock's well '. Cocc, c cock,' is here used as a personal name ; or we should expect ' cock-well '. Harwell. Near Didcot. Spelt Hareivell, H.R. D.B. has Harwelle, p. 5 ; and Harowelle, p. 14. The A.S. form is given as Haranwylle in Birch, C.S. iii. 446. As haran is the gen. case of ham, a hare, the sense is ' Hare's well '. The use of the genitive suggests that Hara is here used as a per- sonal name. Otherwise, the spelling would have been Harawylle. Sotwell. Near Wallingford. Spelt Sottetvell, H.R. ; Sottetvell, Sotewell, T.N. D.B. has Sotwelle • THE SUFFIXES -WELL, -WORTH 105 p. 8. The A.S. form must have been Sotan wielle, i.e. ' Sota's well '. Sota is known as a personal name. The o is short, and Sota is merely the weak fonn of the A.S. adj. sot, sott, ' foolish ' ; whence the modern E. sot. The compound sot- ceorl, ' foolish churl/ is not in the Dictionary ; but it occurs in Birch, C.S. ii. 242, line 13. Sunningwell. To the N. of Abingdon. Spelt Sunningrvell, Ipm. ; Sonnyngewelle, T.E. ; Sunninge- tvell, T.N. D.B. has Soningeunel ; p. 6. The right A.S. form occurs as Sunningauuille (in a late copy) ; Birch, i. 506 ; and Sunninga-wylle, id. iii. 108 (footnote 2). Elsewhere it is misspelt, without the third n. The sense is ' well of the Sunnings '. Cf. Sunninghill, and Sonning, pp. 63, 69. -WORTH. The suffix worth or wyrthe was applied to an enclosed homestead or farm ; see Bosworth and Toller's A.S. Diet., p. 1267. It is allied to the A.S. weorth, 'worth, value' ; and may be taken in the sense of ' property ' or ' holding '. Examples occur in Aldworth, Bayworth, Chaddleworth, Denchworth, Longworth, Padworth, Seacourt, and Sugworth. Aldworth. Between Compton and the Thames. Spelt Aldeworth, F.A. (1316); T.N. ; T.E. ; R.C.; Audeworth, Cl.R. I find no mention of it in A.S. charters, but it answers to the expression to ealdan wyrthe in Birch, C.S. ii. 358. The sense is simply 'old worth', i.e. 'old farm'. 1257 o 106 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Bayworth. In Sunningwell (Kelly). D.B. has Baiorde ; p. 6. (In D.B. worth is usually expressed by orde.) In the Abingdon Chronicle we find Baigeuurtka, i. 36 ; and Bceieuurtha, p. 37. Also Bcegenweorthe in the same, p. 218. The bounda- ries of Ba} r \vorth are given in a charter dated 956. It is spelt Baegen-weorthe (dative) in Birch, C.S. hi. 107 ; better Baegan-wyrthe, id. hi. 96. Here Baegan is the gen. of the personal name Baega or Bajga. The sense is ' Bsega's worth or farm '. The same A.S. prefix occurs in Baynhurst ; see p. 65. Chaddleworth. Near Brightwaltham. Spelt Chadelworthy R.C. ; Chadeletv'rth, T.E.; Chadelcs- worth, H.R. ; Chadlesworth, Ipm. D.B. has Cedene- ord in Eglei hundred, p. 8 ; with n for /. In an A.S. charter, dated 960, it appears as Ceadelan- wyrth ; in Birch, C.S. iii. 274. This seems to decide that the forms with the genitive in -es are unoriginal ; and that the sense is f Ceadela's worth or farm '. The name Ceadela seems to be distinct from Ceadwalla. Denchworth. To the NNE. of Wantage. Spelt Denchenmrth, Dencheswurth, T.N. ; Denechesworth, F.A ; Denchesn'ith, T.E. ; Denhesivorde, R.B. ; Dencheworth, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). D.B. has Detichestrorde ; p. 10. It appeal's in A.S. charters as Dences-wyrthe, Birch, C.S. i. 490 ; Deniches- uurde (a late spelling), also Deniceswurth (printed Deinceswurth), id. 506 (and footnote) ; Deneces- wurthe (dative), ii. 601 ; iii. 237. The sense is ( Denec's worth ', or ( Denic's worth '. This per- sonal name is not known elsewhere. THE SUFFIX -WORTH 107 Longworth. Eight miles from Abingdon, and ten from Oxford. The old name was simply Worth. The prefix Long- appears in the 14th century ; I find Langtvorthe, F.A. ; Langworth in 1458; Index. Also Longworth, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII). Spelt With, T.E. It appears in A.S. charters as Weorthe, Birch, C.S. hi. 67 ; and Wyrthe, p. 258. It merely means 'long worth or farm '. Padworth. To the SSW. of Theale. Spelt Paddemirth, T.N. ; Padeworth, V.E. D.B. has Peteorde (with t for d) ; p. 11. The A.S. form is Peadan-wurth ; Birch, C.S. hi. 178. The sense is 1 Peada's worth or farm '. Peada as a personal name is unknown elsewhere, except in another place-name written Peadan-beorge in the dative case; Birch, C.S. ii. 142, line 1. The modern Padbury has not precisely the same prefix ; its A.S. form was Padde-byrig ; Birch, C.S. ii. 377. Here Padde represents Paddan, gen. of Padda, a known name. Seacourt. Within two miles of Oxford. This is a most interesting example, on account of the impossibility of guessing its origin. It has nothing to do either with sea or court. At the same time, the historical etymology is quite clear. Spelt Sevekenmrth, T.N. ; Sevkeworthe, F.A. (1401-2); Seovecwurde, Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 311. D.B. has Seuacoorde ; p. 6. It appears in an A.S. charter (about a.d. 957) as Seofecan-wyrthe (dative); Birch, C.S. iii. 201, line 1. The sense is ' Seofeca's worth or farm '. 108 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Sugworth. There is a Sugworth Farm in Sun- ningwell, according to Bacon's map. It is inter- esting as being mentioned in Domesday Book, where it appears as Sogorde ; p. 6. Ipm. mentions a place named Suggeden (Salop) in 1293-4, which corresponds to the modern surname Sugden (in the Clergy List). The A.S. place-name Sucgan- graf occurs in Birch, C.S. iii. 96 ; see note 32. It is therefore certain that the modern prefix Sug- answers to the Middle English Sugge-, and to the A.S. Sucgan, genitive of Sucga. The sense is ' Sucga's worth or farm '. Having now accounted for all the compound names containing some well-known suffix, it re- mains to discuss the names in which no such suf- fix appears. It is remarkable how few they are. The list contains only Beedon, Bray, Shaw, Ship- pon, Speen, and Theale. Beedon. To the S. of East Ilslev. To be divided as Beed-on, or rather Beed-en. The ending in -on is due to confusion with names ending in -don, which are numerous. Spelt Bedene, F.A. (1428) ; Budene, F.A. (1428) ; Budon, alias Bedon, V.E. (temp. Henry VIII) ; Beden, Bede, T.N. Also Budeneye, F.A. (131 6), where it is mentioned as being near Oare, Peasemore, and Leckhampstead. D.B. has Bedene ; p. 6. Spelt Bydene in an A.S. charter relating to Beedon ; Birch, C.S. iii. 429 ; with an endorsement in which it is spelt Bedene ; but both of these spellings seem to be late. The right form appears to be By dan, as in BEEDON, BRAY 109 the compound Bydan-wyrth, id. iii. 45. We also find, in the boundaries of Chieveley, the expres- sion Byden-hjema gemseres, i.e. c of the boundary of the people of Bydan-ham'; p. 52. The late name Buden-eye (for A.S. Bydan-Ieg), and the names Bydan-wyrth and Byden-ham (for Bydan-ham), all prove that Bydan is really an old genitive singular from a nominative Byda or Byda. The latter is the right form, and is a known name. Indeed, it occurs again in Biddenham, Beds., formerly Bidenham, Bedenham, from A.S. Bydan ham, or ' Byda's home '. Hence Beedon really represents the A.S. gen. case Bydan, meaning ( Byda's ', just as 'Smith's house' might be shortened to ' Smith's'. The missing suffix is supplied in the old form Bu- deneye (above) ; which was originally ' Bydan leg ' or ' Byda's isle '. The A.S. y was variously represented in Middle English by 1, y, u, e ; so that all the later spellings are accounted for. The modern ee is due to the Mercian form Bedan, gen. of Beda. Bray. On the Thames, above Windsor. Also formerly (and now) the name of a hundred. Spelt Braie, Ipm. ; Bray, Ipm., T.N. ; Bray, Broy, R.B. Cf. Brayfield, Braybrook, Brayton. The name is therefore a native one, not Norman. We find also hundred de Bray, F.A. (131 6). D.B. has Brat ; p. 3. Ipm. has such names as Bray-burne, -broke, -legh, -lond, -thwayt, -toft, -ton ; also Brai-ton, Brei-tofte. The fact that such names as Bray- bourn, Bray-brook, &c, exhibit no genitive suffix (such as would result from A.S. -es, -an) suggests 110 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE that Bray is not due to a proper name, but repre- sents some natural object. I am somewhat doubt- ful as to the sense, but I would suggest that Bray is directly derived from the Mercian breg, lit. an eyebrow ; whence also prov. E. bree, the eyebrow ; cf. A.S. brcew. For this word doubtless had also the sense of ' hill-side ' ; precisely as in both the Northumbrian and Wessex dialects. The North- ern form (from the Norse bra) is now spelt brae, and is a very familiar word in Scottish ; see brae in the N.E.D. The Wessex bru, though it is not really cognate with the words above, likewise had the double sense of ' eyebrow ' and ' hill-side ' ; see Brow in the N.E.D. and E.D.D. I suggest, accordingly, that the original sense was f hill-side ' or 'slope'. Cf. M.E. breu in Stratmann. I very much doubt whether any of the words or forms mentioned above are related to the Welsh bre, Irish bri, a hill ; nor do I assign to them a Celtic origin. See Urkeltischer Sprachschatz by Whitley Stokes, p. 171. Bray, in Wicklow, has an English name, which translates the older Celtic Bree (Joyce). The Mercian forms breg, bregh are given in Bosworth's Diet., s.v. breaw. An old notion that Bray represents the Latin Bibracte (!) need not be seriously considered. Shaw ; or Shaw-cum-Donnington. On the N. bank of the Lambourne. Spelt Shaghe, F.A. (131 6); Schawe, T.E. D.B. has the strange Nor- man spelling Essages ; p. 14. Here ss is for sh ; and the vowel E is prefixed. The A.S. form is Scaga, meaning ' thicket ' or ' wood '. SHIPPON, SPEEN 111 Shippon. One mile from Abingdon. Spelt Slmpene, F.A. (131 6); Scippene, Chronicle of Abingdon, ii. 285; Scipena, id. ii. 19 (a.d. 1087- 1100). The A.S. form is so/pen, a cow-house, a cattle-shed ; still common as prov. E. shippen or skuppen. Speen, or Speenhamland. Near Newbury. Spelt Spene cum Woodspene et Spenhamlonde, F.A. (1316); Spate, H.R. ; T.E. ; Spenes, T.N., Cl.R. ; Spenhamland, Ab. In a Grant by King Kenulf, a.d. 821, we find: 'cum ilia silva integra quae dicitur Spene Pohanlech et Trinlech ' ; Birch, C.S. i. 506 ; Avhere another MS. has Spene wohanlaeh et trindlaeh (footnote to the same). D.B. has Spone (not Spene); p. 15. The A.S. form is, accordingly, Spene, an adjectival form (like cene, grene) derived from a sb. Spoil (whence the form Spone in D.B.). The A.S. span (modern E. spoon) meant originally a chip, a thin shaving, thin plank ; another sense was, doubtless, a wooden shingle or wooden tile for roofing or protecting the front of a house. Cf. lce\. spon-thak, zthakch. of shingles, sparara, sponn, a chip, shingle for thatching ; Swed. span, a chip, pi. spanar, or collectively span, shingles, thin boards to cover houses (Widegren) ; E. Friesic spun, a chip, shingle, sponen, adj., made oi shingles. I suppose that the place (and afterwards the wood spoken of in the A.S. charter) took its name from a shingled house or building, which was also called Spen-ham, ' shingled home ' (whence Speenham and Speenhamland). At any rate this solution is both possible and probable. Cf. Spondon, 112 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Derb. ; and A.S. Spon-waelle, Spon-ford ; Birch, C.S. i. 496 ; iii. 288. It is quite otherwise with the impossible theory, to be found in any book that treats of the old Roman roads, which identifies Speen with the old Roman station called in Spinis, or Spinis, mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus, sections xiii and xiv. Whether the situation of Speen best fits the descriptions or not, need not be here considered ; for even if it can be granted that Speen occupied the exact position of Spinis or Spinae, there is no possible connexion between the names, as the principal vowel-sounds are quite irreconcilable. The Latin name, if borrowed, would have given A.S. spin, ' thorn' ; but no such word is known in A.S. It has been said, with singular simplicity, that the Lat. spina was so pronounced that the 1 had the sound of the modern Eng. ee ; and there- fore spina was Speen ! This egregious statement quite overlooks the fact that the Latin and Anglo-Saxon e were pronounced alike, so that the A.S. Spene was sounded something like the modern English Spainer (to coin a word). And, in fact, the Latin splen has actually become E. spleen ; but spina has become spine (through the Old French espine). As to Speen, cf. prov. E. spean, a slip of wood, a bar of a gate ; E.D.D. It should be noted that, topographically, it would be much better to locate the Latin Spinae at or near Newbury ; and that the identification of it with Speen is by no means satisfactory or helpful. Camden, on this account, seems to suggest that Spinae was fii'st of all at Newbury and afterwards SPEEN, or SPEENHAMLAND 113 at Speen ; but this assumes that a place has the power of locomotion ! Such an assumption gives up the case. Theale. Near the Kennet, above Reading. It was once (and still remains) the name of a hundred. We rind hundred de la Thele, H.R. ; la Thele, F.A. (131 6). But the word is native, not Norman ; from the A.S. thel, ' a plank.' The A.S. shoi-t open e became, regularly, ea in Tudor English ; as in mete, meat, stelan, to steal, &c. No doubt thel had the same sense as the com- pound thelbrycg, f a plank bridge,' as in Birch, C.S. hi. 682. It meant 'a, plank thrown over a stream '. The Rivers of Berkshire. There is not much to be said of the rivers of Berkshire. The Thames forms its Northern boundary, and has a very old name, the origin of which is wholly unknown. It certainly is not English. The A.S. spelling is Taemese, or Temese ; and there was another river of the same name which gave a name to Tempsford in Beds. The Normans wrote Th for the initial T, and we still preserve this absurdity. The Kennet is certainly of Celtic origin ; see under Kintbury, p. 23. There is another Kennet in Cambs., a Kent in Westmoi'land, and a Kent- ford in Sussex. The sense is unknown. The origin of the Loddon is unknown. There is a place called Loddon in Norfolk ; but this may be a different name. The names of the Emborne, the Lambourn, and 1257 p 114 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE the Pang or Pangbourn, are all English ; and have already been explained (pp. 15, 16, 17). The Ock is from the A.S. Eoccen, which is frequently mentioned in the charters as the name of the river ; a name of unknown origin. It easily came to be pronounced like a modern English form Yocken ; after which it lost the initial y- sound and the suffix. The Normans disliked initial y, and often dropped it. A well-known example occurs in the A.S. Gippes-wic, which is now Ipswich. In Birch, C.S. hi. 68, there is a late copy of a charter dated 955, which contains the spelling eoccen, altered fourteen lines below to occen, and even to eccen, which can hardly be right. At p. 70 of the same, in the boundaries of Compton Beauchamp, there is an allusion to Welandes smidoan, or ' Weland's smithy '. This is the famous Wayland Smith's Cave, concerning which much has been written. The spelling with ay is modern, the correct form being Weland, as above. INDEX Abingdon, 30. Aldermaston, 89. Aldworth, 105. Appleford, 44. Appleton, 90. Arborfield, 38. Ardington, 90. Ascot, 26. Asharapstead, 87. Ashbury, 19. Ashdown, 31. Aston Tirrold, 91. Avington, 91. Badbury, 20. Bagley, 71. Bagnor, 81. Bagshot, 86. Balking, 66. Barkhara, 54. Basilden, Basildon, 28. Baynhurst, 65. Bayworth, 106. Beedon, 108. Beenham, Benhara, 54. -bergh, 13. Berkshire, 9. Bessilsleigh, 72. Binfield, 38. Binsey, 34. Bishain, 55. Blewberry, Blewbury, 20. Boekhampton, 102. -bourn, 15. Bourton, 92. Boxford, 44. Bracknell, 53. Bradfield, 38. Bray, 109. Brightwalton, 92. Brightwell, 103. Brirapton, 93. -brook, 19. Buckland, 71. Bucklebury, 22. Burghfield, 39. -bury, 19. Buscot, 26. Catmore, 78. Chaddleworth, 106. Challow, 77. Charlton, 93. Charney, 34. Chieveley, 72. Childrey, 86. Chilton, 93. Cholsey, 35. Clapton, 94. Clewer, 103. Coleshill, 62. -combe, 24. Compton Beauchamp, 94. Cookham, 55. -cot, -cote, 26. Cotsettlesford, 11. Courage, 84. Coxwell, 104. 116 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Cranbourn, 15. Crookham, 55. -cross, 27. Crowthom, 89. Cuckamslow, 77. Cumnor, 81. Denchworth, 106. -dene, -den, 28. Denford, 45. Didcot, 26. Donnington, 95. -down, -don, 30. Draycot, 27. Drayton, 95. Duxford, 45. Early, 72. Eastbury, 22. Easthampstead, 87. Easton, 95. Eaton Hastings, 95. Egley, 73. Enborne, 15. Englefield, 39. Eslitesford, 12. -ey, 34. Faircross, 27. Faringdon, 32. Farnborough, 14. Fawley, 74. -field, 38. Finehampstead, 87. -ford, 44. Frilford, 46. Frilshara, 56. Fyfield, 39. Ganfield, 40. Garford, 46. Garston, 96. Ginge, 67. Goosey, 35. -grave, 52. Grimsbury, 22. Hagbourne, 15. -hale, 52. -ham, 53. Hampstead Marshall, 87. Hampstead Norris, 88. -hampton, 102. -hamstead, 87. Hanney, 35. Harwell, 104. Hatford, 46. Hawkridge, 84. -hay, 62. Hendred, 86. -hill, 62. Hinksey, 36. Hinton Waldrist, 96. -hithe, 63. Hodcot, 27. -holt, 64. Hornier, 80. Hundreds of Berkshire, 11. Hungerford, 47. Hurley, 74. -hurst, 64. Hurst, 65. Ilsley, 75. -ing, 66. Inkpen, 83. Kennet, river, 23, 113. Kennington, 97. Kingston Bagpuize, 98. Kingston Lisle, 98. Kintbury, 23. INDEX 117 Lambourn, 16. -land, 71. Leckharapstead, 88. Letcombe, 24. -ley, 71. Lockinge, 67. Loddon, 113. Longcot, -27. Longworth, 107. -low, 77. Lyford, 47. Mackney, 36. Maidenhead, 63. Marcham, 56. -marsh, 78. -mere (1), 78. -mere (2), 80. Midgrham, 57. Milton, 98. Moreton, 33. Moulsford, 48. Nachededorn, 12. Newbury, 23. Oakley, 75. Oare, 81. Ock, river, 11, 114. -or, -ore, 81. Padworth, 107. Pangbourn, 17. Peasemore, 79. -pen, 83. Purley, 75. Pusey, 36. Radley, 76. Reading, 69. Remenham, 57. -ridge, 81. Ripplesmere, 80. -rith, 85. river-names, 113. Roborough, 14. Ruscombe, 25. Sandford, 49. Sandhurst, 65. Sandleford, 49. Seacourt, 107. Shalbourne, 17. Shaw, 110. Shefford, 50. Shellingford, 50. -shet, -sheet, 86. Shinfield, 41. Shippon, 111. Shottesbrook, 19. Shrivenham, 57. Sinodun Hill, 33. Sonning, 69. Sotwell, 104. Sparsholt, 64. Speen, 111. Stanford, 50. -stead, 87. Steventon, 99. Stratfield, 41. Streatley, 76. Sugworth, 108. Sulham, 58. Sulhampstead, 88. Sunninghill, 63. Sunningwell, 105. Sutton Courtney, 99. Swallowfield, 42. Thames, 113. Thatcham, 59. Theale, 113. -thorn, 89. 118 PLACE-NAMES OF BERKSHIRE Tidmarsh, 78. Tilehurst, 65. -town, -ton, 89. Tubney, 37. Twyford, 51. Uffington, 100. Ufton Nervet, 100. Upton, 100. Wallingford, 51. Waltham, 59. Wantage, 70. -ware, 103. Warfield, 42. Wargrave, 52. Wasing, 70. Watchfield, 42. Weland's smithy, 114. Welford, 51. -well, 103. Weston, 101. Whatcomb, Watcumbe, 95. Whistley, 76. Wickham, 60. Wifol, Wiford, 13. Windsor, 82. Winkfield, 43. Winterbourne, 18. Wittenham, 60. Wokefield, 43. Wokingham, 61. Woodhay, 62. Woolhampton, 101. Woolstone, 101. Wootton, 102. -worth, 105. Wytham, 61. Yattenden, Yattendon, 29. 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