Ex Libris 
 C. K. OGDEN ; 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH
 
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH 
 
 A RETROSPECT 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS GRANDDAUGHTER 
 
 MRS C. L. LEWES 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 
 MDCCCXCVIII 
 
 All Rights reserved
 
 TO 
 
 MY MOTHER, 
 CAROLINE SOUTHWOOD HILL, 
 
 / DEDICATE THIS MEMOIR 
 
 OF 
 HER FATHER. 
 
 1C57526
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IT is now nearly forty years since the death of 
 my grandfather, Dr Southwood Smith, and with 
 this distance of time lying between him and us, 
 it may not be uninteresting to this generation to 
 look back upon the origin of some of the great 
 social reforms which have now reached such wide 
 proportions, and to see these reforms as gathered 
 round the life of a man who was in the forefront 
 of the noble army which promoted them. 
 
 He, one of the first to seize a truth, one of the 
 most indomitable to persevere in the promulga- 
 tion of it when perceived, went straight forward 
 until it prevailed, and thus became instrumental 
 in conferring some of the widest benefits which 
 have come to us in this century. 
 
 From his great grief in early manhood he but 
 emerged the stronger. The force of his con-
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 densed sorrow produced an energy which carried 
 all before it, and resulted in the strength of his 
 middle age and the serenity of his latter years. 
 In order that such a life crowned by its humility 
 might not pass away without some permanent 
 record of its nobleness, the following memoir has 
 
 o 
 
 been written. 
 
 I must apologise for the frequent allusion, in 
 the midst of grave public questions, to my own 
 recollections ; but since all the early years of my 
 life were passed at my grandfather's side, it has 
 been difficult to avoid this. 
 
 Moreover, I have hoped that something pic- 
 turesque and touching would be found in the 
 relation of the strong man and little child, who 
 worked together at various public causes, playing 
 together in the bright intervals, and that some- 
 thing of the reverent enthusiasm he inspired in 
 that child might pass, through her, to those 
 who read these pages. 
 
 GERTRUDE LEWES.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF MY GRANDFATHER I 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EARLY LIFE, 1788-1820. 
 
 Education. Marriage. Death of his wife. Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity. Publication of the ' Illustrations of the Divine 
 Government.' Yeovil 7 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON DAWN OF THE SCIENCE OF 
 MODERN HYGIENE, 1820-1834. 
 
 Appointment to Fever Hospital. 'Westminster Review' 
 articles in 1825. Laws of Epidemics. Principles laid 
 the foundation of Sanitary Reform. Its practical im- 
 portance. Devotion of himself to the cause. Parlia- 
 mentary attention attracted to articles. Publication of 
 the 'Treatise on Fever,' 1830. Its phenomena, treat- 
 ment, and causes. Causes the most important. Con- 
 tagious and epidemic diseases. Universal origin of 
 epidemics stated to be bad sanitary conditions . . 16
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LONDON CONTINUED LITERARY AND OTHER 
 WORK, 1820-1834. 
 
 ' Penny Encyclopedia.' The Medical Schools and dissection. 
 Body-snatching. Lectures physiological, forensic, and 
 popular. Lecture over the remains of Bentham. Publi- 
 cation of the ' Philosophy of Health ' .... 35 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION, 1833. 
 
 History of Factories. Laws previous to 1833. Apprentice- 
 ship system. Appointed Commissioner. Description 
 of state of factories in 1833. Passing of the Factory Act. 
 Subsequent additions to Act. Visits to see result of its 
 working 49 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT, 1837. 
 
 Ootbreak of fever in London. Personal inspection of 
 Bethnal Green and Whitechapel. First Report to 
 Poor Law Commissioners. Ventilation in crowded 
 districts. Overcrowding of children in workhouses. 
 Second Report of Poor Law Commissioners, 1839. 
 Takes the Marquis of Normanby (Home Secretary) to 
 see spots reported on at Bethnal Green. Takes also 
 Lord Ashley. Press and public men take up the cause . 60 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK, 1840-1848. 
 
 Children's Employment Commission, Mines and Collieries. 
 Improvement in the condition of women working therein. 
 Report on Trades and Manufactures. Homes of eastern
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 dispensary patients. "Sanatorium" founded. Letters 
 from Charles Dickens. First model dwellings founded. 
 Life at Highgate. My recollections of first " Health of 
 Towns Association " Meeting. Feeling of public men . 72 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 THE TEN YEARS' STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY 
 
 REFORM, 1838-1848. 
 
 Causes of delay. History of the sanitary movement at this 
 time a series of inquiries and defeated bills. " Health 
 of Towns Association" founded to spread knowledge 
 and guide legislation. Address to the working classes 
 calling upon them to petition Parliament. Final passing 
 of the Public Health Act 102 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OFFICIAL LIFE GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH, 1848-1854. 
 
 Appointment to the General Board of Health. Letter to 
 Lord Morpeth. Work at Whitehall with Lord Ashley and 
 Mr Chadwick. Cholera epidemic of 1848-49. System 
 of " house-to-house visitation." Lord Brougham's com- 
 ments on it. Cholera Report. Quarantine Report. In- 
 terment Report. Attacks on the Board in Parliament. 
 Fear of centralisation. Triumph of the sanitary prin- 
 ciple, but to be carried out by local authorities. Lord 
 Palmerston's letter of thanks 127 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE ST GEORGE'S 
 HILL, WEYBRIDGE, 1854-1860. 
 
 " The Pines," Weybridge. Happiness in its beauty. Need 
 of rest. Study of modern physiology for new edition 
 of the 'Philosophy of Health.' Publication of 'Results 
 of Sanitary Improvement.' Lectures in Edinburgh on
 
 xii CONTENTS. 
 
 " Epidemics." Visit to Alnwick. Happiness in the work 
 of his granddaughters Miranda and Octavia Hill. Ap- 
 preciation of former fellow - labourers. " Recognition." 
 His words of thanks. Joy in the success of his great 
 cause . . . . 139 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE SUNSET OF LIFE ITALY, 1 86 1. 
 
 Visit to Milan. Death of his second wife at "The Pines." 
 Florence. Sunset from Ponte Vecchio. Last illness, 
 Death. Porta Pinti. "A Knight-Errant" . . .147 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE AFTERGLOW. 
 
 Spread of the social reforms Dr Southwood Smith origin- 
 ated. Improvement in the public health and saving of 
 life. Memorial bust in the National Portrait Gallery. 
 Lines upon it. A people's gratitude . . . .153 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 I. LETTER FROM MR TAYLOR, ASSISTANT RETURNING 
 
 OFFICER OF THE WH1TECHAPEL UNION . . .159 
 
 II. RECOGNITION OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES OF DR SOUTH- 
 WOOD SMITH 164 
 
 INDEX . . . . ' 167
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PORTRAIT OF DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH . . Frontispiece 
 
 (From a chalk drawing by Miss Margaret Gillies.) 
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH AND HIS GRANDCHILD GERTRUDE 2 
 
 OLD WOMAN CARRYING COAL . . . .72 
 
 CHILDREN AT WORK ...... 74 
 
 WOMAN DRAWING TRUCK . . . . .74 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS'S LETTER . . Facsimile 84 
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH'S LETTER . . Facsimile IO4 
 
 FIRST MEETING OF THE HEALTH OF TOWNS ASSOCIATION IO6 
 
 (From an old print.) 
 
 VIEW FROM PORTA PINTI, FLORENCE, 1 86 1 . . I $2
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF MY GRANDFATHER. 
 
 MY first recollection of my grandfather is of him 
 in his study. As a little child my bed stood in 
 his room, and when he got up, as he used to do 
 in the early mornings, to write, he would take me 
 in his arms, still fast asleep, carry me down-stairs 
 to his study with him, and lay me on the sofa, 
 wrapped in blankets which had been arranged for 
 me overnight. 
 
 So when first I opened my eyes in the silent 
 room I saw him there, a man of some fifty years, 
 bending over a table covered with papers, the 
 light of his shaded reading-lamp shining on his 
 forehead and glancing down upon the papers as 
 
 A
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 he leant over his writing, and the firelight flicker- 
 ing on the other parts of the room. 
 
 The silence and the earnestness seemed won- 
 derful and beautiful. It was strange to watch him 
 when he did not know it. It seemed to me, then, 
 that he had been working so through the whole 
 night, and that some great good which I could 
 only dimly understand was to come of it. 
 
 My lying quiet, however, did not last long, 
 for I knew the loving merry welcome I should 
 have when, climbing as I hoped and believed 
 quite unperceived up the back of his arm-chair, 
 I should throw myself down into his lap with a 
 loud cry of joy, and then we should have a 
 famous game, until either he persuaded me to go 
 back to my blankets to await a rational hour for 
 getting up, or sent me up-stairs to be dressed. 
 
 These two things the intent, absorbed pur- 
 pose, and the power of putting it aside to give 
 himself up completely, with simple delight, to 
 whatever he loved, whether to a child or to the 
 beauty of nature are the two that seem to 
 me specially characteristic of him in all that 
 later part of his life which comes within my 
 remembrance.
 
 Dr Southwood Smith and his grandchild Gertrude.
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF MY GRANDFATHER. 3 
 
 At this time we lived in Kentish Town, then 
 field-surrounded, he going daily to his consulting- 
 rooms in Finsbury Square, returning late and 
 giving the early mornings and Sundays to public 
 work. These hours were at that period (1840 to 
 1842) chiefly devoted to the question of the em- 
 ployment of children in coal - mines, the more 
 deeply impressed on me because the report 
 which he was then writing had illustrations 
 showing the terrible condition of people working 
 in mines. 
 
 I remember long bright Sunday mornings when 
 he was at work endeavouring to remedy these 
 evils. He let me do what little I could, such as 
 the cutting out of extracts to be fastened on to 
 the MS. report with wafers and very particular 
 I was as to the colour of these wafers ! Some- 
 times all I could do to help was to be quiet not 
 the least hard work ! Yet I loved these still 
 Sunday mornings, and would not willingly have 
 been shut out from them any more than from the 
 afternoon ride which came later, when, perched 
 up in front of him on his own horse, in the little 
 railed saddle he had devised for me, we rode 
 along the lanes towards Highgate. I can see
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 now the sunset light falling on the grass and 
 tree -stems of the Kentish Town fields as we 
 went along. 
 
 Then came the day when the Act was brought 
 into operation which was to regulate the employ- 
 ment of children in mines, and I tied blue ribbons 
 on to his carriage horses and thought, with a 
 child's hopefulness, that all the suffering was at 
 once and completely over. " Then, now, they are 
 all running over the green fields," I said. 
 
 My grandfather let me think it, and did not 
 damp my enthusiasm by letting me know that 
 this happy state of things was not arrived at in 
 one day ! 
 
 But although he often played merrily with me 
 and entered into my childish joys, my grand- 
 father was endowed with a most earnest nature 
 and with a firmness of character which was very 
 remarkable. He never swerved from a purpose, 
 never vacillated. One of his sayings was, " Life 
 is not long enough for us to reconsider our 
 decisions." 
 
 It was probably this quiet determination, com- 
 bined with his unfailing gentleness, that made him 
 inspire so much confidence in his patients. I can
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF MY GRANDFATHER. 5 
 
 fancy, in a house where illness was spreading 
 anxiety and sorrow, the restfulness there would 
 be in his calm presence, and I can remember the 
 faces of those often the very poor who used to 
 come up to him wishing to thank him for the life 
 of some wife, or son, or child which they said he 
 had saved. These things used to happen in 
 the crowded city streets or courts, and sometimes 
 in parts of London far away^ from the place 
 where the illness had occurred. The fact that 
 these faces were generally forgotten by him, 
 whilst his was so well remembered, made a still 
 more beautiful mystery over it. It seemed to me 
 that there was an honour in belonging to one who 
 was a help and support to so many. Such experi- 
 ences must be familiar to those who share his 
 profession, still I mention it as being my strong 
 childish impression ; and even now, looking 
 back upon his life, it appears to me that he 
 did possess, in a very high degree, not only 
 the power of healing, but that of soothing 
 mental suffering. 
 
 It was, in fact, this deep sympathy, joined to 
 his remarkable insight into the relations between 
 effects and their causes, which led him to devote
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 his life to the promotion of sanitary reform, when 
 once it had become obvious to him that all effort 
 to improve the condition of the people would be 
 impossible until its principles were known and 
 acted upon.
 
 EARLY LIFE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EARLY LIFE, 1788-1820. 
 
 THOMAS SOUTHWOOD SMITH was born at Martock 
 iii Somersetshire in 1788, and was intended by 
 his family to become a minister in the body of 
 Calvinistic dissenters to which they belonged. 
 He was educated with that view at the Baptist 
 College in Bristol, where he went in 1802, being 
 then fourteen years of age. A scholarship, en- 
 titled the " Broadmead Benefaction," was granted 
 to him, and he held it for nearly five years. 
 
 But in the course of his earnest reading on 
 religious subjects he was led to conclusions op- 
 posed in many ways to the doctrines he would 
 be expected to teach ; and when, in the autumn 
 of 1807, from conscientious scruples, he felt bound 
 to declare this to be the case, the benefaction was 
 withdrawn. If we consider his youth and his
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 limited means, it is clear that this avowal must 
 have cost him no little anguish. He was at this 
 time only eighteen. It was an early age at which 
 to have been able to make up his mind on ques- 
 tions so momentous, to break away from early 
 and dear traditions, and to face the displeasure 
 of the Principal of the college, Dr Ryland, whom 
 he ever revered. But honour demanded the 
 sacrifice, and it was made. 
 
 In consequence his family cast him off at once 
 and for ever. 
 
 During his college career, however, he had 
 visited much at the house of Mr Read, a large 
 manufacturer in Bristol, who was a man of noble 
 character, and at that time one of the leading 
 supporters of the college ; and an attachment had 
 sprung up between the young student and Mr 
 Read's daughter Anne. This lady seems to have 
 possessed both great personal beauty and much 
 sweetness and strength of character ; and though 
 she in nowise changed her own religious opinions, 
 she yet sympathised deeply with him in his earnest 
 seeking after truth, and encouraged him to risk 
 all position, friends, everything rather than act 
 against his conscience.
 
 EARL Y LIFE. 
 
 Mr Read also upheld him through all his diffi- 
 culties, and in the following year sanctioned their 
 marriage, which brought with it some few very 
 happy years. Two children were born Caroline, 1 
 my mother, and a year afterwards her sister 
 Emily. 2 
 
 His happiness was to be but of short duration, 
 for in 1812 the young wife died, and left him 
 alone, at the age of only twenty-four, with two 
 little children. With what deep grief he mourned 
 her death his early writings show, but he met it 
 with a noble courage and an undiminished faith. 
 
 The course he took was a strong one. De- 
 prived of the profession to which he had looked 
 forward, cut off from all intercourse with his 
 family, and having lost the wife he so devotedly 
 loved, he resolved leaving his two children 
 under the gentle care of their mother's relations 
 to apply himself to the study of medicine. Thus 
 he entered as a student at the Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity in the year 1813. 
 
 1 Caroline Southwood Smith, married, 1835, Mr James Hill. 
 
 Children of this marriage : Miranda Hill, Gertrude Hill 
 (Mrs Charles Lewes), Octavia Hill, Emily S. Hill (Mrs 
 C. E. Maurice), Florence Hill. 
 
 2 Emily Southwood Smith, born 1810, died 1872.
 
 io DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 At first he lived quite alone ; but finding it more 
 than he could bear, he returned to England to 
 fetch his eldest child, then four years old. 
 
 The father and child (my mother) went from 
 Bristol to Edinburgh in a small sailing vessel, 
 and encountered a terrible storm, which lasted 
 many days. She tells me that she still remembers 
 that storm of eighty -five years ago, the thick 
 darkness, the war of the winds, the toss of the 
 waves, the flash of the lightning illuminating her 
 father's face ; but, most of all, she remembers the 
 feeling of the strong arm round her, giving the 
 sense of safety. 
 
 His interest in religious matters at this period 
 was greater than ever ; for the change in his 
 opinions, in leading him to take a more loving 
 view of the Divine nature, had increased his 
 ardour for the truth, and his own personal sorrow 
 had heightened his faith and made him wish to 
 carry its comfort to others. As well, therefore, 
 as pursuing his medical studies, he gathered round 
 him in Edinburgh a little congregation for service 
 every Sunday. The sermons preached by him 
 then, seem to have an added depth of feeling 
 when we know the circumstances in which they
 
 EARLY LIFE. 11 
 
 were given ; and the following words, written by 
 him at this time, give some insight into the calm 
 sublime faith which upheld him, not only then, 
 but throughout life. 
 
 " Can there be a more exalted pleasure," he 
 writes, " than that which the mind experiences 
 when, in moments of reflective solitude in those 
 moments when it becomes tranquil and disposed 
 to appreciate the real value of objects it dwells 
 upon the thought that there is, seated on the 
 throne of the universe, a Being whose eye never 
 slumbers nor sleeps, and who is perfect in power, 
 wisdom, and goodness ? How little can the 
 storms of life assail his soul who rests his happi- 
 ness upon this Rock of Ages ! How little can 
 death itself appal his mind who feels that he is 
 conducted to the tomb by the hand of the 
 Sovereign of the universe ! Yes ! there is a 
 reality in religion ; and if that happiness, which 
 is so often sought, and so often sought in vain 
 that happiness which is worthy of a rational being, 
 and which at once satisfies and exalts him be 
 ever tasted upon earth, it is by him who thus, in 
 the solitude of his heart, delights to contemplate 
 the idea of a presiding Benignity, the extent of
 
 12 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 whose dominion is without limit, and the duration 
 of whose kingdom is without end ! It is a felicity 
 which our Father sometimes sends down to the 
 heart that is worthy of it, to give it a foretaste of 
 its eternal portion." 
 
 Much interest was felt in the young pale student 
 and his little girl. For all this time my mother, 
 the little Caroline, lived with him, cheering his 
 home-coming from the university to their rooms, 
 and drinking in from him at a very early age as 
 I, her daughter, was destined to do many years 
 after lessons of self-devotion to great ends. 
 
 It was at this time of sorrow, and in the 
 intervals of medical study, that he wrote his 
 ' Illustrations of the Divine Government,' the 
 object of which is to show how perfect is the 
 Love that rules the world, in spite of that which 
 seems to clash, pain, and sorrow, and wrong 
 all that we call evil. 
 
 His medical studies only added to his impres- 
 sion of the great Whole as one perfect scheme, 
 for he felt an intimate connection between the 
 field of scientific research and those religious 
 studies to which he had formerly devoted him- 
 self exclusively. This is shown in his own
 
 EARLY LIFE. 13 
 
 words in the preface to the fourth edition of 
 the work, which was published in 1844. 
 
 "The contemplation," he writes, "of the 
 wonderful processes which constitute life, the 
 exquisite mechanism (as far as that mechanism 
 can be traced) by which they are performed 
 the surprising adjustments and harmonies by 
 which, in a creature like man, such diverse and 
 opposite actions are brought into relation with 
 each other and made to work in subserviency 
 and co-operation; and the divine object of 
 all the communication of sensation and intelli- 
 gence as the inlets and instruments of happi- 
 ness afforded the highest satisfaction to my 
 mind. But this beautiful world, into whose 
 workings my eye now searched, presented it- 
 self to my view as a demonstration that the 
 Creative Power is ^infinite in goodness, and 
 seemed to afford, as if from the essential ele- 
 ments and profoundest depths of nature, a proof 
 of His love." 
 
 This book came to be a help to many of all 
 classes and creeds, and passed through several 
 editions. 
 
 He was often urged to reprint it in later life,
 
 14 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 but held it back, wishing to modify it slightly. 
 Not that his opinion of its main principles had 
 altered in the least degree, but that he thought 
 he had passed too lightly over the sea of misery 
 and crime that there is in the world ; he thought 
 there was rather too much of the bright hopeful- 
 ness of youth about it. Sorrow he had known, 
 certainly, in the loss of his wife ; but the sorrow 
 that comes from the loss of one who was noble 
 and good, and who has been taken from us by 
 death, is of quite a different kind from that which 
 comes from a closer acquaintance with the mass 
 of sin and misery which exists. He did not 
 change his view that, even this, rightly under- 
 stood, is consistent with the divine benevolence ; 
 but he wished to recognise more fully its exist- 
 ence, and to enter more largely into the subject. 
 Having completed his medical studies and 
 obtained his degree, the young physician de- 
 termined to take a practice in Yeovil. The 
 following extract from a letter, dated August 
 5, 1816, addressed by him to a friend in 
 Rome, 1 shows with what views as to his future 
 profession he quitted Scotland. 
 
 1 The Hon. D. G. Halliburton.
 
 EARLY LIFE. 15 
 
 " I leave Edinburgh this week," he writes ; 
 " I leave it with much regret, for I have found 
 friends here whom I shall ever remember with 
 respect, affection, and gratitude. I go to Yeo- 
 vil, a little town in the west of England, where 
 it is my intention to take charge of a con- 
 gregation and at the same time to practise 
 medicine. This double capacity of physician 
 to body and soul does not appear to me to be 
 incompatible, but how the plan will succeed can 
 be determined only by the test of experience. 
 
 " My expectations are not very sanguine, but 
 neither are my desires ambitious." 
 
 " The test of experience " proved that he was 
 admirably qualified for the double office he had 
 taken upon himself, and for some years he pur- 
 sued faithfully the plan he had made. 
 
 But this quiet country life was not to be his 
 always. It was decreed that he should come 
 up to London and enter into its teeming life, 
 to think, and write, and labour, until he had 
 done his part towards lessening its mass of 
 misery.
 
 1 6 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON DAWN OF THE SCIENCE 
 
 OF MODERN HYGIENE, 1820-1834. 
 
 ON first arriving in London in 1820, my grand- 
 father, who whilst still at Yeovil had married 
 for the second time (Mary, daughter of Mr John 
 Christie of Hsfckney), 1 settled in Trinity Square, 
 near the Tower. He soon formed a considerable 
 private practice, and was appointed physician to 
 the London Fever Hospital, and he was thus 
 led to give very special attention to the subject 
 of fever. He also held the offices of physician 
 to the Eastern Dispensary and to the Jews' 
 Hospital, situated in the very heart of White- 
 chapel. And while his experience in the wards 
 of the fever hospital taught him by what means 
 that disease can most frequently be cured, his 
 acquaintance with it in the homes of his East- 
 
 1 Children of this marriage: Herman Southwood Smith, born 
 1819, died 1897; Spencer, Christina, both died in childhood.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 17 
 
 end patients taught him more how it might be 
 prevented. 
 
 Almost the first writings bearing on what came 
 to be afterwards called the " Sanitary Question " 
 are to be found in the pages of the ' Westminster 
 Review.' In the two first numbers of that Review, 
 published in the year 1825, there appeared some 
 articles on "Contagion and Sanitary Laws." These 
 articles, published anonymously, were written by 
 Dr Southwood Smith. It must be noted that 
 the word "sanitary" had not then the meaning 
 it has in these days : sanitary science was un- 
 known, and the words " Sanitary Laws " had a 
 no wider signification than that of the regulations 
 of a quarantine code. 
 
 But from that time these words acquired a new 
 meaning. 
 
 In the articles above referred to, facts were 
 brought together which had been collected from 
 the writings of men who had devoted years to 
 the study of pestilences in Spain, in various ports 
 of the Mediterranean, in Constantinople, and in 
 the West Indies. They had gone where epi- 
 demics were raging, had risked their lives that 
 they might increase the store of knowledge about 
 
 B
 
 1 8 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 these fearful scourges, and might, if possible, learn 
 on what they depend. Amongst these men, one 
 of the most distinguished was apparently a Dr 
 Maclean, of whom the article tells us that "when 
 he was in Spain in 1821 yellow fever attacked 
 Barcelona, and that with his wonted zeal he 
 hastened to the spot in order that he might fully 
 investigate its nature." Dr Maclean is spoken 
 of as " one of those extraordinary men who is 
 capable of concentrating all the faculties of his 
 mind, and of devoting the best years of his life, 
 to the accomplishment of one great and benev- 
 olent object." We are told how, "in order to 
 demonstrate what epidemic diseases really are, 
 and what they are not, and to put an end to 
 errors which have so long and so universally 
 prevailed on this subject, errors which he believes 
 to be the source of incalculable misery and of 
 certain death to millions of the human race, Dr 
 Maclean, with an energy scarcely to be paralleled, 
 has devoted thirty years a large portion of the 
 active life of man. In this cause he has re- 
 peatedly risked that life, and for its sake he has 
 encountered all sorts of suspicion and abuse." l 
 1 Westminster Review, 1825, p. 519.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 19 
 
 Generalising, then, from the facts which such 
 men had collected and from others observed by 
 himself, Dr Southwood Smith endeavours to 
 establish the laws of epidemic disease. In the 
 first place, he labours to prove that epidemic 
 diseases are not, in the strict sense of the word, 
 contagious, and that the laws which epidemic 
 diseases observe offer a complete contrast to 
 those which regulate contagious diseases. 
 
 "It was proved," he thought, to use his own 
 words, " that the symptoms of epidemic diseases 
 are not determinate and uniform. They vary in 
 different countries and different seasons even in 
 the same country and the same season, and do 
 not succeed each other in any determinate order. 
 
 " That epidemics observe certain seasons the 
 periods at which they commence, decline, and 
 cease, hardly vary. For instance, the plague in 
 Egypt begins in March or April, and ends in 
 June or July. All epidemics in Great Britain, of 
 which we have any record, have raged in the 
 autumn. 
 
 " That epidemic diseases prevail most in 
 certain countries, in certain districts, in certain 
 towns, and in certain parts of the same town.
 
 20 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 They prevail most in those countries which are 
 the least cultivated ; in those districts which are 
 the most woody, the most exposed to particular 
 winds and to inundations ; in those towns which 
 are placed in low and damp situations, and which 
 are unprotected from certain winds ; in those 
 streets and houses, and even in those apartments 
 of the same house, which are the most low and 
 damp, the worst built, and the least sheltered. 
 
 " That epidemics commence, spread, and cease 
 in a manner perfectly peculiar. They arise, for 
 example, in some particular quarter of a town, 
 and do not attack the other districts which happen 
 to be nearest it in regular succession, but break 
 out suddenly in the most distant and most oppo- 
 site directions. People are attacked, not in pro- 
 portion as the inhabitants of the affected mix with 
 the inhabitants of the unaffected places, but in 
 proportion as the inhabitants of the unaffected 
 expose themselves to the air of the affected places. 
 
 " That the termination of epidemics is peculiar, 
 since they cease suddenly at the exact period 
 when the greatest number of persons is affected 
 by them, and when the greatest mortality prevails. 
 This fact is inexplicable under the supposition
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 21 
 
 that epidemics owe their spread from person to 
 person. To suppose that a disease which is 
 propagated by contagion can rapidly decline and 
 even suddenly cease, just when most persons are 
 affected and the mortality is greatest that is, 
 when the contagious matter is proved to be in 
 its most active and malignant state is utterly 
 absurd. 
 
 " That epidemics attack the same person more 
 than once, and that relapses are frequent amongst 
 those suffering from them, whereas contagious 
 diseases seldom affect the same individual a 
 second time, and relapses are most uncommon." 
 
 From all this it will be clear that the object 
 of these articles was to prove that all epidemics 
 have their origin in the bad sanitary conditions 
 (as we now say) of the places in which they 
 arise. 
 
 It happened then, as very frequently happens 
 in all sciences when the time is ripe for a dis- 
 covery, that those working in different fields of 
 observation noticed, at the same period, the same 
 facts some, as for example Dr Maclean, in their 
 posts of observation during the epidemics in dis- 
 tant countries ; Dr Southwood Smith in the fever-
 
 22 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 haunts of London. But it remained for him, 
 collecting together all the experience and gener- 
 alising from it, to announce the law on which 
 they depend. 
 
 Those who thus arrived at the great principle 
 of the connection between defective sanitary con- 
 ditions and disease, laid the foundation of Sani- 
 tary Reform. That connection is an old truth 
 now, one of those about which it is difficult 
 to realise that it could ever have been unknown 
 to the world ; but in those days it was unknown 
 and unrecognised, and amongst the few who 
 began to recognise it, there were scarcely any 
 who saw to what wide practical results such 
 truths ought to lead. 
 
 My grandfather, however, saw that if the prin- 
 ciple were once established, not only would the 
 quarantine laws, at that time absurd and ineffi- 
 cacious, be modified ; not only would our mer- 
 chant ships be released from spending long 
 weary months in unhealthy ports, while their 
 crews were perhaps contracting, from their con- 
 finement, the very diseases which they were 
 supposed to have brought with them from foreign 
 lands ; not only would the poor sufferers from
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 23 
 
 plague and yellow fever cease to be imprisoned 
 in the poisoned districts whose air had just given 
 them the pestilence; not only would these false 
 precautions cease, but the true ones would be 
 taken : the causes of disease would be removed ; 
 and thus, wherever a knowledge of this law 
 spread and was acted on, disease and death 
 would diminish. 
 
 Might not, he thought, something practical 
 be done now and here if these facts were once 
 generally known ? Epidemics throughout follow 
 the same laws. Were not the very causes which 
 produce plague in Egypt operating now to produce 
 typhus fever in Bethnal Green and Whitechapel ? 
 We might not be able to stop the pestilential, 
 moisture - laden wind that came down to Cairo 
 each year at the time of the inundation of the 
 Nile, but could we not do something towards 
 purifying that which crept into the rooms of our 
 own poor from undrained courts and stagnant 
 pools ? Could we not, if people once believed 
 and acted on their belief, banish the yearly 
 epidemic fever from the back - streets of our 
 large towns ? 
 
 Dr Southwood Smith believed that this great
 
 24 . DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 result would follow from the general acceptance 
 of the truth of the principle he had announced. 
 He gave his life to spreading the knowledge of it. 
 
 By the articles in the ' Westminster Review ' 
 something was done towards enlightening the 
 public mind, for I find that they attracted the 
 attention of leading men in and out of Parliament, 
 and were often referred to in the debates in both 
 Houses. 
 
 Five years more of daily experience and con- 
 stant thought passed before his ' Treatise on 
 Fever* was published. 1 It entered fully into 
 all the phenomena of the disease and into the 
 question of its treatment. It added largely to 
 the knowledge of fever existing at that time, and 
 was welcomed by the medical profession. ' The 
 Medico-Chirurgical Review,' the highest author- 
 ity of that day, pronounced it to be "the best 
 work on Fever that ever flowed from the pen 
 of physician in any age or country." It was for 
 a long time the standard work on the subject 
 with which it dealt. The most important part of 
 the work, however, as might be expected, is that 
 which relates, not to the treatment of disease 
 
 1 Longmans, 1830.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 25 
 
 (which has since his time much changed) but 
 to its causes. And here we find an elaboration of 
 the principles laid down five years before in his 
 articles in the 'Westminster Review.' Those 
 articles had been the result of a rapid glance 
 which had gone to the very root of things, 
 though when they were written their writer had 
 held his position at the Fever Hospital for one 
 year only, and had therefore not acquired the 
 large experience of fever which he subsequently 
 attained. But the five years that had passed 
 since they were written could not change 
 could only strengthen his conviction of the 
 truth of the principles which he had previously 
 expounded. 
 
 In the 'Treatise on Fever,' as in the articles 
 just quoted, it is enforced upon us, that since 
 epidemics are everywhere the same, when they 
 reach our own country we must expect to find 
 conditions similar to those which produce pesti- 
 lence in foreign countries. He writes as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 " The room of a fever patient, in a small and 
 heated apartment of London, with no perflation of 
 fresh air, is perfectly analogous to a stagnant pool
 
 26 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 in Ethiopia fiill of the bodies of dead locusts. The 
 poison generated in both cases is the same ; the dif- 
 ference is merely in the degree of its potency. Na- 
 ture with her burning sun, her stilled and pent-tip 
 wind, her stagnant and teeming marsh, mamifac- 
 tures plague on a large and fearful scale. Poverty 
 in her hut, covered with her rags, surrounded by 
 her filth, striving with all her might to keep out 
 the pure air and to increase the heat, imitates 
 Nature but too successfully ; the process and the 
 product are the same, the only difference is in the 
 magnitude of the result. Penury and ignorance 
 can thus, at any time and in any place, create a 
 mortal plague." x 
 
 Dr Southwood Smith has been accused of 
 ignoring the fact that those suffering from fever 
 can communicate the disease to others of " infec- 
 tion," as it is called. But he did not. He shows, 
 on the contrary, that the atmosphere of a room 
 such as that spoken of in the passage just quoted 
 must have the power of inducing fever in others 
 besides the patient. He even says that " the 
 poison formed by the exhalations given off from 
 the living bodies of those affected by fever is by 
 1 Treatise on Fever, p. 324.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 27 
 
 far the most potent febrile poison derived from 
 animal origin." 
 
 Then, it might be asked, of what consequence 
 is it to insist on the disease being non-contagious ? 
 If fever-patients can give fever to others, it is a 
 mere matter of words whether you choose to call 
 it " contagious " or " infectious." 
 
 It is, however, of the utmost consequence to 
 fix the attention on the difference ; because, if that 
 is done, the real seat of the danger will be clearly 
 seen, and those whose duty it is to enter the 
 rooms of the sick will know that their danger 
 rarely lies in touching the patient, and may be 
 prevented by abundance of fresh air and scru- 
 pulous cleanliness. 
 
 In order to emphasise this side of the truth 
 my grandfather wrote as follows (and, though 
 it may seem to require qualification, the general 
 truth of his remark will be admitted by all) : " No 
 fever produced by contamination of the air can be 
 communicated to others in a pure air there 
 never was an instance of such communication." 
 
 The form of poison given off from a fever 
 patient is, besides, not so much to be feared 
 as other forms of that poison, because, though
 
 28 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 it is potent, it has not a wide range ; when 
 let out into the fresh air, it is so far diluted 
 that its power is reduced to a minimum. 
 
 An epidemic, he asserts, can only arise from 
 some cause sufficient to affect a whole district. 
 Continually we are brought back to observe this 
 universal cause of fevers ; to see that, whether 
 in the sudden falling off of an army to half its 
 numbers, or in the prostration of a whole ship's 
 crew on approaching shore, or in the plague de- 
 vastating Cairo, this one source may be traced 
 as the true one. Bad air comes from the marsh 
 near which the army is stationed ; bad air, poi- 
 soned by decaying vegetation, comes off shore 
 to the ship ; bad air enters the houses of Cairo. 
 We are shown that Cairo is the birthplace of the 
 plague, because it is a city crowded with a poor 
 population ; because it is built with close and 
 narrow streets ; because it is situated in the 
 midst of a sandy plain at the foot of a moun- 
 tain, which keeps off the wind, and is therefore 
 exposed to stifling heat ; and, above all, because 
 it has a great canal which, though filled with 
 water at the inundation of the Nile, becomes 
 dry as the river gets lower, and thus emits an
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 29 
 
 intolerable smell from the mud and from the 
 offensive matter that is thrown into it. 
 
 Besides being thus shown that, in all places 
 in which epidemics appear, some sanitary defect 
 may be found, we are shown that they come 
 back and back to the same places, and that, if 
 these defects are removed, the epidemics will 
 not return. So we are led on to the great idea 
 that they are preventible. 
 
 The facts advanced to prove these principles 
 have not, of course, the wide range, the distinct 
 statistical exactness, of those which the further 
 progress of sanitary science has now enabled 
 people to bring forward ; but it is very inter- 
 esting to see how all further advance has been 
 but a development of the principles brought 
 forward in this ' Treatise on Fever,' just as it 
 was itself but a development of those brought 
 forward five years before. Hardly any investi- 
 gations had yet been made, but the results 
 which research would bring to light are here 
 foreshadowed. Even the direction which such 
 research would take is indicated, for we are told, 
 at the end of the chapter which treats of the 
 " Causes of Fever," that
 
 30 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " Further inquiries are necessary such as, 
 whether the vegetable and animal poisons we 
 have been considering be the only true, excit- 
 ing cause of fever ; * by what means its gen- 
 eral diffusion is effected ; on what conditions its 
 propagation depends ; by what measures its ex- 
 tension may be checked and its power dimin- 
 ished or destroyed ; what circumstances in the 
 modes of life, in the habits of society, in the 
 structure of houses, in the condition of the 
 public streets and common sewers, in the state 
 of the soil over large districts of the country 
 as influenced by the mode of agriculture, drain- 
 age, and so on, favour or check the origin and 
 propagation of this great curse of civilised, no 
 less than of uncivilised, man." 
 
 Not a mere article or book contained the result 
 of such inquiries. They occupied the greater part 
 of his life, and that of many others. Their out- 
 come is the present state of sanitary knowledge. 
 
 If some people think there was nothing new 
 in the view of epidemics insisted on in this 
 
 1 Modern investigations have proved, for instance, that con- 
 taminated water or milk will produce an epidemic as well as 
 contaminated air. But all these poisons arise from bad sani- 
 tary conditions. G. L.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 31 
 
 Treatise, they have only to see what was the 
 common opinion at that time amongst medical 
 men. A few shared the writer's opinions, but 
 the majority of English physicians then cer- 
 tainly took quite the opposite view. When 
 Asiatic cholera first broke out in 1831, it was 
 of no avail that the physicians of Bengal had 
 declared unanimously that "the attempt to pre- 
 vent the introduction of cholera by a rigorous 
 quarantine had always and utterly failed " ; it 
 was of no avail that the articles on " Quaran- 
 tine Laws " had, six years before, urged the 
 same truth ; the London College of Physicians 
 issued, notwithstanding, a notification that, wher- 
 ever cholera appeared, the sick should be col- 
 lected together in houses, which should be 
 marked conspicuously Sick ; and that, even 
 after the sufferers had been removed, and the 
 houses purified, Caution should be marked on 
 them. That the dead from cholera should be 
 buried in separate ground ; that food to be de- 
 livered at a house where any one was sick 
 should be placed outside, and only taken in 
 when the person who brought it had gone 
 away ; and that no one who had communicated
 
 32 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 with a cholera patient should, during twenty 
 days after, communicate with the healthy. 
 
 If cholera resisted all these precautions, and 
 became fatal in the terrific way it had done in 
 other countries, the authorities announced " that 
 it might become necessary to draw a strong body 
 of troops or police round the affected places." 
 
 This proclamation of the physicians of 1831 
 was published throughout the land in the form 
 of an Order of the King in Council. It might 
 have been more to the purpose to have cleansed 
 the affected town. 
 
 " But," says Mr Howell, 1 " the strong good 
 sense of the public averted many of the mis- 
 chiefs which these scientific advisers would 
 have produced had their counsels been carried 
 into execution. The preventive measures, which 
 were eventually adopted by them, consisted in 
 prohibiting intercourse between one town and 
 another by sea, and permitting it by land : thus 
 communication between London and Edinburgh 
 by stage-coach was perfectly free and unin- 
 terrupted, while communication between those 
 capitals by sea was prohibited with such rigour 
 
 1 Origin and Progress of Sanitary Reform. T. Jones Howell.
 
 FIRST YEARS IN LONDON. 33 
 
 that no interest, however powerful, could pro- 
 cure an exemption! Francis Jeffrey at this 
 time holding the high office of Lord Advocate 
 of Scotland, and whose influence from his per- 
 sonal and official connections was very great 
 was unable to obtain permission for his faithful 
 servant, in the last stage of dropsy, to go from 
 London to Leith by water, lest he should carry 
 with him to his native country by that mode of 
 conveyance, not the dropsy which he had, but 
 the cholera which he had not. 
 
 " ' You will be sorry,' writes Jeffrey to Miss 
 Cockburn, ' to hear that poor old Fergus is so 
 ill that I fear he will die very soon. I have 
 made great efforts to get him shipped off to 
 Scotland, where he wishes much to go ; but 
 the quarantine regulations are so absurdly severe 
 that, in spite of all my influence with the Privy 
 Council, I have not been able to get a passage 
 for him, and he is quite imable to travel by 
 land. ... He has decided water in the chest 
 and swelling in all his limbs. The doctors say he 
 may die any day, and that it is scarcely possible 
 he can recover.' )fl 
 
 1 Cockburn's Life of Jeffrey, ii. 247. 
 C
 
 34 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Mr Howell adds that these examples are not 
 adduced for the purpose of casting obloquy on 
 the eminent physicians of that day, who vainly 
 endeavoured to reduce to practice in the nine- 
 teenth century the standard, but obsolete, doc- 
 trines taught almost universally in the medical 
 schools, but solely for the purpose of displaying 
 the state of the science of Public Health in the 
 year 1831-32, as far as the physicians of highest 
 reputation and largest practice may be taken as 
 its exponents. 
 
 It need hardly be said that it is with this 
 purpose only that these facts are again cited 
 here.
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 35 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LONDON CONTINUED LITERARY AND OTHER WORK, 
 
 1820-1834. 
 
 THE ' Treatise on Fever ' held an important place 
 in the development of that sanitary ideal to the 
 realisation of which my grandfather afterwards 
 devoted himself almost exclusively ; but in the 
 course of the years which are treated of in this 
 chapter, he wrote much on other subjects. 
 
 During this time severe money losses had 
 necessitated the breaking up of the establish- 
 ment in Trinity Square ; retrenchment became 
 a duty ; Mrs Southwood Smith went abroad with 
 the three children of the second marriage l to 
 carry on their education ; and (his two elder 
 daughters, Caroline and Emily, being engaged 
 
 1 Herman Southwood, born 1820, died 1897 ; Christina and 
 Spencer, died in childhood.
 
 36 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 in teaching away from home) my grandfather 
 once more retired to a strictly studious and pro- 
 fessional life at his consulting-rooms in New Broad 
 Street, giving much time to literary work, includ- 
 ing the writing of a large number of physiological 
 articles for the ' Penny Encyclopaedia.' 
 
 Dr Southwood Smith at this period assisted in 
 founding the ' Westminster Review.' This Re- 
 view, supported as it was by men of great ability 
 and earnest thought, took, as is well known, a 
 leading place in the promotion of the political and 
 social reforms of the day. 
 
 His own contributions to it were many. Besides 
 the articles on " Quarantine and Sanitary Laws " 
 already mentioned, the one on " Education," which 
 appeared in the first number, may be specially 
 referred to. 
 
 There was also one calling attention to the 
 horrors arising from there being no proper pro- 
 vision for supplying the anatomical schools with 
 the means of dissection, which led to very prac- 
 tical results. 
 
 " Body- snatching " is now an extinct crime. 
 Such was the name given to the practice of rob- 
 bing graves of the bodies of the dead in order
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 37 
 
 to sell them for the purpose of dissection. Such 
 practices were an outrage against all the feelings 
 which render the resting - places of the dead 
 hallowed spots. One can imagine the horror 
 which the friends of the newly interred must 
 have experienced in finding that their graves 
 had been violated during the night ; and worse 
 still were the midnight scenes when the work 
 was interrupted by the police, and struggles 
 ensued. 
 
 The men who carried on this trade were called 
 " resurrection-men " : they were a depraved and 
 dangerous class, and if the state of things then 
 existing had caused no other evil than that of 
 educating such a class, it would still have been 
 worth much effort to get it remedied. 
 
 Without bodies for dissection medical educa- 
 tion was impossible, and at that time there was 
 only one legal means by which they could be 
 obtained : those of executed criminals were made 
 over to the medical profession for the purpose of 
 dissection. But this source was, happily, even 
 then a scanty one. Until, therefore, some other 
 provision was made, the employment of "resur- 
 rection-men," though against the law, and in itself
 
 38 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 revolting to the professors of anatomy, was a 
 necessity. 
 
 The difficulty was an increasing one. The 
 wretched men whose trade it was to supply the 
 medical schools were punished with imprisonment 
 and heavy fines, and were, not unnaturally, re- 
 garded with abhorrence by the mob such abhor- 
 rence that it was often difficult to protect them 
 from its fury when arrested. In Scotland, especi- 
 ally, this popular feeling was so strong that dis- 
 graceful outrages were committed against those 
 even suspected of being concerned in exhumation ; 
 the churchyards were watched, and the obstacles 
 in obtaining subjects for the schools had become 
 so many that the students were fast deserting 
 them. Indeed throughout Great Britain it ap- 
 peared as if there would soon be a general deser- 
 tion of all the native schools, and that students 
 would go to Paris for the education they could 
 not get at home. 
 
 In the article by Dr Southwood Smith which 
 first called public attention to these evils, he 
 points out, in a very striking manner, the para- 
 mount necessity of a supply of subjects. He 
 reminds his readers of the wild theories of former
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK, 39 
 
 times when anatomical knowledge was not pos- 
 sessed, and enforces on their attention the fact 
 that this knowledge can only be acquired, with 
 any degree of perfection, by means of dissection. 
 He further reminds them that no operation can 
 be performed without torture to the living, and 
 danger to life itself, by the hand of a surgeon 
 unpractised in dissection ; and no clear judgment 
 formed by the physician on the diseases of the 
 human frame diseases generally seated in organs 
 hidden from the eye without a study of the 
 internal structure. 
 
 After shortly passing over the evils of the 
 system then prevailing, which have just been 
 pointed out evils which were then very gener- 
 ally known he suggests the remedy, a very 
 simple one. It was, to cease to give the bodies 
 of executed criminals for anatomical purposes, 
 and thus in a measure to take off the stigma 
 on dissection ; and then to appropriate to that 
 purpose the bodies of all those who die in hos- 
 pitals and workhouses unclaimed by relatives. 
 
 Nothing was done for some time, till in 1828, 
 three years after this paper was written, there 
 came the horrible discovery that the difficulty
 
 40 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 of obtaining subjects from the churchyards had 
 become so great that two men, Burke and Hare, 
 had resorted to murder to supply the need the 
 temptation having been the large price to be 
 obtained for bodies. 
 
 When things had come to this climax, legisla- 
 lative attention was aroused. At this time the 
 article which had appeared in the ' Westminster 
 Review ' was reprinted as a pamphlet, under the 
 title of ' The Use of the Dead to the Living.' 
 In this form it went through several editions, a 
 copy being presented to members of both Houses 
 of Parliament. 
 
 The measures recommended in it were mainly 
 adopted by the Legislature, and have proved 
 completely successful. 
 
 There is something at first sight sad in a plan 
 which lets anything that is painful in the thought 
 of such an appropriation of the bodies of the dead 
 fall exclusively on the poor. This did not fail to 
 suggest itself to my grandfather's mind. But it 
 is to the survivors alone that such pain comes, 
 and these friendless ones would have none left 
 to shrink from this use of their remains. Such 
 were to be chosen for the necessary purpose, not
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 41 
 
 because they were "poor," but because they were 
 "unclaimed." Neither was any pain arising from 
 this arrangement to be compared with that spring- 
 ing from the forcible seizure of bodies in the old 
 times. Out of that arose, necessarily, scenes of 
 horror revolting to all sense of the respect due 
 to the dead ; while their quiet removal from the 
 hospital to the anatomical school, to be followed, 
 after the necessary dissection, by their burial, is 
 widely different. It seemed, moreover, that the 
 interest of the poor specially demanded a wide- 
 spread anatomical knowledge in medical men, 
 since they, more than all others, suffered when 
 the means of gaining it were limited. " Poverty, 
 it is true," my grandfather writes, " is a misfor- 
 tune ; poverty, it is true, has terror and pain 
 enough in itself. No legislature ought by any 
 act to increase its wretchedness ; but the measure 
 here proposed is pregnant with good to the poor, 
 and would tend, more than can be estimated, to 
 lessen the misery of their condition. For it would 
 give knowledge to the lowest practitioners of the 
 medical art that is, to persons who are at present 
 lamentably deficient, and into whose hands the 
 great bulk of the poor fall. And, after all, the
 
 42 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 true question is, whether the surgeon shall be 
 allowed to gain knowledge by operating on the 
 bodies of the dead, or driven to obtain it by prac- 
 tising on the bodies of the living. If the dead 
 bodies of the poor are not appropriated to this use, 
 their living bodies must be, and will be. The rich 
 will always have it in their power to select, for the 
 performance of an operation, the surgeon who has 
 signalised himself by success ; but that surgeon, if 
 he has not obtained the dexterity which ensures 
 success by dissecting and operating on the bodies 
 of the dead, must have acquired it by making 
 them on the living bodies of the poor." 
 
 It was said at the time by objectors that the 
 measure in question would deter patients from 
 entering the hospitals, and add terrors to work- 
 houses, but experience has proved that my grand- 
 father was right : the adoption of his plan has not 
 been found to have the slightest effect of the kind. 
 
 In considering the work of this period of my 
 grandfather's life, I ought not to omit to mention 
 his lectures, which were full of the same earnest- 
 ness and originality that characterised all he did. 
 He was lecturer at the Webb Street School of 
 Anatomy, where he gave a course on " Forensic
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 43 
 
 Medicine," which made much impression at the 
 time. He gave also courses of popular lectures 
 on physiology at the London Institution and else- 
 where. To those at the London Institution ladies 
 were admitted a permission unusual in those 
 times. 
 
 One lecture, delivered on a very remarkable 
 occasion, must be mentioned here. My grand- 
 father was the friend and physician of Jeremy 
 Bentham, and was called upon, after his death, 
 to perform a duty which he had solemnly under- 
 taken. The venerable philosopher died in 1832 
 at the age of eighty-five, and by will desired that 
 his body should be used for the purposes of dis- 
 section. He intrusted to Dr Southwood Smith, 
 in conjunction with two other friends, the task 
 of seeing this disposition properly fulfilled, trust- 
 ing that they would not be deterred by opposition 
 or obloquy. 
 
 This disposition of his body was not a recent 
 act. By a will, dated as far back as 1769, it 
 was left, for the same purpose, to his friend Dr 
 Fordyce. The reason at that time assigned for 
 this is expressed by Bentham in the following 
 remarkable words :
 
 44 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " This my will and special request I make, 
 not out of affectation of singularity, but to the 
 intent and with the desire that mankind may 
 reap some small benefit by my decease, having 
 hitherto had small opportunities to contribute 
 thereto while living." 
 
 By a memorandum affixed to this document 
 it is clear that it had undergone revision as 
 lately as two months before his death,- and that 
 this part of it, originally made when he was 
 twenty-one, was again deliberately and solemnly 
 confirmed by him at eighty-five. 
 
 In thus appropriating his remains to the ser- 
 vice of mankind, Bentham carried out, to the 
 last moment of his life, and even after his death, 
 his principle of " Utility." 
 
 The subject of dissection was agitating the 
 public mind: the "Anatomy Bill" was not yet 
 passed, and the idea might well present itself to 
 a benevolent mind such as his, that to show a 
 thorough absence of horror or dislike to the idea 
 of being dissected after death would be a means 
 of lessening the prejudice which existed against it. 
 
 Whatever may be thought of the " greatest 
 happiness principle " of this philosopher, it did
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 45 
 
 not cause him to lead a selfish or epicurean 
 life. The long calm expanse of eighty - five 
 years was filled with simple pleasures, with hard 
 work, and contained many sacrifices to the cause 
 of truth. 
 
 My grandfather bears his testimony to the 
 wonderful energy and self-devotion of Bentham 
 during his life in these words : 
 
 " Bentham's object was no less a one than to 
 construct an all-comprehensive system of morals 
 and an all -comprehensive code of laws. For 
 the accomplishment of a work so prodigious he 
 put forth an energy commensurate to the end. 
 The extent of mental labour required for this 
 undertaking, and actually brought to it, is truly 
 extraordinary. Every day for nearly half a cen- 
 tury did he devote to it never less than eight 
 hours, often ten, and sometimes twelve." 
 
 And now, when this busy life was stilled, my 
 grandfather was bound to carry out as fully as 
 possible Bentham's wish that in death too he 
 might be useful. He delivered the oration over 
 the body, in the Webb Street School of Anat- 
 omy, on the evening of the gth of June 1832. 
 One who was there thus writes of it :
 
 46 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 11 None who were present can ever forget that 
 impressive scene. The room is small and cir- 
 cular, with no windows, but a central skylight, 
 and was filled, with the exception of a class of 
 medical students and some eminent members of 
 that profession, by friends, disciples, and admirers 
 of the deceased philosopher, comprising many 
 men celebrated for literary talent, scientific re- 
 search, and political activity. The corpse was 
 on the table in the centre of the room, directly 
 under the light, clothed in a night-dress, with 
 only the head and hands exposed. There was 
 no rigidity in the features, but an expression of 
 placid dignity and benevolence. This was at 
 times rendered almost vital by the reflection of 
 the lightning playing over them ; for a storm 
 arose just as the lecturer commenced, and the 
 profound silence in which he was listened to 
 was broken, and only broken, by loud peals of 
 thunder, which continued to roll at intervals 
 throughout the delivery of his most appropriate 
 and often affecting address. With the feelings 
 which touch the heart in the contemplation of 
 departed greatness, and in the presence of death, 
 there mingled a sense of the power which that
 
 LITERARY AND OTHER WORK. 47 
 
 lifeless body seemed to be exercising in the con- 
 quest of prejudice for the public good, thus co- 
 operating with the triumphs of the spirit by 
 which it had been animated. It was a worthy 
 close of the personal career of the great philoso- 
 pher and philanthropist. Never did corpse of 
 hero on the battle-field, with his martial cloak 
 around him, or funeral obsequies chanted by 
 stoled and mitred priests in Gothic aisles, excite 
 such emotions as the stern simplicity of that 
 hour in which the principle of utility triumphed 
 over the imagination and the heart." 
 
 In the year 1834 my grandfather published 
 his book entitled 'The Philosophy of Health,' 1 
 the preparation of which had been a work of 
 great care, and had occupied much time for 
 several years before. This book, which was, 
 perhaps, the first attempt to bring the truths 
 of human physiology within the comprehension 
 of the general reader, achieved a marked suc- 
 cess. It was full of the clearness and force 
 which characterised all the writings of its author. 
 The strides of modern science have now, of 
 course, left its physiological teaching far behind, 
 1 Longmans, 1834.
 
 48 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 but at the time it did original educational work 
 and added lustre to his name. 
 
 His life in chambers must have been an ardu- 
 ous one first at 36 New Broad Street, after- 
 wards at 38 Finsbury Square, his days given 
 up to his ever-increasing practice, his mornings 
 and evenings to writing : the amount achieved 
 was prodigious, and he allowed himself but little 
 relaxation. 
 
 I may mention that it was at this time that 
 my grandfather first visited at the house of old 
 Mr Gillies, a city merchant of refined literary 
 tastes and the father of the two distinguished 
 women, Mary and Margaret Gillies (author and 
 artist), who afterwards became the friends for 
 life of himself, his wife, and daughters, and in 
 whose home he and I with him had rooms 
 in Kentish Town and afterwards at Highgate, 
 though he occupied for professional purposes 
 the rooms in the city to which I have before 
 referred.
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 49 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION, 1833. 
 
 IN the year 1833 it became clear that some 
 legal interference was necessary with regard to 
 Factories. 
 
 In order to understand the abuses which ex- 
 isted in factories in 1833, we must revert to 
 the system of employment at the end of the 
 last century and trace its gradual development. 
 
 At that period all the spinning and weaving 
 of the country was domestic, the spinning being 
 carried on in farmhouses and scattered cottages 
 in rural places by the mothers and daughters 
 of the families, and the weaving by men working 
 in their own homes in towns and villages. This 
 peaceful state of things did not last beyond the 
 beginning of the present century. The " spin- 
 ning-jenny " and "power-loom" were invented, 
 
 D
 
 50 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 and changes occurred. Large buildings were 
 now needed to carry on the work, and mills 
 and factories sprang up beside the streams of 
 Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Lancashire, 
 these places being chosen because water was 
 required to turn the new machinery. The 
 water-wheel now did much of the work which 
 had formerly needed the strong arms of men, 
 but the small and nimble fingers of children 
 were henceforth called into play, as they were 
 found to be specially fitted for much of that 
 which remained to be done by hand. Thus 
 it came about that children's labour, in con- 
 sequence of its greater cheapness, was substi- 
 tuted for that of grown people. 
 
 In order to get a sufficient supply of chil- 
 dren, which the scanty population near the mills 
 could not afford, manufacturers applied to the 
 managers of the workhouses in London and 
 other large towns, for pauper children to be taken 
 as apprentices. Hundreds, it is said even thous- 
 ands, of children were thus taken away from 
 even the slight protection which the tender 
 mercies of the workhouse authorities of that 
 day might afford, and placed entirely in the
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 51 
 
 power of the master manufacturer, or, worse 
 still, of his overseer. 
 
 The evils that resulted from this apprentice- 
 ship system resembled those springing from 
 slavery. One writer l says : 
 
 " There is abundant evidence on record, and 
 preserved in the recollection of some who still 
 live, to show that, in many of the manufac- 
 turing districts, cruelties the most heartrending 
 were practised upon the unoffending and friend- 
 less creatures who were thus consigned to the 
 care of the master manufacturers ; that they 
 were harassed to the brink of death by excess 
 of labour, that they were flogged, fettered, and 
 tortured to the most exquisite refinements of 
 cruelty ; that they were in many cases starved 
 to the bone whilst flogged to their work ; and 
 that, in some instances, they were driven to 
 commit suicide to evade the cruelties of a world 
 where, though born into it so recently, their 
 happiest moments had been passed in the garb 
 and in the coercion of a workhouse. The 
 beautiful and romantic valleys of Derbyshire, 
 Lancashire, and Nottinghamshire, secluded from 
 
 1 M. Fielden, M.P., ' The Curse of the Factory System.'
 
 52 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 the public eye, became the dismal solitudes of 
 torture and of many a murder." 
 
 The Legislature interfered, and in 1802 passed 
 an Act for regulating factories and protecting 
 the apprentices employed in them. This Act 
 was brought in and carried by Sir Robert Peel, 
 the father of the statesman who repealed the 
 Corn Laws, and himself a large manufacturer. 
 
 A further change in the history of manu- 
 facture, however, occurred. The steam - engine 
 was invented, and when its power was applied 
 to manufacture, it was no longer necessary to 
 build factories where water-power was at hand ; 
 they were henceforth principally established in 
 towns. Apprentices were now but little em- 
 ployed ; free, paid child - labour, here to be ob- 
 tained in abundance, was preferred by the mill- 
 owners. They had never wished for apprentices ; 
 the charge of them had always entailed con- 
 siderable trouble ; the responsibility was felt 
 heavily by conscientious masters, whilst the legal 
 restrictions of Sir Robert Peel's Act prevented 
 the avaricious and hard-hearted from profiting 
 by the abuses of the system. Apprenticeship 
 therefore died a natural death.
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 53 
 
 It might be thought that children employed 
 under the new plan, receiving wages and living 
 at home under the protection of their parents, 
 would suffer no hardships calling for legal re- 
 straint ; but representations having been made 
 to the Government that abuses had crept in, 
 a Royal Commission of inquiry was determined 
 upon in 1833. 
 
 On this occasion Dr Southwood Smith was 
 appointed by the Government a member of 
 this Commission, conjointly with Mr Tooke and 
 Mr Edwin Chadwick. 1 
 
 Their first work was to send district com- 
 missioners into the manufacturing regions to col- 
 lect evidence, and the results of those inquiries 
 were embodied in the general Report. My 
 grandfather took a deep interest in the subject, 
 for the evils disclosed by the inspection, if not 
 so great as they had been under the apprentice- 
 ship system, were still sufficiently appalling : chil- 
 dren, some of them not more than five years 
 old, were obliged to work the same number of 
 
 1 This Commission, for considering the employment of children 
 in factories, preceded by eleven years the one relating to their 
 employment in mines alluded to in the Introduction.
 
 54 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 hours as the adult operatives twelve, fourteen, 
 or sixteen hours a - day sometimes the whole 
 night ; their health was thus often ruined for 
 life ; neither time nor strength remained for edu- 
 cation ; they were growing up totally ignorant ; 
 and they were, besides, often unkindly treated. 
 
 It is sad to see in the Report such words 
 as these, quoted from the children's lips : "I 
 am sick tired, especially in the winter nights." 
 " So tired when I leave the mill that I can 
 do nothing." " I feel so tired when I gang 
 home that I throw myself down, no caring what 
 I does." " So tired I am not able to set one 
 foot by the other." " Many a time I have been 
 so fatigued I could hardly take off my clothes 
 at night, or put them on in the morning. My 
 mother would be raging at me, because when 
 I sat down I could not get up again through 
 the house." 
 
 As to their ruined health, such sentences as 
 these foretell it : " Many nights I do not get 
 a wink of sleep from the pain." " My knees 
 failed from the work." Or, " Severe pains would 
 come on, particularly in the morning." 
 
 The evidence of the overseers and managers
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 55 
 
 is scarcely less strong than that of the little 
 sufferers themselves. 
 
 One manager says : "I have known the chil- 
 dren hide themselves in the wool so that they 
 could not go home when the work was over. 
 I have seen six or eight fetched out of the 
 stove and beat out of the mill." 
 
 Another says : " After the children from eight 
 to twelve years old had worked eight or nine 
 hours, they were nearly ready to faint : only 
 kept to their work by being spoken to, or by 
 a little chastisement to make them jump up. 
 I was sometimes obliged to chastise them when 
 they were almost fainting, and it hurt my feel- 
 ings ; then they would spring up and work 
 pretty well for another hour ; but the last two 
 or three hours were my hardest work, for they 
 then got so exhausted." 
 
 And a third manager says : "I have seen 
 them fall asleep, and they were performing their 
 work with their hands, while they were asleep, 
 after the ' billy ' had stopped and their work 
 was over." 
 
 Two great objections were made to any legis- 
 lative limitation of the number of hours of chil-
 
 56 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 dren's labour. One was, that it was impossible 
 to shorten their hours of work without also short- 
 ening those of the adults, who could not go 
 on without them ; the other, that it was wrong 
 to restrict the liberty of the subject. 
 
 The first of these was, truly, a difficulty ; but 
 if the evil was so very great, it appeared to 
 my grandfather and those acting with him that 
 some change must be made in the mode of 
 working, rather than overtax the children to 
 this extent. Relays of children must be ob- 
 tained, or grown-up workers must be substi- 
 tuted as assistants. 
 
 With regard to the second objection that it 
 would be restricting the liberty of private indi- 
 viduals if the law interfered the Report shows 
 that children, at the age at which they suffered 
 these injuries, were not free agents, but were 
 let out to hire by their parents, by whom their 
 wages were appropriated, and who were easily 
 rendered callous to their children's wrongs by 
 a threat of dismissal, or a bribe of an additional 
 penny an hour of wage. If the law did not 
 step in to protect these unfortunate little ones 
 from parents whose selfishness and ignorance
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 57 
 
 was allowing them to grow up diseased and 
 benighted, where, argues the Report, was their 
 help to come from ? 
 
 The question as to whether it is right in 
 any instance for the Government to intervene 
 between parent and child, is now practically 
 settled by the many laws and enactments which 
 regulate children's education and hours of labour. 
 But in those days the idea of any restriction 
 of a parent's right over his child excited much 
 opposition. It was regarded by many people 
 as both impracticable and undesirable. 
 
 The reformers, however, carried their point 
 and achieved success. That very year the Fac- 
 tory Act passed, and the recommendations of 
 the Report were nearly all embodied in it. No 
 child was allowed to be employed at all under 
 eight years old ; children between eight and 
 thirteen were only allowed to work six and a 
 half hours a-day ; and all those employed were 
 obliged to attend school for three hours a-day. 
 Inspectors were appointed to see that the pro- 
 visions of the Act were fully carried out. 
 
 Of course there was considerable indignation 
 on the part of the millowners, but many of
 
 58 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 those who at first objected to the restrictions 
 were afterwards convinced of their utility, and 
 as time passed on this conviction spread amongst 
 all classes and gathered strength. 
 
 The only modifications of the Act of 1833 
 which have been made since, have been mere 
 extensions of its principles. The regulations, 
 which at first applied to cotton, cloth, and silk 
 mills only, have been extended by subsequent 
 Acts to bleaching and dyeing works. Powers 
 have also been given to compel the fencing of 
 machinery, and to enforce other safeguards 
 against injury to the workpeople. 
 
 Even after the Factory Commission had fin- 
 ished its work, and had ceased to exist, my 
 grandfather continued to watch with interest the 
 results of what had been done. Five years 
 afterwards, the House of Commons having 
 ordered a Return showing the working of the 
 educational provisions of the Act, he went down 
 himself to various mills, and I find his copy 
 of the Return thickly pencilled with marginal 
 notes like the following : 
 
 " I visited this mill myself with a view to 
 examine the school." "The whole neighbour-
 
 WORK ON THE FACTORY COMMISSION. 59 
 
 hood was opposed to the direction of the mill. 
 They now consider it a great blessing." " The 
 children of the higher class of people are anxious 
 to get employment in the mills." 
 
 It must have given him great delight to feel 
 that, as was said by a writer eleven years later 
 
 " The present Act has led to an amelioration 
 of the treatment, and an improvement in the 
 physical and moral character, of the vast juvenile 
 population, such as was never before effected 
 by an Act of Parliament; while the benefits 
 resulting from it to all parties, the employers 
 no less than the employed, are not only rapidly 
 multiplying and extending, but are becoming 
 more and more the subjects of general acknow- 
 ledgment and gratulation. There is reason to 
 believe that the total number employed in fac- 
 tory labour in the United Kingdom is little 
 short of ^ooOjOoo. 1 In one district, not by 
 any means one of the largest, the number of 
 children attending school was increased from 
 200 to 2316." 
 
 1 This was in 1844.
 
 60 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT, 1837. 
 
 PERHAPS the most necessary and the most tried 
 quality in a reformer is Patience. Notwithstand- 
 ing the publication of the ' Treatise on Fever ' 
 in 1830, and the tribute paid by the scientific 
 world to its masterly exposition of the treatment 
 and causes of the disease, notwithstanding the 
 constant and ardent endeavours of the author 
 to propagate his views, yet seven long years 
 passed away before he was able to awaken 
 the apathy of the public and the authorities. 
 
 Year after year went by, and the wards of 
 the Fever Hospital continued to be supplied 
 from the same districts, from the same courts 
 and lanes even from the very same house as 
 before. The preventible suffering, thus daily 
 brought before my grandfather's eyes, was a
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 61 
 
 daily reminder of the urgent need for help of 
 the necessity for taking practical steps to dim- 
 inish it. 
 
 In 1837 the opportunity came for pressing 
 forward in the cause. That year a frightful 
 epidemic fever broke out in London, arousing 
 general alarm, and demanding special inquiry. 
 The pressure on the poor-rates became exces- 
 sive, and my grandfather was appointed by the 
 Poor Law Commissioners to report on the 
 eastern districts of London, Drs Arnott and 
 Kay being appointed to other districts. 
 
 The title of the Report presented by him 
 is at once striking. He called it, " Report on 
 the Physical Causes of Sickness and Mortality 
 to which the Poor are particularly exposed, and 
 which are capable of prevention by Sanitary 
 Measures." Its opening words are, 
 
 "Some of the severest evils at present in- 
 cident to the condition of poverty, which have a 
 large share in inducing its high rate of sickness 
 and mortality, are the consequences of improvi- 
 dence. Such evils are capable of being remedied 
 only by bringing the poor under the influence of 
 the inducements to forethought and prudence.
 
 62 DR SOUTH WOOD SMITH. 
 
 " But there are evils of another class, more 
 general and powerful in their operation, which 
 can be avoided by no prudence, and removed 
 by no exertion, on the part of the poor. Among 
 the gravest, and at the same time the most 
 remediable, of these latter evils, is the exposure 
 to certain noxious agents generated and accumu- 
 lated in the localities in which the poor are 
 obliged to take up their abode, and to the per- 
 nicious influence of which they are constantly, 
 and for the most part unconsciously, subjected. 
 
 " It is the object of the present Report to 
 direct attention to the nature and extent of this 
 evil, and to show how important it is that its 
 mitigation, and, as far as may be found prac- 
 ticable, its entire removal, should form a part 
 of every exertion that is made for improving 
 the physical condition of the poor." 
 
 These words would seem to strike the key- 
 note of Sanitary Reform. 
 
 In order to make the Report more full and 
 impressive, Dr Southwood Smith writes an exact 
 account of what he saw. He went personally 
 over the greater part of the Bethnal Green 
 and Whitechapel districts. " I traversed," he
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 63 
 
 says, "a circle of from six to seven miles in 
 extent. I wrote the account of the places I 
 am about to notice on the spot ; I entered many 
 of the houses and examined their condition as 
 to cleanliness, ventilation, as well as the state 
 of the people themselves, who were at the time 
 labouring under fever." 
 
 The descriptions that follow are too dreadful 
 to be dwelt upon in detail here. We are shown 
 individually the houses of Whitechapel : they 
 are piled storey above storey, and are teeming 
 with people ; the streets, courts, and alleys are 
 so built that all current of air is blocked out, 
 and no measures whatever are taken to secure 
 cleanliness. We are shown Bethnal Green, flat, 
 low, damp, wasted. Here the houses are not so 
 closely packed there are open spaces ; but these 
 are for the most part undrained marshes, and the 
 air coming across them is poisonous rather than 
 life-giving. Straggling rows of rickety cottages 
 look out upon stagnant swamps ; their miserable 
 gardens are scattered over with uncleared dust 
 and refuse of all kinds, and are surrounded 
 with black and overflowing ditches, to cross 
 which you must pass over rotting planks used
 
 64 DP SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 as bridges : there are houses which contain only 
 two rooms, the larger being 9 feet by 7 and 
 7 feet high, the smaller not able to contain an 
 ordinary-sized bed. 
 
 If the house has more rooms, it probably con- 
 tains many families, and a state of overcrowding 
 is produced nearly as fatal as that which pre- 
 vails in the parts of London where the houses 
 stand more thickly. 
 
 The picture comes vividly before us of the 
 dismal homes, with their melancholy gardens 
 where the pale children play by the black 
 ditches ; their green damp walls ; the rags 
 stuffed into the broken windows to keep out the 
 tainted outside air ; and the crowds huddled 
 together breathing the suffocating air within 
 doors. It is easy to realise the hopeless efforts 
 of the poor inhabitants to fight against the dirt 
 and disease which all those efforts are powerless 
 to overcome ! 
 
 No wonder then, that, in the words of his 
 Report, we are told that " in many parts of 
 both these districts fever of a malignant kind 
 and fatal character is always more or less preva- 
 lent ; that in some streets it has recently pre-
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 65 
 
 vailed in almost every house; in some in every 
 house ; and, in some few instances, in every room 
 of every house. Cases are recorded in which 
 every member of a family has been attacked 
 in succession, of whom, in every such case, 
 several have died : some whole families have 
 been swept away. Instances are detailed in 
 which there have been found, in one small room, 
 six persons lying ill of fever together : I have 
 myself seen this four in one bed and two in 
 another." 
 
 He once more enforces the preventibleness 
 of this dreadful state of things how entirely 
 it was within the power of man to change it 
 by wise attention to the laws of health. He 
 points out parts of the districts which had always 
 remained comparatively healthy, and some, for- 
 merly haunts of fever, where during the last 
 epidemic no single case had occurred, owing to 
 sanitary improvements. 
 
 The necessity for providing in some way for 
 the airing of streets and courts in densely popu- 
 lated neighbourhoods, by the knocking down 
 of houses or other expedients, is insisted upon. 
 Its difficulty is admitted, but still it is urged. 
 
 E
 
 66 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " Though it might seem a hopeless task," he 
 says, " to set about ventilating such districts 
 as Bethnal Green and Whitechapel, yet, if the 
 importance of the principle be duly appreciated 
 and the object be kept steadily in view, much 
 may be accomplished. In some of the worst 
 localities in these districts, at moderate expense, 
 means might be taken to introduce free cur- 
 rents of air, where at present the air is per- 
 fectly stagnant and stifling. Some of the im- 
 provements recently made in the City of London 
 show to what extent it is possible to introduce 
 good ventilation into the heart of the most 
 densely populated part of the Metropolis." 
 
 In this Report my grandfather also draws 
 attention to the state of the Workhouses. He 
 was writing to the Poor Law Commissioners, 
 and so he could efficiently bring under their 
 notice the state of those buildings. 
 
 " From what I have observed I am satisfied," 
 he says, "that many existing workhouses are 
 extremely deficient in space, ventilation, and 
 drainage." 
 
 The overcrowding in the dormitories is especi- 
 ally pointed out. He writes :
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 67 
 
 "In going over the Whitechapel Workhouse 
 I was struck with the statement of the fact that, 
 out of 104 children (girls) resident in that house, 
 89 have recently been attacked with fever. On 
 examining the dormitory in which these children 
 sleep, my wonder ceased. In a room 88 feet 
 long, i6| wide, and 7 feet high, with a sloping 
 roof rising to TO feet, all these 104 children, 
 together with four women who have the charge 
 of them, sleep. The beds are close to each 
 other ; in all the beds there are never less than 
 four children, in many five ; the ventilation of 
 the room is most imperfect. Under such circum- 
 stances the breaking out of fever is inevitable. 
 
 " I was likewise struck with the pale and un- 
 healthy appearance of a number of children in 
 the Whitechapel Workhouse, in a room called 
 the ' Infant Nursery/ These children appear to 
 be from two to three years of age ; they are 
 23 in number, they all sleep in one room, and 
 they seldom or never go out of this room either 
 for air or exercise. Several attempts have been 
 made to send these infants into the country, but a 
 majority of the Board of Guardians has hitherto 
 succeeded in resisting the proposition.
 
 68 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 "In the Whitechapel Workhouse there are two 
 fever - wards : in the lower ward the beds are 
 much too close ; two fever patients are placed 
 in each bed ; the ventilation is most imperfect, 
 and the room is so close as to be dangerous to 
 all who enter it, as well as most injurious to the 
 sick." 
 
 The Report mentions, in contrast, the case of 
 the Jews' Hospital, where he had been physician. 
 In that hospital, though at one time there had 
 been a yearly outbreak of fever, since the number 
 of beds in the dormitories had been reduced, and 
 several large ventilators had been put in, the evil 
 had entirely ceased. At the time he wrote eight 
 years had passed since the improvements, and 
 fever had not once returned as an epidemic. 
 
 After finishing this Report, my grandfather set 
 to work to obtain exact statistics as to fever in 
 other parts of London ; and by the next year 
 (1839) tables had been compiled, which proved, 
 by a wider range of experience, the truths he had 
 again and again brought forward. Once more he 
 wrote a Report to the Poor Law Commissioners 
 of whom Mr (afterwards Sir Edwin) Chad wick
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 69 
 
 was one pointing out the facts which were 
 proved by these figures and the duty of act- 
 ing on them. 1 
 
 Such accounts as those given by the three 
 physicians appointed by the Poor Law Board to 
 inquire, could not pass unnoticed. The press, not 
 only in London but in all parts of England, took 
 up the subject. Public men began to be roused. 
 
 At first the facts were doubted. It was diffi- 
 cult to believe that such a dreadful state of things 
 could exist ; but attention was awakened, and in- 
 quiry followed. 
 
 The Marquis of Normanby, then Secretary of 
 State for the Home Department, was much im- 
 pressed with what he had read, but he could 
 hardly conquer a belief that there must have 
 been some exaggeration. My grandfather took 
 him to see some of the places in Bethnal Green 
 and Whitechapel which the Report had described. 
 Lord Normanby was deeply moved, as every one 
 must have been who was brought to realise the 
 kind of dwellings which were all that these people 
 had for homes. " So far," he said, " from any 
 
 1 Report on the Prevalence of Fever in Twenty Metropolitan 
 Unions in 1838.
 
 70 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH, 
 
 exaggeration having crept into the descriptions 
 which had been given, they had not conveyed 
 to my mind an adequate idea of the truth." 
 
 Lord Ashley, too, always in the forefront to 
 relieve the sufferings of the poor, was taken by 
 my grandfather on two occasions to see these 
 regions personally ; and from that time forth he 
 became one of the most ardent supporters of the 
 Sanitary Cause, working strenuously for it both 
 in and out of Parliament. 1 In a letter to a 
 friend my grandfather writes : 
 
 "FiNSBURY SQUARE, 1841. 
 
 " I have just returned from Whitechapel and 
 Bethnal Green, over which I have been taking 
 Lord Ashley and his brother, and I think they 
 have received an impression which will be lasting, 
 and which will stimulate them to exert themselves 
 for the removal of some of the evils which they 
 have witnessed." 
 
 The Bishop of London had the honour of being 
 the first to bring the question before Parliament. 
 
 1 For the account of what was shown to Lord Ashley on these 
 occasions see Appendix L, p. 159.
 
 RISE OF THE SANITARY MOVEMENT. 71 
 
 In an earnest and eloquent speech made in the 
 House of Lords during the session of 1839, he 
 moved for an extension of such inquiries as the 
 Poor Law Board had caused to be made in Lon- 
 don, to other towns in the United Kingdom. 
 
 It must have seemed to my grandfather a 
 glorious moment when the principles he had so 
 long advocated were for the first time recognised 
 when the country began to hear with surprise 
 and shame of the existing state of things and 
 when the suffering, which he felt so deeply, 
 seemed about to be relieved. 
 
 The movement had now begun. Surely it 
 would go quickly, since the saving of thousands 
 of lives each year depended on its progress ?
 
 72 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK, 1840-1848. 
 
 I HAVE now arrived at the period of my grand- 
 father's life which comes within my own memory, 
 and which begins with the days described in the 
 Introduction when I used to watch him as he sat 
 at his writing in the early mornings. He had 
 taken me to live with him at three years old, and 
 from that time I was with him throughout his life. 
 If, in this chapter or elsewhere, I dwell on his care 
 and tenderness towards myself, it is only that it 
 may indicate the love he invariably showed to all 
 near and dear to him. 
 
 My grandfather, though losing no opportunity 
 of promoting the cause he had chiefly at heart 
 the great sanitary cause did not limit his public 
 work to it alone : he was at this time engaged in 
 reforming the state of coal-mines, being a member
 
 O/rf -woman carrying coal.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 73 
 
 of a Royal Commission the "Children's Employ- 
 ment Commission" the chief object of whose 
 labours was to secure the abolition of child-labour 
 in mines. It has been mentioned that the Report 
 presented to Parliament by this Commission had 
 pictures : they were drawn on the spot at my 
 grandfather's instigation, and I believe I am right 
 in saying it was the only parliamentary report so 
 issued. The state of things in the mines was 
 sufficiently appalling. Children of tender years 
 were employed in opening and shutting little 
 gates in narrow passages of coal. They were 
 untaught, and seldom breathed the fresh air. 
 They were sometimes as young as five years 
 old (parents have been known to send them 
 even at four years old) ; they sat in small niches, 
 scooped out of the coal, for twelve hours at a 
 time, to watch the doors, and they were alone and 
 in the dark except when a "hurrier" with a 
 candle fastened to his forehead passed along, on 
 hands and knees, dragging a truck. 
 
 The suffering was not confined to children ; it 
 was found that young girls, married women, and 
 aged and decrepit women were exposed to bear- 
 ing upon their backs burdens of coal weighing
 
 74 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 from three-quarters of a cwt. to 3 cwt. ; often to 
 carry these whilst wading in water up to the 
 ankles, sometimes up to the knees, or to carry 
 them from the bottom of the mine to the bank up 
 steep ladders ; to go through the hard work of 
 hewing coal by the side of the men ; to drag 
 trucks on all fours harnessed by chains ; and that 
 the nature of their work, when hewing coal, con- 
 stantly obliged them to dispense with most of 
 their clothing. 
 
 The illustrations in the Report brought all 
 this before my childish imagination very vividly. 
 Perhaps they also, as the Commissioners hoped 
 they might do, caught the attention of busy 
 members of Parliament and learned lords who 
 might not have waded through a lengthy "blue- 
 book " to find the facts which these pictures 
 showed at a glance. The object of the Commis- 
 sioners was to put the facts strikingly, and in 
 this they succeeded. 
 
 Lord Ashley's Bill, based on this Report, en- 
 countered great opposition, especially in the 
 House of Lords, many members of which were 
 large proprietors of mines, and in the course 
 of its passage through Parliament it was much
 
 Children at work. 
 
 tan drawing truck.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 75 
 
 mutilated. Lord Ashley had hoped to prevent 
 any boy under thirteen from working in the 
 mines, but the age of exemption was lowered 
 to ten years old ; and his attempt to prohibit 
 the employment of boys and old men in the 
 work of lowering the miners into the pit by 
 means of ropes was also defeated. 
 
 Still, the main points were gained ; for by 
 Lord Ashley's Bill, which passed in 1844 and 
 was founded on the labours of this and the Fac- 
 tory Commission, not only was it enacted that 
 all children under ten should henceforth be pro- 
 hibited from working in mines, but that such 
 labour should also be illegal for girls of all ages 
 and for women. 
 
 It may be worth noticing that the change in 
 the law did not at first give satisfaction to the 
 miners. The men considered it a great hardship 
 to be deprived of the earnings of their wives and 
 children, and the women themselves complained 
 sorely of being deprived of their work. But 
 time has proved the great benefits of the new 
 system. The men now earn nearly as much as 
 a man and his wife used to do, the presence 
 of the wife in the home causes it to be better
 
 76 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 cared for, and the children are free to attend 
 school. 
 
 The " Children's Employment Commission" in- 
 stituted a further inquiry into the state of young 
 people employed in branches of trade not as yet 
 brought under regulation. This second Report 
 of the Commission, on " Trades and Manufac- 
 tures/' related to the state of apprentices in the 
 South Staffordshire ironworks, and of young 
 workers in such trades as earthenware -making, 
 calico-printing, paper-making, &c. ; and although 
 nothing could be done for them at the time, the 
 regulations recommended in the Report have 
 since been adopted. 
 
 These Inquiries important and interesting as 
 they were occupied only the hours which my 
 grandfather could spare from his professional 
 work as one of the chief consultants in cases of 
 fever, and a leading London physician. 
 
 He went daily from our home in Kentish 
 Town to his rooms in the City, and often used to 
 take me with him as a little child. We usually 
 stopped first at the Fever Hospital, which was 
 then near King's Cross. The Great Northern 
 Railway Station stands now on its site, where I
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 77 
 
 used to sit in the carriage at its gate. His con- 
 nection with that Hospital was never broken (at 
 his death he had been one of its physicians for 
 nearly forty years), and he was, of course, much 
 interested in its re-erection when it was removed 
 to its present position in Liverpool Road, Isling- 
 ton. The new building was made with wards 
 having no upper storeys ; each ward had -three 
 outer walls and a very high ceiling, thus ensuring 
 perfect ventilation ; and there were many other 
 advantages of arrangement. 
 
 But even the original hospital at King's Cross 
 was very carefully managed as to fresh air, and 
 my grandfather's implicit belief in his own doc- 
 trine of non-contagion was proved by his more 
 than once taking me into the fever-wards, though, 
 when I was a child and therefore peculiarly sus- 
 ceptible, he never would let me breathe the 
 tainted air of the courts and lanes of which he 
 fearlessly encountered the danger, not only in his 
 capacity as a physician, but when making his 
 early sanitary investigations. 
 
 Three times in the course of his life he had 
 been stricken down with fever. In one of these 
 attacks his life had been despaired of, but medi-
 
 78 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 cal skill, aided by most careful nursing and by 
 his naturally strong constitution, at length con- 
 quered the disease. 
 
 After the visit to the hospital we went on into 
 the City to his consulting-rooms, which were first 
 at 36 New Broad Street, and afterwards at 38 
 Finsbury Square ; and then came the morning 
 hours during which he saw patients there, and I 
 amused myself until he was ready for the after- 
 noon round. Then outdoor work again. Gen- 
 erally the visits led us through crowded streets 
 where the carriage got blocked in amongst great 
 waggons or hemmed in near high warehouses ; 
 but at times there came long drives to some 
 patient living more in the country at Hackney, 
 Dalston, Stoke Newington, or farther off still ; 
 and then what a happy time I had with him, 
 sitting on his knee and asking endless questions ! 
 It was worth many hours of waiting in the car- 
 riage, outside doors, to have the times that came 
 between. 
 
 Then there was the Eastern Dispensary and 
 Jews' Hospital practice, in connection with which 
 he daily went to see patients in their own poor 
 homes. How well I remember being left in the
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 79 
 
 carriage at the end of streets too narrow for it to 
 drive down. I used to amuse myself with looking 
 out at the people passing to and fro children 
 without hats and bonnets ; old-clothesmen with 
 their bags ; orange-girls ; many dark faces 
 amongst the passers-by Jews, as I was after- 
 wards told. I used to wonder at it all, and make 
 up stories about the people and guess on what 
 errands they were bent when entering their little 
 shops and doorways ; and when tired of all this 
 for I was still too small to see without kneeling 
 up on the seat to look out at the window I 
 seated myself on the floor of the carriage and 
 was soon deeply engrossed in some book of 
 pictures or fairy tales, which my grandfather, in 
 the midst of all else, had thoughtfully put into 
 the pocket of the carriage for me to "find." 
 
 Then I would climb up again and watch for 
 him. At last he would come ! Down the dark, 
 narrow street, looking very grave, the reflection 
 of some scene just left still resting on his face. 
 Out of such thoughts produced by such places 
 came his afterwork. 
 
 When he came to me, however, the sad 
 thoughts passed away, and he was ready to let
 
 8o DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 his happy nature come through to cheer his little 
 girl. He would practically work to relieve such 
 misery as he had seen day and night at 
 all cost through all opposition, but he would 
 also play merrily with his little grandchild, to 
 make joyous for her the homeward drive through 
 the evening air. 
 
 My grandfather was much interested at this 
 time in another effort of which I have not yet 
 spoken. It was the institution of a " Home in 
 Sickness " in London for those of the middle 
 classes who might be far from their own families, 
 or who, from some other cause, could not secure 
 favourable surroundings in times of illness. The 
 position of such people struck him as very deso- 
 late. There were many with homes far away 
 clerks, students, young men engaged in various 
 professions, governesses, and other ladies of 
 limited income who might be seized with illness 
 under circumstances when a return to their 
 family was impossible ; others who had no family 
 to which to return. It seemed to him that 
 chambers or lodgings which might be tolerably 
 convenient for people in health, were utterly 
 unsuited to give the requisite comforts when
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 81 
 
 illness came : the poorer classes had the hospi- 
 tals, but for this intermediate class there was no 
 provision. 
 
 His plan was, therefore, to found an institution 
 into which, by subscribing a small sum annually, 
 members could secure a right to be received 
 when they were suffering from disease. They 
 would each have a separate room where an equal 
 temperature could be secured, well prepared diet, 
 superior nursing, the advantage of a medical 
 officer in the house who could be called in at any 
 moment, and the daily advice of skilled physicians 
 and surgeons specially appointed ; or should the 
 patients prefer it, of their own medical ad- 
 visers. For this they were to pay two guineas 
 a-week during their residence, or less, should it be 
 found that such an establishment could be self- 
 supporting at a lower rate : that it should be 
 self-supporting was, he thought, essential. 
 
 Such an institution was founded in 1840 under 
 very good auspices, and opened under the name 
 of "The Sanatorium" at Devonshire House, 
 York Gate, Regent's Park, in 1842. My grand- 
 father freely gave it his medical services, as well 
 as his influence and supervision, for some years. 
 
 F
 
 82 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The house stood in a garden in which there 
 were tall trees (with rooks in them), making a 
 cool green shade and shutting out all other 
 houses ; whilst within doors the soft carpets and 
 general feeling of quiet and order gave a sense of 
 peace. The contrast on turning into that garden 
 from the " New Road " l was striking. Quiet, 
 indeed, was one of the chief boons which the 
 Sanatorium could offer. 
 
 Charles Dickens, one of its earliest supporters, 
 speaks forcibly of this contrast in a speech made 
 in behalf of the Institution. He speaks of the 
 noise of crowded streets and busy thoroughfares 
 as 
 
 " That never-ceasing restlessness, that incessant 
 tread of feet wearing the rough stones smooth and 
 glossy." "Is it not a wonder," he says, "is it 
 not a wonder, how the dwellers in narrow ways 
 can bear it ? Think of a sick man in such a place 
 as St Martin's Court, listening to the footsteps, 
 and in the midst of pain and weariness obliged, 
 despite himself (as though it were a task he must 
 perform), to detect the child's step from the man's ; 
 the slipshod beggar from the hooded exquisite ; 
 1 Now Marylebone Road.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 83 
 
 the lounging from the busy. Think of the hum 
 and noise always present to his senses, and of 
 the stream of life that will not stop, pouring on, 
 on, on, through all his restless dreams, as if he 
 were condemned to lie dead, but conscious, in a 
 noisy churchyard, and had no hope of rest for 
 centuries to come." 
 
 After some time it was found that a building 
 specially constructed, which should contain many 
 small separate rooms, would be more suitable and 
 less expensive than Devonshire House. To erect 
 this it was necessary to raise a building fund. By 
 this time the Institution was supported by a 
 powerful list of patrons, with Prince Albert at 
 their head ; many large banking-houses and City 
 firms had subscribed to it for the sake of their 
 clerks and others ; and more than a hundred 
 members of the medical profession had visited 
 it, and had signed a statement expressing their 
 belief in the need of such an establishment, add- 
 ing that the Sanatorium had supplied this need 
 most satisfactorily, though on a small scale. 
 
 Charles Dickens then lived nearly opposite to 
 Devonshire House, and when the building fund 
 was opened, he and several other literary men
 
 84 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 and artists came forward and gave for its benefit 
 the first of those amateur performances which 
 they repeated at a later period. They acted Ben 
 Jonson's " Every Man in his Humour," at St 
 James's Theatre, on November 15, 1845, DOt ^ 
 audience and actors being brilliant. Charles 
 Dickens, Douglas Jerrold, John Foster, Mark 
 Lemon, Frank Stone, and others took part. I 
 remember seeing them, as I peeped down from 
 a side-box. 
 
 The Sanatorium did not, from a money point 
 of view, succeed ; but it was, nevertheless, the 
 forerunner of all those "Home Hospitals" and 
 "Nursing Homes" which have since proved so 
 great a boon to the public. So that in this, also, 
 my grandfather was a pioneer. 
 
 As the name of Dickens has been mentioned, it 
 may be interesting to refer here to some of the 
 letters which show the early and keen interest 
 he felt in the removal of the evils with which 
 my grandfather was contending, and his readi- 
 ness to give his aid to the cause of the poor. 
 Here is the first letter, alluding both to the 
 Sanatorium and to the Children's Employment 
 Commission :
 
 ^*
 
 fy
 
 ft. a^t ->C
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 85 
 
 i DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, YORK GATE, 
 Fifteenth December 1 840. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR, I am greatly obliged to you 
 for your kind note and inclosure of to-day. I 
 had never seen the Sanatorium pamphlet, and 
 have been greatly pleased with it. The reasons 
 for such an Institution, and the advantages likely 
 to result from it, could not have been more 
 forcibly or eloquently put. I have read it twice 
 with extreme satisfaction. 
 
 You have given me hardly less pleasure by 
 sending me the Instructions of the Children's 
 Employment Commission, which seem to me to 
 have been devised in a most worthy spirit, and 
 to comprehend every point on which humanity 
 and forethought could have desired to lay stress. 
 The little book reaches me very opportunely ; for 
 Lord Ashley sent me his speech on moving the 
 Commission only the day before yesterday ; and 
 I could not forbear, in writing to him in acknow- 
 ledgment of its receipt, cursing the present system 
 and its fatal effects in keeping down thousands 
 upon thousands of God's images, with all my 
 heart and soul. 
 
 It must be a great comfort and happiness to
 
 86 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 you to be instrumental in bringing about so much 
 good. I am proud to be remembered by one 
 who is pursuing such ends, and heartily hope that 
 we shall know each other better. My dear Sir, 
 faithfully yours, CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Another characteristic and genial letter, dated 
 half a-year later, appears to refer to some pro- 
 posed expedition, in the course of which Dickens 
 was to see on the spot some place where children 
 were at work in a coal-mine : 
 
 DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, 
 Wednesday r , June the Second, 1841. 
 
 MY DEAR DR SMITH, I find it can't be done. 
 The artists, engravers, printers, and every one 
 engaged have so depended on my promises, and 
 so fashioned their engagements by them, that I 
 cannot with any regard to their comfort or con- 
 venience leave town before the nineteenth. At 
 any other time I would have gone with you to 
 John-o'-Groat's for such a purpose; and I don't 
 thank you the less heartily for not being able to 
 go now. 
 
 If you should see one place which you would
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 87 
 
 like me to behold of all others, and should find 
 that I could get easy access to it, tell me when 
 you come back, and I'll see it on my way to 
 Scotland, please God. 
 
 I will send your papers home by hand to- 
 morrow. In haste, believe me with true regards, 
 faithfully yours, CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The following year, Dickens, being about to 
 proceed to Cornwall, wrote to my grandfather 
 asking his advice as follows : 
 
 DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, 
 Saturday, October Twenty-second, 1842. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR, I have an expedition afoot 
 in which I think you can assist me. 
 
 I want to see the very dreariest and most 
 desolate portion of the sea - coast of Cornwall ; 
 and start next Thursday, with a couple of friends, 
 for St Michael's Mount. Can you tell me of 
 your own knowledge, or through the information 
 of any of the Mining Sub-Commissioners, what 
 is the next best bleak and barren part ? And 
 can you, furthermore, while I am in those regions, 
 help me down a mine ?
 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 I ought to make many apologies for troubling 
 you, but somehow or other I don't which is your 
 fault and not mine. Always believe me faithfully 
 your friend, CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 My grandfather's feeling about the Cornish 
 coast is given in his answer : 
 
 36 NEW BROAD STREET, October 25, 1842. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR, I do not think you will find 
 St Michael's Mount particularly desolate, but it 
 is nevertheless a very remarkable and interesting 
 place. The coast about Land's End, I am told, 
 is incomparably more dreary and presents a fine 
 specimen of wrecken scenery. But the place 
 above all others for dreariness is Tintagel (King 
 Arthur's) Castle, near Camelford. There shall 
 you see nothing but bleak-looking rocks and an 
 everlastingly boisterous sea, both in much the 
 same state as when good King Arthur reigned. 1 
 
 You must go through Truro to get to either 
 
 1 It is somewhat curious to note that a similar enthusiasm for 
 Tintagel animated the mind of his granddaughter, Octavia Hill : 
 she became instrumental, through the National Trust, in preserv- 
 ing its wonderful cliff intact for the nation for ever. It was 
 bought in 1896.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 89 
 
 place. Your best plan will be to call on Dr 
 Charles Barham. He is the physician of those 
 parts and a most intelligent man, thoroughly ac- 
 quainted with every nook in Cornwall and known 
 to every mine. He was one of our best Sub- 
 Commissioners ; and he will tell you where best 
 to go for your immediate object, and will take you 
 with the least loss of time to the best specimen 
 of a mine. But pray do not forget that a Cor- 
 nish mine is quite different from a coal-mine : 
 while much less disagreeable to the senses, far 
 more fatal in its effects upon the men and boys 
 (they have no women). 
 
 I send you herewith a letter of introduction to 
 Dr Barham, whom you will find both able and 
 willing to give you all the information and assist- 
 ance you may require. Faithfully yours, 
 
 SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The following merry letter from Dickens, on 
 his return, winds up the little correspondence : 
 
 i DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, 
 YORK GATE, Eighth November 1842. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR, I have just come home from 
 Cornwall. I did not, after all, deliver your letter.
 
 90 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Having Stanfield and Maclise and another friend 
 with me, I determined not to do so, unless I 
 found it absolutely necessary ; lest the unfor- 
 tunate Doctor should consider himself in a state 
 of siege. 
 
 I saw all I wanted to see, and a noble coast 
 it is. I have sent your letter to Dr Barham 
 with a line or two from myself; and am as much 
 obliged to you as though I had driven him wild 
 with trouble. Always faithfully yours, 
 
 CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Before leaving this subject, I will give two 
 more of Charles Dickens's letters, which show 
 that the interest he had manifested in the first 
 beginning of the inquiry into the state of the 
 children in coal-pits did not wane, but that, when 
 the Report came before him in 1843, ^ e was 
 deeply moved, and prepared himself at once to 
 take up arms in defence of the children. The 
 first letter runs thus : 
 
 DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, Sixth March 1843. 
 MY DEAR DR SMITH, I sent a message across 
 the way to-day, urging you, in case you should
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 91 
 
 come to the Sanatorium, to call on me if con- 
 venient. My reason was this : 
 
 I am so perfectly stricken down by the blue- 
 book you have sent me, that I think (as soon 
 as I shall have done my month's work) of writing 
 and bringing out a very cheap pamphlet called 
 " An Appeal to the People of England on be- 
 half of the Poor Man's Child," with my name 
 attached, of course. 
 
 I should be very glad to take counsel with you 
 in the matter, and to receive any suggestions 
 from you in reference to it. Suppose I were to 
 call on you one evening in the course of ten 
 days or so ? What would be the most likely 
 hour to find you at home? In haste, always 
 faithfully your friend, CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The next promises a " sledge-hammer " in lieu 
 of the pamphlet. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE TERRACE, Tenth March 1843. 
 
 MY DEAR DR SMITH, Don't be frightened 
 
 when I tell you that, since I wrote to you last, 
 
 reasons have presented themselves for deferring 
 
 the production of that pamphlet until the end
 
 92 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 of the year. I am not at liberty to explain them 
 further just now ; but rest assured that when you 
 know them, and see what I do, and where and how, 
 you will certainly feel that a sledge-hammer has 
 come down with twenty times the force twenty 
 thousand times the force I could exert by fol- 
 lowing out my first idea. Even so recently as 
 when I wrote to you the other day I had not 
 contemplated the means I shall now, please God, 
 use. But they have been suggested to me ; and 
 I have girded myself for their seizure as you 
 shall see in due time. 
 
 If you will allow our tete-a-tte and projected 
 conversation on the subject still to come off, I will 
 write to you as soon as I see my way to the 
 end of my month's work. Always faithfully 
 yours, CHARLES DICKENS. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 I now turn to another subject. It was dur- 
 ing these years that my grandfather conceived 
 the idea that houses might be built from which 
 fever could be banished even amongst the classes 
 and in the districts in which up to that time 
 disease had most fatally prevailed. If the ex-
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 93 
 
 periment succeeded, and the amount of sickness 
 and death were found to be markedly diminished, 
 he felt that a very valuable practical illustration 
 would be afforded of the truth of the principles he 
 was advocating of the law which connects bad 
 sanitary conditions with disease. He also hoped 
 it would be proved that money expended on the 
 building of such dwellings would bring in a fair 
 return of interest, so that it would be seen to 
 be a wise as well as a benevolent expenditure of 
 capital, and healthy dwellings might be multiplied. 
 
 To accomplish this purpose he gathered to- 
 gether the men who formed the original direc- 
 tors of " The Metropolitan Association for Im- 
 proving the Dwellings of the Industrious 
 Classes" in 1843. 
 
 As this was before the days of "limited lia- 
 bility," it was necessary to obtain through the 
 Prime Minister a Royal Charter to secure those 
 who should furnish money for the experiment 
 against serious loss if it failed, and a depu- 
 tation (who chose my grandfather as spokes- 
 man) waited on Sir Robert Peel on January 
 23, 1844, to ask him for this charter, which 
 was eventually cordially granted.
 
 94 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The course the promoters took resulted in 
 the building of the block of, so-called, " Model 
 Dwellings" in Old St Pancras Road, on a site 
 nearly opposite the Fever Hospital. 
 
 Thus a first step was taken towards providing 
 healthy and cheap homes for the poor, and the re- 
 sults realised the fullest hopes of the originators. 
 
 In 1844 we removed from Kentish Town 
 to our Highgate home. It was very beauti- 
 fully situated, the slopes of the West Hill lying 
 at the back, and the front looking over Caen 
 Wood. When we went there, not even the 
 present open park paling divided us from the 
 park : there were only a few moss-grown and 
 picturesque hurdles bordering the road between 
 us and it, and our lane was as quiet as if it 
 had been far in the real country. The life 
 was, indeed, like that of the country, and full 
 of pleasure to a child. We had cows ; and 
 my longed-for and much -enjoyed pony in the 
 field ; and chickens, and dogs, and a goat, and 
 pigs ; a perfect orchard of wonderful apple-trees, 
 and a wealth of roses that I have never seen 
 equalled. In the summer came hay-making of
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 95 
 
 our own, and all this so near London that 
 half an hour's drive of our fast horse Ariel 
 took us to its centre. It was indeed inwardly 
 and outwardly a beautiful home, and it is the 
 one of my childhood which is fullest of recol- 
 lections of my grandfather. 
 
 During all my early years he had, as it were, 
 two works going on the profession which oc- 
 cupied his days, and the work for the various 
 reforms, which occupied the early mornings and 
 the quiet Sundays alluded to in the Introduc- 
 tion. But now, as the " ten years' struggle " 
 advanced, the necessity of attending committees 
 and of having interviews with public men, 
 whom he was interesting and bringing together, 
 made itself felt; and thus not only were the 
 early mornings, as hitherto, given up, but, as 
 the public health cause advanced, many hours 
 were given out of his professional time, and 
 he compressed that given to his practice as 
 much as possible. He worked enthusiastically, 
 and with unfailing energy, beginning to write 
 at four or five (sometimes even at three) o'clock 
 in the morning, and only returning home to 
 dinner about eight o'clock in the evening.
 
 96 DR SOUTH WOOD SMITH. 
 
 Our "Hillside" was a peaceful and lovely 
 spot for him to come to after the day's work 
 in London, and he made the most of the hours 
 spent at home. It was his wish, and our habit, 
 during all possible weather to breakfast out in 
 the summer-house, which stood at the top of 
 that piece of Lord Mansfield's park which was 
 our field, so that he might carry the memory 
 of its pretty view, and the feeling of its fresh 
 morning air, into town with him. We dined 
 in the garden in a tent under trees and sur- 
 rounded by flower-beds, and had dessert in the 
 field, where the view of the wooded slopes in 
 the light of the setting sun gave much de- 
 light, not only to ourselves, but to many of 
 the distinguished friends who frequently joined 
 us on those happy evenings. These hours 
 were indeed happy ones, whether in summer, 
 spent in the field out in the starlight, or in 
 winter, round his hospitable fire ; for he liked 
 to have, and helped to make, happiness around 
 him. 
 
 Sometimes he used to let me tell him the 
 story of my day the wonderful doings of pony, 
 dog, or newly - hatched little yellow chickens.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 97 
 
 And then he would tell us of his own work. 
 Each time that some onward step of impor- 
 tance had been taken he told us about it, but 
 when things were uncertain, or depressing, he 
 seldom mentioned them. So that an advance 
 for the cause came generally with the pleas- 
 ure of a sudden surprise, but a defeat we only 
 surmised by seeing him unusually grave. He 
 was naturally extremely reserved ; but as he 
 advanced in years his desire for sympathy 
 overcame this reticence in some degree, so that 
 he became ready to share his thoughts on all 
 deep subjects with others. He rarely spoke of 
 things merely personal, and there was an ab- 
 sence of all littleness in his conversation which 
 was striking. A mixture of high thought with 
 simplicity of expression was characteristic of 
 him. I listened to all that passed, and with 
 a strange, vague, but gradually - increasing un- 
 derstanding, I learned to watch for the suc- 
 cess of his different efforts. 
 
 The days were over when the height of the 
 carriage-windows had been an obstacle to my 
 view out into the streets of Whitechapel in 
 our daily drives, but I was still a child at the 
 
 G
 
 98 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 time of the first public meeting of the " Health 
 of Towns Association." To this day the look 
 of everything at that meeting is distinctly im- 
 pressed upon me : the platform ; the empty 
 chairs upon it ; the table and bottle of water ; 
 the crowd round us, which were all new to me, 
 are remembered as vivid first impressions are. 
 And when, after waiting some time, a number 
 of men came in many of them of great im- 
 portance and I saw my grandfather amongst 
 them, how proud and glad I felt that his efforts 
 to interest others had been successful, and that 
 he now had all this strength on his side. 
 
 I did not understand all that passed, but I 
 knew when the speakers praised him ; and when 
 his speech came, towards the end of the meeting, 
 I felt the thrill of his voice, and liked all those 
 other people to hear it too I liked them to feel 
 what he was. 
 
 But stronger even than the pride in him was 
 the belief that people must be moved by the 
 truth that was being brought forward ; for, even 
 more than himself, I loved his cause. He lost 
 himself in it, and I caught from him the desire, 
 above all else, for the progress of the thing itself.
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 99 
 
 It is pleasant to me now to see the words, only 
 partly understood then, in which the public men 
 with whom he worked expressed the feeling with 
 which he inspired them. "Benevolent," " earnest," 
 " indefatigable," this is what they call him when 
 mentioning his name. Again and again he was 
 thanked in the House of Commons and House 
 of Lords for what he had done. 
 
 " The country was indebted to Dr South wood 
 Smith and Mr Slaney," says Sir Robert Harry 
 Inglis, M.P., "for its first knowledge of the real 
 condition of the poorer classes. Their unwearied 
 labours for the instruction of the Legislature and 
 the public on these subjects were unrewarded by 
 emolument or fame ; though the value of their 
 services was beginning to be appreciated, and 
 they would be more highly estimated by posterity 
 than in their own day." 
 
 And Mr Slaney himself says that " for the 
 powerful manner in which he had first described 
 the actual condition of the poor in their present 
 dwellings ; for the clearness with which he had 
 shown that their most grievous sufferings were 
 adventitious and removable ; and for the untiring 
 zeal with which he had continued to press these
 
 ioo DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 truths on the attention of the Legislature and 
 the public, Dr Southwood Smith deserved the 
 gratitude of his country." 
 
 In bringing in the first sanitary measure in 
 1841, Lord Normanby speaks of what Dr South- 
 wood Smith had " taught " him; and in 1847 the 
 same tone is still used. 
 
 In bringing in the Health of Towns Bill in 
 1848, Lord Morpeth, then Home Secretary, 
 gracefully disclaims his own share in the work, 
 and alludes to my grandfather, amongst others, 
 when saying, 
 
 " Several persons of very great accomplish- 
 ment, and, what is more to the purpose, of most 
 ardent benevolence, both in and out of this House, 
 have taken great pains, in a way which does 
 them infinite credit, to inform and excite the 
 public mind on this subject ; and now, mainly by 
 the accident of my position, I find myself at the 
 last hour (as I trust it may prove to be) entering 
 upon the fruit of their labours and gleaning from 
 their stores." 
 
 All they could say of his devotion to the cause 
 of the people and the saving of life was true. 
 Silently, almost unconsciously, and as the most
 
 PHILANTHROPIC AND MEDICAL WORK. 101 
 
 natural thing he could do, he pursued his point. 
 As far as unceasing labour could enable him, he 
 carried on both his professional and his public 
 work ; but when it became a question between 
 private fortune and public good he never hesi- 
 tated he steadily and persistently chose the 
 latter.
 
 102 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 THE TEN YEARS' STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY 
 
 REFORM, 1838-1848. 
 
 IT is not easy to convince a whole nation of the 
 truth of new principles, however closely they may 
 in reality affect its welfare ; not easy to produce 
 a degree of conviction that shall lead to practical, 
 tangible results. The early workers in the public 
 movements, such as that for Sanitary Reform, 
 have first to spread such a knowledge of existing 
 evils as shall create a general feeling of the need 
 for improvement. They have to educate the 
 public until it believes in that need. And when 
 the vis inertia of ignorance and indifference is 
 overcome, they have to encounter the active op- 
 position of those whose interests are bound up 
 with the old abuses, and whose property would 
 be affected were the evil swept away. Even
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 103 
 
 when it is decided that something must be done 
 they have to bear a long time of waiting until it 
 is settled what that something is to be, for de- 
 cision is not easy when questions arise which 
 closely affect the property of a powerful class. 
 
 From these causes arose the long delay which 
 occurred before any mitigation of the suffering 
 took place, and hence it was that the great feature 
 of the period was a succession of " Inquiries " and 
 of bills brought before Parliament and defeated. 
 
 o 
 
 The first step in the House of Commons was 
 made in 1840, the year following that which has 
 just been spoken of as the one from which dates 
 the public beginning of the Sanitary movement, 
 when Mr Slaney, M.P. (one of the most earnest 
 and energetic of the early labourers in the cause) 
 obtained a Committee of the House to " inquire 
 into the sanitary state of large towns in England." 
 Mr Slaney wished not only to extend the inves- 
 tigation, but to bring the striking results already 
 obtained directly before Parliament. 
 
 My grandfather was the first witness examined 
 by the Committee, and nearly the whole of his 
 evidence was transferred to its minutes. Some 
 of his words were
 
 104 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " These miseries will continue till the Gov- 
 ernment will pass measures which shall remove 
 the sources of poison and disease from these 
 places. All this suffering might be averted. 
 These poor people are victims that are sacri- 
 ficed. The effect is the same as if twenty or 
 thirty thousand of them were annually taken 
 out of their wretched homes and put to death; 
 the only difference being that they are left in 
 them to die." 
 
 And how long was it before any measure 
 to stop this could be carried through Parlia- 
 ment ? Dating from the time when he first 
 examined Bethnal Green and Whitechapel, ten 
 years. Not long, perhaps, in reality, consider- 
 ing the difficulties in the way, but very long 
 to one who not only believed, but most deeply 
 felt and realised, the truth of such words as 
 those quoted above. 
 
 The history of events was this. In 1841 
 Lord Normanby brought in a " Drainage of 
 Buildings Bill." It was by no means a perfect 
 one. My grandfather wrote of it many years 
 afterwards in the following words : 
 
 " Subsequent discussion and inquiry greatly
 
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 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 105 
 
 improved both the principles and the details of 
 sanitary legislation as compared with the pro- 
 posals in this bill. Still, honour to the House 
 of Lords who carried it with a cordial and 
 noble spirit through their own House and sent 
 it down to the Commons ! " 
 
 The session, however, came to an end before 
 any discussion could there be held on it. 
 
 Next year, 1842, was presented Mr Edwin 
 Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Condition of 
 the Labouring Population of Great Britain. He 
 was Secretary to the Poor Law Board, and 
 this Report was, in fact, a Return to the Bishop 
 of London's motion of 1839. It confirmed and 
 extended the results of previous inquiries, and 
 greatly helped to prepare the way for legislation. 
 
 In 1843 Lord Normanby made a second at- 
 tempt. It was again defeated. The Administra- 
 tion of which he was a member was broken up 
 before much progress had been made with the 
 new and improved bill which he had introduced. 
 
 Now came another Inquiry. Sir Robert Peel's 
 Government, soon after coming into office, ap- 
 pointed a Royal Commission, 1 of which the Duke 
 
 1 "The Health of Towns Commission."
 
 io6 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 of Buccleuch was chairman, "to inquire into 
 the state of large towns and populous districts." 
 My grandfather was again the first witness ex- 
 amined. Their report was presented in June 
 1844; but during this session no bill bearing 
 on sanitary subjects was even introduced. 
 
 My grandfather, however, who was brought 
 daily face to face with the preventible suffering, 
 was not likely to forget it, nor to relax his 
 efforts. With the calm, persistent earnestness 
 which was characteristic of him, he worked on 
 and on. The more defeats, the more necessity 
 for strenuous exertion. 
 
 Seeing the difficulty of obtaining any practical 
 result from all the labour that had been devoted 
 to the improvement of the health of the people, 
 he now determined to try to bring together the 
 distinguished men who had taken an interest in 
 the cause, and who had exerted themselves to 
 promote it. He hoped that, thus united, they 
 would have more power in spreading the infor- 
 mation which had been acquired, and in forcing 
 it on the attention of the public and the Legis- 
 lature ; and he also thought that a body of 
 men acquainted with the subject would be useful
 
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 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 107 
 
 in suggesting and discussing remedies, and in 
 proposing legislative measures. 
 
 He succeeded in this effort. He founded the 
 " Health of Towns Association " already re- 
 ferred to, which, numbering amongst its mem- 
 bers Lord Normanby, Lord Ashley, Lord Mor- 
 peth, Lord Robert Grosvenor, Lord Ebrington, 
 Mr Slaney, M.P., and many other influential men 
 both in and out of Parliament, proved a highly 
 useful instrument in carrying forward the work 
 of Sanitary Reform up to the time of the pass- 
 ing of the Public Health Act. 
 
 Its first meeting was held in December 1844, 
 and the facts which the various speakers elo- 
 quently brought out are chiefly summed up in 
 the petition which, in accordance with one of 
 the resolutions then passed, was presented to 
 Parliament. 
 
 Those to whom sanitary truths are familiar 
 will have little interest in this repetition of what 
 they already know, except as showing what the 
 early sanitary work was before a public opinion 
 had been formed. But it is somewhat curious 
 to look back upon a time when it was necessary 
 to state what now appear self-evident truths.
 
 io8 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 My grandfather gives it as the opinion of the 
 meeting, that 
 
 " From the neglect of sewerage, drainage, a 
 due supply of water, air, and light to the interior 
 of houses, and an efficient system of house and 
 street cleansing, a poisonous atmosphere is en- 
 gendered, particularly in the districts occupied 
 by the poor, which endangers the health and life 
 of the whole community, but which is particu- 
 larly injurious to the industrious classes. 
 
 " That it appears from indubitable evidence 
 that the amount of deaths attributable to these 
 causes is, in England alone, upwards of 40,000 
 annually. 1 
 
 " That the great majority of the persons who 
 thus prematurely perish are between the ages of 
 
 1 The statements as to the saving of life which would be effected 
 if proper sanitary measures were carried out were necessarily 
 various, since the difference which could be made in the death-rate 
 was a matter of opinion, and had yet to be proved by experiment. 
 If, instead of one death annually in every 46 inhabitants through- 
 out England and Wales (the then proportion), there should be an 
 improvement sufficient to secure there being one death in every 
 50, upwards of 25,000 lives would be saved. Whilst, if the sanitary 
 state of towns could be raised to that of healthy counties, there 
 would be a saving of 49,000 lives. The Association seems to have 
 chosen something between the least probable and the highest 
 probable saving of life. G. L.
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 109 
 
 twenty and forty, the period when they ought 
 to be most capable of labour and are heads of 
 families ; and that it appears from official returns 
 that in some districts nearly one -third of the 
 poor-rates are expended in the maintenance of 
 destitute widows and orphans rendered destitute 
 by the premature death of adult males : that the 
 number of widows receiving out- relief was, in 
 the year 1844, 86,000; that these widows had 
 dependent upon them 111,000 orphan children; 
 and that there were, besides, receiving relief 
 in the Union houses, 18,000 orphan children. 
 
 "That the expense thus constantly incurred 
 for the maintenance of the destitute would in 
 many cases defray the cost of putting the district 
 into a good sanitary condition, and thus prevent 
 the recurrence of these dreadful evils. 
 
 That this poisonous atmosphere, even when 
 not sufficient to destroy life, undermines the 
 strength, deteriorates the constitution, and ren- 
 ders the labourer in a great degree unable to 
 work ; and that there is every reason to believe 
 that his healthy life and working ability is 
 abridged in many districts to the extent of 
 twelve years. And lastly
 
 no DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " That the moral and religious improvement of 
 the industrious classes is incompatible with such 
 a degree of physical degradation as is actually 
 prevalent in numerous instances ; and that until 
 the dwellings of the poor are rendered capable 
 of affording the comforts of a home, the earnest 
 and best directed efforts of the schoolmaster and 
 clergyman must in a great degree be in vain." 
 
 In 1845 the Government Commission issued 
 their second Report. Another bill, founded on 
 this and their former Report, was brought for- 
 ward ; but it was so late in the year that it could 
 not be passed that session. 
 
 Lord Lincoln, who brought it in, avowed that 
 his principal motive was that it might be con- 
 sidered during the recess. " The Health of 
 Towns Association " was here very useful in 
 publishing a report (addressed in the first instance 
 to its own members) criticising the provisions of 
 this bill. My grandfather wrote this report, 
 assisted by the notes and suggestions of various 
 members, and by Mr Chadwick, who, though not 
 connected with the Association, helped greatly on 
 this and other occasions. 
 
 Lord Lincoln's bill was not again introduced,
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. in 
 
 and the only sign of progress in these matters 
 during 1846 was to be found in the criticisms 
 offered on that abortive measure. 
 
 It was at this juncture that it was thought well 
 to strengthen the hands of the Government by 
 bringing the force of Petition to bear upon the 
 Legislature. It thus became important to arouse 
 the attention of the working classes to the subject. 
 
 My grandfather, as one move in this direction, 
 wrote the following address, which I give in full. 
 It was written from his heart, and, with all its 
 calm, philosophical mode of expression, burns 
 underneath with the white heat of that earnestness 
 which made this sanitary cause this saving of 
 life and of suffering with him almost a crusade. 
 
 AN ADDRESS TO THE WORKING CLASSES OF 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM ON THEIR DUTY 
 IN THE PRESENT STATE OF THE SANITARY 
 QUESTION. 
 
 MY FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN, 
 
 The artificial distinctions by which 
 the people of a country are divided into different 
 classes have no relation to the capacities and
 
 H2 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 endowments of our common nature. No class 
 is higher or better than another in the sense of 
 having more or different sentient, intellectual, 
 moral, and religious faculties. Every property 
 by which the human being is distinguished from 
 the other creatures of the earth is possessed alike 
 by rich and poor. Wealth can give to the rich 
 man no additional powers of this kind, nor can 
 poverty deprive the poor man of one of them. 
 Before these glorious gifts with which our com- 
 mon nature is endowed, with which all human 
 beings without distinction are enriched, and which 
 can be neither added to nor taken away, the little 
 distinctions of man's creation sink into absolute 
 insignificance. 
 
 It is the universal possession of these noble 
 faculties by the human race that makes the gift 
 of human life alike a boon to all. It is the exer- 
 cise of these noble faculties on objects appro- 
 priate to them, and worthy of them, that makes 
 life a boon. It is because these faculties, when 
 duly exercised and properly directed, strengthen 
 and enlarge with time, that the value of life 
 increases with its duration. In the mere pos- 
 session of the full number of the years that make
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM, 113 
 
 up the natural term of life there is a larger and 
 higher boon than is apparent at first view. What 
 the natural term of human life may be is indeed 
 altogether unknown ; because, although one of 
 the characteristics by which man is distinguished 
 from other animals is, that he is capable of under- 
 standing the conditions of his existence, and of 
 exerting, within a certain limit, a control over 
 them, so as to be able materially to shorten or to 
 prolong the actual duration of his life, yet these 
 conditions have hitherto been so little regarded 
 that there is not a single example on record of a 
 community in which the conditions favourable to 
 life have been present and constant, and in which 
 the conditions unfavourable to it have been ex- 
 cluded, in as complete a degree as is obviously 
 practicable. History is full of instances in which 
 the successive generations of a people have been 
 swept away with extraordinary rapidity ; but on 
 no page is there to be found the notice of a single 
 nation, in ancient or modern times, the great mass 
 of the population of which has attained a higher 
 longevity ; yet it is certain that a degree of lon- 
 gevity never yet witnessed has always been attain- 
 able, because such longevity depends on condi- 
 
 H
 
 ii4 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 dons which are now known conditions entirely 
 within human control. 
 
 I have said that there is involved in the mere 
 length of life a larger and higher boon than is 
 apparent without reflection. First, because length 
 of life is in general a tolerably accurate measure 
 of the amount of health, without a good share of 
 which life is comparatively worthless. The in- 
 stances are rare in which a person attains to old 
 age who has not enjoyed at least a moderate 
 share of daily health and vigour. 
 
 Secondly, because length of life is a perfectly 
 accurate measure of the amount of enjoyment. 
 Long life is incompatible with a condition of 
 constant privation and wretchedness. It is one 
 of the beneficences of the constitution of our 
 nature that when the balance of happiness is 
 against us, a limit is fixed to our misery by its 
 rapid termination in the insensibility of death. 
 In the very brevity of its existence, therefore, 
 a human being indicates his own history for evil ; 
 the shortness of his life is the sure and correct 
 index of the amount of his suffering, physical and 
 mental : it is the result, the sum-total, the aggre- 
 gate expression, of the ills endured.
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 115 
 
 Thirdly, because length of life is the protraction 
 of that portion of life, and only of that portion of 
 it, in which the human being is capable of the 
 greatest degree of usefulness. I have elsewhere 
 shown that every year by which the term of 
 human life is extended is really added to the 
 period of mature age ; the period when the organs 
 of the body have attained their full growth and 
 put forth their full strength ; when the physical 
 organisation has acquired its utmost perfection ; 
 when the senses, the feelings, the emotions, the 
 passions, the affections are in the highest degree 
 acute, intense, and varied ; when the intellectual 
 faculties, completely unfolded and developed, carry 
 on their operations with the greatest vigour, sound- 
 ness, and continuity : in a word, when the indi- 
 vidual is capable of communicating, as well as 
 of receiving, the largest amount of the highest 
 kind of happiness. 
 
 These considerations give peculiar interest to 
 the results of the inquiries recently made into the 
 actual duration of life at the present time in our 
 cities, towns, and villages. From these inquiries 
 it appears not only that the rate of mortality in 
 the whole of England at the present day is de-
 
 ii6 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 plorably high, but that there is an extraordinary 
 excess of mortality over and above what is nat- 
 ural, supposing the term at present attainable to 
 be the natural term of human life. The state- 
 ment of this excess presents to the mind an 
 appalling picture. From accurate calculations, 
 based on the observation of carefully recorded 
 facts, it is rendered certain that the annual 
 slaughter in England alone by causes that are 
 preventible, by causes that produce only one 
 disease namely, typhus fever is more than 
 double the loss sustained by the allied armies in 
 the battle of Waterloo ; that 1 36 persons perish 
 every day in England alone whose lives might 
 be saved ; that in one single city namely, Man- 
 chester thirteen thousand three hundred and 
 sixty-two children have perished in seven years 
 over and above the mortality natural to mankind. 
 It appears, moreover, that the field in which 
 this annual slaughter takes place is always and 
 everywhere the locality in which you reside, and 
 that it is you and your wives and children who 
 are the victims. In some instances in the streets, 
 courts, and alleys in which you live, the mortality 
 which afflicts you is nearly double, and in others
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 117 
 
 it is quite double, that of the inhabitants of other 
 streets in the same district, and in adjoining dis- 
 tricts. While the average age at death of the 
 gentry and of professional persons and their 
 families is forty- four, the average age at death 
 attained by you and your families in many in- 
 stances is only twenty-two, just one-half, that is 
 to say, comparing your condition with that of the 
 professional persons, you and your families are 
 deprived of one-half of your natural term of life. 
 
 Though the causes by which you and your 
 children are thus immolated are well known ; 
 though they have been constantly proclaimed to 
 the public and the Government for nearly ten 
 years past ; though their truth is universally 
 admitted ; and though it is further admitted that 
 the causes in question are removable, yet not 
 only has nothing whatever been done to remove 
 them, but their operation during this very year 
 has been far more fatal than at any period since 
 we have had the means of making accurate obser- 
 vations on the subject. Thus we are informed 
 by the Registrar- General, that in the summer 
 quarter of the present year Ten Thousand Lives 
 have been destroyed, in a part only of England,
 
 ii8 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 by causes which there is every reason to believe 
 may be removed ; that in the succeeding quarter 
 namely, the quarter ending the 3Oth of September 
 the number of deaths exceeded the number in 
 the corresponding quarter of last year by Fifteen 
 Thousand Two Hundred and Twenty - seven ; 
 that is to say, in the very last quarter upwards 
 of 15,000 persons perished, in a part only of 
 England, beyond the mortality of the correspond- 
 ing quarter of last year. 
 
 From this same report it appears, further, that 
 in many of our large towns and populous districts 
 that is, in the places in which you in great 
 numbers carry on your daily toil the mortality 
 has nearly doubled ; in some it has quite doubled, 
 and in others it has actually more than doubled ; 
 that this is the case among other places in 
 Sheffield and Birmingham ; that in Sheffield, for 
 example, the number of deaths in the last quarter 
 are double those in the corresponding quarter of 
 last year and 149 over; while in Birmingham 
 they are double and 239 over. 
 
 "The causes of this high mortality," says the 
 Registrar- General, " have been traced to crowded 
 lodgings, dirty dwellings, personal uncleanliness,
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 119 
 
 and the concentration of unhealthy emanations 
 from narrow streets without fresh air, water, or 
 sewerage." 
 
 We are further told by the Registrar-General 
 that " the returns of the past quarter prove that 
 nothing effectual has been done to put a stop to 
 the disease, suffering, and death in which so many 
 thousands perish ; that the improvements, chiefly 
 of a showy, superficial, outside character, have 
 not reached the homes and habits of the people ; 
 and that the consequence is that thousands, not 
 only of the children, but of the men and women 
 themselves, perish of the diseases formerly so 
 fatal, for the same reason, in barracks, camps, 
 gaols, and ships." 
 
 For every one of the lives of these 15,000 
 persons who have thus perished during the last 
 quarter, and who might have been saved by 
 human agency, those are responsible whose proper 
 office it is to interfere and endeavour to stay the 
 calamity who have the power to save, but who 
 will not use it. But their apathy is an additional 
 reason why you should rouse yourselves, and 
 show that you will submit to this dreadful state 
 of things no longer. Let a voice come from your
 
 120 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 streets, lanes, alleys, courts, workshops, and houses 
 that shall startle the ear of the public and com- 
 mand the attention of the Legislature. The time 
 is auspicious for the effort ; it is a case in which 
 it is right that you should take a part, in which 
 you are bound to take a part, in which your own 
 interests and the wellbeing of those most dear to 
 you require you to take a part. The Govern- 
 ment is disposed to espouse your cause ; but 
 narrow, selfish, short - sighted interests will be 
 banded against you. Petition both Houses of 
 Parliament. Call upon the instructed and benev- 
 olent men in the legislative body to sustain your 
 just claim to protection and assistance. Petition 
 Parliament to give you sewers ; petition Parlia- 
 ment to secure to you constant and abundant 
 supplies of water supplies adequate to the un- 
 intermitting and effectual cleansing both of your 
 sewers and streets ; petition Parliament to remove 
 for it is in the power of Parliament universally 
 and completely to remove the sources of poison 
 that surround your dwellings, and that carry dis- 
 ease, suffering, and death into your homes. Tell 
 them of the parish of St Margaret, in Leicester, 
 with a population of 22,000 persons, almost all of
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 121 
 
 whom are artisans, and where the average age 
 of. death in the whole parish was during the year 
 1846 only eighteen years ; tell them that on taking 
 the ages of death in the different streets in this 
 parish, it was found that in those streets that 
 were drained (and there was not a single street 
 in the place properly drained) the average age 
 of death was twenty-three and a-half years ; that 
 in the streets that were partially drained it was 
 seventeen and a-half years ; while in the streets 
 that were entirely undrained it was only thirteen 
 and a-half years. 
 
 You cannot disclose to them the suffering you 
 have endured on your beds of sickness, and by 
 which your wives and children have been hurried 
 to their early graves there is no column in the 
 tables of the Registrar-General which can show 
 that ; but you can tell them that you know, and 
 you can remind them that they admit, that by 
 proper sanitary regulations the same duration of 
 life may be extended to you and your families 
 that is at present enjoyed by professional persons, 
 and that it is possible to obtain for the whole 
 of a town population at least such an average 
 duration of life as is already experienced in some
 
 122 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 parts of it. In your workshops, in your clubs, in 
 your institutes, obtain signatures to your petitions : 
 get every labourer, every artisan, every tradesman 
 whom you can influence, to sign petitions. Other 
 things must also be done before your condition 
 can be rendered prosperous ; but this must pre- 
 cede every real improvement : the sources of the 
 poison that infects the atmosphere you breathe 
 must be dried up before you can be healthy, and 
 uncleanliness must be removed from the exterior 
 of your dwellings before you can find or make 
 a Home. I am your friend and servant, 
 
 SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 \st January 1847. 
 
 In this same year 1847 a Royal Commission 
 "Metropolitan Sanitary Commission" (of which 
 my grandfather was a member) was appointed 
 to inquire " whether any, and what, sanitary 
 measures were required for London." 
 
 To the country at large, however, it seemed as 
 if perhaps there had been enough " inquiring." 
 The thing had been considered. Surely some- 
 thing might be done; and Lord Morpeth now 
 brought forward a Government measure for 
 "improving the health of towns in England."
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 123 
 
 In bringing in the bill, Lord Morpeth first 
 gives a history of the principal stages of the 
 various inquiries and commissions which had 
 been helped on by all parties, and by successive 
 Governments. He states that he has nothing 
 new to bring forward, and can but repeat the 
 information gained by others. He goes on to 
 show by elaborate statistics the waste of life in 
 large towns. 
 
 " Thus the inhabitants of London," he sums 
 up, " compared with England at large, lose eight 
 years of their lives, of Liverpool nineteen. The 
 population of the large towns in England being 
 4,000,000, the annual loss is between 21,000 and 
 22,000." l 
 
 But all places are not equally unhealthy, as 
 further statistics strikingly show. Where do we 
 find the greatest number of deaths ? Is it where 
 wages are lowest and the people poorest ? What 
 did Lord Morpeth tell the House ? 
 
 " Let it not be said," he urges, " that the 
 greater rate of mortality in certain districts is 
 owing to extreme poverty and the want of the 
 
 1 Lord Morpeth speaks here of the saving of life in large towns 
 only.
 
 124 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 necessaries of life. The condition of the labourers 
 of the west, the lowness of their wages and the 
 consequent scantiness of their food and clothing, 
 have been the subject of public animadversion. 
 The mortality of the south-western district, which 
 includes Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, and 
 Wilts, is only i in 52 not 2 per cent; while that 
 of the north - western, including Cheshire and 
 Lancashire, is i in 37. With the exception of 
 the Cornish miners the condition of labourers 
 throughout the western counties is nearly the 
 same, yet in Wiltshire, the county of lowest 
 wages, the deaths are i in 49, in Lancashire 
 i in 36. The average age at death in Wiltshire 
 was thirty-five, in Lancashire twenty-two. The 
 Wiltshire labourer's average age was thirty-five, 
 that of the Liverpool operative fifteen. At Man- 
 chester, in 1836, the average consumption per head 
 of the population was 105 Ib. of butcher's meat 
 about 2 Ib. a-week (exclusive of bacon, pork, 
 fish, and poultry) ; the average age at death was 
 twenty years." He then brings forward evidence 
 of the preventibleness of most of the premature 
 deaths. 
 
 Having proved the extent of the evil, Lord
 
 STRUGGLE FOR SANITARY REFORM. 125 
 
 Morpeth proceeded to show how it was proposed 
 to meet it, by what machinery of central board, 
 inspectors, &c ; and, lastly, he entered into the 
 money-saving that would be effected were thorough 
 sanitary measures carried out. He cites Dr 
 Playfair's estimates, which give the money loss, 
 through unnecessary sickness and death, at 
 ^"11,000,000 for England and Wales, and at 
 ; 20,000,000 for the United Kingdom. This 
 loss arises from many causes : the expenses of 
 direct attendance on the sick ; the loss of what 
 they would have earned ; the loss caused by the 
 premature death of productive contributors to the 
 national wealth ; and the expenses of premature 
 funerals. 
 
 But the measure which was framed to relieve 
 this sum of misery, though well and carefully 
 prepared, was again to be thrown out ! 
 
 It was weary work. The years were passing 
 away, and nothing was being done. My grand- 
 father used to come home saddened by each 
 new defeat. He was sad at the delay, but he 
 was not disheartened ; he knew that the thing 
 would be done in time, and that the progress 
 must be slow. He could wait calmly in that
 
 126 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 belief and enjoy fully the beauty of the sunset 
 light during the summer evenings passed in our 
 beautiful field, overlooking the green slopes and 
 large trees of Caen Wood, Highgate. There our 
 friends used to come to us, amongst others Pro- 
 fessor Owen, Robert Browning, William and 
 Mary Howitt, and Hans Christian Andersen; 
 and we spent evenings that I can never forget, 
 staying out constantly till the moon rose or the 
 stars came out. How he loved nature and all 
 happy things ! 
 
 His faith did not err. The work of urging 
 had not been in vain ; the movement could not 
 be stopped ; the time was ripe. 
 
 The bill had been thrown out in 1847, but in 
 1848 the first sanitary law, the Public Health 
 Act, passed !
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 127 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 OFFICIAL LIFE GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH, 
 
 1848-1854. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY after the passing of the Public 
 Health Act, Lord Morpeth wrote to my grand- 
 father that the changes made in the bill during 
 its passage through Parliament had prevented 
 the creation of any post which could be offered 
 to him. Lord Morpeth said, however, that if 
 Dr Southwood Smith would give the department 
 the advantage both of his presence and counsel 
 by accepting a seat on the Board, he hoped 
 to provide for him a permanent post, by means 
 of a supplementary Act, " The Diseases Pre- 
 vention Act," which the Government expected 
 to pass shortly. In answer to this my grand- 
 father wrote as follows :
 
 128 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 38 FINSBURY SQUARE, Sept. 12, 1848. 
 
 MY DEAR LORD MORPETH, I thank you very 
 sincerely for your kind communication. . . . 
 Thanks to your Lordship's indefatigable exer- 
 tions, a position is now gained from which it 
 is possible to attack, with some hope of success, 
 the sources of excessive sickness and of pre- 
 mature mortality. You have at last laid the 
 foundation of Practical Sanitary Improvement ; 
 but the structure is still to be raised, and if, 
 as your Lordship intimates, both you and the 
 Government .are desirous that I should assist 
 you in this labour, no one will apply himself 
 with a deeper feeling of responsibility, or with 
 greater earnestness, to what her Majesty justly 
 calls "this beneficent work." 
 
 Your Lordship will remember how earnest 
 I was in December last, on the publication of 
 the Bishop of London's Pastoral Letter, that 
 we should at once avail ourselves of the power 
 of the Contagious Diseases Act ; as well to 
 make immediate preparation against the threat- 
 ened visitation of cholera, as to check the pro- 
 gress of our own native epidemics, then and
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 129 
 
 still so frightfully prevalent ; diseases manifestly 
 dependent on conditions within our control, and 
 highly favourable to the spread of the pestilence 
 then menacing, and now still more nearly men- 
 acing us. The Bishop of London had called 
 earnestly upon the clergymen of his diocese to 
 co-operate with the medical profession in this 
 object ; and being desirous of ascertaining the 
 state of intelligence and feeling of this natural 
 class of co-operators in such a work, I visited 
 privately every clergyman in the Eastern Dis- 
 trict of London and discussed the subject with 
 them. 
 
 Without a single exception, I found. them im- 
 pressed with a sense of the necessity of doing 
 something, and with a conviction that they might 
 materially help the medical profession in car- 
 rying out any plan of operation proposed by 
 authority. The necessity of some such general 
 plan is greater now than it was then, on account 
 of the continual prevalence in their severest 
 forms of our own epidemics, and of the nearer 
 approach of cholera. The new " Contagious 
 Diseases Act," the " Public Health Act," and the 
 new " Metropolitan Sewers Act," taken together, 
 
 i
 
 130 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 afford greater facilities for meeting this neces- 
 sity than ever before existed ; and certainly it 
 is now in the power of the Government to do 
 more for securing the public health, and im- 
 proving the physical condition of the population, 
 than has ever yet been attempted in any age 
 or nation, a power which, if wisely and success- 
 fully exerted, will reflect the highest honour on 
 the Government and the country. 
 
 My intimate relation with the origin and pro- 
 gress of this work, and my deep conviction that 
 it is one of the most useful to which experience 
 and science can be applied, would render it a 
 satisfaction to me to spend the remainder of 
 my life in assisting to complete it. I am, my 
 Lord, with much esteem and regard, very faith- 
 fully yours, SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The dates given at the head of this chapter 
 (1848 to 1854) cover the period when the 
 Sanitary cause was completely successful, and 
 when my grandfather found himself one of the 
 heads of a Government department devoted to 
 the furtherance of sanitary measures throughout 
 the kingdom a department which was called the
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 131 
 
 General Board of Health. Here, at offices in 
 Whitehall, in daily conference with Lord Ashley 
 (afterwards the Earl of Shaftesbury) and Mr 
 Edwin Chadwick, he could propagate knowledge 
 on questions relating to the public health, and 
 carry out sanitary measures, as from a powerful 
 centre, having the authority of a Government 
 department. 
 
 This power of carrying out his convictions to 
 practical issues was an immense satisfaction to 
 my grandfather's mind, and many were the con- 
 gratulations which he received on this public 
 appointment. The following, from a Portsmouth 
 physician, is interesting : 
 
 October 8, 1848. 
 
 SIR, Though personally a stranger, permit 
 me to offer my sincere congratulations on your 
 appointment by her Majesty's Government to the 
 Board of Health, where the talents you have so 
 long displayed will have scope for the full share 
 of utility. 
 
 I have traced and followed you in the various 
 publications issued by the Government and the 
 Health of Towns Association for several years 
 past, and having myself, though in a much more
 
 132 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 confined area, mingled with public life, I know 
 the heart - burnings, the disappointments and 
 annoyances, to which in such a course a man is 
 necessarily exposed ; but if reward come at last- 
 though the delay has almost made the heart sick 
 one is then amply repaid, especially in a case 
 like yours, when a whole kingdom will applaud 
 the appointment. 
 
 Permit me again, sir, to beg your acceptance 
 of my congratulations. I am, sir, your obedient 
 servant, . 
 
 To Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH, Whitehall. 
 
 Almost the first work which the Board of 
 Health had to do was to take measures to resist 
 an epidemic of Asiatic cholera. This it did by 
 sending down inspectors from London to instruct 
 and aid the local authorities in organising plans 
 for systematic cleansing, and for the removal of 
 the sick. The Board also issued " Notifications " 
 for the purpose of instructing the public as to 
 what precautions were necessary to avert an 
 attack. But above all, it organised, at my grand- 
 father's instance, what was called the "system of 
 house-to-house visitation." My grandfather was
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 133 
 
 of opinion that in every instance an attack of 
 cholera is preceded by a period of a few days 
 (sometimes only of a few hours) of premonitory 
 symptoms, which, since they are painless, escape 
 notice ; and that, unless a specially appointed 
 medical visitor goes round to the houses of the 
 less educated to inquire, and almost to cross- 
 question, as to the existence of these symptoms, 
 and to treat the disease at once, this stage rapidly 
 passes on into developed cholera, when recovery 
 becomes all but hopeless. These facts and ex- 
 periences are brought out in the General Board 
 of Health's Report on the Cholera Epidemic of 
 1848-49, presented to Parliament in 1850. 
 
 In relation to this, Lord Brougham thus wrote 
 to my grandfather : 
 
 " I also proclaimed 1 your important statement 
 of the preventive cure of cholera, bearing further 
 testimony to the soundness of your views from 
 Sir J. Mordaunt's account given to me in the 
 Malta case. 
 
 " I availed myself of the opportunity to give 
 you just praise, and to note your many valuable 
 
 1 In the House of Lords.
 
 134 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 services to the country. Lord Lansdowne amply 
 concurred in the statement by his cheers. But 
 such things are never reported. Had you given 
 a vote or an opinion on a contested party matter, 
 all the papers would have chronicled your merits 
 and our eulogies of you. Ever yours truly, 
 
 " H. BROUGHAM." 
 
 Another of the subjects which the Board of 
 Health took up was that of quarantine. Their first 
 report on that subject, issued in 1850, was con- 
 sidered of sufficient importance to be translated 
 into various foreign languages, and was ordered 
 to be presented to the Parliaments of France and 
 Italy. I think that, even if recent discoveries 
 have modified some of the opinions there ad- 
 vanced, all the progress which has been made 
 in the prevention of disease by quarantine regu- 
 lations has been in the direction there indicated 
 that is, in plans for cleanliness, for the letting in 
 of light and air, and for the isolation of infected 
 persons in pure air, thus diluting the poison 
 rather than in plans for shutting them into con- 
 fined quarters as was formerly done, thereby 
 concentrating the poison.
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 135 
 
 The question of putting a stop to burials in 
 overcrowded churchyards was also taken up by 
 the Board. Their report on " A General Scheme 
 for Extra-mural Sepulture " was published also in 
 the same year (1850), and proved very clearly 
 the evils arising from the crowded state of church- 
 yards at that time. 
 
 The Board proposed that a Government de- 
 partment should be established which should be 
 intrusted with the care of the whole question of 
 the burial of the dead ; that, in future, interment 
 should take place only in ground remote from 
 large towns ; and that everything should be ar- 
 ranged decorously and reverently. My grand- 
 father, personally, was much interested in adding 
 an element of beauty in the form of exquisite and 
 appropriate cemetery churches and chapels. But 
 only the preventive part of the scheme was 
 carried out. What was actually achieved was 
 the closing of the overcrowded churchyards ; the 
 provision of other grounds has been left for 
 private enterprise. 
 
 Thus, for six years, earnest men, at the head 
 of a Health Department, spread information and 
 gave advice. The newspapers of the period con-
 
 136 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 tained many notices of the various practical 
 measures devised by this department, together 
 with comments and leading articles on its re- 
 ports on such large and pressing questions as 
 cholera, quarantine, extra-mural sepulture, and 
 water-supply. The newspapers, indeed, began 
 to devote much space to the discussion of health 
 questions in all forms, so that at last a wide- 
 spread interest was aroused. 
 
 Then came a time when the chief question was, 
 not as to the principles, but as to what machinery 
 could best be employed to carry out those prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 The fear of "centralisation," and the desire for 
 local self-government, which is strong in the 
 English people, caused opposition in Parliament 
 to the continuance of any Government depart- 
 ment having such large control over the expendi- 
 ture of public money on local objects ; so that in 
 1854 the original Board of Health ceased to exist, 
 but did not cease till sanitary principles and 
 sanitary science, once unknown or despised, were 
 acknowledged throughout the country, and recog- 
 nised as one of the fundamental needs lying at 
 the root of all efforts to benefit the community.
 
 GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH. 137 
 
 With the ending of this department my grand- 
 father's official life came to a close. From a 
 personal point of view this cessation of his 
 public work was somewhat softened by the 
 following letter, written at the desire of the 
 Prime Minister : 
 
 WHITEHALL, i2th August, 1854. 
 
 SIR I am directed by Viscount Palmerston to 
 inform you that he cannot allow you to quit the 
 Board which this day ceases to exist by the ex- 
 piration of the Act of Parliament by which it was 
 constituted, without conveying to you the full 
 approbation of her Majesty's Government of the 
 zealous, able, and indefatigable manner in which 
 you have performed the important duties which 
 have belonged to your official situation ; and his 
 Lordship desires me to express to you the great 
 regret which he feels, that an adverse decision 
 of the House of Commons as to an arrangement 
 which his Lordship had proposed for the re- 
 construction of the Board of Health has led 
 to so abrupt a cessation of your employment. 
 I am, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 HENRY FITZROY. 
 
 Dr SOUTHWOOD SMITH.
 
 138 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 According to the rules of the service, my grand- 
 father was not entitled to a retiring allowance, 
 because so much of the work he had done had 
 been unpaid. A few years afterwards, however, 
 a Government pension was awarded him in con- 
 sideration of the services which he had rendered 
 to the country.
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE. 139 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE ST GEORGE'S 
 
 HILL, WEYBRIDGE, 1854-1860. 
 
 WHEN his official life came to a close, my grand- 
 father retired to a house on Weybridge Heath, 
 and he met the sudden cessation of his eager 
 public life with the same calm courage with which 
 he had met all the other crises in his career. 
 
 This house had been built on a beautiful spot 
 as a gathering-place for his much-loved and some- 
 what scattered family, and the beauty of its posi- 
 tion came to be a great comfort to him when he 
 turned his quiet days to the prosecution of literary 
 work in his little study, which, opening on to a 
 sunny terraced walk, overlooked, through vistas 
 of dark - green pines and yellow birch - trees, 
 the miles of blue distance which stretched out 
 southwards to the Surrey and Hampshire hills.
 
 140 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Through the kindness of Lord Ellesmere, whose 
 property adjoined, there was a small private gate 
 leading from our own little firwood on to St 
 George's Hill itself; and, in the intervals of his 
 writing, frequent strolls on to its beautiful slopes 
 were a great source of pleasure during that first 
 autumn and in all the ensuing years. The heather 
 banks and wooded dells brought him much joy ; 
 for, as always, it was in the presence of nature 
 and in the stillness of the country that he gathered 
 strength. The strain of the last few months had 
 been great, and it was well that the closing of the 
 year brought with it the much-needed rest. 
 
 He now gave a good deal of time to physio- 
 logical study, turning to his old subjects with the 
 vigour of a younger man, and entering with the 
 deepest interest into the discoveries of later 
 science. He did this with a view of bringing his 
 early book, ' The Philosophy of Health,' which at 
 the time of its publication had made so much 
 mark, up to the standard of modern knowledge ; 
 and though he did not live to complete this task, 
 the reading for it gave a living interest to those 
 years of quiet country life. 
 
 He had also much satisfaction in writing and
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE. 141 
 
 publishing a pamphlet called ' Results of Sanitary 
 Improvement,' based mainly on the experience 
 obtained in the " Model Dwellings " for the work- 
 ing classes, of which he had been the originator. 
 This pamphlet, coming as it did before many 
 influential men throughout the country, spread 
 the good news of progress far and wide. 
 
 A further instance of the fruit of his labours 
 was afforded him by his visit to Edinburgh, 
 in November 1855, when he lectured on his 
 own subject, " Epidemics," at the Philosophical 
 Institution, where a brilliant reception and dis- 
 tinguished audience awaited him. 1 
 
 I have a vivid recollection of his pleasure 
 in the beauty of Alnwick as we journeyed 
 north of its old castle's warm grey walls, its 
 lovely woods and clear running streams, dur- 
 ing a sunny Sunday which we passed there, 
 the gold and russet tints of autumn shining 
 out against a perfectly blue sky ; and I also 
 remember the satisfaction he had in hearing 
 from the Mayor, who took us round the town, 
 
 1 Epidemics considered with relation to their Common Nature 
 and to Climate and Civilisation. Published by Edmonston & 
 Douglas, Edinburgh, 1856.
 
 142 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH, 
 
 of the pure water and good drainage lately 
 introduced. Alnwick was, I believe, one of the 
 first places which adopted the sanitary meas- 
 ures advised by the General Board of Health, 
 so that here he had the gratification of seeing 
 some of the great reforms practically carried out 
 
 As I am recalling the various sources of com- 
 fort which came to my grandfather during these 
 years at Weybridge, I must mention the great 
 happiness which arose from the opening out 
 of the lives of two of his granddaughters, Mir- 
 anda and Octavia Hill ; for it was at this time 
 that they at the ages of nineteen and sixteen 
 took the responsibilities of their lives upon 
 themselves, and began the great and good works 
 which they have since carried to such wide 
 issues. 
 
 In his retirement, letters of appreciation and 
 sympathy reached him from many of the public 
 men with whom he had worked, expressing in 
 various ways that which Lord Shaftesbury, who 
 knew him as well as any, gives as his own 
 feeling when writing to a mutual friend : 
 
 " I have known Dr Southwood Smith well, 
 having sat with him during four years and in
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE. 143 
 
 very trying times at the Board of Health. A 
 more able, diligent, zealous, and benevolent man 
 does not exist. No work ever seemed too much 
 for him if it were to do good. His great services 
 will not, I fear, be appreciated in this generation." 
 Such words as these cannot but have been 
 gratifying to my grandfather; but in 1858 those 
 who shared these sentiments resolved to make 
 a clearer and more public demonstration of their 
 sense of the value of the services which he had 
 rendered to the country. At a preliminary meet- 
 ing held on the yth May 1856 it was agreed 
 that this recognition should take the form, 
 primarily, of a memorial bust, to be presented 
 to a suitable public institution. This intention 
 was communicated to Dr Southwood Smith at 
 the final meeting held at the house of Lord 
 Shaftesbury, 24 Grosvenor Square, on the 6th 
 of December 1858, and was accompanied by a 
 short address. 
 
 I give his own words of thanks, as they show 
 
 not only the pleasure this recognition afforded 
 
 him, but also what is so characteristic of him 
 
 his joy in the progress of his cause, quite 
 
 apart from his personal share in it :
 
 144 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 " My Lord, I need not say how deeply I 
 feel the kindness that prompted the proceeding 
 which has led to this meeting. If anything could 
 increase the intensity of that feeling, it would 
 be the words in which you have given expression 
 to your sentiments in this matter, and to those 
 of the rest of the subscribers to this recognition. 
 
 "The labourers in the work of sanitary re- 
 form have been many ; and it is by the united 
 efforts of some of the most enlightened, disin- 
 terested, and learned men that shed lustre on 
 this century, that this great work has been placed 
 in its present position. 
 
 " That such names as those which grace this 
 Tablet 1 should have united to express their 
 sense of the value of any part which I may 
 have taken in this work, will ever be to me 
 a source, I do not say of happiness only, but 
 of that rare and pure happiness which results 
 not alone from the inward consciousness of de- 
 votion to duty through encouragement and dis- 
 couragement, through evil and through good 
 report, but also from the knowledge that such 
 judges of the matter justify that consciousness, 
 1 See Appendix II., p. 164.
 
 RETIREMENT FROM PUBLIC LIFE. 145 
 
 and in my own individual case have so placed 
 their judgment on record, that it may be present 
 to me to the latest day of my life and to my 
 children and my children's children. 
 
 " I will only add that the honourable names 
 on this Record give me this further delight, 
 that they are to me a pledge that Sanitary 
 Improvement will go on. They thus bear their 
 testimony to their sense of its importance, and 
 they, from their position and character, can 
 ensure its progress. The first labourers in this 
 work may not be permitted to complete it, 
 they seldom are in any great work ; but, who- 
 ever may have the satisfaction of completing 
 it, that work whatever obstacles may retard, 
 whatever short - sighted and short - lived inter- 
 ests may oppose it, however it may seem for 
 a while not to advance -- that work will be 
 done; and the time will come when not only 
 the professional man and the educator, but the 
 legislator, the statesman, the general, the min- 
 ister of religion in a word, every one to whom 
 is entrusted the care, the guidance, and the 
 control of numbers, will feel ashamed to be 
 ignorant, and indeed will be accounted unfit 
 
 K
 
 146 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 for his office if he be ignorant, of the laws 
 of human health and life." 
 
 Yes ! That his work had lived and would 
 live, this was what he cared for. This it was 
 that kept him uniformly brave and bright, and 
 made him say to me one evening in tones of 
 grateful joy we were sitting on the wide balcony 
 watching the moon rise over the fir-tree tops, 
 his hand in mine as of old, 
 
 " I have indeed succeeded ! I have lived 
 to see seven millions of the public money ex- 
 pended on this great cause. If any one had 
 told me, when I began, that this would be, 
 I should have considered it absolutely in- 
 credible."
 
 THE SUNSET OF LIFE ITALY. 147 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE SUNSET OF LIFE ITALY, I 86 I. 
 
 MY grandfather had travelled abroad but little dur- 
 ing his strenuous life. He had, it is true, been to 
 Paris in 1850, accompanied by Mr Charles Mac- 
 aulay, Dr John Sutherland, and Mr (afterwards Sir 
 Henry) Rawlinson, on business connected with the 
 General Board of Health scheme for extra-mural 
 sepulture, but, except on that occasion, he had 
 not left England. 
 
 So that when in 1857 he was asked to join 
 a party of three proceeding to Milan for the 
 purpose of examining the irrigation works of 
 that city, he gladly undertook the journey, which 
 was to lead them via Marseilles and along the 
 Cornice Road, then traversed by carriage only. 
 The beauty of Italy thus came before him with 
 full freshness at the age of seventy, and he re- 
 turned strengthened and invigorated.
 
 148 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 The following year my grandfather lost his 
 wife. She died at The Pines, at Weybridge, 
 after a short illness, in the summer of 1858. 
 
 Two years later he was able to carry out his 
 cherished hope of returning to Italy, and we went 
 to Florence, where his daughter Emily had been 
 living for some years. She welcomed us to the 
 rooms she had secured in an old palace beyond 
 the Arno to the artistic Italian surroundings 
 of which she had added something of the atmo- 
 sphere of an English home. 
 
 His delight in the art and nature of Florence 
 and its environs was intense, and the beauty of 
 land and sky seems to make a fitting setting 
 for the end of such a life as his. 
 
 He stood on the old jeweller's bridge, one 
 autumn evening late in November, and watched 
 the sun go down behind the western hill of the 
 rushing Arno ; and the sunset of his own life 
 came soon after. Perhaps he had lingered too 
 long gazing at this beautiful scene ; for a chill, 
 producing rapid bronchitis, took him from us on 
 the loth December 1861. 
 
 Towards the end, when he knew he was pass- 
 ing away, after other gentle loving words, almost 
 his last were with a sweet triumphant smile
 
 THE SUNSET OF LIFE ITALY. 149 
 
 " Draw up the blind and let me see the stars ; 
 for I still love the beauty." 
 
 At the cemetery at Porta Pinti are some 
 sombre gates with, over them, the words "Us 
 se reposent de leurs travaux, et leurs oeuvres les 
 suivent." Those black gates opened one sunny 
 December morning and showed a sloping avenue 
 of marble tombs, tangles of pink and of white 
 China roses in full flower falling over them, and 
 at the end a tall white cross shining in the 
 sunlight against the blue Italian sky, fit type 
 of the black gates of death, which had rolled 
 back to let him pass into the Eternal Light 
 beyond. 
 
 There we left him in completest trust, our 
 " Knight Errant," after his life's warfare. 
 
 For there is a poem by Adelaide Procter (on 
 whom written I know not) which seems to give, 
 with the full force of poetical presentation, the 
 spirit of the Life I have tried to depict. It even 
 seems to follow the very order of the periods 
 of that life our hero following the course of
 
 ISO DR SOUTH WOOD SMITH. 
 
 hers ; and thus fulfilling Mrs Browning's words 
 when she says 
 
 " Ingemisco, ingemisco ! 
 Is ever a lament begun 
 By any mourner under sun 
 Which, ere it endeth, suits but one ? " 
 
 In my extract-book the following lines have 
 lain away for the nearly forty years which have 
 passed since he went from us, and they still 
 remain, to me, the best expression of what he 
 was. I find, in pencil, against the verses the 
 place or date which they symbolise. 
 
 If those who have read these pages see their 
 aptness, they will learn from them, more than 
 from any words of mine, what measure of man 
 he was. 
 
 A KNIGHT ERRANT. 
 
 " Though he lived and died amongst us, Bristol, 
 
 Yet his name may be enrolled Edinburgh, 
 
 With the knights whose deeds of daring 
 Ancient chronicles have told. 
 
 Still a stripling he encountered 
 
 Poverty, and suffered long, 
 Gathering force from every effort 
 
 Till he knew his arm was strong.
 
 THE SUNSET OF LIFE ITALY. 
 
 Then his heart and life he offered 
 To his radiant mistress Truth. 
 
 Never thought or dream of faltering 
 Marred the promise of his youth. 
 
 So he rode forth to defend her, 
 And her peerless worth proclaim ; 
 
 Challenging each recreant doubter 
 Who aspersed her spotless name. 
 
 First upon his path stood Ignorance, 
 Hideous in his brutal might ; 
 
 Hard the blows and long the battle 
 Ere the monster took to flight. 
 
 Then, with light and fearless spirit, 
 Prejudice he dared to brave, 
 
 Hunting back the lying craven 
 To her black sulphureous cave. 
 
 Followed by his servile minions, 
 Custom, the old Giant, rose ; 
 
 Yet he, too, at last was conquered 
 By the good Knight's weighty blows. 
 
 Once again he rose a conqueror, 
 And, though wounded in the fight, 
 
 With a dying smile of triumph 
 
 Saw that Truth had gained her right. 
 
 On his failing ear re-echoing 
 
 Came the shouting round her throne ; 
 Little cared he that no future 
 
 With her name would link his own. 
 
 London, 1820 
 to ^- 
 
 Weybridge.
 
 152 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 Spent with many a hard-fought battle 
 
 Slowly ebbed his life away, 
 And the crowd that flocked to greet her 
 
 Trampled on him where he lay. 
 
 Gathering all his strength he saw her Italy. 
 
 Crowned and reigning in her pride, 
 Looked his last upon her beauty, 
 
 Raised his eyes to God and died." 
 
 A. A. PROCTER.
 
 THE AFTERGLOW. 153 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE AFTERGLOW. 
 
 IT was at this time that the Prince Consort 
 died, and England was full of mourning. Lord 
 Shaftesbury speaks, in his diary of December 
 1 6, 1 86 1, of that national loss, and then alludes 
 to the death of my grandfather in these words : 
 
 " I hear, too, that my valued friend and co- 
 adjutor in efforts for the sanitary improvement 
 of England is gone the learned, warm-hearted, 
 highly-gifted Southwood Smith." 
 
 But the work he had set on foot and the 
 principles he had established did not end with 
 his life. They have gone on with an ever-in- 
 creasing vitality to this day. 
 
 The efforts he made for the non-employment 
 of women and young children in mines have 
 resulted in the entire cessation of the practice ;
 
 154 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 while his work for the provision of proper 
 schooling for factory children has culminated 
 now in a whole system of workhouse and fac- 
 tory supervision and in the school-board system 
 throughout the land. 
 
 Intramural burial is virtually at an end. And 
 the "Home Hospitals" and "Nursing Homes," 
 which are established in all our large towns, are 
 the successors of that <( Sanatorium, or Home 
 in Sickness," which he devised, and for which 
 Charles Dickens pleaded in its early days. 
 
 The marshy Bethnal Green and Spitalfields, 
 where he first visited the individual homes, 
 and which he took Lord Normanby and Lord 
 Ashley to see, are now comparatively healthy 
 places. He found them without water ; there 
 is now water laid on to every house. He found 
 them without drainage ; now a complete and 
 scientific system of drainage exists throughout 
 the metropolis. The ",7,000,000 of public 
 money spent on sanitary reform," over which 
 he rejoiced so greatly, is, since he spoke in 1857, 
 increased by all the millions spent on such works 
 in the last forty years. 
 
 His first set of " Model Dwellings," in the
 
 THE AFTERGLOW. 155 
 
 St Pancras Road, is now multiplied by the 
 countless blocks of such in all the large towns 
 of England. Sanitary Law and Sanitary In- 
 spection everywhere prevail, and the thousands 
 of lives annually saved the lowered death-rate 
 both in town and country attests the power 
 of the laws he was one of the first to perceive 
 and proclaim. 
 
 To show the saving of life in London alone, 
 the death-rate in the early ''forties" was 26 in 
 the thousand, it is now 19; whilst in the Model 
 Dwellings the improvement is even more strik- 
 ing, since there it is not more than half that of 
 London at large. To show how completely the 
 experiment he made to prove the possible health- 
 fulness of such dwellings has answered, it is only 
 necessary to quote the figures given in the re- 
 port just issued for this fifty-third year of the 
 Society which he founded. 
 
 " The rate of mortality," we learn, " in the 
 Dwellings of the Association, was 9^64 'per 1000, 
 including 12 deaths which occurred in hospitals, 
 infirmaries, &c. In the entire metropolis the 
 rate was 18*2 per 1000. As regards infant mor- 
 tality, the deaths under one year of age were
 
 156 DR SOUTH WOOD SMITH. 
 
 at the rate of 79 in every 1000 births ; and in 
 the entire metropolis, at the rate of 161 per 
 1000 births." 
 
 Allusion has been made to the bust which 
 was executed as a tribute to the public services 
 of my grandfather by those whom we have called 
 the Pioneers of Sanitary Reform Lord Nor- 
 manby, Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Carlisle (for- 
 merly Lord Morpeth), Charles Dickens, Mr 
 Slaney, and others. This bust is now in the 
 National Portrait Gallery, and accompanying it 
 are the following lines by Leigh Hunt, which 
 proclaim the services of his life in the cause 
 of the poor to wider circles still: 
 
 " Ages shall honour, in their hearts enshrined, 
 Thee, Southwood Smith, Physician of Mankind ; 
 Bringer of Air, Light, Health into the Home 
 Of the rich Poor of happier times to come ! "
 
 APPENDIX
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 LETTER FROM MR TAYLOR, ASSISTANT RETURNING 
 OFFICER OF THE WHITECHAPEL UNION, TO DR 
 SOUTHWOOD SMITH ; written at the request of 
 the latter, for Lord Ashley's use, after their 
 personal inspection of Bethnal Green and White- 
 chapel. 
 
 289 BETHNAL GREEN ROAD, Feb. 5, 1842. 
 
 MY DEAR DOCTOR, Lord Ashley, the Hon ble - Mr 
 Ashley, and yourself visited the following places with 
 me. I have arranged them in the form of a table : in 
 one column is the name of the street, and, opposite, a 
 brief notice of its condition, with an occasional remark 
 by which his Lordship may recognise it. 
 
 Apologising for the length of time that has elapsed 
 since I promised to forward this account to you, I 
 remain, dear Doctor, Your Obed nt> Serv'-, 
 
 T. TAYLOR.
 
 i6o 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 First Visit. 
 
 Back of Chester Place. 
 Pitt Street. 
 
 Burnham Square. 
 Grosvenor Street. 
 Bonner Street. 
 
 Pleasant Place. 
 Green Street. 
 
 Baker Street. 
 Digby Street. 
 
 James Street. 
 Bethnal Green Road 
 (eastern end). 
 
 Sanderson's Gardens. 
 
 Pitt Street, Bethnal 
 Green Road. 
 
 Open ditch and several pigsties. 
 
 Awretched road, no drainage. Hon. Mr 
 Ashley spoke to one of the inhabi- 
 tants respecting the state of the road. 
 
 Houses built on undrained ground. 
 
 Undrained houses on one side not sup- 
 plied with water (all the houses on 
 this estate, to the amount of about 
 200 or more, in the same condition, 
 the inhabitants having to go to a 
 distant pump or beg of their neigh- 
 bours, who have had it laid on at 
 their own expense, and who for giv- 
 ing it are liable to punishment). 
 Bonner Street has an open ditch in 
 front of part of it. 
 
 Road a perfect quagmire. 
 
 Stagnant water on southern side and 
 also on part of the northern. 
 
 Houses back to back, consisting of two 
 rooms, each one above the other. 
 Privies close to windows of lower 
 rooms. Baker's night-yard is in this 
 street. 
 
 Another night-yard. 
 
 No drainage, many of the houses having 
 10 inches to 2 feet of water in the 
 cellars, which are from 3 feet to 3 feet 
 8 inches only below the level of the 
 road. 
 
 Houses on each side below the level of 
 the pathway, which has a gutter in 
 the middle. (Lord Ashley spoke to 
 one of the inhabitants of this place.) 
 
 A narrow street with only surface 
 drainage. (Fever was very prevalent 
 here.)
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 161 
 
 Cambden Gardens. 
 
 Lamb's Fields. 
 
 London Street. 
 Rupia Lane. 
 Ann's Place. 
 
 Houses at the back of 
 Ann's Place. 
 
 A group of streets to the 
 north of Slacky Road. 
 Warmer Place. 
 
 Wellington Pond. 
 
 A thoroughfare leading 
 from bottom of Pol- 
 lards Row to Welling- 
 ton Row. 
 
 Squirries Street. 
 
 Wellington Row. 
 
 Houses built on the soil, many of them 
 not being larger than an 8-feet cube, 
 are inhabited. 
 
 An acre at least of complete marsh and 
 three open ditches one on the north, 
 another in the middle, and the third 
 to the eastern side close to the backs 
 of the houses in North Street. 
 
 Undrained. 
 
 Two open ditches. 
 
 Open sewer in front of some of the 
 houses. 
 
 The open sewer from Ann's Place passes 
 beneath one of the houses and then is 
 again open to the houses at the back, 
 but is boarded in so that Lord Ashley 
 had to mount a boundary stone to ob- 
 tain the view of it. 
 
 All the houses stained with damp to a 
 height varying from i to 2 or more feet. 
 
 An open sewer in front of the houses 
 giving off bubbles of gas very freely. 
 
 A large piece of water into which the 
 above sewer drains gives off con- 
 stantly innumerable bubbles of gas, 
 and the stench is sometimes abomin- 
 able. Persons who have accidentally 
 fallen into it, though taken out im- 
 mediately, have all died. 
 
 The lucifer match manufactory faces 
 this road, into which we all went. 
 An open ditch in the most filthy con- 
 dition. 
 
 Green stagnant water on each side. 
 
 Lower rooms all damp. An open ditch 
 in front. Western end soft mud, into 
 which the wheels of a waggon sank 
 14 or 15 inches as it passed.
 
 1 62 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 North Street and some Lord Ashley saw the landlord of some 
 of the houses at the of them, 
 back. 
 
 Waterloo Town (several All undrained, but part of Manchester 
 streets). Street and Albion Street. Many 
 
 variations of level of several feet at 
 a distance of a few yards only, as 
 Manchester Place, Derbyshire Street, 
 Sale Street. Many of the houses 
 back to back and consisting of five 
 ground-floor rooms only. 
 
 Second Visit. 
 
 George Street. 
 
 Old Bethnal Green 
 Road. 
 
 Clare Street, Felix 
 Street, Centre Street, 
 Cambridge Circus, 
 Minerva Street, Ma- 
 tilda Street, Hope 
 Street, Temple Street, 
 Charles Street, Char- 
 lotte Street, Durham 
 Street. 
 
 Court opposite to Cam- 
 bridge Road. 
 
 Nova Scotia Gardens. 
 
 Virginia Row, York 
 Street, and the streets 
 to the east. 
 
 Rose Court. 
 
 Typen Street 
 
 A centre gutter full of stagnant water. 
 Has had a sewer made recently, but 
 
 houses do not communicate with it. 
 All built on undrained ground, and the 
 
 houses affected with damp. 
 
 One privy to several houses, and mosses 
 growing on the damp brick of the 
 houses to the height of 4 or 5 feet 
 from the ground. 
 
 Several feet below the road in many 
 parts, the drainage of which it re- 
 ceives. (Here lived the burkers of 
 the Italian boy.) 
 
 Undrained, having stagnant water in 
 them. 
 
 Most wretched hovels. 
 (Where the child was burnt.)
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 163 
 
 Satchwell Rents. 
 
 Mount Street. 
 
 Courts out 
 Street. 
 
 of Mount 
 
 Collingwoocl Street. 
 
 The privies form part of the ground- 
 floor of these houses. Lord Ashley 
 inspected the first house ; no yards. 
 
 Level of the houses very uneven ; many 
 below the level of the road. The un- 
 drained portion of this street suffered 
 from fever to an awful extent, while 
 the high and drained part had 
 scarcely a case. 
 
 Dung- heap in one. Lord Ashley saw 
 the landlord of another and spoke to 
 him. 
 
 Houses on one side much lower than 
 on the other; very badly drained, and 
 not a healthy-looking person or child 
 in the street.
 
 1 64 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 RECOGNITION OF THE PUBLIC SERVICES OF 
 DR SOUTHWOOD SMITH. 
 
 At a Meeting held at the residence of the Earl of 
 Shaftesbury on the ;th of May 1856 
 
 IT WAS RESOLVED 
 
 That this Meeting, deeply impressed with the 
 untiring and successful labours of Dr Southwood Smith 
 in the cause of social amelioration, and specially recog- 
 nising the value of these labours in the great cause of 
 
 SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
 
 are anxious to tender him some mark of their personal 
 esteem. That accordingly a bust of Dr Southwood 
 Smith be executed in marble, and presented to some 
 suitable institution, as an enduring memorial of his 
 eminent services in the promotion of the Public Health.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 165 
 
 The following is a List of the Subscribers : 
 
 Viscount Palmerston, K.G., 
 G.C.B., First Lord of the 
 Treasury. 
 
 The Earl of Carlisle, K.G., Lord 
 Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 The Earl of Harrowby, Chan- 
 cellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster. 
 
 The Marquis of Lansdowne, 
 K.G. 
 
 The Marquis of Normanby, 
 K.G., G.C.B., Ambassador at 
 Florence. 
 
 The Right Honourable W. F. 
 Cowper, M.P., President of 
 the Board of Health. 
 
 Thomas Graham, Esq., F.R.S., 
 Master of the Mint. 
 
 The Duke of Buccleuch. 
 
 The Duke of Newcastle. 
 
 The Earl of Ellesmere. 
 
 The Earl Fortescue, K.G. 
 
 The Earl of St Germans. 
 
 The Earl of Harrington. 
 
 The Earl of Shaftesbury. 
 
 The Lord Bishop of London. 
 
 The Lord Bishop of St Asapli. 
 
 The Lord Bishop of Ripon. 
 
 The Lord Brougham and Vaux. 
 
 The Viscount Ebrington, M.P. 
 
 The Viscount Goderich, M.P. 
 
 The Lord Robert Grosvenor, 
 M.P. 
 
 The Lord Claude Hamilton, 
 M.P. 
 
 The Lord Stanley of Bicker- 
 stafie, M.P. 
 
 The Honourable A. Kinnaird, 
 
 M.P. 
 
 Sir Edward Borough, Bart. 
 Sir E. N. Buxton, Bart. 
 The Rev. Sir H. Dukinfield, 
 
 Bart. 
 
 Sir John Easthope, Bart. 
 Sir Ralph Howard, Bart. 
 Sir Samuel Morton Peto, Bart. 
 Sir John Ramsden, Bart. 
 Sir Erskine Perry, Q.C., M.P. 
 The Lord Mayor. 
 The Dean of Ely. 
 Henry Austin, Esq. 
 
 B. G. Babington, Esq., M.D. 
 Thomas Baker, Esq. 
 Joseph Bateman, Esq., LL.D. 
 John Batten, Esq. 
 
 G. Beaman, Esq., M.D. 
 Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S. 
 Joseph Brotherton, Esq., M.P. 
 Alexander Browne, Esq., M.D. 
 A. Collyer, Esq. 
 The Rev. J. Gumming, D.D. 
 The Rev. R. S. Daniell, M.A. 
 Charles Dickens, Esq. 
 John Dillon, Esq. 
 William Farr, Esq., M.D. 
 Arthur Farre, Esq., M.D. 
 John Finlaison, Esq. 
 
 C. Gatliff, Esq. 
 
 F. D. Goldsmid, Esq. 
 
 R. D. Grainger, Esq., F.R.S. 
 
 Samuel Gurney, Esq. 
 
 J. F. Hart, Esq. 
 
 A. Hassall, Esq., M.D. 
 
 James Heywood, Esq., M.P.
 
 i66 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Rowland Hill, Esq. 
 
 M. D. Hill, Esq., Q.C. 
 
 F. Hill, Esq. 
 
 A. Hill, Esq. 
 
 E. Hill, Esq. 
 
 Gurney Hoare, Esq. 
 
 P. H. Holland, Esq. 
 
 T. Jones Howell, Esq. 
 
 The Rev. Charles Hume, M.A. 
 
 R. W. Kennard, Esq. 
 
 Duncan M'Laren, Esq. 
 
 J. Leslie, Esq. 
 
 Waller Lewis, Esq., M.B., 
 
 F.G.S. 
 
 C. Z. Macau lay, Esq. 
 J. J. Mechi, Esq. 
 R. Monckton Milnes, Esq., M.P. 
 
 1 Gavin Milroy, Esq., M.D. 
 James Morrison, Esq. 
 Professor Owen, F.R.S. 
 Tucker Radford, Esq., M.D. 
 Robert Rawlinson, Esq. 
 J. A. Roebuck, Esq., M.P. 
 W. Rogers, Esq. 
 S. S. Scriven, Esq. 
 R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P. 
 J. J. Smith Esq. 
 James Startin, Esq. 
 John Sutherland, Esq., M.D. 
 Thomas Thornely, Esq., M.P. 
 John Thwaites, Esq. 
 J. W. Tottie, Esq. 
 Thomas Tooke, Esq., F.R.S. 
 E. Westall, Esq. 1 
 
 1 It will be seen that a very large number of the names on this list 
 are those of men who had personally worked with my grandfather or 
 had watched and helped as labourers in the Sanitary cause from the 
 beginning. G. L.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ashley, Lord, visits Bethnal Green 
 and Whitechapel with Dr South- 
 wood Smith, 70 his Bill relating 
 to child labour in mines passed, 
 75- 
 
 Bentham, Jeremy, death of, 43 Dr 
 Southwood Smith delivers oration 
 on, 45. 
 
 "Body-snatching," agitation in con- 
 nection with, 36. 
 
 Bristol, Dr Southwood Smith edu- 
 cated at Baptist College in, 7. 
 
 " Broadmead Benefaction," Dr 
 Southwood Smith holds the, 7. 
 
 Brougham, Lord, letter from, 133. 
 
 Chadwick, Mr Edwin, member of 
 Factory Commission, 53 reports 
 on the sanitary condition of the 
 labouring population, 105. 
 
 Children, employment of, in fact- 
 ories, 49 et seq. 
 
 "Children's Employment Commis- 
 sion," Dr Southwood Smith a 
 member of, 73 report by, ib. 
 report on "Trades and Manu- 
 factures," 76. 
 
 Cholera, house - to - house visitation 
 as a preventive cure of, 132, 
 
 133- 
 
 Christie, Miss Mary, marriage of Dr 
 Southwood Smith to, 16. 
 
 Dickens, Charles, speech by, 82 
 
 joins in performance for the bene- 
 fit of " The Sanatorium," 84 
 letters from, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91 
 letter to, 88. 
 
 Edinburgh, Dr Southwood Smith 
 enters University as medical stu- 
 dent, 9 lectures in Philosophical 
 Institution, 141. 
 
 Education, article on, 36. 
 
 "Epidemics," lecture on, 141. 
 
 Factories, need for reform in, 49 et 
 seq. Factory Commission ap- 
 pointed, 53 report by, 54 el 
 seq. Factory Act, 1833, passed, 
 57 return showing working of 
 educational provisions of Act, 
 
 58- 
 
 ' Factory System, The Curse of the,' 
 by M. Fielden, M.P., quoted, 51. 
 
 " General Board of Health," Dr 
 Southwood Smith appointed to, 
 127 work on, 132 et seq. report 
 on " A General Scheme for Extra- 
 mural Sepulture," 133 Board 
 discontinued, 136. 
 
 Gillies, Mr, Dr Southwood Smith 
 becomes acquainted with, 48. 
 
 Haliburton, Hon. D. G., letter to, 
 
 15- 
 
 " Health of Towns Association," 98 
 founding of, 107.
 
 1 68 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 " Health of Towns Commission," 
 
 105. 
 Highgate, Dr Southwood Smith's 
 
 home at, 94 et seq. 
 
 ' Illustrations of the Divine Govern- 
 ment,' publication of, 12 fourth 
 edition of, 13 quotation from 
 preface to, ib. 
 
 Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, M. P., 
 quoted, 99. 
 
 Italy, travels in, 147, 148. 
 
 Jeffrey, Lord, quoted, 33. 
 Kentish Town, life at, 3 et seq. 
 
 Lincoln, Lord, introduces a Sanitary 
 Reform Bill, no. 
 
 London, Bishop of, moves in House 
 of Lords for extension of Poor 
 *Law Board inquiries, 71. 
 
 London, Dr Southwood Smith re- 
 moves to, 16 report on eastern 
 districts of, 6l et seq. 
 
 Maclean, Dr, referred to, 18. 
 
 Martock, Dr Southwood Smith born 
 at, 7. 
 
 "Metropolitan Association for Im- 
 proving the Dwellings of the In- 
 dustrious Classes," founding of, 93. 
 
 " Metropolitan Sanitary Commis- 
 sion " appointed, 122. 
 
 Mines, child labour in, 73- 
 
 "Model Dwellings," building of 
 first, 94. 
 
 Morpeth, Lord, quoted, 100 brings 
 forward Bill for "Improving the 
 Health of Towns in England," 122 
 et seq. letter to, 128. 
 
 Normanby, Marquis of, visits Beth- 
 nal Green and Whitechapel with 
 Dr Southwood Smith, 69 referred 
 to, 100 his " Drainage of 
 Buildings Bill," 104. 
 
 'Origin and Progress of Sanitary Re- 
 form,' by T. Jones Howell, quoted, 
 32. 
 
 Palmerston, Viscount, letter from, 
 
 137- 
 
 ' Penny Encyclopaedia,' Dr South- 
 wood Smith contributes to, 36. 
 
 'Philosophy of Health, The,' 47 
 revision of, 140. 
 
 Procter, Adelaide, quotation from, 
 150. 
 
 Public Health Act, 1848, passed, 126. 
 
 "Quarantine Laws," articles on, 31. 
 
 Read, Miss Anne, attachment of Dr 
 
 Southwood Smith to, 8 marriage 
 
 of, 9 death of, ib. 
 Recognition of public services of Dr 
 
 Southwood Smith, 143, 162. 
 ' ' Report on the Physical Causes of 
 
 Sickness and Mortality," &c., 6 1 
 
 extracts from, ib. et seq. 
 ' ' Report on the Prevalence of Fever 
 
 in Twenty Metropolitan Unions in 
 
 1838," 68. 
 ' Results of Sanitary Improvement,' 
 
 publication of, 141. 
 Ryland, Dr, reference to, 8. 
 
 Sanatorium, founding of the, 8l. 
 
 Sanitary Reform, Dr Southwood 
 Smith's first writings on, 17 
 beginning of the movement for, 
 60 et seq. struggle for, 102 et seq. 
 Parliamentary Committee ap- 
 pointed, 103 Mr Chadwick's re- 
 port, 105 " Health of Towns 
 Commission," ib. " Public Health 
 Act, 1848," passed, 126. 
 
 Shaftesbury, Lord, letter from, 142 
 quotation from diary of, 153. 
 
 Slaney, Mr, M.P., quoted, 99 ob- 
 tains committee to inquire into 
 sanitary state of large towns in 
 England, 103. 
 
 Smith, Caroline Southwood, 9. 
 
 Smith, Emily Southwood, 9. 
 
 Smith, Dr Thomas Southwood, 
 author's recollections of, I et seq. 
 birth and early years, 7 his 
 education and preparation for the 
 ministry, ib. cast off by his family 
 on account of religious views, 8
 
 INDEX. 
 
 169 
 
 attachment to Miss Anne Read, 
 ib. marriage, 9 death of his 
 wife, ib. decides to study medi- 
 cine and enters Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity, ib. conducts religious 
 services in Edinburgh, 10 writes 
 his ' Illustrations of the Divine 
 Government,' 12 starts practice 
 at Yeovil, 14 removes to London, 
 16 second marriage, ib. ap- 
 pointed physician to the London 
 Fever Hospital, the Eastern Dis- 
 pensary, and the Jews' Hospital, 
 ib. his first writings on the 
 " Sanitary Question," 17 pub- 
 lishes his ' Treatise on Fever,' 24 
 house at Trinity Square broken 
 up, 35 contributes to the ' Penny 
 Encyclopaedia,' 36 assists in 
 founding the ' Westminster Re- 
 view,' ib. publishes pamphlet on 
 'The Use of the Dead to the 
 Living,' 40 lectures at Webb 
 Street School of Anatomy, 42 
 delivers popular lectures at London 
 Institution and elsewhere, 43 
 his oration on Jeremy Bentham, 
 46 publishes ' The Philosophy of 
 Health,' 47 appointed to the 
 Factory Commission, 53 reports 
 to the Poor Law Commissioners 
 on eastern districts of London, 61 
 member of " Children's Em- 
 ployment Commission," 73 as- 
 sists in founding "The Sana- 
 torium," 81 correspondence with 
 Charles Dickens, 85 et seq. forms 
 the " Metropolitan Association for 
 Improving the Dwellings of the 
 Industrious Classes," 93 removes 
 to Highgate, 94 founds the 
 
 "Health of Towns Association," 
 98, 107 his efforts on behalf of 
 Sanitary Reform, 102 et seq. 
 issues an "Address to the Working 
 Classes," in is appointed mem- 
 ber of the " Metropolitan Sanitary 
 Commission," 122 appointed to 
 General Board of Health, 127 
 letter to Lord Morpeth, 128 re- 
 tires from public life, 139 revises 
 ' The Philosophy of Health,' 140 
 writes pamphlet on ' Results of 
 Sanitary Improvement,' 141 
 lectures on " Epidemics " at Edin- 
 burgh, ib. receives public recog- 
 nition of his services, 143 travels 
 in Italy, 147 death of his wife, 
 148 returns to Italy, ib. death, 
 ib. 
 
 Taylor, Mr, letter from, 157. 
 
 Tooke, Mr, member of Factory 
 Commission, 53. 
 
 'Treatise on Fever,' publication of, 
 24 opinion of ' The Medico- 
 Chirurgical Review ' on, ib. 
 quotations from, 25 et seq,, 30. 
 
 ' Use of the Dead to the Living, 
 The,' 40. 
 
 'Westminster Review,' Dr South- 
 wood Smith's contributions to, 17 
 founding of, 36. 
 
 Workhouses, Dr Southwood Smith 
 draws attention to state of, 66. 
 
 Yeovil, Dr Southwood Smith begins 
 practice and takes charge of con- 
 gregation at, 14 leaves for Lon- 
 don, 1 6. 
 
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 Can the Old Faith Live with the New ? or, The Problem of 
 
 Evolution and Revelation. By the Rev. GEORGE MATHESON, D.D. Third Edi- 
 tion. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 The Psalmist and the Scientist ; or, Modern Value of the Reli- 
 gions Sentiment. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Spiritual Development of St Paul. Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Distinctive Messages of the Old Religions. Second Edi- 
 tion. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 Sacred Songs. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 MATHIESON. The Supremacy and Sufficiency of Jesus Christ 
 
 our Lord, as set forth in the Epistle to the Hebrews. By J. E. MATHIESON, 
 Superintendent of Mildmay Conference Hall, 1880 to 1890. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MAURICE. The Balance of Military Power in Europe. An 
 
 Examination of the War Resources of Great Britain and the Continental States. 
 By Colonel MAURICE, R.A., Professor of Military Art and History at the Royal 
 Staff College. Crown 8vo, with a Map, 6s. 
 
 MAXWELL. 
 
 The Honourable Sir Charles Murray, K.C.B. A Memoir. 
 
 By Sir HERBERT MAXWELL, Bart., M.P., P.S.A., &c., Author of 'Passages in 
 the Life of Sir Lucian Elphin. 1 With Five Portraits. Demy 8vo, 18s. 
 
 Life and Times of the Rt. Hon. William Henry Smith, M.P. 
 
 With Portraits and numerous Illustrations by Herbert Railton, G. L. Seymour, 
 and Others. 2 vols. demy 8vo, 25s. 
 POPULAR EDITION. With a Portrait and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Scottish Land-Names : Their Origin and Meaning. Being 
 
 the Rhind Lectures in Archaeology for 1893. Post 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Meridiana : Noontide Essays. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Post Meridiana : Afternoon Essays. Post 8vo, 6s. 
 
 A Duke of Britain. A Romance of the Fourth Century. 
 
 Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 Dumfries and Galloway. Being one of the Volumes of the 
 
 County Histories of Scotland. With Four Maps. Demy 8vo, 7s. 6d. net. 
 
 MELDRUM. 
 
 Holland and the Hollanders. By D. STORRAR MELDRUM. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations In 1 voL square 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 The Story of Margrddel Being a Fireside History of a Fife- 
 shire Family. Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 Grey Mantle and Gold Fringe. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 MELLO N E. Studies in Philosophical Criticism and Construction . 
 
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 MERZ. A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury. By JOHN THEODORE MERZ. Vol. I., post 8vo, 10s. 6d. net. 
 
 MICHIE. 
 
 The Larch : Being a Practical Treatise on its Culture and 
 
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 Crown 8vo, with Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition, Enlarged, 5s. 
 
 The Practice of Forestry. Crown 8vo, with Illustrations. 6s 
 M1DDLETON. The Story of Alastair Bhan Comyn ; or, The 
 
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 TON. Square 8vo, 10s. Cheaper Edition, 5s. 
 
 MIDDLETON. Latin Verse Unseens. By G. MIDDLETON, M.A., 
 
 Lecturer in Latin, Aberdeen University ; late Scholar of Emmanuel College. Cam- 
 bridge ; Joint-Author of ' Student's Companion to Latin Authors.' Crown 8vo, 
 Is. 6d.
 
 William Blackwood and Sons. 21 
 
 MILLER. The Dream of Mr H , the Herbalist. By HUGH 
 
 MILLER, F.R.S.E., late H.M. Geological Survey, Author of Landscape Geology. 
 With a Photogravure Frontispiece. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 MILLS. Greek Verse Unseens. By T. R. MILLS, M.A., late 
 
 Lecturer in Greek, Aberdeen University ; formerly Scholar of Wadham College, 
 Oxford ; Joint-Author of 'Student's Companion to Latin Authors. Crown 8vo, 
 Is. 6d. 
 
 MINTO. 
 
 A Manual of English Prose Literature, Biographical and 
 
 Critical: designed mainly to show Characteristics of Style. By W. MINTO, 
 M.A., Hon. LL.D. of St Andrews ; Professor of Logic in the University of Aber- 
 deen. Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Characteristics of English Poets, from Chaucer to Shirley. 
 
 New Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Plain Principles of Prose Composition. Crown 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 The Literature of the Georgian Era. Edited, with a Bio- 
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 Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith. By D. M. Mont. 
 
 With CRUIKSHANK'S Illustrations. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 Another Edition, without Illustrations, fcap. 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 
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 MOLE. For the Sake of a Slandered Woman. By MARION 
 
 MOLE. Fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d. net. 
 
 MOMERIE. 
 
 Defects of Modern Christianity, and other Sermons. By Rev. 
 
 ALFRED WILLIAMS MOMERIE, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 The Basis of Religion. Being an Examination of Natural 
 
 Religion. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. 
 
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 Preaching and Hearing ; and other Sermons. Fourth Edition, 
 
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 Belief in God. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 
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 Church and Creed. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 The Future of Religion, and other Essays. Second Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 The English Church and the Romish Schism. Second Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 2s. tid. 
 
 MONCREIFF. 
 
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 The X Jewel. A Romance of the Days of James VI. Cr. 8vo, 6s. 
 MONTAGUE. Military Topography. Illustrated by Practical 
 
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 P.S.C., late Garrison Instructor Intelligence Department, Author of ' Campaign- 
 ing in South Africa.' With Forty-one Diagrams. Crown 8vo, 5s. 
 
 MONTALEMBERT. Memoir of Count de Montalembert. A 
 
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 Edward Irving,' &c. 2 vols. crown 8vo, 1, 4s.
 
 22 List of Books Published by 
 
 MORISON. 
 
 Doorside Ditties. By JEANIE MORISON. With a Frontispiece. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 vEolus. A Romance in Lyrics. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 There as Here. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 
 %* A limited impression on hand-made paper, bound in vellum, 7s. 6d. 
 
 Selections from Poems. Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Sordello. An Outline Analysis of Mr Browning's Poem. 
 
 Crown 8vo, 8s. 
 
 Of " Fifiae at the Fair," " Christmas Eve and Easter Day," 
 
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 The Purpose of the Ages. Crown 8vo, 9s. 
 Gordon : An Our-day Idyll. Crown 8vo, 3s. 
 Saint Isadora, and other Poems. Crown 8vo, Is. 6d. 
 Snatches of Song. Paper, Is. 6d. ; cloth, 3s. 
 Pontius Pilate. Paper, Is. 6d. ; cloth, 3s. 
 Mill o' Forres. Crown 8vo, Is. 
 Ane Booke of Ballades. Fcap. 4to, Is. 
 MUNRO. 
 
 John Splendid. The Tale of a Poor Gentleman and the Little 
 
 Wars of Lorn. By NEIL MUNRO. Crown 8vo, 6s. 
 
 The Lost Pibroch, and other Sheiling Stories. Second 
 
 Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MUNRO. 
 
 Rambles and Studies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia. 
 
 With an Account of the proceedings of the Congress of Archaeologists and 
 Anthropologists held at Sarajevo in 1894. By ROBRRT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., 
 F.R.S. E., Author of the ' Lake Dwellings of Europe,' &c. With numerous illus- 
 trations. Demy 8vo, 12s. 6d. net. 
 
 Prehistoric Problems. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 
 
 8vo, 10s. net. 
 
 MUNRO. On Valuation of Property. By WILLIAM MUNRO, 
 
 M.A., Her Majesty's Assessor of Railways and Canals for Scotland. Second 
 Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 MURDOCH. Manual of the Law of Insolvency and Bankruptcy : 
 
 Comprehending a Summary of the Law of Insolvency, Notour Bankruptcy, 
 Composition - Contracts, Trust - Doeds, Cessios, and Sequestrations; and the 
 Winding-up of Joint-Stock Companies in Scotland : with Annotations on the 
 various Insolvency and Bankruptcy Statutes ; and with Forms of Procedure 
 applicable to these Subjects. By JAMES MURDOCH, Member of the Faculty of 
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 MYERS. A Manual of Classical Geography. By JOHN L. 
 
 MYERS, M.A., Fellow of Magdalene College; Lecturer and Tutor, Christ Church, 
 Oxford. In 1 vol. crown 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 MY TRIVIAL, LIFE AND MISFORTUNE: A Gossip with 
 
 no Plot in Particular. By A PLAIN WOMAN. Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 By the SAME AUTHOR. 
 POOR NELLIE. Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 NAPIER. The Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Loga- 
 rithms. By JOHST NAPIER of Mer<:histon. Translated, with Notes, and a 
 Catalogue of Napier's Works, by WILLIAM RAE MACDONALD. Small 4to, 15s. 
 A few large-paper copies on Whatman paper, 30s. 
 
 NEAVES. Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific. By An Old 
 
 Contributor to 'Maga.' By the Hon. Lord NEAVES. Fifth Edition. Fcap. 
 8vo, 4s.
 
 William Blackwood and Sons. 23 
 
 NICHOLSON. 
 
 A Manual of Zoology, for the Use of Students. With a 
 
 General Introduction on the Principles of Zoology. By HENRY ALLEYNE 
 NICHOLSON, M.D., D.Se., F.L.S., F.G.S., Regius Professor of Natural History in 
 the University of Aberdeen. Seventh Edition, Rewritten and Enlarged. Post 
 8vo, pp. 956, with 555 Engravings on Wood, 18s. 
 
 Text- Book of Zoology, for Junior Students. Fifth Edition. 
 
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 Introductory Text-Book of Zoology. New Edition. Revised 
 
 by AUTHOR and ALEXANDER BROWN, M.A., M.B., B.Sc., Lecturer on Zoology in 
 the University of Aberdeen. [In the press. 
 
 A Manual of Palaeontology, for the Use of Students. With a 
 
 General Introduction on the Principles of Palaeontology. By Professor H. 
 ALLEYNE NICHOLSON and RICHARD LYDEKKER, B.A. Third Edition, entirely 
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 The Ancient Life-History of the Earth. An Outline of the 
 
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 NICHOLSON. 
 
 Thoth. A Romance. By JOSEPH SHIELD NICHOLSON, M.A., 
 
 D.So., Professor of Commercial and Political Economy and Mercantile Law in 
 the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition. Crown Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 A Dreamer of Dreams. A Modern Romance. Second Edi- 
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 OLIPHANT. 
 
 Masollam : A Problem of the Period. A Novel. By LATTRENCE 
 
 OLIPHANT. 3 vpls. post Svo, 25s. 6d. 
 
 Scientific Religion ; or, Higher Possibilities of Life and 
 
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 Episodes in a Life of Adventure; or, Moss from a Rolling 
 
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 Haifa : Life in Modern Palestine. Second Edition. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 The Land of Gilead. With Excursions in the Lebanon. 
 
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 Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oliphant, and of Alice 
 
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 POPULAR EDITION. With a New Preface. Post Svo, with Portraits. 7s. 6d. 
 
 OLIPHANT. 
 
 Annals of a Publishing House. William Blackwood and his 
 
 Sons ; Their Magazine and Friends. By Mrs OLIPHANT. With Four Portraits. 
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 A Widow's Tale, and other Stories. With an Introductory 
 
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 24 List of Books Published by 
 
 OLIPHANT. 
 
 Who was Lost and is Found. Second Edition. Crown 
 
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 Miss Marjoribanks. New Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 The Perpetual Curate, and The Rector. New Edition. Crown 
 
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 Two Stories of the Seen and the Unseen. The Open Door 
 
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 OLIPHANT. Notes of a Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy 
 
 Land. By P. R. OLIPHANT. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Intermediate Text-Book of Geology. By DAVID PAGE, LL.D., 
 
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 With Engravings and Glossarial Index. New Edition. Revised by Professor 
 LAPWORTH of Mason Science College, Birmingham. [In the press. 
 
 Advanced Text-Book of Geology, Descriptive and Industrial. 
 
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 Introductory Text-Book of Physical Geography. With Sketch- 
 
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 Advanced Text- Book of Physical Geography. Third Edition. 
 
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 PATERSON. A Manual of Agricultural Botany. From the 
 
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 Translated by JOHN W. PATERSON, B.Sc., Ph.D., Free Life Member of the High- 
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 of England. With over 100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 PATON. 
 
 Spindrift. By Sir J. NOEL PATON. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 
 Poems by a Painter. Fcap., cloth, 5s. 
 PATON. Castlebraes. Drawn from "The Tinlie MSS." By 
 
 JAMES PATON, B.A., Editor of 'John G. Paton : an Autobiography,' Ac., &c 
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 PATRICK. The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus. A Chap- 
 
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 Biblical Criticism in the University of Edinburgh. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 PAUL. History of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's. 
 
 Body-Guard for Scotland. By JAMES BALFOUR PAUL, Advocate of the Scottish 
 Bar. Crown 4to, with Portraits and other Illustrations. 2, 2s. 
 
 PEARSE. Soldier and Traveller: Bting the Memoirs of 
 
 Alexander Gardner, Colonel of Artillery in the Service of Maharaj* Ran.jit 
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 With an Introduction by the Right Hon. Sir RICHARD TEMPLE, Bart., G.C.S.I. 
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 PEILE. Lawn Tennis as a Game of Skill. By Lieut.-Col. S. C. 
 
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 William Blackwood and Sons. 25 
 
 PERIODS OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE. Edited by Pro- 
 
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 PETTIGREW. The Handy Book of Bees, and their Profitable 
 
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 PFLEIDERER. Philosophy and Development of Religion. 
 
 Being the Edinburgh Gifford Lectures for 1894. By OTTO PFLEIDERER, D.D., 
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 PHILLIPS. The Knight's Tale. By F. EMILY PHILLIPS, Author 
 
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 PHILOSOPHICAL CLASSICS FOR ENGLISH READERS. 
 
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 [For List of Volumes, see page ?. 
 
 POLLARD. A Study in Municipal Government : The Corpora- 
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 Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. 
 
 POLLOK. The Course of Time : A Poem. By ROBERT POLLOK, 
 
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 PORT ROYAL LOGIC. Translated from the French; with 
 
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 POTTS A*D DARNELL. 
 
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 Aditus Faciliores Graeci. An Easy Greek Construing Book, 
 
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 POTTS. School Sermons. By the late ALEXANDER WM. POTTS, 
 
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 PRINGLE. The Live Stock of the Farm. By ROBERT 0. 
 
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 RAMSAY. Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century. 
 
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 RANKIN. 
 
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 7s. 6d. 
 
 The First Saints. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d.
 
 26 List of Books Published by 
 
 RANKIN. 
 
 The Creed in Scotland. An Exposition of the Apostles' 
 
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 RANKINE. A Hero of the Dark Continent. Memoir of Rev. 
 
 Wm. Affleck Scott, M. A., M.B., C.M., Church of Scotland Missionary at Blantyre, 
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 The Poetry and the Religion of the Psalms. The Croall 
 
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 The Early Religion of Israel. As set forth by Biblical Writers 
 
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 ROBERTSON. 
 
 Orellana, and other Poems. By J. LOGIE ROBERTSON, 
 
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 Notes of an Irish Tour in 1846. By the DUKE OF RUTLAND, 
 
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 Gems of German Poetry. Translated by the DUCHESS OF 
 
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 Employment of Women in the Public Service. 6d.
 
 William Blackwood and Sons. 27 
 
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