JC-NRLF 
 
 2t,7 034 
 
 I H K 
 
 STANDARD 
 
 .SPELLER. 
 
 BPES SARGENT, 
 
 rift OF "tl STANDARD SFKIAKK," " THJS STANDABt) SBltfSSS OF 
 KEADE'RS " ''"1'HE STANAHD SEIUfcrf OF SPKA&BR8, ETC* 
 
 . B S T IS '; 
 
 3 fl N L . S If O .R K Y , 
 
THE 
 
 SMALLER 
 
 STANDARD SPELLER; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 CLASSIFIED EXERCISES 
 
 FOB 
 
 ORAL SPELLING; 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 SENTENCES FOR SILENT SPELLING, 
 
 BY WRITING FROM DICTATION. 
 BY 
 
 EPES SARGENT, 
 
 ACTHO OF "THE STANDARD SPKLLKU," "THE STANDARD SERIES OF READERS.'* 
 "THE STANDARD SKUIE-} OF SPEAKERS,'* ETC. 
 
 T H I RT Y - E I G H T H THOUSAND. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 JOHN L. SHORE Y. 
 I860. 
 
DEFT/ 
 . 
 "PREFACE. 
 
 THE present volume, like the larger Standard Speller, has been pre- 
 pared with the view of combining the advantages of oral, spelling with 
 those of silent spelling, by writing from dictation. Many children will 
 epell a word aloud, and be puzzled when told to put it in writing. Now, as 
 \ye learn spelling chiefly to avoid blunders in writing, and as spelling is 
 better learned by the eye than by the ear, dictation exercises ought to * 
 be an inseparable part of instruction. 
 
 The words of this volume have been very carefully selected: such rep- 
 resentative words being given as may be guides to the spelling of large 
 classes of words of a similar sound, while the anomalous words are so 
 classified as to be impressed on the memory by association. A pupil 
 thoroughly drilled in the exercises here presented will not be far from 
 being an accomplished speller. 
 
 The dictation exercises have been written expressly for this volume, and 
 will be found to differ from those in Sargent's larger Speller. The teacher 
 will often find it useful to have the latter work at hand. 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 A B C D E F G II I J K L M N P Q 
 K S T U V W X Y Z 
 
 abcdefghijkl HI no pqr-stuv 
 w x y z & 
 
 The Vowels are, , e, z, o> u, and sometimes w 
 and y. The rest of the letters are consonants. 
 
 ARABIC NUMERALS. 
 
 1234567890 
 
 ROMAN NUMERALS. 
 
 I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. 
 XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XIX. XX. C. D. M. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Conprress, in the year eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, 
 by EPES SARGENT, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for 
 the District of Massachusetts. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 
 1 
 
 A. B. Bachelor cf Arts. 
 
 Ilcb. Hebrews. 
 
 Oct. October. 
 
 A. C. Before Christ. 
 
 hhcl. Ilcgshcad. 
 
 'On. Oregon. 
 
 Acct. Account. 
 
 Hon. Honorable. 
 
 cz. Ounce. 
 
 A. D. In the year of our 
 
 hund. Hundred. 
 
 p. Page. 
 
 Lord. 
 
 la. Iowa. 
 
 pp. Pages. 
 
 Ala. Alabama. 
 
 Ib. or Ibid. In the same 
 
 Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 f Master cf Arts , 
 
 place. 
 
 per. Ey the , as, per yard, 
 
 . ,, j Before noon ; or, 
 
 Id. The same. 
 
 by the yard. 
 
 A ' M ' 1 In the year of the 
 
 i. c. That is. 
 
 per cjnt. Ey the hundred. 
 
 [ world. 
 
 111. Illinois. 
 
 jt'hil. PhilippiaiitJ ; or, Phil- 
 
 Anon. Anonymous. 
 
 Ind. Indiana. 
 
 ip. 
 
 Ans. Answer. 
 
 hist. Instant. 
 
 T, , T C Post Master ; or, 
 
 Apr. April. 
 
 Jan. January. 
 
 1 ' ** I Afternoon. 
 
 Atty. Attorney. 
 
 Jos. Joseph. 
 
 P. 0. Post Office. 
 
 Aug. August. 
 
 Josh. Joshua. 
 
 Pros. President. 
 
 Ark. Arkansas. 
 
 Jr. Junior. 
 
 pro. Fcr ; or, In favor of. 
 
 bbl. Barrel. 
 
 Kt. Knight. 
 
 Prcf. Prcfesscr. 
 
 B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 
 
 Ky. Kentucky. 
 
 P. S. Postscript. 
 
 Benj. Benjamin. 
 
 La. Louisiana. 
 
 Ps. Psalm. 
 
 Ca. Canada. 
 
 Lat. Latitude. 
 
 pt. Payment. 
 
 Cal. California. 
 
 Ibs. Pounds. 
 
 4to. Quarto. 
 
 Capt. Captain. 
 
 Lieut. Lieutenant. 
 
 Q. V. (Quod vi'de.) "Which 
 
 C. E. Canada East. 
 
 LL. D. Dcctcr of Laws. 
 
 see. 
 
 Chap. Chapter. 
 
 Lon. Longitude. 
 
 Reed. Received. 
 
 Chas. Charles. 
 
 L. S. Place cf the seal. 
 
 p C Reverend ; or, 
 
 Co. Company ; or, County. 
 
 r.I. Monsieur. * 
 
 Kev - ) Revelation. 
 
 Col. Cobnel. 
 
 Ma. or Min. Minnesota. 
 
 R. I. Rhode Island. 
 
 Cr. Credit , or, Creditor. 
 
 Mnj. Major. 
 
 S. South. 
 
 Ct. or Ccnn. Connecticut. 
 
 Mar. March. 
 
 S. C. South Carolina. 
 
 cts. Cents. 
 
 Mass. Massachusetts. 
 
 S. E. South East. 
 
 C. W. Canada "West. 
 
 r.I. C. Member cf Congress. 
 
 Sec. Secretary. 
 
 c\vt. Hundred weight. 
 
 ?.I. D. Dcctcr cf Medicine. 
 
 Soct. Section. 
 
 D. C. District of Columbia. 
 
 Md. Maryland. 
 
 Sen. Senator ; or, Senior. 
 
 D. D. Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 Me. Maine. 
 
 Sept. September. 
 
 Dec. December. 
 
 Messrs. Gentlemen or Sirs- 
 
 Scrvt. Servant. 
 
 Deg. Degree. 
 
 Mich. Michigan. 
 
 S. L. South Latitude. 
 
 Del. Delaware. 
 
 Miss. Mississippi. 
 
 St. Saint ; or, Street. 
 
 Do. or Ditto. The same. 
 
 Mo. Missouri. 
 
 S. W. South \Vcst. 
 
 Dr. Doctor 5 or, Debtor. 
 
 Mr. Master 5 or, Mister. 
 
 Tenn. Tennessee. 
 
 12mo. Duodecimo. 
 
 Mrs. Mistress. 
 
 Tex. Texas. 
 
 E. East. 
 
 T.1S. Manuscript. 
 
 Tho. Thomas. 
 
 Ed. Edition; or, Editor. 
 
 ?1SS. Manuscripts. 
 
 ult. The last (month). 
 
 e. g. For example. 
 
 N. North. 
 
 U. S. United States. 
 
 E. I. East Indies. 
 
 N. B. Take notice. 
 
 Ya. Virginia. 
 
 E. L. East Longitude. 
 
 N. C. Ncrih Carolina. 
 
 via. Ty vrry cf. 
 
 Esq. Esquire. 
 
 N. E. North Eaet. 
 
 viz. To wit, namely. 
 
 etc. And so forth. 
 
 N. II. New Hampshire." 
 
 vol. Volume. 
 
 Fa. Florida. 
 
 N. J. New Jersey. 
 
 Vt. -Vermont. 
 
 Feb. February. 
 
 N. L. North Latitude. 
 
 VF. West. 
 
 Ga. Georgia. 
 
 No. Number. 
 
 \7. I. Vest Indies. 
 
 Gen, General ; or,' Genesis. 
 
 Nov. November. 
 
 Vis. Viscoccin. 
 
 Gent. Gentleman. 
 
 N. V. Ncrth Vest. 
 
 "U T . L. Yr'cct Longitude. 
 
 Geo. George. 
 
 N. Y. New York. 
 
 Vm. William. 
 
 Gov. Governor. 
 
 0. Ohio. 
 
 wt. Weight. 
 
 II. B. M. Her Britannic 
 
 obt. Obedient. 
 
 yd. Yard. 
 
 Majesty or Majesty's. 
 
 8vo. Octavo. 
 
 &c. And so forth. 
 
 541 180 
 
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTARY SOUNDS IN THE 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 1. That of a 
 
 in father. 
 
 7. 
 
 That of i 
 
 in fit. 
 
 2. 
 
 a 
 
 " fat. 
 
 8. 
 
 " 
 
 " note. 
 
 3. 
 
 a 
 
 " fate. 
 
 9. 
 
 " 
 
 " not. 
 
 4. 
 
 a 
 
 " fall. 
 
 10 
 
 " u 
 
 " bwll. 
 
 5. 
 
 e 
 
 " mete. 
 
 11. 
 
 " 00 
 
 " fool. 
 
 6. 
 
 e. 
 
 " met. 
 
 12. 
 
 " u 
 
 " but. 
 
 VOWEL OR CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 13. That of w in wet. | 14. That of y in yet. 
 
 CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 15. That of h in hoi, an aspirate, or simple breathing. 
 
 16. n(j " kin*/, a nasal consonant sound. 
 17. i " wtan, a liquid nasal consonant sound. 
 IS. n " not, " " " 
 19. *' " /et, a liquid consonant sound. 
 20. r " run. " " 
 
 COGNATE CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 
 21. 
 
 That of p in^an, > aspirate. 29. 
 
 That of k in /iind, ^ aspirate. 
 
 22. 
 
 " 6 " 6ag, 5 vocal. 30. 
 
 y " ynn, 5 vocal. 
 
 23. 
 
 u / " /ag, i a-spirate. 31. 
 
 s (t sin, ) aspirate. 
 
 24. 
 
 " ?' ' ?;an, 5 vocal. 32. 
 
 z " zeal, 5 vocal. 
 
 25. 
 
 " th l thin, 5 aspirate. 33. 
 
 sh " shine, > aspirate. 
 
 26. 
 
 " M ' Mine, 5 vocal. 34. 
 
 z " azure, $ vocal. 
 
 27. 
 
 " / ' tin, > aspirate. 
 
 
 28. 
 
 " d ' din, 5 vocal 
 
 
 COMPOUND VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 
 1. That of i in pine. 
 
 3. That of ou in bowse. 
 
 
 2. " u " cube. 
 
 4. " oi " voice. 
 
 COMPOUND CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 
 1. That of ch in chest (aspirate). | 2. That of j invest (vocal). 
 MODIFIED VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 1. a long before r, as in fare. 
 
 '2. a intermediate, " fast. 
 
 3, e short and obtuse, " her. 
 
 4. i f ir . 
 6. w " " fur. 
 
 C. 
 
 myrrh. 
 
 7. a obscure, as in rival. 
 
 8. e (( " brier. 
 
 9. " infinite. 
 
 10. o " ' actor. 
 
 11. w " " sulphwr. 
 
EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 WORDS are so classified in this work, that few arbitrary marLcs are 
 required as a guide to the proper sound of letters. 
 
 Before a, o, u, I, r, t, C has the sound of k ; it has the sound of s before 
 y ; alsp before e and i, except "where a different sound is specially indi- 
 cated by the classification. 
 
 The digraph ch occurring in words in this volume has always its pure 
 English sound of tsh (as in child, much, &c.), except where a different 
 sound is specially indicated in the classification. F italicized has the 
 sound of v. 
 
 G has its hard sound, as in bay, except where it is italicized, when it 
 has the sound of j ; but <jh italicized shows that the combination is 
 unsounded. 
 
 has its aspirate sound, as in sin, except where it is italicized, and 
 then it has the vocal sound of z in zeal. 
 
 Th italicized, and not classified, has its vocal sound, as in thine ; not 
 italicized, it has its aspirate sound, as in think. 
 
 JV italicized has the sound of ny, as in an'yer, van'quish. N preceding 
 the sound of k in the same syllable has a close sound of ny, as in thank. 
 
 The italicizing of any other letters, whether vowels or consonants, is to 
 indicate that they are silent, or unsounded. 
 
 R is trilled when it begins a word or syllable with or without a con- 
 sonant element ; as ray, tray. Otherwise situated, it has an untriiled 
 sound, as in hare, carve, abhor. 
 
 A syllable is a single sound represented by one or more letters ; as a t 
 an, and. in 'every syllable there must be at least one vowel sound. A 
 word of one syllable is called a monosyllable, &s just ; a word of two sylla- 
 bles, a dissyllable, as justice / PJ word of three syllables, a trisyllable, as 
 just'i-fy ; a word of more than three syllables, a polysyllable, as just-i-fi- 
 ca'tion. 
 
 Accent is a stress of voice upon a syllable of a word. ' In the word diaf- 
 tant, there is an emphasis or stress on the first syllable ; in the word suc- 
 cess', on the second. Every word of more than one syllable has one of its 
 syllables accented. 
 
 Words of more than one syllable may be divided by the hyphen (-), 
 and the accentual mark ('). In dissyllables and trisyllables, where the 
 accent is on the last syllable, it is sufficiently indicated, in this work, in the 
 1* 
 
6 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 
 
 absence of the accentual mark, showing that the accent is on no preceding 
 syllable. 
 
 The mark of the makron (as in fate, scene, bite, note, mute") is to indi- 
 cate the long sound of a vowel; the mark of the breve (as infiit, met, not, 
 fit, hut) is to indicate the short sound. When u forms a syllable Jay 
 itself, it generally has its long y sound, as in mute. 
 
 A vowel is a letter which makes by itself a distinct sound. A con- 
 sonant is a letter which can not be distinctly sounded without a vowel. 
 
 V/ and y are consonants when they begin a word or a syllable. 
 
 The letters c, q, and x, do not appear in the preceding Table of Sounds, 
 because as representatives of sound they are not wanted. Cis equivalent 
 to s or k ; q, to kw j x, to eks. 
 
 An elementary sound is one which is not produced by the union of any 
 two or more sounds. 
 
 A coynate sound is one related to another. 
 
 An aspirate found is a whispering or hissing sottnd, in which the breath 
 is chiefly exercised. A vocal sound is one which is produced more by the 
 pure, natural tone of the voice. 
 
 A substitute is a letter, or combination of letters, representing the 
 appropriate sound of another letter. 
 
 Spcllmy is the art of writing with the proper letters, or of reading by 
 naming letters singly. 
 
 By an obscure vowel sound we mean one in which the abSence of accent 
 makes the sound less exact. The second a in madman has an obscure 
 sound of short a. 
 
 A simple word is one that is not compounded ; as boy, book. 
 
 A compound word is one composed of two or more simple words ; as 
 salt-cellar, wood-shed. 
 
 A primitive word is one not derived front another, but constituting a 
 radical stock, from which others are derived ; as hope, grace} earth. 
 
 A derivative word is one formed from a primitive, with the addition of 
 some prefix or affix ; as hopeful, yrace'less, earth'en, dis-yrace'. 
 
 When a letter or a few letters of a word are used for the word itself 
 (as A', for north, Capt. for captain), we call it an abbreviation. Among the 
 most common abbreviations in use are, A. D. for anno domini, in the 
 year of our Lord ; A. M. for ante meridiem, before noon ; P. M. for post 
 meridiem, or after noon ; P. S. for postscript ; Mr. for Mister ; Mrs. for 
 Mistress ; MS. for manuscript ; MSS. for manuscripts ; obt. for obedient; 
 Rev. for reverend ; inst. for instant ; ult. for ultimo ; N. B. for nota 
 be'ne, mark well ; No. for number ; p. for page ; pp. for pages ; reed, 
 for received ; Col. for colonel ; <tc., for et cetera, and so forth. 
 
SARGENT'S 
 
 SMALLER STANDARD SPELLER. 
 
 PART I . 
 
 SHORT .WORDS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 *** See directions on the preceding page in regard to the 
 ir.eanin(j of italicized letters, fyc. 
 
 1. AM, an, as, at, ax, be, by, do, go, he, 
 if, in, is, it, lo, me, my, no, o/*, on, or, ox, 
 she, so, to, up, us, we, ye. 
 
 2. And, arm, art, are, ape, ask, all, bad, 
 bag, bar, bat, bed, beg, bet, bid, big, bit, 
 bog, boy, bud, bug, bun, but, cab, cap, can, 
 cat, car. 
 
 3. Con, cow, cry, cub, cup, cut, cur, den, 
 did, dig, dim, din, dip, dog, dot, dry, dug, 
 eat, egg, end, fan, far, fat, fed. 
 
 4. Fib, fig, fin, fit, fix, fly, fog, for, fox, 
 fry, fun, gag, gap, gas, gem, get, gig, gm, 
 got, gum, gun, had, ham, hat, hem, hen, her. 
 
8 ';$HORT WORDS. .y^- DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 ^jj^^r-Elmi: hJp/^Bi*, hod, hog, hop,' hot, 
 how, hug, hum, "hut', *ice, ink, its, jet, jib, 
 jig> Jg> jot, jug, jut, 
 
 6. Keg, kid, kin, kit, lad, lag, lap, leg, 
 let, lid, lip, log, lop, lot, lug, mad, man, 
 map, mat, may, met, mix, mob, mop, mud, 
 mug. 
 
 7. Nag, nap, net, nib, nip, not, nut, off, 
 one, our, out, pan, peg, pen, pig, pin, pit, 
 pod, pot, pry, pun, put. 
 
 8. Eag, ran, rat, red, rib, rob, rdfl, rub, 
 rum, rut, sad, sag, sap, saw, sat, sea, see, 
 set, ship, shy, sin, sit, sky, sly, sob, sot, 
 sum, sun, sup. 
 
 9. Tap, ten, the, thy, tin, too, top, try, 
 tub, two, vat, wag, was, wax, way, wen, wet, 
 who, wig, wiA, yes, yet, yon, you. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 / . o3y v?t 7?2<?. *f am m. *s&n &x van. 
 
 / 
 
 van we do a4 we ao ? 6at an eaa. 
 
 v // 
 
 trie dan ^t4,?l at t/t>e ov f fTe 4aw Slim 
 
 i d 
 
 cow. 
 
 i 
 ana 
 
DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 3. tS&ie trie men in trie rtfof c/ed ', Jr 
 
 can dee two men. /re can dee rnen } too. 
 
 // // / z < & ? / / 
 
 n to?" tne tat man. &&e nad a aoa 
 
 wit /i ni/tn. 
 
 A. ' Q$o not fout infc on 6ne 
 
 id on tne vug>. <=^Let tn trie 
 
 <7 
 
 %>e ftia. ^Tee trie aiq, in t/ie mud. 
 
 / 
 
 f ien can 
 
 5 . <_7ee t/ie it/v on t/ie d/itfe; out at 
 
 not /aq, do. ^wa^ ^/ tun to get tAe 
 
 / / / 
 
 nay f ^/Yo : not to^dau. 0Eud tAe vox on 
 
 / / , 
 
 t/ie mat. 
 
 . &&un to je-e t/ie /&& <Jne fiet faa id 
 
 d/iu ana d/u. too. <L/\^i6 t/ie fan. cw/i we go 
 / / / ' / 
 
 to t/ie tofo. ,*7e can dee tAe + ^#Ml of t/ie dun. 
 
 / / 
 
 */ ^77) / / / / 9 &M/d 
 
 / . ^.'10, d?ie ao rier dum f 77 e &an 
 
 not dau. tj^/ie id on tAe tee. <Jen men 4 at 
 
 & 
 
 in a van. *Jifi> ufe trie tu/v. <-stfo t/ie da/i, 
 
 Tj . /? ^^ /^ / / 
 
 un in tne vut. &(.oe nad a vad wen on 
 
 a^m. 
 
10 SHORT AND LONG VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 rie 
 
 JS? tan at trie mev witti tier mefi. 
 
 t'et trie vecl 4aa 40. /ut trie dcfi in t/ie 
 </ ' 
 
 Sicwi. &&MV out trie du-m. *^&te* tt&M tn, 
 
 / . tJwM fiat Siad mu>cl cwi it. r 9j(fi& 
 
 / 
 
 // /'/ T/ /_/ / y/ ' 
 
 trie jnt/n. i/ne fad &i t/ie tat* <<) 
 
 D // / W/fP/ // 
 
 e in st (7?i eid yea, c&w. sr no u*a~) in the 
 
 cot? ', 
 
 sT; .'zAOj ty, <=J:9. *yY&u f maAe a jwiaw a, 
 i, J, t, a, v, w, v, , v. 
 
 WORDS SHOWING THE SHORT AND LONG VOWEL 
 SOUNDS. 
 
 10. Bid, bide ; bit, bite ; cap, cape ; con, 
 cone ; din, dine ; dot, dote ; fat, fate ; fin, 
 fine ; hat, hate hid, hide ; hop, hope. 
 
 11. Mad, made ; mop, mope ; not, note ; 
 pan, pane ; pin, pine ; rat, rate ; rid, ride ; 
 rip, ripe ; rob, robe ; rod, rode ; win, wine. 
 
 * Pronounce ate like the letter r. Attention should be directed to the 
 irregular vowel Bounds in do and put. In //</, ytt, <fcc., let the true sound 
 of the short f, au in met, bo given. Some boys will say yit, yit, <tc. Heed 
 the aspirate in such words as whfrf., where, while, what, Ac. Some speaker! 
 will give these words the sound of wen. ;are, wile, Ac. 
 
SHORT AND LONG VOWEL SOUNDS. 11 
 
 12. Babe, bake, cake, came, face, fade, gale, 
 gave, gaze, lake, late, make, name, pa#, 
 race, ra</e, safe, same, take, wa</e. 
 
 13. Act, add, apt, ash, band, black, camp, 
 chat, clam, dash, fact, flag, land, lamp, lash, 
 pang, plan, plat, sand, scan. 
 
 14. Barn, card, char, charm, dark, farm, 
 garb, hard, hark, lark, harm, harp, march, 
 marsh, part, scar, scarf, shark, star. 
 
 15. Belt, bend, desk, fell, felt, flesh, held, 
 , help, lest, pelt, send, shed, sled, step, tell, 
 
 vest, vex, well, went, wept, west, zest. 
 
 16. Bring, brim, chin, chip, cling, dish, 
 fish, fist, fling, grim, limp, lint, milk, pick, 
 quit, rich, risk, silk, sing, six, thing. 
 
 17. Bind, blind, child, crime, drive, fire, 
 glide, hind, ire, life, mild, mind," price, quite, 
 shine, slide, smile, spire, twice, wild. 
 
 18. Chop, crop, drop, fond, frog, from, frost, 
 shop, trot. Bold, broke, fold, froze, gold, 
 old, post, scold, shore, smoke, stove. 
 
 19. Brush, crust, drum, duck, gulf, hunt. 
 Mute, duke, tune. Born, cork, corn, form, 
 horn, orb, scorch, short, thorn. 
 
 20. Couch, count, crouch, crowd, crown s 
 down, loud, now, proud, round. Boil, broil, 
 choice, coin, join, joy, moist, toil, voice. 
 
12 SHORT AND LONG VOWEL SOUNDS. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 10. Bid her bide and bite a bit. She has a cap and a cape. 
 They hide : he hid. I hope you can hop. We ate the fin of a 
 fine fish. 
 
 11. They made the man mad. We rode a rod. She did not 
 note the date. The rat ran at a fine rate. Rob her not of her 
 robe. A pine pin. 
 
 12. Bake a cake for the babe. They came late. Men wage 
 war. He gave his name. Is it safe on the lake in a gale ? Gaze 
 in her face. 
 
 13. The lash gave a pang. The camp had' a black flag. The 
 fact was apt. Eat the clam. Hand me the lamp. Let us chat 
 and plan. 
 
 14. I gave her a dark scarf. March on to the marsh. Do 
 not char the card. She has a scar on her arm. The farm has a ' 
 barn. Hark to the lark ! 
 
 15. The desk fell on the sled. We went to the well in the 
 shed. He has a red vest. She wept to see them pelt him. Send 
 me the belt. 
 
 16. Pick the lint. He put his fist to her chin. Bring the fish 
 on a dish. Do not fling the chip in the milk. Quit that. She 
 has a rich silk. 
 
 17. See the blind child smile. Is the spire on fire? The hind 
 ox ran. He is quite wild. See the star shine. May I slide? 
 This was twice the 'price of that. 
 
 18. They broke the old post. From the shop we went to the 
 shore. Drop the gold. The stove smokes. A crop of hay. 
 Scold not. She is cold with frost. 
 
 19. Brush off the crust. Hark! was that a drum? They 
 shot a duck in the gulf. Skim off the scum. The cow had a 
 short horn. Do not scorch your cap. Have you much such 
 corn? 
 
 20. Count the crowd. Take thy choice. He sat on the couch. 
 Stand up now. Do not crouch. She has a* loud voice. Join us 
 in our joy. Broil the fish. Much coin, much care. His hand 
 is moist. 
 
PART II. 
 
 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR LEADING VOWEL AND 
 CONSONANT SOUNDS, 
 
 VOWEL SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 
 I. The Sound of A in Far. 
 
 1. ARCH, are, barb, bard, bark, bargre, bath, 
 cart, carve, charj/e, chart, darn, dart, gape, 
 harsh, lard, lan/e, marl, mart. 
 
 2. Parch, park, parse, path, sharp, smart, 
 snarl, spar, spark, stanch, starch, start, starve, 
 tar, tart, yard, yarn. 
 
 3. Bar'ber, bar'ter, charmer, farmer, fa^Aer, 
 har'vest, lard'er, market, pars'nip, part'ner, 
 part'rid</e. 
 
 4. A-larin', ci-gar, de-part, dis-arm, un-bar, 
 em-bark, re-gard, re-mark, re-tard. 
 
 In laugh and draught, gh has the sound of f. The e, in 
 the first syllable of sergeant, and au, ea, and ua, in> the fol- 
 lowing words, have the sound of a in far. 
 
 5. Aunt, daunt, draught, flaunt, gaunt, 
 haunch, haunt, jaunt, laugh, launch, taunt, 
 vaunt. Heart, hearth. Guard. ** 
 
 2 
 
14 SHORT A, AS IN HAT. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. The barb of the dart was sharp. We sat in tho large 
 barge. Take a bath. We must not gape. Lard is fat. We 
 saw marl in our path. Let me carve. Stop the cart. 
 
 2. Parch the corn. The yarn is in a snarl. lie is a stanch 
 man. Mix the starch. This is thy path. The ship lost a spar. 
 Put out the spark. 
 
 3. My father saw the barber, and then went to market, and 
 got a partridge and a parsnip. His partner .is fond of barter. 
 A rich harvest. 
 
 4. Embark in the ship. Alarm the men. Drop that cigar. 
 Disarm him, and let him depart. Do not regard my remark. 
 Retard me not. 
 
 5. We went on a jaunt to see a launch. Laugh not at aunt. 
 To vaunt is to brag. The sergeant is on guard. My heart an?- 
 hearth are thine. 
 
 II. Short A, as in Hat. 
 
 1. Blank, bran, cash, catch, clad, cramp, 
 damp, drab, drank, gang, hath, have, latch, 
 mall, match, patch, quack. 
 
 2. Sash, scalp, scrap, shad, shall, shalt, 
 sham, snatch, splash, stamp, strap, thank, 
 thatch, thrash, tract. 
 
 3. As'pen, ballad, bar'rel, bran'dy, cabin, 
 can'dy, clamper,' gallop, ga^A'er, had'dock, 
 jack'et, javelin, la/A'er, matin. 
 
 4. Maxim, nap'kin, parish, par'rot, parent, 
 plan'et, rath'er, tas'sel. 
 
 5. A-bash', at-tach, at-tack, ca-nal, era-vat, 
 djs-patch, re-lax, ro-manee. 
 
LONG, A, AS IN FATE. 15 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. You will catch a cramp in the damp mall, clad as you are. 
 The quack met his match. The page is 'blank. The gang have 
 fled. Save the bran. 
 
 2. He hit me on the scalp. I thank you for the tract. She 
 had a red sash. Do not snatch the scrap of shad, Thrash the 
 rye. Pick up the strap. 
 
 3. Patch the old jacket. Eat of the haddock. Upset the 
 barrel of brandy. Sing the ballad. The nag will gallop. A 
 javelin is sharp. Lather his chin. Gather up the scraps. 
 
 4. I have a tassel for her cap. Catch the napkin. " Safe 
 bind, safe find," is rather a good maxim. We have an old 
 parrot in the parish. The hill was hard to clamber. He has a 
 patent. 
 
 5. Relax thy hold of my cravat. The canal is not wide. 
 Make dispatch. Attack no one. Quit the romance. 
 
 III. Long A, as in Fate. 
 
 1. A#e, ate, blaze, chafe, change, flake, 
 flame, grace, grape, la^Ae, nape, paste, scrape, 
 shame, skate, slate, spade, state, strange. 
 
 2. An'(/el, ba'by, backer, cam'bric, cham'ber, 
 cra'zy, dain/er, hatred, la'dy, la'zy, lately, 
 ma'ker, manner, na'ked, pa'per, ra'cer, sa'cred, 
 stran'-</er, wa'fer. 
 
 3. Ar-ran*/e', cas-cade, es-cape, for-sake, 
 gri-mace, in-hale, in-sane, pa-rade. 
 
 Words in which, ai, ea, and au, have the sownd of long a. 
 
 4. Aid, brain, chain, faith, flail, jail, maid, 
 paid, quail, raise, sprain, twain. 
 
1C LONG A, AS IN FATE. 
 
 5. Chil'blain, daily, dai'ry, dai'sy, rai'ment, 
 rain'y, sail'or, trai'tor. 
 
 6. Ac-quaint', a-fraid, be-wail, de-claim, 
 ex-claim, ex-plain, main-tain, ob-tain. 
 
 7. Bretik, great, steak. Gaw/e. 
 
 Words i7i which ay has tJie sound of lone/ a. 
 
 8. Bay, bray, clay, day, gay, gray, pay, 
 play, pray, say, stay, stray, tray, way. 
 
 9. Gay'ly, lay'man, may 'or, way 'ward. 
 
 10. Af-fray', de-lay, way-lay. Gray'e-ty. 
 
 Words* in which ei, eig, and eigh, have this sound. 
 
 11. Deign, eight, eighth, freight, neigh, 
 reign, skein, sleigh, weigh, weight. Hei'nous, 
 neigh'bor, weight'y. In-veigh'. 
 
 Words in which ey has this sound. 
 
 12. Prey, they, whey. Con-vey, o-bey. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. He ate a grape. Is it strange that she can skate? Chafe 
 the nape of his neck. Scrape off the paste. My father has a 
 lathe. I have a spade. A flake fell. The hut is in a blaze. He 
 broke his slate. 
 
 2. The angel baby has left us. The lady is in her chamber. 
 She has a cambric robe. Stranger is a sacred name. The lazy 
 dog is in the manger. Our baker has a racer. Pen, paper, and 
 wafer. 
 
 3. The cascade falls. He made his escape. Arrange her dress. 
 
 * For other words of this class, see " Words Sounded Alike." 
 
SOUND OF A IN FALL. 17 
 
 Inhale the soft air. Shun all parade. She made a grimace. 
 Forsake her not. Is she crazy ? 
 
 4. Has the maid paid for the chain ? Raise the flail. He fell, 
 and got a sprain, and broke his cane in twain. They put the 
 man in jail. He shot a quail. 
 
 5. I go daily to the dairy. My raiment is new. Give this 
 daisy to the sailor. The traitor ran. 
 
 6. Explain why you are afraid to declaim. Disdain a lie. I 
 bewail my loss. Maintain a good name. Acquaint me with it. 
 
 7. We ate a great steak. Break the ice. Gauge the wine in 
 the cask. You exclaim in vain. 
 
 8. May she play to-day? Stray not far away. She let the 
 tray fall. Payms you go. Pray to thy Maker. We can see three 
 ships in the bay. A gray horse. 
 
 9. 10. Gayly she sang. Delay thy gayety. The mayor is 
 wayward. He was hurt in an affray. Waylay the boy. 
 
 11, 12. Deign to hold this skein. What is the weight of the 
 sleigh? More than eighty pounds. The nags neigh. My neigh- 
 bor has them. The crime is heinous. Inveigh not now. Obey 
 me. We shot a bird of prey. Wine whey. 
 
 IV. The Sound of A in Fall. 
 
 1. All, bald, call, false, gall, hall, halt, 
 malt, salt, small, thrall, wall, want. 
 
 2. Dwarf, quart, sward, war, ward, warm, 
 warmth, warn, wart, wharf. 
 
 3. AFinost, al'so, al'ter, al'ways, cal'dron, 
 faFter, haFter, pal'sy, wa'ter. 
 
 4. Quarter, swar7Ay, war'ble, ward'robe, 
 war'deii, war'fare, warrant. 
 
 5. Be-falF, ex-alt, with-al. Re-ward, 
 
 6. AFder-man, al'ma-nac, fal'si-fy. 
 
 o* 
 
18 SOUND OF A IN FALL. 
 
 The \ in the following words is not sounded. 
 
 7. Calk, chalk, stalk, talk, walk. Fal'con. 
 
 Words in which au, augh, have the sound of a in fall. 
 
 8. Cause, daub, fault, fraud, gauze, haul, 
 pause, sauce, vault. Au'gust, au'thor, auc'tion, 
 pau'per, sau'cer, sau'cy, saus'a^/e. Ap-plaud',. 
 be-cause, ex-haust. 
 
 9. Aught, caught, fraught, naught, taught. 
 Daughter, haugh'ty, naugh'ty, slavjgh'ter. 
 
 Words in which aw has the sound of a in fall. 
 
 10. Awl, crawl, dawn, draw, hawk, law, 
 raw, saw, scrawl, shawl, straw. Awk'ward, 
 draw'er, haw'thorn, law'yer, taw'dry. 
 
 In which o, oa, and ough, have the sound of a in fall. 
 
 11. Born, fork, gon/e, horse, lord, morn, 
 north, scorn, storm, short, torch, gone. 
 
 12. Bor'der, dis'cord, forin'er, mor'tal. 
 
 13. Ab-hor', a-dorn, en-dorse, trans-form, 
 ex-hort, for-lorn, per-forrn, re-morse. 
 
 14. Broad. Bought, brought, cough,* fought, 
 ought, sought, thought, trough.* 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 1. All I want is malt and salt. Halt in the hall. They hold 
 him in thrall. Shun the false boy. Gall is bitter. 
 
 * Gh has here, and in some other words, the sound of /. 
 
LONG A, AS IN CARE. 19 
 
 2. A bald dwarf sat on the sward. Give me a quart of warm 
 water. I saw a ship at the wharf. 
 
 3. She almost fell with the caldron. A halter for those that 
 falter ! Alter thy tone. He shakes with palsy. 
 
 4. In warfare we give no quarter. Birds warble. The war- 
 den ran with the warrant. See my wardrobe. 
 
 5. 6. The alderman got his reward. Hand me the almanac. 
 Exalt the low. Falsify not. 
 
 7. Walk and talk. Calk the ship. Mark it with chalk. The 
 falcon flew. Hate all fraud. Daub not thy hand with the sauce. 
 
 8. Gauze is thin. The auction takes place in August. They 
 will exhaust the pump. The author was saucy. Take the saus- 
 age out of the saucer. Applaud the good. 
 
 9. My daughter caught a cold. Is she haughty, or naughty? 
 No. She is well taught. ,,. Thy path is fraught with danger. A 
 sad slaughter took place. 
 
 10. Take off her shawl. This awl is sharp. The dawn breaks. 
 Burn the straw. Shut the drawer. The lawyer made this awk- 
 ward scrawl. It is bad manners to yawn. 
 
 11. 12. The storm was short. My torch has gone out. The 
 horse can trot. The north star glitters. The fork is sharp. 
 Discord reigns on the border. When were you born ? 
 
 13, 14. Abhor "a lie. She has a bad cough. The horse drinks 
 from the trough. She is all forlorn. You ought to exhort him 
 to do better. Your belt is too broad. He will endorse the note. 
 May good thoughts be with you ! 
 
 V. The Sound of Long A, as in Care. 
 
 1. Bare, dare, fare, rare, scarce, scare, 
 share, snare, spare, square. Par'ent. 
 
 2. Be-ware', corn-pare, de-clare, pre-pare. 
 
 Words in which ai and ay have the sound of a in care. 
 
 3. Air, chair, fair, hair, lair, pair, stair. 
 
20 SOUND OF A, AS IN ASK. 
 
 Fair'y, gair'ish. Af-fair', de-spair, im-pair, 
 re-pair. Pray'er. 
 
 Words in which e and ea have the sound of a in care. 
 
 4. There, where. Where'fore. Bear, pear, 
 swear, tear, wear. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Spare me your share. My parent gave me a rare and scarce 
 plant in a square box. The glare of the sun. Pay your fare. 
 
 2. Beware the snare. Prepare to go. Declare your hope. 
 Compare it with mine. 
 
 3. 4. She sits in a chair. The air lifts her fair hair there. 
 Do not despair. The gairish day. The lion's lair. A sad affair. 
 A long prayer. 
 
 VI. The Sound of A, as in Ask. 
 
 This sound is intermediate to a in far and a in fat. 
 
 1. Bask, blast, branch, cask, cast, chance, 
 chant, clasp, dance, fast, glance, glass, grant, 
 grass, lance, mast, pass, quaff, task. 
 
 2. Cas'ket, plas'ter, rafter, slan'der. 
 
 3. Ad-vance', re-past. Ex-am'ple. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1.. Bask in the sun. The branch fell on the grass in the blast. 
 Glance at the glass. Let us pass. I can clasp the cask. 
 
 2, 3. The rafter fell on the casket. Shun slander. Our repast 
 was of molasses. A bad example. 
 
LONG E, AS IN BE. 21 
 
 * 
 
 VII. The Sound of Long E, as in Be. 
 
 1. Mere, theme, these. De'eent, de'mon, 
 fre'quent, legend, le'ver, pre'cept, se'cret. 
 
 2. Ad-here', coin-plete, ex-treme, pre-cede, 
 re-vere, se-crete, sin-cere, su-preme. 
 
 Words in which ea has the sound of long e. 
 
 3. Bead, beard, bleak, brea/Ae, cease, cheap, 
 cleat, cream, crease, deal, dream, each, ear, 
 fear, heat, leap, leave, meal. 
 
 4. Peach, please, preach, read, ream, seat, 
 scream, shears, speak, stream, team, teach, 
 wheat, yea (also pronounced yu}, zeal. 
 
 5. Bea'con, deacon, ea'ger, greasy, mea'ger, 
 rea'son, wea'ry. Ap-pear', be-nea/A, con-ceal, 
 de-cease, dis-ease, re-peat. 
 
 Words in which ee has the sound of long e. 
 
 6. -Beef, bleed, breeze, cheek, cheese, feel, 
 green, keep, meek, queer, screech, sheep, sleek, 
 sleet, sleeve, sneeze, speech, teeth. 
 
 7. Fee'ble, greed'y? need'y> nee'dle, pee'vish. 
 A-gree', es-teem, ex-ceed, in-deed, pro-ceed. 
 
 Words in which ei has the sound of lony e. 
 
 As a general rule, the* sound of s takes ei after it rather 
 than ie ; as seize, ceiling ; but siege is an exception. 
 
 8. Seize. CeiFing, ei7Aer, lei/ure, nei'ther. 
 Con-ceit', per-ceive. In-vei'gle, o-bei'sance. 
 
22 LONG E, AS IN BE. 
 
 Words in which ie a?J eo Aat> /Ae sound of limy e. 
 
 9. Brief, chief, field, fiend, fierce, grief, 
 niece, piece, pierce, priest, shield, shriek, 
 thief, wield, yield. 
 
 10. Prui'rie, se'ries. Peo'ple. 
 
 11. Be-lief', cash-ier, front-ier, re-lief. 
 
 Words in which i has the soiuid of long e. 
 
 12. Ca-price', nia-rine, po-lice, pe-lisse, 
 ra-yine, va-lise. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES 
 
 1, 2. He rose by mere luck. Complete the legend. Lift the 
 lever. Adhere to my precept. Be sincere. Precede us. Dogs 
 secrete bones. Storms are frequent. 
 
 3, 4. Please speak. Preach and teach. A bleak spot. I 
 made a cheap meal of a peach with cream. Do not crease the 
 paper. We cut with shears. String the bead. Nail on a cleat. 
 Deal fairly. 
 
 5. The sailor was eager to see the beacon. A meager meal for 
 weary men. Let your reason appear. His disease was severe up 
 to the time of his decease. Beneath me all is dark. * 
 
 6, 7. Meek and sleek is the sheep. I feel the breeze and the 
 sleet on my cheek. The greedy boy ate cheese and beef. He 
 made a queer speech. Indeed she is not peevish. 
 
 8, 9. Seize a time of leisure. Neither deceive nor inveigle. 
 Make your obeisance to my niece. Her grief was brief. The 
 thief was fierce as a fiend, but was made to yield. 
 
 10 12. I saw a prairie on fire. Relieve needy people. The 
 police caught the cashier on the frontier. The ravine is deep. 
 A series of marine disasters. Put the pelisse in the valise. 
 
SHORT B, AS IN MET. 23 
 
 VIII. The Sound of Short E, as in Met. 
 
 1. Bless, check, dwell, ed</e, else, fence, 
 fresh, next, quell, self, sense, sketch, spell, 
 stretch, /Aence, twelve, when. 
 
 2. Bel'fry, er'rant, fet'id, fetlock, hel'met, 
 ket'tle, mer'ry, sec'ond, ver'y. 
 
 o. As-cend', at-tempt, corn-mence, con-fess, 
 de-tect, ex-eel, ex-cept, ex-pel, ex-pense, 
 ga-zette, im-mense, pos-sess, pro-tect, re-quest, 
 re-sent, re-spect, re-vem/e, trans-gress. 
 
 4. In-ter-cept', rec-ol-lect, rep-re-sent. 
 
 Words in which a, ai, and ay, have, the sound of short e. 
 I 
 
 5. A'ny, ma'ny. Said, say s. 
 
 Words in wJdch ea has the sound of short e. 
 
 6. Bread, breadth, breast, breath, cleanse, 
 dead, deaf, dealt, death, head, health, meant, 
 read, spread, sweat, thread, wealth. 
 
 7. Break'fast, cleanly, feath'er, mea/ure, 
 heav'en, heav'y, lea/A'er, leav'en, mead'ow, 
 peas'ant, pleas'ant, read'y? stead'y? threaten, 
 trea/ure, weap'on, wea/,Ver, zeafous. 
 
 8. In-stead r . Al-read'y, en-deav'or. 
 Words in which ei a?id ie have the sound of short e. 
 
 9. Heifer. Friend. Friendly, friendship. 
 Words in which eo, u, and ue, have this sound. 
 
 10. Jeop'ard, leop'ard. Bur'y- Guess, guest. 
 
24 SOUND OF E, AS IN HER. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. She can spell very well. Next he went thence to the fence. 
 Twelve men dwell on the edge of that hill. No one else is there. 
 Check your speed. Quell the storm. Bless her ! 
 
 2. In a second I will do thy errand. Clip the fetlock of the 
 horse. A helmet is for the head. Put the kettle on the fire. 
 
 3. Attempt to ascend. I possess all the papers except* the 
 Gazette. Confess the expense is immense. Request him to pro- 
 tect, but not revenge. Try to excel. Commence now. Trans- 
 gress not my law. 
 
 4,5. Recollect to represent me well. Intercept the thief again. 
 He ran against me. What said ho? Many fell there. 
 
 G. They dealt gently with her. What is the breadth of the 
 beam? Are you deaf? My health is better. We read a page. 
 Thread the needle. Cleanse your breath. He meant well. 
 
 7,8. The weather was pleasant, and the zealous peasant spreud 
 a cleanly breakfast. Leaven the bread. By steady endeavor we 
 win the treasure. Measure the meadow. Give me a feather 
 instead of this heavy leather. Already he threatens me with a 
 weapon. 
 
 9, 10. The small heifer ran to meet my friend. Guess who is 
 my guest. Bury thy grief. He was in jeopardy from a leopard. 
 
 IX. The Sound of E, as in Her. 
 
 1. Clerk, err, fern, jerk, merye, nerve, 
 perch, serve, stern, swerve, term, verse, were. 
 
 2. Ad'verse, cav'ern, cis'tern, com'meree, 
 clergy, her'mit, mer'chant, mer'cy, mod'ern, 
 nor/A'ern, perfect, per'son, prov'erb, slat'tern, 
 sterling, /Aere'fore. 
 
 3. A-lert', a-verse, con-cern, con-verse, 
 de-fer, de-serve, ex-pert, pre-fer, pre-serte, 
 re- verse, sub-vert, su-perb. 
 
SOUND OF E, AS IN HER. 25 
 
 Words in which ea has this sound. 
 
 4. Dearth, earl, earn, earth, heard, learn,, 
 pearl, search. Early, ear'nest. Re-hearse. 
 
 Words in which i has this sanidd. 
 
 5. Birch, dirk, dirt, firm, first, mirth, shirt, 
 sir, stir, third, thirst, twirl. 
 
 6. Circle, fir'kin, stir'rup, virgin. 
 
 Words in which o and ou have this sou?id. 
 
 7. Word, work, world, worm, worse, worth. 
 Wor'ship. Jour'nal, jour'ney, sojourn. Scoun/e. 
 At-tor'ney. Court'e-sy. 
 
 Words in which u and y have this sound. 
 
 8. Burn, burst, church, churn, curb, curl, 
 curse, curve, durst, hurt, nurse, purr, pun/e, 
 purse, spurn, turn. Myrrh. 
 
 9. Bur'den, burglar, fur'nish, mur'mur, 
 fur7Aer, mur'der, pur'pose, Thur^'day, turn'key, 
 tur'nip. Mar'tyr, myr'tle. 
 
 10. Ab-surd', con-cur, de-mur, dis-turb, 
 oc-cur, re-turn, un-furl, u-5urp. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 1, 2. Did the clerk err? Fern is sweet. They were on the 
 stern of the ship. Who ever saw a perfect person? 1 see a 
 sterling modern merchant in commerce in a northern state. 
 Shun the slattern. Is she therefore bad? The eistera is dry. 
 An adverse wind. 
 
 3 
 
26 SHORT I, AS IN FIT. 
 
 3. Be on the alert to converse. Do not desert our concern. 
 A superb horse. Reserve the fragments. 
 
 4. Learn early to be in earnest. Rehearse your part. Dearth 
 prevails. "We search for pearls. I heard the earl speak. 
 
 5. 6. The first had a dirk, the third a shirt. Stand firm. 
 Water ! for I am thirsty. He rose in the stirrup. Draw a cir- 
 cle. A firkin of butter. 
 
 7. Spare the worm. Work well. The attorney is not the 
 worst in the world. His worship wields a scourge. Sojourn here 
 after your journey. 
 
 8. Bless, and curse not. They burst into the church to burn, 
 but durst not do any hurt. Spurn the purse. Myrrh is bitter. 
 
 9. The further fmrpose of the burglar was to murder the turn- 
 key on Thursday. The martyr sang. 1 sat beneath a myrtle 
 tree. 
 
 10. I demur to your absurd plan. Unfurl the sail. You die-' 
 turb my brain. Sir, return me my turnip. 
 
 X. The Sound of Short I, as in Fit. 
 
 1. Bill, bridge, chill, cliff, crib, crhu/e, 
 didst, ditch, fifth, midst, milch, niche, quick, 
 quill, quince, rinse, since, swift, wick, width, 
 wind, with, withe, witch. 
 
 2. Bish'op, blis'ter, dis'trict, injure, in'sect, 
 lirn'it, livelong, mir'ror, pip'pin, sir'up, spir'it, 
 pitch'er, splin'ter, thith'er, vine'yard, viv'id, 
 wit'ness. 
 
 3. Ad-mit', af-flict, con-vince, dis-miss, 
 dis-tinct, e-clipse, e-quip, for-give, in-sist, 
 o-mit, pre-dict, sub-mit. 
 
 4. Chas'tise-ment, dif'fi-eult, in'-dus-try, 
 in'-tel-lect, niil'-li-ner, minls-ter, priv'i-le^e. 
 
SHORT I, AS IN FIT. 27 
 
 5. Con-sid'er, de-liv'er, in-sip'id. 
 
 Words in which ai and ia have this sound. 
 
 6. Captain, certain, chaplain, chieftain, 
 curtain, fountain, mountain, plant'ain, viriain. 
 Car'riaf/e, mar'riat/e. 
 
 In which e, ee, ei, ie, and o, &zz;e this sound. 
 
 7. Been. Sieve. England, pret'ty. Breech'es. 
 For'feit, sur'feit. Ker'ehief, mis'chief. Wom'en. 
 
 In which u, ui, and y, have this sound. 
 
 8. Build, guilt. Bis'cuit, cir'cuit, con'duit, 
 guin'ea. Bus'y, min'ute. Crystal, syntax, 
 syr'in^e, system. Sylla-ble. Sym r pa-thy. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. Bridge the ditch. Didst thou milk the milch cow? Binse 
 the cup. Cringe not. Put the crib in the niche in the \\all. 
 The candle has a short wick. They beat the witch with withes.* 
 
 2. Do not injure the insect. Put the pippin in the pitcher 
 with sirup. We sat in the vineyard the livelong day. Lead us 
 thither. Hang up the mirror. Take out the splinter. 
 
 3 5. Admit the bearer. Forgive and dismiss them. We saw 
 an eclipse of the sun. The minister is difficult to convince. 
 Consider the industry of the milliner. I insist on my privilege. 
 The tea is insipid. 
 
 6. The captain was certain he saw the villain by the fountain, 
 near the mountain, in a carriage with the chaplain and the chief- 
 tain. Deliver him up for chastisement. Draw the curtain. The 
 marriage will take place next winter. 
 
 * Heed the distinction, in with and withe, between vocal and aspirate 
 th. In with, th has the sound it has in thy j in withe, the sound it has in 
 Ifcufc 
 
28 THE SOUND OF LONG I, AS IN FINE. 
 
 7. Shake the sieve. We have been to England. I shall forfeit 
 my pretty kerchief. Henry did the mischief. 
 
 8. This minute I am busy. They built a conduit. The syringe 
 cost a guinea. Eat the biscuit. Tell me what is a syllable. 
 
 XI, The Sound of Long I, as in Fine. 
 
 1. Bli^Ae, chide, dire, fife, #ibe, mire, prize, 
 rind, scribe, smite, squire, stride, thine, thrice, 
 ti/Ae, whilst, whine, 
 
 2. Ci'der, di'et, dri'ver, ex'ile, fi'nlte, lilac, 
 hind'inost, like'wise, mi'ser, pli'ant, ri'ot, ri'val, 
 sti'pend, vi'ands, vi'tal. 
 
 3. Ac-quire 7 , ad-mire, ad-vise, bap-tize, 
 corn-bine, con-triye, de-cide, de-scribe, o-b%e, 
 per-spire, re-vive, sub-lime, sub-scribe. 
 
 4. An'thra-cite, croc'o-dile, rec'on-cile 
 
 5. Au'thor-ize, civll-ize, re^l-ize, rec'og- 
 nize, sig'nal-ize, tan'ta-lize. 
 
 6. Ad'ver-tise, com^ro-mise, en'ter-prise, 
 ex'er-cioC, mer'chan-dise. 
 
 7. Ad-mi/er, al-l^ance, ar-riVal, de-ni'al, 
 com-pli'ance, ho-r^zon, in-qu^ry, re-ci'tal, 
 re-qui'tal. 
 
 Words in which gh is unsounded. 
 
 8. Blight, bright, fight, flight, fright, high, 
 light, might, nigh, night, plight, right, sigh, 
 thigh, tight, wight. 
 
THE SOUND OF LONG I, AS IN FINK. 29 
 
 Words in which ei and ie have this sound. 
 9. Cries, dries, fie, lie, pie, tie, tries, vie. 
 Hei</At, sleight. Ei'der. 
 
 Words in which y has the sound of lon'j i. 
 
 . 10. Cry, fly, scyMe, shy, sky, sly, spry, 
 sty, style, type. Dy'er, cy 'press, ty'rant 
 Al-ly', a-wry, re-ly. 
 
 Words in which ui, uy, ye, and eye, have this sound. 
 
 11. Guide, guile, guise. Buy. Eye. Rye. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1, 2. The prize is thine. A tithe is a tenth. A gibe is a taunt. 
 The squire fell in the mire. The rind of a peach. Taste th 
 viandn. The miser was hindmost in the riot. The driver drank 
 cidar- My sister has a lilac dress. 
 
 3, 4. Contrive to oblige all. I advise you to decide to sub- 
 scribe. We admire the sublime. We burn ' anthracite coal. 
 Reconcile the friends. Describe your accident. 
 
 5,0. Civilize the savage. We realize our loss. Did she recog- 
 nize him ? Advertise your enterprise and merchandise. Exercise 
 much. 
 
 7,8. The horizon i.3 bright. On the arrival of your admirer 
 the recital took place. After the fight, the enemy, in affright, 
 took to flight, by night, in a sad plight. Sit nigh me. 
 
 9 11. lie tries, by sleight of hand, to deceive you. They 
 shot an eider duck in the eye. Guide me to the height. Buy my 
 bag of rye. Rely not on the ally of a tyrant. The scythe is 
 sharp. You brush your hair awry. lie lay on the srow. Do 
 not lie there. Lay down the razor. I laid it down a moment 
 since.* 
 
 * To TEACHERS. Teachers can not too early insist upon correct, gran> 
 matieal English from their pupils. No word is so often misused, even by 
 
 3* 
 
30 THE SOUND OP LONG 0, AS IN GO. 
 
 XII The Sound of Long 0, as in Go. 
 
 1. Bolt, bone, borne, both, clo^Ae, dolt, 
 dose, doze, droll, force, ford, fon/e, fort, forth, 
 globe, loth, most, porch, prose, quote,, scroll, 
 
 shorn, sloth, stone, stroll, SWOrd (pronounced sord), 
 
 torn, throne, whole, yolk, zone. 
 
 2. Bro'ker, bol'ster, cro'ny, do'tard, fro'ward, 
 glo'ry, gro'cer, lo'cust, only, pro'file, solely, 
 sto'ny, to'ward,* vo'ter. 
 
 3. A-lone', be-fore, con-sole, post-pone, 
 de-plore, ex-plore, ex-port, m-voke, pa-trol, 
 sup-pose. 
 
 Words in which oa has the sound of long o. 
 
 4. Boast, boat, cloak, coach, coast, float, 
 goad, hoard, hoarse, loaf, loa^Ae, oats, road, 
 soak, soap, throat, toad, toast. 
 
 Words in which eo and oe have the sound of long o. 
 
 5. Doe, foe, hoe, roe, throe, toe, woe. 
 Yeo'man. 
 
 persons claiming to be educated, as the preterit lay. We daily hear per- 
 sons saying, "I arn going to lay (lie) down ;" and, "He laid (lay) down 
 on the bench," &c. Remember that lay is a transitive verb, and has for 
 its preterit laid, as, " He told me to lay it down, and I laid it down." 
 Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay, as, "He told me to lie 
 down, and I lay down." 
 
 * When toward is a preposition the w is unsounded, and the word rhymes 
 nearly with board. 
 
THE SOUND OF LONG 0, AS IN GO. 31 
 
 Words in which oo and ou have the sound of long o. 
 
 6. Bourn, course, court, four, gourd, soul, 
 mould, moult, mourn, pour, source. Poultice, 
 shoul'der, smoul'der. Door, floor. 
 
 Words in which ew, oo, and ow, have this sound. 
 
 7. Blow, bowl, flow, growth, low, mow, 
 own, row, show, slow, snow, throw, trow. 
 El'bow, wiii'now. Sew, strew. Brooch. 
 
 h 
 
 Give to unaccented ow, in the following group of words, the 
 distinct sound of long o. 
 
 8. Ar'row, bellow, billow, bor'row, fellow, 
 follow, hallow, hollow, mellow, nar'row, 
 pillow, shad'ow, sor'row, tallow, wid'ow, 
 will<5w, yellow. 
 
 In dough and though, ough has the sou~:d of long o. In. 
 leau, bureau, and other French words, eau has the sound. 
 
 Words ending with long o. 
 
 9. Bra'vo, car'go, grot'to, he'ro, mot'to, 
 ne'gro, quar'to, sa'go. Buf'fa-lo, call-co. 
 Mo-roc'co, mu-lat'to, to-bac x co, vol-ca x no. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1, 2. She sat bolt upright. The whole scroll was torn. He 
 was loth to take up the sword. They built a stone fort. Take 
 the dose after a doze. The grocer was the only voter. The 
 broker has a crony. 
 
32 THE SOUND OF 0, AS IN NOT. 
 
 3,4. The coach ran over a toad on the road by the coast. My 
 throat is hoarse. The yeoman hit his toe with a hoe. 
 
 6, 7. The growth of the gourd is not slow. Strew snow on 
 the floor. I own a brooch. Sew my sleeve. The bread in the 
 bowl is mouldy. A poultice for my elbow and shoulder. The 
 bird moults. Row the boat. 
 
 8, 0. The yellow twigs of the willow. The widow has known 
 sorrow. The dough is soft. Though a bravo, he is no hero. A 
 mellow potato. A calico dress. A cargo of tobacco. A bureau 
 dravrer. The beau hid in the grotto. 
 
 XIII. The Sound of 0, as in Not. 
 
 1. Block, bronze, clock, doll, dross, flock, 
 froth, lod</e, loll, moss, moth, odd, prong, 
 romp, shock, solve, throng, tongs. 
 
 2. Bon'fire, bon'net, cob'bler, cob'web, coffee, 
 college, com'bat, com'rade, congress, forehead, 
 for'est, gos'pel, lob'ster, mod'est, progress, 
 object, on'ward, pock'et, prop'er, pros'pect, 
 rob'ber, sol'dor, yon'der. 
 
 3. Ac-cost 7 , a-cross, be-yond, be-troth, 
 e-volvc, ex-tol, in-volve, re-spond. 
 
 Words in which a has the sound of o'in not. 
 
 4. Quash, squab, squad, squash, squat, 
 swab, swamp, swan, swap, swath, wad, wan, 
 wand, was", wast, wash, wasp, watch, what, 
 yacht (pronounced yofy. 
 
 5. Quar'rel, quar'ry, squad'ron, squan'der, 
 squalid, swallow, wallet, wallow, wal'rus, 
 ^van'der, war 'rant. 
 
THE SOUND OF 00, AS IN BOOK. 33 
 
 6. Hail-but, quad'ru-ped, quan'ti-ty. 
 
 In knowledge, ow has the sound of short o. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. A block fell on the bronze clock. The romp lolls. An odd 
 shock. The fork has three prongs. The moth flies to the dry 
 moss. The dross of gold is worthless. Solve the sum. 
 
 2. The comrade of the cobbler made a bonfire yonder in the 
 forest. A cobweb is on your forehead. Congress has made little 
 progress. The robbers had a combat for a lobster. Solder the 
 tin box. Trim the bonnet. 
 
 3,4. The swan swam across the lake. Did you respond? 
 Watch the swift yacht. I want a wad for my gun.- The squash 
 grew in a swamp. A squab is a young pigeon. 
 
 5, 6. The walrus wallows near the squadron. I warrant the 
 wallet strong. He got his knowledge at college. Swallow the 
 draught.* We caught a halibut. Never quarrel. Squander 
 not your means. 
 
 XIV. The Sound of CO, as in Book. 
 
 1. Book, brook, cook, crook, foot, good, 
 hood, hook, look, shook, stood, took, wood, 
 wool. Wool'en, woolly. 
 
 Words in which u, o, and oul, have the sound. 
 
 2. Bull, bush, full, pull, push, puss, put. 
 Wolf, could, should, would. Am'bush, bullet, 
 bullion, bull'ock, bully, bul'rush, bul'wark, 
 bush'el, butch'er, cuck'oo, cushion, pud'ding, 
 pull'et, pull'ey, pul'pit, wom'an. Bull'e-tin. 
 
 * See page 13. The gh in draught has the sound of/. 
 
34 THE SOUND OF 00, AS IX COOL. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1. The cook stood by the brook with a good hook, a crook of 
 wood, a book, and a woolen hood, which lie took and shook 
 Look at this woolly plant. 
 
 2. Pull puss out of the bush. Put the bull out of the way of 
 the wolf. I WT>uld if I could ; if I could not, how should I? 
 The pullet laid an egg. A bushel of apples fur puddings. 
 The butcher lay in ambush to shoot the wild bullock with a 
 bullet. The woman sits on the cushion. Read the bulletin. 
 What is bullion ? The cuckoo lights on the bulrush. 
 
 XV. The Sound of 00, as in Cool. 
 
 1. Bloom, boot, broom, choose, droop, food, 
 gloom, goose, groove, loose, moon, noose, poor, 
 proof, roost, sloop, soon, soo^Ae, spoon, tooth. 
 
 Words iji which o, oe, and ou, have this sound. 
 
 The w in two, who, whom, whose, &c., and the yh iq 
 through, are unsounded. The i in rou-tine' has the sound of 
 long e, as in me. 
 
 2. Do, lose, move, prove, two, who, whom, 
 whose. A-do', ap-prove, im-prove, re-move, 
 re-prove. Bo'som, los'er. Croup, group, 
 route, throu<//i, tour, wound, you, youth. 
 Con- tour', sur-tout, un-couth. Rou-tine'. 
 Shoe. Ca-noe'. 
 
 Words in which ew, eu, and ieu, have this sound. 
 
 3. Brew, clew, crew, drew, flew, shrew, 
 shrewd. Pleu'ri-sy, rAeu'ma-tism. Lieu. 
 
THE BOUND OF U, AS IN TUB. 35 
 
 Viords in which ue and ui have this sound. 
 
 4. Blue, clue, glue, flue, rue, true. Fruit, 
 braise, cruise, sluice. Construe. Ac-crue'. 
 Re-crait'. 
 
 Words in which u has the sound of oo in cool. 
 
 5. Brute, cruse, prune, rude, rule, spruce, 
 truce, truth. Fluke, flume, flute, plume, 
 Cru'el, pru'dent, ru'by, ru'mor, ru'ral, ruthless, 
 scru'ple, tru'ant. Fluid, lu'nar. Cru-sade', 
 pe-ruse. In-clude', sa-lute, se-clude 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1, 2. Hens roost. Choose a broom. He caught a goose with 
 a noose. The wheel runs in a groove. You will lose your loose 
 shoe. Our route lay through swamps. The youth received a 
 wound. He made the tour of Europe. The routine of his life 
 is dull. The canoe was upset. 
 
 3, 4. The crew will clew up the sails. He went on a long 
 cruise. We have no clue to his fate. In lieu of pleurisy, he had 
 rheumatism. Do not bruise the fruit. Recruit your strength. 
 
 5. Prune the tree. The cruse is filled with a fluid. The rude 
 truant was cruel to a poor brute. What is a fluke ?, Speak tho 
 truth. Salute the lady. Peruse the book. 
 
 XVI. The Sonnd of Short U, as in Tub. 
 
 1. Blunt, bulb, bunch, club, dunce, jud</e, 
 jump, null, plump, plum/e, pulp, pulse, punch ^ 
 shrub, skulk, snuff, struck, suds, trunk. 
 
 2. Blun'der, crup'per, cudgel, dumpling, 
 
36 THE SOUND OF U, AS IN TUB. 
 
 fulsome, gun Vale, luncheon, mus'ket, put'ty, 
 plun'der, scutcheon, stubborn, sun'dry, tur'ret, 
 sum'mons, ush'er, ut'most. 
 
 3. An-nul', con-struct, con-suit, cor-rupt, 
 dis-cuss, ex-pun</e, in-dul(/e, in-stract, re-suit, 
 re-pulse, ro-bust, ro-tund. 
 
 4. Blun'der-buss, dif'fi-cult. In-ter-rupt'. 
 
 Words in ivhich o has the sound of u in tub. 
 
 In one, once, the sound of w precedes the sound of o. In 
 tonyue, ue is unsounded. 
 
 5. Come, done, dost, doth, dove, front, 
 glove, love, monk, month, none, once, one, 
 shove, spom/c, son, tongue, won, wont. 
 
 6. Broker, col'or, com'fort, doz'en, gov'ern, 
 hon'ey, Mon'day, moi^ey, monkey, moth'er, 
 nothing, onion, oth x er, plov'er, pom'mel, 
 shov'el, sloVen, thorough, won'der, wor'ry. 
 
 7. A-bove', af-front, a-mong, a-mongst. 
 
 8. Cofan-der, com'pa-ny, con x jur-er, con'sta- 
 ble, cov'e-nant, som'er-set. 
 
 Words in which oe, oo, and ou, have this sound. 
 
 9. Does. Blood, flood. Touch, young. 
 Country, couple, couplet, course, cousin, 
 doublet, flourish, nourish, sou^'efn, trouble. 
 Doub-loon 7 . 
 
THE SOUND OF U, AS IN MUTE. 37 
 
 In the following words gh has the soimd of f. 
 10. Chough, rough, slough,* tough. E-nough. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1, 2. The dunce made a blunder. Feel my pulse. Put soap 
 suds on the vines. Plunge in. The usher struck him with a 
 
 o 
 
 cudgel. We had dumplings for luncheon. Hear my summons. 
 Hold on to the crupper. His flattery is fulsome. 
 
 3, 4. Instruct him to annul the contract. Expunge my name. 
 Consult the judge. Interrupt him not. Learn the result. Eiro 
 off the blunderbuss. That is difficult. 
 
 5,6. Sponge the glove. Wonder at nothing. None come to 
 comfort me. Govern thy temper. My brother held on to the 
 pommel. Hold thy tongue. Shovel the snow. Worry not each 
 other. He shot a plover, but got thoroughly wet. 
 
 7 10. The conjurer turned a somerset among the company, 
 but at this the constable took affront. Does your rough young 
 cousin flourish enough in the southern country? The slough of 
 a snake. The blood of a tough chough/ 
 
 XVII. The Sound of U, as in Mute. 
 The y sound proper to long u is often slurred by the care- 
 less. Teachers can not bo too particular in attending to the 
 true sound. Remember that long u after I or r loses much 
 of its y sound, and has more the sound of long oo. See p. 35. 
 
 1. Cube, cure, duke, dupe, fume, fuse, 
 huj/e, mute, pule, pure, tube, tune, use. 
 
 2. Du'ty, inu'sic, stu'dent, stu'pid, tu'lip, 
 tu'mid, tu'mult, u'nit. Cos'tume, del'w/e, 
 for'tune, trib'une, trib'ute, volume. 
 
 * Meaning the cast skin of a serpent. 
 
38 THE SOUND OF U, AS IN MUTE. 
 
 3. A-cute', de-duce, ma-ture, pre-sume, 
 ob-scure, re-duce, se-cure, suf-fuse. 
 
 4. Min'ia-ture, nu'tri-ment, man'u-script, 
 cent'u-ry, cu'cum-ber, ret'i-cule, sig'na-ture. 
 
 5. Im-por-tune', in-tro-duce, pre-ma-ture. 
 
 6. Ed'u-cate, em'u-late, reg x u-late. 
 
 7. Pop'u-lar, si/^gu-lar. Per-pen-dic'u-lar. 
 
 8. An'nu-al, mu'tu-al, punc'tu-al, rit'u-al. 
 Ha-bit'u-al, per-pe^u-al. In-di-vid'u-al. 
 
 9. Ar'gu-ment, doc'u-ment, mon'u-ment. 
 
 10. Grat'i-tude, lon^i-tude, mfirti-tude. 
 
 11. Ar'du-ous, fab'u-lous, vent'ur-ous. 
 
 12. Con-tempt'u-ous, in-^/en'u-ous. 
 
 Words in which ue has this sou?id. 
 
 13. Cue, due, hue. Ar'gue, is x sue, rescue, 
 stat'ue, Tue/day, val'ue, virt'ue. Sub-due 7 , 
 en-sue. Av x e-nue, re/i-due. Con-tin'ue. 
 
 Words in which eu, eau, ew, lew, have this sound. 
 
 14. Dew, ewe, few, &new, mew, new, pew, 
 stew, view. Ew 7 er, pewter, stew'ard. Deuce, 
 feud. Neu'ter, neu'tral. Beau r ty. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 3. The duke tried to quell the tumult. The student reads 
 the huge volume. The tribune did his duty. Use, but do not 
 abuse. Deduce an argument. Misfortune comes. 
 
THE SOUND OF 01, AS IN VOICE. 39 
 
 4 8. The individual has a miniature in her reticule. Would 
 it be premature to introduce me ? A singularly perpendicular 
 tree. Be punctual. 
 
 9 14. A monument of tho gratitude of the multitude. She 
 is ingenuous, not ingenious. Continue in virtue. The steward 
 had a pewter ewer. Few remark the beauty of the view. A 
 new feud broke out. An arduous, ridiculous task. 
 
 XVIII. The Sound of 01, as in Voice. 
 
 Avoid the habit of making this sound degenerate into that 
 of long i ; as if loin were line, roil, rile, &c. 
 
 1. Coil, foil, foist, groin, hoist, joint, joist, 
 moil, noise, oil, point, poise, quoit, roil, soil, 
 spoil, void. 
 
 2. Broid'er, doily, noisome , poison, toilet, 
 oint'ment, tur'moil. 
 
 3. Ad-join', ex-ploit, pur-loin, re-joice, 
 a-droit, a-void. 
 
 Words 171 which oy has this sound. 
 
 4. Boy, buoy (pronounced bwoy), cloy, joy. 
 
 Oys'ter, voy'at/e. De-stroy', em-ploy. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1, 2. Coil the rope. Hoist the joist. Broider the doily. Poise 
 the quoit. The ointment is noisome. The loin is tender. Do 
 not roil the wine. 
 
 3, 4. The boy swam to the buoy. He may rejoice in the ex- 
 ploit. An oyster voyage. Destroy the p'oison. 
 
40 THE SOUND OF OU, AS IN HOUSE. 
 
 XIX. The Sound of OU, as in House. 
 
 In drouyhi, dcnujhtij, &c., and in douyli, when it means a 
 deep, uurij place, the yk is unsounded. 
 
 1. Bound, cloud, drought, flour, gou</e, oust, 
 lounge, mount, mouse, noun, oust, pouch, 
 pout, sour, souse, south, ounce, scour, slough, 
 sprout, vouch. 
 
 2. Bount'y, dough'ty, flounder, thousand. 
 
 3. A-bound', ac-count, de-vour, de-vout, 
 pra-nounce, re-dound, re-sound, sur-round. 
 
 4. Ooun'te-nance. A-cous'tics, es-pou'sals. 
 
 Words in which ow has this sound. 
 
 5. Brown, browse, clown, cowl, drown, 
 gown, growl, mow, plow 7 (also spelt plouyti) , prow, 
 row, scow^, scowl, town. 
 
 6. Bow'els, cow r/ ard, low x er, pow'der, row'cl, 
 show'er, tow'el, trow'sers, vow'el. Al-low 7 , 
 en-dow r , re-nown. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 3. Flowers sprout. Clouds lower. Devour the flounder. 
 Drought prevails. Surround the bounds. Storms resound. A 
 thousand welcomes. Pronounce with care. Oust the intruder. 
 The horse sank in a slough. See the cat pounce on the mouse. 
 The hound made a bound to catch the trout. 
 
 4 6. A pleasant countenance. An acoustic tube. Their es- 
 pousals took place. Pluw the ground. The plowman is no 
 coward. He tore his trowsers. Fold up the towel. The rowel 
 of a spur. 
 
PART III. 
 
 UNACCENTED VOWEC SOUNDS. 
 
 THE vowels in unaccented syllables have generally a short 
 and obscure sound, though to this there are some exceptions. 
 
 I. A, in .Unaccented Syllables. 
 
 1. Cornea, sola, stan'za, stig'ma, villa. 
 Di-lem'ma, e-nig'ma, o-me'ga, um-brella. 
 
 2. Culpa-ble, cur'a-ble, dur'a-ble, pal'pa-ble. 
 Credl-ta-ble, navl-ga-ble, tol'er-a-ble. 
 
 The a in the last syllable of the words in Paragraph 3 has 
 an obSbure sound resembling the sound of short i t as in pin. 
 
 3. Bag^a^/e, cot'ta^/e, mes'saj/e, 
 pas x sa(/e, sav'a^/e, suf'frai/e, village. 
 
 4. As'tral, db'rnal, her r ald, scan'dal. 
 En/er-ald, fed^r-al, (/en'er-al, sev'er-al. 
 
 5. Ac-quit'tal, i-de'al, re-qui'tal. . Po-litl-cal, 
 his-torl-cal, the-at'ri-cal. 
 
 6. Barance, pen'ance, sub'stance, ven^e x ance. 
 Con/plai-sance, hin'der-ance, main'te-nance. 
 
 7. Con'stant, dis'tant, fra'grant, pendant. 
 Be-nig'riant, im-por'taiit, pu-is'sant. 
 
 8. Ce'dar, dollar, grani'mar, pillar, poplar, 
 solar. Vin'e-gar. Cat'er-pil-lar. 
 
 9. Cus'tard, mus'tard, orchard, scab'bard. 
 
43'. : 
 
 , : .,. 4N. .UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 
 
 10. Con'tra-ry, gran'a-ry, pri'ma-ry, ro'sa-ry. 
 Ad'ver-sa-ry, cus'tom-a-ry, ex'em-pla-ry. 
 
 11. Con-spir'a-cy, di-plo'ma-cy, su-prem'a-cy. 
 A-poth'e-ca-ry, pe-cu'ni-a-ry, vo-cab'u-la-ry. 
 
 12. Pal'ace, preface, sol'ace, surface. 
 Atlas, ballast, har'ass, pur'ehase, tres'pass. 
 
 13. Climate, frig'ate, prel'ate, sen'ate. 
 Choc'o-late, dell-cate, des'per-ate, o'pi-ate. 
 
 DICTATION AND.3VRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 L Solve the enigma. Open the umbrella. Repeat the 
 stanza. The stream is navigable. Omega is the last letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. Eat the ora^e. We lost several emeralds. 
 She sent a message to the general at the cottage. 
 
 5 10. His com'plai-sance was contrary to our hope. Rejoice 
 at his acquittal. He does not give a dollar toward her mainte- 
 nance. Caterpillars infest the orchard. My adversary drew his 
 sword from the scabbard. 
 
 11 13. The supremacy of the democracy is maintained. The 
 apothecary gave me an opiate. Read the preface. Bo not har- 
 ass the cook. Ballast the ship. 
 
 II. The Sound of E in Unaccented Syllables. 
 
 1. A^ed, ha'tred, hundred, learn x ed, wick'ed. 
 
 2. Mar'vel, mod'el, nov'el, par'cel, rev'el, 
 scoundrel, se'quel, trav'el, tuifnel, vessel. 
 
 In the words of Paragraph 3, the e in the last syllable is 
 unsounded, as if driv'l, yrov'l, &c. 
 
 3. Driv'el, grov'el, ha'zel, rav'el, shov'el, 
 shriv'el, swiv'el, teasel, weasel. 
 
E, IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 43 
 
 4. Em'blem, po'em. Strat'a-</em. Bre^A'ren, 
 chirdren, cfiick'en, kitch'en, mit'ten, o'men, 
 sul'len ; sud'den. Cit'i-zeh. 
 
 The e before final n in unaccented syllables is unsounded 
 in many verbs, participles, and adjectives, and some nouns. 
 Specimens of these are given in Paragraph 5. 
 
 5. Black'en, driv'en, eVen, gar'den, gh^en, 
 gold'en, haVen, heav'en, kit'ten, moli/en, ov'en, 
 ox'en, sad'den, to'ken, wood r en. E-lev^n. 
 
 6. Absence, sentence, silence. Ab'sti-nence, 
 difTer-ence, diri-^/ence, in'so-lence, yi'o-lence. 
 Cir-cum'fer-ence, om-nip / o'-tence. 
 
 7. Clement, gar'ment, frag'ment, taFent. 
 A^ci-dent, efo-quent, inmo-cent, man'a//e-ment. 
 Op-potent, re-fresh'ment, vice-^/e'rent. Ad- 
 ye/ti^-merit. Su-per-in-tend'ent. 
 
 8. Ban'ner, ham'mer, lad'der, sad'dler, 
 stan/mer, sup'per, tum'bler, uPcer, whis'ker. 
 BaFus-ter, can'is-ter, gla'ci-er, lav'en-der. 
 De-cant'er, de-fend'er, to-geM'er. 
 
 The words in Paragraph 9 are spelled by Webster with the 
 termination er, as presented ; but other lexicographers trans- 
 pose the letters, thus: centre, fibre, lustre, m&nasu'vre, &c. 
 
 9. Center, fi'ber, lus'ter, mau'ger, mea'ger, 
 me'ter, mi'ter, ni'ter, o'cher (the ch like fy, sa'ber, 
 scep'ter, som'ber, speo'ter. Call-ber, the'a-ter. 
 
44 I AND Y, IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 
 
 Sep'lll-cher (the ch like &). Ac-COu'ter (pronounced 
 ak-kooter), ma-neu'ver. Rc-con-noi'ter. 
 
 In acre, lucre, ?nas'sa-cre (pronounced a'ker, Inker, mas'- 
 sa-ker], the form of re final is retained. 
 
 10. Fairness, mis'tress, plain'ness. Goblet, 
 blank'et, </ib'bet, trump'et. ', Bay'o-net, ep'i-thet, 
 ep'au-let. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 5. An aged, learned poet. Eleven hundred shovels. A 
 novel model of a vessel. Even children look up to heaven. 
 Brethren and citizens, farewell ! 
 
 G 10. The government of the vicegerent was clement. Read 
 the advertisement of the superintendent. The foe went to ma- 
 neuver and reconnoiter. The massacre was enormous. Burn the 
 gibbet. His vehemence of speech was intolerable. 
 
 III. The Sonnd of I and Y in Unaccented Syllables. 
 
 1. A^ril, aii'vil, cavil, civil, nos'tril, peril. 
 Fer'tile, hostile, rnis'sile, rep'tile, tran'quil. 
 Doml-cil, ju've-nile, mer'can-tile. 
 
 2. Latin, marV/in, doc'trine, engine, erlnine. 
 Dis'ci-pline, her'o-ine, medl-cine, moc'ca-sin. 
 
 8. Justice, lattice, no'tice, service, novice, 
 cow'ard-ice, dentl-frice, lic'o-rice, prejli-dice. 
 Ac-com'plice, ap-pren'tice. Me-trop'o-lis. 
 
 4. Cop'y-ist, du^l-ist, hu'mor-ist, mor'al-ist. 
 Ag-ri-cult'u-rist, hor-ti-cultai-rist. 
 
I AND Y, IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 45 
 
 5. Credit, edit, granite, rab'bit, sum'mit. 
 Active, massive, native, pen'sive, sportive. 
 Ad'jcc-tive, neg'a-tive, sed'a-tive, sub'stan-tive. 
 At-ten'tive, de-scriptlve, e-va'sive, in-structlve. 
 Of-fen'sive, pre-ventlve, re-pulslve, re-tentlve. 
 Com-par'a-tive, in-finl-tive, su-perla-tive." 
 
 Bo careful to check the slurring of the ny sound in the last 
 syllables of the following and similar words in Paragraph 6, 
 
 6. Awning, dumpling, hirelirg, lodging, 
 meaning, morning, stocking, wedding. 
 
 7. Ac-com'plish, as-tonlsh, es-tablish. 
 
 8. Barley, en'try, pantry, tur'key, zaliy. 
 An'ces-try, cel'er-y, lib'er-ty, po'et-ry, re'al-ly, 
 dy'nas-ty, prop r er-ty, rev'er-y. Cem x e-ter-y, 
 milli-ner-y, or'tho-e-py. Im-piVty, e-con r o-my, 
 mo-not'o-ny, so-liro-quy. Con-fee tion-er-y. 
 Man-ti-fac'to-ry. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1--5. The heroine lost her moccasin. The cowardice of the 
 duelist was proved. A sedative medicine. A hostile missile. 
 The mercantile metropolis. See my domicil. A preventive 
 a^-inst sickness. A granite block. The superlative degree. 
 Choice dentifrice. 
 
 6 8. A millinery and confectionery establishment. I was 
 really in a revery. Taste the celery. This morning I lost my 
 stocking. The hungry turkey ran at her. What is a soliloquy ? 
 At the wedding we sat under an awning. My book-case is made 
 of mahogany. We took a walk in the cemetery. 
 
4f> AND U, IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 
 
 IV. and U, in Unaccented Syllables. 
 
 1. At'om, free'dom, sel'dom, symp'tom. 
 Dark'some, loa/A'some, lone'some, tire'some. 
 
 2. Bi'son, de'mon, lem'on, rib'bon, wag'on. 
 
 In the words of Paragraph 3, the o before final n is un- 
 sounded. 
 
 3. Ba'con, beck'on, blazon, but'ton, cot'ton, 
 crimson, damson, glut'ton, les'son^ ma'son, 
 mut'ton, par'don, par'son, per'son, pri^'on, 
 reck'on, season, yen'^on (pronounced vtrizri). 
 
 In the words of Paragraph 4, o in the last syllable has an 
 easy sound of e in her. 
 
 4. Act'or, doctor, dc/nor, flaVor, har'bor, 
 ru'mor, sculpt'or, succor, tre'mor, yic'tor. 
 An'ces-tor, cred'i-tor, me'te-or, or'a-tor. 
 Con-fess'or, cre-a'tor, spec-ta'tor, trans-la'tor. 
 Com'ment-a-tor, gladl-a-tor, spec'u-la-tor. 
 Am-bas'sa-dor, com-petl-tor, pro-^renl-tor. 
 Ben-e-fac'tor, co-ad-ju'tor, pred-e-ces'sor. 
 
 5. Dil'a-to-ry, in'ven-to-ry, mat'ri-mo-ny. 
 Pre-par'a-to-ry. In-ter-rog'a-to-ry. 
 
 6. Ballot, fog'ot, mag'got, pilot, ri'ot, 
 tur'bot. Char x i-ot, id'i-ot, pa'tri-ot. 
 
 7. Arbum, al'um, fiU'crum, ros'trum. 
 Bo'nus, cen'sus, ci/cus, gran/pus, surplus. 
 Im'pe-tus, om'ni-bus, ra'di-us, stim'u-lus. 
 As-par'a-gus. Ap-pa-ra^us, sal-e-ra x tus. 
 
AND U, IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 47 
 
 8. Dex'trous, fa'mous, lep'rous, mon'strous. 
 Gen'er-ous, li'bel-ous, vil'lain-ous, m'in-ous. 
 Dis-as'trous, e-nor'mous, so-no'rous, sin-is'trous. 
 A-non'y-mous, in-dec'o-rous, mag-nan'i-mous. 
 Cer-e-mo'ni-ous, rnis-cel-la'ne-ous. 
 
 In the following, ure has the sound of yur, rhyming with 
 her. 
 
 9. Capture, cincture, creat'ure, culture, 
 fail'ure, feature, figure, fixture, * flex'ure, 
 fract'ure, fu'ture, gesture, joint'ure, juncture, 
 lect'ure, mixt'ure, moist/ure, na'ture, nurt'ure. 
 
 14. Ord'ure, past'ure, picture, post'ure, 
 punct'ure, rapt'ure, rupt'ure, scripture, stat'ure, 
 sculpture, stricture, structure, tincture. 
 Ad-vent r ure, de-part'ure. Man-u-fact'ure. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 5. The doctor studied the symptoms. The sailor dropped 
 the hawser. Thank the donor. A wagon-load of ribbons and 
 lemons. A lonesome path. What animal's flesh is venison ? 
 The predecessor of the ambassador was the coadjutor of my ben- 
 efactor. Pardon my interrogatory. The creditors took an in- 
 ventory of his effects. 
 
 G 9. We vote by ballot. The omnibus is full. A villainous 
 and libelous anonymous attack. Place a fulcrum for the lever. 
 The asparagus is ripe. He has a sonorous voice. We dislike 
 saleratus in bread. A miscellaneous assemblage. A dextrous 
 leap. Nature has favored this creature in feature, figure, and 
 stature. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 
 
 Words in which ph has the sound of f. 
 
 1. NYMPH, phase, phiz,- phra.se, sphere. 
 Ci'pher, dolphin, graphic, hy'phen, phal'anx. 
 At'nios-phere, em'pha-sis, ep'i-tSph, pha'e-ton, 
 phos'pho-rus, sym'pho-ny, proph'e-sy (when a verb). 
 De-ci'pher, phleg-mat'ic, pho-net'ic, pro-phet x ic. 
 Ca-tas'tro-phe, e-pliem'e-ral, or-thog'ra-phy. 
 Lex-i-cog'ra-phy, phys-i-og'no-my. 
 
 Words in which x has the sound of gz. 
 
 2. Ex-act 7 , ex-empt, ex-hale, ex-haust. 
 Exr-amlne, ex-am'ple, ex-hib'it, ex-ist'ence. 
 Anx-i'e-ty, ex-u'ber-ance, lux-u'ri-ant. 
 
 Words in which g before e or i, at the end of an accented 
 
 syllable, has the sound of j. 
 
 - 
 
 3. Fragile, frigid, lof/ic, ma^/'ic, pi^'eon, 
 ri^/'id, tragic, vi^il. A^l-tate, re^/'i-ment. 
 Li-ti/ious, re-liyious. Ley/'is-la-tive. 
 
 4. Bludgeon, dud^/eon, dun^/eon, gorgeous, 
 surgeon, sturgeon. Legion, region. Pageant. 
 E-gre^ious, out-ra^reous. 
 
CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 49 
 
 * 
 
 Words in which ch has the sound of k. 
 
 Most of the words in which ch has the sound of k are from the Greek. 
 When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the Greek language, and 
 is followed by a vowel, it is pronounced ark, as in arch'ive, <fcc. ; but when 
 arch is prefixed to a word of French or Saxon origin, it is pronounced to 
 rhyme with march ; as in archbishop, arch-jiend, <fec. 
 
 5. Ache, chasm, chord, chyle, corach, school, 
 scheme. Anchor, archives, chemist, dis'tich, 
 eeh'o, ep'och, lieh'en, sched'ule, pibroch, 
 schoon'er, stomach. 
 
 6. Ar'che-type, ar'chi-tect, cat'e-chise. 
 Arch-an'</el, cha-otlc, chi-me'ra. Meran-chol-y. 
 Chi-rog'rarphy, pa-ro'chi-al. Ar-chi-pel'a-go. 
 
 Words in which qu has the sound ofk. 
 
 7. Conquer, lac r quer, liq'uor, piq r uant. 
 Co-quette'. Et-i-quette r , mas-quer-ade. 
 
 I before q in the following has the sound of long e. 
 
 8. Pique. An-tique", ob-lique, u-nique. 
 Bur-lesque', gro-tesque. Stat-u-esque'. 
 
 Words in which q ending a syllable has the sound of k, and 
 the following u the sound of w. 
 
 9. Aq r ue-duct, aq\ii-line, eq'ui-ty, liq'ue-fy, 
 liq r uid-ate, req'ui-.site. In-iqlii-ty, u-biq'ui-ty, 
 an-tiq'ui-ty, ob-liq'ui-ty. 
 
 Words ending with the sound of 1 ; final e unsounded. 
 
 10. Ap'ple, daz'zle, grap'ple, kin'dle, noz'zle, 
 bram'ble, dwin'dle, smuggle, trem'ble, tur'tle. 
 
 5 
 
50 CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 
 
 Ar'ti-cle, edl-ble, i'ci-cle, spec'ta-cle, 
 As-sem'ble, dis-ci'ple, em-bez'zle, re-sem'ble. 
 
 Words ending with m after a consonant* 
 
 11. Elm, helm, prism, spasm, whelm. 
 Critl-cism, e'go-tism, mys'ti-cism, par'ox-ysm. 
 Pa'tri-ot-ism, pla'^/i-a-rism. Ven-triro-quism 
 
 Words in which n before g, and before the sound of k, has the 
 sound of ng as in thing. 
 
 12. Aft'ger, clangor, finger, hrw'ger, linger, 
 ma/i'go, mi/z'gle, shingle, spangle, you/z'ger. 
 Ankle, concord, concourse, conquer, tra^-quil. 
 De-li/i'quent, dis-tiTz'guish, re-li^quish. 
 
 Words in which c before e or i, and ending a syllable, has the 
 sound of s in sin. 
 
 13. Acid, docile, fac'et, process, tacit. 
 Dec'i-mal, pacl-fy, prec x e-dent, precl-pice. 
 Spec'i-men. Im-pliclt, so-licit. Nec'es-sa-ry. 
 Fe-licl-ty, sa-gacl-ty, shn-plicl-ty, so-licl-tor. 
 Du-o-decl-mo, ec-cen-tricl-ty. 
 
 Words in which ch has the sound of sh as in shine. 
 
 The digraph ch, when pronounced tsh, hidicates a purely 
 English word, as child, each; pronounced as sh, it implies 
 that the word is from the French, as chaise, chagrin ; and 
 
 * Give the pure consonant sound of the final m. Do not say el'wn t 
 hel'um, <fcc. 
 
CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 51 
 
 pronounced as &, as in monarch, it implies that the word is 
 from the Greek. 
 
 14. Chaise. Char'la-tan, mar'cluon-ess. 
 Charlotte. Cha-rade', cha-grin, ma-chine.* 
 
 Words in which ce, ci, and sci, have the sound of sh. 
 
 15. Conscious, an'cient, o'cean, specious. 
 E-nun'ciate, ve-ra'cious, vi-va'cious, vo-ra'cious. 
 Con-tu-ma'cious, ef-fi- carious, per-ti-na'cious. 
 
 Words in which ci has the sound of sh, and is joined in sound 
 with the ^receding syllable, the final vowel of which is 
 short. 
 
 16. Previous, special, vi'cious. Aus-pi'cious, 
 de-li'cious, of-fi'cial, ju-di'cious Av-a-ri'cious, 
 ben-e-fi'cial, pol-i-ti'cian, su-per-fi'cial. 
 A-rith-me-trcian, math-e-ma-trcian. 
 
 Words in which si in sionjinal has the sound of sh. 
 In cas'sia, nau'sea, nau'seous, se and si haye the sound of 
 sh. 
 
 17. Man'sion, pas'sion, pension, version. 
 Ac-ces'sion, as-per'sion, a-ver'sion, com-pursion, 
 de-clen'sion, pos-ses r sion, sub-ver'sion. 
 
 Words in which ti has the sound of sh. 
 
 18. Ac'tion, mention, par'tial, quotient. 
 A-dop'tion, af-flic'tion, ab-lu'tion, con-sum/tion. 
 
 * The i in this word, also in machinery, chemise, &G., has the sound of 
 long e. 
 
52 CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 
 
 de-struc'tion, in-er'tia, in-sa'tiate, sub-scrij3'tion. 
 An-nex-a'tion, </en-u-flec'tion, ref-or-ma'tion, 
 im-i-ta'tion, sep-a-ra'tion, su-per-scrip'tion. 
 In-oc-u-la'tion, re-tal-i-a'tion, ter-#i-ver-sa'tion. 
 Cir-cum-nav-i-ga'tion, su-per-er-o-gu'tion. 
 
 Words in which ti has the sound of sh, and is joined in pro- 
 nunciatio?i with the preceding syllable, the accented vowel 
 of which is short. + 
 
 19. N&'tion-al, ra'tion-al. Am-bi'tion, in-i'tial, 
 con-di'tion, dis-cre'tion, pro-pi'tious, se-di'tious. 
 Com-pe-ti'tion, op-po-^i'tion, rec-og-ni'tion. 
 
 Words in which s before u has the sound of sh. 
 
 20. Sure. Censure, pressure, su'gar, siunac. 
 As-sur r ance ? in-sur r ance. 
 
 Words in which d has the sound of t. 
 
 The \vords in which d has the sound of t are, for the most part, either 
 the past tenses of verbs, or the participles of verbs, as plucked, tossed, 
 stepped, &c. Now, the letter e before d in these words is not sounded ; 
 whence the sounds of k in pluck, of * in toss, of p in step, <fec., come in im- 
 mediate contact with the sound of the letter d. But the sound of the 
 letter d is vocal, whilst those of k, s, and p, are aspirate, ; so that the com- 
 binations kd, sd, and pd, are unpronounceable. Hence d is sounded as t. 
 
 21. Asked, baked, danced, guessed, inked, 
 laughed, milked, missed, puffed, shocked, 
 stamped, strapped, tripped, walked, washed, 
 whipped. Be-trothed. 
 
CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 53 
 
 Words in which th has its aspirate sound, as in thin. 
 
 22. Bath, breath, month, myth, sheath, 
 path. E'ther, hun'dredth, sab'bath, thun'der. 
 Ap'a-thy, ep-i-thet, lab'y-rinth, inis'an-thrope. 
 A-rith'me-tic, pa-ren'the-sis, ther-rnoin'e-ter. 
 
 Words in which th has its vocal soujid, as in thine. 
 
 23. Bathe, baths, blithe, breathe, lithe, 
 mouth (when a verb), mouths, oaths, paths, with. 
 Be-queath', be-neath, un-sheathe. 
 
 Words in ichich u has the sound of w. 
 
 24. Lan'guaf/e, languor, sanguine, suasion. 
 Per-suade'. Suavl-ty. Dis-sua'sive. 
 
 Words in which i, preceded ly the accent, and followed oy 
 a vowel, has the consonant sound of y. 
 
 25. Anxious, folio, Indian, million, pinion, 
 minion, poniard, spaniel, union, Valiant. 
 Com-panlon, e-bulllent, fa-millar, per-fidlous, 
 co-tilllon, rebellion. 
 
 Words in which s has the sound of z. 
 
 S is pronounced like z when it forms an additional syllable, with * 
 before it, in the plural of nouns, and the third person singular of verbs ; 
 as voices, ra'rjes. S also takes the sound of z when it forms the plural 
 number or possessive case of nouns ending with vocal consonant sounds ; 
 as stays, ribs, dof/s. See Sargent's Standard Speller, page 118. 
 
 26. Box'es, wish'es. Mugs, loves, rods. 
 Dai'sy, dis'mal, ea'sy, grea x sy. 
 
 5* 
 
54 CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. 
 Words in which s, si, and zi, have the sound of z in a'zure. 
 
 27. Fusion, gla'zier, hosier, meas'ure. 
 Com-po'sure, em-bra'sure, e-ra'sure, ex-po'sure, 
 fore-closure, ex-clu'sion, oc-ca'sion. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 ' 1 5. The nymph has luxuriant hair. A globe is a sphere. 
 Play the symphony. The litigious surgeon loves a lawsuit. Ex- 
 amine his physiognomy. The legislature meets. A gorgeous 
 pageant. We plucked lichens from the rocks. Search the 
 archives. She wrote a distich. His stomach aches. 
 
 6 10. The architect's archetype. The mechanic's chirog- 
 raphy. A wide archipelago. A parochial tax. The coquette 
 went to the masquerade. An antique statue. The nozzle of the 
 bellows. An aquiline nose. The aqueduct gives the requisite 
 supply. A dazzling icicle. He embezzled the public funds. 
 
 11 15. The younger delinquent was contumacious. The con- 
 course of people linger. The facets of the prism glitter. A 
 duodecimo volume. Solicit the necessary aid. A safe precedent. 
 A steep precipice. Relinquish that process. A docile pupil. 
 Shingle the roof. She sprained her ankle. The chivalrous char- 
 latan took Charlotte in his chaise. Guess the charade. An 
 auspicious beginning. A precocious lad. An avaricious politician. 
 
 16 20. The mansion is in her possession. Pay your subscrip- 
 tion. A partial destruction of buildings. Our separation was 
 by compulsion. The consumption of cigars is immense. The 
 politician's tergiversation was shameful. A work of supereroga- 
 tion. The circumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 21 24. We bathe in baths. Here lie our paths. Yesterday 
 here lay an ox. We then lay down to rest, but first laid down 
 our guns. Let us lie down now. Benea/A green trees. She has 
 a pretty mouth, but need not make mou/As. Why does she 
 mouth when she speaks ? His language is sanguine ; his temper 
 ebullient. Unsheathe the poniard. The Indian had a spaniel. 
 
P A II T V. 
 
 SILENT LETTERS. 
 
 WORDS are said to be silent when they are unsounded in 
 pronunciation, though introduced in spelling and writing. 
 
 Words in which b is silent. 
 
 1. Climb, comb, crumb (or cram), debt, doubt, 
 dumb, jamb, lamb, limb, numb, plumb, tomb. 
 Sub'tle. Re-doubt'. 
 
 Words in which c and ch are silent.^ 
 
 2. Drachm, yacht.* Victuals, vict'ual-er.f 
 In-diet'. Schis-mat'ie. Schism. 
 
 Words in which d is silent. 
 
 3. Hand'some, Wednesday. Hand'ker-chief. 
 
 Words \ in which gaud gh are silent. 
 
 4. Gnarl, gnash, gnat, gnaw, phlegm. 
 Ar-raign', cam-paigri, con-dign, 'im-pugn. 
 
 Words in which h is silent. 
 
 5. Heir, hour. Asth'ma, gher'kin, hon'est, 
 hon'or, isth'mus, rhu'barb. Rhet'o-ric. 
 
 * See page 32. f Pronounce vit'tlz, vit'ler. 
 
 ^ Many of these words, being under other heads, are not placed here. 
 The g is silent in oppwjn, mahyn t benign, &G. ; but its sound is resumed in 
 cppug'nancy, malignant, &C. 
 
 The teacher is referred to Sargent's Standard Speller, page 120. 
 
56 SILENT LETTERS. 
 
 K is always silent before n in the same syllable. 
 
 6. Knack, knave, knee, knell, knit, knock, 
 knoll, knout. Knapsack, knuckle, knur'ly. 
 
 Words in which 1 is silent. (See page 18.) 
 
 7. Calm, alms, balm, calf, half, palm, jpsalm, 
 qualm. Al'mond, palm'y. Folks. Salm'on. 
 
 M is silent in mne-mon'ic ; n is silent in the following. 
 
 8. Hymn, kiln, limn. Au'tumn, coFnmn, 
 sol'emn. Con-demn', con-temn. Con-demn'ing. 
 
 Words in which p is silent.* 
 
 9. Tempt. Emp'ty, pseu'do. Ke-ceipt 7 . 
 
 Words in which s is silent. 
 
 10. Aisle, isle, isl'and, vis'count. 
 
 Words in ivh-ich t is silent (final e also silent]. 
 
 11. Bris'tle, cas'tle, gris'tle, mi/tle, nes r tle, 
 pes'tle, rus'tle, tres'tle, whis'tle, ^res'tle. 
 Chestnut, Christ'mas, hustler, mort'g;u/e. 
 Mw'tle-toe. A-pos'tle, e-pis'tle. 
 
 In the following, both t and the following e are unsounded. 
 Sayo/X sofn, &c. 
 
 12. Chasten, christen, fasten, glist'en, 
 hast'en, list'en, moisten, oft'en, soften. 
 
 * Phthis'ic we pronounce tiz'ik ; phthi'sis, ti'sis. 
 
SILENT LETTERS. 57 
 
 Words in which ue is silent. 
 
 13. Brogue, fugue, league, plague, rogue, 
 tongue, vague, vogue. Masque, mosque, 
 pique. Colleague, eclogue, prologue. 
 Fa-tigue', in-trigue, ob-lique, u-nique. 
 Ha-rangue', o-paque, pro-rogue. Ap'o-logue, 
 cat'a-logue, dem'a-gogue, di'a-15gue, ep'i-logue. 
 
 Words in which w is silent. 
 
 14 Whole, whom, whoop, whose, wrap, 
 wrath, wreak, wreath, wreck, wren, wrench, 
 wrest, wretch, wru/At, wry. Wholesome, 
 an'swer, wra/i'gle, wrig'gle, wri^'kle. A- wry'. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 
 1 4. Climb the redoubt. Her limbs are nu'mb with cold. 
 Out of debt, out of danger. The jury will indict the victualcr 
 on Wednesday. Arraign the subtle schismatic. A handsome 
 handkerchief. A gnarled oak. A poignant malady. My foreign 
 neighbor. A crumb of bread. We impugn his malign state- 
 ment. The campaign is ended. 
 
 5 0. The knave had an empty knapsack. The pseudo heir 
 Avas eondignly punished. The folks sang psalms and hymns. In 
 condemning him to the knout they gave him his de-Herts'. The 
 calf was lost in a lime-kiln. Receipt the bill for the salmon and 
 almonds. Give alms freely. Split the knurly log. 
 
 10 14. Mistletoe was hung in the castle of the viscount on 
 Christmas. The trestle of the bridge was broken down.^ We 
 wrestlo, but do not wrangle. We have a mortgage on that island. 
 The meat is too full of gristle. Soften and moisten it often. 
 Hear the hostler whistle. Prorogue the harangue of the dema- 
 gogue. He looked awry. She gave a wrong answer. At our 
 last exhibition we had a prologue, an epilogue, and a dialogue. 
 
PART VI. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 I. Containing Words Sounded Alike, but Spelled 
 Differently. 
 
 THE words to be distinguished in the spelling are printed 
 in italics in the following Exercises. 
 
 1. He adds the cost of the adz to that of the hatchet. What- 
 e'er can ail the heir to the estate, it is not want of good air : the 
 ale he drank ere he caine here did him no good, I think. We can 
 make all the holes with an awl. 1 'II al'trr the al'tar and the 
 aisle of the chapel on the isle. The ship's arichor lay on an 
 an' her of wine. I as-sent' to your making the as-cenl'. She ate 
 eight pies. We may au'yur well of her appetite. Bore with an 
 au'yer. 
 
 2. The laid man bawled for his dinner. I bade the bad boy bail 
 out the boat, and throw over the bale of cotton. The court 
 admitted the thief to bail. Captain Kane found a bear's skin 
 better than a bare skin. They made a base attack on the bass 
 singer. " Beat that beet," said the farmer. Let the bee be. 
 Beer brought him to his bier. We found a beech-treQ near the 
 beach. 
 
 3. The belle rang the bell. A rat has been in the corn-bin. "We 
 took a bite in the bight. The bold'cr of the two men climbed the 
 bowld'cr. The wind blew till I was blue in the face. The wild 
 boar bore Quarks of a wound. We bored a hole in the board. 
 They have borne him to his long bourn. The lean bent the bow, 
 and made a bow to her from the bough. 
 
 4. The deer can break through the l/ralic. With the breech of 
 a gun they made a breach in the wall. She was too well-bred to 
 refuse the bread. Broach the subject of the loss of my brooch. 
 They bruise the malt while she brews. The bruit is that the brute 
 attacked you. He tried to make me a butt for his ridicule, but 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 59 
 
 in vain. We buy coffee by the pound. Bury Ihe seeds of the 
 berry. 
 
 5. We calender the paper for that calendar. He fears a canon 
 of the church, not a cannon-ball. Canvass the subject under 
 this canvas tent. She lost caste when they cast her off. Cede 
 the seed to me. The ceil'ing fell as I was sealing a letter. Sell ine 
 the potatoes in the cell'ar. 
 
 6. I was sent for a cent's worth of rose-water to scent pomatum. 
 The sear* leaf fell on the head of the seer. At its last scs'swn, 
 Congress made a cession of land to the In'dians. They afe me to 
 take sight of the site for the mill. The cat's claws. A clause in 
 a will. In that cold clime the natives climb the rocks. In the 
 course of my life I never ate such coarse bread. 
 
 7. They compliment him on having got his complement of men. 
 The chord of the harp broke. Buy a cord of wood. Tie it with 
 a cord. The core of an apple. A gal'lant corps of men. I left 
 my coat in the sheep-cote. You can not cozen my fair cousin. 
 Our masts creak as we sail on the creek. The crews go on a 
 whaling cruise. The cru'el girl threw a crew'el at me. My sig'- 
 net ring has the figure of a cyg'nct. 
 
 8. Deign to hear the Dane. The Jeer proved a Je0r purchase. 
 My cold is Jwe to the heavy dew. We all must die. Dye the 
 cloth. The dyer met with dire loss. The Joe ran. Bake the 
 dough. A draught horse. Draft a sketch. A dun color. I 
 have done my best. .Why dost thou stir the dust? Put the 
 money you ern in this urn. 1 had an eye on you and on the old 
 ewe under the yew- tree. 
 
 9. They would fain feign to build a fane. Her attempt to 
 faint was a mere feint. Farewell, my yii/r friend. It was our 
 fate to meet at a grand fete. What &fcat to paint a picture with 
 one's feet ! Filter the water. A fi/lip for Philip's philter ! Flee 
 from fhejlea. You ^nd \\sfincd for smoking. 
 
 10. Birds^/?eM> up ihejlue. Put the^/?ower-pot on the_/fowr-bar- 
 rel. The/or/e of the men at the/or/ was drinking. Four times 
 the fore horse stumbled, and the fourth time I looked forth. A 
 
 * Also spelled sere. 
 
60 MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 foul deed. A fat fowl. We fought in a dozen frays ; and, in 
 vulgar phrase, were " used up." Dew-drops freeze on the frieze 
 of the column. A fur cloak on a ^r-tree. Wrapt in furs, we 
 climbed a hill covered with furze. 
 
 11. He went through the gate at an unsteady gait. The sign 
 was gilt. Her guilt was proved. Make a great fire in the grate. 
 A grease spot. The wise men of Greece. He grieves because the 
 greaves of his armor are spoiled 
 
 12. "Hail to the A<22/-storm ! " said the hale man. Haul the 
 cable into the hall. We found a hair in the hare soup. An 
 arrow pierced the heart of the running hart. 7/eyday ! The hay 
 is cut ! Heal his sore Aee/. Come here ; do you hear? I heard 
 a wolf among the /icrrf. Tell 7/u#A to hew down that tree of a 
 dark hue. 
 
 13. /Tic to the shore ; it is high tide. Hear him sing a hymn. 
 They will hire me at higher wages. A horde of thieves stole our 
 little hoard of money. Dig a hole for the w?Ao/e carcass. None 
 are wholly ho'ly. Boys whoop after me as I drive hoop. Our 
 hour is ended. Huz-za' ! cried the hus-sar 1 . I sit m the inn and 
 in-ditef. The jury will in-diet' him. They in-veighed' against the 
 in-vad'ers. You will ^"aw your finger against the ^'tf/?z of that 
 door. It is just time for tho^'oHs*. 
 
 14. I gave the colonel a kern' el of corn. I lost my watch-A'cy 
 on the quay. The knave tried to kill me in the lime-A-z/n with the 
 nave of a wheel. Knead the bread ; you will need it. We knew 
 the new doctor. The knight rode by night. We can no untie 
 the A'THtf. He laid down his gun, and began to lade the ship. He 
 had not lain long in the lane when we passed. The cat laps milk. 
 We heeded not the lapse of time. On our lee was a green lea. 
 He leaches the ashes. Leeches in a jar. 
 
 15. Would you as lief sis not tear out this leaf? Stop the leak. 
 John ate a /eeA'. He led me through a lead mine. T/ea/i on my 
 arm. I have a lien on his estate. Lestfen v the length of my les'son. 
 The lev'y of troops is on the levee. Lie down. Of lye we make 
 soap. Limn that bare limb of the oak. The lynx broke the links 
 of his chain. The cows lowed because of their heavy load. The 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 61 
 
 lone woman asked me to loan money. Loch Lomond. Lock the 
 door. Lo ! low lies the hero. Shame on the liar ! The music 
 of the lyre. 
 
 16. The maid made a coat of mail for the male warrior. I held 
 on to the horse's mane with might and main. The lord of the 
 manor has a gracious man'ner. Mark this letter of marque. The 
 marshal has a mar'tial air. I was in a maze to see the growth of 
 the maize. Your meed shall bo a glass of mead. The thief had 
 a mean mien. Mete out the meat to the men that meet here. The 
 mi' nor son means to be a mi'ner. We missed you in the 7ras. 
 
 17. Might I taste a mite? The mowers rao<m the loss of the new- 
 mown hay. Describe the mode in which they mowed. A /note in 
 the eye. A moat is a ditch. Q Muse ! the cat mews. Horses 
 neigh. I voted nay. A nz'ce pie. The rock was of gneiss. None 
 knew the nun. OVr the lake we went with one oan, and some 
 iron ore for ballast. The one who won sang an ode. lie owed me 
 money. O ho ! did \\Q owe you ? 
 
 18. With a pale face Paul dropped the pail. Sweets pall. 
 With pain we saw the broken pane. Pare the pear with a pair 
 of scissors. Pause before you touch the cat's paws. He wrote a 
 piece in favor of peace. He climbed a high peak. Your feeling 
 of pique was wrong. A peal of thunder. Peel the orange. A 
 pearl shell. Streams pwr/. The noble peer built a per. It is 
 plain the ;;/?ze is dull. 
 
 19. Plait the napkin for the plate. Please hear our pleas. 
 With a plumb line wo measured the plum-tree. We paid our 
 poll-tax, and got a pole for beans. -He pores over a book. She 
 pours out tea. The pores of the skin. Pray shoot that bird of 
 prey. Pumicc-stonQ is a different thing from the pomace of apples. 
 We picked up ten quarts of gold quartz. The choir sang. There 
 are 24 sheets in a quire of paper. 
 
 20. In the reign of King John, who ruled with a tight rein, 
 the rain fell heavily. The soldiers raise their fliig, and go forth 
 to burn and raze in the sun's rays. Wrap up well, and rap on 
 the door. He read the red book through. We will read about 
 the ree^ shaken by the wind. What reck we of the ship's wreck? 
 
 6 
 
62 MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 While they reek with blood they wreak on us their wrath. "We 
 can wrest their arms from the rest of the robbers. The emetic 
 made the wretch retch. The rime is on the withered- grass The 
 verses rhyme well. Ring the bell. Wring out the towel. 
 
 21. The wheeUerig^J can write right well. A rite of the church. 
 "VVe rode along the road, while they rowed on the canal. Row 
 after the roe of that fish. I learned by rote what I wrote. A 
 rough wind blew off my ruff. Our route lay over upturned roots. 
 He made* a wry face at our rye bread. 
 
 22. The 50*7 of this sloop is for sale. A lively scene we have 
 seen fish caught in a seine. See the sea. Does the scam seem 
 wide ? He sees them seize ships on the high seas. The scr/" was 
 lost in the surf. We found his coat of serge in the roaring surge. 
 It is sheer cruelty to shear sheep in winter. The picture was 
 shown white the sun shone on it. 
 
 23. She sighed because of a pain in her side. He tried to scull 
 the boat, but fell and hurt his skull. They strove to slay him as 
 he got out of his sleigh. They slew him, but could not slue the 
 sleigh round. You slight my sleight of hand. We picked sloe- 
 berries at a slow rate. My sole shoe has no sole. The immortal 
 soul. Sow the seed so ; then sew my dress. Birds soar. My 
 wound is sore. The staid maid stayed some time. 
 
 .24. She stood on the stair to stare. We drove a stake in the 
 ground, and then ate a beef-steak. He tried to steal my j;ee/ 
 chain. I leaped over the stile in good style. We sailed straight 
 for the s/r?7. Unbend and straight' en the bow. Your expenses 
 will strait' en your means. In the suite of the sweet princess were 
 several ladies. If you would succor the tree, cut down that 
 sucker. Some boys skip that sum. Rise with the sun, my son. 
 
 25. Tear up the tares. He told a tale of a fox's taz7. Is there 
 much of a tax on tacks ? As we drove our team through the 
 swamp, the air seemed to teem with mosquitos. With a tear she 
 looked at the tier of guns. Their friends were there. I threw 
 a stone through a window. I felt a throe of pain as I strove to 
 throw it. The king's throne was thrown down. The boat was 
 tied, but the rapid tide bore it away. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 63 
 
 26. It is time to pluck the thyme. I lowed the boat to the hole 
 of the old toad. Wrap tow round your sore toe. I told the sex- 
 ton ; he tolled the bell ; and we then toled along the fish by throw- 
 ing bait. We tracked him through a desert tract. She put the 
 trey of clubs on the t&a,-tray. You will need no veil (or vail) in 
 this shady vale. He burst a vein in the vain attempt to reach the 
 vane on the steeple. 
 
 27. AYe weighed the boy who went to wade in the stream. The 
 lash made him wail, and left a wale on his flesh. The moon 
 began to wane before the wain arrived. Wait till I know my 
 weight. She will waste health in trying to make her waist slen- 
 der. The tin ware will wear well. Wave the flag, and waive the 
 question. Weigh well the choice of your way of life. She has 
 been weak all the week. It is time, I ween, to wean the infant. 
 The bell-wether likes this sunny weather. I would like a cord of 
 wood. 
 
 II. Sentences containing Words Nearly Similar in Sound. 
 
 1. Give alms to the man with broken arms. His bridal day. 
 A saddle and bridle. Calk the seams with strips of cork. In the 
 xapi-tol I saw a cap'i-tal picture. We weigh gold, not car'rots, by 
 cdr'ats. The censor swung a cen'ser. In a fit of chol'er he tore 
 my fur collar. The current price of currants. As a symbol of 
 his profession he drew a pair of cymbals. 
 
 2. Do not de-serf our des-scrt' so soon. You for'mer-hj ad- 
 dressed me lees for'mal-ly. Lambs gambol; rogues gam'ble. 
 Gristly meat for the gris'ly bear. Fashion is the idol of the idle. 
 She began to laud Lord Byron. They rubbed his lme-a-ments 
 with lin'i-ment. Like a man of met' tie, he dug up the rnet'al. 
 
 3. He hit the pis' til of my flower with his pistol. I pit'ied the 
 man pitted by small-pox. His prin'ci-pal prin'ci-ple seemed to be* 
 one of frugality. The prophet found no. prof it in his own coun- 
 try. We sought a sort of gluey substance. The stationer had a 
 sta'tion-a-ry cart, where he sold sta'tion-er-y. It was the vial of 
 sirup, not the bass-fi'W, that she broke. 
 
64 MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 
 
 III. Sentences containing Words Differing in Accent. 
 
 See remarks on Accent, page 6. Many English words, spelled alike, are 
 distinguished only by the accent. 
 
 1. He was ah' sent by accident ; but they ob-sent' themselves on 
 purpose. They tried to ab-stran' my ab'stract of his sermon. The 
 cem'cnt is good, but you cc-mcnt' the place badly. Heed the ac- 
 cent, and try to ac-cent' all words aright. 
 
 2. The escort could es-cort' him no farther. Birds fre-yucnf 
 this tree ; we \&r& frtfquent songs. They tried to in-sult' me ; no 
 in'sult could move me. Pre-scnt' the present. I pro-test' against 
 his protest. The rebel tried again to rc-bel'. Sur-vcy' the coast ; 
 his survey was unsatisfactory. 
 
 In a number of words the nouns have the closing s aspirate (as in so) y 
 while the verbs have it soft (as in his). The following are examples : 
 A-buse', a-buse ; close, close ; dif-fuse', dii-fu.se' ; ex-cuse', ex-cuse'; 
 grease, grease ; house, house ; mouse, mouse ; use, use, &c. 
 
 In the following words the c in the noun becomes an s in the verb : ad- 
 vice, ad-vise ; de-vice, devise ; proph'e-cy, propkc-sy. To these words most 
 lexicographers add practice, practise. Webster spells both noun and verb 
 alike ; namely, prac'tice. 
 
 The th in teeth, as a plural noun, is aspirate (as in thin) as a verb, it 
 is vocal (as in this). The i in live, when an adjective, is long ; when a 
 verb, it is short. 
 
 IV. Sentences containing Miscellaneous Words, Exercises 
 
 in Writing the Possessive Case, Contractions, 
 
 Punctuation-Marks, &c. 
 
 1. We chose sep'a-rate paths. Our in-struct'or rode. Their 
 Ex'cel-len-cies, the Governors, have many ex'cel-len-ces of charac- 
 ter. A pre-vent'ive against sea-sickness. She pledged me to 
 se'cre-cy. Grate the cirina-mon. Parsnips, turnips, and cau'li- 
 Jlowcr. They as-siyri their property. They made an as-siyri merit. 
 The as-siy-na'tion was kept. 
 
 2. The boy's sled was broken. The boys' sleds were broken. 
 Ladies 1 and gentlemen's shoes. Ducks' feet are webbed. I said it 
 was Mr. Adam's book, not Mr. Adams's. Hear the sound of horses 1 
 feet. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DICTATION EXERCISES. 65 
 
 3. 'T is dark. They 're not here yet. I've fallen. Doesn't 
 it rain? You've done well. I hadn't time. They weren't 
 there. You 're pale. Wliate'er the danger, we 'It go. Shan't 
 we meet ? O'er the hills. Thou 'dst Better walk. Is n't lie 
 here ? WAere 's my hat ? We have n't a minute. Are n't they 
 cold? That 'sit. Don't is a contraction of t/o no/, and not of 
 does not. 
 
 4. To rise early in the morning, when you are in good health, 
 is the way to have time to do all your business well ; but, to be 
 able to rise early, you must go to bed early : the mind requires 
 rest as well as the body. 
 
 5. What a shame is it to see (in tho month of May, for in- 
 stance) a boy lounging in bed, while the birds are offering their 
 songs to charm his ears, and on the dew-decked hedges are mil- 
 lions of brilliants to charm his eyes ! What are Solomon's words 
 on the subject? They are these: " How long wilt thou sleep, 
 sluggard ! -when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? Yet a little 
 sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep : so 
 shall thy poverty come as one that traveleth, and thy want as 
 an armed man." 
 
 6. Alexander the Great and William the Conqueror were but 
 fallible men. Newton, Franklin, Washington, Napoleon, dif- 
 ferent as they were in many respects, w r ere all renowned as hard 
 workers. In the year MDCCCLIX we hope to travel. America 
 was discovered A. D. 1492. 
 
 7. He had a large MS. volume in his pocket. Send me all the 
 MSS. in your possession. Messrs. Metcalf & Lawrence wrote us, 
 on the 10th ult., that the goods should be forwarded at once ; and 
 now it is the 7th inst. What do the letters P. S. at the end of a 
 letter signify ? 
 
 8. He made an ex-tem'po-re address. I put the da-guerre'o-type 
 in my porte-mon-naie'. The bou-quet' (boo-kay') and the bil-let- 
 doux (biUla-doo ) were sent. The Rev. Mr. Scott, Capt. Leroy, 
 Mr. Clay, M.C., Mr. Hume, M.P., Col. Lane, Lieut. Kane, 
 Gen. Wool, and Henry Hone, Jr., were of the party. Lieut 
 Simonson, R.N., sailed in H. B. M.'s ship the Resolute. 
 
 6* 
 
PAKT VII. 
 
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 1. "Words of one syllable, ending with any consonant but F, 
 Ii, or S, preceded by a single vowel, do not double the final 
 consonant. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Bed, cap, dot, ham, man, rod. 
 EXCEPTIONS. Add, burr, butt, buzz, ebb, egg, err, 
 inn, odd. 
 
 2. Words of one syllable, ending with F, L, or S, preceded 
 by a single vowel, double the final consonant. * 
 
 EXAMPLES. Class, doll, full, puff, stiff. 
 EXCEPTIONS. As, has, his, if, is, gas, of, this, thus, 
 yes, us, was. 
 
 3. ~W6rds ending in silent E drop E on taking an additional 
 syllable beginning with a vowel. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Blame, bla'ma-ble ; brute, bru'tish ; cure, 
 cur'a-ble ; dis-pute', dis'pu-ta-ble ; grieve, griev'ance ; 
 have, hav'ing ; move, mov'a-ble ; plague, pla'guy ; 
 re-vive', re-vi'val ; sale, sa'la-ble ; sense, sens'i-ble ; 
 val'ue, val'u-a-ble. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. A-gree'a-ble, change' a-ble, charge' a-ble, 
 dam'a^e-a-ble, man'a#e-a-ble, no'tice-a-ble, peace'a-ble, 
 ser'vice-a-ble, trace' a-ble. 
 
 Words ending in ge and ce retain e before able, in order to preserve the 
 soft sounds of <j and c (the sounds of j and *); as, changeable, peaceable, <fcc. 
 We write singeing, spnngeing, and swingeing, to distinguish these words 
 from singing, springing, and swinging. 
 
 Dye has dyeing, to distinguish it from dying J but eye has eying. 
 
 The e is retained in verbs ending in oe and ee ; as, shoe, shoeing / hoe, 
 hoeing j toe, toeing j see, seeing j agree, agreeing, Ac. 
 
RULES FOR SPELLING. 67 
 
 Words ending with c hard insert k before a syllable beginning with e or 
 i, to preserve the hard sound ; as, frol'ic, frolicked, frolick-ing ; phys'ic, 
 phys'icked, phys'ick-ing. 
 
 Words ending in ie change the ie into y on adding ing ; as, vie, vying ; 
 tie, ty'my ; lie, lying ; hie, hying ; die, dying. 
 
 4. "Words ending in silent E generally retain E on receiving 
 an additional syllable beginning with a consonant. 
 
 EXAMPLES. A-chieve', a-chieve'ment ; care, care'less; 
 com-mence', com-mence'ment ; hope, hope'fui ; lame, 
 lame' ness ; late, late'ly ; move, move'ment ; wise, 
 wise'ly. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. Aw'ful; ar'gu-ment, a-brid</ment, ac- 
 knowledgment, judgment, du ly, truly, wholly. 
 
 5. "Words ending in Y, preceded by a consonant, change the 
 Y into I before any augment but 'S, or one beginning with 1. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Cry, cried, cri'est, cries, cri'eth ; de-ny, 
 de-nied, &c. ; hap'py, hap'pi-er, hap 'pi-eat, hap'pi-ly ; 
 pit'y, pit'i-ful, pit'i-less ; bu.s-'y, bu.s-'i-ness. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. Dry, dry'er, dry'est, dry'ing, dry'ly, 
 dry'ness ; shy, shy'iiig, shy'ly, shy'ness. 
 
 6. W^hen a vowel precedes Y final, or when ING is added, 
 the Y is generally retained. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Be-tray', be-trays, be-trayed, be-tray'er, 
 be-tray'ing ; gay, gay'ly, gay'e-ty ; play, plays, played, 
 play'er, play'ing ; re-ply, re-ply'lng* ; spy, spy'ing. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. Laid, lain, paid, said, saitli, and most 
 of their compounds. Dai'ly. 
 
 7. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the laat syl- 
 lable, ending with a single consonant, preceded by a single 
 vowel, double that consonant on taking an augment beginning 
 with a vowel. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Blot, blot' ted, blot'ting ; per-mit', per- 
 mit' ted, per-mit'ting ; beg, beg' gar ; big, big'ger, 
 
68 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 big'gest ; drum, drum'mer; glad, glad'der, glad' clest; 
 gum, gum'my ; rob, rob'ber ; skin, skin'ny. (In the 
 following, and many other words, when ed is added, the 
 e before the final d is silent.) Con-trol', con-trolled; 
 ex-pel, ex-pelled ; hop, hopped ; hum, hummed ; pro-pel, 
 pro-pelled ; sin, sinned. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. The derivatives of gas have only one 
 s ; as gases, gas'i-fij. X, y, and k, are never doubled in 
 English words ; as wax, ivaxen. 
 
 8. But if there are two final consonants, or two vowels pre- 
 ceding a final consonant, likewise if the accent is not on the 
 last syllable, or if the accent is shifted, no doubling takes place. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Call, called, caH'ing ; cheat, cheat'ed, 
 cheat'ing ; cool, cooled, cool'ing, cool'er, cool'est ; 
 cred'it, cred'it-ed, cred'it-irig, crcd'it-or ; gal'lop, gar- 
 loped, gal'lop-ing; ^ib'bet, </ib'bet-cd, ^ib'bet-ing ; suffer, 
 suffered, suffer-in g, suf'for-er; vLs-'it, vis'it-cd; vis'it-ing, 
 vis'it-or ; wor'ship, wor'shipcd, wor'ship-ing, wor'ship-er. 
 
 REMARKS. The following words arc by some regarded as exceptions 
 to Rule 8, and made to double the final consonant before ed, my, <fcc. 
 Present usage is in favor of the reform introduced by Noah Webster, 
 under which these words are spelled in accordance with Rule 8 ; thus, 
 Hav'ded, trav'el-iny, trav'd-ei ; jew'd, jew'd-er } <fec. 
 
 Ap-par'el, bfir'rel, bcv'cl, can'cel, CJir'ol, cav'il, chi.s'el, 
 chan'nel, coun'sel, cud'(/el, di'al, di-shev'cl, driv'el, du'el, 
 em-bow'el, cn-arn'el, e'qual, gam'bol, grav'cl, grov'el, 
 hand'sel, hatch'el, im-pan'nel, jcw'el, keri'nel, ker'nel, 
 h'bel, lau'rel, lev'el, li'bel, mar'shal, mar'vel, mod'el, 
 pan'el, par'cel, pen'cil, per'il,- pis'tol, pom'mel, quar'rel, 
 rav'el, rev'el, ri'val, row'el, shov'el, shriv'el, sniv'el, 
 tas'sel, tram'mel, trav'el, tuu'nel, vic-t'wal. 
 
 Add fd or iny to the above words. 
 
EULES FOR SPELLING. 69 
 
 9. "Words ending in a double consonant generally retain both 
 consonants on receiving an addition. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Bliss'ful ; suocessTul. Rest'less-ly, use'- 
 less-ly. Care'less-ness, ill'ness, stilFness. 
 
 REMARKS. Some words ending in // drop one / before less and ly ; ns, 
 s fall ess, fully, chilly, squally. According to "\Vebster, the derivatives of 
 dull, skill, will, and full, retain the // before ness and ful ; as, dull' ness, 
 fullness, skillful, will'ful ; though other lexicographers place but one / in 
 the first syllable of these words. In the words dis-till, fjrc-tdl, ful-j.ll, 
 in-still, ^Webster retains the // of the primitive words still, tell, f.ll. 
 
 10. Compound words are usually spelled in the same manner 
 as the simple words of which they are composed ; but FULL, 
 as an additional syllable, drops one L; as IIA^D'FUL, 
 SPOONFUL. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Cow'yard, clown' fall, icc'housc. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. Al'most, al'so, ajways, cl'bow, wd'fare. 
 Al-though , un-til, witfi-al. Al-bc'it, al-rnight'y, al-rcacT y. 
 Al-to-gctfi'cr. 
 
 11. The plural of nouns is Generally formed by adding ", 
 when the singular ends with a sound that will unite with tho 
 sound of S ; as LAMP, LAMPS ; or by adding ES, or S, having 
 the sound of ES, when the singular ends with a sound that will 
 not unite with the sound of S ; as FOX, FOX'ES. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Ap'plc, ap'plcs ; bag-, bags; frog, frog/?; 
 miss, miss'cs ; torch, torch'cs ; rose, ro'.s'cs. 
 
 Nouns having any other ending than y preceded by a consonant, or 
 than /, h, o, s, x, also nouns ending in silent e, form their plurals by 
 adding s. 
 
 "\Vhcn c soft (having the sound of s), g soft (having the sound of y), or 
 v, comes before silent c, a syllable is added to the word ; as, face, faces ; 
 age, ages j case, cases. 
 
 Nouns ending in ch soft (as in bench), ah, ss, cr x, form their plurals by 
 adding es. 
 
 12. Most nouns ending in O, preceded by a consonant, form 
 the plural by the addition of ES. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Car'gocs, ech'ocs, he'rocs, mot'toes, niu- 
 lat'toes, ne'groes, po-ta'toes, sti-lct'toes, vol-ca'noes. 
 
70 RULES FOR SPELLING. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. Bra'vos, can'tos, du-o-dec'i-mos, ha'los, 
 grot'tos, jun tos, man-i-fes'tos, me-men'tos, nios-qui'tos, 
 oc-ta'vos, por'ti-cos, quar'tos, so'los, twos, ty'ros. 
 
 Where o is preceded by a vowel, as in tri'o, cam'e-o, s only is added. 
 
 13. Nouns ending in Y, preceded by a consonant, form their 
 plural by changing the Y into IES ; but nouns ending in Y, 
 preceded by a vowel, form the plural regularly by the addition 
 of S. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Ar'my, ar'mies ; ba'by, ba'bies ; po'ny, 
 ponies; pop'py, pop'pies. Gal'ler-y, gal'ler-ies; van'i-ty, 
 van'i-ties. Boy, boys; key, keys. Al'ley, alleys; 
 chim'ney, chim'neys ; mon'ey, mon'eys; val'ley, val'leys; 
 volley, volleys. Dis-play, dis-plays. 
 
 14. A number of nouns ending in F and in FE, and most of 
 those ending in FF, form their plural regularly by tho addition 
 of S. 
 
 EXAMPLES. Chiefs, dwarfs, fifes, griefs, gulfs, hoofs, 
 proofs, roofs, safes, scarfs, stripes, surfs, turfs, wharfs. 
 Ke-proofs'. Hand'ker-chiefs. Cuff, cuffs. Muff, muffs ; 
 whiff, whiffs. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. ^Beef, beeves; calf, calves; elf, elves ; 
 half, halves; knife, knives; leaf, leaves; life, lives; 
 loaf, loaves; self, selves; sheaf, sheaves; shelf, shelves; 
 thief, thieves ; wife, wives ; wolf, wolves. 
 
 Staff has staves in the plural, but its compounds are regular ; as flag- 
 stfiff, flay -staffs. 
 
 DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 
 A curable disease. A movable rock. A serviceable dress. He 
 got a swingeing for swinging. She is singeing her hair. Birds 
 are singing ; boys frolicking. Illustrious achievements. My 
 judgment of the abridgment. Daisies in bloom. Chimneys 
 smoking. Volleys of darts. Cheap calicoes. Sweet potatoes. 
 Ships at the wharfs. Mosquitos are plenty. Regard his welfare. 
 
MARKS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 71 
 
 MARKS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 Comma, . . 
 
 ! Parenthesis, . 
 
 () 
 
 Section, 
 
 Semicolon, 
 
 . :; Brackets, . . 
 
 [] 
 
 Asterisk, 
 
 Colon, . . . 
 
 Caret, . . . 
 
 A 
 
 Dagger, 
 
 Period, . . 
 
 . 
 
 Hyphen, . . . 
 
 - 
 
 Parallels, 
 
 Interrogation, 
 
 ? 
 
 Accent, . . . 
 
 ' 
 
 Ellipsis, 
 
 Exclamation, . 
 
 7 
 
 Paragraph , . 
 
 IT 
 
 Dioeresis, 
 
 Dash, . . . 
 
 _ 
 
 Quotation, . < 
 
 
 Makron, 
 
 Apostrophe, . 
 
 5 Index, . . | 
 
 3T 
 
 Breve, . 
 
 The marks of punctuation are, the Comma (,), which 
 usually represents the sho/test pause ; the Semicolon 
 (;), a longer pause than the comma; the Colon (:), a 
 longer pause than the semicolon ; and the Period (.), a 
 full stop. 
 
 The Interrogation point (?) is used to denote that a 
 question is asked ; as, Who is there f The Exclamation 
 point (!) is expressive of any strong or sudden emotion ; 
 as, 0, heavy day ! 
 
 The Dash ( ) is used where a sentence breaks off 
 abruptly. 
 
 The Apostrophe ('), a mark differing from the comma 
 only in being placed above the line, denotes the omission 
 of one or more letters ; as, o'er for over, J gan for began. 
 It also marks the separation of the final s of the pos- 
 sessive case from the noun ; as, John's hat. The possess^ 
 ive case plural is indicated by an apostrophe after the 
 letter s ; as, the trees' leaves. 
 
 The Marks of Parenthesis ( ) are used when a word, 
 passage, or mark, which interrupts the progress of the 
 sentence, is inserted. 
 
 The Hyphen (-) is used to separate syllables ; also 
 
72 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 the parts of compound words ; as, com-pre-hend, milk- 
 pail The Hyphen is placed after a syllable ending a 
 line, to show that the remainder of the word begins the 
 next line. 
 
 The Acute Accent (') is used in English to mark tho 
 accented syllable. 
 
 Marks of Quotation (" ") are used to denote that tho 
 words of another person, real or supposed, than the 
 author, are quoted. 
 
 CAPITAL LETTERS. 
 
 Capital Letters should be, used in the following in- 
 stances : 
 
 1. At the beginning of the first word of every sen- 
 tence, and after every full stop. 
 
 2. At the beginning of every line of poetry. 
 
 3. At the beginning of proper names and of adjectives 
 derived from them, in whatever part of the sentence. 
 
 4. In epithets, used like the following: Charles the 
 Fat'; Peter the Great. 
 
 5. Titles, when followed by names : The Emperor 
 Napoleon. 
 
 6. Appellations of the Deity : as, Lord, Jehovah, Prov- 
 idence ; and often in pronouns referring to Him. 
 
 *T. The pronoun I, and the interjections 0, Oh, &c. 
 
 8. The days of the week, and months of the year ; as, 
 February, Tuesday. 
 
 9. The divisions of a printed work ; as, Book the First. 
 Section the Second. 
 
 10. Nouns denoting a religious sect; as, A Christian, 
 a Jew. 
 
 11. Words to which it is desired to give importance ; 
 as, The army of the Revolution. When will Congress sit? 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
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 EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
CLASS STANDARD READEE. 
 
 - SARGENT'S 
 STANDARD SERIES, 
 
 BT EPES SARGENT, 
 
 "STANDARD SPEAKER. " 
 
 The Standard Fifth, or Fi 
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 The Standard Third Reader. -12mo, 216 pages. 
 The Standard Second Reader. 16ino, 216 pages. With Cuts. 
 The Standard First Reader. 16mo, 120 pages. With Cuts. 
 
 The Standard Primer, ' 16mo, 72 pages. With Cuts. 
 Sargent's Smaller Primer. 16mo, 36 pages. With Cute. 
 
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 are invaluable aids in teaching reading or spelling to a class. " 
 
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 extensive. Their points of superiority are, 
 
 1. The character and variety of the reading matter. 
 
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 ciation is secured. 
 
 3. An Explanatory Index, by which all. doubtful or difficult 
 words jn the text are explained. . 
 
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 learners. 
 
 5. Superiority in the mechanical execution, the paper, press- 
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 The STANDARD SPELLER is pronounced, by all the be 't edu- 
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 It is not only a great success, but a great novelty. 
 
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