:", '. . SET
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 RIVERSIDE
 
 TOGOLAND
 
 
 
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 TOGOLAND 
 
 BY 
 
 ALBERT F. CALVERT, F.C.S., 
 
 Knight Grand Cross of The Royal Order of Isabel 
 
 the Catholic, Knight Grand Cross of The 
 
 Royal Order of Alfonso XII., etc. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 The German African Empire, South-West Africa, 
 
 The Cameroons, German East Africa. 
 Nigeria and its Tinfields, The Political Value of our Colonies, 
 
 The Exploration of Australia, 
 Mineral Resources of Minas Geraes, Brazil, etc. 
 
 XonDon : 
 
 T. WERNER LAURIE, LTD., 
 
 8, ESSEX STREET, LONDON. 
 
 1918.
 
 *-' / 
 
 
 E, Goodman & Son, The Phcenix Press, Taunton.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 E of the most curious and interesting features 
 connected with the annexation of Togoland by 
 Germany, the colonisation of the territory by its 
 Teuton administrators, and its final surrender to the 
 allied British and French forces, is the quietness and 
 decorum that has characterised every incident and 
 phase of the several processes. In July, 1884, a 
 German Consul-General, named Nachtigal, ostensibly 
 engaged in the capacity of Trade Commissioner to 
 report to his Government upon the progress of 
 German commerce in West Africa, unostentatiously 
 unfurled the flag of the Fatherland in Bagida and 
 Lome, and added an area of 33,700 square miles of 
 Togoland to the 322,450 square miles of country in 
 Damaraland and Namaqualand, which at that period 
 constituted the extent of Germany's African Empire. 
 This totally unexpected act of acquisition was accom- 
 plished without fuss, and the fact was accepted by 
 Downing Street and the Quai D'Orsay almost without 
 protest. It is true that in the process of opening up 
 the country slavery, if not abolished, was replaced by
 
 VI. PREFACE. 
 
 a system of compulsory native labour which was 
 bitterly resented by the Togolanders, and it was 
 necessary for their new masters to teach the people 
 several sharp lessons before they became reconciled 
 to German domination. But the work of pacification 
 was carried on so quietly that the outside world 
 never troubled itself to enquire when or how it was 
 accomplished. Thereafter, and with the same 
 absence of pother or publicity, railways were built, 
 excellent roads and resthouses were constructed, 
 towns and markets were founded, postal facilities 
 were extended, and at Kamina, to the north of 
 Atakpame, a wireless station was installed of sufficient 
 power to communicate with Berlin and the adminis- 
 trative centres in the German West, South-West and 
 East African possessions. The agricultural and com- 
 mercial progress achieved rendered Togoland 
 financially independent of the Fatherland, and the 
 little wedge of territory on the Gulf of Guinea was 
 long regarded with peculiar pride and satisfaction by 
 the Imperial Colonial Office, as constituting a practical 
 proof of the conspicuous success of the German system 
 of colonisation. And the passing of Teutonic rule in 
 the model colony was attended with as little commo- 
 tion as its advent and its application. The Protec-
 
 PREFACE. Vll. 
 
 torate was surrendered practically without a struggle, 
 and the majority of the people of this country, 
 who read in their newspapers in September, 1914, 
 that the disintegration of the German Colonial Empire 
 had been begun with the capitulation of Togoland to 
 the Allied forces, would have been hard put to it to 
 recall the name of the country or point to its location 
 on a map of the world. 
 
 Neither the duplicity by which Germany intrigued 
 herself into East Africa, nor the bluff she practised in 
 the acquisition of her south-west territory, nor the 
 bullying swagger she exhibited in filching the Province 
 of New Cameroon from the French in the face of 
 Europe, were employed in the business of her annexa- 
 tion of Togoland. It was a simple matter of appro- 
 priation, and the simplicity of Germany's subsequent 
 methods of dealing with the natives is even now 
 only beginning to be understood. The country was 
 smiling and prosperous, the Togoland ers were peaceful 
 and thrifty, the material progress of the colony was 
 unique in Germany's colonial experience, and every- 
 thing was for the best in the best of all possible 
 German-African worlds. The natives were instructed 
 in agricultural cultivation, an Agricultural College 
 was established, special experiments were made in the
 
 Vlll. PREFACE. 
 
 raising of indigenous products, and excellent results 
 were obtained. Vaccination was introduced, and the 
 scourge of small-pox was arrested. A system of 
 native education was instituted by the Government 
 by which the little Togolanders were instructed in the 
 German language, and the history of the German 
 Empire and the lives of its Emperors since 1870. 
 The geography of Germany also formed a subject of 
 juvenile native study, while the singing of German 
 patriotic songs had an honoured place in the curri- 
 culum. The agricultural and educational systems 
 were triumphs of organisation, and the results sur- 
 passed expectation ; yet we have the testimony of both 
 a German and an English authoress that the German 
 methods had their defects, and that the people were 
 " not so light-heartedly happy as in English territory." 
 It seems strange, perhaps, that after thirty years of 
 a rule which was best calculated, in the eyes of the 
 German authorities, to benefit the natives in mind, 
 body and estate, the ungrateful Togolanders should 
 have acclaimed the Anglo-French troops not as 
 invaders but deliverers, and have welcomed their 
 triumphant entry into Lome with every demonstra- 
 tion of enthusiastic joy " for days on end, in fullest 
 gala attire, the population paraded the streets, singing
 
 PREFACE. IX. 
 
 and chanting songs of praise and thankfulness." A 
 curiously significant ending to three decades of peace- 
 ful occupation and unprecedented progress in coloni- 
 sation ! 
 
 Yet the reason of the natives' insensibility to the 
 benefits conferred upon them by their German pro- 
 tectors is not far to seek. " The terrible doings of 
 Germans in Togoland," we read in the Gold Coast 
 Leader, " have become matters of common know- 
 ledge." Such knowledge may have been common 
 enough in the Gold Coast region, but the German 
 administrators took care that particulars of their 
 terrible doings did not obtain any wider publicity. 
 The native revolts against forced labour in the neigh- 
 bouring Cameroons were so frequent, and the punish- 
 ment inflicted by the authorities was so severe, that 
 it was impossible altogether to disguise the condition 
 of affairs that existed in that colony. In East Africa 
 German maladministration was followed by expedi- 
 tion after expedition, and by the wholesale massacre 
 of the disaffected natives, while in South- West Africa, 
 as Professor Bonn, of Munich University, declared in 
 January, 1914, the Germans " solved the native 
 problem by smashing tribal life and creating a scarcity 
 of labour." These were facts that could not be
 
 X. PREFACE. 
 
 hidden, but no such unrest was reported in Togoland, 
 and no resultant scandal was raised over the means 
 employed by the authorities in its suppression. None 
 the less, the Togolander was anything but grateful 
 for German civilisation or the German manner of 
 inculcating it. He did not appreciate at its full value 
 the installation of a perfect telephone system, and he 
 was not pleasurably impressed by the fact that his 
 children had the choice of 324 schools and the service 
 of forty-nine European teachers at their disposal. 
 On the other hand, he was signally alive to the 
 injustice of a law which permitted his German bene- 
 factor to give him twenty-five strokes with the lash, 
 and was probably cognisant of the fact that under 
 British rule the white man who strikes a black is 
 mulcted in a fine of 5. The construction of 755 
 miles of roads was a tour de force upon which the 
 Germans prided themselves inordinately, but the 
 native was not unforgetful of the terms and con- 
 ditions on which he was compelled to build the roads 
 and keep them in a state of repair. For all the 
 benefits conferred upon the native by a paternal 
 Government, he was charged a head-tax of only six 
 shillings per annum, and as he did not possess that 
 insignificant sum, the Government allowed him to
 
 PREFACE. XI. 
 
 make his contribution in the form of forced labour to 
 the extent of twelve working days. This again, on 
 the face of it, appears anything but severe, but when 
 he had to report for duty at long distances from his 
 home, and to provide food for himself and the family 
 which invariably accompanied him on his journeys, 
 the hardship and privation inflicted under this system 
 becomes apparent. Moreover the Government 
 officials were untiring in their inspection of the native 
 quarters, consideration for the comfort of the native 
 and his family being combined with an almost pre- 
 ternatural sensitiveness on the subject of the presence 
 of any kind of dirt, which was punishable with a fine 
 of twenty shillings or an additional forty days' labour 
 on those excellent roads. 
 
 Even if it is admitted that the system is admirable 
 and the manner in which it is administered is perfect 
 in its thoroughness, the fact remains that it is 
 unsuited to the native temperament, and it is in the 
 German determination to ignore that fact that their 
 failure to colonise in Africa is to be found. The 
 German authorities have no use for the native while 
 he remains a Togolander ; the whole aim of their 
 system is to make him into a German as soon as 
 the transformation can be effected. His history,
 
 Xii. PREFACE. 
 
 traditions, virtues, and methods of work must be 
 obliterated from his memory, and in their place 
 German standards and ideals set up. Instead of 
 adapting German improvements to native systems, 
 the native is compelled to adopt German civilisation 
 in its entirety, and adapt himself to it as best he may, 
 with the result that after thirty years' experience of 
 the blessings of kultur he divests himself of the 
 accursed thing in an hour and joyously hails the 
 arrival of enemy troops as presaging a return to 
 freedom. The organising ability the German throws 
 into his mission of educating the native and teaching 
 him the German language and the advantages of 
 being a German subject, is beyond praise, but it is 
 accompanied with " little love and scarcely any 
 respect for the native," and " no mention is ever made 
 of the natives' national feeling." Germany's obliga- 
 tion to the native is discharged by the erection of an 
 Agricultural College, the introduction of forced labour, 
 and the infliction, at discretion, of twenty-five lashes. 
 Indeed it would seem as if the lamentable failure 
 of German methods and German intellectualism, is 
 more clearly demonstrable in her fast-disappearing 
 African possessions than in the Fatherland itself. 
 Jealousy of Great Britain, an arrogant, ignorant
 
 PREFACE. Xlll. 
 
 assumption of a racial monopoly of intellect, virtue 
 and colonising genius, misled her into the accept- 
 ance of Bernhardi's contention that " The German 
 nation, from the standpoint of its importance to 
 civilisation, is entitled to demand not only a place 
 in the sun, but to aspire to an adequate share in the 
 sovereignty of the world far beyond the limits of its 
 present sphere of influence." Unfortunately for 
 Germany, when she arrived at this conclusion, all the 
 outlying regions of the globe that were not actually 
 the recognised possession of another European nation, 
 came within the sphere of influence of one or other of 
 those several Powers. Thus while Britain had been 
 supreme in the Zanzibar! region of East Africa since 
 1841, and her authority was unchallenged in the 
 provinces of Damaraland and Namaqualand, nothing 
 but the supineness of Downing Street and the anti- 
 Imperial spirit which animated the Gladstone admin- 
 istration of 1883, prevented the British Government 
 from acceding to the repeated petitions of the native 
 chiefs of the Cameroons and Togoland, and taking 
 those territories under the protection of the English 
 flag. This apathy of the administration of the period 
 lent itself to the cunning designs of Prince Bismarck 
 and gave him the opportunity he required. German
 
 XIV. PREFACE. 
 
 traders were despatched to negotiate with local chiefs 
 for tracts of territory and trading rights in South- 
 West Africa, Togoland and the Cameroons, and Dr. 
 Carl Peters, a commercial adventurer of undisputed 
 ability and initiative, was allowed, if not actually 
 authorised, by the Chancellor to obtain concessions 
 in the district of Zanzibar. The establishment of 
 German traders in these several quarters, afforded 
 the German Government ample excuse for taking 
 formal measures for the protection of their lives and 
 interests. A gunboat was sent to South-West Africa 
 to safeguard the rights and property of Franz Adolf 
 Luderitz, the merchant emissary, who had acquired 
 an extensive settlement at Luderitzbucht in exchange 
 for a score of old muskets and a cash payment of 85, 
 and Bismarck, who had disavowed in 1883 any 
 intention of establishing a Crown Colony in South- 
 West Africa, announced in April, 1884, that the 
 settlement of Luderitzbucht was under the protection 
 of the Empire. Thereafter Germany's newly-disclosed 
 policy of territory-grabbing was pursued with vigour. 
 The English Colonial Office had scarcely recovered 
 from the effect of this first staggerer, when staggerers 
 two, three and four were delivered in quick succession. 
 In July the German flag was hoisted in Togoland and
 
 PREFACE. XV. 
 
 the Cameroons, and before the end of the year Dr. 
 Peters, by virtue of twelve treaties, had acquired in 
 East Africa a province as large as Southern Germany. 
 Although this colony was not declared to be a Pro- 
 tectorate of the Empire until 1888, it is evident, in 
 the light of subsequent events, that Peters had been 
 employed as a tool by Bismarck for the furtherance 
 of his scheme of colonisation ; and the brutal cal- 
 lousness with which the Imperial Chancellor threw 
 him over when his services were no longer of use to 
 him, was entirely characteristic of the man of blood 
 and iron. German East Africa was an accomplished 
 if unannounced fact before the close of 1884, and in 
 the last nine months of that year Germany had 
 bluffed, cajoled or tricked Great Britain into acknow- 
 ledging her sovereignty over 100,000,000 square 
 miles of Africa and a native population of nearly 
 14,000,000 souls. When war was declared, in August, 
 1914, Germanic Africa had a white population of only 
 16,500 persons, but she had sunk about 100,000,000 
 in developing her territories and in raising their 
 exports to over four millions sterling. 
 
 Although the tremendous energy and assurance 
 displayed by Germany in securing for herself a place 
 in the African sun caused the British Government
 
 XVI. PREFACE. 
 
 considerable perturbation at the time, and was 
 keenly resented in South Africa, the nation enter- 
 tained no serious ill-will against the intrusiveness of 
 her new neighbour, and was soon watching her 
 colonising difficulties with sympathetic interest. The 
 British fleet co-operated with the German troops in 
 enforcing the claims to the Zanzibar! concessions 
 granted to Dr. Peters under the treaties, and in the 
 long war that the German South-West African forces 
 waged against the Hereros, many South Africans 
 crossed the border to give their neighbouring colonists 
 a helping hand. But for the assistance of hundreds 
 of British and Dutch Afrikanders, and the shooting of 
 Marengo by Major Elliott, of the C.M.R., the Herero 
 War would not have been settled even in the long 
 space of four years. The British people were pre- 
 pared to work harmoniously side by side with the 
 German colonisers, and to share with them the benefit 
 of their long experience partly from the respect in 
 which the might of Germany was held, partly from a 
 feeling of genuine neighbourliness, and partly because 
 they were only too willing to accept Lord Haldane's 
 assurance that the Kaiser's life purpose was " to 
 make the world better," and that Germany was 
 " penetrating everywhere to the profit of mankind."
 
 PREFACE. XVii. 
 
 If the Kaiser could have fulfilled his high purpose 
 without desiring to dominate the world he proposed 
 to benefit, and if the German Colonial Office had 
 accepted and condescended to profit by the friendly 
 overtures made by British statesmen and governors, 
 it is possible that in the course of a century or two 
 the German African possessions might have been 
 transformed into a contented and creditable colonial 
 empire. But the Prussian overlords of united 
 Germany cherished two fatal delusions. The one 
 was that the loyalty of Greater Britain to the home- 
 land was on the wane ; the second that Germany 
 " had nothing to learn from England or any other 
 colonising nation, having a method of handling social 
 problems peculiar to the German spirit." Professor 
 Cramb, in his lectures on " Germany and England," 
 assured his countrymen that our failure to govern 
 India was conspicuous, ignoble and complete, that our 
 failure to hold Egypt was inevitable and that our 
 dominions were shivering with impatience under the 
 last slight remnants of the English yoke. And since 
 this professorial oracle had no difficulty in convincing 
 his countrymen that the British conception of 
 colonisation was utterly wrong and the German 
 system was entirely right, they realised how
 
 XVH1. PREFACE. 
 
 completely justified Treitschke was in recommending 
 the destruction of the British Empire, and the erec- 
 tion of Greater Germany upon the ruins. 
 
 In a word, Germany quite misunderstood the nature 
 of our Colonial Empire and the imperishable loyalty of 
 the Colonials to the race and land from which they 
 sprang, and afterwards failed to grasp the first 
 principle of successful colonisation, which is to keep 
 the practical and sentimental bonds of allegiance 
 between the Motherland and the dominions taut and 
 true. Experience has proved to Britain, as Sir 
 Francis Piggott has explained, that this can only be 
 done " by fostering the spirit of independence, so 
 that the colonies may be not mere off-shoots of the 
 home country, but component parts of the Empire ; 
 that every colony should feel that it is a nation in 
 embryo, capable if it will, or at least endeavouring, to 
 attain to that capacity of declaring its independence, 
 if the Mother Country neglect it or treat it impro- 
 perly. Such success as we have attained is by the 
 fearless recognition of this principle ; and we foster 
 it by self-reliance, by granting as much official and 
 administrative independence as each is capable of 
 exercising." If the German Government could not 
 see the bond which held the Empire together and the
 
 PREFACE. XIX. 
 
 Empire to the Mother Country, it is not surprising 
 that German administrators should fail to recognise 
 the means by which the links were forged. Yet, as 
 Sir Francis Piggott has pointed out, we have made 
 no secret of our methods. " They were at liberty to 
 inquire, they would have had most truthful answers ; 
 they were free to examine for themselves ; more than 
 that, the House of our Fathers has no door to keep 
 open or shut, and they, as all others, might walk in 
 and, taking up their habitation, test our theories on 
 the spot, observing our methods and drawing their 
 own conclusions. How freely the Kaiser's subjects 
 availed themselves of this liberty, how we welcomed 
 them, even though it became sometimes our own 
 hindrance, how we made both hearth-room and heart- 
 room for them, they seem somewhat to have forgotten. 
 Yet in spite of it all they have misunderstood what 
 was so very plain, and the hopelessness of the blunder 
 which has resulted from the misunderstanding, has 
 been ruthlessly demonstrated by the hard facts as 
 the world knows them to-day." 
 
 After thirty years of rule in Africa, Professor Bonn 
 was compelled to the conclusion that the Germans 
 were only just beginning to understand native admin- 
 istration. From the first Germany stood for military
 
 XX. PREFACE. 
 
 and scientific methods of colonisation. As Dr. W. 
 KuJz admitted in Deutsch Sud-Afrika in 25 Jahre 
 (1909), " The greater part of the work done in the 
 first twenty-five years of German rule in South 
 Africa has been accomplished by German troops. 
 The colony in its present form, and in its possible 
 future development as a German country, would be 
 an impossibility without the fights and successes of 
 the German soldier. In the past, as well as in the 
 future, there are other factors in the forefront of 
 German dominion in addition to the soldier ; but for 
 the first twenty-five years he holds first place." 
 Crush the natives into submission to superior force, 
 and afterwards insist upon the advantages which are 
 multiplied to them by the process ! It is a simple 
 method of conducting colonial expansion, but, as 
 the Times has maintained, these attempts to apply it 
 have proved a lamentable failure " because they 
 violate deep-seated principles, while the German 
 claim to a superior moral right to rule on the ground 
 of superior strength is based on a superficial and 
 fallacious conception of the nature of strength and 
 weakness in world-politics. . . . The Germans will 
 learn through bitter disillusionment that their 
 teachers are wrong, and that our apparently weak
 
 PREFACE. XXI. 
 
 rule conceals a virility equal to their own, and more 
 stable because rooted in liberty. South Africa pre- 
 sents this lesson in the most direct and convincing 
 form, because there the Boers, converted by British 
 rule to be its enthusiastic supporters, are defending 
 it against the Germans, to whom they looked as 
 Saviours before they knew what British rule was 
 like. Their choice is as deliberate as it is decided, 
 and no German thinker can honestly misread the 
 lesson it contains or ignore the contrast it offers to 
 Alsace-Lorraine under German rule." 
 
 In some directions, as in the construction of towns 
 and harbours, in the building of railways and roads, 
 in the establishment of posts and telegraphs, the 
 founding of agricultural colleges and stations and the 
 experimental work in connection with plantation and 
 native cultivation, Germany accomplished valuable 
 work in her African colonies, but with true German 
 arrogance she applied fixed rules to flexible colonial 
 problems, and such success as she has had, as Mr. 
 Evans Lewin declares, " has been neutralised by 
 certain things that have tended to throw ridicule 
 upon the efforts of her scientists and social reformers 
 to impose, by the aid of the military caste, rigid rules 
 and inflexible regulations upon the natives. The
 
 XX11. PREFACE. 
 
 complex military and administrative machinery of 
 the Fatherland has been little suited to the soil of 
 Africa, and the scientific methods of dragooning the 
 natives into a dull comprehension of the meaning of 
 German kultur have cast discredit upon the excellent 
 work that German administrators have performed in 
 other directions. Germany had indeed much to 
 learn from England, but she was too proud and too 
 imbued with the consciousness of her own superior 
 merit to stoop to Anglo-Saxon levels." The Hon. 
 W. P. Schreiner contends, and the truth of his asser- 
 tion is becoming more and more apparent as the facts 
 of their administrative systems become better known, 
 that Germany has never really colonised at all, either 
 in Africa or anywhere else. In order to colonise it is 
 necessary to possess some sort of perception of the 
 rights of humanity, and Germany has invariably com- 
 mitted the fatal error of misjudging humanity alto- 
 gether. She has refused to learn the lesson which 
 must first be mastered before a nation can control 
 and govern a subject race, and her consistent viola- 
 tion of treaties and her brutal treatment of natives, 
 have made it for ever impossible, in the judgment of 
 the High Commissioner for South Africa, for Germany
 
 PREFACE. XX111. 
 
 and Great Britain to march side by side in the work 
 of colonisation in the Dark Continent. 
 
 The impossibility of the prospect is incontestable 
 in the calculations of France as well as of Great 
 Britain. The colonial possessions of both these 
 countries and of Germany are among the pawns in 
 the game which is now being played out across the 
 length and breadth of Europe. South-West Africa 
 and German East Africa are as much a part of the 
 British Empire to-day as India or the Isle of Wight. 
 In the Cameroons, that portion of the colonies which 
 France was black-mailed into ceding to Germany will 
 certainly be restored to her, and that her sphere of 
 influence extends to the rest of the region, is undis- 
 puted. In the case of Togoland, the claims of the 
 Allies are more equal. Both countries have adjacent 
 colonies in French Dahomey and the British Gold 
 Coast Colony, and their united forces effected the 
 capitulation of the German Governor of Togoland. 
 It is no part of my purpose in writing this little book 
 to attempt to forecast the ultimate ownership of this 
 wedge of tropical territory, although it is my hope 
 that France whose paramount interests are situated 
 elsewhere will raise no objection to our retaining 
 possession of the Colony which she has helped us to
 
 XXIV. PREFACE. 
 
 conquer. In that belief I have been at no small pains 
 to collect all the available information about the 
 Protectorate, and to endeavour, in the following 
 pages, to present as completely and concisely as 
 possible the material on which to base an estimate 
 of the colonial and commercial value of this first- 
 fruits of the war that Germany thrust upon the Allies. 
 As in the cases of the other German colonies in Africa. 
 English writers appear to have conspired to leave 
 Togoland most severely alone, and the majority of 
 the particulars collated here have been gleaned from 
 German official and scientific publications. My in- 
 tention will be realised if the British reader is enabled 
 to form a general idea of the physical features of the 
 ex-German Colony, to make himself acquainted with 
 its resources of tropical products, to ascertain from 
 the record of past endeavour what to adopt and what 
 to avoid in the German system of agricultural ex- 
 ploitation, and to estimate for himself the potential 
 worth of the territory as a British, French, or Anglo- 
 French possession. 
 
 ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 
 ROYSTON, 
 ETON AVENUE, N.W.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 GERMAN ACQUISITION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT i 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES 9 
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS . . 22 
 
 A LAND OF NATIVE CULTIVATION . . . . 33 
 
 THE OIL-PALM CULTIVATION . . . . . . 39 
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE . . . . 52 
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND . . . . . . 60 
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS . . 78
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 A. F. Calvert's Map of Togoland .... i 
 
 A. F. Calvert's Map of Africa .... 2 
 
 View of Lome ....... 3 
 
 The Market Place, Lome ..... 4 
 
 Landing in the Old Style ..... 5 
 
 Landing Stores on the Bridge, Lome ... 6 
 
 Lome Railway Station ...... 7 
 
 Market Street, Lome ...... 
 
 The Destroyed Landing Stage, Lome ... 9 
 
 The Pier at Lome ....... 10 
 
 Salt Market, Lome . ... . . .11 
 
 Spirits Market, Lome . . . . . . 12 
 
 Hamburg Street, Lome . . . . . . 13 
 
 Hamburg Street, Lome . . . . . . 14 
 
 Evangelic Church at Lome . . . . . 15 
 
 Government District Office, Lome . . . . 16 
 
 Governor's House at Lome . . . . . 17 
 
 Police Troops at Lome . . . . . . 18 
 
 Factory Yard, South Togo . . . . . 19 
 
 Market in the Lome District ..... 20 
 
 Togo Children 21 
 
 A Togo Beauty with Sunday Hairdress . . . 22 
 
 Corpus Christi Procession, Lome .... 23 
 
 A Street in Anecho ...... 24 
 
 On the Shore at Anecho ...... 25 
 
 Train on the Coast Railway, near Anecho ... 26 
 
 Coast Railway, near Anecho ..... 27 
 
 District Office, Anecho-Sebe ..... 28 
 
 The Nightingale Hospital, Anecho .... 29
 
 XXV111. TOGOLAND. 
 
 PLAT 
 
 Native Canoes on the Shore of the Lagoon near Anecho 30 
 
 Palaver House, at Egge, near Anecho . . . 31 
 
 Market at Assahun, South Togo . . . . 32 
 
 The Former Custom House at Anecho . . . 33 
 
 Native Market, South Togo ..... 34 
 
 View of Atakpame, South Togo .... 35 
 
 Market Day, Atakpame . . . . . . 36 
 
 Bismarck Spring, Atakpame . . . . . 37 
 
 Market Place at Atakpame . . . . . 38 
 
 Market Place, Atakpame ..... 39 
 
 Government Offices, Atakpame .... 40 
 
 Market Place at Atakpame . . . . . 41 
 
 Constructing the Railway to Atakpame ... 42 
 
 Construction of the Hinterland Railway to Atakpame 43 
 
 The King of Ho, with his Suite .... 44 
 
 " The Queen of Women," Sisagbe, of Atakpame . 45 
 
 Highland behind the Agu ..... 46 
 
 Bush Plain in South Togo, between Palime and 
 
 Atakpame . . . . . . . 47 
 
 Ploughing a Field in Nuatja ..... 48 
 
 Cocoa Trees, two years old, under Oil Palms, Planta- 
 tion at Tafie . . . . . . . 49 
 
 Village of Pewa, Plateau of South Togo ... 50 
 
 Village of Glei, Atakpame District . . . . 51 
 
 Noepe Station, South Togo (Lome-Palime Railway) . 52 
 Avhegame, at the foot of the Agu Mountain, South 
 
 Togo 53 
 
 Gorge of the Kame in the Southern Togo Mountains . 54 
 
 View of Kpandu, South Togo ..... 55 
 
 A Native of Bassari, North Togo .... 56 
 
 A Native of Ewe ....... 57 
 
 Native Soldiers at the Shooting Range, Misa Heights. 58 
 
 Palime, Terminus of the Railway to the Interior . 59 
 
 Misa Height Street, Palime ..... 60
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. xxix. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 Village of Tonghe, Misa Heights . . . . 61 
 
 Village in Palime ....... 62 
 
 Police Station and Court House at Misa Height . 63 
 
 District Office, Misa Height ..... 64 
 
 A Factory at Palime ...... 65 
 
 A Village in Middle Togo . . . . 66 
 
 Dancing Women, Tamberma ..... 67 
 
 A Village in the District of Kabure .... 68 
 
 Open Space in the Forest, Agome Mountains . . 69 
 
 Bush Plain, with Borassu Palms .... 70 
 
 The Lower Volta River . . . . . . 71 
 
 On the Kumongu River ...... 72 
 
 View of Bimbila, Central Togo .... 73 
 
 Village at Ewe ....... 74 
 
 A Palm Wine Factory in the Plain, near Amusukoohe, 
 
 South Togo 75 
 
 On the Angae River . . . . . . 76 
 
 The Gemmi, near Amadschwe ..... 77 
 
 Kola Bushes, five years old, Plantation at Tafie . 78 
 
 On the Plain ........ 79 
 
 Market Place at Kete, Kratschi .... 80 
 
 A Caravan on the March . . . . . 81 
 
 Collecting Road Dues from a Hausa Caravan . . 82 
 
 Travelling in a Hammock ..... 83 
 
 Primitive Native Bridge ...... 84 
 
 Orchard Plain, with Schi Butter Trees ... 85 
 
 Losso Women making Millet Beer .... 86 
 
 Grinding Millet Grain 87 
 
 Native Potters' Workshop, Amclame ... 88 
 
 Mission Sister with Native Children .... 89 
 
 Native Women of Akpoffo ..... 90 
 
 The Oti River, near Tschopowa, North Togo . . 91 
 
 View of the Country round the Fetisch Mountains . 92 
 
 A Chief in his Village, near Dako, North Togo . . 93
 
 XXX. TOGOLAND. 
 
 PLATE 
 Natives of Difale ....... 94 
 
 Natives of Tamberma ...... 95 
 
 Bush Plain in North Togo ..... 96 
 
 Bush Plain in North Togo . . . . . 97 
 
 Station at Bessari ....... 98 
 
 Government Station Building at Bassari ... 99 
 Natives at a Trading Station . . . . .100 
 
 Market Place, Dako . . . . . . 101 
 
 Government Office at Bassari ..... 102 
 
 Station at Sokode . . . . . . .103 
 
 Natives of Fulbe, North Togo . . . . .104 
 
 Horse of North Togo . . . . . .105 
 
 Native Chief and his Galadima in the Dako District, 
 
 North Togo . . . . . . . 106 
 
 Clay Box Houses, Middle Togo .... 107 
 
 Tamberma Citadel . . . . . . .108 
 
 Ssola Citadel ........ 109 
 
 Dorf Citadel in North Togo . . . . .no 
 
 A Tamberma Citadel . . . . . .in 
 
 Mosque at Bessari . . . . . . .112 
 
 Mosque at Sansane Mangu, the Northernmost Govern- 
 ment Station in Togo . . . . .113 
 
 Rag Fetish ........ 114 
 
 Musicians of Adi . . . . . . .115 
 
 African Drums ....... 116 
 
 Manufacturing Native Musical Instruments . . 117 
 House, with Gabled Roof, in course of Construction . 118 
 Spiritual Dignataries . . . . . .119 
 
 Ovens used by the Natives for Smelting Iron Ore at 
 
 Bangjeli, North Togo . . . . .120 
 
 Iron Market at Bassari . . . . . .121 
 
 Court of the King of Banjeli, Iron Smelter . . 122 
 A Native Weaver in Togo . . . . .123 
 
 Native Weavers . . . . . . .124
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXI. 
 
 PLATE 
 Net Makers at Porto Seguro . . . . .125 
 
 Ivory Turner . . . . . . . 126 
 
 Pottery Worker . . . . . .127 
 
 Fetish Nuts ........ 128 
 
 Fetisches ........ 129 
 
 Pots and Jars made by the Natives at Kpendu . . 130 
 Chained Prisoners Making Roads . . . .131 
 
 Women and Children breaking Palm Nuts with Stones 
 
 and Collecting the Kernels . . . . 132 
 Cocoanut Trees in Season, Kpeme Plantation . . 133 
 Weighing Cotton brought in by the Natives at Sokode, 
 
 North Togo ....... 134 
 
 Crushing Yams ....... 135 
 
 Native Police Troops Starting on a March . . 136 
 
 Cut Maize Field ....... 137 
 
 Cutting the Green Leaves from the Stalks at Maize 
 
 Plantation . . . . . . .138 
 
 Maize Stack . . . . . . . .139 
 
 Wool Trees ........ 140 
 
 Cotton Plants, Yams, &c., Pessi, Middle Togo . . 141 
 Cotton Sellers from Bogu at Sokode, North Togo . 142 
 Carting the Cotton Bales to the Railway . . .143 
 The Gin House and Cotton Press . . . .144 
 
 Works for Extracting the Cotton Seed . . .145 
 Ripe Cotton Field . . . . . . .146
 
 TOGOLAND 
 
 GERMAN ACQUISITION AND EARLY 
 DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the smallest of the territories 
 which formed the German Colonial Empire 
 in Africa, Togoland, with its area of 33,660 square 
 miles, and its population estimated in 1913 at 
 1,030,000, was officially regarded as a model colony 
 since it had been for many years financially in- 
 dependent of the Fatherland. In the thirty years 
 that the country had been under German administra- 
 tion, a stable government had been established, the 
 hinterland had been opened up, three railways and 
 many excellent roads had been built, slavery had 
 been abolished and inter-tribal warfare discouraged, 
 and a number of experimental plantations had been 
 formed. The Government, by its energetic policy, 
 had developed the resources of the country, estab- 
 lished trade and commerce on sound lines, and made 
 considerable progress towards the betterment and 
 prosperity of the people. The whole country has 
 
 been described as a great storehouse, actual and 
 
 B
 
 2 TOGOLAND. 
 
 potential, for the supply of the most varied tropical 
 products including palm kernels and palm oil, 
 cotton, cocoa, maize, groundnuts, cassada, coffee, 
 rice, and rubber but its material prosperity is only 
 a small indication of the rewards which an enter- 
 prising and more sympathetic administration may 
 expect to secure from its future development. Yet 
 this compact little colony, wedged in between 
 Dahomey on the east and the Gold Coast Colony on 
 the west, was for many years the only unannexed 
 region on the West African coast, partly one sup- 
 poses on account of the difficulty of effecting a 
 landing on the thirty-two miles of palm-fringed, 
 surf-beaten sands which form its sea-border. 
 
 At any time during the last four and a half 
 centuries Togoland might have been annexed by 
 Portugal, France or England, but it was not until 
 Germany set about her policy of colonial expansion 
 that this strip of country was considered worthy of 
 notice. As far back as 1471, the Portuguese had 
 reached Upper Guinea, ten years later they built 
 Fort Elmina, and in 1517 they had established a 
 regular slave trade on the Gold Coast. When, in 
 1624, the Dutch elbowed the Portuguese out of this 
 region, they had, as neighbours, the English and
 
 GERMAN ACQUISITION. 3 
 
 the Danes. To the west of Togo, on the Point of 
 Three Capes, Brandenberg constructed several forts 
 between 1683 and 1707, while on the territory to 
 the east, the first factories were instituted by the 
 French, the English and the Dutch. The suppres- 
 sion of the slave trade in the Dutch territory in 
 1803, and in the English area four years later, caused 
 these colonies to decline in importance, and between 
 1856 and 1871 both the Danes and the Dutch sold 
 their possessions to the English. The French, in 
 the meantime, had acquired Kotonu (1864) and 
 Port Novo (1882), in Eastern Upper Guinea, but the 
 natives of the inhospitable coast of Togoland re- 
 mained in undisputed possession of their territory. 
 
 TRADE PRECEDES THE FLAG. 
 
 About this period some German merchants, with 
 a view to avoiding the high import duties on the 
 English Gold Coast, obtained a concession from the 
 local chief, and founded factories in Anecho or 
 Little Popo. From the death of the chief in 1883 
 until 1884, the disputes over the succession kept the 
 country in a ferment. In July, of the latter year, 
 Dr. Nachtigal, the German Consul General for West 
 Africa, restored order by entering Little Popo and
 
 4 TOGOLAND. 
 
 hoisting the German flag in Bagida and Lome. In 
 1886 a defensive treaty was concluded between the 
 German Imperial Commissioner Falkenthal and the 
 paramount chief, the German standard was unfurled 
 in Agome-Palimo in 1887, and in 1888 Falkenthal 
 made his successful march to Salaga, which was 
 followed by the Anglo-German treaty declaring the 
 neutrality of Gone j a and Dagomba. 
 
 The German occupation of the Togo coast was 
 followed by the exploration of the hinterland. The 
 large village of Adangbe was reached in 1886, the 
 district of Agotime was visited in 1887 ; the north- 
 west and north-east regions were traversed, and the 
 station of Bismarckburg was founded in Adeleland 
 in 1888. In 1890 Misahohe was established as the 
 only pass over the Togo Mountain, and in 1894 
 Bismarckburg was abandoned and the station was 
 removed to Kete Kratschi on the Volta River. 
 
 The natives, in the course of these expeditions, 
 having been " taught a sharp lesson " in order to 
 prepare them to accept the German occupation in a 
 properly submissive spirit, and the boundary lines 
 between German and French and German and 
 British territories having been settled by the agree- 
 ments of 1897 and 1899, the military force was
 
 GERMAN ACQUISITION. 5 
 
 reduced in 1900 from eleven Germans and 250 
 natives to seven Germans and 150 natives, and 
 development work was speeded up. The chief post- 
 office was established at Anecho (Little Popo), and 
 before 1900 Lome and Anecho had been connected by 
 telegraph, not only with each other, but also with the 
 Gold Coast on the west and Dahomey on the east. 
 Togoland was thus provided with two cables to 
 Europe. 
 
 By 1909 postal facilities had extended to six 
 stations ; by 1911 the present facilities of thirteen 
 chief offices with four sub-stations had been attained. 
 There is, besides, a convenient telephone system, 
 much appreciated by the native community. The 
 fees range from " sixpence to two shillings per three 
 minutes, according to distance. Every firm, hotel, 
 plantation, and missionary bureau is fitted with the 
 telephone, and the organisation of the service is 
 perfect." With the beginning of 1913, steps were 
 taken to erect a powerful wireless station at Kamina. 
 Road construction was proceeded with so steadily 
 that by 1914 there were 755 miles of roads suitable 
 for motor traffic, and rest-houses were established. 
 These rest-houses, under the German administration, 
 were generally large, comfortable and invariably
 
 TOGOLAND. 
 
 clean. Only white people were allowed to occupy 
 them, and the duty of keeping them clean devolved 
 upon the chiefs of the neighbouring villages. In the 
 vicinity of the est-houses were compounds for the 
 accommodation of native travellers. These com- 
 pounds frequently formed a considerable village, 
 consisting of fifty or sixty round huts, each suffi- 
 ciently commodious to shelter a native family. The 
 native official responsible for the hygienic condition 
 of the compound saw to it that the native occupants 
 of the huts swept and garnished their temporary 
 lodgings before resuming their journeys, and collected 
 the penny per diem which was the charge for the 
 accommodation . 
 
 The twenty-six miles of railway from Lome to 
 Anecho was completed in 1905 ; the section Lome to 
 Palime, close to Misahohe, in West Togoland, was 
 opened in its whole length of about sixty miles in 
 January, 1907 ; and there is now a railway from Lome 
 due north to Atakpame, no miles, thus giving a 
 total length of about 200 miles of railway for the 
 colony. 
 
 GREAT AND LITTLE POPO. 
 
 At the time of the coming of the Germans in
 
 GERMAN ACQUISITION. 7 
 
 1884, the most important settlements were two 
 places, called respectively, Great and Little Popo, 
 and the term Popo being the Portuguese word 
 POVO, a people was applied to the entire district. 
 Great Popo exported from 160,000 to 170,000 gallons 
 of palm oil in good years, and some 3,000 tons of 
 palm kernels. The importation of European goods 
 are given at about 850,000 marks for Great Popo and 
 130,000 for Little Popo, the striking difference in 
 the figures being accounted for by the fact that 
 business at Little Popo was largely transacted in 
 cash, that at Great Popo being by barter. The 
 export of Little Popo was greater than that of its 
 neighbour in palm oil, but in palm kernels much the 
 same, the figures for Little Popo being approximately 
 250,000 gallons of oil and 2,500 tons of kernels. 
 
 Great Popo, with a population of about 3,000, 
 finally passed to French Dahomey. It was un- 
 doubtedly a loss to Germany. Travellers describe 
 this section of the lagoon as unusually beautiful, the 
 numerous islands luxuriantly covered with stately 
 palms alternately with magnificent stretches of clear 
 blue water, constituting a panorama of "extra- 
 ordinarily superb magnificence." Little Popo, with 
 less natural beauty, undoubtedly possessed a native
 
 8 TOGOLAND. 
 
 community more in harmony with European ideals. 
 Money currency obtained to a considerable extent ; 
 but native supplies were still brought exclusively by 
 women. Transactions were for quantities rather 
 than small lots. The Germans had three factories 
 there, the French two ; there were also three Sierra 
 Leone businesses and several native concerns. 
 
 The white population consisted of four Frenchmen 
 and five Germans, and their method of life is thus 
 described in the Afrika Hand-Lexikon : " The man- 
 agement of the factories is mostly in the hands of 
 Europeans, strong men of 20-25 years of age, sent 
 out from Hamburg or Bremen under a three years' 
 agreement. As assistants they have ' Native 
 Clerks ' good penmen, but inaccurate accountants 
 and not too trustworthy. Usually four clerks are 
 employed in one factory. One acts as salesman, 
 another as warehouseman, and the two others as 
 buyers, chiefly employed in measuring the palm oil 
 and kernels brought in. The factories are open 
 from 6 in the morning to 6 at night being closed at 
 midday from 12 to 2. In Lome and Bagida trade 
 is carried on in English ; at Porto Seguro in Portu- 
 guese. German is quite unknown to the natives."
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 
 
 '"T^HE three hundred mile wedge of Togo territory 
 which runs south to north from the shore of the 
 Gulf of Guinea to the borders of the French Soudan, 
 may be roughly divided into three parts by imaginary 
 lines drawn from east to west, and these divisions 
 may be catalogued under the headings civilised, 
 semi-civilised and savage. South of rail-head, at 
 Atakpame, some 120 miles from the coast, the 
 natives are amongst the most civilised of the African 
 negroes. They are accustomed to clothing, are com- 
 paratively industrious, and employ coined money as 
 regular currency. The various tribes dwell on 
 friendly terms among themselves and with the 
 European settlers. This division of the colony con- 
 tains three lines of railways and many excellent roads . 
 North of Atakpame, about 100 miles to the Govern- 
 ment station just beyond Sokode, is a belt of semi- 
 civilised country, traversed the whole distance by a 
 good government road with rest-houses at more or 
 less regular intervals of fifteen miles. In this 
 division the natives are either adorned with warlike 
 habilaments, or they go naked ; they invariably
 
 IO TOGOLAND. 
 
 carry arms, and inter-tribal frays are not unknown. 
 Here the currency is mixed, coined money taking its 
 place with cowries, salt, and brass rods. North of 
 Sokode the country is inhabited by savage, hostile 
 tribes, who have not been brought under the in- 
 fluence of German kultur. A District Commissioner, 
 with headquarters at Mangu, on the banks of the 
 Oti, the principal river of Northern Togo, was in 
 control of this region, but as he had to defend his 
 station shortly before the war against a fierce native 
 attack, in which each side suffered heavy casualties, 
 it is evident that his authority was strictly nominal. 
 No made roads go north of Mangu, and the flat, 
 barren country, which is largely inundated in the 
 rainy season, owing to the overflow of the Oti River, 
 is practically unexplored. The wild and warlike 
 tribe, the Tschandjo, who swept down from the 
 north a hundred years ago the first mounted 
 warriors ever seen in Togoland settled in the south- 
 central region, and it was in the neighbourhood of 
 Sokodo that they gave check to Dr. Kersting and 
 his band of free-lance adventurers. Kersting, recog- 
 nising the fine fighting qualities of the Tschandjos, 
 made an alliance with their uro, or king, and, with
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. II 
 
 the assistance of his braves, eventually brought the 
 whole territory under German rule. 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. 
 
 The irregular coastal line of Togoland consists 
 of a lagoon sand bank of sea sand, a few metres high 
 and some hundred metres wide. This is succeeded 
 by an undulation of clayey soil, which in some parts 
 is filled with swamps and in others with lagoons and 
 streams. The lagoon zone between the sand bank 
 and the red clay plateau begins at Lome. Further 
 inland is a zone of heavy, clayey soil, partly covered 
 with grass, brushwood and occasional palm groves. 
 This plateau, which is seventy to 120 km. wide, rises 
 gradually in terraces to a height of from 200 to 
 400 m., and is bounded by the steep Togo Mountain. 
 Togo Mountain runs through the whole colony, with 
 the " island " mountains on either side. The chief 
 mountain in this central chain is called Fetisch 
 Mountain, and has a different geological formation 
 from either the westerly or Buem range, or the 
 easterly or Agu range. Fetisch Mountain, which 
 extends from the Volta to the source district of the 
 Mo in the north, is a continuous mountain range. The 
 Agu range begins east of the River Volta, and
 
 12 TOGOLAND. 
 
 between this range and the Fetisch chain are broad 
 plains. 
 
 All the rivers in the colony the Volta, with its 
 tributaries the Oti and Kulukpene, the Monu, the 
 Haho, the Sohio, and the Todschie rise in the 
 central range. The Volta is only navigable for a 
 short distance in Togoland, but the Monu, from 
 Togodo onwards for a distance of about 150 km., 
 is a very valuable waterway. Almost all these 
 rivers are interrupted in their middle courses by 
 rapids. The Kulukpene and the Volta form the 
 boundary between German and English territory, 
 and the former, with its abrupt, sinuous windings, is 
 only navigable for small vessels. The Oti, the 
 principal stream of the eastern Salaga lowland, 
 rises as the Pendjari in the Alakora Mountains in 
 Dahomey, but it enters Togoland below io55 N. 
 lat., and is henceforth known as the Oti. It has a 
 breadth of from eighty to 100 m., and overflows its 
 boundaries for several hundred metres in the low- 
 lying country on either side. The Mo, the source of 
 which is the Kurongo Mountains, penetrates the 
 Tabalo Mountain land, and has a breadth of about 
 forty m., and a depth of i| m. It receives the 
 Katscha and empties itself in the Oti. The most
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 13 
 
 important coast rivers are the Sohio and the Haho. 
 Both rise from numerous springs in the Akpasso 
 plateau ; both flow through the mountain region of 
 the Agu range and eventually find their way into 
 the great Togo lagoon. The less important rivers 
 and brooks are affected by the rainy and dry seasons, 
 and many which are swollen and impassable after the 
 rains, have no place in the colony's waterways during 
 the greater part of the year. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. 
 
 The geological formation in the east of the colony, 
 where the River Monu forms the boundary with 
 French Dahomey, consists of gneiss and granite, and 
 the gneiss and granite of the Monu plains, which 
 run north and south along the entire length of the 
 border, are pierced with a few outcropping hills of 
 hornblende, which have resisted all action of the 
 weather. Further to the west, and over the greater 
 part of the colony, is to be found schist and sandstone 
 formations, with considerable quantities of quartzite 
 on the extreme western border. This quartzite is a 
 continuation of the ridge which begins north of 
 Accra, in the Gold Coast, and consists of a number of 
 parallel ranges between which stretch small isolated
 
 14 TOGOLAND. 
 
 plains, and attain in some places a height of 3,280 
 feet above sea level. 
 
 Being continuous with the gold-bearing hills of 
 the Gold Coast, this mountain range in West Togo- 
 land might reasonably be supposed to yield gold ; 
 but such has not proved to be the case. Very similar 
 samples of rock have been obtained to that found 
 north of Accra, but so far they differ from the Gold 
 Coast samples in the one essential of not containing 
 gold. Repeated attempts to find gold-bearing quartz 
 in Togoland, extending over about fifteen years, have 
 not proved successful. But gold in small, if not 
 paying, quantities has been found near the western 
 frontier. Various other parts of the colony have been 
 examined for gold with but little result, but there 
 is a great deal of iron in certain districts of the 
 interior. The best known deposits are at Banjali, 
 near Bassari, in the Sokode district, which is con- 
 sidered by experts to be the best part of Togoland. 
 The deposits here are very important, and the ore is 
 good ; but the industry cannot be profitably ex- 
 ploited except by extending the railway from Atak- 
 pame and improving the harbour accommodation 
 at Lome. The iron is much used by the natives, who 
 forge from it various tools, swords, &c., and make
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 15 
 
 crude agricultural implements. In 1911 the natives 
 obtained 400 tons of iron ore, which was valued at 
 3,600. It is probable that valuable minerals exist 
 in Togo, but not one quarter of the country has as 
 yet been geologically surveyed. 
 
 The occurrence of one solitary patch of chalk on 
 the Monu River, at Tokpli, about thirty miles from 
 the coast, is a fact of great interest to geologists, and 
 one which may also be of considerable value for the 
 production of lime, which is often difficult to obtain 
 in Africa except from coral rag or more rarely volcanic 
 lava. 
 
 The prevalence of sandstone over a considerable 
 part of the colony has permitted the erection of stone 
 buildings. The Governor's residence at Lome is 
 built of stone ; and more recently stone buildings 
 were being put up at Kamina in connection with the 
 wireless station. 
 
 FORESTRY. 
 
 The subject of forestry was carefully studied by 
 the authorities in Togoland, who had enjoyed excep- 
 tional facilities for obtaining practical knowledge of 
 the subject in Germany ; and Herr Metzger's mono- 
 graph, compiled after four years' work in the colony
 
 l6 TOGOLAND. 
 
 as Forestry Superintendent, is a comprehensive and 
 valuable document. Metzger estimates that about 
 i per cent, of the area of Togoland is virgin forest, 
 " and certainly not more than 2 per cent." Cal- 
 culating the population at one and a half million, 
 and allowing two hectares to each native for| cultiva- 
 tion, with share of house room and roads, he arrives 
 at the fact that 30,000 sq. kilometres of land are in 
 use, to which he adds another 3,000 sq. kilometres 
 as under oil-palm cultivation. This is apparently 
 38 per cent, of the total area of the colony. Allowing 
 2 per cent, for virgin forest, it follows that 60 per 
 cent, of the land must be unused, all high.lying and 
 covered for the most part with knotted or gnarled 
 trees, such as may be seen in an old orchard in fact, 
 savannah. Metzger describes how all this savannah 
 results from the wasteful native process of clearing 
 the forest for the purpose of cultivation (as explained 
 elsewhere), and contends that if the native cannot 
 be induced to adopt more economic methods, the 
 virgin forest which is left is in imminent danger of 
 complete destruction, a loss which would be disas- 
 trous to the community. Valuable timber would be 
 lost, whilst the resulting effect on the climate would 
 not be for the better. As an instance, he cites
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 17 
 
 Misahohe ; there, under the protection of virgin 
 forest, the harmattan is so modified and tempered 
 as to be little felt, with a consequent gain in comfort 
 and health. Very different is the state of things at, 
 say, Nuatye, which is on the same latitude, but is 
 quite unprotected by forest. 
 
 From some notes published in 1912 by Mr. 
 Unwin, Conservator of Forests, Southern Nigeria, we 
 learn that the soil at the coast, being sandy with an 
 admixture of iron, is not favourable to forest trees 
 and hinders their growth. Many experimental 
 avenues of teak and mahogany in this region, more 
 especially at Lome, have proved to be only a partial 
 success. 
 
 At Atakpame, ninety-five miles inland from 
 Lome, no less than 25,400 teak seedlings have been 
 planted since 1901, and these are doing well. Simi- 
 larly, all other inland districts where afforestation 
 has been tried as, for instance, the large area of 
 Haha-Buloe have given good results. Teak trees are 
 found growing on almost every kind of soil and 
 formation, both where the soil has good depth, as at 
 Pfandu, or at Yendi, where it is very shallow. Teak 
 thrives everywhere, except for small patches at
 
 l8 TOGOLAND. 
 
 Atakpame in a swamp, and small areas at Basari on 
 very poor sandy soil over an ironstone pan. 
 
 Mahogany is indigenous to certain forest localities 
 inland, but it is more exacting in the matter of soil 
 than teak. The best mahogany trees are growing 
 at Sokode and Yendi on a rather light, well-drained 
 soil. The Senegal variety, Khaya senegalensis, when 
 planted in Togoland, shows itself most susceptible to 
 stagnant water and bad drainage. 
 
 THE CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Togo cannot be described as other 
 than bad, and the littoral is probably worse than 
 that part of West Africa to the north of the Gulf of 
 Guinea. On the coast it is extremely damp, but the 
 atmosphere becomes drier and cooler in the hinter- 
 land, and is probably more healthy, although the 
 sanitary conditions are not so good. The general 
 order of the seasons in the course of the year is as 
 follows : The months from December to March are 
 exceedingly dry, and in the north are practically 
 rainless. The heat is excessive in spite of frequent 
 sea winds in the south district. In the centre and 
 north-east, dry and hot currents preponderate. In 
 March and April, overcast conditions prevail, with
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 19 
 
 strong tornadoes, and the temperature falls. On the 
 coast, July to September are months of indescrib- 
 able dryness, and the rains of October usually bring 
 no depressions. Central Togo has its maximum of 
 rain in September and October, and in the three 
 succeeding months the vegetation withers under the 
 intense heat, the soil is dried up, and fine dust is 
 whirled about by the east winds. Dust, burnt 
 grass and ash mingle with the vapour, the whole air 
 becomes turbid and opaque, and through it the sun 
 appears as a pale disc. Aledjo, situated on a 
 plateau nearly 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, 
 overlooking wide expanses of mountain and plain, is 
 probably destined to be the health resort for Euro- 
 peans in the colony. Miss Gehrts says that so great 
 is the force of contrast that, after living in the steam- 
 ing cauldron of the lowlands, the air of Aledjo seems 
 as pure and bracing as that of the Austrian Tyrol, 
 although she admits that " if a European could be 
 transported straight from such a climate to that 
 which prevails in a dry season at Aledjo, he would 
 probably laugh to scorn its claim to be entitled the 
 Switzerland of Togo." 
 
 By reclaiming swamps, building good houses, and 
 segregating the European residents as much as pos-
 
 20 TOGOLAND. 
 
 sible, the German administrators have done excellent 
 work in Lome, but in spite of all measures taken by 
 the authorities, the colony is not healthy for Euro- 
 peans. There are plenty of mosquitoes along the 
 coast, and many parts of the interior are swarmed 
 with them. Blackwater-fever is not uncommon, 
 and among the other serious diseases of the country 
 are small-pox, leprosy, dysentery, sleeping-sickness, 
 and malaria, the latter being probably the most 
 prevalent disease. In Anecho, which is the most 
 important town on the littoral next to Lome, new 
 streets have been made, and a certain number of 
 native houses situated near to European quarters 
 have been demolished. It is nevertheless an 
 unhealthy town, situated on a sandy, narrow strip 
 of sea-beach, with a shallow, muddy lagoon on the 
 other side. Nearly all the European houses are 
 sandwiched in among the native huts, and mos- 
 quitoes abound in the town. It used to be the 
 capital of the country, until a disease, which was 
 probably yellow fever, broke out one year and 
 killed most of the Europeans in the place. Efforts 
 have been made to prevent the spread of leprosy, 
 but the segregation of lepers and suspected cases has 
 not been altogether a success. In fact, the disease is
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES. 21 
 
 spreading in the country. In the Tschamba and 
 Sansuon countries of the Sokode district, and in the 
 Bogo country in the Mangu district, leper stations 
 have been built, but the medical authorities experi- 
 ence considerable difficulty in inducing the natives to 
 enter and, when there, remain in the stations. 
 
 WILD ANIMALS. 
 
 Elephants may still be encountered in the deso- 
 late steppes as well as in the primeval forests of 
 Central Togo, but their number is rapidly decreasing, 
 and the export of ivory has become of quite sub- 
 ordinate importance. Buffaloes and various species 
 of antelopes also inhabit the steppes, and crocodiles 
 are found in the larger rivers and the lagoons. 
 Leopards and hyaenas infest the whole of the country, 
 and apes are numerous, but the lion is only to be 
 met with in North Togo.
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 
 
 r "T*HE commercial progress of the colony and the 
 * position of its trade can be studied in the 
 following brief summary of the most recent Consular 
 Report of October, 1913 : 
 
 In 1912 the budget was 151,792, made up as 
 
 follows : 
 
 i 
 
 Tax 32,257 
 
 Customs . . . . . . . . 76,400 
 
 Other revenues .. .. .. 13,505 
 
 Pier and railway receipts . . 27,625 
 
 Miscellaneous . . . . . . 2,005 
 
 The following table shows the value of the 
 imports and exports of Togo during the years 1911- 
 12, together with the increase and decrease. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Increase 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Wagons and cycles . . 
 
 Guns 
 
 Gunpowder 
 
 Gold coins 
 
 Silver coins 
 
 Rice 
 
 Empty bags and rope 
 Casks and furniture 
 Sugar, syrups and 
 confectioneries 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 1911. 
 
 1912. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1,420 
 
 4,897 
 
 + 3.477 
 
 4,416 
 
 7,866 
 
 + 3.450 
 
 6,987 
 
 7,944 
 
 f 957 
 
 6,301 
 
 7.195 
 
 + 894 
 
 1,625 
 
 J45 
 
 1,480 
 
 66,005 
 
 40,494 
 
 - 25,511 
 
 1,500 
 
 6,989 
 
 + 5.489 
 
 3,828 
 
 8,440 
 
 + 4.612 
 
 8,873 
 
 12,967 
 
 + 4.094 
 
 5.504 
 
 7,137 + 1.633
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 igi J. 
 
 1912. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 8,711 
 
 ".554 
 
 + 2,843 
 
 8,700 
 
 12,151 
 
 + 3,451 
 
 178,932 
 
 168,978 
 
 - 9.954 
 
 84,410 
 
 70,642 
 
 - 13.768 
 
 27,701 
 
 25,744 
 
 1.957 
 
 41,614 
 
 48,786 
 
 + 7,172 
 
 L797 
 
 2,085 
 
 + 288 
 
 67,226 
 
 96,638 
 
 + 29,412 
 
 4,452 
 
 7,408 
 
 + 2,956 
 
 3.198 
 
 3,063 
 
 *35 
 
 15,561 
 
 25,290 
 
 + 9,729 
 
 5.165 
 
 5,185 
 
 + 20 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Maize 
 
 Cocoa. 
 
 Palm kernels 
 
 Palm oil 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Rubber 
 
 Ivory 
 
 Silver coins . . 
 
 Cassada 
 
 Copra 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Sheep and goats 
 
 NOTE. It will be observed that the export of palm oil 
 and kernels decreased in the year 1912. That was due to 
 the drought and the ravages caused by small-pox which 
 attacked the natives in the southern districts during the year. 
 
 The following table shows the imports 
 exports of Togo for the years 1909-12 : 
 
 and 
 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911 
 1912 
 
 Imports. 
 
 i 
 
 561.764 
 573.306 
 481,001 
 57L39I 
 
 Exports. 
 
 i 
 
 368,602 
 361,106 
 465.677 
 497,945 
 
 The information published in the last British 
 Consular Report was written about a year before 
 the declaration of hostilities, but while the con- 
 ditions in Togoland have undergone a drastic change
 
 24 TOGOLAND. 
 
 since that date, the Consul's remarks on " Openings 
 for British Trade " may be commended to all who 
 are proposing to do business with that colony. 
 The British goods that have hitherto been despatched 
 to Togoland have been of superior quality, and con- 
 sequently more expensive than those sent from 
 Germany, with the result that the Teuton merchants 
 have practically cornered the markets. In his in- 
 sistence upon the fact that articles intended for sale 
 to the natives must be cheap and showy, the Consul 
 writes : " What does the average West African 
 native in his present stage of development care for 
 superior articles ? He neither appreciates nor under- 
 stands them. For example, take the case of sewing- 
 machines. The British sewing-machine is, as a rule, 
 of good and lasting quality, and a fair price has to 
 be paid for it. On the other hand, the German 
 machines, although they appear to be well turned 
 out and look very splendid in the stores, are not of 
 such good workmanship as the British, at least those 
 sent to West Africa are not. Consequently the price 
 is lower, and nine times out of ten it is the price that 
 appeals to the native mind. 
 
 " A man wishing to purchase a sewing-machine 
 considers first the price, and seeing a German article
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 25 
 
 in a German store as good in appearance as the 
 British, but considerably cheaper, immediately 
 selects the former. But this does not only apply to 
 sewing-machines, it is applicable to many other 
 articles as well. The Germans, however, are unable 
 to compete with us in cotton goods, which are pur- 
 chased in considerable quantities by the natives." 
 
 The principal imports consist of cotton goods, 
 hardware, tobacco, haberdashery, kerosene oil, tinned 
 provisions, biscuits, lamps, candles, salt, jams, tin- 
 ware, bicycles, guns, gunpowder, copper, wine, fish, 
 agricultural implements, enamelware, glassware, 
 clocks, watches, perfumes, powder, patent medicines, 
 cheap furniture, soaps, mineral-waters, sweet syrups, 
 flour, baking-powder, basketware, carpets, wire rope, 
 clothing, cotton yarn, dried fish, empty barrels, 
 empty kernel bags, hats, caps, &c. Of these the 
 British Consul considers that the best openings for 
 British trade are in the following articles : Iron 
 goods, cotton goods, enamelware, earthenware, 
 haberdashery, sewing-machines, copper and brass- 
 ware, cutlery, rice, biscuits, whisky and wines, soap, 
 salt, cigarettes, lamps, lanterns, lead bars, iron 
 sheets, coal-tar, timber, and pomade.
 
 26 TOGOLAND. 
 
 RAILWAYS AND ROADS. 
 
 The principal railway in the colony is the 120- 
 mile line which runs north from Lome to Atakpame ; 
 a second goes from Lome, a distance of eighty miles, 
 to Palime, near the hill station of Misahohe ; while 
 a third runs from Lome thirty miles along the coast 
 to the former capital of Little Popo. Surveys have 
 been made for the further extension of the Lome- 
 Atakpame railway, which was eventually to have 
 been connected with a place called Banjeli, where 
 iron ore exists in large quantities. It was also the 
 intention of the Government to commence the con- 
 struction of another railway of sixty kms. for the 
 purpose of tapping the rich oil country in the 
 Anecho country. On the completion of this line 
 Togoland, with its limited hinterland and its small 
 coast line, would possess four excellent railways, three 
 of which are already working and paying. 
 
 Lome, the chief town and only port of entry in 
 the country, is one of the most charming little towns 
 in West Africa. Picturesquely surrounded by palm 
 groves, it is neat and clean, and beautifully laid out, 
 and the buildings are a credit to the West Coast. 
 The pier at Lome was partly destroyed by the sea
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 2J 
 
 in May, 1911, and it remained unworkable for the 
 greater part of the year. As this interfered with the 
 discharging and landing of cargo, and practically cut 
 off Togoland from the rest of the world, commerce 
 was so seriously affected that the best and newest 
 German hotel had to close, and up to October of 1914 
 it had not been re-opened. The pier, at a cost 
 of 20,000, was repaired in a manner that made it 
 stronger than before, but a projected longer pier, 
 capable of discharging up to 1,000 tons per day, had 
 not been commenced when war was declared. 
 
 THE ROADS AND THE ROAD BUILDERS. 
 
 A network of roads throughout the hinterland, 
 which for cheapness and excellence of construction 
 are, in the experience of the British Consul-General, 
 unsurpassed anywhere in West Africa, act as feeders 
 to the railway, and the whole of this development 
 work was started only a little over a quarter of a 
 century ago, with a working capital of 4,000. But 
 if we examine this economy of rail and road con- 
 struction, we find that it is largely effected at the 
 expense of the protected native. German colonial 
 rule in Africa is cast in a sterner mould than British, 
 and while the Government charges the natives only
 
 28 TOGOLAND. 
 
 six marks a year for its protection, it contrives to 
 get its full return for the blessing it bestows. The 
 six shilling head-tax sounds an insignificant impost, 
 but it becomes a more important figure when the 
 native is unable to pay it, and, in consequence, has 
 to put in twelve working days on the Government 
 roads, railways, buildings, &c. Even this tax upon 
 the native labourer would not be prohibitive if the 
 work was to his hand, but in many cases the men 
 of the outlying tribes have to make a long journey 
 from their houses to the field of their operations and 
 back again a double journey, which they take in 
 company with their wives and families. While the 
 father of the family is working out his tax, he is 
 given Government rations, but on the long journeys 
 he has to provide food for himself and his entourage, 
 and the outing, in addition to the expense, not 
 infrequently involves considerable hardship and 
 privation. 
 
 " No wonder," writes Miss Gehrts in " A Camera 
 Actress in the Wilds of Togoland," " he resents the 
 hated impost, and tries to evade it whenever pos- 
 sible ; for the native is constitutionally incapable of 
 looking ahead, and cannot be made to see that the 
 work he is called upon to do is for his own benefit
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 2Q 
 
 as much as, and even in a sense more so, than for 
 that of his white masters." Moreover, the Govern- 
 ment officials have a habit of inspecting the native 
 quarters, and of punishing the existence of dirt of 
 any kind with a fine of twenty marks. The fine in 
 the great majority of cases is taken out in road 
 labour, and the roads in consequence are kept in 
 cheap and excellent repair. The fact that the 
 European in German territory is entitled to give a 
 native twenty-five lashes, while in British dominions 
 the striking of a native involves a white man in a 
 fine of 5, is another explanation of Mrs. Mary 
 Gaunt's fancy that in some of the villages of the 
 German hinterland " the people are not as light- 
 heartedly happy as in English territory." 
 
 THE FAMOUS WIRELESS STATION. 
 
 It may be safely conjectured that when the sur- 
 prising news was first received in England that a 
 British and French force had entered the country 
 and reduced the extent of the German Colonial 
 Empire by some thirty odd thousand square miles of 
 territory, Togoland was no more than a name to 
 the general public, and few people could even guess 
 the reason for the haste which the Allies displayed
 
 3O TOGOLAND. 
 
 in seizing this unimportant possession. But the 
 English and French Governments knew that a few 
 miles north of Atakpame, at a place called Kamina, 
 the Germans had just completed the installation of 
 the greatest wireless station in the world outside 
 Europe. Less than four years ago the little African 
 bush village of Kamina was suddenly thrown into a 
 whirl of commotion by the arrival of a corps of 
 German surveyors and engineers, followed by some 
 thousands of natives from every corner of the colony. 
 This conglomeration of negroes, with their wives and 
 children, was pressed into the Government service 
 under the provisions of the Native Tax Act, and was 
 set to work clearing the bush, building a light 
 railway from railhead at Atakpame, cutting roads, 
 erecting workshops and houses, and handling the 
 hundreds of tons of material that were sent forward 
 from the coast. The installation, which comprises a 
 power-house, receiving and despatching rooms, 
 stone houses for the officials, and nine steel towers 
 varying in height from 250 to 400 feet, was pressed 
 forward at top speed. Miss Gehrts, who was in 
 Kamina in November, 1913, on her way up country, 
 and returned there six months later, declares that 
 the progress which had been made during her absence
 
 COMMERCIAL AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 3! 
 
 filled her with amazement. The stone houses were 
 finished, and the great steel towers and the immense 
 power station were only awaiting the installation 
 of the dynamos and turbine which would bring 
 Kamina in connection with Berlin, 3,450 miles dis- 
 tant. Even in April, 1914, messages could be 
 received if not transmitted, and a typewritten broad- 
 sheet containing the news of Europe made its daily 
 appearance on the breakfast table. 
 
 " I need hardly say," Miss Gehrts adds, " that it 
 is not for such comparatively trivial purposes as 
 these that this powerful installation has been erected 
 in the heart of the wilderness. The wireless station 
 at Kamina is intended to be the chief receiving and 
 distributing centre for the whole of Africa ; so far as 
 Germany is concerned. It will communicate with 
 the similar but smaller wireless station in the 
 Cameroons, and also with that at Windhoek, in 
 German South- West Africa, as well as with Tabora, 
 in German East Africa. Furthermore, it will in 
 course of time constitute one of the principal links 
 in the chain of wireless stations with which Germany, 
 like Britain, is seeking to girdle the globe, connect- 
 ing her East and West African possessions with 
 German New Guinea, with Samoa, and with the
 
 32 TOGOLAND. 
 
 German Protectorate at Kiao-Chau, in the Chinese 
 province of Shantung." 
 
 In June, 1914, the final installations were com- 
 pleted, and it is quite possible that the announce- 
 ment of the declaration of war was the last important 
 message which the German operator at Kamina 
 received from Berlin before the station passed into 
 the possession of the Allies.
 
 A LAND OF NATIVE CULTIVATION. 
 
 'T~ V OGOLAND, with the exception of a few Euro- 
 peans in the trading stations, is essentially the 
 land of the natives and of native cultivation, and the 
 people certainly display both knowledge and energy 
 in agricultural pursuits. But like most negro races, 
 their methods are wasteful and destructive. The 
 native system of agriculture throughout the country, 
 and Africa generally, is to uproot or burn trees and 
 bushes and to turn this " cleared " land into tem- 
 porary plantations. As, in the course of a few years, 
 the soil of these plantations becomes exhausted, 
 they move to another area and repeat their clearing 
 process. In this manner millions of square miles of 
 primeval forest have been destroyed in the course 
 of centuries, and stunted trees and bushes have 
 replaced the great tropical growths. It is supposed 
 that the climate of West Africa was at one time 
 damper than now, and that the forests that sprang 
 up in the destroyed regions were retarded in growth 
 by lack of water. 
 
 There are many fertile areas in Togoland similar
 
 34 TOGOLAND. 
 
 to those in German East Africa, where cultivation 
 could be carried on by European methods and 
 modern machinery, but the soil generally is mostly 
 poor and only adaptable for native development. 
 The native contrives to obtain good results where the 
 European fails, for the working expenses of the former 
 are reduced to a minimum, and the negro's whole 
 family, including the women, are employed in the 
 fields. The presence of the dreaded tsetse fly in 
 many parts renders impossible the introduction of 
 draft animals for agricultural purposes. There are, 
 however, certain districts which are free from tsetse, 
 and here the plough could be used when once the 
 negroes had learned how to handle it, and the extent 
 of land under cultivation could be more than doubled. 
 The fact that the country is capable of greater 
 development, and that the soil, at present only 
 sufficiently cultivated to provide for immediate local 
 wants, can be made to yield much richer and more 
 bountiful harvests, is beginning to be realised by the 
 natives. Even the inhabitants in the far interior 
 are taking much more interest in commercial affairs 
 than formerly, while the tribes nearer the coast, and 
 those living in the vicinity of the railway, are becom- 
 ing more prosperous and better clad. Thanks to the
 
 A LAND OF NATIVE CULTIVATION. 35 
 
 opening up of the colony by railways and roads, the 
 small native traders of the coast are penetrating into 
 the hinterland, and are to be found at all the principal 
 stopping places along the lines. In addition to the 
 native traders, Syrians are now also trading in the 
 interior. These people, who are found everywhere 
 along the littoral, are rapidly becoming serious com- 
 petitors with the native traders, and they are appar- 
 ently doing well, as they continue to increase in 
 numbers. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Dr. Walter Busse, of the Imperial German 
 Colonial Office, has told us that wherever, in the 
 German African colonies, " climate, soil and con- 
 dition of settlement do not admit of plantation 
 culture, and a native population capable of produc- 
 tion is present, the Government will, as a matter of 
 course, encourage native agriculture as much as 
 possible, and by this means create an improved 
 economic position." The savannah climate which 
 prevails over Togoland prescribes certain natural 
 rules for plant cultivation in the colony, and sets 
 certain definite limits to plantation culture under 
 European management. As a matter of fact there
 
 36 TOGOLAND. 
 
 is no important European planting industry in Togo- 
 land, but the land which, for the most part, is thickly 
 settled, possesses an active, intelligent population 
 with an inclination towards agricultural work. The 
 German authorities, as was their custom, deprecated 
 the agricultural methods of the natives, and com- 
 bated them with " a continuous and well-regulated 
 system of instruction for the natives in order to make 
 production more effective both for local consumption 
 and for export." This work was undertaken by the 
 organisers of the Agricultural Institute, at Nuatja, 
 and of the three cotton stations of the colony, 
 assisted by a staff of fifteen officers of various grades, 
 five assistants and district agriculturists, and a 
 number of subordinate instructors. 
 
 In their endeavour to educate the native to a 
 higher scale of productivity, the Germans established 
 an Agricultural College in Togoland for native 
 students, who, having completed their studies, either 
 remained as pupil teachers or were sent into the 
 villages to give lectures and practical instruction in 
 farming. 
 
 At the beginning of 1911 there were ninety-nine 
 pupils in the college, nineteen of whom returned to 
 their villages during the year. At the end of the
 
 A LAND OF NATIVE CULTIVATION. 37 
 
 year thirteen new pupils joined the college. A number 
 of special experiments were made with cotton, 
 maize, rice, sweet potatoes (African), beans, ground- 
 nuts, and ground -beans. These included twenty 
 varieties of cotton, nine varieties of maize, four kinds 
 of sweet potatoes, and twenty-three varieties of 
 beans. Some of these experiments were successful, 
 but not all. A certain number of cattle were kept 
 at the college for breeding, ploughing and other 
 purposes, and an experimental importation of a 
 number of Berkshire hogs is reported to have given 
 satisfaction. 
 
 At the end of the course a certain number of 
 pupils were started in the various districts in settle- 
 ments of their own, and received practical assistance 
 from the Government. The utility of the course 
 and the good work which was done is undeniable. 
 At the same time progress was slow and practical 
 results somewhat discouraging. As a matter of fact, 
 the German as an educator of an alien or native 
 race is a failure. He lacks understanding of and 
 sympathy with his pupils, and he fails to make him- 
 self understood by them. He demands that they 
 shall learn the German tongue, embrace German 
 methods and show their devotion to German ideals.
 
 38 TOGOLAND. 
 
 The result is that the native, as scholar, tax-payer 
 and devotee, was a profound disappointment to his 
 German mentor, who did not appear to appreciate 
 the fact that he in his turn is an even greater enigma 
 to the native. That the negro distinguishes between 
 Europeans, and has his preferences among them, was 
 not so disturbing to Teuton intelligence as the 
 uniformly evident inclination of the negro to prefer 
 any other European to the German.
 
 THE OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 
 
 r I ^HE agricultural development of the colony 
 *- received a severe set-back in 1911-12, in 
 consequence of the almost unprecedented climatic 
 conditions, and many crops were ruined by the 
 drought a timely reminder to the new rulers of 
 Togoland that however flourishing the finances and 
 commerce of the colony may be in the future, the 
 revenue may, at any time, be unfavourably influenced 
 by years of drought. Palm oil and kernels, which are 
 found in some places in forests and in others in 
 patches nearly throughout the country, form the 
 principal products, and the Government encouraged 
 their cultivation by the offer of monetary rewards for 
 careful attention to the trees and land. At present 
 there are no means of dealing with the thousands of 
 fruit-bearing trees that exist, and not a tenth of the 
 oil and kernels produced in the country is collected. 
 The oil-palm in the old days was the glorious 
 heritage of the native, who found a ready sale for 
 such oil as his women-folk were able to extract by a 
 slow and laborious process. It is likely that the
 
 4O TOGOLAND. 
 
 native believed that so long as he retained the tree 
 and the fruit, his time-honoured oil business would 
 never be taken from him, but the great and growing 
 demand for oil has beaten him, and he is fast losing 
 the trade because he can no longer make the quantity 
 that the market requires. Palm oil is now requisi- 
 tioned for a hundred-and-one new uses. It is no 
 longer the monopoly of the soap-maker or the 
 chandler. Palm oil deodorised by hydrogen is 
 needed for the " nut butters " of the vegetarian ; 
 makers of nitro-glycerine explosives derive their 
 glycerine constituents more and more from palm oil ; 
 whilst the exploiters of novelties in metal polishes 
 ransack the ship's hold for leakages from the palm- 
 oil cask. Oil must be had in increasing quantity ; 
 machinery speeds up the production ; yet still the 
 cry is for more oil, until the European himself 
 attempts to become owner of thousands of trees, 
 eagerly and not too scrupulously encroaching on 
 lands that once were considered native, in the vain 
 hope of finding a speedier road to prosperity. 
 
 THE PALM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS. 
 
 The profitable development of this industry 
 depends on the demand for palm oil and the use
 
 OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 41 
 
 which can be made of the residues. That the supply 
 of palm kernels themselves should . decline is un- 
 thinkable. The steady increase in their growth in 
 all parts of the West African Coast is conclusive 
 evidence of their almost limitless possibilities. More- 
 over, the statistics clearly show the extensive nature 
 of the demand. Great Britain and Germany are no 
 longer the only purchasers ; South Africa has entered 
 the market, as well as Holland and France, though 
 their lots are comparatively small, and could not in 
 any way effect the profitable exploitation of kernel- 
 crushing on a large scale. 
 
 In a paper read before the Royal Colonial Insti- 
 tute, entitled " The War : British and German 
 Trade in Nigeria," Mr. R. E. Dennett, of the Forest 
 Department, Nigeria, made it abundantly evident 
 that Germany had been farming the commerce of 
 the Protectorates to the detriment of the Britisher. 
 He showed from statistics that Germany's export 
 trade to Nigeria greatly exceeded ours, while of the 
 Nigerian produce which left the country, Germany 
 in 1913 took nearly all the copra, half the cocoa, 
 more than two-thirds of the palm kernels, one-eighth 
 of the palm oil, half the hides, one-third of the 
 mahogany, more than half the ground-nuts, over a
 
 42 TOGOLAND. 
 
 third of the shea nuts, and all the palm kernel cake. 
 
 On the subject of the palm tree and its products, 
 Mr. Dennett is both interesting and instructive, and 
 in view of its inevitable increase in importance as a 
 British industry, the following extracts from his 
 paper may be usefully reproduced here. 
 
 " People who have little or no knowledge of the 
 palm tree (Elceis guineensis) confuse the palm fruit 
 with the palm kernel. The palm kernel of commerce 
 is the seed of the palm tree. This is surrounded by 
 a hard shell, and it is then called the palm nut. This 
 shell is in its turn covered by an oily fibrous matter, 
 and is then known as the palm fruit. If we take this 
 fruit and cut it into two parts, we can see these three 
 parts of the fruit more distinctly ; first the outer 
 yellow covering or the fibrous pericarp, from which 
 the palm oil of commerce is extracted ; then the 
 shell, and finally the kernel, from which the white 
 palm kernel oil is extracted. 
 
 "The composition of this fruit is as follows : 
 
 Pericarp Oil . . . . 18 per cent. 
 
 Fibre and Moisture .. 12 ,, 
 
 Shell and Disk . . . . 58 
 
 Kernel 12 
 
 Total loo
 
 OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 43 
 
 " The uses of the palm oil tree are various. It 
 yields the palm oil and kernels of commerce. It 
 gives the native a drink he is very fond of, called 
 palm wine, which, when fermented, gives our cooks 
 yeast for bread-making. The shells of the nuts are 
 used by blacksmiths as fuel, as they give off great 
 heat. At the present time there are three methods 
 of making palm oil : (a) from the fresh fruit, (b) 
 from partially fermented fruit, and (c) from well 
 fermented fruit. 
 
 THE NATIVE AS CULTIVATOR. 
 
 " Bunches of fruit having been severed from the 
 parent tree, are sliced and hammered by natives, 
 using long poles, until the fruit becomes detached 
 from the bunch. The fresh fruit is either prepared 
 at once into what is called soft oil, or allowed to fer- 
 ment, or partially ferment, and made into hard oil. 
 The procedure followed in making either of these 
 kinds of oil is much the same. The fruit is placed 
 either into canoes or clay troughs, water is poured 
 over them, and then, by treading or beating, the 
 fibrous matter containing the oil is separated from 
 the nuts. The nuts are then taken out and placed 
 in the sun to dry, while the fibrous matter, by further
 
 44 TOGOLAND. 
 
 beating or treading, is made to yield the oil which 
 floats to the surface of the water. This oil is ladled 
 out into pots and boiled, and then allowed to rest, 
 so that all dirt or sediment falls to the bottom of the 
 pot. This clean oil, soft or hard, is the palm oil of 
 commerce. This oil is taken in calabashes or tins 
 to the traders' factory, which, generally speaking, is 
 near to a river or a railway, and there put into casks 
 and sent to the nearest port for shipment to Europe. 
 
 " There are, practically speaking, two kinds of 
 palm oil exported from the West Coast, i.e., hard and 
 soft, but soft oil is of two qualities Lagos and 
 ordinary soft oil. As a rule, Lagos and soft oil is 
 worth 3 to 4 more than hard oil, the reason being 
 that there is about 8 per cent, more glycerine in the 
 soft than in the hard. The percentage of glycerine 
 varies in inverse proportion with the acidity. 
 
 " In the olden days one of the chief occupations 
 of slaves was that of cracking palm nuts ; now this 
 work is left to boys and women. After the nuts have 
 been dried in the sun, they are heaped up under little 
 sheds to protect them from the rain. In places where 
 rocks are plentiful the nuts are taken there and 
 cracked on them by a stone held in the hand of the 
 cracker. In other places the nuts are put on a block
 
 OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 45 
 
 of wood resting on the ground between the cracker's 
 legs and struck with a piece of iron held in the 
 cracker's right hand. In this way one worker will 
 crack from 15 Ibs. to 25 Ibs. of kernels per day. The 
 kernels are then packed in different kinds of baskets 
 and taken to markets near rivers, where they are 
 bought by native middlemen. Competition is very 
 keen, and so these middlemen are tempted to adul- 
 terate the kernels by adding shells to them or by 
 soaking them in water for two or three days. Finally, 
 they are taken in canoes down rivers or by rail to the 
 European traders and sold by measurement at so 
 much a bushel. . . . Think of it ! 241,000 tons of 
 palm kernels shipped to Hamburg in 1913, and nearly 
 every nut containing one kernel is cracked by hand." 
 
 THE FUTURE OF PALM OIL AND KERNEL INDUSTRY. 
 
 Although the palm kernel industry has not 
 attained important dimensions in Togoland, there is 
 no reason why it should not form one of the staple 
 products of the colony, or why the whole of the trade 
 in palm kernels should not be transferred from 
 Germany to this country. Hitherto the quarter of a 
 million tons of palm kernels valued at over 
 4,000,000 exported annually from British West
 
 46 TOGOLAND. 
 
 Africa has gone to Germany, where crushing-mills 
 and manufacturing plants have been established, 
 while considerable quantities of high-priced kernel 
 oil, in manufactured or unmanufactured form, have 
 been exported from Germany to Great Britain. 
 About 50 per cent, of the produce of the crushed 
 palm kernels is marketed in the form of oil, and the 
 balance is made up into palm kernel cake, practically 
 the whole of which is consumed in Germany, where 
 it commands a good price and is in great demand, 
 especially among dairy farmers. 
 
 This profitable German industry has now been 
 suspended owing to the war, which has rendered it 
 necessary for planters to find a new market for their 
 produce, and the opportunity seems propitious for 
 an endeavour to establish it in Great Britain upon a 
 substantial scale. With a view to arousing interest 
 in the subject in commercial and agricultural circles, 
 Sir Owen Phillipps, K.C.M.G., Chairman of the West 
 African section of the London Chamber of Commerce, 
 has issued a timely pamphlet in which the present 
 position of the trade is described and its potentialities 
 are indicated. The Anglicisation of the industry, 
 in addition to promoting Imperial commercial 
 intercourse, and securing increased industrial employ-
 
 OIL- PALM CULTIVATION. 47 
 
 ment in the United Kingdom, would furnish British 
 farmers who are complaining of the enhanced prices 
 of present foods with a new supply of a relatively 
 cheap and excellent feeding material. 
 
 The profitable exploitation of this crushing in- 
 dustry depends upon the capacity of the British 
 market to absorb a larger supply of palm kernel oil 
 and upon the possibility of inducing British farmers 
 to adopt the use of palm kernel cake. There are at 
 present two mills, both at Liverpool, for dealing with 
 palm kernels, capable together of crushing annually 
 about 70,000 tons, leaving a balance unprovided for 
 of at least 180,000 tons. To cope with this addi- 
 tional quantity several of the great milling companies 
 of Liverpool, London, Hull, &c., have already made 
 and are making alterations in their machinery in 
 order to crush palm kernels, so that in the near 
 future much greater quantities will be dealt with. 
 A new mill on the Thames, at Erith, is also being 
 erected, which, when completed after the war, will 
 be capable of crushing a very large quantity. 
 
 PALM KERNEL CAKE FOOD. 
 
 In order to ascertain whether British farmers 
 would be prepared to make a larger use of palm
 
 48 TOGOLAND. 
 
 kernel cake, Sir Owen Phillipps placed himself in com- 
 munication with the leading agricultural authorities 
 in all parts of the country principals of agricultural 
 colleges, experimental stations, &c., and these gentle- 
 men have taken up the matter with the greatest 
 enthusiasm. They are practically unanimous in 
 asserting that the fact of large quantities of palm 
 kernel cake being available at a price comparing 
 favourably with that of other similar foods (now 
 becoming more expensive than formerly) has only 
 to be brought to the notice of farmers to ensure a 
 greatly increased demand ; in fact, that farmers are 
 looking out for a new and comparatively cheap feed- 
 ing material. Many of the principals and professors 
 of the colleges referred to in various parts of the 
 country have undertaken an elaborate series of com- 
 parative experimental feeding tests with palm kernel 
 and other cakes, so as to demonstrate the merits of 
 the former. When these are completed the results 
 will be made widely known to the agricultural com- 
 munity. 
 
 In an article published in the Field on " Palm 
 Kernel Cake," Mr. F. J. Lloyd, F.I.C., points out 
 that a really good cake, made from this product, is 
 now available in this country. The nutrients in
 
 OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 49 
 
 palm kernel cake are quite exceptionally digestible, 
 and one German authority says that, " owing to its 
 pleasant taste, its great digestibility, and the way in 
 which cattle thrive on it, no cake fetches so high a 
 price." It increases the yield of milk, improves the 
 quality as regards butter fat, and is said to impart a 
 good colour to the butter, so that it is especially 
 valuable for winter feeding. Though mainly used in 
 Germany for dairy cattle, Professor Lloyd adds that 
 it has also been given with satisfactory results to 
 steers, sheep, and pigs. 
 
 PALM KERNEL STATISTICS. 
 
 The Bulletin of the Imperial Institute contains an 
 article calling attention to the magnitude of the 
 trade in palm kernels, and discussing its commercial 
 aspect. The following table shows the quantities and 
 values from each of the chief producing countries in 
 West Africa in 1912 : 
 
 British Possessions 
 Gambia 
 GoldCoast 
 Nigeria 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Values. 
 
 
 Tons. Tons. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 445 
 
 6,518 
 
 
 14,629 
 
 205,365 
 
 
 184,624 
 
 2,797,411 
 
 
 50,751 
 
 793.178 
 
 
 2 5449 
 
 
 3,802,472 
 E
 
 TOGOLAND. 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Values. 
 
 French Possessions : 
 Dahomey 
 Gaboon 
 Guinea 
 Ivory Coast 
 Senegal 
 
 Tons. 
 36,708 
 354 
 S.OS4 
 6,692 
 
 i.73<5 
 
 Tons. 
 
 50.544 
 
 27.198 
 328,191 
 
 Belgian Congo 
 German Possessions : 
 Kamerun 
 Togoland 
 
 15.742 
 11.456 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 i 
 
 535.937 
 4.671 
 41.079 
 70,710 
 28,221 
 
 i 
 
 680,618 
 110,835 
 
 
 
 220,300 
 168,978 
 389.278 
 
 4,983,203 
 
 This article also gives the average value of the 
 kernels, which in Hamburg ranges from 18 2s. to 
 19 2s. per ton (June, 1914), and in Liverpool from 
 16 75. 6d. to 18 i8s. gd. per ton. 
 
 Palm kernel oil is used for the same purposes as 
 cocoa-nut oil, viz., the manufacture of soap and 
 candles and the preparation of various edible fats, 
 such as margarine, cooking fats, vegetable " butters," 
 and chocolate fats. By suitable treatment it can be 
 separated into a liquid portion (olein) and a hard 
 white fat (palm kernel stearin), and in this way the 
 consistence of the material can be varied for the 
 preparation of different edible products. These 
 edible palm kernel oil products are prepared on a 
 very large scale in Germany and elsewhere, and are
 
 OIL-PALM CULTIVATION. 51 
 
 largely imported into this country. With palm 
 kernels at 16 to 18 per ton, the value of palm 
 kernel oil in the United Kingdom is from 36 53. to 
 36 155. per ton, with Ceylon cocoa-nut oil at 40 
 per ton. 
 
 It is added that British oil-seed crushers who 
 undertook to work them would find no difficulty in 
 getting a market for the oil among soap-makers and 
 makers of edible fats. Although the article points 
 out that some difficulty might be experienced in 
 finding a market quickly in the United Kingdom for 
 the palm kernel cake, because English farmers do not 
 readily take up feeding stuffs which are new to them, 
 it will be gathered from what has already been said 
 that, thanks to the initiative of Sir Owen Phillipps, this 
 difficulty is likely to be overcome, and the oppor- 
 tunity is a particularly good one now that other 
 feeding stuffs are becoming more expensive, as that 
 is a point which will have great influence. It is not a 
 new feeding material, but all the evidence points 
 simply to the fact that it has only to become better 
 known and available on a large scale to result in 
 mutual benefits to the farmer, the miller, the manu- 
 facturer, and the West African colonies.
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 
 
 TVTO efforts were spared by the German Govern- 
 * ^ ment to develop cotton cultivation, and great 
 hopes were entertained by the administration of Togo 
 becoming a great cotton-producing country, but the 
 results did not quite realise expectations. Cotton 
 is indigenous to Togoland, and has been spun by the 
 natives from time out of mind. The old cotton 
 industry of the negroes was ruined by the introduc- 
 tion of calicoes from Europe, and it is now difficult 
 to obtain good native-woven cotton either in Togo- 
 land or the Cameroons. The cotton plantations in 
 Lome, Anecho and Atakpame are doing fairly well, 
 but in the Misahohe district the natives naturally are 
 more concerned with palm oil and kernels, for which 
 they obtain better prices with less trouble. In fact, 
 cotton cultivation is only popular where there are less 
 oil and kernel ; and in these areas the Government 
 expected the natives to plant and make large farms for 
 themselves. In the Sokode district in the north, 
 owing to the nature of the soil, cotton proved a 
 failure, and there appears to be little prospect of its 
 succeeding there.
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 53 
 
 Good results are expected to be obtained from 
 cocoa, which is doing very well indeed in the neigh- 
 bouring colony of the Gold Coast, whence thousands 
 of pounds' worth are exported to Europe. There 
 seems to be no reason, therefore, why it should not 
 be an equal success in Togo, for the soil and climate 
 are both favourable for its cultivation. A great 
 number of plantations already exist. Cocoa does 
 best in the western part of Togo, where perhaps the 
 soil is more suitable for its growth than in the east. 
 From Ho to Misahohe there are a number of farms, 
 and in the Buem country large plantations are now 
 owned by native farmers. 
 
 RUBBER AND COPRA. 
 
 Up to now practically no plantation rubber has 
 been grown in Togoland, almost the whole of the 
 rubber exported being the product of the wild plants. 
 Native middlemen buy the rubber from the tappers 
 and sell it to the European export firm$. It is known 
 from experience that in the years when prices rule 
 high, the middlemen are extremely active and the 
 collectors reveal corresponding energy ; market 
 prices influencing not only the value but also the 
 quantity of the export. Most of the rubber comes
 
 54 TOGOLAND. 
 
 from the Atakpame district, but although Togo rubber 
 is of good quality, the colony is not a great rubber- 
 producing country when compared with the results 
 obtained in other countries in West Africa. A 
 number of natives were carefully instructed in 
 planting and tapping trees, and, in fact, everything 
 was done to prevent the unscientific and wasteful 
 collection of rubber, which has caused so much 
 damage to the trees in different parts of West Africa. 
 Special attention has been paid to the cultivation 
 of cocoa-nuts in the colony, and every inducement 
 was given to the natives to further increase the 
 output. Although an enormous number of trees 
 have been planted along the littoral, the Government 
 did not encourage Europeans to cultivate cocoa- 
 nuts. The trees of course grow best in the moist, 
 sandy soil on or near the coast line, and as the Togo 
 littoral is extremely limited, and is mostly in the 
 hands of native farmers, there would not be very 
 much room for Europeans even if they took the matter 
 up seriously and made extensive plantations. From 
 Lome to Anecho there are thousands of small plan- 
 tations, and apart from the picturesque scenery they 
 form they are of considerable value as a com- 
 mercial asset. About 8,000 nuts produced one ton
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 55 
 
 of dry copra. The value of a ton of copra averages 
 20. One of the disadvantages in the cultivation of 
 this product, however, is the length of time it takes 
 to grow, the average being from ten to fifteen years 
 before a tree bears fruit. Very little expenditure is 
 necessary while the tree is growing, there being, as a 
 rule, little or no bush to be cleared away on the 
 sandy soil. The European planters have made the 
 successful experiment of manuring the trees, and good 
 results have been obtained. The Government en- 
 deavoured to induce the natives to do the same. 
 Owing to the drought in 1912 the cocoa-nut harvest 
 for that year was a failure, the farmers losing heavily. 
 The lack of staple food caused by the drought during 
 the first half of that year compelled the natives to 
 buy up the nuts in large quantities for food. 
 
 The export of ivory is steadily going down. 
 Indeed, within a few years there will be scarcely 
 any trade in it at all. Most of the ivory exported 
 now comes from the Gold Coast, it being attracted 
 to the colony on account of the good prices paid by 
 the European firms in Lome. Unfortunately, there 
 is no ordinance to protect the elephants from indis- 
 criminate slaughter, the result being that even the 
 young ones are killed by the natives.
 
 56 TOGOLAND. 
 
 PALM WINE, IRON AND SALT. 
 
 A considerable trade is done in palm wine, which 
 is produced in Central and North Togo from the oil 
 palm as well as from the raphia palm, and is sold in 
 large quantities to the caravans which traverse the 
 arid districts of South Togo. Millet beer is also 
 manufactured in Central and North Togo. Soap is 
 made in South Togo from banana ash and palm oil, 
 and in the north district from schi butter. The 
 native-made leather from the skins of wild and 
 domestic animals is a crude material, the good 
 leather, employed in the manufacture of saddles, 
 bridles, shoes, satchels, and hats, is obtained from 
 the Haussa countries or made by the Haussas in 
 Togoland. Cotton is made up in yarns and fabrics. 
 Spinning is a work committed to the women ; the 
 weaving is done by men, chiefly by Mohammedans 
 located in North Togo. The art of dyeing is followed 
 all over Togoland, red dye being produced from cam 
 wood and black with charcoal, while the blue, which, 
 on account of its durability, is regarded by the Ewe 
 people as the symbol of eternity, is obtained by the 
 use of a preparation of native indigo. 
 
 The native iron is produced in considerable
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 57 
 
 quantities from red iron ore in Benjali. The 
 furnaces, which are 3^ m. high, are stoked with 
 charcoal, and after burning for five or six days, they 
 yield a dirty but weldable iron from 25 to 30 kg. in 
 weight. This iron, without being submitted to any 
 process of cleansing, is used by the smith, whose 
 method among the Ewe people is a family secret 
 that may not be divulged to strangers. 
 
 Salt is an important trade in Togoland, both 
 coast and desert salt being in strong demand. The 
 desert salt comes from a district extending from 
 Timbuctoo in West Sudan to Kabure land. The 
 coast salt is obtainable from the soil cf the lagoons 
 at Adda, at the mouth of the Volta, where the pre- 
 cipitation of the sea water is scraped from the lagoon 
 soil and cleansed by washing, and at Great Popo, 
 where the sea water is evaporated by artificial means. 
 These two spots are situated at the mouths of navig- 
 able rivers, by means of which the salt can be for- 
 warded far into the interior. So far back as 1860, 
 Atakpame was a market for Adda salt, which was 
 forwarded from that place on pack animals to Kpedji 
 and Tschaudji. Monu salt, which is packed in cone- 
 shaped wicker baskets, in parcels of twenty kilo-
 
 58 TOGOLAND. 
 
 grammes in weight, is forwarded by carriers to 
 Sagada, Kete and Salaga. 
 
 FOODS FOR LOCAL CONSUMPTION. 
 
 Cassada is much cultivated by the aborigines for 
 making various articles of food and for local trade 
 purposes. It is grown practically all over the 
 Protectorate, and is exported to the neighbouring 
 colonies of the Gold Coast and Dahomey. Rice is 
 grown and consumed by the natives locally, but is 
 not exported. The African rice is excellent as a 
 food, being rich and nutritious in quality. The rice 
 trade is capable of enormous expansion, and even if 
 the African rice is not popular in Europe, there is a 
 large market for it in West Africa alone. Maize has 
 suffered from bad planting, but model plantations 
 have been established in Anecho, Lome and other 
 districts, and the Government, which did much to 
 forward its cultivation and export, were confident that 
 it would grow into a valuable asset for the country. 
 
 The areas producing nutritious plants may be 
 divided into the following five zones : 
 
 (i) The coast district, which is productive of 
 yams, maize, bananas, taro, manioc, sugar cane, and, 
 above all, the oil palm. (2) The South Fetisch Moun-
 
 OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 5Q 
 
 tains and the Buem region as far as Adeleland, where 
 maize, yam, and oil palms, bananas, rice, and Kebu 
 peas flourish. (3) In the third zone, which comprises 
 Central Togo, yams are the chief article of food, and 
 maize begins to get scarce. (4) In North, Central 
 and South Togo, durra becomes the principal article 
 of food, but oil palms, yams, maize, and ground-nuts 
 are obtainable. (5) In North Togo, beans and ground- 
 nuts are plentiful. The harvest is generally stored 
 in granaries and in houses which are constructed of 
 wood, wicker-work and clay, the wood and wicker 
 granaries being present everywhere in South Togo.
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 
 
 r I ^HE people of Togoland appear to be divided into 
 * four zones or groups, but the lines of demarca- 
 tion between them are less clearly defined than they 
 were before the advent of Europeans into the country. 
 The Mandigos came from the west and south-west, 
 the Mossi and Gurma from the north, the Borgu and 
 Dahome from the east, and, in the south, the two 
 great groups are composed of the Ewe, whose location 
 east of the Volta extends to the neighbourhood of 
 Lagos, and the Ashanti, who inhabit the west of the 
 Volta and Oti and fall into several divisions. The 
 Ewe language, which has been carefully studied, 
 contains about 400 words, and is split up into 
 numerous dialects. It is a very flexible and expres- 
 sive language, and like all Sudan tongues, the significa- 
 tion of the words is expressed by the tone and pitch 
 of the voice. Ewe is the commercial language of the 
 country. The Dahome or Fong division of the Ewe 
 group are found in Togo territory only in the pro- 
 vinces of Tado and the Atakpame. The Ashantis of 
 the country are mostly found in the province of Apai,
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 6l 
 
 on the left bank of the Volta, but they occupy a 
 number of scattered villages on the rand of the Togo 
 Mountains in the direction of Bo. The Guang people, 
 of whom the Kratschi are a branch, are situated 
 between the Oti and Volta, and to the north of them 
 are the several tribes of the Ngbangje, whose language 
 is an admixture of the Tschi, Ewe and Adele. In 
 the north zone reside the Sudanese, who came from 
 further north ; and the Mossi group, which extends as 
 far as the northern end of the Gambagu plateau. The 
 Mampulugu is a part of the Mossi group, which is 
 neighboured in the Jendi district by the Dagbamba. 
 To the east of the Dagbamba are races known as the 
 Tim and the G Jamba, whose language is not unlike 
 that of the Tschi and the Ewe. In addition to these 
 greater groups there are many less important races, 
 including the Risu, in North-West Togo ; the Moab, 
 on the Gambagu plateau ; the Akposso, on the 
 Akposso plateau ; and north-west and still further 
 north of the Akposso, the Kebu and the Adele. 
 
 FORTIFIED NATIVE VILLAGES. 
 
 The Tschokossi savages in the extreme north of 
 Togoland used to inhabit villages which can only be 
 described as cunningly-constructed native fortresses,
 
 62 TOGOLAND. 
 
 in which every hut was a fort, and although the neces- 
 sity for these defensive precautions has ceased to 
 exist, and even the Tschokossi has ceased to build 
 them, a few scattered villages are still to be met 
 with. The outer fortification is a palisade, five feet 
 high, encircling the village, which is oval in shape. 
 In the rim between the outer and the inner palisades 
 of the same height, the huts are arranged at a dis- 
 tance of about two yards apart. Enclosed within 
 this circlet of huts is a compound, common to the 
 village. As the outer wall is protected by thorn 
 bushes, the entrance to the rim in which the huts are 
 situated is made from the compound, and this is 
 approached through an outer doorway leading into 
 the biggest hut in the village. This hut, which is 
 the common-room of the community, is divided into 
 two parts ; in the one the women grind the corn and 
 in the other the men gossip and take their ease. At 
 night the men's department forms a stable for the 
 sheep and goats. A door in the further wall of this 
 communal-hut gives access to a courtyard, which is 
 divided from an inner court by a wall which bisects 
 the compound. From the inner court access is 
 gained to the village by clambering over the wall. 
 The circlet of huts is of the same height as the sur-
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 63 
 
 rounding walls, and each is entered by a hole placed 
 about two feet from the ground, and made just large 
 enough to allow an adult native to squeeze through. 
 But having pierced the outer wall of the hut, one is 
 confronted with an inner wall, and in the narrow pas- 
 sage left between the two walls one makes a half 
 circle of the building before arriving at a door which 
 leads into the interior of the hut. The space between 
 the huts in the rim between the double palisades is 
 the communal chicken-run of the village. If this 
 place was not impregnable against the assaults of 
 men armed with bows and arrows, it would, at least, 
 be impossible to rush it by a surprise visit. Even if 
 the thorn bushes were surmounted and the rim was 
 entered by the outer wall, the chickens would make 
 sufficient commotion to warn the villagers of the 
 presence of intruders, and by the time the assailants 
 had squeezed themselves through the holes in the 
 hut walls and^crept round the inner passage of the 
 dwelling, the occupants would be ready to give them 
 a warm reception. These ingenious and elaborate 
 fortifications, the construction of which is said to 
 have originated with the Gourma people, no longer 
 form a part of Tschokossi defensive architecture, and 
 although a few such villages are still inhabited, they
 
 64 TOGOLAND. 
 
 are fast falling into ruin and being abandoned by the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 ARTS, CRAFTS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 Regarding the people of Togoland as a whole, 
 they display the characteristics of the negro race 
 with all the faults and merits of their kind, but like 
 most of the inhabitants of West Sudan and Upper 
 Guinea, they are industrious and persevering, and 
 have extraordinary aptitude in acquiring civilisa- 
 tion. The Ewe and the natives of the Joruba and 
 Atakpame are peacefully inclined and good tempered, 
 and in them the commercial spirit is well developed, 
 while such mountain races as the Akposso, Kebu, 
 Atjuti, and Adele are powerful, warlike, and distrust- 
 ful of strangers. 
 
 Among the arts practised by the Togo negroes, 
 music and dancing play a leading part. The songs, 
 which consist of solos and choruses, sung to the 
 accompaniment of guitars, horns, flutes, and drums, 
 are most varied among the Ewe and Ashanti people. 
 The subjects of the songs range from philosophical 
 views of life and death, to love, hunting and war, and 
 in most cases are the expression of the personal 
 sentiments of the singer. Dancing is accompanied
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 65 
 
 by much clapping of the hands, the arms and legs 
 of the dancers being hung with rattles. Many of the 
 solo and round-dances are a mere demonstration of 
 high spirits, but others have a certain significance 
 in which war and religion have a part. 
 
 Gambling, with cowrie shells for dice, is very 
 popular. The universal game, which is played on a 
 board, is called Dara by the Haussa tribes and Adi 
 by the Ewe, and is quite harmless. 
 
 The rudiments of painting and the plastic arts are 
 revealed in the figures, painted in red, black, white 
 and yellow colours, which adorn the walls of some 
 of the houses. Sculpture is limited to tone reliefs 
 on the walls, in which the representations of croco- 
 diles are most frequently encountered. Tattooing is 
 popular, and is practised with skill. Many native 
 methods for measuring time and counting are em- 
 ployed, the Ewe making use of sticks and matches 
 and of grains of sand. The hours of the day are 
 regulated by the position of the sun ; the time esti- 
 mated to cover a certain distance is calculated upon 
 the time required for a meal. The journey from one 
 place to another is not recorded in miles but in meals 
 The week is generally composed of six days and the 
 
 month of four weeks, and the twelve months of the 
 
 F
 
 66 TOGOLAND. 
 
 year are arranged in accordance with the changes of 
 the moon. Among the Ewe, the year begins in 
 September with the sowing of the yams. 
 
 In the rearing of Togo children, the habit of 
 obedience is conspicuous by its absence, but traits of 
 filial affection are not wanting, and the old are held 
 in peculiar esteem. The young girls are instructed 
 in household duties by their mothers, and the boys 
 not only learn field work and handicrafts, but also the 
 tribal and family customs and traditions, the rami- 
 fication of relationship as well as certain principles of 
 justice. Among the Ewe people it was formerly the 
 practice to betroth a girl at her birth, and the bride- 
 groom elect wooed his bride by cultivating the field 
 for his prospective father-in-law and gathering in the 
 harvest for him. If the girl arrived at marriageable 
 age disapproves of her parents' selection in a husband 
 for her, the unfortunate swain was bound by rule to 
 take his life. In the coastal district brides are sought 
 with cash in hand, but child-betrothal is still the 
 custom with the Bassari, and bride-stealing is not 
 unknown among the Adele. Weddings are celebrated 
 with dancing and revels. As a tribe the Ewe is 
 monogamous, but the well-to-do among them have 
 two or three wives. The marriage tie can be dis-
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 67 
 
 solved at the instigation of either the man or the 
 woman, but the children belong always to the 
 husband, and even when a separated woman marries 
 again, her children of the second marriage become 
 the property of her first husband. 
 
 THE NATIVE AS LITIGANT. 
 
 For the negro the law has a peculiar fascination, 
 and a lawsuit is the joy and aim of his life. The 
 chief of the tribe is the supreme judge, and the 
 sessions take place in the market under the shadow 
 of the trees. Each party to the suit pays stated 
 fees, and briefs the most loquacious available man 
 of the tribe to plead his cause. Lawsuits between 
 single individuals are settled without much difficulty, 
 but complications arise in cases between different 
 tribes, when it is sometimes a matter of might versus 
 right, when the injured parties have redressed their 
 wrongs by seizing members of another tribe and 
 seek to justify their strategy in the eyes of the judge. 
 A decided feeling for justice generally prevails, but 
 when the suit is brought against a guileless stranger, 
 the most methodical illegalities are pursued with 
 glaring unscrupulousness. In certain cases in which 
 the judge lacks the courage to pronounce judgment
 
 68 TOGOLAND. 
 
 against a powerful party, an appeal is made to the 
 fetish priest, who is thus often in a position to 
 favour a litigant, and the weaker party finds it any- 
 thing but easy to obtain judgment. 
 
 Stealing is infrequent among the tribes, and is 
 very severely dealt with. Murder is punishable by 
 death, the murderer being despatched by the same 
 means or weapons with which the crime was com- 
 mitted ; but again, if the criminal is a person of 
 importance, he evades the extreme penalty by pay- 
 ment of a sum of money. Poisoning and witchcraft 
 are punished without mercy, but vendetta was, 
 until recently, universally practised. 
 
 The right of succession is somewhat complicated. 
 Among the Ewe, the inheritor is the eldest son of the 
 eldest sister of the deceased, and the landed property 
 and wives of the dead man are divided among the 
 other sons. The eldest son enjoys various privileges. 
 He alone can cut down the oil palms for the prepara- 
 tion of the palm wine, and the proceeds of the sale of 
 the palm wine belong to him. Illness is attributable 
 either to witchcraft or the influence of evil spirits, 
 and the natives seek to exorcise it by medicines or 
 the offices of the priests. After death among the 
 Ewe people, the corpse is decorated, and a festival
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 69 
 
 takes place, during which dancing, drinking and 
 drum-beating is indulged in, lasting from eight to 
 twenty-one days. The corpse is wrapped in matting 
 and buried at a depth of two feet. Clothes and cowrie 
 shells are buried at the same time, in order that the 
 corpse may obtain food and pay the ferryman who will 
 convey him across the river to the kingdom of the 
 dead. As the time of the departure to this last 
 haven appears to be uncertain, food and palm wine 
 are annually placed beside the graves for the use of 
 the dead. Widows wear a mourning garment of 
 dark blue cloth, and are compelled by custom to 
 confine themselves to their homes for a period of 
 from six weeks to six months following the death of 
 their husbands. 
 
 THE HEALTH OF THE NATIVES. 
 
 Speaking of the Togo natives generally, they may 
 be said to take more care of their health than the 
 average African negro. Most of the tribes bathe 
 freely and treat their skins with a preparation of fat, 
 while, in common with all negro races, they take 
 especial pride in their teeth. Yet infant mortality is 
 very great, and although in individual cases the age 
 of seventy or eighty years is reached, the average
 
 70 TOGOLAND. 
 
 length of life is not more than fifty years. Malaria 
 is the chief sickness everywhere, even in the 
 mountains. In the rainy season, and at the transi- 
 tion of the dry season, it is at its worst, the dry 
 months being more or less immune from the scourge. 
 Dysentery is an epidemic, and in Tapa, Buem and 
 Gbele, a large number of persons die annually from 
 the sleeping sickness. Yellow fever is not unknown, 
 leprosy claims many victims, and skin diseases, 
 especially eczema and ringworm, are common. The 
 otherwise healthy mountain districts are visited by 
 rheumatism and tuberculosis, and goitre is prevalent 
 throughout the country. 
 
 Small-pox, which used to be a scourge in the 
 country, is yielding before the advance of European 
 preventive measures. Although at first the natives 
 were suspicious about the treatment, as soon as the 
 results became known they used to come in from the 
 outlying districts and ask to be vaccinated. The 
 German Government found it useful to enlist the co- 
 operation of the paramount chiefs, who made a law 
 by which a certain number of the natives under 
 their jurisdiction had to present themselves at the 
 station for vaccination. There were 8,288 natives 
 vaccinated in the Lome town district in 1912. In
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 7! 
 
 the Lome district itself 12,326 vaccinations took 
 place, of which 4,742 were unsuccessful, the per- 
 centage of successful vaccinations being Lome 
 town, 55^ per cent. ; Lome district, 29 per cent. In 
 the Bassari and Sokode divisions of the Sokode 
 district, where small-pox was prevalent, 26,134 
 vaccinations took place in the year 1912. Through- 
 out Togo vaccination has been carried on with 
 energy, 95 per cent, being successful. From 1903-10, 
 123,276 vaccinations took place ; but it is stated 
 that not much reliance can be placed upon the work 
 carried out by some of the native vaccinators. After 
 vaccination immunity exists for about four years. 
 The epidemic of 1911, said to be one of the worst 
 that has occurred in the country, accounted for some 
 4,500 deaths. 
 
 The most popular native handicraft in Togoland 
 is pottery, which is manufactured everywhere by the 
 women, who are all experts in the use of the potter's 
 wheel. Indeed, no other native industry has been 
 so little influenced by intercourse with Europeans. 
 The material employed in straw plaiting and basket 
 making are grass and reeds and the inner bark of 
 the palms, especially of the Pandanus, Raphia and 
 Borassus, but the bark of the Sanservia and Ananas
 
 72 TOGOLAND. 
 
 are also used. Straw-plaiting, which is made up into 
 roofing, fencing, pouches, satchels, hats, and baskets, 
 is a small local industry, but the celebrated, gaily- 
 patterned mats of Tschaudjo form an article of 
 commerce. Rope-work is principally confined to 
 Agotime ; wood-carving on spoons, combs, vessels, 
 and furniture, is practised in the Volta region ; ivory- 
 carving is carried on in South Togo at Kpandu, 
 Gbele, Gbi, and Muatja, and great drum and fetish 
 idols are produced in Ahinkru. 
 
 NATIVE EDUCATION. 
 
 In order to ascertain the work done by Euro- 
 peans, the Government and the Missionary Societies 
 in schools for the natives of their various African 
 possessions, the German Colonial Institute in 1911 
 sent out to the colonies over 2,000 printed question- 
 naires, with a request to the authorities to return 
 answers according to the state of the schools on 
 June ist in that year. From the information filled 
 in and returned, Herr Missions-Inspector Schlunk, of 
 Hamburg, was able to publish a voluminous report 
 on the subject, and the state of affairs thus revealed 
 is illustrative of the best and worst features of the 
 Teutonic colonising system. The facts in themselves
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 73 
 
 concerning the educational work accomplished in the 
 way of providing the natives with schools and 
 teachers are remarkable. In Togoland, the Wesleyan 
 Missionary Society of London opened the first school 
 in 1850. Since 1884, the North German Missionary 
 Society, of Bremen, and the Roman Catholic Mission, 
 of Steyl, have established elementary and higher 
 schools, seminaries and industrial or artisan schools 
 in the country. In 1891 the Government entered 
 the educational arena, and although the number of 
 their schools and teachers was limited as compared 
 with those conducted by the missions, the efforts of 
 the authorities in Togo and in Cameroon were directed 
 to bringing all education under Government control. 
 In 1911 the Government had two elementary 
 schools with two European and eight native teachers, 
 and 337 pupils ; the North German Mission had 
 141 elementary schools with seven European and 
 176 native teachers, and 5,414 pupils ; and the 
 Roman Catholic Mission had 166 elementary schools, 
 twenty-three European and 200 native teachers, and 
 7,087 pupils. Altogether there were in the Colony 
 of Togoland, 315 elementary schools, with eighteen 
 male and fourteen female European teachers, 384 
 male and fifteen female native teachers, and 13,347
 
 74 TOGOLAND. 
 
 pupils ; five higher schools, with three male Euro- 
 pean and four male native teachers, and 181 pupils ; 
 four schools for practical work, with twelve male 
 and two female European teachers, four male and 
 one female native teachers, and 214 pupils. This 
 gives a total of 324 schools, with forty-nine Euro- 
 pean and 408 native teachers, and 13,742 pupils, of 
 whom 2,279 were girls. 
 
 In Cameroon the first educational work among the 
 natives was begun by the London Baptist Mission in 
 1845, and in 1885, the year in which the Board of 
 Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the 
 United States of America entered the field, the 
 London Baptists resigned their organisation to the 
 Missions Gesellschaft, of Basel. Two years later the 
 first Government School was opened in Duala, and in 
 the following four years the Apostolic Vicariat 
 Kamerun, of Limburg on the Lahn, and the German 
 Baptists, of Steglitz, established schools in the colony. 
 In Cameroon, as in Togo, the Government were 
 behind the missions in the number of schools and 
 scholars, having, in 1911, only eight elementary 
 schools, as against the nine of the American Presby- 
 terians, thirty-eight of the German Baptists, eighty- 
 six of the Roman Catholic, and 275 of the Basel
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 75 
 
 Mission. Altogether there were in the colony 499 
 elementary schools, with forty-two European and 
 611 native teachers, and 32,056 pupils ; twenty-one 
 higher schools, with thirty-three European and 
 thirty native teachers, and 1,802 pupils ; eleven 
 industrial schools, with twenty-two European and 
 five native teachers, and 259 pupils ; or a total of 
 531 schools, with ninety-seven European and 646 
 native teachers, and 34,117 pupils. Of the teachers 
 3-3 per cent, and of the pupils 8-1 per cent, were 
 females. 
 
 THE SCHOOL COURSE. 
 
 In both Togo and Cameroon, the course of the 
 elementary schools began with an infant class and 
 lasted four or five years, the objects of the schools in 
 both colonies having been to provide Christian in- 
 struction to natives and to train pupils for the 
 higher schools with a view to their entering the 
 service of Europeans. Instruction in German began 
 in the first year, and in the third year pupils were 
 required to read and write German fluently in both 
 characters. The curriculum for the last year in- 
 cluded the history of the German Empire since the 
 Franco-German War of 1870-71, the history of the
 
 76 TOGOLAND. 
 
 German Emperors since January i8th, 1871, the 
 Geography of Germany, and the singing of German 
 patriotic songs. 
 
 In the higher schools, the object of the teachers 
 was to " impart such knowledge as is required in the 
 service of Europeans," and all instruction was given 
 in the German language. The schools for practical 
 work trained girls for domestic work, laundry work 
 and farming, while boys received instruction in 
 carpentering, cabinet-making, smith's work, boot- 
 making and tailoring, printing and book-binding. 
 At the completion of their course, all pupils were 
 obliged to remain in the service of the Government 
 for two or more years. In both Togoland and 
 Cameroon, the Government had a school of agricul- 
 ture, where pupils were instructed in farming, 
 especially cotton-growing and the use of the plough, 
 and at some of the mission schools in the latter 
 colony the pupils were trained in brick-making and 
 cocoa-planting, and the work connected with water- 
 supply and bridge-making. 
 
 In both colonies the schools generally were open 
 on five or six days a week, with from twenty to 
 thirty-five hours' instruction per week, according to 
 the grade of the several schools. The average length
 
 THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND. 77 
 
 of holidays for Mission and Government schools was 
 from two to three months per annum. Unfortunately, 
 no statement of revenue or expenditure is included in 
 the case of Togoland beyond the fact that the 
 Government made a yearly grant of 750, distributed 
 among the various schools for the encouragement of 
 German language-study. In Cameroon, in 1910, the 
 Basel Mission spent 5,386 on teachers' salaries, and 
 the Roman Catholics 1,626. The cost of the 
 Government schools in that year was 1,963. 
 Generally no school fees were paid except in some of 
 the higher schools in Togo, where pupils paid 505. 
 per annum, and at Garna, in Cameroon, the Govern- 
 ment pupils paid 303. per annum in kind.
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. 
 
 r I A WO languages were used in all the schools of 
 * Togoland, the Ewe and German. Ewe is the 
 language of the more enterprising tribes on the coast, 
 but as many of the natives do not speak Ewe, it was 
 necessary for them to be taught before instruction 
 proper could be commenced. Although no force 
 was employed to make children attend school, the 
 attendance and discipline of the pupils appear to 
 have given rise to no complaints. But it is stated 
 that nearly all the pupils came to school in the hope 
 that they would eventually find employment with 
 Europeans ; that, at the end of their school course, 
 the pupils considered themselves superior to manual 
 labour, and that scarcely any of them returned to the 
 family farms. The demands from the Govern- 
 ment, the missions and traders for native workers is 
 said to have exceeded the supply of trained pupils, 
 but several complaints were made that this tendency, 
 together with the universal instruction in German, 
 threatened to become a calamity to the native tribes.
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. 79 
 
 Miss Gehrts, who visited one of the German 
 Government schools in Togoland, writes : 
 
 " What impressed me most during my stay in 
 Sokode was the splendidly-appointed Government 
 school, of which Mr. Kuepers is principal. He is 
 assisted by several native teachers . . . and it is really 
 wonderful to see .... the rapid progress." 
 
 Then follows a comment on the well-known 
 falling off at puberty, and an account of her own 
 experience in questioning the scholars. She pro- 
 ceeds : 
 
 " These children are picked children. Only a 
 certain number are taken from each village, and not 
 above a certain number. At present there is accom- 
 modation for about one hundred ; but new buildings 
 are being erected ; then the classes will be very 
 largely augmented. The children are taken entire 
 charge of by the Government during the time they 
 are at school. A small daily sum is allowed each 
 child for food and lodging, this being handed over 
 pro rota to certain approved native women living in 
 the village, who undertake in return to board and 
 sleep so many of them. Each child is also given by 
 the Government a little blue smock ; and books,
 
 8O TOGOLAND. 
 
 slates, pencils, and so forth are of course provided 
 free." 
 
 In Cameroon a Government Proclamation of 
 April 25th, 1910, made school attendance obligatory 
 for all native children, instruction in German from 
 the first class was made law, and the punishment for 
 a child who left school before completing the whole 
 course was fixed at a fine of 2 los. or a flogging. 
 Although children generally were anxious to attend 
 school in order to qualify for service with Europeans, 
 truantry appears to have become more popular after 
 obligatory attendance was introduced, and the 
 native police were kept busy in bringing back 
 absentees. School children, who were distinguished 
 by the wearing of brass-buttons and cockades, 
 showed a tendency to become denationalised : few 
 of them returned to the family farms when they 
 completed their school course, which had the effect 
 of causing them to lose touch with their own tribe 
 and families. 
 
 It is impossible, after reading Heir Missions- 
 Inspector Schlunk's report, to refuse admiration to 
 the thoroughness of the German system of instituting 
 these inquiries, or to the zeal with which the Germans 
 lay themselves out to Teutonise their native subjects.
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. 8 1 
 
 Their organising ability, as revealed in their methods 
 of imparting instruction to the natives and preparing 
 their minds for the reception of kultur, is amazing, 
 but as Hanns Vischer shows in his analysis of this 
 informative publication, contributed to the Journal 
 oj the African Society, their method has its disad- 
 vantages. " Little love and scarcely any respect 
 for the native," he comments, " are to be found 
 among the various reports. No mention is ever made 
 of the natives' national feeling. Natives are taught 
 German history and the names of the German 
 Emperors, and they can sing German patriotic songs. 
 From every colony we hear that the boys who have 
 been to school seldom or never return to their own 
 surroundings, and although this is regretted, as being 
 detrimental to the interests of a peasant community, 
 no mention is made of the breaking-up of the native 
 family and the inevitable harm which must follow. 
 The importance of practical instruction is every- 
 where recommended to teach the native to work, 
 but no mention is made of the natives' own industry 
 and love for work which might be developed." 
 
 GERMANY AS COLONISER. 
 
 In the application of her colonising methods 
 
 G
 
 82 TOGOLAND. 
 
 there is overwhelming evidence of the fact (which 
 Lord Haldane so generously deplored without con- 
 vincing his fellow-countrymen of the necessity of 
 sharing his sentiments on the subject) that Germany, 
 having come late into the colonial field, endeavoured, 
 by strict organisation, pedantic self -consciousness, 
 honest effort and entire lack of understanding of the 
 task she had set herself, to bring her over-seas 
 Empire into line with Greater Britain in the shortest 
 possible time. She attempted a short cut lj world- 
 power, while she could only bring to the work the 
 experience and methods of a Grand Duchy. She 
 strove to make good Germans of African natives 
 without giving them opportunity or excuse to appre- 
 ciate the virtues of German administration, or the 
 time for them to develop a desire to become part 
 and parcel of the fledgling empire. In a word, they 
 set themselves to secure the Germanisation of the 
 subject races by force, instead of inspiring them with 
 a desire to be worthy of the honour that was thrust 
 upon them. It has taken England three centuries of 
 patient toil and example to inoculate native India 
 with the enthusiastic loyalty which has expressed 
 itself in the contributions of the tens of thousands of 
 fighting men and millions of money which they have
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. 83 
 
 thrown into the Empire's struggle ; while, at the 
 end of thirty years of Teutonic domination, the 
 natives of Togoland threw off their allegiance to the 
 Fatherland in the first moment of hostilities, and 
 welcomed the invasion of the French and English 
 forces with tumultuous enthusiasm. " The sur- 
 renders of Togoland," says an editorial of the Gold 
 Coast Leader, of September I2th, 1914, " has given 
 rise to outbursts of joy and thankfulness among 
 natives throughout the colony. In the Central and 
 Western Provinces women, dressed in white, their 
 wrists and necks encircled with white beads, and 
 their necks and chests rubbed with white chalk, for 
 days on end paraded the streets singing and chanting 
 songs of praise and thankfulness for the victory of 
 our soldiers. The terrible doings of Germans in 
 Togoland . . . have become matters of common know- 
 ledge . . . and instinctively our people have felt that 
 the loss of Togoland by the Germans is a distinct gain 
 to the cause of the progress of natives and their good 
 government throughout British West Africa." 
 
 THE FUTURE OF TOGOLAND. 
 
 Dr. Paul Rohrbach, formerly Imperial Commis- 
 sioner for German South- West Africa, and an official
 
 84 TOGOLAND. 
 
 of much discernment, was not greatly impressed 
 with Togoland. Employing the qualified method of 
 commendation which was once so popular in 
 Western Australia, he can say no more for a good 
 thing than that it is " not too bad." Its coastal 
 trade is " hampered by the extreme difficulty of 
 landing " ; the rainfall is insufficient to force a 
 tropical growth ; oil palms are only fairly numerous ; 
 the soil is mostly poor ; and the land is essentially 
 that of the native and of native cultivation. To 
 sum up he says that : " Togoland, from the first, has 
 obtained the reputation of being our model colony, 
 because it succeeded at an early date in paying its 
 way, and no doubt it was spared sets-back by the 
 wisdom of its administrators. In spite of all this 
 we must not deceive ourselves and expect that a 
 small colony that is not as richly endowed by nature 
 as Kamerun and East Africa will make such impor- 
 tant strides as those countries. It is therefore com- 
 prehensible that, should an opportunity arise, Togo- 
 land might be well handed over to a foreign power 
 in exchange for a more satisfactory African posses- 
 sion one nearer to our other Colonies." 
 
 The colony has now been handed over, but to 
 which foreign power is not yet determined, and in
 
 THE RESULTS OF GERMAN METHODS. 85 
 
 spite of some deprecatory feeling upon the subject, 
 its future is already being discussed. " No discus- 
 sion can be entertained here," writes Mr. W. A. 
 Crabtree in an article on " Togoland " in the Journal 
 of the African Society, " as to the future administra- 
 tion, how and by whom it shall be carried on, even 
 though the native community at the coast has been 
 taking full advantage of the present occasion to 
 ventilate grievances under German rule. These 
 effulgences have been appearing in the Gold Coast 
 Leader for some time ; but no advantage would 
 accrue from any attempt to comment upon them. 
 Indeed, from a cursory examination of this local 
 paper week by week, it is perfectly obvious that there 
 are grievances also in the English dependencies. 
 Under these circumstances it is impossible to form 
 an impartial opinion ; we can only trust that any 
 real case of hardship or injustice may soon be rectified 
 by the proper authorities." 
 
 " The problems of the future for the development 
 of these industries," Mr. Crabtree says in conclusion, 
 " and a few minor ones which have not been detailed 
 for reason of space, consist in the extension of rail- 
 ways across or through the mountain ridges they 
 have now reached, and also in apportioning the work
 
 86 TOGOLAND. 
 
 of cultivation between native ownership and Euro- 
 pean. Considerable native interests are involved, 
 if the general trend of paragraphs in the Gold Coast 
 Leader are in any way reliable, so that this latter 
 question of native or European management may 
 prove to be the most immediately pressing question 
 of the two."
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 TOGO 
 
 5 SO TS 100 
 
 J Norfeei 
 Putrid^. \ 
 * a Nanonbu'.n 
 Segben, 
 
 Bompaia 
 ) / 
 
 A. F. CALVERT S MAP OF TOGOLAND.
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 A. F CALVERT'S MAP OF AFRICA.
 
 PLATE 3.
 
 PLATE 4.
 
 PLATE 5. 
 
 LANDING IN THE OLD STYLE. 
 
 PLATE 6. 
 
 LANDING STORES ON THE BRIDGE, LOME.
 
 PLATE 7. 
 
 PLATE 8. 
 
 LOME RAILWAY STATION. 
 
 MARKET STREET, LOME.
 
 PLATE 9. 
 
 THE DESTROYED LANDING STAGE, LOME. 
 
 PLATE 10. 
 
 THE PIER AT LOME.
 
 PLATE 11. 
 
 PLATE 12. 
 
 SALT MARKET, LOME. 
 
 SPIRITS MARKET, LOME.
 
 PLATE 13. 
 
 HAMBURG STREET, LOME. 
 
 PLATE 14. 
 
 HAMBURG STREET, LOME.
 
 PLATE 15. 
 
 _ 
 
 iii 
 
 EVANGELIC CHURCH AT LOME. 
 
 PLATE 16. 
 
 GOVERNMENT DISTRICT OFFICE, LOME.
 
 PLATE 17. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S HOUSE AT LOME. 
 
 PLATE 18. 
 
 POLICE TROOPS AT LOME.
 
 PLATE 19. 
 
 PLATE 20. 
 
 FACTORY YARD, SOUTH TOGO. 
 
 MARKET IN THE LOME DISTRICT. PROVISIONS ARE SOLD COOKED 
 
 FOOD, DRIED FISH, CHEAP EUROPEAN JAMS, DRESS MATERIALS, 
 AND HARDWARE.
 
 PLATE 23. 
 
 PLATE 24. 
 
 CORPUS CHRISTI PROCESSION, LOME. 
 
 A STREET IN ANECHO, SOUTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 25.
 
 PLATE 26. 
 
 
 PLATE 27. 
 
 TRAIN ON THE COAST RAILWAY, NEAR ANECHO. 
 
 COAST RAILWAY, NEAR ANECHO.
 
 PLATE 28. 
 
 .354 T- .__ -. 
 
 - - -^"' ii .*' 
 
 - 
 
 DISTRICT OFFICE, ANECHO-SEBE. 
 
 PLATE 29. 
 
 THE NIGHTINGALE HOSPITAL, ANECHO.
 
 PLATE 30. 
 
 NATIVE CANOES ON THE SHORE OF THE LAGOON, NEAR ANECHO. 
 PLATE 31. 
 
 PALAVER HOUSE, AT EGGE, NEAR ANECHO.
 
 PLATE 32.
 
 PLATE 33. 
 
 THE FORMER CUSTOM HOUSE AT ANECHO. 
 
 PLATE 34. 
 
 NATIVE MARKET, SOUTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 35.
 
 PLATE 36.
 
 PLATE 37.
 
 PLATE 38. 
 
 PLATE 39. 
 
 MARKET PLACE AT ATAKPAME. 
 
 MARKET PLACE, ATAKPAME.
 
 PLATE 40, 
 
 ..-.,. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OFFICES, ATAKPAME. 
 
 PLATE 41 ~ 
 
 MARKET PLACE AT ATAKPAME.
 
 PLATE 42. 
 
 PLATE 43. 
 
 CONSTRUCTING THE RAILWAY TO ATAKPAME. 
 
 + .** 
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE HINTERLAND RAILWAY TO ATAKPAME.
 
 PLATE 44. 
 
 THE KING OF HO WITH HIS SUITE. 
 
 PLATE 45. 
 
 THE QUEEN OF WOMEN, SISAGBE, OF ATAKPAME.
 
 PLATE 46. 
 
 PLATE 47. 
 
 HIGHLAND BEHIND THE AGU. 
 
 %* * ***** &&$? 
 
 .* ..-. ,-. &'?:& i 
 
 BUSH PLAIN IN SOUTH TOGO, BETWEEN PALIME AND ATAKPAME.
 
 PLATE 48. 
 
 PLOUGHING A FIELD IN NUATJA. 
 
 PLATE 49. 
 
 COCOA TREES, TWO YEARS OLD, UNDER OIL PALMS 
 PLANTATION AT TAFIE.
 
 PLATE 50. 
 
 PLATE 51. 
 
 ' 
 
 VILLAGE OF GLEI, ATAKPAME DISTRICT.
 
 PLATE 52.
 
 PLATE 53.
 
 PLATE 54.
 
 PLATE 55.
 
 PLATE 58.
 
 . PLATE 59. 
 
 TERMINUS OF THE RAILWAY TO THE INTERIOR. 
 
 PLATE 60. 
 
 MISA HEIGHT STREET, PALIME.
 
 PLATE 61. 
 
 VILLAGE OF TONGHE, MISA HEIGHTS. 
 
 PLATE 62. 
 
 VILLAGE IN PALIME.
 
 POLICE STATION AND COURT HOUSE AT MISA HEIGHT. 
 
 PLATE 64. 
 
 .<-. 
 
 DISTRICT OFFICE, MISA HEIGHT.
 
 PLATE 65. 
 
 PLATE 66. 
 
 A FACTORY AT PALIME. 
 
 A VILLAGE IN MIDDLE TOGO.
 
 PLATE 67. 
 
 DANCING WOMEN, TAMBERMA. 
 
 PLATE 68. 
 
 A VILLAGE IN THE DISTRICT OF KABURE.
 
 PLATE 69. 
 
 M| 
 
 OPEN SPACE IN THE FOREST, AGOME MOUNTAINS. 
 
 PLATE 70. 
 
 BUSH PLAIN, WITH BORASSU PALMS.
 
 PLATE 71. 
 
 
 THE LOWER VOLTA RIVER. 
 
 PLATE 72. 
 
 ON THE KUMONGU RIVER.
 
 PLATE 73.
 
 PLATE 74. 
 
 VILLAGE AT EWE. 
 
 PLATE 75. 
 
 A PALM WINE FACTORY IN THE PLAIN, NEAR AMUSUKOOHE, 
 SOUTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 76. 
 
 ON THE ANGAE RIVER. 
 
 PLATE 77. 
 
 
 THE GEMMI, NEAR AMADSCHWE, SO-CALLED ISLAND MOUNTAIN, 
 ORIGINATED FROM THE GRADUAL DECOMPOSITION OF THE ROCK.
 
 PLATE 78. 
 
 KOLA BUSHES, FIVE YEARS OLD. PLANTATION AT TAFIE. 
 
 PLATE 79. 
 
 ON THE PLAIN.
 
 PLATE 80.
 
 PLATE 81. 
 
 A CARAVAN ON THE MARCH. 
 
 PLATE 82. 
 
 COLLECTING ROAD DUES FROM A HAUSA CARAVAN.
 
 PLATE 83. 
 
 PLATE 84. 
 
 TRAVELLING IN A HAMMOCK. 
 
 PRIMITIVE NATIVE BRIDGE.
 
 PLATE 85. 
 
 " ORCHARD PLAIN," WITH SCHI BUTTER TREES. 
 
 PLATE 86. 
 
 S? I - 
 
 23 
 
 LOSSO WOMEN MAKING MILLET BEER.
 
 PLATE 87. 
 
 GRINDING MILLET GRAIN. 
 
 PLATE 88. 
 
 NATIVE POTTER S WORKSHOP, AMCLAME.
 
 PLATE 91.
 
 PLATE 92.
 
 PLATE 93.
 
 PLATE 94. 
 
 NATIVES OF DIFALE. 
 
 NATIVES OF TAMBERMA.
 
 PLATE 96. 
 
 
 SH PLAIN IN NORTH TOGO. 
 
 BUSH PLAIN IN NORTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 98. 
 
 STATION AT BESSARI. 
 
 PLATE 99. 
 
 GOVERNMENT STATION BUILDING AT BASSARI.
 
 PLATE 100. 
 
 PLATE 101. 
 
 NATIVES AT A TRADING STATION. 
 
 
 MARKET PI
 
 PLATE 102. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OFFICE AT BASSARI. 
 
 PLATE 103. 
 
 STATION AT SOKODE.
 
 PLATE 103. 
 
 NATIVES OF FULBE, NORTH TOGO. 
 
 HORSE OF NORTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 106. 
 
 NATIVE CHIEF AND HIS GALADIMA IN THE DAKO DISTRICT, 
 NORTH TOGO. 
 
 PLATE 107. 
 
 CLAY BOX HOUSES, MIDDLE TOGO.
 
 PLATK 108. 
 
 PLATE 109. 
 
 TAMBERMA CITADEL. 
 
 SSOLA CITADEL.
 
 PLATE 110. 
 
 I** 
 
 DORF CITADEL IN NORTH TOGO. 
 
 PLATE 111. 
 
 AT TAMBERMA CITADEL.
 
 PLATE 112. 
 
 
 PLATE 113. 
 
 MOSQUE AT BESSARI. 
 
 MOSQUE AT SANSANE MAXGU, THE NORTHERNMOST GOVERNMENT 
 
 STATION IN TOGO. 
 THIS WAS SPECIALLY BUILT AS A FORT BY A NATIVE TRIBE.
 
 PLATE 116. 
 
 AFRICAN DRUMS. THE PEOPLE IN TOGO USE 
 THESE TO TRANSMIT NEWS TO OTHER VILLAGES.
 
 PLATE 117. 
 
 MANUFACTURING NATIVE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
 
 PLATE 118 
 
 HOUSE, WITH GABLED ROOF, IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION. 
 PLATE 119. 
 
 SPIRITUAL DIGNITARIES.
 
 PLATE 120.
 
 PLATE 121. 
 
 IRON MARKET AT BASSARI. THE IRON IS NOT PURE, BUT IS MALLEABLE. 
 
 IT IS USED FOR MAKING HOES AND WEAPONS. 
 PLATE 122. 
 
 COURT OF THE KING OF BANGJELI, IRON SMELTER. 
 
 THE ORES DUG AND SMELTED BY THE NATIVES CONTAIN 
 
 ABOUT 50 PER CENT. OF IRON.
 
 PLATE 123. 
 
 A NATIVE WEAVER IN TOGO.
 
 PLATE 128. 
 
 I 
 
 FETISH NUTS.
 
 PLATE 129, 
 
 FETISCHES.
 
 PLATE 130. 
 
 POTS AND JARS MADE BY THE NATIVES AT KPENDU. 
 PLATE 131. 
 
 CHAINED PRISONERS MAKING ROADS.
 
 PLATE 132. 
 
 ^ Q 
 S5 O 
 
 w o 
 
 K H 
 
 ri 
 
 w w 
 
 
 Q < 
 
 H 
 s w
 
 PLATE 133. 
 
 COCOANUT TREES IN SEASON, KPEME PLANTATION. 
 PLATE 134. 
 
 WEIGHING COTTON BROUGHT IN BY THE NATIVES AT SOKODE, 
 NORTH TOGO.
 
 PLATE 135. 
 
 CRUSHING YAMS. 
 
 PLATE 136. 
 
 NATIVE POLICE TROOPS STARTING ON A MARCH.
 
 PLATE 137.
 
 PLATE 138. 
 
 CUTTING THE GREEN LEAVES FROM THE STALKS AT 
 MAIZE PLANTATION. 
 
 PLATE 139. 
 
 MAIZE STACK.
 
 PLATE 140. 
 
 WOOL TREES. 
 
 PLATE 141. 
 
 COTTON PLANTS, YAMS, ETC., r PESSI, MIDDLE TOGO.
 
 PLATE 14'}. 
 
 COTTON SELLERS FROM BOGU AT SOKODE, NORTH TOGO. 
 
 PLATE 143. 
 
 CARTING THE COTTON BALES TO THE RAILWAY.
 
 PLATE 144. 
 
 THE GIN HOUSE AND COTTON PRESS. 
 
 PLATE 145. 
 
 ' r^^f-W* 
 
 WORKS FOR EXTRACTING THE COTTON SEED.
 
 PLATE 146. 
 
 RIPE COTTON FIELD.
 
 SOUTH-WEST AFRICA. 
 
 BY ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " Mr. Albert F. Calvert is a much-travelled man, and his books, 
 reminiscent and descriptive, of many countries are always readable 
 and invariably well illustrated. The subject of the present work 
 is, of course, exceptionally interesting. . . ." Mining Journal, 
 25th December, 1915. 
 
 "... The illustrations are taken from photographs, and convey 
 a picture of the region and its inhabitants more clear and detailed 
 than anything that could be obtained from description." Scotsman, 
 27th December, 1915. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert has made a minute and scholarly study of his 
 subject, and his book has been carefully compiled. . . ." Sunday 
 Times, 2nd January, 1916. 
 
 "... A valuable feature of Mr. Calvert's book is a collection 
 of 223 illustrations reproduced from photographs. These are 
 typical of all phases of life and scenery, and provide an illuminating 
 commentary on the text." Daily Graphic, jist December, 1915. 
 
 " Full information re our latest colony, Botha-land." T.P.'s 
 Weekly, 2$th December, 1915. 
 
 "... A book from that well-known authority whose name is 
 attached to the concise and readable volume before us. . . . Mr. 
 Calvert has a light as well as an exact touch, and so gives added 
 charm to facts which are attractive in themselves. . . . Well- 
 selected and well-reproduced photographs which add to the vivid- 
 ness of the impression which Mr. Calvert succeeds in producing. . . . 
 South Africa, nth December, 1915. 
 
 "... A comprehensive and highly-interesting volume dealing 
 with Germany's lost colony giving, indeed, the latest available 
 information. Mr. Calvert needs no introduction to book readers. 
 His works on Spain are unsurpassed, whilst he is a past master on 
 the subject of salt, both from the chemical and mining points of 
 view. . . . We cordially recommend the work for perusal and 
 preservation." Mining World, 25th December, 1915. 
 
 "... Compiled by that eminent authority, Mr. Albert F. 
 Calvert, whose opinions, born of observation and practical experi- 
 ence of the country of which he writes, carry conviction. . . ." 
 Irish Independent, ijth December, 1915.
 
 "... A most vivid account of the country during the German 
 occupation. . . . The reading matter supplies in a most instructive 
 and interesting manner the information alluded to. ... South- 
 West Africa should be widely read. . . ." Hampstead Advertiser, 
 1 6th December, 1915. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert has undoubtedly gathered his material care- 
 fully, and he has certainly presented them in excellent form. . . . 
 The volume before us is full of facts as to climate, population, 
 industrial concessions, while the description of the colony's geology 
 and minerals forms an important section of the book. There is 
 also the latest obtainable information as to the diamonds and the 
 diamond industry, which has developed so immensely during the 
 last few years." South Wales Daily News, 23rd December, 1915. 
 
 GERMAN EAST AFRICA. 
 
 BY ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " A businesslike and informative account of the sometime 
 German colony." Athen&um. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert embodies in his book exhaustive information 
 about the colony." Yorkshire Observer. 
 
 " We cordially recommend Mr. Calvert's interesting work for 
 general perusal." Mining World. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert gives a succinct account of the early history 
 of the German colony." Lancet. 
 
 " The commercial potentialities of German East Africa are 
 comprehensively discussed, and the topographical features in- 
 structively described." Outlook. 
 
 " The book is a veritable mine of information." Sussex 
 Daily News. 
 
 " May be recommended to those who desire a readable 
 account of the history of these territories, of their peoples, and 
 their commercial possibilities." Liverpool Post.
 
 GERMAN AFRICAN EMPIRE. 
 
 BY ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " A useful, because informing, account of the lands in Africa 
 which were Germany's Empire there. Mr. Calvert traces their 
 history up to the present time, and his book is very readable." 
 Daily Chronicle, 2nd March, 1916. 
 
 " A very full account of the acquisition, history, development, 
 and resources of the territories at present and lately held by 
 Germany in Africa. . . ." Birmingham Post, 3rd March, 1916. 
 
 "... The book gives a full and interesting account of German 
 South-West Africa, German East Africa, Togoland, and the 
 Cameroons, with particulars of their development, resources, and 
 so forth. Mr. Calvert has been a great traveller, and writes from 
 first-hand knowledge. His book is profusely illustrated and has 
 maps." Westminster Gazette, 4th March, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert is well known as a writer on the economic possi- 
 bilities of undeveloped regions. It is not long since he published 
 a useful volume on South- West Africa, and the present work may 
 be described as an enlargement of that volume, dealing, in addition, 
 on the same lines with German East Africa, Togoland, and the 
 Cameroons. The most important part of the work is, of course, its 
 survey of the industrial potentialities of what was lately German 
 Africa, but the historical sections are not less adequate and 
 interesting, both as showing the general failure of German colonisa- 
 tion and at the same time such measure of success as was actually 
 achieved." Scotsman, 6th March, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert, a very extensive traveller and one of the most 
 prolific of all travel book writers, has undertaken the compilation 
 of books on German or ex-German dependencies. . . ." Times, 
 9th March, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. A. F. Calvert, whose previous works, reminiscent and 
 descriptive of many lands, have yet to be surpassed as scholarly 
 studies of their subjects, brings together in his latest volume 
 German African Empire a wonderful assortment of highly- 
 interesting facts concerning the natural resources, physical features 
 and general characteristics of German South- West Africa, German 
 East Africa, Togoland, and the Comeroons, together with the 
 political history of each colony. Mr. Calvert is an observant as 
 well as an extensive traveller, a fact which his extraordinary wealth 
 of general detail denotes. Irish Independent, 6th March, 1916. 
 
 "... The author has presented the matter in such a manner as 
 will assist future colonists in the agricultural, industrial, and com-
 
 mercial exploitation of these African acquisitions. The illustra- 
 tions, collected from all sources, are remarkable alike for their 
 number, variety and artistic excellence. . . ." Mining World, 
 4th March, 1916. 
 
 "... A full, informative account of the growth and resources of 
 the colonies that with one exception are now out of the hands of 
 the Germans." T. P.'s Weekly, nth March, 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert has a wide knowledge of the subject, and his 
 concise method of imparting information is commendable. The 
 book is a valuable study of the history of the colonies and of their 
 mineral and other resources." Outlook, nth March, 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert is a well-known writer on African subjects, 
 and his book has come out just at the right time. It is hot foot 
 on the tottering of the last of the German colonies in Africa, and 
 deals copiously by picture and text with the history of these. . . . 
 Their agricultural and mineral resources are exhaustively treated, 
 and it is this part of the book to which business men will now 
 chiefly turn. Great markets are opening out now in Africa for 
 British enterprise, and to learn all about these readers cannot do 
 better than consult this book." South Africa, i8th March, 1916. 
 
 " For those anxious to gather together a valuable library on the 
 history of the great war, Mr. Calvert's book on the German African 
 Empire will prove a most useful, and indeed essential, addition. . ." 
 Freeman's Journal, i8th March, 1916. 
 
 "... A very well-informed survey of the former possessions of 
 Germany on the African Continent, with details of the products and 
 industries of the different territories." Queen, ist April, 1916. 
 
 "... A book of exceptional interest and value. . . . The book is 
 for the general reader as well, because of its comprehensiveness and 
 exactitude, for those interested broadly in politics or specially in 
 trading prospects." Liverpool Courier, aist March, 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert's book has therefore a real value, both imme- 
 diate and for the future, and by writing and publishing this book 
 he has done most useful service." Sheffield Daily Telegraph, agth 
 March, 1916. 
 
 "... The anxious inquirer will find in Mr. Calvert's well-packed 
 manual a wealth of facts about the history, the inhabitants, the 
 climate, and the resources of the four vast areas in Africa colonised 
 by Germany, and the methods adopted by that nation to develop 
 the territories. The record will enable the reader to understand 
 why the Germans make good colonists and bad colonisers. . . ."- 
 Glasgow Herald, 23rd March, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert's new book is a useful addition to our library, for 
 it gives a convenient outline of the history of the four German 
 provinces in Africa, South- West, German East, Togoland, and the 
 Cameroons, together with brief accounts of their trade value, 
 prospects, and opportunities." Mining Magazine, April, 1916.
 
 "... Gives a pithy as well as very useful account of all the 
 (late) German colonies in Africa. . . ." -Graphic, 25th March, 1916. 
 
 "... A most thorough record of the resources and development 
 of the Colonies. . . . The chapters on diamonds and the diamond 
 industry are perhaps the most valuable portion of the book, and on 
 this subject Mr. Calvert, who is a chemical and mining expert, 
 speaks with authority and not as do the scribes." New Witness, 
 3oth March, 1916. 
 
 " Those who wish to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the 
 Colonies in Africa which were recently under German rule, and now 
 form part of the British Empire, cannot do better than read Mr. A. 
 F. Calvert's last book. It is crammed full of information and 
 statistics which are presented in so lucid and readable a form that 
 there is not a dull page in the book. . . . The author may be con- 
 gratulated on having written a work that should be a real help to 
 the Empire. . . ." Hampstead Advertiser, 6th April, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. A. F. Calvert, whose informative works on Empire in 
 general and Africa in particular are so well known, is responsible 
 for The German African Empire. ... In this Mr. Calvert supplies 
 much careful and picturesque information, and one can sincerely 
 advise Imperial students and potential settlers in the new colonies 
 to read it. Not the least attractive part is its preface, in which is 
 told how the Teutons acquired so large a slice of Africa. . . . There 
 is a curious lack of interest displayed even to-day in the working 
 of the Imperial machine and a book such as Mr. Calvert's should 
 be widely and carefully studied." Sunday Times, gth April, 1916. 
 
 "... Well arranged, well written, and well illustrated. . . . 
 As a result of reading this book I confess to having extended 
 my own knowledge of these territories considerably. ... It is 
 a book which I strongly recommend to everybody possessing 
 interests in what was formerly German Africa, or who contemplates 
 establishing such interests." British South African Export Gazette, 
 7th April, 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. Albert F. Calvert is an eminent authority on his 
 subject. His observations on German methods of colonisation 
 betray the most careful examination, and his conclusions are 
 unquestionably sound. The volume, which is profusely illustrated, 
 conveys an immense amount of carefully-compiled detail concerning 
 the mineral resources and agricultural possibility of German South 
 and East Africa, Togoland, and the Cameroons. . . ." Western 
 Mail, I5th April, 1916. 
 
 "Mr. Calvert writes with first hand knowledge of his subject, 
 and his excellent handbook is of special value at a time when the 
 change of ownership of the German Colonies is practically com- 
 plete " Scots Pictorial, 22nd April, 1916. 
 
 "... To those who take up the duty of seeing that trade 
 ' follows the flag,' this volume will furnish a rich store of useful 
 information." Globe, i3th April, 1916.
 
 "... The book under review has accurate and clearly printed 
 sketch-maps of each portion of German Africa, and it is most 
 copiously illustrated by photographs, the majority of which are 
 novel, interesting and apposite three adjectives which, alas ! 
 cannot often be applied in the present age to the illustrations of 
 books on Africa. The chapters on what was formerly German 
 South- West Africa, and indeed much else in the book, reveal a 
 careful study of the copious information given to the world by 
 the German Government prior to the outbreak of war, to which, 
 of course, must be added Mr. Calvert's personal local researches. . ." 
 Review of Reviews, April, 1916. 
 
 "... The author may be congratulated on a very useful book, 
 compiled with considerable care and industry from the most reliable 
 authorities dealing with the various German African Colonies. . . . 
 His statistics are carefully compiled, and his volume cannot fail to 
 be of considerable value to all those who are likely to take an 
 interest in our new African possessions." Illustrated Sporting and 
 Dramatic News, apth April, 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. A. F. Calvert is well qualified by his scientific attain- 
 ments and his intimate knowledge of the mineral resources of the 
 southern hemisphere to speak with a special authority upon these 
 colonies and the efforts made by the German Colonial Office to 
 develop them. . . ." Aberdeen Free Press, 8th May, 1916. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert is peculiarly fitted to speak of the extent and 
 value of the German African Empire, and he has compressed into 
 a brief volume an extraordinary amount of information. ... As a 
 contrast between German and British methods of colonisation, as a 
 survey of the extent and magnitude of German military and 
 strategic organization, and for the valuable information it contains 
 about Germany's shrinking African possessions, the book is of 
 absorbing interest." Register (Adelaide, S. Australia), 2oth May, 
 1916. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert is a much-travelled man who has written about 
 South Africa and described his tours in Australia, Nigeria, Brazil, 
 and other places. He has also discussed the political value of our 
 Colonies, and whatever he writes commands attention, as he is a 
 keen observer. This volume may be described as a handbook pro- 
 fusely illustrated. The author knows how to collect facts and to 
 arrange them in a readable manner. . . ." 7mA Times, 3rd June, 
 1916. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert writes from full knowledge, and his book is 
 specially interesting at present. . . ." Belfast News-Letter, 3rd June, 
 1916. 
 
 "... The author is well known as the writer of instructive works 
 on the conditions in many parts of the world, and his latest volume 
 displays the wide knowledge and the painstaking cultivation of 
 detail that have marked his previous publications on similar sub- 
 jects. Few, if any, phases of life in the countries dealt with are
 
 omitted from Mr. Calvert's exhaustive review. . . . The volume is 
 illustrated by many interesting photographs and some beautiful 
 coloured prints." Yorkshire Observer, 4th August, 1916. 
 
 " This is an excellent compilation replete with much useful and 
 original material. It is probably most to be depended on in regard 
 to its discussion of the mineral actualities, probabilities, and possi- 
 bilities of what is ceasing to be German Africa. In this direction 
 one feels one is reading the opinions of a well-trained investigator, 
 some of them derived from experience and others from a careful 
 reading and sifting of German Colonial literature. . . ." Westminster 
 Gazette, ist July, 1916. 
 
 Mineral Resources of Minas Geraes 
 (BRAZIL). 
 
 BY ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 100 pp. With 127 Illustrations and Plans. Price 6/- 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " A valuable compilation of information on a country of whose 
 minerals much more is likely to be heard again in the future. . . ." 
 Financial Times, 9th August, 1915. 
 
 "... Mr. Calvert has written most entertainingly and instruc- 
 tively on many parts of the world, notably West Australia, Nigeria, 
 South-West Africa, and Spain. Whatever he writes is always 
 useful and reliable, and anyone wanting carefully collated informa- 
 tion about the mineral resources of Brazil will secure a copy of 
 this book. . . ." South Africa, i4th August, 1915. 
 
 " A very interesting treatise on the mineral potentialities of 
 Brazil, which should help to a realisation of the resources of that 
 wonderful country. . . . The illustrations in the volume are 
 numerous and beautifully produced," Financier, loth August, 
 1915. 
 
 " A very interesting work on the mineral resources of Minas 
 Geraes (Brazil) comes from the pen of Mr. Albert F. Calvert. . . ." 
 City Press, /th August, 1915.
 
 "... A work which is replete with useful and important in- 
 formation. . . . An interesting and instructive work such as Mr. 
 Calvert's ought, without doubt, to be included in every mining 
 library." Mining World, 2ist August, 1915. 
 
 " . . . In spite of the technicalities of mining the author has 
 contrived to make his work readable as well as informative. The 
 illustrations and plans are entirely admirable." Commercial In- 
 telligence, 2nd September, 1915. 
 
 "... There is a very large number of plans and beautiful 
 photographic plates to illustrate the text. . . ." Scottish Critic, 
 October, 1915. 
 
 ... A copious and admirably illustrated volume on the 
 mineral resources of Minas Geraes. . . . Messrs. Spon have 
 certainly rendered a valuable service to the students of mines and 
 metals, and the chemistry of ores or metallurgy. . . ." Shipping 
 World, loth November, 1915. 
 
 " Mr. Calvert is already well known in Australia on account of 
 his personal explorations in the North- West, many works on W.A. 
 mining, and the scientific expedition which he financed to explore 
 the unknown regions of Central Australia. . . . He has a literary 
 knack and a facile pen, so that even material from dry reports is 
 converted into vital material in a very interesting narrative. . . ." 
 Australian Mining Standard, 28th November, 1915. 
 
 LONDON : E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, 
 57, HAYMARKET.
 
 SALT IN CHESHIRE. 
 
 BY ALBERT F. CALVERT. 
 
 1,206 pp. 280 Illustrations. Price 21- 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " Mr. Albert F. Calvert is so well known as an author that he 
 needs little introduction to students of literature. . . . He is also a 
 great expert upon the subject of salt, respecting which commodity 
 he has already published two or three important works. The 
 present volume, however, puts the preceding books on the salt 
 question into the shade, in that it contains over 1,200 pages. The 
 work throughout is printed on fine-art paper, and the illustrations, 
 of which there are not a few, are excellent. In his preface, Mr. 
 Calvert gives a masterly review of his subject covering the period 
 from the time at which the Romans first " worked " salt in Cheshire, 
 down to the present period. The introductory chapter enlarges 
 upon what is said in the preface, and leads the reader into the 
 main part of the work itself, which is an exhaustive treatise on the 
 subject. Much space is devoted to the chemistry of salt, the data 
 and statistics given being of great import. The county of Cheshire 
 has, indeed, been literally ransacked by Mr. Calvert for information, 
 which, on being obtained, has been collected into the volume before 
 us. All the salt districts of Cheshire are reviewed in detail, and 
 there are copious notes on the principal mines. Acts of Parliament 
 dealing with the industry are cited in full, and there are many pages 
 devoted to patents. As a record on salt in general, and on Cheshire 
 salt in particular, it will be gathered that Mr. Calvert's work is 
 unique. The volume should certainly be in every chemical and 
 mining library, and, indeed, can be commended for perusal by the 
 ordinary public." Mining World, i8th September, 1915. 
 
 " This substantial volume represents the first attempt to treat 
 exhaustively the Cheshire salt industry. . . ." Times Literary 
 Supplement, 23rd September, 1915. 
 
 " Into this enormous volume of over 1,200 pages Mr. Calvert has 
 packed a scarcely less enormous amount of information. . . . The 
 book is a mine of information. . . . The book constitutes a careful 
 and comprehensive survey of its subject, which will always be of 
 substantive value." Scotsman, 23rd September, 1915. 
 
 "... If the Cheshire salt industry has had to wait many years 
 for its historian, it has not waited in vain ; for Mr. Calvert has 
 been daunted by no difficulties in securing and presenting the 
 fullest information, and his work may fairly be described as monu- 
 mental." Journal of Royal Society of Arts, 24th September, 1915. 
 
 "... The author writes here in sufficiently plain language to 
 enable the non-technical reader to follow his descriptions quite 
 easily. . . ." Manchester Guardian, 3Oth September, 1915. 
 
 "... This is apparently the first complete work on the industry 
 since the Romans erected the first open pan in this country and pre-
 
 cipated chalk from Cheshire brine. The author certainly appears 
 to have covered the ground thoroughly and exhaustively. . . . The 
 illustrations are a striking feature of the book, which will surely 
 rank as a standard work of reference on the Cheshire salt industry." 
 Chamber of Commerce Journal, October, 1915. 
 
 "... We believe the book will be of service to those interested 
 in the exploitation of salt deposits and also to those desiring to 
 obtain information relating to the Cheshire deposits." Mining 
 Magazine. October, 1915. 
 
 " An exhaustive work by Mr. A. F. Calvert. A most interesting 
 subject for consideration. . .\" Statist, gth October, 1915. 
 
 " Easily the most complete and comprehensive work ever pub- 
 lished on the subject of " Salt in Cheshire." . . . The magnitude and 
 painstaking character of the work call for nothing but praise. . . . 
 For the first time, practically all the matter ever published on the 
 subject has been assembled into one volume which must be regarded 
 as the standard work on Cheshire salt. An idea of the thoroughness 
 with which the task has been discharged can only be gathered from 
 an examination of the book itself. Apart from anything else, the 
 illustrations are of amazing interest. There are hundreds of them, 
 ranging from diagrams, pictures of salt-making in 1500 or there- 
 abouts, to photographs of all the modern processes and systems, 
 views of salt and chemical works, photographs of boiling, loading, 
 bagging, storing, shipping, photographs of well-nigh every subsi- 
 dence that has ever occurred, sections of strata, plans of salt fields, 
 rock salt mines, salt deposits, Witton brook ,the river, and scores 
 of other things bearing upon the trade." Northwich Chronicle, 
 gth October, 1915. 
 
 " Nothing approaching this volume in authority and compre- 
 hensiveness has ever before been attempted in relation to the 
 Cheshire salt industry. . . . The deep interest which Mr. Calvert has 
 taken in compiling this book, and the enjoyment he has evidently 
 derived from it, become infectious, and the reader finds himself 
 travelling from page to page so rapidly that the forbidding bulk 
 of the volume is soon forgotten. The scope of the book is very wide, 
 covering the history, the chemistry of the industry, the theories of 
 formation, and the practice of working in every district. Innu- 
 merable diagrams and sketches are included, together with the 
 reproduction of many old documents." Financial News, igth 
 November, 1915. 
 
 "... The volume satisfies a long- felt want, and will prove 
 useful as well as interesting." Nottingham Guardian, 6th January, 
 1916. 
 
 " Salt in Cheshire deals with this vastly important subject in 
 an encyclopaedic manner, and in the result we have a volume of 
 great interest, whether considered from the industrial, historical, 
 chemical, geological, or mining standpoints. . . ." Commercial 
 Intelligence, January, 1916. 
 
 LONDON : E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, 
 57, HAYMARKET
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000660615 6