tjp i RACINE AT HA LIE WITH VOCABU! M.;'I NRY HOLT STUDENTS' SERIES OF CLASSIC FRENCH PLAYS-I1. ATHALIE A TRAGEDY BY J. RACINE EDITED With Explanatory Notes for the use of Students EDWARD S. JOYNES, M.A. Professor of Modern Languages tn South Carolina Colltgt NEW EDITION NEW YORK HENRY HOLT & COMPANY Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by HOLT & WILLIAMS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasningtcii. COPYRIGHT, 1892. BY HENRY HOLT & CO. PREFACE. IN substituting, after the lapse of more than twenty years, the well-worn plates of his Athalie (1871) by a new edition, the editor would send greeting and thanks to his many colleagues and friends who have so long indulgently used the earlier book. To them he dedicates the new attempt to make Athalie still more acceptable and useful in the study of the French language and literature. Gratefully recognizing the large progress that has been made during this time in French scholarship, he has endeavored to adapt this edition to the more advanced demands of the present day. Hence the purely explanatory notes on grammar, idiom, etc. have been much reduced, while those relating to the literary character and conduct of the Play are somewhat increased yet with utmost possible condensation. Nevertheless, the experience of these twenty years has induced the editor to keep the work still within the limits of its earlier design as an edition helpful to learners in school and in college. From its special fitness for such" use, Athalie will doubtless long retain its place as an educational text. The editor therefore still recognizes the duty of including such help as the average student may need; and, therewith, of omit- ting much that might properly belong to an edition 2029139 " IV PREFACE. of higher critical purpose. In both inclusion and omission he has been guided by the experience of his own teaching, which he believes to be fairly repre- sentative. For those who need more, sources of aid are amply at hand ; for those who need less, omis- sion is easy. In addition to standard authorities calling for no special mention, the editor would acknowledge his occasional indebtedness to the edition of Athalie by Rev. P. H. E. Brette (Hachette, 1875) especially for some additional biblical and literary references. SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, May 1892. NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION. In this edition of Athalie, as in his edition of Le Cid, the editor acknowledges his obligations to the edition of Fiebig and St. Leportier (Leipsic, Voigt & Giinther), for valuable references and suggestions. The standard commentaries, particularly that of La Harpe, and the criticisms of the French Academy, have also been freely used. INTRODUCTION. ATHALIE is the last Play of its illustrious author. After a brilliant career of nearly twenty years, cover- ing such masterpieces as Andromaque, Les Plaideurs, BntannicuS) Berenice, Mithridate, Iphige'nie, and culmi- nating in the magnificent tragedy of Phe'dre, Racine, partly from pique at the temporary eclipse of this last Play and partly from other causes, had with- drawn from dramatic composition. For a time in- clined to enter the priesthood, he was, however, in duced to marry ; and in various honorary services, he still kept up his connection with the court, where he had acquired great favor by his brilliant and courtly dramas. So, it was to this connection that we owe the reawakening of his literary genius. In 1689, on the potent solicitation of Madame de Main- tenon, he produced the shorter drama of Esiher, which was intended only as an exercise for the young ladies of lhe celebrated Maison de St. Cyr a school estab- lished under the patronage of Mme. de Maintenon for the pious education of the daughters of the nobility and to be privately acted by them before the most select circle of the Court. To the same influence, VI INTRODUCTION. and to the wonderful success of that charming play, whose mingled tenderness and grandeur had taken all hearts by storm, is due the larger design of Athalie, the author's last drama and, by the almost unani- mous verdict of his countrymen, his masterpiece. It is not deemed necessary to give here any outline or criticism of this great work. Outside of the famil- iar facts of Bible history on which it is founded, all that is needed by the student will be found in the Author's Preface, and, it is hoped, in the Notes. Suffice it to say now that, while larger in design and more elaborate in execution, Athalie, conceived with like object, is framed on the same lines as Esther. Athalie, too, is founded on a familiar history from the Old Testament ; its purpose is professedly pious ; the passion of love is rigidly excluded; the like courtly atmosphere prevails; and the lyric element introduced into Esther avowedly as a musical exer- cise for the young pupils is here the same, though expanded into larger sweep and loftier strains. But, besides being longer, the whole Play of Athalie is on a distinctly larger and higher plane, as though the conception of a sacred drama, realized as only a sketch in Esther, had now grown to its full ideal in the author's mind. There is more of plot and of fictitious machinery ; more of the collision of opposing energies, and especially of the conflict be- tween human wickedness and divine justice ; a larger and more philosophic treatment, with more conscious and careful elaboration of detail. It is manifest that while in Esther he had only accepted the commission, as poet and as courtier, to please and instruct a select circle, in Athalie Racine once more felt that he was writing for posterity and for the world. The read- ing of Athalie, if possible, should follow that of Esther. INTRODUCTION. Vll As an instance of literary evolution on the one hand, and on the other of the gradual revival and self- assertion of a long-restrained poetic genius, the com- parison will be full of interest and instruction. As already said, the general verdict of French criti- cism assigns to Athalie the foremost place among the works of its author to some extent, indeed, at least a foremost place in all dramatic literature. As a poem a sacred poem, treating the most sublime theme with fitting sublimity of thought and lan- guage, in spite of all the artificial restrictions of the "classic" style it may indeed claim a high place among the works of genius. Yet it is rather as an epic and lyric poem, than as a drama, that Athalie is great. Its theme is too far above the plane of com- mon humanity ; its issues lie too far beyond ordinary human interest and action the only true sphere of the drama. Hence, while its grandeur and beauty deeply impress the reader, for the spectator its action lacks the interest of sympathy, and its success on the stage does not correspond to its literary repute. Yet not the less it is a noble example of sacred literature, and is especially fitted to hold permanently its tra- ditional pre-eminence in the education of youth. This estimate, indeed, seems to have been con- firmed by the history of the Play. When first acted privately, in the royal chambers, it obtained but mod- erate success; and when printed in 1691, it was coldly received by the public. A few critics, among whom was the great Boileau in vain protested against the general verdict. Not till 1702 was it formally played at court, and only in 1716 was it acted on the stage of the Theatre Francais. From this period dates its literary and dramatic repute. The author (who died 1699) had not lived to witness VMl INTRODUCTION. even its first promise of success, and in his disappoint- ment had even forbidden that it should ever be acted. Posterity has rendered a tardy justice to his wounded pride. Yet still Athalie remains rather as the glory of French literature and the delight of the scholar than, like Le Cid, as the darling of the stage and of the people. PREFACE DE L'AUTEUR. TOUT le monde salt que le royaume de Juda etait com- pose des deux tribus de Juda et de Benjamin, et que les dix autres tribus qui se revolterent contre Roboam compo- saient le royaume d'Israel. Comme les rois de Juda etaient de la maison de David, et qu'ils avaient dans leur partage la ville et le temple de Jerusalem, tout ce qu'il y avait de pretres et de levites se retirement aupres d'eux, et leur demeurerent toujours attaches : car, depuis que le temple de Salomon fut bati, il n 'etait plus permis de sacrifier ailleurs ; et tous ces autres autels qu'on elevait a Dieu sur des montagnes, appeles par cette raison dans 1'Ecriture les hauts lieux, ne lui etaient point agreables. Ainsi le culte legitime ne sub- sistait plus que dans Juda. Les dix tribus, excepte un tres- petit nombre de person nes, etaient ou idolatres ou schis- rnatiques. Au reste, ces pretres et ces levites faisaient eux-memes une tribu fort nombreuse. Us furent partages en diverses classes pour servir tour a tour dans le temple, d'un tour de sabbat a 1'autre. Les pretres etaient de la famille d'Aaron ; eril n'y avait que ceux de cette famille lesquels pussent exercer la sacrificature. Les levites leur etaient subor- donnes, et avaient soin, entre autres choses, du chant, de la preparation des victimes et de la garde du temple. Ce nom de levite ne laisse pas d'etre donne quelquefois indifferem- X PREFACE DE L'AUTEUR. ment a tous ceux de la tribu. Ceux qui etaient en semaine avaient, ainsi que le grand-pretre, leur logement dans les portiques ou galeries dont le temple etait environne, et qui faisaient partie du temple meme. Tout 1'edifice s'appelait en general le lieu saint : mais on appelait plus particuliere- nient de ce nom cette partie du temple interieur ou etaient le chandelier d'or, 1'autel des parfums, et les tables des pains de proposition ; et cette partie etait encore distinguee du Saint des Saints, ou etait 1'arche, et ou le grand-pretre seul avait droit d'entrer une fois 1'annee. C'etait une tradition assez constante, que la montagne sur laquelle le temple fut bati etait la meme montagne ou Abraham avait autrefois offert en sacrifice son fils Isaac. J'ai cru devoir expliquer ici ces particularites, afin que ceux a qui 1'histoire de 1'Ancien Testament ne sera pas assez presente, n'en soient point arre"tes en lisant cette tragedie. Elle a pour sujet Joas reconnu et mis sur le tr6ne, et j'aurais du, dans les regies, 1'intituler Joas; mais la plupart du monde" n'en ayant entendu parler que sous le nom d'Athalie, je n'ai pas juge a propos de la leur presenter sous un autre titre, puisque d'ailleurs Athalie y joue un personnage si considerable, et que c'est sa mort qui termine la piece. Voici une partie des principaux evenements qui devancerent cette grande action : Joram, roi de Juda, fils de Josaphat, et le septieme roi de la race de David, epousa Athalie, fille d'Achab et de Jeza- bel, qui regnaient en Israel, fameux 1'un et 1'autre, mais principalement Jezabel, par leurs sanglantes persecutions contre les prophetes. Athalie, non moins impie que sa mere, entraina bientdt le roi son mari clans 1'idolatrie, et fit me'me construire dans Jerusalem un temple a Baal, qui etait le dieu du pays de Tyr et de Sidon, ou Jezabel avait pris naissance. Joram, apres avoir vu perir par les mains des Arabes et des Philistins tous les princes ses enfants, a la reserve d'Ochozias, mourut lui-meme miserablement d'une longue maladie qui lui consuma les entrailles. Sa mort funeste n'empe'cha pas Ochozias d'imiter son impiete et celle d'Athalie sa mere. Mais ce prince, apres avoir regne seule- ment un an, etant alle rendre visite au roi d'Israel, frere PREFACE DE L'AUTEUR. xi d'Athalie, fut enveloppe danslaruine de la maison d'Achab, et tue par 1'ordre de Jehu, que Dieu avail fait sacrer par ses prophetes pour regner sur Israel, et pour etre le ministre de ses vengeances. Jehu extermina toute la posterite d'Achab et fit jeter par les fenetres Jezabel, qui, selon la prediction d'Elie, fut mangee des chiens dans la vigne de ce meme Naboth qu'elle avail fait mourir autrefois pour s'emparer de son heritage. Athalie, ayant appris a Jerusalem tous ces massacres, entreprit de son cote d'eteindre entierement la race royale de David, en faisant mourir tous les enfants d'Ochozias ses petits-fils. Mais heureusement Josabeth, soeur d'Ochozias, et fille de Joram, mais d'une autre mere qu'Athalie, etant anivee lorsqu'on egorgeait les princes ses neveux, trouva moyen de derober du milieu des morts le petit Joas encore a la mamelle, et le confia avec sa nourrice au grand-pretre son mari, qui les cacha tous deux dans le temple, ou 1'enfant fut eleve secretement jusqu'au jour qu'il fut proclame roi de Juda. L'histoire des Rois dit que ce fut la septieme annee d'apres. Mais le texte grec des Paralipo- mines, que Severe Sulpice a suivi, dit que ce fut la huitieme. C'est ce qui m'a autorise a donner a ce prince neuf a dix ans, pour le mettre deja en etat de repondre aux questions qu'on lui fait. Je crois ne lui avcir rien fait dire qui soit au-dessus de la portee d'un enfant de cet age qui a de 1'esprit et de la niemoire. Mais quand j'aurais etc un peu au dela, il faut considerer que c'est ici un enfant tout extraordinaire, eleve dans le temple par un grand-pretre, qui, le regardant comme 1'unique esperance de sa nation, 1'avait instruit de bonne heure dans tous les devoirs de la religion et de la royaute. 11 n'en etait pas de meme des enfants des Juifs que de la plupart des notres: on leur apprenait les saintes lettres, non-seulement des qu'ils avaient atteint 1'usage de la raison, mais, pour me servir de 1'expression de saint Paul, des la mamelle. Chaque Juif etait oblige d'ecrire une fois en sa vie, de sa propre main, le volume de la loi tout entier. Les rois etaient meme obliges de 1'ecrire deux fois, et il leur etait enjoint de 1'avoir continuellement devant les yeux. Je puis dire ici que la France voit en la personne d'un prince. xii PREFACE DE LAUTEUR. de huit ans et demi,* qui fait aujourd'hui ses plus cheres delices, un example illustre de ce que peut dans un enfant un heureux naturel aide d'une excellente education; et que si j'avais donne au petit Joas la meme vivacite et le meme discernement qui brillent dans les reparties de ce jeune prince, on m'aurait accuse avec raison d'avoir peche centre les regies de la vraisemblance. L'age de Zacharie, fils du grand-pretre, n'etant point marque, on peut lui supposer, si Ton veut, deux ou trois ans de plus qu'a Joas. J'ai suivi 1'explication de plusieurs commentateurs fort habiles, qui prouvent, par le texte meme de 1'Ecriture, que tous ces soldats a qui Jolada, ou Joad, comme il est appele dans Josephe, t fit prendre les armes consacrees a Dieu par David, etaient autant de pretres et de levites. aussi bien que les cinq centeniers qui les commandaient. En effet, disent ces interpretes, tout devait etre saint dans une si sainte action, et aucun profane n'y devait etre employe. II s'y agissait non-seulement de conserver le sceptre dans la maison de David, mais encore de conserver a ce grand roi cette suite de descendants dont devait naitre le Messie- "Car ce Messie tant de fois promis comme fils d'Abraham, devait aussi etre fils de David et de tous les rois de Juda." De la vient que 1'illustre et savant prelatf de qui j'ai emprunte ces paroles, appelle Joas le precieux reste de la maison de David. Josephe en parle dans les memes termes ; et 1'Ecriture dit expressement, que Dieu n'extermina pas toute la famille de Joram, voulant conserver a David la lampe qu'il lui avail promise. Or, cette lampe, qu'etait-ce autre chose que la lumiere qui devait etre un jour revelee aux nations? L'histoire ne specific point le jour ou Joas fut proclame. Quelques interpretes veulent que ce fut un jour de fete. J'ai choisi celle de la Pentec&te, qui etait 1'une des trois grandes ftes des Juifs. On y celebrait la memoire de la *The young Duke of Burgundy, grandson of Louis XIV., and pupil of the celebrated F6nelon. It was for him that Tttmaque was written, t Josephus, the Jewish historian. { The celebrated Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux. PREFACE DE L'AUTEUR. Xlll publication de la loi sur le mont de Sinai, et on y ofirait aussi a Dieu les premiers pains de la nouvelle moisson : ce qui faisait qu'on la nommait encore la flte des pretnices. J'ai songe que ces circonstances me fourniraient quelque vanete pour les chants du chceur. Ce chceur est compose de jeunes filles de la tribu de Levi, et je mets a leur tete une fille que je donne pour soeur a Zacharie. C'est elle qui introduit le chceur chez sa mere. Elle chante avec lui, porte la parole pour lui, et fait enfin les fonctions de ce personnage des anciens chceurs qu'on appelait le coryphee. J'ai aussi essaye d'imiter des anciens cette continuite d 'action qui fait que ieur theatre ne demeure (amais vide, les intervalles des actes n'etant marques que par des hymnes et par des moralites du chceur, qui ont rap- port a ce qui se passe. On me trouvera peut-tre un peu hardi d'avoir ose mettre sur la scene un prophete inspire de Dieu, et qui predit t'avenir. Mais j'ai eu la precaution de ne mettre dans sa bouche que des expressions tirees des prophetes memes. yuoique 1'Ecriture ne disc pas en termes expres que Jolada ait eu I'esprit de prophetic, comme elle le dit de son fils, elle le represente comme un homme tout plein de I'esprit de Dieu. Et d'ailleurs ne parait-il pas, par 1'Evangile, qu'il a pu prophetiser en qualitede souverain pontife? Je suppose done qu'il voit en esprit le funeste changement de Joas, qui, apres trente annees d'un regne fort pieux, s'abandonna aux mauvais conseils des flatteurs. et se souilla du meurtre de Zacharie, fils et successeur de ce grand-pretre. Ce meurtre, commis dans le temple, fut une des principales causes de la colere de Dieu centre les Juifs, et de tous les malheurs qui leur arriverent dans la suite. On pretend meme que depuis ce jour-la les reponses de Dieu cesserent entierement dans le sanctuaire. C'est ce qui m'a donne lieu de faire pre"dire .tout de suite a Joad et la destruction du temple et la ruine de Jerusalem. Mais comme les prophetes joignent d'ordi- naire les consolations aux menaces, et que d'ailleurs il s'agit de mettre sur le tr6ne un des ancetres du Messie, j'ai pris occasion de faire entrevoir la venue de ce consolateur, apres lequel tous les anciens justes soupiraient. Cette scene, qui XI* V PREFACE DE L'AUTEUR. est une espece d'episode, amene tres-naturellement la rnu- sique, par la coutume qu'avaient plusieurs prophetes d'entrer dans leurs saints transports au son des instruments: temoin cette troupe de prophetes qui vinrent au-devant de Saul avec des harpes et des lyres qu'on portait devant eux; et temoin Elisee Iui-m6me, qui, etant consulte sur 1'avenir par le roi de Juda et par le roi d'Israel, dit, comme fait ici Joad : Adducite mi hi psaliem. Ajoutez a cela que cette prophetic sert beaucoup a augmenter le trouble dans la piece, par la consternation et par les differents mouvements ou elle jette le choeur et les principaux acteurs. ATHALIE TRAGEDIE TIREE DE L'ECRITURE SAINTE PAR J. RACINE 1691 PERSONNAGES. JO AS, roi de Juda, fils d'Ochosias. ATHALIE, veuve de Joram, aleule de Joas. JO AD, autrement JOIADA, grand -pretie. JOSABETH, tante de Joas, femme du grand-prfttre. ZACHARIE, fils de Joad et de Josabeth. SALOMITH, soeur de Zacharie. ABNER, Tun des principaux officiers des rois de Juda. AZARIAS, ISMAEL, ET LES TROIS AUTRKS CHEFS DES PRETRES ET DES LEVITES. MAT HAN, pretre apostat, sacrificateur de Baal. NABAL, confident de Mathan. AGAR, femme de la suite d'AthaHe. TROUPE DE PRETRES ET DE Lez, ACTE /, SCENE I. 5 50 Vous cachez des tresors par David amasses. Enfin, depuis deux jours la superbe Athalie Dans un sombre chagrin parait ensevelie. Je 1'observais hier, et je voyais ses yeux Lancer sur le lieu saint des regards furieux ; 55 Comme si dans le fond de ce vaste edifice Dieu cachait un vengeur arme pour son supplice. Croyez-moi, plus j'y pense, et moinsje puis douter Que sur vous son courroux ne soit pres d'eclater, Et que de Jezabel la fille sanguinaire 60 Ne vienne attaquer Dieu jusqu'en son sanctuaire. Joad. Celui qui met un frein a la fureur des flots Sail aussi des mechants arreter les complots. Soumis avec respect a sa volonte sainte, Je crains Dieu, cher Abner, et n'ai point d'autre crainte. 65 Cependant je rends grace au zele officieux Qui sur tous mes perils vous fait ouvrir les yeux. Je vois que 1'injustice en secret vous irrite, Que vous avez encor le coeur Israelite. Le ciel en soit beni ! Mais ce secret courroux, 70 Cette oisive vertu, vous en contentez-vous? La foi qui n'agit point est-ce une foi sincere? Huit ans deja passes, une impie etrangere Du sceptre de David usurpe tous les droits, Se baigne impunement dans le sang de nos rois, 75 Des enfants de son fils detestable homicide, Et meme contre Dieu leve son bras perfide ; Et vous, Tun des soutiens de ce tremblant Etat, "Vous, nourri dans les camps du saint roijosaphat. Qui sous son fils Joram commandiez nos armees, 80 Qui rassurates seul nos villes alarmees, Lorsque d'Ochozias le trepas imprevu Dispersa tout son camp a 1'aspect de Jehu : O A TH A LIE. " Je crains Dieu, dites-vous ; sa verite me louche !" Voici comme ce Dieu vous repond par ma bouclic : 85 " Du zele de ma loi que sert de vous parer ? Par de steriles voeux pensez-vous m'honorer? Quel fruit me revient-il de tous vos sacrifices ? Ai-je besoin du sang des boucs et des genisses ? Le sang de vos rois crie, et n'est point ecoute. 90 Rompez, rompez tout pacte avec 1'impiete ; Du milieu de mon peuple exterminez les crimes ; Et vous viendrez alors m'immoler vos victimes." Abner. He ! que puis-je au milieu de ce peuple abattu ? Benjamin est sans force, et Juda sans vertu : 95 Le jour qui de leurs rois vit eteindre la race Eteignit tout le feu de leur antique audace. " Dieu meme, disent-ils, s'est retire de nous : De 1'honneur des Hebreux autrefois si jaloux, II voit sans interet leur grandeur terrassee, 100 Et sa mis6ricorde a la fin s'est lassee : On ne voit plus pour nous ses redoutables mains De merveilles sans nombre effrayer les humains ; L'arche sainte est muette,et ne rend plus d'oracles." Joad. Et quel temps fut jamais si fertile en miracles ? 105 Quand Dieu par plus d'effets montra-t-il son pouvoir ? Auras-tu done tou jours des yeux pourne point voir, Peuple ingrat ? Quoi ! toujours les plus grandes merveilles Sans 6branler ton coeur frapperont tes oreilles? Faut-il, Abner, faut-il vous rappeler le cours no Des prodiges fameux accomplis en nos jours? Des tyrans d'Israel les c61ebres disgraces, Et Dieu trouve fidele en toutes ses menaces ; L'impie Achab detruit, et de son sang trempc ACTE I, SCENE I, 7 Le champ que par le meurtre il avait usurpe ; 115 Pres de ce champ fatal Jezabel immolee, Sous les pieds des chevaux cette reine foulee, Dans son sang inhumain les chiens desalteres, Et de son corps hideux les membres dechires ; Des prophetes menteurs la troupe confondue, 120 Et la flamme du ciel sur 1'autel descendue; Elie aux elements parlant en souverain, Les cieux par lui fermes et devenus d'airain, Et la terre trois ans sans pluie et sans rosee; Les morts se ranimant a la voix d'Elisee ? 125 Reconnaissez, Abner, a ces traits eclatants, Un Dieu tel aujourd'hui qu'il fut dans tous les temps: II salt, quand il lui plait, faire eclater sa gloire; Et son peuple est toujours present asamemoire. Abner. Mais ou sont ces honneurs a David tant promis, 130 Et predits meme encore a Salomon son fils ? Helas! nous esperions que de leur race heureuse Devait sortir de rois une suite nombreuse; Que sur toute tribu, sur toute nation, L'un d'eux etablirait sa domination, 135 Ferait cesser partout la discorde et la guerre, Et verrait a ses pieds tous les rois de la terre. Joad. Aux promesses du ciel pourquoi renoncez-vous ? Abner. Ce roi, fils de David, ou le chercherons-nous ? Le ciel meme peut-il reparer les ruines 140. De cet arbre seche jusque dans ses racines? Athalie etouffa 1'enfant meme au berceau: Les morts, apres huitans, sortent-ils du tombeau ? Ah ! si dans sa fureur elle s'etait trompee ! Si du sang de nos rois quelque goutte echapp6e.... 8 A THALIE. Joad, 145 He bien! que feriez-vous? Abner. O jour heureux pour moi De quelle ardeur j'irais reconnaitre mon roi ! Doutez-vous qu'a ses pieds nos tribus empres sees... Mais pourquoi me flatter de ces vaines pensees? Deplorable heritier de ces rois triomphants, 150 Ochozias restait seul avec ses enfants : Par les traits de Jehu je vis percer le pere ; Vous avez vu les fils massacres par la mere. Joad. Je ne m'explique point; mais quand 1'astre du jou^ Aura sur 1'horizon fait le tiers de son tour, 155 Lorsque la troisieme heure aux prieres rappelle. Retrouvez-vous au temple avec ce meme zele. Dieu pourra vous montrer, par d'importants bien- fails, Que sa parole est stable, et ne trompe jamais. Allez : pour ce grand jour il faut que je m'apprete, 160 Et du temple deja 1'aube blanchit le faite. Abner. Quel sera ce bienfait que je ne comprends pas ? L'illustre Josabeth porte vers vous ses pas : Je sors, et vais me joindre a la troupe fidele Ou'attire de ce jour la pompe solennelle. SCENE II. JOAD, JOSABETH. Joad. 165 Les temps sont accomplis, princesse: il faut parler, Et votre heureux larcin ne se peut plus celer. Des ennemis de Dieu la coupable insolence, Abusant centre lui de ce profond silence, ACTE /, SCENE 11. 9 Accuse trop longtemps ses promesses d'erreur. 170 Que dis-je? Le succes animant leur fjreur, Jusque sur notre autel votre injuste maratre Veut offrira Baal un encens idolatre. Montrons ce jeune roi que vos mains ont sauve, Sous 1'aile du Seigneur dansle temple eleve. 175 De nos princes hebreux il aura le courage, Et deja son esprit a devance son Sge. Avant que son destin s'explique par ma voix, Je vais 1'offrir au Dieu par qui regnent les rois: Aussitot assemblant nos levites, nos pretres, 1 80 Je leur declarerai 1'heritier de leurs maitres. Josabeth. Sait-il de"ja son nom et son noble destin ? Joad. II ne repond encor qu'au nom d'Eliacin, Et se croit quelque enfant rejete par sa mere, A qui j'ai par pitie daign6 servir de pere. Josabeth. 185 Helas! de quel peril je 1'avais su tirer ! Dans quel peril encore il est pres de rentrer ! Joad. Quoi! d6ja votre foi s'affaiblit et s'etonne ? Josabeth. A vos sages conseils, seigneur, je m'abandonne. Du jour que j'arrachai cet enfant a la mort, 190 Je remis en vos mains tout le soin de son sort; Meme, de mon amour craignant la violence, Autant que je le puis j'evite sa presence, De peur qu'en le voyant quelque trouble indiscret _Ne fasse avec mes pleurs echapper mon secret. 195 Surtout j'ai cru devoir aux larmes, aux prieres, Consacrerces trois jours et ces troisnuitsentieres. Cependant aujourd'hui puis-je vous demander Queis amis vous avez prets a vous seconder? 10 A THAL1E. Abner, le brave Abner, viendra-t-il nous defendre r 200 A-t-il pres de son roi fait sermentde se rendre? Joad. Abner, quoiqu'on se put assurer sur sa foi, Ne salt pas meme encor si nous avons un roi. Josabcth. Mais a qui de Joas confiez-vous la garde ? Est-ce Obed, est-ce Amnon que cet honneur re- garde ? 205 De mon pere sur eux les bienfaits rilleuse: J'attaque sur son trone une reine orgueilleuse, ACTE IV, SCENE III. 57 Qui voit sous ses drapeaux marcher un camp * nombreux 1340 De hardis etrangers, d'infideles Hebreux ; Mais ma force est au Dieu dont 1'interet me guide. Songez qu'en cet enfant tout Israel reside. D6ja ce Dieu vengeur commence a la troubler ; Deja, trompant ses soins, j'ai su vous rassembler. 1345 Elle nous croit ici sans armes, sans defense. Couronnons, proclamons Joas en diligence: De la, du nouveau prince intrepides soldats, Marchons, en invoquant I'arbitre des combats ; Et reveillant la foi dans les cceurs endormie, 1350 Jusque dans son palais cherchons notre ennemie. Et quels cceurs si plonges dans un lache som- meil, Nous voyant avancer dans ce saint appareil, Ne s'empresseront pas a suivre notre exemple? Un roi que Dieu lui-meme a nourri dans son temple; 1355 Le successeur d'Aaron, de ses pretres suivi, Conduisant au combat les enfants de Levi; Et, dans ces memes mains des peuples reverees, Les armes au Seigneur par David consacrees ! Dieu sur ses ennemis repandra sa terreur. 1360 Dans 1'infidele sang baignez-vous sans horreur ; Frappez et Tyriens et meme Israelites. Ne descendez-vous pas de ces fameux levites Qui, lorsqu'au dieu du Nil le volage Israel Rendit dans le desert un culte criminel, 1365 De leurs plus chers parents saintement homi- cides, Consacrerent leurs mains dans le sang des per- fides, Et par ce noble exploit vous acquirent 1'honneur D'etre seuls employes aux autels du Seigneur? $8 A THALIE. Mais je vois que de ja vous brulez de me suivre : 1370 Jurez done, avant tout, sur cet auguste livre A ce roi que le ciel vous redonne aujourd'hui, De vivre, de combattre, et de mourir pour lui Azarias. Oui, nous jurons ici pour nous, pour tous nos freres, De r6tablir Joas au trone de ses peres, r 375 De ne poser le fer entre nos mains remis, Qu'apres 1'avoir venge de tous ses ennemis. Si quelque transgresseur enfreint cette pro- messe, Qu'il eprouve, grand Dieu, ta fureur vengeresse ; Qu'avec lui ses enfants, de ton partage exclus, 1380 Soient au rang de ces morts que tu ne connais plus. Joad. Et vous, a cette loi, votre regie eternelle, Roi, ne jurez-vous pas d'etre toujours fidele ? Joas. Pourrais-je a cette loi ne me pas conformer ? Joad. O mon fils ! de ce nom j'ose encor vous nommer, 1385 Souffrez cette tendresse, et pardonnez aux larmes Que m'arrachent pour vous de trop justes alarm es. Loin du trone nourri, de ce fatal honneur, Helas! vous ignorez le charme empoisonneur ; De 1'absolu pouvoir vous ignorez 1'ivresse, 1390 Et des laches flatteurs la voix enclianteresse. Bientot ils vous diront que les plus saintes lois, Maitresses du vil peuple, obeissent aux rois; Qu'un roi n'a d'autre frein que sa volont6 meme ; Qu'il doit immoler tout & sa grandelir supreme ; ACTE IV, SCENE IV. 59 1395 Qu'aux larmes, au travail, le peuple est con- damne, Et d'un sceptre de fer veut etre gouvern6 ; Que, s'il n'est opprim6, tot ou tard il opprime : Ainsi de piege en piege, et d'abime en abime, Corrompant de vos moeurs 1'aimable purete, 1400 Us vous feront enfin hair la verit6, Vous peindront la vertu sous une aff reuse image. Helas ! ils ont des rois egare le plus sage ! Promettez sur ce livre, et devant ces temoins, Que Dieu fera toujours le premier de vos soins ; 1405 Que, severe aux mechants, et des bons le refuge, Entre le pauvre et vous, vous prendrez Dieu pour Vous souvenant, mon fils, que, cache sous ce lin, Comme eux vous futes pauvre et comme eux orphelin. Joas. Je promets d'observer ce que la loi m'ordonne. 1410 Mon Dieu, punissez-moi si je vous abandonne ! Joad. Venez: de 1'huile sainte il faut vous consacrer. Paraissez, Josabeth: vous pouvez vous montrer. SCENE IV. JOAS, JOAD, JOSABETH, ZACHARIE. SALOMITH, AZA- RIAS, ISMAEL. LES TROIS AUTRES CHEFS DES LVITES, LE CHCEUR. Josabeth (embrassant Joas). O roi, fils de David ! Joas. O mon unique mre! Venez, cher Zacharie, embrasser votre frere. Josabeth (a Zacharie). 1415 Aux pieds de votre roi prosternez-vous, mon fils. 60 ATHALIE. {Zacharic se jette aux pieds de Joas.) Joad {pendant quils s'embr assent}. Enfants, ainsi toujours puissiez-vous etre unis! Josabeth (a Joas). Vous savez done quel sang vous a donne la vie ? Joas. Et je sais quelle main sans vous me 1'eut ravie. Josabeth. De votre nom, Joas, je puis done vous nommer. Joas. 1420 Joas ne cessera jamais de vous aimer. Le Chceur. Quoi ! c'est Id Josabeth. C'est Joas. Joad. Ecoutons ce levite. SCENE V. JOAS, JOAD, JOSABETH, ZACHARIE, SALOMITH, AZA- RIAS, ISMAEL, LES TROIS AUTRES CHEFS DBS LEVITES, UN LEVITE, LE CHCEUR. Un Levite. J'ignore centre Dieu quel projet on medite ; Mais 1'airain menagant fremit de toutes parts. On voit luire des feux parmi des etendards, 1425 Et sans doute Athalie assemble son arme'e. Dja meme au secours toute voie est fermee ; Deja le sacre mont, ou le temple est bati, D'insolents Tyriens est partout investi : L'un d'eux, en blasphemant, vient de nous faire entendre 1430 Qu'Abner est dans les fers, et ne peut nous defend re. ACTE IV, SCENE V. 6 1 Josabeth (a Joas). Cher enfant, que le ciel en vain m'avait rendu, Helas! pour vous sauver j'ai fait ce que j'ai pu : Dieu ne se souvient plus de David votre pere! Joad (a fosabeth). Quoi ! vous ne craignez pas d'attirer sa colere 1435 Sur vous et sur ce roi si cher d votre amour? Et quand Dieu, de vos bras 1'arrachant sans retour, Voudrait que de David la maison fut eteinte, N'etes-vous pas ici sur la montagne sainte Ou le pere des Juifs sur son fils innocent 1440 Leva sans murmurer un bras obeissant, Et mit sur un bucher ce fruit de sa vieillesse, Laissant a Dieu le soin d'accomplir sa promesse, Et lui sacrifiant, avec ce fils aime, Tout 1'espoir de sa race, en lui seul renferme ? 1445 Amis, partageons-nous: qu'Ismael en sa garde Prenne tout le cote que 1'orient regarde ; Vous, le cote de 1'ourse ; et vous, de 1'occident ; Vous, le midi. Qu'aucun, par un zele imprudent, Decouvrant mes desseins, soit pretre, soil levite, 1450 Ne sorte avant le temps, et ne se precipite; Et que chacun enfin, d'un meme esprit pousse, Garde en mourant le poste ou je 1'aurai place. L'ennemi nous regarde, en son aveugle rage, Comme de vils troupeaux reserves au carnage, 1455 Et croit ne rencontrer que desordre et qu'effroi. Qu'Azarias partout accompagne le roi. (A Joas:} Venez, cher rejeton d'une vaillante race, Remplir vos d6fenseurs d'une nouvelle audace ; Venez du diademe a leurs yeux vous couvrir, 1460 Et perissez du moins en roi, s'il faut perir. Suivez-le, Josabeth. 62 A T If A LIE. (A un levite :) Vous, donnez-moi ces armes. (Au choeur .) Enfants, offrez a Dieu vos innocentes larmes. SCENE VI. SALOMITH, LE CHCEUR. JTout Le Chxur (chante). Partez, enfants d'Aaron, partez : Jamais plus illustre querelle 1465 De vos aleux n'arma le zele. Partez, enfants d'Aaron, partez : C'est votre roi, c'est Dieu pour qui vous com- battez. Une Voix (seule). Ou sont les traits que tu lances, Grand Dieu, dans ton juste courroux ? 1470 N'es-tu plus le Dieu jaloux? N'es-tu plus le Dieu des vengeances ? Une Autre, Ou sont, Dieu de Jacob, tes antiques bontes ? Dans 1'horreur qui nous environne, N'entends-tu que la voix de nos iniquit6s? *475 N'es-tu plus le Dieu qui pardonne ? Tout Le Chceur. Ou sont, Dieu de Jacob, tes antiques bontes ? Une Voix (seule). C'est & toi que dans cette guerre Les fleches des mechants pretendent s'adresser. " Faisons, disent-ils, cesser 1480 Les fetes de Dieu sur la terre: De son joug importun d61ivrons les mortels : Massacrons tous ses saints ; renversons ses au- tels; ACTE IV, SCENE VI. 63 Que de son nom, que de sa gloire II ne reste plus de memoire : 1485 Que ni lui ni son Christ ne regnent plus sur nou?. Tout Le Chceur. Ou sont les traits que tu lances, Grand Dieu, dans ton juste courroux ? N'es-tu plus le Dieu jaloux? N'es-tu plus le Dieu des vengeances? Une Voix (settle). 1490 Triste reste de nos rois, Chere et derniere fleur d'une tige si belle, Helas ! sous le couteau d'une mere cruelle Te verrons-nous tomber une seconde fois ? Prince aimable, dis-nous si quelque ange, au berceau, 1495 Contre tes assassins prit soin de te defendre ; Ou si dans la nuit du tombeau La voix du Dieu vivant a ranime ta cendre? Une Autre. D'un pere et d'un aieul centre toi revoke's, Grand Dieu, les attentats lui sont-ils imputes? 1500 Est-ce que sans retour ta pitie 1'abandonne ? Le ChcKur. Ou sont, Dieu de Jacob, tes antiques bontes? N'es-tu plus le Dieu qui pardonne ? Une des Filles du Chaeur (sans chanter}. Cheres sceurs, n'entendez-vous pas Des cruels Tyriens la trompette qui sonne? Salomith. 1505 J'entends meme les cris des barbares soldats, Et d'horreur j'en frissonne. Courons, fuyons; retirons-nous A 1'ombre salutaire Du redoutahle sanctuaire. ATHALIE. ACTE CINQUIEME. SCENE I. ZACHARIE, SALOMITH, LE CHCEUR. Salomith. 1510 Cher Zacharie, eh bien, que nous apprenez-vous ? Zacharie. Redoublez au Seigneur votre ardente priere: Peut-etre nous touchons a notre heure derniere. Pour 1'horrible combat, ma soeur, 1'ordre est donne. Salomith. Que fait Joas? Zacharie, Joas vient d'etre couronn6: 1515 Le grand-pretre a sur lui repandu 1'huile sainte. O del ! dans tous les yeux quelle joie etait peinte A 1'aspect de ce roi rachete du tombeau! Ma soeur, on voit encor la marque du couteau; On voit paraitre aussi sa fidele nourrice, 1520 Oni, cachee en un coin de ce vaste edifice, Gardait ce cher depot, et n'avait de ses soins Que les yeux de ma mere et que Dieu pour te- moins. Nos levites pleuraient de joie et de tendresse, Et melaient leurs sanglots a leurs cris d'alle- gresse. 1525 Lui, parmi ces transports, affable et sans orgueil, A 1'un tendait la main, flattait 1'autre de 1'ceil, Jurait de se r6gler pars leurs avis sinceres, Et les appelait tous ses peres ou ses freres. ACTE V, SCENE I. 6$ Salomith. Ce secret au-dehors est-il aussi seme? Zacharie. 1530 Ce secret dans le temple est encor renferme. Des enfants de Levi la troupe partagee Dans un profond silence aux portes s'est rangee. Tous doivent a la fois precipiter leurs pas, Et crier pour signal: Vive le roi Joas ! 1535 Mais mon pere defend que le roi se hasarde, Et veut qu'Azarias demeure pour sa garde. Cependant Athalie, un poignard a la main, Rit des faibles remparts de nos portes d'airain. Pour les rompre, elle attend les fatales machines, 1540 Et ne respire enfin que sang et que ruines. Quelques pretres, ma soeur, ont d'abord propose Qu'en un lieu souterrain, par nos peres creuse, On renfermat du moins notre arche precieuse. " O crainte, a dit mon pere, indigne, injurieuse ! 1545 L'arche qui fit tomber tant de superbes tours, Et forca'le Jourdain de rebrousser son cours, Des dieux des nations tant de fois triomphante, Fuirait done a 1'aspect d'une femme insolente !" Ma mere, aupres du roi, dans un trouble mortel, 1550 L'ceil tantot sur ce prince et tantot vers 1'autel, Muette, et succombant sous le poids des alarmes, Aux yeux les plus cruels arracherait des larmes. Le roi de temps en temps la presse entre ses bras, La flatte.... Cheres soeurs, suivez toutes mes pas; 1555 Et, s'il faut aujourd'hui que notre roi perisse, Allons, qu'un meme sort avec lui nous unisse. Salomith. Quelle insolente main frappe a coups redoubles ? Qui fait courir ainsi ces levites troubles ? Quelle precaution leur fait cacher leurs armes ? 1560 Le temple est-il force ? 66 A THALIE. Zacharie. Dissipez vos alarmes: Dieu nous envoie Abner. SCENE II. JOAS, JOSABETH, ZACHARIE, SALOMITH, ABNER. ISMAEL, DEUX LEVITES, LE CHCEUR. Joad. En croirai-je mes yeux, Cher Abner? Quel chemin a pu jusqu'en ces lieux Vous conduire au travers d'un camp qui nous assiege ? On disait que d'Achab la fille sacrilege 1565 Avail, pour assurer ses projets inhumains, Charge d'indignes fers vos genereuses mains. Abner. Oui, seigneur, elle a craint mon zele et mon cou- rage; Mais c'est le moindre prix que me gardait sa rage. Dans 1'horreur d'un cachot par son ordre enfer- me, 1570 J'attendais que, le temple en cendres consume, De tant de flots de sang non encore assouvie, Elle vint m'affranchir d'une importune vie, Et retrancher des jours qu'aurait du mille fois Terminer la douleur de survivre a mes rois. Joad. 1575 Par quel miracle a-t-on obtenu votre grace ? Abner. Dieu dans ce cceur cruel sait seul ce qui se passe. Elle m'a fait venir, et d'un air egar6: " Tu vois de mes soldats tout ce temple entoure/-^' Dit-elle; un feu vengeur va le reduire en cendre, ACTE V, SCENE II. 67 1580 t ton Dieu centre moi ne le saurait defendre. Ses pretres toutefois, mais il faut se hater, A deux conditions peuvent se racheter: Qu'avec Eliacin on mette en ma puissance Un tresor dont je sais qu'ils ont la connaissance, 1585 Par votre roi David autrefois amasse, k Sous le sceau du secret au grand-pretre laisse. \ Va, dis-leur qu'a ce prix je leur permets de vivre. ' Joad. Quel conseil, cher Abner, croyez-vous qu'on doit suivre ? Abner. Et tout Tor de David, s'il est vrai qu'en effet 1590 Vous gardiez de David quelque tresor secret; Et tout ce que des mains de cette reine avare Vous avez pu sauver et de riche et de rare, Donnez-le. Voulez-vous que d'impurs assassins Viennent briser 1'autel, briiler les cherubins, 1595 Et, portant sur notre arche une main temeraire, De votre propre sang souiller le sanctuaire? Joad. Mais sierait-il, Abner, a des cceurs genereux De livrer au supplice un enfant malheureux, Un enfant que Dieu meme a ma garde confie, 1600 Et de nous racheter aux depens de sa vie? Abner. Helas ! Dieu voit mon cceur. Plut a ce Dieu puis- sant Qu'Athalie oubliat un enfant innocent, Et que du sang d'Abner sa cruaute contente - Out calmer par ma mort le ciel qui la tourmente! 1605 Mais que peuvent pour lui vos inutiles soins ? Quand vous perirez tous, en perira-t-il moins? Dieu vous ordonne-t-il de tenter 1'impossible ? Pour obir aux lois d'un tyran inflexible, OS A THALIE. Moise, par sa mere au Nil abandonne, 1610 Se vit, presque en naissant, a perir condamne ; Mais Dieu, le conservant centre toute esperance, Fit par le tyran meme clever son enfance. Qui sait ce qu'il reserve a votre Eliacin, Et si, lui preparant un semblable destin, 1615 II n'a point de pitie deja rendu capable De nos malheureux rois 1'homicide implacable? Du moins, et Josabeth comme moi 1'a pu voir, Tantot a son aspect je 1'ai vu s'emouvoir ; J'ai vu de son courroux tomber la violence. 1620 Princesse, en ce peril, vous gardez le silence ! He quoi ! pour un enfant qui vous est etranger, Souffrez-vous que sans fruit Joad laisse egorger Vous, son fils, tout ce peuple, et que le feu devore Le seul lieu sur la terre ou Dieu veut qu'on 1'adore ? 1625 Que feriez-vous de plus, si des rois vos aleux Ce jeune enfant etait un reste precieux ? Josabeth (tout bas a Joad}. Pour le sang de ses rois vous voyez sa tendresse: Que ne lui parlez-vous? Joad. II n'est pas temps, princesse. Abner. Le temps est cher, seigneur, plus que vous ne pensez. 1630 Tandis qu'a me repondre ici vous balancez, Mathan, pres d'Athalie, 6tincelant de rage, Demande le signal, et presse le carnage. Faut-il que je me jette a vos sacres genoux ? Au nom du lieu si saint qui n'est ouvert qu'a vous, 1635 Lieu terrible ou de Dieu la majeste repose, Quelque dure que soit la loi qu'on vous impose. ACTE V, SCENE II, 69 De ce coup impre'vu songeons a nous parer. Donnez-moi seulement le temps de respirer : Demain, des cette nuit, je prendrai des mesures 1640 Pour assurer le temple et venger ses injures. Mais je vois que mes pleurs et que mes vains discours Pour vous persuader sont un faible secours ; Votre austere vertu n'en peut etre f rappee : Eh bien, trouvez-moi done quelque arme, quelque epee; 1645 Etqu'aux portesdu temple,ou 1'ennemi m'attend, Abner puisse du moins mourir en combattant. Joad. Je me rends. Vous m'ouvrez un avis que j'em- brasse : De tant de maux, Abner, detournons la menace. II est vrai, de David un tresor est reste ; 1650 La garde en fut commise a ma fidelite. C'etait des tristes Juifs 1'esperance derniere, Que mes soins vigilants cachaient a la lumiere. Mais puisqu'a votre reine il faut le decouvrir, Je vais la contenter, nos portes vont s'ouvrir. 1655 De ses plus braves chefs qu'elle entre accom- pagnee ; Mais de nos saints autels qu'elle tienne eloignee D'un ramas d'etrangers 1'indiscrete fureur : Du pillage du temple epargnez-moi 1'horreur. Des pretres, des enfants lui feraient-ils quelque ombre ? 1660 De sa suite avec vous qu'elle regie le nombre. Et quant a cet enfant si craint, si redoute, De votre cceur, Abner, je connais 1'equite ; Je vous veux devant elle expliquer sa naissance : Vous verrez s'il le faut remettre en sa puissance, 1665 Et je vous ferai juge entre Athalie et lui. 7O A THAL1E. Abner. Ah! je le prendsdeja, seigneur, sous mon appui. Ne craignez rien. Je cours vers celle qui m'en- voie. SCENE III. JOAD, JOSABETH, ZACHARIE, SALOMITH, ISMAEL, Dfiux LEVITES, LE CHCEUR. Joad. Grand Dieu! voici ton heure, on t'amene ta proie! Ismael, ecoutez. (// lui parle a forciUe.) Josabeth. Puissant maitre des cieux, 1670 Remets-lui le bandeau dont tu couvris ses yeux Lorsque, lui derobant tout le fruit de son crime, Tu cachas dans mon sein cette tendre victime. Joad. Allez, sage Ismael, ne perdez point de temps; Suivez de point en point ces ordres importants. 1675 Surtout qu'a son entree, et que sur son passage Tout d'un calme profond lui presente 1'image. Vous, enfants, preparez un trone pour Joas ; Qu'il s'avance suivi de nos sacre"s soldats. Faites venir aussi sa fidele nourrice, 1680 Princesse, et de vos pleurs que la source tarisse. (A un tivitt :) Vous, des que cette reine, ivre d'un fol orgueil, De la porte du temple aura pass6 le Seuil, Qu'elle ne pourra plus retourner en arriere, Prenez soin qu'a 1'instant la trompette guerriere 1685 Dans le camp ennemi jette un subit effroi ; Appelez tout le peuple au secours de son roi ; Et faites retentir jusques a son oreille De Joas conserv6 1'etonnante merveille. II vient. ACTE y, SCENE IV. SCENE IV. JOAS, JOAD, JOSABETH, ZACHARIE, SALOM1TH, AZA- RIAS, TROUPE DE PRETKES ET DE LEVITES, LE CHCEUR. Joad (continue). L6vites saints, pretres de notre Dieu, 1690 Partout, sans vous montrer, environnez ce lieu ; Et, laissant a mes soins gouverner votre zele, Pour paraitre attendez que ma voix vous appelle. (Us se cachent tous.) Roi, je crois qu'a vos voeux cet espoir est per- mis : Venez voir a vos pieds tomber vos ennemis. 1695 Celle dont la fureur poursuivit votre enfance Vers ces lieux a grands pas pour vous perdre s'avance ; Mais ne la craignez point: songez qu'autour de vous L'ange exterminateur est debout avec nous. Montez sur votre trone, et.... Mais la porte s'ouvre: 1700 Permettez un moment que ce voile vous couvre. (// tire un rideau?) Vous changez de couleur, princesse ! Josabeth. Ah ! sans palir, Puis-je voir d'assassins le temple se remplir? Quoi ! ne voyez-vous pas quelle nombreuse escorte.... Joad. " Je vois que du saint temple on referme la porte : 1705 Tout est en surete. 72 A THAL1E. SCENE V. JOAS, ATHALIE, JOAD, JOSABETH, ABNER, SUITE D'ATHALIE. (Joas est cacM derr&re le rideau!) y Athalie (a Joad\ Te voila, seducteur, De ligues, de complots, pernicieux auteur, Qui dans le trouble seul as mis tes esp6rances, Eternel ennemi des supremes puissances ! En 1'appui de ton Dieu tu t'etais repos6: 1710 De ton espoir frivole es-tu desabuse ? II laisse en mon pouvoir et ton temple et ta vie. Je devrais sur 1'autel ou ta main sacrifie Te. . . . Mais du prix qu'on m'offre il faut me contenter. Ce que tu m'as promis, songe a 1'executer: 1715 Get enfant, ce tresor qu'il faut qu'on me remette, Ou sont-ils? Joad. Sur-le-champ tu seras satisfaite : Je te les vais montrer Tun et 1'autre a la fois. (Le rideau se tire.) Paraissez, cher enfant, digne sang de nos rois. (Le rideau etant tird, on voit Joas sur son trOne : sa nournce est & genoux a sa droite ; Azarias, lY-pec a la main, est debout il sa gauche ; et pr&s de lui Zacharie et Salomith sont & genoux sur les degrs du tr8ne : plusieurs leVites, 1 Ypi'-e ;\ la main, sont range's sur les roti'-s.) Connais-tu I'h6ritier du plus saint des mo- narques, 1720 Reine ? De ton poignard connais du moins ces marques ! Voilk ton roi, ton fils, le fils d'Ochozias ! Peuples, et vous, Abner, reconnaissez Joas ! ACTE V, SCENE V. 73 Abner. Ciel! Athalie (a Joad). Perfide ! Joad. Vois-tu cette Juive fidele Dont tu sais bien qu'alors il su9ait la mamelle ? 1725 II fut par Josabeth a ta rage enleve r Ce temple le regut, et Dieu 1'a conserve. Des tresors de David voila ce qui me reste. Athalie. 7*a fourbe a cet enfant, traitre, sera funeste. D'un fantome odieux, soldats, delivrez-moi. Joad. 1730 Soldats du Dieu vivant, defendez votre roi. (Le fond du theatre s'ouvre : on voit le dedans du temple ; et les leVites armes entrent de tous cote's sur la scene.) Athalie. Ou suis-je ? O trahison ! 6 reine infortunee ! D'armes et d'ennemis je suis environnee ! Joad. Tes yeux cherchent en vain, tu ne peux echapper, Et Dieu de toutes parts a su t'envelopper. 1735 Ce Dieu que tu bravais en nos mains t'a livree ; Rends-lui compte du sang dont tu t'es enivree. Athalie Quoi ! la peur a glace mes indignes soldats ! Lache Abner, dans quel piege as tu conduit mes pas ? Abner. Reine, Dieu m'est t6moin. ... Athalie. Laisse la ton Dieu, traitre, 1740 Et venge-moi. Abner (se jet ant aux pieds de Joay). Sur qui? Sur Joas ! sur mon maifc ' 74 A THALIE. Athalie. Lui Joas ! lui ton roi ! Songez, mechants, songez Que mes armes encor vous tiennent assieges. J'entends a haute voix tout mon camp qui m'appelle. On vient a mon secours: tremblez, troupe rebelle ! SCENE VI. JOAS, ATHALIE, JOAD, ISMAEL, ET TOUS LES ACTEURS DE LA SCENE PRE'CE'DENTE. Jsmael (a Joad). 1745 Seigneur, le temple est libre et n'a plus d'en- nemis : L'etranger est en fuite, et le Juif est soumis. Comme le vent dans 1'air dissipe la fum6e, La voix du Tout-Puissant a chasse cette arm6e. Nos 16vites, du haut de nos sacres parvis, 1750 D'Ochozias an peuple ont annonce le fils, Ont conte son enfance au glaive derobee, Et la fille d'Achab dans le piege tombe. Partout en meme temps la trompette a sonn6; Et ses sons et leurs cris dans son camp 6tonne T 755 Ont r^pandu le trouble et la terreur subite Dont Ged6on frappa le fier Madianite. Les Tyriens, jetant armes et boucliers, Ont, par divers chemins, disparu les premiers. Quelques Juifs eperdus ont aussi pris la fuite ; 1760 Mais, de Dieu sur Joas admirant la conduite, Le reste a haute voix s'est pour lui declare. Enfin, d'un meme esprit tout le peuple inspire^ Femmes, vieillards, enfants, s'embrassant avec joie, B6nissent le Seigneur et celui qu'il envoie. 1765 Tous chantent de David le fils ressuscite. ACTE V, SCENE VI. 75 Baal est en horreur dans la sainte cit6; De son temple profane on a brise les portes; Mathan est egorge. Athalie. Dieu des Juifs, tu 1'emportes ! Oui, c'est Joas; je cherche en vain a me tromper: 1770 Je reconnais 1'endroit ou je le fis frapper; Je vois d'Ochozias et le port et le geste; Tout me retrace enfin un sang que je deteste. David, David triomphe; Achab seul est detruit. Impitoyable Dieu, toi seul as tout conduit! 1775 C'est toi qui, me flattant d'une vengeance aisee, M'as vingt fois en un jour a moi-meme opposee: Tantot pour un enfant excitant mes remords, Tantot m'eblouissant de tes riches tresors, Que j'ai craint de livrer aux flammes, au pillage. 1780 Qu'il regne done ce fils, ton soin et ton ouvrage; Et que, pour signaler son empire nouveau, On lui fasse en mon sein enfoncer le couteau! Voici ce qu'en mourant lui souhaite sa mere: Que dis-je, souhaiter! Je me flatte, j'espere 1785 Qu'indocile a ton joug, fatigue de ta loi, Fidele au sang d* Achab, qu'il a re$u de moi, Conforme a son ai'eul, a son pere semblable, On verra de David 1'heritier detestable Abolir tes honneurs, profaner ton autel, 1790 Et venger Athalie, Achab et Jezabel. {Athalie sort, les le'vites la suivent ) Joad. Qu'a 1'instant hors du temple elle soit emmeneo, Et que la saintet6 n'en soit pas profan6e. Allez, sacres vengeurs de vos princes meurtris, De leur sang par sa mort faire cesser les cris. 1795 Si quelque audacieux embrasse sa querelle, Qu'a la fureur du glaive on le livre avec elle. A THAL1E. SCENE VII. JOAS, JOAD, JOSABETH, ABNER, ET TOUS LES ACTEURS DE LA ScfeNE PRE'CE'DENTE. Joas (descendu de son trone). Dieu, qui voyez mon trouble et mon affliction, D6tournez loin de moi sa malediction, Et ne souffrez jamais qu'elle soit accomplie : 1800 Faites que Joas meure avant qu'il vous oublie. Joad (aux levites). Appelez tout le peuple, et montrons-lui son roi: Qu'il lui vienne en ses mains renouveler sa foi. Roi, pretres, peuple, aliens, pleins de reconnais- sance, De Jacob avec Dieu confirmer 1'alliance, 1805 Et, saintement confus de nos egarements, Nous rengager a lui par de nouveaux serments. Abner, aupres du roi reprenez votre place. SCENE VIII. JOAS, JOAD, UN LfiviTE, ET TOUS LES ACTEURS DE LA SCNE PRE'CE'DENTE. Joad (au levite). H6 bien ! de cette impie a-t-on puni 1'audace? Une Levitc. Le fer a de sa vie expie les horreurs. 1810 Jerusalem, longtemps en proie a ses fureurs, De son joug odieux a la fin soulagee, Avec joie en son sang la regarde plonge'e. Par cette fin terrible, et due a ses forfaits, Apprenez, roi des Juifs, et n'oubliez jamais 1815 Que les rois dans le ciel ont un juge severe, L'innocence un vengeur, et 1'orphelin un pere. NOTES. PREFATORY NOTE. THE historical events upon which the tragedy of Athalie is based will be found in the Second Book of Kings, chapter xi. , and in the Second Book of Chronicles, chapters xxii., xxiii. The sacred nar- rative is so faithfully followed by the poet that hardly anything more than this general reference to its sources will be necessary. (See also the Author's Preface.) It may likewise suffice to state at present, in general terms, that throughout the Play the language of the Bible is frequently employed, in close paraphrase, and the inci- dents of the sacred history are frequently referred to. These in- stances it has not been thought necessary to cite, except here and chere, as most of them are obvious and well known. The circum- stances, also, of Jewish worship, festivals, etc., so frequently alluded to, are assumed to be so well known as not to require detailed ex- planation. Sources of information on these subjects are so abun- dant that it is believed these omissions in the Notes will give rise to no inconvenience. Throughout the Notes the French names of the personages of the Play are often used, for convenience; as Jons, for Joash; Athalie, for Athaliah, etc. The English forms may, of course, be substi- tuted at pleasure. ACTE I. SCENE I. Line i. The scene opens at early morning of the Feast of Weeks, or Pentecost. (See the Author's Preface.) On this day the giving of the Law on Mount Sinai was commemorated. It was one of the three great festivals. See Leviticus xxiii. 15, etc. -L. 4. Sina: for the common form, Sinai, for the sake of the verse, journal is here more than jour, marking not only a time, but an event; often so used of a day of battle, etc. L. 5, etc. Note the inversions, de ce jour, depending on retour; du temple, on fortiques, etc. Such inversions are frequent in 77 78 , A THALIE. \Acte /, Sc. /. poetry. Note also the force of the imperfects. The use of the trumpet was ordained by Moses; see Numb. x. 10, etc. Z. 9. avec ordre: that is, in their appointed order. L. 11. prtmices: 'first-fruits,' which were offered at this feast hence called also the Peas', of the Harvest. At the three great fes- tivals every male was required to appear before the Lord. See Deut. xvi. 16. L. 13. d'une femme: the idolatrous Athalie (Athaliah), who had usurped the throne, and sought to destroy the royal house. /.. 17. pour son Dieu: construed with le reste as singular; but, 1. 20, leurs peres, to avoid ambiguity. L. 19. Baal: a Phoenician divinity, whose worship had been in- troduced by Athalie, daughter of Jezabel, herself a Tyrian. The Old Testament has many references to the worship of Baal. It was originally, doubtless, a form of sun-worship, but the name be- came widely applied to different forms of idolatry. L. 21. The infin. phrase, 'to conceal nothing from you,' is here awkwardly placed- we might also expect ne fasse, etc., instead of faisani; but the sense is clear. L. 24. depouille, as elsewhere in this Play, in sense of se de"- pouiller de; that is, the remnant of an enforced respect, with which, from policy, she has treated you. ses vengeances funestes refers to the murder of the royal children. Commentators have observed the skill with which, in the opening lines, the main features of the situation are pictured. L. 28. Hare: the tiara, or mitre head-dress of the High-priest. Joad = Jeholada. L. 30. Est trait/ de: is called; looked on as. /.. 33. From Aaron, the first high-priest, the succession was con- secrated to his descendants, of the tribe of Levi. See Exod. xxix. 9. Josabeth (Jehosheba) was daughter of the King Joram (Jeho- rH'n). yet of another mother than Athalie. Such union of the priesthood with the royal family was not unusual from obvious motives of policy. L. 35. sacrilege: sacrilegious, because apostate. [In printing here, and elsewhere, -ege (not -fge, as formerly), we follow the latest orthography.] L. 39. C'est peu: it is little; that is, too little, not enough, that, C..C. e'trangere: that is, of a foreign idolatrous worship. See 1. 19. L,. 41-2. " C'est le voeu des ath6es, des impies et des apostats," remarks the French critic, La Harpe. The same thought recurs hereafter. Acte, I, Sc. /.] NOTES. 79 L. 43. ressorts: properly, 'spring' (ressortir); hence, agency, means, etc. A commentator here quotes Tacitus: " Pessimum inimicorum genus laudantes." L. 46. colorant, etc., is figurative, as also fiel, 'gall': disguising the bitterness of his hatred. In 1. 47 a cette rcine dep. on peint. L. 49. // lui feint: he represents to her. The Academy remarks: "La plupart ont pretendu que feindre a quelqu'un n'est pas fran- 9ais." La Harpe remarks: " Cette phrase est un latinismc double- ment hardi;" and adds, that it is " un heureux emprunt, dont nos bons ecrivains peuvent profiler." L. 51. superbe proud, haughty is more than once employed as the epithet of Athalie, and is fully justified by her character. Z. 54. It lieu saint: the temple. Z. 58. Plus , . . et mains: the more . . . the less; the conjunction is unusual, but adds emphasis, prcs d* eclat er: about to burst. [We follow the usual texts. The form fret d'e'clater, though now un- usual, rests on good authority, and occurs also 1. 1274.] Z. 61-64. "Ces quatre vers passent pour 6tre sublimes: ils le sont en effet, puisqu'on y trouve tout ce qu'il peut y avoir de sub- lime: la grandeur de la pens6e, la noblesse du sentiment, la mag- nificence des paroles, et 1'harmonie de 1'expression " (Boileau). Addison says of this passage: "Such a thought gives no less sub- limity to human nature than it does to good writing." Z. 68. encor, as frequently in poetry, because final e would here add a syllable, rendre grdce = Lat. redder e gratia s. L. 72. Huit ans de'ja posse's, absolute participle: eight years ago. See the Author's Preface, de David: that is, of Judah. Z. 78. Josaphat (Jehosaphat). This king showed great zeal for the true religion. His son Jehoram (herejoram), mainly through the influence of his wife Athaliah (Athalie), relapsed into idolatry. His successor Ahaziah (here Ochozias) reigned but one year, and fell beneath the vengeance of Jehu. See 2 Kings ix. 27. Z. 85. que sert = que sert-il. The more usual form occurs 1. 87: " What avails it to make show of zeal?" etc. See Isaiah i. n; Ps. 1. 13, 14- Z. 94. vertu: here in original sense of Lat. virtus. The king- dom of Judah was composed of the two tribes Benjamin and Judah. ^Le jour, etc. : that is, the slaughter of the royal children by Athalie Abner, ignorant of the existence of Joas, supposes this extinction to be complete. Z. 101. pour nous: for us; that is, in our behalf, de nterveilles, with miracles, dep. on effrayer. L. 103. L'arche sainte: the Holy Ark the Ark of the Covenant, 80 ATHALJE. [Afie7.Sc. 7. the most sacred object in the Jewish religion. By its presence miracles were done, and in the Holy Place, with face turned toward the Ark, the priest sought responses from God. L. 105. effets: that is, de son pouvoir, by more numerous proofs. In next line compare Is. vi. 9; Ps. cxxxv. 16, etc. L. 109. The following lines give a rapid and vivid sketch of the chief events in the recent history of Judah and of Israel events so prominent in Scripture that detailed references are deemed un- necessary. Note the proper names: Achab = Ahab; Elie = Elijah; Elish = Elisha. L. in. disgraces: disasters. Israel is here used in distinction from Judah; the word tyrans is used in its original sense of an un- lawful ruler, having reference to the revolt and secession of Israel. L. 112, etc. The following participle clauses are all objective, in apposition with prodiges. We may render: How God was found faithful, etc. L. 113. trempe" refers to champ; the position is criticised by the Academy. The reference is to Naboth's vineyard. See i Kings xxi. L. 118. hideux: that is, mangled. See 2 Kings ix. 30, etc. L. I2i. en souverain: like that is, in the manner of a sover- eign; du Wdep. on descendue. See i Kings xviii. and xvii. ; for the phiase, 1. 122, see Deut. xxviii. 23. L, 124. se ranimant: early editions give, incorrectly, ranimants, the word being a true participle. The reference is to 2 Kings iv. L. 127. faire eclater, such phrases often by simple transitive 'to manifest,' 'to show forth.' In 1. 125, a ces traits Mutants: ' in,' or ' by,' etc. L. 132. Devait sortir: should issue alluding to promises of the Messiah King, as yet imperfectly understood. /.. 135. Ferait cesser, as 1. 127: 'put an end to.' See Ps. Ixxii. / 140. The Academy criticises the expression, les ruines d'un a>le, etc. L. 148. pourquoi me flatter: why deceive myself? the absolute infinitive. /.. 151-2. Note the iottnspercer massacre's. The former, as 1. 95, describes the action; the latter, the condition or result a distinc- tion not always obvious in English. /,. 153. fastre du jour: the orb of day. We lack a word = astre. The time indicated is 9 A.M. Strictly, It quart de son tour would be more exact, depending, however, upon how the day is here counted. L. 156. Retrouvez-vous, etc.: come back. Joad must put on his priestly vestments, etc., for this solemn occasion. In this first scene the situation is now fully portrayed. I fit/, St. //.] NOTES. 8 1 ScfcNE II. L. 166. larcin: that is, of the young Joas, as explained hereafter. Note the form ne s e peut plus celer, and cf. 1. 185, 20 1, etc. This form was common at this rime, the verb punt, etc., being construed as a mere auxiliary. L. 168. abusant de: that is, perverting, or misinterpreting. Note the prep, de, with sense of Latin ablative. L. 170. Que dis-je: What do I say = 'More than that.' The participle form, le succes animant, etc., is now held to be illogical but is the genuine successor of the Latin ablative absolute. The word mai&tre has usually a bad sense; otherwise, belle-mire. L. 176. devanct: outstripped. See Author's Preface. We are thus prepared for the precocity here fter exhibited by Joas, Act II, Sc. 7. L. 182. ^/ia'w(Eliakim): a frequent Jewish name (= God-ap- pointed). L. 184. A qui, dep. on the whole phrase, servir de pere: 'to act as a father.' Note the indefinite force of quelque. For encor see 1. 68; and cf. I. 186. L. 189. Du jour que depuis le jour ou. arrachai a: cf. arrachant de, \. 22. L. 192. le tvitei , etc. , omitted in English, or = can do so. The form en le voyant, usual only with the subject, leads us to expect je as subject of following verb. Such sudden change of construction is not unusual in poetry as frequently hereafter. L. 196. enlieres. Note the form, belonging to both nouns not here according to strictest rule, devoir is infin. : thought I ought to; thought it my duty to. L. 201. se put assurer sur, in sense of se Jier sur. Seel. 166. In 1. 200 pres de, etc., dep. on se rendre: to come to the support of. L. 204. que . . . regarde: to whom belongs. Note double inversion in next line. L 208. opposer contre: more regularly, opposer a. satellites: con- temptuous reference to Athalie's Tyrian mercenaries. See 1. 219, and hereafter. _Z. 211. pleins a" amour refers to les, the object, where we should expect it to refer to the subject; as in English: they are bound by. etc. See note, 1- 192. L. 214. quelque noble arcteur, elliptical for quelque noble que soit I'ardeur, or de quelque noble ardeur que, etc.: however noble the ardor, etc. 82 A THALIE. [Afte I, Sc. II. I.. 216. est-ce assez de leur zele; idiom: is their zeal enough ? See also I. 221. L. 219. assemblant: like faisant, 1. 22. Note like frequent use of participles, for condensation, as 1. 112, etc.; also, 1. 217, seme', as 1. 174. etc. in imitation of Latin forms, which often English cannot imitate. In every case, of course, only an English idiom may be used in translation. L. 229. dans Jezrael: see 2 Kings ix. L. 233. suspcndu: restrained, sitr: that is, threateningly. L. 237. cntraine": involved. See note, 1. 219. L. 250. faible belongs to nourrice: weak as she was, held him clasped, renvers/ is, literally, overturned; here, prostrate. L. 252. sentiment is here sense: restored him to consciousness. En baignant belongs, expressively, to pleurs. L. 253. soitfrayeur. Note strong condensation: " Quelle peinture attendrissante!" remarks La Harpe. Another commentator (Louis Racine) remarks, in the following prayer: " Avec latendresse d'une mere, la timidit6 d'une femme, que sa pi6te rassure." L. 256. reste: ' remnant ' so often in Scripture, of last survivors. In next line, en /'amour for dans, on account of preceding dans. L. 261. la chair et le sang: ' flesh and blood,' an expression often used in Scripture, se troublunt: confounded, or ' faltering.' L. 265. nont riex, etc.: there is nothing criminal in, etc. L. 267. aveugle en sa colere, is really part of the negative predicate, and hence must be translated adverbially: ' He does not visit, in blind wrath.' Compare 1 219, 237, etc. For the sentiment, see Ezekiel xviii. L. 269. Tout ce qui reste .... viendront. Compare 1. 20. The plural verb viendront is here construed with immediate reference to the plural genitive, de fiddles HJbreux : all the faithful Hebrews that are left, etc. For /', dep. on renouveler, see 1. 166, etc. L. 271. Autant que autant: correlative: as much as.. so much. L. 274. reluire: to be reflected. L. 277. rois: Joram and Ochozias. L. 279. Qui se souvienne: who shall remember. un jour: in- definite = hereafter. /,. 282. rallume 1 . The Academy remarks, " L'exactitude de- manme. Athalie changes the subject, only to be again discomfited. Z. 674. That is, for the services of the sacrifice. Z. 679. " Ma gloire," says La Harpe, " peint 1'orgueil; et qu'y a-t-il d'ailleurs de plus naturel que de croire un enfant susceptible d'etre ebloui par la pompe d'une cour ? On fest si sou-vent sans elre un enfant" L. 687. See 1. 445; while Athalie urges the polytheistic view of divers gods. Note always the distinction between Dieu and dieu, without regard to the faith of the speaker. Z. 689. Ces mhhants, etc. For a moment Athalie loses her self- control, but only for a moment. In her answer to Josabeth, who seeks to shield Joas, J'aime a voir comme vous I'instruisez, she is herself again. This answer is very fine, and true to the character of Athalie. Z. 694. Laissez la : lay aside ; see 1. 452. vous faire part de, give you a share in. In this appeal, and other parts of this scene, there is a close imitation of several passages in the Ion of Euripides. Z. 700. Here Joas, terrified by such a prospect, answers out of his own heart. Athalie, losing at once her patience and all hope of winning Joas, turns at once upon those who, as she charges, had taught him these lessons. She is as ready in resources as she is im- perious and always a queen. Z. 703. jeunesse is here collective for ' these innocent youths,' as shown by leur in next line. Z. 708 faire gloire, faire vanit/, de, to glory in, boast of. Z. 710. J'aurai s vu the exclamation extends to 1.722: Should I have seen, etc. See 2 Kings ix., x., etc. Z. 714. qualte-vingts. The Scripture says seventy. The exag- geration, like the contemptuous phrase je ne sais quels prophetes, is part of Athalie's anger. Jezabel had sought to destroy^ the prophets of the Lord. Z. 717. 'And should I, a queen without courage,' etc. where reine sans caeur, etc., really forms part of the predicate, as 267, etc. ATHALIE. [Acte IV, Sc. I, II. supposed to imitate the well-known scene in Polyeucte, iv. 4, be- tween Polyeucte and Pauline : PAUL. Imaginations ! POL. Celestes verit6s ! PAUL. Etrange aveuglement ! POL. Eternelles clart6s ! L. 1233. ne se cherche, that is, selfishly. Est-il d'autre, imper- sonal, as 1. 1073. ACTE IV, SCENE I. During the concluding passages of the last scene, Joad had gone to distribute the arms of David among the Levites, and Josabeth to bring " the rich diadem that David had worn." See 1. 1177, etc. The stage is meantime occupied by the Chorus. The opening scenes in this Act present a solemn and imposing spectacle; which, how- ever, as La Harpe remarks, is not a vain decoration, but forms part of the progress of the action, "et parle au coeur comme aux yeux.'' L. 1240. quitnarchc that is borne by a strong poetic figure. L- I2 53- gardez d'en profaner ; take care not to profane. See 1. 850. The reflexive form is the more usual. L. 1255. Compare 1. 642. L. 1260. JephtJ: Jephthah; see Judges xi. 30, etc.; also the beautiful poem " Jephtha's Daughter." by N. P. Willis, holocauste = literally, ' whole burnt offering.' We may render : 'sacrifice.' L. 1262. qui ne soil a : that does not belong to. Note the sub- junctive. In these lines are beautifully indicated the innocence and devotion of Joas, with the womanly tenderness of Josabeth. SCENE II. L. 1269. nouvelle, as 1. 196, contrary to usual rule. L. 1274. prtt de, would now be pret a. See note, 1. 58. L. 1276. Vow souvienl-il ; impersonal, now usually reflexive. ttroiles: strict. See the description of the just king, Deut. xvii. 15, etc. L. 1280. Sur la richesse = dans, or en, as if s'appuyer sur. L. 1283. sur : ' on,' or ' by 'as a standard. L. 1290. Puisse pMr the optative subjunctive: Perish lik" them, whoever, etc. qu( rotts en semblef as 85, etc.: what think you of them ? On the following passage La Harpe exclaims : "Quel spectacle 4 la fois touchant et majestueux ! On sail quel effet il produit tou- jours sur la scene." Acte IV, &.///.] NOTES. 97 /,. 1295. en fureiir qualifies mere: ' an infuriated mother.' /,. 1299. que qualifies la menu: ' with the same ardor with which," etc. e'chappe' de; more usually, in this sense, a. So also ar- rtnhtr de, and //.,/., guest corps, /., body, corpse, corps, corriger, to correct, repair, cure, corrompre, to corrupt, spoil, coryphe'e, /., coryphaeus, leader (of chorus). c6te", ;., side, direction, part ; a de, by the side of, by ; du de, on the side of, with respect to; de ce , in this direction ; de son , on one's side, in one's favor; d'un , on the one hand ; des deux s, on both sides. couchant, ;., setting, sunset, west, coucher, to lay down, set (down), put to bed ; se , to lie (down), go to bed, set. couler, to flow, melt, run, pass, couleur,/., color, pretext, coup, ;., blow, stroke, hit, time, turn; d'essai, first trial; de maitre, master-stroke; du premier , from the first, at once ; encore un , once more ; tout a , tout //., cypress (mourning). daigner, to deign, condescend. dans, in, within, into, to, with, among, from (within), out of, (often not dist., as HOW, from en). davantage, more, further. de, of, from, out of, for, on, in, with, by, as (manner); since, during (time); some, any (of); than (= que, w. num.); TC-. infin., to (see a) ; in idioms, variously trans, or not at all. dSbarrasser, to release, free, rid. de'bat, m., debate, dispute, strife. debout, standing, upright. de'bris, m., wreck, ruins, frag- ments. d6ce*ler, to disclose, betray. de'cevoir, irr., to deceive, disap- point. dSchirer, to tear (to pieces), rend, distress. de'clamer, to declaim, inveigh. declarer, to declare, make known ; se , to appear, break forth, begin. de"couper, to cut out; se , to stand out, show (off). de"couvrir, irr., to discover, un- cover, expose, disclose. de"cret, m., decree, order, edict. decrire, irr., to describe. d6daigner, to disdain, scorn, despise. de'dain, m., disdain, scorn, con- tempt. dedans, adv., within, in, therein ; prep. (= dans) ; n. m. (the) in- side, interior; an , within; de , from within. ddier, to dedicate, consecrate. ddire, irr., to deny, disown, re- tract ; se , to unsay, retract de"faire, ir?., to undo, defeat, rid (of); se , to get rid of (tie). de"faite,/., defeat, failure. VOCABULARY d6faut, m., defect, fault, default. dgfendre, to defend, prohibit, forbid. defense,/., defence, prohibition. de"fenseur, m., defender, pro- tector. defiance, /., distrust, suspicion. de'figurer, to disfigure, distort. de'gager, to disengage, free, re- deem. de'ge'n&rer, to degenerate, be de- generate. degre", ///., degree, step, stepping- stone. d^guiser, to disguise, conceal. dehors, adv., outside, -out ; prep., outside of, without; . ;//., (the) outside, exterior; au , (on the) outside, without, out of doors. dja, already, now. dela, beyond, on the other side (of) ; au (de), beyond. delasser, to relax, rest, refresh. d61ibe'rer, to deliberate, hesitate. devices, /.//., delight, darling. de'livrer, to deliver, free. demain, to-morrow. demander, to ask (for), request, demand, inquire. demarche, /., step, gait, port, procedure. d^mentir, irr., to belie, be false to, deny. demeure, /., dwelling, abode, stay. demeurer, to dwell, live, stay. domi, half ; a , half, by halves. demoiselle,/., young 4ady, miss. dmon, m., demon, devil. de'nature', unnatural. dSnoncer, to denounce. denouement, m., denouement, solution, conclusion. depart, m., departure, leaving, starting. de"pendre, to depend (on, de). d6pens, m., expense, cost. d6pit, m., spite, anger ; en de, in spite of. de"plaire, irr., to displease, of- fend (a). de"plaisir, m., displeasure, vexa- tion, sorrow, grief. dSplorer, to deplore, lament, weep over. de"ployer, to unfold, display. dSposer, to deposit, lay down, depose. de"positaire, m., depositary, guardian. d4pot, HI., deposit, trust. dSpouUle,/., spoils, booty. dpouiller, to despoil, strip (off), lay aside. depuis, adv., since, afterwards; prep., since, from, for, after ; que, since (time). dernier, last, utmost, lowest. d6rober, to rob, steal, snatch, hide, save (a, from). derriere, behind, back, after. des, just at, from, since; au- jourd^hni, this very day, just now ; lors, from that time, since then ; quc, as soon as, when, since (time). de^abuser, to disabuse, unde- ceive. de'salte'rer, to quench (thirst), slake, glut. d6sarmer, to disarm. VOCABULARY de'saveu, m., disavowal, denial. de"savouer, to disavow, deny, disown. descendre, to descend, come or go down, land, alight. descente, /., descent, landing, attack. dSsespgrer, to despair; tr., to drive to despair ; /. adj., d6- sespe're', desperate ; e n , des- perately, madly. deshonneur, m., dishonor. dishonorer, to dishonor, dis- grace. d6sir, m., desire, wish. d^sob^ir, to disobey (a). d^soler, to desolate, lay waste, afflict; /. at//'., de'sole', deso- late, afflicted. de'sordre, /., disorder, confu- sion, disturbance, agitation. de'sormais, henceforth, hereaf- ter. dessein, ;//., design, plan, pur- pose. dessiller, to unseal, open. dessous, adv., under, beneath ; frep.(=. sons), under, beneath, below ; n. MI., under-part, bot- tom, inferiority ; an tie, under, beneath, below. dessus, adv., above, over, up; prep. (= sur), above, over, on, upon, beyond, by; . /., up- per part, top, superiority, vic- _ tory ; au tie, above, upon, beyond. destin, >., destinee,/., destiny, fate, doom, lot, career. destiner, to destine, doom, pledge. dtachement, /., detachment, separation, freedom. detacher, to detach, untie, sepa- rate, free. de'tourner, to turn (aside or away), divert, interrupt. dtruire, irr., to destroy, ruin, crush. deuil, m., mourning. deux, two ; a fois, by repeti- tion, by degrees ; tons (les) , both. deVancer, to precede, outstrip, go or come before, anticipate, advance. devant, adr., before, in front, ahead; prep., before (place), in front of, in presence of (also time = avanf) ; n. m., fore- part, front ; au de , before, towards, to meet. deVelopper, to develop, unfold, explain. devenir, irr., to become, grow, be. devin, /., deviner, magician. d6voiler, to unveil, reveal, dis- close. devoir, irr., to owe, be obliged ; idiom., w. infin., ought, must, shall, should, have to, be to, be destined to. devoir, ///., duty, obligation; //., concession, civility. deVorer, to devour, consume, swallow; /. adj., de"vorant, devouring, ravenous. diademe, m., diadem, crown; Jig., royalty. , dieter, to dictate, suggest, en- join. 1 6 VOCABULARY die = poet, for disc (dire). dieu, /., god; Dieu, God. diffamer, to defame, dishonor. differer, to defer, delay, post- pone. difficile, difficult, hard, fastid- ious. digne, worthy, deserving. dignite", /., dignity, honor, of- fice. diligence, /., diligence, prompt- ness, haste. diminuer, to diminish, lessen. diner, to dine; . m., dinner. dire, irr., to say, tell, speak (of), mention ; c'est a , that is to say ; il est dit, it is fated ; on dit, they say, it is said ; que dis-je? more than that, nay; faire a, to send word to; vouloir , to mean. discerner, to discern, distin- guish, separate. discord, ///., discorde,/., discord, dissension, hostility. discourir, irr., to discourse, dis- cuss, talk. discours, m., discourse, speech, talk, tale. disgrace, /., disgrace, reverse, misfortune. disparaitre, irr., to disappear, vanish. dispenser, to dispense, distrib- ute, bestow; (de) to exempt, excuse. disperser, to disperse, scatter. disposer, to dispose, arrange, order, prepare. disputer, to dispute, debate, con- tend (for). dissimuler, to dissemble, hide, disguise. dissiper, to dissipate, disperse, dispel. distinguer, to distinguish. divers, diverse, different, vari- ous. divertir, to divert, amuse. divertissement, m., diversion, amusement. divin, divine, godly, godlike. diviser, to divide, separate, sever. docile, docile, submissive, obe- dient. domestique, domestic, of one's house, tame ; ;/. m., servant. domination, /., domination, do- minion. dompter, to subdue, quell, tame. don, m., gift, present. done, then, so, now, therefore. donner, to give, grant, concede, cause, produce, strike, open (on). dont, rel. pron., in senses of de (see de), of whom or which, whose, whereof, from, out of, with, by, in whom or which ; (= (Fou), whence, etc. dorenavant, henceforth, in fu- ture. dormir, irr., to sleep, be asleep. douceur, /., sweetness, gentle- ness, tenderness, clemency, delight, charm, flattery. douleur,/., pain, grief, suffer- ing. doute, m., doubt. douter, to doubt, hesitate, se de, to suspect. VOCABULARY douteux, doubtful, dubious. dou-x -ce, sweet, gentle, soft, smooth, pleasant, tender, kind. drapeau, ;., flag, ensign. droit, straight, right, upright, just; n. m., right, claim, jus- tice, law. du (devoir), due; n. m., duty, due. dur, hard, firm, sound, rough, harsh, painful, difficult. durable, durable, lasting; peu , transient, fleeting. durant, during. dure,/., duration, continuance. durer, to endure, last, continue. eau,./., water; Jig., tears. Iblouir, to dazzle, fascinate, de- ceive. e"branler, to shake, shock, dis- turb, move. e'carter, to discard, disperse, remove, put away, dispel, spread; s' , to retire, with- draw ; /. adj., ecart^, remote. chafaud, m., scaffold, gibbet. Schapper, to escape, slip, drop, fall (from, d or de; aux. avoir or etre) ; j' , to escape, make escape, slip off. e"chauffer, to heat, warm, in- flame, excite. Eclair, m., lightning, flash, light. (klaircir, to clear up, brighten, enlighten, inform. e'claircissement, m., explana- tion, information. e'clairer, to light (up), shine on, enlighten ; part, adj., eclaire", enlightened, intelligent. eclat, m., burst, outburst, crash, noise, display, splendor, glory. eclater, to burst, break forth, shine (out), appear ; faire , to show forth, display , part, adj., eclatant, brilliant, loud. e"clore, trr., to open, blow, bud, dawn. e"couler (s'), to flow away, van- ish, elapse. e"couter, to listen (to), hear, obey. ecraser, to crush, overwhelm. entire, irr., to write; p. p., e"crit, written, fated; n. m., writing, written work. e"criture, f., writing, scripture (Bible). e"cueil, m., rock, shoal, obstacle. 6dit, m., edict, decree. effacer, to efface, blot out, de- face, destroy. effe'mine', effeminate, unmanly. effet, m., effect, result, fact, act, fulfilment ; en , in fact effrayer, to frighten, terrify, dis- may. effroi, m., fright, terror, horror. effroyable, frightful, terrible, horrible. e"gal, equal, even, uniform, in- different, alike, (the) same; a r de, equally with, like; sans , unequaled, unrivaled. e"galer, to equal, rival, make equal. gard, m., regard, respect, view; a r de, with regard to, to- wards. e"garement, m., straying, wan- r'8 VOCABULARY dering, error, confusion, mad- ness. e"garer, to mislead, lead astray, confuse; s' , to go astray, lose one's self, wander, err; part, adj., e"gare*, wandering, lost, confused, wild. Sgorger, to slaughter, slay, sac- rifice. e"lancer (s'), to shoot, dart, spring, rush. clever, to raise, elevate, exalt, erect, rear, educate ; part, adj., eleve', elevated, exalted, lofty. elire, irr., to elect, select, choose. eloge, m., eulogy, praise. eloigner, to remove, put away ; j' , withdraw, retire; part, adj., e'loigne' , removed, remote, far. embarras, m., embarrassment, trouble. embraser, to set afire, fire, in- flame, burn (up); part, adj., em- brase", on fire, inflamed, burn- ing. embrasser, to embrace, kiss, include, adopt, espouse. embuscade, /., ambuscade, am- bush. emmener, to take (away), carry off, lead off. e"mouvoir, irr., to move, arouse, excite, affect ; s' , to be moved, be affected. emparer (s'), to seize, secure, usurp. empecher, to hinder, prevent, impede; j' , to forbear, keep from, help (doing), empeste", infected, tainted, foul. ! empire, m., empire, authority, control, emploi, ;//., employment, use, office, duty. empoisonner, to poison, infect, corrupt, empoisonneur, adj., poisonous, baneful, emportement, w., excitement, passion. emporter, to carry (away), bear off, gain, rouse, induce ; la balance, to turn the scale ; /' , to triumph, prevail, empreindre, irr., to imprint, im- press, stamp, empreinte, /., impress, stamp, mark. empressement, m., eagerness, earnestness, haste, zeal, inter- est. empresser (s'), to hasten, be eager, press ; part, adj., etn- presse', eager, earnest, zealous. emprunt, /., borrowing, loan, emprunter, to borrow, derive. e*mu, moved, affected, excited, en, prep., in, into, to, on, as, like; iu. prcs. part., while, by, on, etc., or not trans, (often in senses now exp. by dans, a, de, avec, sur, etc.). en, adv., away, from this or that place ; pron. (in senses of de), from, of, etc., it, him, her, them ; some, any, etc. (see de); in many idioms not translated. enceinte,/., enclosure, compass, precinct. encens, m., incense, perfume, praise, sacrifice. VOCABULARY encenser, to burn incense (on), perfume, praise. encensoir, w., censer; Jig., of- fice of high-priest enchainement, m., connection, sequence, process, enchainer, to chain, tie, connect, fasten. enchant-eur -eresse, enchant- ing, seductive ; or n. encor(e), yet, still, again, also, even, moreover, more; que, while yet, though, endormir, irr., to put to sleep; s' , to go to sleep, sleep ; /. adj., endormi, asleep, sleeping, endroit, m., place, spot, passage (of book), subject (matter), endurcir, to harden, inure, endurer, to endure, bear, suffer, permit. enfance, /., infancy, childhood, youth, enfant, M., /., child, (//. also offspring, descendants), enfanter, to bring forth, give birth to. enfer, m. (also pi.), hell, infernal region, enfermer, to shut in, lock up, enclose, include, conceal, enfin, at last, finally, after all, in a word, enflammer, to set afire, inflame, kindle, incense. enfler, to swell, inflate, elate, " rouse, enfoncer, to sink, plunge, bury, break into, break open, enfreindre, irr., to infringe, vio- late. engager, to engage, involve, pledge, bind, enlist, induce ; j' , to undertake, be pledged, be enlisted or at stake. enivrer, to intoxicate, infatuate. enjoindre, irr., to enjoin, pre- scribe, order. enlever, to remove, take away, carry off. ennemi, m., -,/., enemy; adj., hostile, adverse, hurtful, bale- ful. ennui, m., grief, sorrow, vexa- tion, fatigue. ennuyer, to grieve, vex, fatigue ; / , to be vexed, be tired. e"noncer, to announce, declare. enorgueillir, to make proud, elate. enseigner, to teach, teach how. ensemble, together, at the same time; n. m., the whole; f , as a whole, at once. ensevelir, to bury, entomb. ensuivre (s'), irr., to ensue, fol- low, result. ensuite, then, next, afterwards; Je, after, in consequence of. entasser, to heap up, amass, crowd. entendre, to hear, understand, attend, intend, mean ; par- Ur, to hear talk (of); faire , to give to understand, inform ; se faire , to make one's self understood or heard. entier, entire, whole, complete, full. entourer, to surround, encom- pass. VOCABULARY entrailles, /. //., entrails, bow- els ; fig., feelings. entrainer, to carry away, draw (on), involve, impel, attract, induce, seduce. entre, between, among, in, with- in, into. entree, /., entry, entrance, ad- mission, beginning. entreprendre, irr., to undertake, attempt, attack, take up. entreprise,/., enterprise, under- taking, effort. entrer, to enter, come or go in ; faire , to admit, bring in. entretenir, irr., to entertain, talk with, inform, maintain, keep (up), cherish, solicit. entretien, w., conversation, talk, maintenance. entrevoir, irr., to catch a glimpse of, see (partly), perceive. entr'ouvrir, irr., to open (in part), cleave. envelopper, to envelop, involve, include, conceal. envenimer, to envenom, poison. envers, towards, to. envi (a 1' ), with emulation, with delight, lavishly ; tie, vying with, in rivalry with. envie, /., envy, inclination, de- sire; avoir , to be inclined to, feel like; porter , to bear or feel envy. envier, to envy, covet, desire. envieux, envious, jealous; ., (envious) enemy. environ, around, about, there- abouts. environner, to environ, surround. envisager, to look at, view, ex- amine. envoyer, in:, to send ; cher- cher, to send for. Ipais, thick, dense, heavy. epancher, to pour, sprinkle, spread. , 6pandre, to pour out, shed, spread, scatter. e'pargner, to spare, save. epars, scattered, sparse, dishev- epee,/., sword, [eled. e"perdu, dismayed, distracted, fainting. e'pier, to spy, spy out, watch (for). e'pitre,/., epistle, letter. e'plore', weeping, in tears, dis- tressed. epouse,/., wife, spouse. 4pouser, to espouse, marry. Ipouvantable, dreadful, terrible. pouvante,/., fear, terror. pouvanter, to frighten, terrify; s' , to be frightened, take fright. epoux, /., husband. epreuve,/., trial, test, proof, ex- periment. pris (eprendre), smitten, capti- vated, in love (with, de). e'prouver, to try, test, prove, ex- perience. equipage, /., equipage, equip- ment, dress, style. equit^, /., equity, justice, fair- ness. eiiger, to erect, raise, establish. errer, to wander, err, stray. erreur, /., error, mistake, illu- sion. VOCABULARY 2 I escadron, m., squadron, troop. esclavage, /., slavery. esclave, m.,/., slave; adj., slav- ish. esclavon, Sclavonic, Slav. espagnol, Spanish; ., Spaniard. espece,/., species, kind, sort. espe"rance,/., hope, expectation, trust. espe'rer, to hope, hope for, ex- pect. espoir, m., hope, expectation. esprit, m., spirit, soul, mind, heart, intelligence, wit, tem- per ; //., spirits, feelings. essai, m., essay, trial, test, at- tempt, effort ; coup d' , first effort, trial. essaim, ;//., swarm, crowd. essayer, to try, test, attempt. essuyer, to wipe (away); to bear, endure. estime, /., esteem, estimation, reputation. estimer, to esteem, estimate, deem. estomac, m., stomach, breast. e'tablir, to establish, found, ap- point, settle. e'tat, m., state, condition, rank, occupation, business, estima- tion ; PEtat, the State (polit- ical); en de, able to, ready to. 6teindre, trr., to extinguish, stifle, destroy ; s' , to go out, die out ; /. adj., ^teint, extinct. Itendard, m., standard, banner. e"tendre, to extend, spread, stretch (out). Iternel, eternal; 1'Eternel, the Eternal (God). e"tinceler, to sparkle, flash. e"toile, /., star ; fig., influence, destiny. e"tonnement, /., astonishment. 4tonner, to astonish, astound, confound, terrify; j' , to be astonished, etc., wonder, wa- ver. e"touffer, to stifle, smother, sup- press. Strange, strange, odd, extraor- dinary. Stranger, strange, foreign, un- known ; n. m., trangere, /., stranger, foreigner. etre, trr., to be, exist ; auxil., be, have; d, to belong to; de, to be in, take part in ; c'est, it is (was); ce sent, it is, they are ; c'est que, the fact is (was), because ; ce n'est pas que, not that ; est-ce que? is it true that ? tt'est-ct pas? is it not so? sice n'fst, unless, except; impers., il est, there is or are ; il fut, there was (has ceased to be) ; also in past, for aller. etre, n. w., being, existence, creature. e"troit, narrow, close, strait, strict. e'tude,/., study, effort, aim. e'tudier, to study, aim, affect. eVangile, m., gospel. e"vanouir, to swoon, faint, van- ish. eVeiller, to awake, arouse. eVenement, m., event, occur- rence, result. e"viter, to avoid, shun, evade, escape. 22 VOCABULARY examen, m., examination, criti- cism. examiner, to examine, criticise, ascertain. exaucer, to hear (favorably), grant. except^, part, as prep., except, save, but. exces, m., excess, extreme, abuse. exciter, to excite, incite, arouse, animate. exclure, irr., to exclude, shut out. exercer, to exercise, practice, administer. exercice, m., exercise, practice. expier, to expiate, atone for. expirer, to expire, die ; etre expi- re", to have expired, be dead. expliquer, to explain, declare. exposer, to expose, disclose, ex- plain. expres, express ; adv., expressly, on purpose. expresse'ment, expressly, plain- iy- exprimer, to express, explain. exterminateur -trice, destroy- ing; M., destroyer. exterminer, to exterminate, de- stroy. factieux, factious, seditious. face, /., face, front, surface, ap- pearance. facheux, grievous, painful, dis- agreeable, offensive. facon,/., fashion, manner, style, ceremony. faible, weak, feeble, faint ; n. m., weak point, foible. faiblesse, /., weakness, feeble- ness, failing. faillir, irr., to fail, miss, err, fall short, be on the point of (see f allot r). faire, irr., to make, do, act, cause, give, form, produce, perform, accomplish, matter, pretend, play, be, say ; w . in- fin., to make (do), cause (to be done), have (done); se , to be done, become, be, take place ; in many idioms, as : connaitre, to make known ; conscience, to scru- ple; la coin; to pay court; dire, to send word ; gloi- re, to boast ; hommage, to pay homage ; la lot, to give law, control ; P'tie, to excite pity; venir, to send for, bring; roir, to show; lais- ser , to let alone; e'en est fait, it is done, it is all over; il fait (of weather), it is. fait, m., fact, deed, act, matter, reality; tout a , entirely, quite. I faite, m., top, summit, pinnacle. falloir, irr., to be necessary, lack, be needed ; impers., il faut, etc., by phrases, as : need, must, have to, ought to, should, etc. ; s'en , to lack, come short; peu s* en faut, but little lacks (= almost); qifil s'en faut! how far from it! famille,/., family, kindred. fange, /., mire, mud. VOCABULARY -3 fantome, /., phantom, ghost, image. fardeau, ;., burden, load. farouche, wild, fierce, savage, cruel. faste, m., pomp, display, show, pride. f aute, /., fault, lack, defect ; de, for lack of, in default of. fau-x -sse, false, deceitful, un- real. faveur,/., favor, kindness ; en de, in behalf of, for the sake of. favorable, favorable, favored, acceptable. favori -te, favorite ; also n. m.f. fe"cond, fertile, fruitful, prolific. feindre, irr., to feign, pretend, represent (falsely) ; /. adj., feint, pretended, false. feinte, /., feint, pretence, con- cealment. femme,/., woman, wife. fenetre,/., window. fer, m., iron, sword ; //., chains, shackles. ferme, firm, steady, fast, solid. fermer, to shut, close, fasten. fermete 1 ,/., firmness, steadiness. festin, ///., feast, banquet. feston, /., festoon, wreath. fete,/., feast, festival; jour de , holiday. feu, m., fire, heat, ardor, love, passion ; esp. pi., ardor, pas- sion, love. fidele, faithful, loyal, true. flel, m., gall, hatred, malice. fier (se), to trust, rely (a, eu, sur). fier, proud, haughty, bold, fierce, keen. fierte",/., pride, haughtiness, figurer, to figure, picture, fil, m., thread, clue, course, fille,/., daughter, girl, maiden, fils, /., son; petit- .grandson, fin,/., end, aim ; a la , at last, finally, fin, adj., fine, refined, delicate, sharp, sly. finir, to finish, end, complete, cease. flamand, Flemish, flambeau, /., torch, light, orb. flamme, /., flame, fire, ardor ; also pi., passion, love, flanc, m., flank, side, flatter, to flatter, caress, please, deceive, flatt-eur -euse, flattering, pleas- ing,-deceitful ; ., flatterer, fleche,/., arrow, shaft, fle'chir, to bend, bow, subdue, yield, fle'trir, to wither, fade, blight, tarnish. fleur,/., flower, bloom, bud. fleuve, m., river, florissant, flourishing, prosper- ous. flot, m., wave, flood, flotte,/., fleet, flotter, to float, fluctuate, waver, hesitate ; /. adj., flottant, wa- vering, uncertain, flux, in., flow, flood, (rising) tide, foi,/., faith, belief, trust, troth, word, truth, credit, testimony, foible, foiblesse (sw/aible,fai- blesse). fois, /., time ; une, deux, trots , once, twice, thrice ; a deux VOCABULARY , by repetition, gradually ; a la , at once, at the same fol, (see/ow). [time. folatre, playful, sportive, idle. fonction, /., function, office, duty. fond, /., bottom, foundation, back, depth, end, hold (of a ship). fondateur, /., founder. fondement, m., foundation, ba- sis. fonder, to found, ground, estab- lish. fondre, to melt, pour, sink, fall, rush. force,/., force, strength, power; a ;-., to flee (from), avoid, evade, escape. fuite, /., flight, avoidance, es- cape. fumee,/., smoke. furrier, to smoke, reek, fume. funebre, funereal, mournful, gloomy. funeste, fatal, baleful, disas- trous. fureur, /., fury, rage, madness, passion. furie, /., fury, madness; (a) fury. VOCABULARY gage, m., pledge, token, securi- ty, reward. gagner, to gain, win, earn, pre- vail, attain, reach. gain, i/i., gain, winning, profit. galerie,/., gallery, passage. garantir, to guarantee, warrant, insure, secure, save. garde, m., guard, keeper; /., guard, watch, protection, care, caution; prendre , to take care, beware (tie, ittfin., of do- ing, not to do); n'avoir de, to take care not to, be far from (doing). garder, to guard, watch, keep, reserve, observe, take care; que, subj. TV. or without ne, to take care that . . . not, lest ; se , to keep (from), beware (of), take care (not to) (de w. //?.) gauche, awkward; left (hand); la , the left (hand), gemir, to groan, lament, grieve, gendre, HI., son-in-law, gener, to vex, annoy, torment, hurt, genereux, generous, noble (by birth or character), brave, generosity generosity, nobility, courage, genie, m., genius, ge'nisse, /., heifer, genou, HI., knee; a x, on one's knees, kneeling, genre, /., kind, sort, style, gens, //. m., /., people, folks, persons, men. gentilhomme, /., gentleman, nobleman. geste, m., gesture, motion, ac- tion, expression. glace,/., ice, coldness, chill. glacer, to freeze, chill, congeal. glaive, m., sword. gloire, /., glory, fame, honor, pride ; faire de, to glory in, boast of. gouffre, m., gulf, abyss. gout, m., taste, relish, pleasure. gouter, to taste, relish, enjoy, try. goutte,/., drop. gouvernante,/., governess, con- fidante. gouverner, to govern, rule, con- trol, teach. gouverneur, m., tutor, guardian. grace, /., grace, favor, pardon, charm, (//.) thanks; de , please, I beg ; faire , to par- don, indulge; rendre s, to return thanks. grand, grand, great, large, tall; noble; . m., (the) great, gran- dee, nobleman; -pert, m., grandfather; -pretre, m., highpriest. grandeur, /., grandeur, great- ness, magnitude. graver, to grave, engrave. gr, m., will, wish, pleasure, taste. grec -que, Greek, Grecian; orn. gros -se, great, big, coarse, thick. grossir, to enlarge, increase, swell. guere(s), (.-), little, but little, hardly. VOCABULARY gu6rir, to cure, heal. guerre,/., war. guerrier, warlike, martial; //., warrior, guider, to guide, lead. (The sign ' denotes the aspirate k.) habile, able, skilful, capable, fit. habillement, ///..clothing, dress, garment. habiller, to dress, clothe. habit, m., clothing, dress, gar- ment, coat. habiter, to inhabit, dwell, live. 'haine,/., hatred, hate. 'hair, irr., to hate. haleine,/., breath. 'hardi, bold, insolent. 'harnois, m., harness, armor, arms (old poet., now harnais). 'hasard, m,, hazard, chance, risk, peril ; au , at random ; par , by chance. 'hasarder, to hasard, risk, ex- pose. 'hate, /., haste; a la , en , in haste, hurriedly. 'hater, to hasten, hurry; se , to hasten, make haste. 'haut, high, tall, lofty, deep, loud, bold, proud, grand ; por- ter , to exalt; le porter , to carry a high hand, take a lofty tone ; adv., aloud, boldly, openly; n. m., height, top, summit. 'hautain, haughty, proud. he'las, alas, ah, indeed. 'heiaut, ///., herald. herbe,/., herb, grass. he're'sie, /., heresy. he're'tique, heretical. h^ritier, m., heir, inheritor. 'he'ros, /., hero. hdsiter, to hesitate, waver, falter. heur, ///. ( bonheur), happi- ness, good fortune. heure,/., hour, time; a la bonne , well, all right; de bonne , early, soon ; sur f , at once, instantly ; tout a, F , at once, just now. heureux, happy, fortunate, blessed. 'hideux, hideous, ghastly, horrid. hier, yesterday. histoire,/., history, story. 'hola, hello, ho, hold! holocauste,w.,holocaust,(whole) burnt-offering, sacrifice. homicide, ///.,/., homicide, mur- derer, slayer; adj., homicidal, murderous, bloody. hommage, m., homage, tribute, homme, in., man, mankind; de bien, good man, worthy man. honneur, m., honor, respect;/a- re , to pay honor; perdre d' , to dishonor, expose to dishonor. 'honte,/., shame, disgrace, bash- fulness ; avoir , to be ashamed. 'honteux, shameful, ashamed, bashful. horreur, /., horror, awe, dread, abhorrence, abomination; etre en , to be abhorred ; faire , to horrify, be frightful. VOCABULARY 27 "hors (tie), out, outside, out of, | except ; de soi, beside one's huile,/., oil. [self, humain, human, humane; n.pl., mortals, mankind, humeur, /., humor, temper, mood, ill temper, humilier, to humble, humiliate, hurlement, /., howling, howl, yell. hymen, hymenee, m., marriage, hymne, /., hymn, sacred song or poem ; /., hymn (church). ici, here. idee, /., idea, thought, image, vision, mind. idolatre, idolatrous ; ., idolater. ignorer, to be ignorant of, not know, ignore. illustre, illustrious, glorious, noble. imaginer, to imagine, invent; s' , to imagine, fancy, con- ceive. imiter, to imitate. immobile, immovable, motion- less. immoler, to immolate, sacrifice. immuable, immutable, change- less. imparfait, imperfect. impe'rieux, imperious, haughty, urgent. impie, impious, ungodly, wicked. impie'te',/., impiety. impitoyable, pitiless, inexora- ble, cruel. importer, to import, concern, matter, be important; (//) n'importe, no matter. importun, importunate, trouble- some, painful, persistent. importuner, to importune, trou- ble, vex. imposer, to impose (on), lay on, overawe. impre*vu , unforeseen , unex- pected, sudden. impuissance,/., impotence, fee- bleness. impuissant, impotent, power- less, ineffectual. impune'ment, with impunity. impuni, unpunished, with im- punity. impur, impure, unclean, vile. imputer, to impute, ascribe, charge. inanime', inanimate, lifeless. incertain, uncertain, doubtful. incertitude, /., uncertainty, doubt, suspense. incessamment, incessantly, con- tinually. incliner, to incline, lean, bend, tend. inconnu, unknown ; ., stranger. incroyable, incredible. indien, Indian, of India ; also n. indiffe'remment, indifferently, indiscriminately, equally. indiscret, indiscreet, thought- less. indigne, unworthy, undeserving, base. indocile, indocile, disobedient, rebellious. indomptable, indomitable, un- conquerable. 28 VOCABULARY indompte', untamed, uncon- quered. in6gal, unequal, uneven, incon- sistent. ine'galite', /., inequality, incon- sistency, partiality. in6puisable, inexhaustible. inexorable, inexorable, inflexi- ble, unrelenting. infame, infamous, degraded, dis- graceful, base. infecter, to infect, taint, cor- rupt. infidele, unfaithful, faithless, false, unbelieving; ., infidel. infini, infinite, endless, bound- less. infortune,/., misfortune. inf ortun6,unfortunate, unhappy. ingnieux, ingenious, clever. ing&mite',/., ingenuousness, in- nocence. ingrat, ungrateful, thankless; ., ingrate. inhumain, inhuman, cruel. inimitie', /., enmity, hostility. iniquit^,/., iniquity, sin. initier, to initiate, admit. injure, /., injury, wrong, insult. injurieux, injurious, hurtful, un- just, insulting. injuste, unjust, wrong, unrea- sonable. innombrable, innumerable. inonder, to inundate, overflow, crowd. inoui, unheard of, strange. inquie'ter, to disquiet, disturb, vex. inquietude,/., disquietude, anx- iety. insens<, senseless, insane, mad. insensiblement, insensibly, un- consciously. insigne, signal, extraordinary. inspirer, to inspire (with), sug- gest (person, a). instant, m., instant; a /' , at once. instruire, irr., to instruct, teach, inform ; se faire , to obtain information. insulter, to insult (tr. or a). interdit, amazed, confounded, speechless. interesse', interested, selfish. inteiesser, to interest, concern, involve ; j ' , to be interested, be involved, take interest. inte'ret, m., interest, profit, part (in), participation, lot. interprete, m., interpreter, ex- pounder. interroger, to interrogate, ques- tion, examine. interrompre, to interrupt. intervalle, *., interval, space (between). intimider, to intimidate; j' , to be intimidated, take fright. intituler, to entitle, call, name. introduire, irr., to introduce. inutile, useless, vain. invaincu, unconquered. inventer, to invent, devise (false- iy). inventeur, /., inventor, author, investir, to invest, clothe (with), besiege. invoquer, to invoke, call on. irrsolu, irresolute, undecided, irriter, to irritate, excite; s' , VOCABULARY to be irritated, become or be angry. Israelite, Israelite, Hebrew ;or n. issu, issued, sprung, born. issue, /., issue, way (out), es- cape, end, result. ivre, intoxicated, drunk(en). ivresse, /., intoxication, mad- ness. jadis, formerly, of old. jalousie,/., jealousy. jaloux, jealous. jamais, ever; (tie) never; a, pour , forever. jardin, ;/>/., garden. Jeter, to throw, cast, throw away or down, spread. jeu, /., play, game, sport, stake. jeune, young, youthful, recent. jaune, t., fast, fasting. jeunesse, /., youth, young per- son or persons. joie,/., joy, delight, gladness. joindre, irr., to join, unite. joue,/., cheek. jouer, to play, sport, act, de- ceive, mock. jouet, m., plaything, toy, sport. joug, /., yoke; fig., servitude, service. jouir, to enjoy, possess (de). jour, ;//., day, light, life; donner It , to give life; mettre au, "en, , to bring to light, pro- duce, show; respirer, voir le , to live, be alive ; huit s, a week ; tons les s, every day (fig., of ten pi.}. journee, /., day, day's work, (day's) deed, (day of) battle. juge, m., judge. jugement, m., judgment, sen tence. juger, to judge, decide. jui-f -ve, Jewish; ., Jew, Jewess. jurer, to swear. jusque(s), as far as, even (to); a, to, up to, till ; a ce aue, until ; a quand, how long; id, thus far, till now; la, so far, till then; oit, how far, how long. juste, just, lawful, right, exact; ., (the) just, righteous; adv., just, exactly. la, there, here, then; de , thence, then, therefore; par , by that, thereby; de- dans, therein, in that; des- sus, thereon, on or about that ; c'est , that is. lache, cowardly, base; ., cow- ard. laisser, to leave, leave alone, let, permit ; w. infin., to let (do or be done); faire, to let alone, let act, rely on ; de, to leave off, cease, fail; la, to let alone, lay aside. lambeau, /., rag, tatter. lancer, to dart, shoot, cast, flash. langage, m., language, speech, tongue. langue,/., tongue, language. langueur,/., languor, weakness, slowness. 3 VOCABULARY languir, to languish, pine, de- larcin, m., larceny, theft, [cline. larme,/., tear. las -se, tired, weary. lasser, to tire, weary, fatigue; se , to become tired, be weary. laurier, m., laurel ; fig., victory, glory. laver, to wash, wash out, cleanse. lecon,/., lesson, lecture. lecteur, m., reader. ISger, light, slight, fickle. 16gitime, legitimate, lawful, just. lent, slow, tardy, dull. lettre, /., letter ; //., letters, lit- erature. lever, to lift, raise; se , to rise, arise, get up. libation,/., libation, offering. liberte", /., liberty, freedom ; en , at liberty, free. libre, free. lice, /., lists, ring (for combat). licence,/., licence, liberty. lien, ;., bond, tie, obligation. lier, to bind, tie, unite, connect, oblige. lieu, m., place, spot (often pi.); stead, cause, occasion ; au de, instead of; au yue, whereas; avoir , to take place, occur, have cause; don- nei , to give occasion, cause ; tenir de, to take the place of, serve as. ligue, /., league, alliance, fac- tion. limite, /., limit, bound, bound- ary. lin, ;., linen. lire, irr., to read. Us, m., lily. lit, m., bed. livre, m., book. livre,/., pound, livre (coin). livrer, to deliver, surrender, of- fer. logement, m., lodging, room, quarters. loi, /., law, rule ; faire la , to give law, control. loin, far, afar, far off; de, (in/in.), far from ; que (snl>j.) whereas. loisir, ;., leisure; a , at lei- sure, at one's convenience, quietly. long -ue, long, prolonged, tedi- ous; n. m., length; au , at length, along; le de, along, alongside. longtemps, a long time, long. longueur, /., length, slowness, delay. lors, then; de, at the time of; des , since then, then. lorsque, when. louable, laudable, praiseworthy. louange,/., praise. louer, to praise; se , to be pleased, congratulate one's self (de). loup, m., wolf. lugubre, mournful, sorrowful. luire, irr., to shine, gleam, ap- pear; faire , to show forth, display. lumiere, /., light, day (light); //., intelligence; voir la , to live, be alive. VOCABULARY madame, /., madam (address, <,/.> title.) magnanime, magnanimous, gen- erous, noble. magnifique, magnificent, grand. main, /., hand ; fig., aid, pow- er ; a la , at hand, in (the) hand ; a fleines s, full hand- ed, liberally ; dans, en les s, in the power of, in presence of; donner, preter la , to aid, consent ; sous , under- hand, by stealth ; venir, etre, anx s, to come to blows, be fighting. maintenant, now, nowadays. maintenir, irr., to maintain, sus- tain, keep. mais, but, moreover, indeed, why! maison,/., house, home, family, establishment (school, etc.). maitre, m., master, ruler, chief, expert ; coup de , master- stroke. maitresse, _/"., mistress, ruler, sweetheart ; etre de, to con- trol. maitre -sse, adj., chief, superior, expert, controlling. majeste",/., majesty ; royal title. majestueux, majestic, proud, stately. mal,//. maiix, /., ill, evil, harm, hurt, pain, grief, misfortune. mal, adi'., ill, badly, poorly, hardly, (= not); a propos, inopportunely. malade, sick, ill ; ., patient. maladie,/., sickness, disease. malaise'ment, with difficulty, hardly. male, male, masculine, manly, bold. malgre', in spite of, notwith- standing. malheur, m., misfortune, ill luck, unhappiness, sorrow. malheureux, unfortunate, un- happy, poor; ., poor crea- ture, wretch. malice, /., malice, mischief, evil, trick. mamelle,/., breast, teat. manes, m. pi., manes, shade, ghost. manger, to eat, consume, waste. manie,/., mania, madness, folly. maniere, /., manner, way, fash- ion ; de que, so that. manquer, to err, miss, lack, fail (of, de); to fail, fall short (in, a). maratre,/., step-mother. marbre, /., marble. marche, /., march, walk, step, gait. marcher, to march, walk, step, proceed, go. mari, m., husband. mariage, /., marriage. Mars, /., Mars; fig., war, war rior. marque, /., mark, sign, token, trace. marquer, to mark, trace, sig- nify, indicate. matiere,/., matter, material, oc- casion. matin, w., morning; adv., in the morning, early. VOCABULARY maudire, irr., to curse; /. adj., maudit, cursed, accursed. maure, Moorish; ;/., Moor. mauvais, bad, evil, wicked, mean, poor. me'chant, bad, wicked, mali- cious, poor, mean ; ., evil doer, scoundrel, (the) wicked. me'dire, irr., to slander, revile; part, adj., me"disant, slander- ous ; ., slanderer. me'disance, /., slander. me'diter, to meditate, reflect, purpose, plan. meilleur, better; le , the best. melange, m., mixture, medley, alloy. meler, to mix, mingle, blend; se de, to take part in, med- dle with. membre, m., member, limb. meme, adj., same, very ; pron., self, (him, her, it-) self; adv., even; a de, able to, ena- bled to, de , in the same way, likewise; un , one and the same. (Position, and use of article, not always in accord with present usage. See notes.) me'moire, /., memory, remem- brance; /., memoir. manager, to manage, husband, save, spare, treat kindly. manager, adj., sparing, saving; ;/., economist, saver. mener, to lead, conduct, bring, carry, take. mensonge, m., lie, lying, false- hood, deceit. mensonger, lying, false, deceit- ful. menteu-r, -se, lying, deceitful; ., liar. We'pris, m., contempt, scorn. me'priser, to contemn, scorn, despise. mer,/., sea, ocean. merci,/., mercy. me'riter, to merit, deserve, earn, gain. merveille, /., marvel, wonder, miracle ; a , wonderfully (well), admirably. mesure,/., measure, proportion, moderation, procedure, pre- caution ; avec , in due pro- portion; a que, in propor- tion as, just as. mesurer, to measure, weigh, com- pare; se a, to cope with, contend against. me'tier, m., trade, business, em- ployment. mets, m., dish, food, mess. mettre, irr., to put, place, set, lay (out), employ, put on; aujour, to bring to light, pro- duce ; en liberte, to set free, se , to set about, begin, start. meurtre, m., murder. meurtrier, murderous; ., mur- derer. meurtrir, to murder, mangle, bruise. midi, /;/., midday, noon, south. mieux, comp. adv., better, rath- er, more; aimer , to have rather, prefer ; valoir , to be more worth, be better; le (the) best, most; as n., (de) son , one's best, the best possible. VOCABULARY 33 milieu, ;//., middle, midst, me- dium ; nit tic', in the midst of. mille, (a) thousand; et , thousands and thousands, in- numerable. ministere, m., ministry, office, service. ministre, m., minister, officer, servant. miserable, miserable, wretched, poor; ., wretch, poor crea- ture, (the) poor. misere,/., misery, wretchedness, poverty. mise'ricorde,/., mercy, pity. mitre,/., mitre (of high priest). modele, m., model, example. mode'rer, to moderate, restrain, control. mceurs, f. pi., manners, habits, conduct. moindre, comp., less; le , (the) least. moins, adv. comp., less ; le , (the) least ; au, du , at least ; a de, que de, (/?.), with- out, except, but for; a que, (lie) without, unless. moisson,/., harvest. moissoner, to harvest, reap, pluck. mottle", /., half; a , by half, half way, in half. mol, (mou). mollesse, /., softness, delicacy, luxury. monarque, m., monarch. monde, m., world, people, soci- ety ; au , in the world ; lout le , everybody. monseigneur, /., my lord (it/fi- lial title}. monsieur,//, messieurs, m., gen- tleman, (in address), sir, Mr. (also official title). mont, HI., mount, mountain. montagne,/., mountain. monter, to mount, go or come up, ascend, rise, amount. montrer, to show, point (out), teach. morale, /., moral, morals, mo- rality. moralit^, morality, moralizing, reflection. morceau, w.,b't, piece, fragment. mort,/., death. mort, /. at//., ( nourir), dead, deathly ; us 11., (the) dead. mortel, mortal, fatal; ;/., (a) mortal, human being. mot, HI., word, term, saying. moteur, m., mover, ruler, author. mou, (mol) molle, soft, delicate, tender. mourir, irr., to die ; faire , to put to death, destroy ; se , to be dying ; /. adj., mourant, dying; as ., (a) dying (per- son). mouvement, m., movement, mo- tion, emotion, impulse. moyen, w., means, medium, way; le de (iii/iti.) how to (do)? how can (a thing) be (done) ? muet, mute, dumb, silent. mur, HI., muraille,/., wall. murir, to ripen, mature. murmurer, to murmur, mutter. musique,/., music. mystere, /., mystery. 34 VOCABULARY nager, to swim ; fig. t to reveL naissance, /., birth, origin, rise, spring; prcndre , to be born, arise. naitre, irr., to be born, arise, spring ; faire , to give birth to, produce ; en naissant, at birth, in the bud; /. adj., nais- sant, infant, youthful, grow- ing, rising, budding. naturel, natural, native; ., na- ture. naufrage, m., shipwreck, wreck, ruin. ne, (neg. w. verb) not; usually with pas, point, jamais, plus, que, etc., which see ; also alone; or not trans ; sometimes XVII. cent, differing from modern n6, (naitre), born ; bien , well bom, noble. neanmoins, nevertheless, yet. neant, m., nothing, nothingness, naught. necessaire, necessary, needful; ., (the) necessary, necessity. ngliger, to neglect, omit, slight. nerf, m., nerve, sinew. net, neat, clean, clear, short. neveu, /., nephew, (old) grand- son ; pi. poet., posterity, de- scendants. noblesse,/., nobility, nobleness. noce, /., usually pi., wedding, marriage. noeud, m., knot, tie, bond, diffi- culty. noir, black, darkjyl^., base. noirceur,/., blackness, darkness, baseness. nom, /./., name, fame; au , in the name, on behalf (of). nombre, in., number. nombreux, numerous. nommer, to name, call, appoint ; se , to be named. non, not, no. nonchalance, /., carelessness. notre, our ; le notre, ours ; Us s, our (friends, party, sol- diers, etc.). nourricc,/., nurse. nourrir, to nourish, feed, rear, bring up, cherish. nourriture, /., nourishment, food, fuel, education. nouveau (nouvel), new, recent, fresh, strange; adv., newly; de , anew, afresh, again. nouvelle, /. (or pi.), news, intel- ligence. noyer, to drown, flood, over- whelm; se , to drown, be drowning. nuage, m., cloud; fig., gloom, doubt. nuire, irr., to hurt, harm, injure, impair (a). nuit,/., night; de , by night. Obeir, to obey; /. adj., obis- sant, obedient (./). obeissance, /., obedience, obeis- sance. objet, m., object, subject, per- son, thing, aim, purpose, occa- sion. VOCABULARY 35 Obliger, to oblige, put under obligation, bind, compel, con- strain. obscur, obscure, dim, confused, gloomy. Obscurcir, to obscure, darken, dim. observer, to observe, watch, keep. obstiner, to make obstinate, sup- port, urge (for or against), constrain ; j' , to be obsti- nate, persist, insist ; p. adj., obstine', obstinate, persistent. Obtenir, irr., to obtain, get, ac- quire, gain, win, succeed; sur, to win as a prize over, secure from. occasion, /., occasion, opportu- tunity. Occident, ///., Occident, west. occuper, to occupy, possess, hold, employ, busy, trouble; s' , to be occupied, employed, busy. odeur,/., odor, smell, fragrance. odieux, odious, hateful, detesta- ble. ceil, m., pi. yeux, eye, glance, sight i fiS"> f ace > expression, temper, feeling, opinion ; mix yeux t/e, before one's eyes, in one's presence, in one's opin- ion ; coup i/' , glance; don- ner Jans les yeux, to strike the eye, please. oeuvre,/., work, deed, production. offenser, to offend, insult, wrong; s' , to be offended. offenseur, ;., offender, aggres- sor. office, m., office, duty, function, service. officier, m., officer. officieux, officious, attentive, obliging. offrande, /., offering, offer, sac- rifice. Offrir, irr., to offer, present, af- ford ; j' , to offer, propose. oiseau, /., bird. oisif , idle, unemployed, inactive, lazy. ombrage, m., shade, shadow; umbrage, distrust, offence. ombre,/., shade, shadow, ghost darkness, cover, protection, pretence ; also for ombrage ; a /' , in the shade, (de) under the shadow or protection of. on (1'on), one, (indef.) some one, any one, people, everybody, they, we, you, I, etc. ; often trans, by passive. oncle, /., uncle. onde,/., wave, billow, water, sea, tide. opposer, to oppose, set against, object ; j' , to oppose, resist ; /. adj., oppose 1 , opposite. opprimer, to oppress, crush, overpower. opprobre, /., opprobrium, dis- grace, shame. orage, /., storm, tempest. orageux, stormy, tempestuous, violent. ordinaire, ordinary, usual, com- mon; ., the usual, average; a I' , as usual; ;-., to pursue, pros- ecute, seek, continue. pourtant, however, neverthe- less. pousser, to push, urge (on), drive, put forth, utter, raise. poussiere,/., dust. pouvoir, irr., to be able, can or could (have), may or might (have), have power, avail (to do, infin. often omitted) ; se , to be possible. pouvoir, m., power, ability ; fat- re son , to do one's best. pratique, /., practice, plan, plot. VOCABULARY 4' prc6der, to precede, go before. prScieux, precious, dear, costly. pr&ipiter, to precipitate, hurl, throw down, hasten ; se , to be precipitate, hasten, rush ; /. adj., pr&ipitl, hurried, precipitate. pr6dire, irr., to predict, fore- tell. pre'fe'rer, to prefer, like better. pre'lat, ;., prelate, bishop. pre"mices, /.//., first fruits. premier, first, former, foremost, chief; tout I e , the very first. prendre, irr., to take, seize, catch, receive, accept, conceive, as- sume, undertake; se a, s'y , to set about, begin, pro- ceed; also for s'en a, to blame, accuse, attack ; nais- sance, to have birth, be born. pre"occuper, to preoccupy, pre- possess, engross. pre"parer, to prepare, make ready; sc , to prepare, get ready. pres, near, near by, close; de, near (to), to, with, by, in com- parison with ; w. iiiftn., about to; a . . . , save, except; a peu , nearly, almost; de , near, close (by). presage, m., presage, prophecy, prediction, omen. prescrire, irr., to prescribe, or- der, enjoin. present, present ; ., present ^time), gift, present ; a , at present, now, nowadays. pre'somptueux, presumptuous, presuming; ., jcune , pre- sumptuous youth. presque, almost, nearly ; w. neg. hardly, scarcely. pressentiment, ;., presenti- ment, foreboding. presser, to press, crowd, hasten, urge, oppress, compress; sc , to press, crowd, hasten ; /. adj., pressant, pressing, ur- gent; presse", hurried, eager. pret, ready, prepared, ready to, about to (a w. infin. ; also de in XVII. cent.). pre'tendre, to pretend, intend, claim, expect, aspire, pre- sume, suppose; /. noun., pre"- tendu, intended (husband or wife), suitor. preter, to lend, afford, offer ; la main, to assist, aid, /'a?//, 1'oreille, to look (at), listen (to); sermettt, to take oath. pretre, /., -sse,/., priest, priest- ess. pretrise,/., priesthood. preuve,/., proof, evidence, trial, test. pre"venir, irr., to precede, antici- pate, prevent, ward off, warn, prepossess, prejudice ; ail pre- r-ftiu, prejudiced eye. preVoir, irr., to foresee, provide; /. adj., pr6voyant, provident. preVoyance,/., foresight, provi- dence. prier, to pray, beg, invite, pray to. priere,/., prayer. printemps, /., spring (season). priser, to prize, value, esteem. prisonni-er, m., -ere,/., prisoner, captive. VOCABULARY privet, to deprive, bereave, rob. prix, ;//., price, value, prize, re- ward, penalty. proc&le', HI., proceeding, proce- dure, method. prochain, next, near, neighbor- ing ; ., neighbor. proche, near (to, de). proclamer, to proclaim, publish. prodige, m., prodigy, wonder, miracle. prodigue, prodigal, lavish ; ., spendthrift. prodiguer, to lavish, waste, squander. produire, irr., to produoe, cause, put forth, show. profane, profane, unholy, uncon- secrated; also n. profaner, to profane, desecrate. profiter, to profit, gain, be profit- able, do good. profond, profound, deep. proie, /., prey, booty ; en de, a prey to. projet, /., project, scheme, sketch, plan. promener, to lead, guide, move, drive; se , to walk, take a walk (or drive, etc.), prome- promesse,/., promise. [nade. promettre, irr., to promise. prompt, prompt, ready, quick, sudden. promptitude, /., promptness, suddenness. prononcer, to pronounce, de- clare, decide. prophete, /., prophet. prophetic, /., prophecy, predic- tion. prophe"tiser, to prophesy, pre- dict. propos, /., proposition, speech, word, purpose, subject, occa- sion ; a , suitable, oppor- tune(ly), appropriate(ly) ; tmil a , inopportune(ly), etc. (adj. or adv.); a de, on the sub- ject of, concerning. proposer, to propose, offer; se , to propose, purpose, in- tend. proposition (fain de, see pain). propre, own, very, proper, fit, apt, neat, clean ; mal , im- proper, unfit. proscrire, irr., to proscribe, doom, outlaw,. forbid. prospere, prosperous, favorable. prospe"rer, to prosper, succeed. prosterner, to prostrate ; se , to fall prostrate, bow, bend (the knee). prote"ger, to protect, defend. publier, to publish, proclaim^ make known. pudeur, /., modesty, bashful- ness, chastity. puis, then, next, afterwards, be- sides. puiser, to draw, derive, imbibe. puisque, since, as. puissance, /., power, might, strength, sway. puissant, powerful, mighty, po- punir, to punish, chastise, [tent. punition,y., punishment. pur, pure, clean, clear, entire, sheer. purete", /., purity, cleanness, completeness. VOCABULARY 43 qualit^, /., quality, rank, char- acter. quand, when, at what time, whenever, while ; though, even if; a , till when, how long; meme, although, even though, nevertheless. quant a, as for, so far as, con- cerning. que, pron. int., what; relal., whom, which, that ; (= ce que) what; adv., than, as, as far as, why, how; de, how much or many, what; conj., that, as, since, when, whether, because, in order that ; often not transl. ; de (/?.), to; ne . . . (or -without ne), (not) but, only ; ... ne, why not, (not) till, unless, lest, yet, though ; . . . ou, whether . . . or ; used for repetition of other conjs., comme, quand, si, etc. ; and forms conj. phrases, as qui , quoi , avant , sans , etc. (which see). quel, which, what, what a, of what kind; (= lequtl), which, what, who; que, whichever, whatever, whoever. quelque, adj., some, any; //., some, a few, about; ... que, whatever ; adv., however. quelquefois, sometimes. quelqu'un, some one, some- body ; pi., es-uns, some, a few. querelle, /., quarrel, dispute, complaint. quereller, to quarrel (with), scold; se , to quarrel, wran- gle. qui, pron. int., who, whom, what; relat., who, whom, which, that ; (z= celui qui, quiconque), he who, whoever; (= ce qui) what, whatever ; de , whose, of whom ; que, whoever. quiconque, whoever, whosoever. quitte, quit, quits, free, clear, rid (of). quitter, to quit, leave, give up, resign, desert. quoi, pron. int., what, which, how; relat., what, whatever; que, whatever; de , where- with, means (of), enough (to). quoique, although, though. R rabattre, to beat down, put down, lower, abate, humble, defeat. racheter, redeem, ransom, save. racine,/., root, origin. raconter, to recount, relate, tell. raison, /., reason, sense, jus- tice, right, satisfaction, proof, cause; avoir , to be right; faire ,'to satisfy ; rendre , to give account ; tirer, detnan- der , to secure, demand sat- isfaction. raisonnable, reasonable, rational, rallier, to rally, reunite, [just. rallumer, to relight, rekindle. ramas, m., mass, heap, crowd. ramener, to bring back, reclaim, restore. 44 VOCABULARY rang, m., rank, row, line, class, order; mettre au de, to in- clude among. ranger, to range, arrange, set in order, array, reduce, subject; se , to take one's place, stand, submit, yield. ranimer, to reanimate, revive; se , to come to life again. rappeler, to call back, recall to life again, call to mind ; se , to remember. rapport, w., report, account, relation, connection, coinci- dence. rassembler, to assemble, collect, gather; se , to (re)assemble, meet (again). rassis (rasseoir), p. adj., settled, calm. rassurer, to reassure. ravaler, to lower, debase, im- pair. ravir, to ravish, carry off, snatch (away), transport, delight; /. tii//., ravi, delighted, charmed. ravissement, m., ravishment, delight, ectasy. ravisseur, m., ravisher. rayon, m., ray, beam, gleam. rebatir, to rebuild. rebelle, rebellious. * rebeller (se), to rebel. rebrousser, to turn back, re- verse. rebut, m., repulse, refuse, off- cast. recevoir, irr., to receive, accept, admit. rechercher, to seek (again), search for, pursue, visit (on), court ; /. adj., recherche", sought, studied, affected, re- fined, choice. re"cit, m., recital, recitation, re- port. : recompense, /., recompense, re- ward. reconnaissable, recognisable. reconnaissance, /., recognition, acknowledgment, gratitude. reconnaitre, irr., to recognise, ac- knowledge, observe, explore. recourir, irr., to recur, turn, have recourse, apply (to). recours, m., recourse, resort, ref- uge, appeal. recouvrer, to recover, retrieve. reculer, to move back, delay, remove, recoil ; /. adj., recule", remote, distant. redevable, indebted, obliged, re- sponsible. redire, irr., to say again, repeat, censure. redonner, to give back, restore, return. redoutable, formidable, dread- ful, awful. redouter, to fear, dread. require, irr., to reduce, restrain, subdue, compel, induce. reflux, m.,. reflux, ebb. refus, m., refusal, denial, refuse. refuser, to refuse, deny ; Itre re- fust de, to be refused or de- nied (a thing). regagner, to regain, win back, reach, go back to. regard, m., regard, look, aspect, concern. regarder, to regard, look (at), VOCABULARY behold, face, consider, con- cern, belong to. r6gir, to rule, govern. regie,/., rule, regulation, model. r^gler, to rule, regulate, fix, con- trol, model. regne, m., reign. rggner, to reign, rule, govern, prevail. regorger, to overflow, run over, rise, swell. regret, /., regret; /-., to rejoin, join, unite; se , to join, meet (again). re'jouir, to rejoice, delight; se , to rejoice, enjoy one's self, (de) enjoy. relever, to raise (again), restore, relieve, extol, set off, enhance ; se , to rise (again), recover. reluire, irr., to shine, glitter, be reflected. remarquer, to remark, observe, notice. remede, /., remedy, medicine, cure. rem&lier, to remedy, cure (a). remerciement, m., thanks. remettre, irr., to put back, take back, replace, restore, com- pose, recover, resign, entrust, deliver, put off, delay; se , to recover, resume, return. remonter, to reascend, go or run back ; faire , to restore. remords, m., remorse. rempart, /., rampart, wall, pro- tection. remplir, to fill (again), fulfil, supply. remporter, to carry back, carry off, gain, win. remuer, to move, stir, agitate. renaitre, irr., to be born again, revive, rise again ; faire , to bring to life, revive, re- new. rencontrer, to meet (with), en- counter, find ; faire , to bring to light, discover. rendre, to render, return, restore, give back, give up, surrender, make, cause, offer, utter; se , to surrender, yield, be- come, go, come. renfermer, to shut up, enclose, confine, include, contain. renfort, m., reinforcement, re- lief, supply. rengager, to reengage, pledge again. renom, m., renommee, /., re- nown, renomme', renowned, famous. renoncer, to renounce, surrender, deny (a). renouveler, to renew, revive, re- peat. rentrer, to reenter, return, retire. renverser, to throw down, over- throw, upturn, destroy, defeat, confound. repaire, m., den, lair (of beasts), resort. 4 6 VOCABULARY repaitre, irr., to feed, feast, de- light. re"pandre, to spread, shed, scat- ter, sprinkle, pour, diffuse, ex- tend ; se , to spread, extend, circulate ; /. adj., rpandu, spread, wide-spread, extended, circulated. re"parer, to repair, restore, re- trieve. repartie, /., repartee, retort, re- ply. repasser, to repass, recross, go back over. repentir, m., repentance, peni- tence. repentir (se), to repent ; /. adj., repenti, penitent. re'pe'ter, to repeat. rSpliquer, to reply. replonger, to replunge, plunge (again). re'pondre (a), to respond, answer, correspond (to), agree (with), suit; (de), to answer for, be responsible for. r6ponse,/., answer, reply. reporter, to carry back, bring back, carry. repos, m., repose, rest, quiet, peace. reposer, to replace, put or lay back, rest; se , to repose, rest, rely. repousser, to repulse, repel, re- ject. reprendre, irr., to take again, resume, renew, recover, reply, reprove, blame. reprimer, to repress, suppress. reproche, m., reproach, blame. reprocher, to reproach, bring as reproach, reproach with (per son, d). repu (repaitre), fed, full, glutted. re"pudier, to repudiate, renounce. rgputer, to repute, account, deem. reserve, /., reserve, exception; d la de, except. re"sider, to reside, rest, consist. register, to resist, oppose (a). re'solu (re'soudre), resolved, de- cided, resolute. re'soudre, irr., to solve, resolve, reduce, induce, persuade; se , to resolve, decide, be re- solved. respirer, to respire, breathe, live, exhale, express. ressembler, to resemble, be like (a). ressentiment, m., feeling (in re- turn), resentment, gratitude, consciousness. ressentir, irr. (se), to feel (again), experience, reflect, show, re- sent, appreciate. resserrer, to confine, close, con- tract, oppress. ressort, /., spring, agency, op- eration. ressusciter, to resuscitate, call to life again, revive. reste, /., rest, remnant, remain- der, relict, survivor; au,dn , for the rest, moreover ; //., j, remains, remnant. rester, to remain, be left, stay. re'tablir, to reestablish, restore. retenir, /;;-., to keep back, re- tain, restrain, detain, stop, VOCABULARY 47 hold fast, fasten ; se , to re- fiain, stop, wait. retentir, to resound, reecho, ring. retirer, to draw back, withdraw, shelter, rescue ; se , to retire, withdraw, take refuge. retour, m., return, turn, change; de , returned, back, to boot; sans , finally, forever. retourner, to return, turn (around or back). retracer, to retrace, recall, re- late. retraite, /., retreat, retirement, refuge. retrancher, to retrench, cut off, cut short, restrict, confine, in- trench. retrouver, to find again, recover, retrieve ; se , to return, come back. re*ussir, t& succeed, prosper. revanche, /., revenge, compen- sation, retaliation (good or bad), return. revancher, to avenge; se , to revenge, compensate, return (good or bad). re" veil, m., awaking, waking, alarm. reVeiller, to awake, arouse; se , to wake (up), be awake. reveler, to reveal, disclose, show. revenir, in-., to come back, re- turn, recover, result, accrue; a sot, to recover (one's senses) ; en , to come back, return. reVe'rer, to revere, reverence. reverie,/., re very, day-dream. revers, m., back, reverse, mis- fortune ; tie , backwards, from behind. revetir, irr., to clothe, invest, endow; se de, to put on, assume. revivre, irr., to revive, live again, come back to life ; faire , to call back to life, renew, restore. revoir, irr., to see again, revise, review. reVolter, to revolt, rebel. revoquer, to revoke, recall. richesse,/., riches, wealth. ride,/., wrinkle. rideau, m., curtain. rien, anything; usually with, often without, tie, nothing; tie servir a, de , to be of no use; en mains que , in less than no time; que (tit/in.), only, merely, just (to). rigoureux, rigorous, severe, strict. rigueur,/., rigor, severity, strict- ness, compulsion. rire, irr., to laugh, smile (d, on; de, at), please; se de, to laugh at, ridicule. rise*e,/., laughter, ridicule, laugh- ing-stock. rivage, /., shore, beach, bank. rive,/., bank, shore. rocher, /., rock. roi, m., king. rompre, to break, break down, break off, interrupt, disturb, destroy. ronger, to gnaw, consume, tor- ment. 4 8 VOCABULARY rose, /., rose; as adj., rosy, ro- seate. roseau, m., reed. rosee,/., dew. rougeur,/., redness, flush, blush. rougir, to turn red, redden, flush, blush. route,/., route, way, road, course. royaume, m., kingdom, realm. royaute 1 ,/., royalty. rudesse,/., rudeness, harshness. rue,/., street. rugir, to roar, bellow. mine, /., ruin, wreck, destruc- tion. miner, to ruin, wreck, destroy. ruisseau, m., brook, stream, rivulet. rumeur, /., rumor, report, tu- mult, noise. sabbat, m., sabbath. sacrl, sacred, holy. sacrer, to consecrate, crown. sacrificateur, m., sacrificer, priest. sacrificature, /., office of sacri- ficer, priesthood. sacrifier, to sacrifice, offer as sacrifice. sacrilege, sacrilegious. sage, wise, discreet, modest, good. sagesse, /., wisdom, discretion, modesty, goodness. saint, holy, sacred, pious; ., . saint. saintet^, /., sanctity, holiness, piety. saisir, to seize, catch, take, pos- sess, affect, attack, shock ; se de, to seize, take hold or possession of, arrest. saisissement, m., seizure, attack, shock. salaire, m., salary, wages, re- ward. salon, m., parlor, hall, (social) circle. salut, m., safety, salvation, salu- tation. sanctuaire, m., sanctuary, holy place. sang, m., blood, race, lineage, kindred ; fig. descendant. sanglant, bloody, bleeding, cruel. sanglot, /., sob. sanguinaire, bloody, cruel. sans, without, but for, besides ; que, without, except, un- less. satisfaire, irr., to satisfy, give satisfaction, gratify (tr. or a). sauvage, savage, wild, rude : ., savage. sauver, to save, preserve, res- cue ; se , to save one's self, retreat, escape. sauveur, m., saver, deliverer, (the) Saviour. savant, learned, skillful ; ., scholar, sage. savoir, irr,, to know, know how, be able (can, could); je tie sais (/uel (as adj.), some unknown, an indescribable ; fairc , to make known, communicate. sceau, ///., seal, stamp. scel&at, villainous; ;/., villain. VOCABULARY 49 scene,/., scene, stage. scrupule, m., scrupule, objec- tion. sec, seche, dry, bare, lean. se"cher, to dry, dry up, wither. seconder, to second, assist. secourir, irr., to succor, aid, re- lieve. secours, m., succor, aid, relief, benefit. secret, secret, concealed, pri- vate; ., secret, secrecy, mys- tery. se'ducteur, m., seducer, deluder, impostor. se'duire, irr., to seduce, mislead, delude, charm. seigneur, m., lord, my lord, (the) Lord. sein, m., bosom, womb, heart. se'jour, m., sojourn, stay, abode. sel, ///., salt. selon, according to; que, ac- cording as. semaine, /., week; en , on weekly service. semblable, similar, like, alike, such. sembler, to seem, appear, look ; impers., il semble, it seems; que vous semble? what think you? semence,/., seed. semer, to sow, scatter, spread (abroad), disseminate. sens, m., sense, feeling, mind, judgment, meaning, direction. sensible, sensible, sensitive, keen, tender, susceptible, per- ceptible, visible. sentiment, *., sense, feeling, consciousness, thought, senti- ment, opinion. sentir, irr., to feel, be sensible of, perceive, taste or smell (of) ; se , to feel, feel like ; tie pas se , to be beside one's self. seoir, irr., to seat, set, fit, suit; sf , to seat one's self, sit. se'parer, to separate, divide, dis- tinguish, remove. se'pulture, /., sepulture, burial. serein, serene, calm, clear. serment, m., oath. servir, irr., to serve, be of use, be used, attend, assist; a, to serve for, be useful for ; ne a rien, to be of no use ; de, to serve as, take the place of; a qiioi, que, serf, of what use, what good does it ? se de, to make use of, employ, use. serviteur, m., servant. seuil, m., threshold. seul, alone, only, single, sole, mere; un , one only, a sin- gle; (position variable, as le me'rite, for le m. , etc.). seulement, only, solely, merely, just, even. sexe, /., sex. si, adv., so, so much, such, as; bien que, so much so that, so that; fait, yes, indeed. si, conj., if, whether, though ; ce ifest que, unless, except ; OH , or can it be that ? siecle, m., century, age, time(s). siege, m., siege, seat, chair. signaler, to signalize, mark, de- scribe. VOCABULARY eigne, m., sign, signal, mark, token, omen. sillonner, to furrow, wrinkle, plough. sinistre, sinister, ominous, evil. sinon, if not. unless, except, otherwise. sire, m., sire (royal address). sitdt, so soon ; que, as soon as. socie'tg, /., society, association, intercourse. soeur, /., sister. soif, /., thirst, eager desire; avoir , to be thirsty, thirst. soigneusement, carefully, with care. soin, m., care, attention, effort, trouble, scruple, task ; avoir, prendre , to take care, un- dertake (also often pi.). soil, be it (so), well ;..., ... ou, whether, either . . . or ; que, whether. soldat, m., soldier. solennel, solemn, festive. solenniser, to solemnise, cele- brate. solennit, /., solemnity, celebra- tion. solitaire, solitary, alone, lonely. solliciter, to solicit, beg, urge, appeal to, vex. sombre, sombre, gloomy, dark, dull. sommeil, m., sleep; avoir , to be sleepy. sommeiller, to sleep, slumber. sommet, / summit, height, top. son, m., sound. songe, m., dream. songer, to dream, think (of, a), imagine, reflect, remember. sonner, to sound, resound, ring, strike. sort, m., fate, fortune, lot, chance. sorte,/., sort, kind, manner; de la , in this way, thus, so ; de, en que, so that; de telle , in such way, so as. sortir, irr., to come out, go out, depart, escape, spring, result; tr., to bring out, put out; ., going or coming out; an de, on leaving. souci, m., anxiety, care. soudain, sudden ; adv., sud- denly. souffle, m., breath, puff, breeze, blast. souffler, to blow (out or up), breathe, puff, fan, inspire. souffle t, m., blow, slap. souffrir, irr., to suffer, endure, permit, admit, leave. souhait, m., wish, desire. souhaiter, to wish (for), desire, ask. souiller, to soil, foul, defile. soulager, to lighten, relieve, al- leviate, comfort. soulever, to lift up, raise (up), arouse ; se , to rise, revolt. soumettre, irr., to submit, sub- due, subject; se , to submit, yield; />. adj., soumis, submis- sive, obedient. soumission,/., submission, con- cession, obedience. soupcon, HI., suspicion. VOCABULARY 5< soupconner, to suspect. soupir, m., sigh, breath, aspira- tion, grief. soupirer, to sigh, breathe, long; tr., to grieve over. sourd, deaf, dull, deep, heavy, obscure. sous, under, beneath, below. soutenir, irr., to sustain, sup- port, bear, keep, maintain. souterrain, subterraneous. soutien, ;., support, prop, stay, defence. souvenir, irr. (se) ; also impers., il me souvient, etc., to remem- ber, recollect (reux, dark, gloomy, ob- scure. tenir, irr. tr., to hold, have, pos- sess, keep, restrain, take, deem; intr., to hold, keep, stick, bear, stand, hold out; se , to hold, cling, hold fast, stay, stop, be ; de, to par- take of, be like; a, to re- sist, stand, depend on ; imfer., VOCABULARY tie us, tetrez, hold, stop, see here, well ! tenter, to try, attempt, tempt, terme, /.,term, bound, limit.end. terminer, to terminate, end. terne, dull, dim, heavy, ternir, to tarnish, dim, efface, terrasser, to throw down, crush, confound, terre, /., earth, ground, land, country ; par , on the ground, down, tete, /., head; fig., chief, life, person, theatre, m., theatre, stage, play, drama. tiare, /., tiara (crown of chief- tiers, tierce, third (part), [priest), tige,/., stock, stalk, stem, tigre, m., tiger, tirer, to draw, pull (off or out), extract, save, exact, take, get, let off, shoot ; se ; to come off, escape. tissu, ///., tissue, series, titre, i., title, claim, pretext, tombeau, /., tomb, tomber, to fall, sink, drop, fail, tonnerre, m., thunder, torrent, m., torrent, stream, tort, m., wrong, error, harm; a , wrongly, wrong; avoir , to be wrong, tot, soon ; au plus , as soon as possible. toucher, to touch, reach, ap- -proach, join, affect, concern, strike. toujours, always, ever, still, nev- ertheless, tour, m., turn, round, trick; a , by turns, "in turn ; a son , in one's turn. tour,/., tower, steeple. tourment, /., torment, torture. tout, adj., all, every; any; with art., all (the), the whole; .,all, the whole, everything ; pi. tous, all, everybody ; adv., all, en- tirely, quite, very, though, while ; a coup, d'nn coup, all at once, suddenly; a fait, quite, entirely; de ban, in earnest; pas du , not at all. toutef ois, nevertheless, yet, how- ever. tout-puissant, omnipotent; ., (the) Almighty. trace, /., trace, track, footstep, path. tracer, to trace, track, mark out. traduire, irr., to translate. trag^die,/., tragedy. tragique, tragic, tragical. trahir, to betray, deceive, belie, disclose. trahison, /., treason, treachery, betrayal. trainer, to draw, drag, prolong, linger. trait, ;., arrow, shaft, draught, stroke, trait, feature, Mash, impulse. traiter, to treat, use, entertain; de, to treat as, call. traitre, m., -sse, /., treacher- ous; ., traitor; en , treach- erously. trame, /., woof, thread (of life), plot. trancher, cut (off), cut short, de- cide. 54 VOCABULARY transport, m., transport, pas- sion, rapture. transporter, to transport, carry, enflame, enrapture. travail, m., labor, work, toil. travailler, to labor, work, toil; se a, to work for, try (to). travers, a , au de, across, through; de , crosswise, askant. traverser, to traverse, cross, dis- turb, thwart. trembler^ to tremble, dread, fear. trempe,/., temper, style, sort. tremper, to dip, soak, steep, im- brue. tre'pas, m., death, decease (also pi.). tres, very, much, very much. tre'sor, m., treasure. tribu,/., tribe. triomphe, m., triumph. triompher, to triumph (over, de). triste, sad, sorrowful, gloomy, unhappy. tristesse, /., sadness, sorrow, gloom. tromper, to deceive, cheat, dis- appoint ; se , to mistake, be mistaken, err. trompette,/., trumpet. trompeu-r -se, deceitful, false; >i., deceiver, cheat, impostor. tronc, m., trunk (of tree). trone, /., throne. trop, too, too much or many (de); too well, too far, or long, or often ; very, quite, extreme- ly; peu, too little or few; de , in excess, superfluous ; pas , not much, hardly ; ai ., le , excess, superfluity. trophee, m. t trophy. trouble, m., trouble, disturb- ance, confusion, distress; adj., troubled, turbid, dim, obscure. troubler, to trouble, disturb, agi- tate, confuse, interrupt ; se , to be disturbed, or agitated, or confused, falter. troupe, /., troop, band, com- pany, flock. troupeau, m., flock, herd. trouver, to find, find out, meet (with), visit, see, deem ; aller , to go and see ; se , to be found, be met with, be. tuer, to kill, slay. turc, turque, Turkish ; ., Turk. tute"laire, tutelary, protecting, tyran, ., tyrant. [guardian. tyrannique, tyrannical. un, one, an, a ; pron., (also f ), one, some one, any one ; /' , the one; //., les j, some; /' ... I'autre, each other; les s . . . les autres, one an- other (of mutual action). unique, unique, only, sole, pecu- liar. unir, to unite, join. univers, m., universe, world. usage, m., usage, use, custom, habit. user, to use (up), consume, wear out; de, to make use of, deal (with). usure, /., usury, interest, profit. VOCABULARY 55 va (aller), go I well! nay! vagabond, vagabond, wander- ing, nomadic. vaillance,/., valor, worth. vaillant, valiant, worthy, worth. vain, vain, useless, idle; en , in vain, vainly. vaincre, trr., to conquer, over- come, be victorious. vainqueur, m., conqueror, victor; adj., conquering, victorious. vaisseau, m., vessel, ship. valable, valid, available. valeur,/., value, worth, valor. valeureux, valorous, valiant. valle>,/., valley. vallon, /., (small) valley, vale. valoir, irr., to be worth, avail, equal; bien, to be well worth, be as good as; mieux, to be better, be prefer- able ; faire , to give value to, enhance, make the best of, urge, push (forward). vanite", /., vanity, pride, boast ; faire de, to be proud of, boast of. vanter, to vaunt, praise; se , to boast. vapeur, /., vapor, mist, steam, spirit. vautour, /., vulture. veiller, to watch, wake, be vendre, to sell. [awake. venger, to avenge, revenge; se , to take vengeance, be revenged. veng-eur -eresse, avenging, vengeful ; ., avenger. venir, irr., to come, come on, proceed, arrive, happen ; w. in/in,, to come and, or to ; a, to happen; de, to have just (done); faire , to send for, summon ; d'ou vient ? whence comes it, how is it? vent, m., wind, breeze, air. venue,/., coming, arrival. t ver, m., worm. veritable, veritable, true, real. ve'rite', /., truth; en , truly, indeed. vers, ///., verse, line (of poetry). vers, towards, to, about, near (often in modern sense of en- vers). verser, to pour, shed, spill. vertu, /., virtue, courage, force, chastity, (good) quality. vertueux, virtuous, chaste. vetement, m., garment, clothing, dress. vetir, irr., to clothe, dress, put on (clothes); /. adj., vetu, clad, arrayed. veu-f -ve, widower, widow ; adj., victoire,/., victory, [bereaved. vide, empty, vacant, void ; le , vacancy, empty space, void. vie, /., life, lifetime, livelihood. vieil (see vieux). vieillard, ///., old man, gray- beard. vieillesse,/., old age. vieillir, to grow old; /. adj., vieilli, grown old, aged. vieux, vieil-le, old, aged, an- cient. vii, living, alive, lively, quick, vivid. VOCABULARY vigne,/., vine, vineyard. vigueur, /., vigor, strength, force'. vil, vile, mean, cheap. ville,/., city. vin, m., wine. violence,/., violence, force, com- pulsion. violer, to violate, transgress, break. visage, ;//., visage, face, counte- nance, look, aspect. vivant, /. adj., alive, living, lively. Vive (rivre), long live . . . ! vivre, irr., to live, be alive, ex- ist ; de, to live on. V;-., to see, look, perceive, visit; je voi = je vois; faire , to show; pour , just to see ; se , to see one's self, be. voisin, neighboring, near; >/., /./., neighbor. voix,/., voice, sound, vote. vol, ///., theft, robbery; flight. volage, fickle, inconstant. / voler, to steal, rob; to fly. volontaire, voluntary, willing. volonte", /., will, wish, pleasure. vouloir, irr., to will, be willing, wish, consent, require, desire, intend, mean; bien, to be very willing, consent (freely), please, take pleasure, conde- scend ; dire t to mean ; en a, to be angry with, blame ; que voulez-vous ? what do you mean; im.per.,veuillez, please. vouloir, /., will, wish, intention, pleasure. vrai, true, real, genuine; a dire, to tell the truth; adv., vrai, vraiment, truly, indeed. vraisemblance, /., verisimili- tude, probability, likeness. vu (voir) que, seeing that, as, since. vue, _/., sight, view, look; a sa , at the sight of him. vulgaire, vulgar, common; ., the vulgar, common people, mob. y, adv., there, thither, here; pron., to, at, in, on, of, etc., it, them (/// senses of a); // y a, there is, or are ; il y va de, it concerns, is question of; il y va de sa vie, his life is at stake. zele, /., zeal, ardor, ze'le', /.ealous, ardent. PROPER NAMES Only such proper names are here given as are not identical with the Knglish forms, or may not be assumed to be generally known. In most cases they are further explained in the Notes. Mere per- sonal names may also, at will, be left untranslated. Abiron, ;//., Abiram, conspirator against Moses and Aaron. Achab, HI., Ahab, king of Israel. Achitophel, w., Ahitophel, par- j tisan of Absalom against king | David. Agar,/., Hagar. Arabe, Arab, Arabian. Athalie,/., Athaliah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, usurper of kingdom of Judah. Azarias, w., A/.ariah. C&lron, w., Kidron, a brook near Jerusalem. Egypte,/., Egypt. Eliacin, w., Eliakim. Elie, /., Elijah (Elias), Hebrew prophet. Elisee, /., Elisha, Hebrew prophet, successor of Elijah. Gecleon, m., Gideon, judge in Israel, destroyer of the Midi- anites. He"breu, Hebrew. Heiodote, /., Herodotus, Greek historian, called " The Father of History." Hornere, /., Homer, Greek epic poet. Ismael, m., Ishmael. Jepht6, m., Jephthah. Jzabel, /., Jezebel, wife of Ahab. Jesrael, m., Jesreel, town of Israel, where Jehu executed the judgment of God against Ahab. Joad (Joaida), /., Jehoiada, high-priest in Judah. Joas, /., 'joash, king of Judah. Joram, /., Jehoram, king of Judah. Josabeth,/., Jehosheba, wife of Jehoiada (Joad). Josaphat, /., Jehosaphat, king of Judah. josephe, m., Joseph us (Flavius), Jewish historian, ist century. Jourdain, m., Jordan (river). Juda, m., Judah, one of the sons of Jacob (Israel), whence the tribe, afterwards the kingdom, of Judah. LeVi, /., Levi, one of the sons of Jacob ; his descendants (Invites) held the priestly of- fice. Madianite, ;., Midianite, a tribe hostile to Israel, vanquished by Gideon (Gedeon). r KG PER NAMES Mathan, /., Mattan, priest of Baal. Messie, m., (the) Messiah Moise, HI., Moses, Hebrew law- giver and ruler. Nil, m., Nile (river). Ochosias, ;., Ahaziah (Jehoa- haz), son of Athaliah, king of Judah, slain by Jehu. Pharaon, /., Pharaoh, title of king of Egypt, especially ap- plied to him from whom the Israelites escaped, under Moses. Philistin, m., Philistine, a tribe of Palestine, the most formi- dable of the enemies of the Hebrews. Rhin, /., Rhine (river). Roboam, ;., Rehoboam, son of Solomon, king of the Hebrews, in whose reign occurred the separation of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Salomon, m., Solomon, son of David, king of Hebrews. Samarie, /., Samaria, city and district of kingdom of Israel. Saiil, m., Saul, first king of the Israelites. Sidon, m., Zidon (Sidon), Phoe- nician city. Sina (Sinai), /., Sinai, moun- tain on which the law was given to Moses. Sion, m., Zion (mount Zion), one of the hills of Jerusalem, on which was the fortress of Da- vid ; hence, often, for the holy city itself. Sulpice (Severe), /., Severus Sulpicius, historian of the early Christian Church, t 410. Syrien, Syrian, of Syria, a ter- ritory of Western Asia. Tyr, /., Tyre, Phoenician city, famous for commerce, wealth and art. Tyrien, Tyrian, of Tyre. Virgile, m., Virgil (Vergil), Ro- man epic poet. Zacharie, /., Zechariah, son of Jehoiada (Joad), high priest under king Joash, stoned to death by order of the king. University of California RN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY SOUTHERN REGIOC 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. MAR 2 APR 19 1993 )1999 A 000024136 4 Uni' Sc I