m 
 
 X 
 
 1
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 'Relating the New Colonies of Florida, Georgia, Mississippi & 
 Louisiana. 
 
 REVIEW OF MR. PITT'S ADMINISTRATION. 2nd Edition, 
 nth several alterations and additions. [Together with additional supple- 
 mentary tracts as listed below]. London, 1763. $25.00 
 *Three anonymous historical tracts, with the 2 additions: An Appendix to 
 the Eeview of Mr. Pitts' Administration. By the author of the Eeview, London, 
 1763; Eeview of Lord Bute's Administration, by the author of the Eeview of 
 Mr. Pitt's, London, 1763. 1st editions. Fine complete series, treating of the civil 
 establishment of Georgia, Navigation of the Mississippi, the Great Lakes of 
 Huron, Michigan and Superior, the Limits of Louisiana, French and Spanish 
 American Colonies, etc. 
 
 -r 
 
 r m
 
 THE EAEL OF BUTE.

 
 REVIEW 
 
 OF 
 
 Lord BUTE'S A dminift ration. 
 
 By the AUTHOR of 
 The REVIEW of Mr. PITT's. 
 
 The Title of FAVOURITE, let him be ever fo deferring^ has 
 
 always been odious in England. 
 
 GUTHRIE'S Peerage. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for I. PRIDDEN, in Fleetftreet. 
 M.DCC.LXIII. 
 
 ( Price Two Shillings. )
 
 & The firft fixty pages of this work were 
 printed off before lord Bute refigned.
 
 PA 
 , 
 
 m ) 
 
 TO HIS GRACE 
 
 The DUKE of DEVONSHIRE, 
 
 MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE, 
 
 every adt which tends to the ex- 
 pofure of oppreffion, we naturally 
 turn to thofe who have been the 
 friends of liberty j partly to court their appro- 
 bation, but chiefly to folicit their patronage. 
 
 The writer has prcfumed to prefix the name 
 of your grace at the head of the followiog 
 fheets, becaufe it has long, and often flood, 
 at the head of thofe brave and immortal peers, 
 who were the flaunch fupporters of the illii- 
 flrious houfe of Hanover. 
 
 Bound, therefore, in duty, and in gratitude, 
 as is every fincere well-wifher to his country, 
 
 A a who 
 
 5KT.nr- /3 
 *->"~*OJL*a:
 
 who enjoys the bleffings of liberty, under the 
 beft of kings, he reveres the name of CAVEN- 
 DISH, and holds it dear to his breaft, as the 
 infeparable aflbciate of loyalty to his fovereign : 
 and is proud to embrace the opportunity of 
 expreffing himfelf, 
 
 May it pleafe your Grace, 
 Your Grace's 
 
 Moil obedient humble fervant, 
 
 "Weftminfler, 
 May 18, 1763. 
 
 The A U T H O R.
 
 A 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 PRESENT MINISTRY. 
 
 no minifter had ever raifed the glory 
 of the Britifh name fo high as Mr. Pitc, 
 nor had exerted every fpring of national 
 ftrength with fuch unanimity and zeal, 
 - Q no m j n ift r y na d ever f uc h a valuable 
 
 legacy of honour, power and conqueft bequeathed 
 them as the prefent, upon his refignation. The fpirit 
 and indignation of a great and brave people had been 
 rouzed from a flate of flupid lethargy -, had warm- 
 ed and encreafed, by a chain of the moft glorious 
 fuccefTes that ever adorned the annals of any na- 
 tion. The foldiers were veterans perhaps the 
 braved in the world, inured to hardfhip and action. 
 The failors were flufhed with victory, hardened in 
 enterprize, and fearlefs of danger. Trade flourifhed 
 and encreafed under his protection. Riches poured 
 in from every quarter, and though the national debt 
 accumulated, yet the finews of war ftrengthed by 
 the vaft encreafe of commerce. Thus there was 
 no want of money, and his known honefty and in- 
 tegrity gained him the moft honourable of all ef- 
 teena, the ENTIRE CONFIDENCE OF THE PEOPLE. 
 B
 
 1761 ( 6 ) 
 
 When he came into the adminiftration affairs were 
 juft in an oppofite ftate ; yet, to the immortal honour 
 of himfelf and his country, he left to his fucceflbrs 
 every advantage that a powerful nation, and a fpirit 
 in the meridian of its thirft of conqueft, could give; 
 and they, to the everlafting reproach of their memo- 
 ries, fuffered the war to lahguim, checked thatglow- 
 ing ardour in the people, by fubterfuge and artifice, 
 publifhing to the world, and trumpeting by their 
 emiiTaries in every place of public refort, that we 
 were undone by ourfuccejfes', anabfurdity that inftantly 
 deftroyed that confidence and that unanimity, from 
 which every public and private advantage had been 
 derived: and not content with this, they unveiled 
 what they called our weak ftate, and in all the falfe glare 
 of exaggeration held it up to the enemy, to inform 
 him we bad neither men nor money to carry on the war. 
 And to crown the whole, a peace was patched up, 
 that is, by the nation in general, deemed inadequate, 
 infecure and di (honourable-, becaufe it reftores to 
 the enemy that very power, which will enable him 
 in a fhort time to difturb our tr?nquility. Thefe 
 expreffions may perhaps give umbrage to fome of 
 the tools of power, or thofe who are feeking to ferve 
 their particular purpofes at the expence of their 
 country ; but let it be remembered, that it is the 
 birth right of Englimmen to ipeak their fentunents 
 freely on all public meafures, and efpecially thofe 
 which nearly concern their happinefs, trade and in- 
 terefts -, or wherefore is this called a land of liberty ? 
 " When once we are afraid to fpeak we are no 
 longer fafe". It is the doctrine of the tories to fink 
 us to flavery ; it is that of the whigs topreferve our 
 liberties. 
 
 Before we enter upon the review it is neceffary, 
 for the fake of truth, to refute fome malicious 
 falficies, which have been propagated by the hired 
 advocates of the prefent rmniltry. It is well known 
 
 that
 
 " 
 
 7 
 
 that Mr. Pitt, foon after his refignation, fent a letter 
 to his friend in the city, containing his motives for 
 refigning. This letter was by the ever contemp- 
 tible writer of the Tell and Auditor, in conjunction 
 with a tranflator of Horace, turned into verfe, iJ- 
 Juftrated with notes ; among which is a charge on 
 Mr. Pitt utterly falfe, and without even the leaft 
 fhadow of foundation. It is faid that Mr. Pitt 
 " was never in his heart an enemy to penfions ; wit- 
 " nefs a letter ftill in being to a noble duke, foli- 
 citing his grace's intereft with his late majefty for 
 a penfion." By the noble duke it is pretty plain 
 is meant the duke of Newcaftle. Now it is proper, 
 befides alluring the public, that Mr. Pitt never in 
 his life time wrote fuch a letter, and confequently 
 neither the duke of Newcaftle, nor any other noble 
 duke, could ever have it in their pofleffipn , that 
 the duke of Newcaftle himfelf, has on all occa- 
 fions publicly declared, be never had fuch a letter. 
 After refuting this falfehood in fo full and direcl: 
 manner, will any credit be given to the remaining 
 flanders of fuch palpable liars ? However, one more 
 fhall be expofed, becaufe it is of fuch a nature as 
 the world at prefent knows but little about ; and 
 what has been publilhed was the fruit of invention, 
 not a true ftate of the facl. After Mr. Pitt and 
 lord Temple had taken their leaves of the third and 
 laft council fummoned to deliberate on the conduct 
 of Spain, the late earl Granville, then lord prefi- 
 fident, rofe up to fpeak. Upon this occafion thofe 
 minifterial tools, above refuted, framed a fpeech 
 out of their own heads, and printed it as the ge- 
 nuine one of lord Granvillc's. The world, or ra- 
 ther the middling part of the world, among whom 
 only true virtue is ftill to be found, read this in- 
 vented fpeech no doubt \vith aftonifhment ; but his 
 lordihip, in order to do juftice to himfelf, feveral 
 times declared there was not even one fmgle word of 
 B 2 truth
 
 1761 ( ) 
 
 truth in that fpurious production , that fo far from 
 i s containing ANY of bis fentiments, it was jult 
 the contrary , tor at that very time he exprefied (in 
 his own nervous and manly eloquence; his very high 
 opinion of Mr. Pitt's wildom, penetration, abilities, 
 honour and integrity , and in a very particular, and 
 molt emphatical manner, fpoke of the innumerable 
 and almoftinfurmountabledifficulties, which Mr. Pitt 
 and lord Temple had had to ftruggle with. Hence- 
 forward let the impartial public be warned not to 
 give any credit to writers, whole known want of 
 veracity, and whofe plenitude of abufe, are no lefs 
 flrong proofs of their wickednefs, than the bafenefs 
 of their caufe , which, in order to defend, they 
 began the political difpute with broaching the moil 
 infamous fallehoods, and attempting to (lander the 
 faireft characters. 
 
 Upon the refignation of Mr. Pitt, lord Egre- 
 mont was appointed fecretary of ftate. No other 
 change happened at that inftant, the ftate having 
 already undergone too violent a convulfion to with- 
 ftand another Ihock immediately. Lord Temple 
 refigned a few days after Mr. Pitt , but it was fome 
 time before the office of lord privy feal was filled -, at 
 length the duke of Bedford was appointed. Al- 
 though lord Egremont fucceeded to Mr. Pitt's of- 
 fice, yet it was univerfally fuppofed that lord Eute, 
 at that time the other fecretary of ftate, took the lead 
 in the adminiftration; which indeed he had intended 
 and attempted from the very moment the breath 
 was out of the late king's body. This fuppo- 
 fition was founded on his fudden elevation from 
 the domeltic poft of groom of the ftole, and his en- 
 joyment of an exclufive (hare of the royal favour. 
 On this latter account the people became inftanrly 
 alarmed. The fears of having their youthful fove- 
 reign engroiftd, filled them with horror and appre- 
 hcnfion. Monopolies of all kinds, and efpecially 
 thole of the royal ear, are ever dangerous to the 
 
 tran-
 
 ( 9 ) i7^i 
 
 tranquility of a Hate. The hiftories of all nations, 
 and particularly of our own, fully prove the afler- 
 tion. Favourites* have ever been deftru&ive of 
 
 both 
 
 * * From fome unaccountable fatality, it has been a misfor- 
 ' tune to mankind, that many of the European princes have 
 4 been, for fome centuries, governed \sy favourites ; even the 
 
 * turbulent fpirit of Henry VIII. was long bound in minifte- 
 ' rial fetters. The miferies and mifchiefs that Henry the Fourth 
 of France was involved in, are fuch lejlbns of inftru&ion as 
 ' mould be precious to princes. The fame may be (aid of the 
 f weaknefs of King James the Firftof England, with regard to 
 ' bis favourites. 1 hey were cotempdrary princes ; and both 
 ' owed great unhappine/Tes to thofe whom they favoured, even 
 ' to the exceffes of unmanly weaknefs ; and they have been even 
 
 * fufpecled alfo to owe their deaths to them ; as their fubje&s 
 
 * refpeclively did many great evils and calamities. Moft Eng- 
 ' lifhmen have read of Somerfet, the favourite of James the Firft j 
 ' that he was born in an obfcure corner of the pooreft part of 
 Great Britain ; that after having acquired a few fafhionable 
 
 * accomplifhments by travel, he rofe, to the fcandal of the na- 
 
 * tion, to the moft furprifing height of power, without fanvlv 
 connexions to fupport 'him. His fole recommendation to the 
 ' royal favour was derived from his perfon, his air, his mein, 
 ' and infmuatnig addrefs. Thefe were looked upon, in thac 
 ' unfortunate reign as fufficient talents to entitle him totheab- 
 ' folute goverment of three kingdoms. Notwithftanding he was 
 
 * deftitute of every qualification, that fo great a degree of power 
 c feemed to require, he wanted not the art of ufing proper 
 ' means to preferve himfelfin it: he was officious in ferving 
 ' every body; he difguifed his partiality to his own neceflltou* 
 
 * countrymen. And accordingly we find, that many of the 
 ' higheft rank, far from mewing their difguft at the fsdden 
 
 * elevation of ihefa--vourife, fubmitted to bow down in the tem- 
 ' pie gf Rimmon, to fupport the weight of their fupine lord, 
 1 and prop the fteps and ruining credit of their CORRUPT patron. 
 
 1 How oppofite is this to the conduct of Queen Elizabeth ; 
 
 * me would be miftrefs of her own conduft, as Burleigh found 
 ' to his great trouble, Leicefter to his frequent mortification, 
 ' and EfTex experienced to his ruin : and by aflerting her own 
 
 * dignity, and maintaining her full authority, (he fecured fo 
 much happinefs and profperity to her people, while fhe ac- 
 
 * quired fo much refpeft from foreign ftates, that fhe fixed there- 
 ' on her own high felicity in life, and her own immortality of 
 ' renown. With what pleafure do we turn to that ever memo- 
 rable page, which difplays the vigilant and aclive Ipirit, the 
 
 * coin-
 
 1761 ( io ) 
 
 the public intereft and repofe : odious to all honeft 
 men, becaufe they have rarely hefitated to trample 
 on the liberties of their country, or to facrifice 
 public fafety to themaintainance of their power ; and 
 though cringed to by fycophants, are yet even by 
 them no longer refpected than while they have the 
 refrejhing fee in their hands to beftow. Was that 
 miniftry ever reputed virtuous, or ferviceable 
 to the ftate, which had no friends but thofe it 
 bought ? 
 
 On the third of November the parliament met. 
 The fupplies,as the reader will fee by the particulars 
 in thenote,-f confiderably exceeded eighteen millions. 
 
 It 
 
 comprehenfive genius of fecretary Walfingham ; fufficient 
 alone to difcover the dangerous defigns of the Spanilh court, 
 to diftroy its greatelt armaments, to filence the voice of fac- 
 tion at home, to extend the Englilh power, and eftablifh its 
 glory ! Elizabeth faw the neceffity of entrufting the care of 
 her people, not with fuch of her fervants as her fancy had 
 'chofen, but fuch as her judgment and experience approved 
 of: her councils were guided by Cecil and Walfingham ; and 
 the power of her kingdom was tremendoiw'. Letter to a mem- 
 ber of the Houje of Commons . 
 
 j- Supplies granted for tkc fervid of the year 1762, taken from 
 fbe printed book of aft s of parliaments y and examined wit/) it. 
 
 GRANTS. 
 
 For navy fervices in general, including s. d. 
 
 70,000 Teamen and 19,061 marines, 4,112,226 9 8 
 
 For the chapel a: Gofport i ,000 o o 
 
 For the hofpital at Plymouth 6,000 o o 
 
 For hire of tranfports, and victualling 
 
 forces in tranfports 835,025 3 8 
 
 Ordnance land fervice, including laft 
 
 year's extra. 642,916 2 3 
 
 Towards difcharging the debt of the 
 
 navy 1,000,000 o o 
 
 For 67,676 land forcef, including 4,008 
 
 invalids 1,629,320 18 I 
 
 Forces in plantations, Gibraltar, Ame- 
 rica, Africa, and Eaft and Weft Indies 873,780 18 7 
 
 Four
 
 It was obferved that, although thcfe words were in- 
 ferted in the fovereign's fpeech at the opening of 
 this feffion, " To maintain the utmoft of my power 
 " the good faith and honour of my crown by adhering 
 " fnn'y to the engagements entred into with my al- 
 " lies"; vet the treaty with Pruffia was not renewed, 
 
 nor 
 
 Four regiments on Irifh eftablifhmeni, 
 now m North America 
 
 For an augmentation of 9,370 men 
 
 General and ftaff officers in Germany, &c. 
 
 Embodied militia and Scotch Hignlanders 
 
 Cloathing of embodied militia 
 
 Cloathing aim paying of unembodied mi- 
 litia 
 
 Hi-.l f pay of land officers 
 
 Superanuaied and reduced horfe guards 
 
 H i r f ay officers widows married fince 1716 
 
 Out puifioners, Chelfea hofpital ' 
 
 For 39,773 men from Hanover, Wolfen- 
 butr'e. Saxa Gotha, Buckeburg, and 
 employed in Germany 
 
 Five ba. a. lions ferving in Germany, con- 
 fifting each of 101 horfe, and 500 foot 
 
 For hire of (,464 horfe, and 2,330 foot, 
 from Bru;:fwick * 
 
 For hire of 2,120 horfe, and 9,900 foot, 
 from the Landgrave of Hefle Cafiel, 
 with artillery, &c. 
 
 For hire of 1,576 horfe, and 8,800 foot, 
 additional troops from Hefle Caflel 
 
 Towards affifting his Majefty to grant rea- 
 fbnable fuccours in money to the Land- 
 grave of Heffe Caflel 
 
 ExtraOidinaries of the land forces to Nov. 
 29, 1761, over and above one million 
 
 granted by parliament 
 
 Forage, bread, &c. and extraordinaries of 
 the combined army in Germany under 
 Prince Ferdinand 
 
 Extraordinaries there fromNov, 24, 1761, 
 
 to Dec. 24, following 
 
 For extraordinaries of the war in 1762, 
 
 and to aflift the King of Portugal 
 
 To difcharge exchequer bills charged on 
 
 this year's aids . 
 
 23,284 o 6 
 
 163,711 12 6 
 
 72,896 14 2 
 
 443,952 10 10 
 
 60,706 4 i 
 
 20,000 O O 
 
 34,383 o o 
 
 2,952 13 4 
 
 1,838 o o 
 
 13,740 10 5 
 
 465,638 l6 2 
 
 25,504 6 8 
 
 68,co8 9 i 
 
 268,360 18 S 
 
 147,071 5 2 
 
 50,000 o o 
 
 1,353,662 4 i 
 
 1,000,000 o o 
 
 958,384 o 10 
 
 1,000,000 O O 
 
 1,000,000 O O 
 
 To
 
 1761 ( I2 ) 
 
 nor was the fubfidy granted. How will the moft 
 knowing advocates of the miniftry vindicate this 
 proceeding, which has for ever wounded the credit 
 
 of 
 
 To difcharge exchequer bills iffued in 
 1761, for navy debt, Sec. 
 For civil eftablifhment of Nova Scotia 
 Ditto of Georgia 
 For a compensation to certain provinces 
 in North America, for levy, cloathing, 
 and pay of troops raifed there 
 To Eaft India company in lieu of a 
 regiment - 
 
 Towards widening London bridge 
 Towards building a bridge over theTweed 
 To the Foundling hofpital for main- 
 tenance of children 
 For Anamaboo, and other forts in Africa 
 To make good to finking fund a malt 
 duty deficiency 
 Ditto deficiency annuity fund, 31 Geo. II. 
 Ditto annuity fund, i Geo. III. 
 Ditto deficiency grants for the year 1761 
 To the truftees of the Britifh Mufasum 
 For paving ftreets in the out parifhes 
 Towards printing journals of the houfe of 
 commons 
 
 Total fupplies 
 
 1,500,000 o o 
 5,684 i 10 
 4,057 10 o 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 15,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4L752 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 13,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,540 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ? 2 '393 
 
 16 
 
 9f 
 
 103,906 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 112,613 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 
 
 18,300,145 9 s | 
 
 Befides which a fum of 2,1 14!. was granted to make good a 
 penfion paid to Mr. Onflow, and a yearly penfion of qoooL 
 was granted unto him out of the aggregate fund for his own and 
 his fons life, free from all taxes, fees, and charges tvhatfoever. 
 
 The annuities charged 33660. II. on 3^. per bufhel malt, 
 ^vere this year transferred to the finking fund. 
 
 Ways e</ means/or theytar 1762. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 By a land tax of \s. per /. 2,000,000 o o 
 
 By a malt duty 750,000 o o 
 By exchequer bills to be current after 
 
 March 26, 1763 1,500,000 o o 
 
 J5y
 
 of Great Britain, with her only natural ally on the 
 continent. Will they denywith their ufual effron- 
 tery, that, to keep the Pruffian minifter here in 
 countenance, he was am u fed from time to time 
 with promifes of the fubfidy's bei'ng to be grant- 
 ed ? or will they endeavour to apologize for the 
 refufal of that fiibfidy in the month of April, after 
 the Prufiian minifter had been kept in fufpence, and 
 diverted by evafions, and ftrange promifes, for the 
 
 fpace 
 
 By 12 millions capital annuities at 4 pir 
 cent, with an addition of i per cent, per 
 ann. for 98 years 12,000,000 o o 
 
 Out of the finking fund 1,009,217 2 8 
 
 Surplus repaid out of the civil lift reve- 
 nues Geo. II. 115,000 o o 
 
 Savings on fums formerly granted for un- 
 embodied militia, which was paid for as 
 embodied 170,000 o o 
 
 Surplus cf ^d. per bufhel malt 73*678 o o 
 
 Vote of credit to be charged on next 
 
 year's aids 1,000,000 o o 
 
 Total ways and means 18,617,895 2 8 
 
 The furplus of ways and means is applicable to pay the defi- 
 ciency of the land tax and malt duty 1761, and a difcount al- 
 lowed to October 20, 1762, on advancing payments on die 
 above mentioned twelve millions in annuities. 
 
 The fund for thofe twelve millions, charged collaterally on 
 the finking fund, confiiled of certain unappropriated furplufi'-s 
 of duties upon fpirituous liquors, ar.dalfo of an additional duty 
 on fpirituous liquors, and on houfes and windows, where the 
 windows do not exceed fifteen in a houfe. 
 
 A new duty was granted alfo on certain law admiffions, to 
 anfwer the additional falaries to the judges 
 
 CommiiConfrs were appointed for new paving, clean (ing, and 
 lighting the ftreets in Weftminfter, with power, under certain 
 reftu&ions, to raife a tax of u. 6d.fer pound on houfes in fuch, 
 ftreets. 
 
 C If
 
 fpace of near four months ? * It will amaze pofle- 
 rity, when they read of the little regard which feme 
 of their anceftors paid to national faith ; and it will 
 confound them, if they mould be told, that Great 
 Britain, not content with breaking her word with her 
 
 ally, 
 
 * If any vindication can be offered, it muft be that of ceco- 
 nomy ; to which it has been fenfibly anfwered. ' That our al- 
 liances have coft us fome millions of pounds, and fome thou- 
 fands of lives, is not to be denied. Thefe are the fad accounts 
 we muft read in the hiftory of war; but does not the iame 
 page inform us, that while poverty, oppreilion, ruin, and 
 defolation were raging in other countries, we enjoyed the 
 fweets of peace ; our commerce extended itfelf every year, be- 
 yond the ftrength of imagination to have fancied; our reve- 
 nues confequently increafed; and to corr.pleat all, our people 
 weie content. Had Fiance, in the beginning of the war, de- 
 clined all continental connections ; had fhe dtdicated but 
 half the millions, and half the men, (he has wafled in Ger- 
 many, to her marine ; had Ihe turned all that ftrcngth to the 
 fupport of her colonies, and to the invafion of Great Britain; 
 the fcene had been altered, and the poflure of affairs had 
 worn another face. 
 
 ' It has been faid, that we ftill muft have triumphed at fea, 
 had France done her utmoft to contend for an equality. Ad- 
 mit it: yer, w' en we reflect on the cxcefiive ciiftance of our 
 fettlements from Britain, and from one another, what rm- 
 barafFments mult enfue from the impoflibility of difcovering 
 the deftination of the enemies feveral fquadions ? we remem- 
 ber how near M, de la Clue was efcaping from admiral Bof- 
 cawen ; and, nptwithftanding the 'ortune of that day, in pre- 
 venting his junflion with M. Conflans, how difficult we found 
 it to give Hawke a fuperiority over Conflan-- alone. Such 
 a<e the calls for our men of war, either for Our convoys, /HIT 
 colonies, or our expeditions, that notwit! (landing the pro- 
 digious number of (hips in commifTion, we cannot poffbly be 
 provided -with fuftkient fleets, to peiferve a fuperiority in 
 every fervice. 
 
 ' To which it has been anfwered, that granting all this to be 
 true, yet as we lhall ilill upon the whole be ilronger a f fea t^an 
 our adversary, who will never be able to hurt us ffTentil]y, 
 all the millions devoted to continental meafure* ha. e been 
 fo much of the riches of the nation idly diffipatcd and 
 loft. But however felf-evident this piopifi ion may ap- 
 pear, yet had nst tliofe millions been appropriated to the fer- 
 
 vice
 
 ally, made fecret overtures to his mofl inveterate 
 enemy, in order to bring abqut a peace, or perhaps, 
 an alliance between themfelves, in confequence of 
 fome conceffions, which he fhould make in Italy, 
 or elfewbere ? Thefe overtures, it will be faid, were re- 
 jeded with difdain ; and the tarn peri ngs with Ruffia, 
 to contract the Pruflian power, within the narrow 
 limits of its former electors, it will be added, met 
 with no better fuccefs. However, in this Briti/h 
 age, it may be thought a merit to break with the 
 continent-, and fo it is, was it managed upon Bri- 
 ti/h principles. But what fort of wifdom is that, 
 which afronts the only natural ally of England, and 
 courts the friendship of the ally of Hanover ? The 
 defence of Hanover, was the only unfortunate ble- 
 mifh of the late reign. The houie of Auftria is 
 the only natural ally of that electorate, becaufe 
 her dominions in the Low Countries are a very for- 
 midable barrier between it and France , and (he 
 can occauonally, either from thefe parts, or from 
 the empire, fupply it with fuccours, in cafe of any 
 attacks from France or Pruiiia. In the war of 
 
 1746 
 
 vice of Germany, the other millions that we have expended 
 fo glcrioufly in America, on the grand objecl of the war, 
 would have been iquancercd, and the conqucft of Canada de- 
 feated; for it is the opinion of fome of the principal inftru- 
 ments employed in that honourable enterpri/.e, that had the 
 Canadians received but a very little affiilance more from 
 France than they did, the undertaking had been rendered im- 
 pra&icable. Can we then fuppofe, that if France, in the be- 
 g : ning of the war, had turned her thoughts from Germany, to 
 the defence f of her colonies, ihe couid not have fet a little 
 more alliance, nay very confiderable armaments both of 
 fliips and men ? 
 
 ' After reaping advantages from a caafe then, we ought not 
 to have deiertcd it; b'-caufe fuch a practice will infallibly be 
 deemed by the whole world, as fcandaloufly felfifh as it is 
 fharnefuliy perfidious : ai our compacts had been made by the 
 king and council, had received the fan&ion of parliament, and 
 above all, had beea ratified by the approbation of the whole king- 
 C 2 < dom,
 
 1761 ( 16 ) 
 
 1746 Hanover was not invaded, though France 
 and Pruftia were its enemies, became ^uttria 
 was its ally; but in the war of 1756, Hanover 
 was entirely over-run, though only 1- ranee was its 
 enemy, becaufe Pruffia was its ally; who having 
 enemies of his own to deal with, could not afford 
 it any fuccours. Thefe are German principles, 
 with which England ought never to be connected ; 
 becaufe they are an endlefs labyrinth, in which we 
 have always loft our money and men, and been 
 afterwards moil ungratefully treated by thofe we 
 had fupported. Connections with the continent 
 have been found to be advantageous, when con- 
 dueled upon Britifo principles ; and would be ftill 
 advantageous if Britim principles only were ad- 
 hered to. In this ienfe, Prufiia is the natural ally 
 of England, becaufe of her extenfive dominions, 
 and great weight in the North, where our trade is 
 mod, and where we with an ally, ought to com- 
 mand every necefTary and honourable dtg ee of ad- 
 vantage and relpeft. Her influence over the court of 
 Stockholm, her friendfhip with that of Peterlburgh, 
 
 her 
 
 dom, there was certainly nothing that fhould influence our 
 breaking them but abfolute neceflity. This is a plea which 
 cannot be urged with a good colour of reafon ; and rational 
 faith, when once foletnnly plighted, is of too impoitat't a 
 nature to be fuported with, or wastonly violated. The de- 
 ferting our allies, at the conclusion of queen Ann's war, fixed 
 an almoft indeliable itain on our public honour. The facri- 
 ficing of the poor Catalans was then generally deemed, and 
 has ever fince been thought, an ad of the hightft cruelty. Our 
 defection from the Dutch has been as conftantly thought, and 
 often urgtd by them, a fofficient plea for their not daring to 
 rely on our fidelity. It highly behoied us then to be more 
 circurr.fpett in all circumftances of alike rature, left ve fhculd 
 foproftitute our faith, as to have it become provei bally ,infa- 
 nious. An honeft nation, like a nian of honour, (houldfland 
 to a bargain, though over-reached in the making of it'. If 
 in the treaty with Pruffia it can be faid, that we were over- 
 reached
 
 ( 17 ) i? 6 * 
 
 her check to that of Copenhagen, are all objects of 
 the higheft importance to us. in a. word, (he is in 
 the North, what France has ever aimed to be in 
 the South, a p wer of which all other powers are 
 afraid : confequently fhe is, for Englifh intereft, the 
 beft ally that can be cholen. She is likewile the 
 natural ally of England by religion, an object of 
 no fmall confequence, if we confider how powerful- 
 ly it opperates upon certain minds : yet to the 
 amazement oi mankind, to the difhonour of na- 
 tional faith, in an age when Britons made fuch a 
 parade about Britifh interefts and Briti/h prin- 
 ciples has a fubfidy, of no enormous fum, been 
 withheld from this ally, and by feveral acts of pro- 
 vocation, contempt, and neglect, good grounds 
 have been furnifhed her, to declare war againft us 
 whenever fhe pieafes. deling upon this fyftem, 
 will any man lay, we fhall be lefs Germanized in 
 this reign, than during the late? 
 
 As the nghr relation of events, are the dif- 
 tinguifhing, and indeed unerring marks of an au- 
 thor's, veracity, it is, and ever will be, the writer's 
 great aim to draw up his narrations from only 
 fuch materials as he is convinced are ftrictly true, 
 and from fuch authorities and facts as he has the 
 greateft reafon to rely on. It is on this principle, 
 that he undertakes to give an accurate epitome of 
 the f vents, which have happened under the pre- 
 fent adminiftration. The firft is that of the reduc- 
 
 reached, it muft be in that claufe wherein the two kirgs bound 
 thenvelves not to make pea^e without each others confent. A 
 claufe which Mr. Pitt defigned to erafe, if he had been in power 
 at the time for , renewing the treaty ; not that he had ever met 
 with any embarraffments from it, (becaufe the king of Pruffia 
 repofed the molt perfecl confidence in him, and fo far from 
 hindering his n gociations, he had ever done all in his rower 
 to promote them ;) but becaufe it mould not be, at any time, a 
 clog on the future meafures, or interefts of his cour/.ry. 
 
 tion
 
 ij6i ( 18 ) 
 
 tion of Martinico ; the honour of which has 
 been moft pitifully, (in order tocourt popularity) af- 
 cribed to the prefent miuiftry ; though nothing is 
 more true, than that they have not tjie leail claim 
 to any merit in it. The plan was laid down, the 
 preparations were made, ALL the officers were ap- 
 pointed, and EVERY order was given, by Mr. 
 Pitt. It was immediately after the reduction of 
 Belleifle, that the defign of attacking Martinico 
 was relblved upon. Even the pacific negociation, 
 during the residence of M. BufTy in London, did 
 not in the leafl retard the neceffary preparations, 
 for commencing the Weft India campaign, in the 
 proper feafon. Orders were fent to gen. Monck- 
 ton, at New York, to afiemble a body of troops, 
 and repair with them to Barbadoes, where he would 
 be joined by a fleet, and a body of troops, from 
 Europe, to go, under his direction, on an expedi- 
 tion againft the enemy. Orders were likewife 
 fent to Belleifle to prepare four battalions for em- 
 barkation. A fleet, with tranfports, were equip- 
 ped at Portfmouth, and the command given to 
 admiral Rodney. He was ordered to touch at 
 Belleifle, and take on board his tranfports, the troops 
 there; then proceed to Barbadoes, where he would 
 be joined by general Monckton, and then to go 
 with the united force againft Martinico. That 
 this plan was laid down, and that all thefe orders 
 were given, by Mr. Pitt, is moft evident from the 
 junction of the forces, and the glorious confequence , 
 neither of which could have happened, as admiral 
 Rodney failed from England almoft immediately 
 after Mr. Pitt's refignation, had not ALL the or- 
 ders been frevicufly given. So that if the prefent 
 miniftry have any claim to the merit of the reduc- 
 tion of Martinico, it can be only that si permit- 
 ing admiral Rodney to fail, after he had received 
 his FINAL orders from Mr. Pitt. The admiral hav-
 
 ( 19 ) i?6i 
 
 ing taken on board the troops at Belleifle, failed 
 to Barbadoes, where he was joined by general 
 Monckton, with a body of troops from v T ortli 
 America, agreeable to his expectation. On the 
 5th of January, 1762, the fleet, reinforced by the 
 ihips on the Weft India (ration, confiding of 18 fhips 
 of the line, failed from Barbadoes, with the troops, 
 amounting in the whole to 18 battallions : thefe 
 were landed on the Ifland of JVlaninico, with very 
 little oppofition, on the ]6th. They met with 
 but a trifling refiftance on the different parts of the 
 ifland as they advanced , fo that in a few days it was 
 refolved to befiege fort Royal, the capital. For 
 this purpofe the commanding heights were at- 
 tacked, and gained after a fhort difpute. It being 
 the mild and healthy feafon, when the troops could 
 act with vigour and fpirit, their courage and refo- 
 lution ftruck a pannic into /the enemy, who fled 
 in confufion from all parts, to their dernier refort.- 
 Gen. Monckton immediately began to erect batte- 
 ries againft the town, which the governor perceiv- 
 ing, fpared him the trouble of employing, by 
 furrendering, with the garrifon, prifoners of war, 
 on the 4th of February. The other towns, and the 
 whole ifland, furrendered likewife without any fur- 
 ther operations. Thus was this great and valu- 
 able ifland conquered, with the lofs of only about 
 400 men, by being vigorously attacked in the pro- 
 per feafon, on the plan and instructions of a wife and 
 intrepid minifter. In the mean while commodore 
 Swanton was detached by admiral Rodney to the 
 Grenadilloes, Granada, and St. Vincent : all of 
 which were taken without the lofs of a man. 
 About the lame time the ifland of St. Lucia, which 
 is the principal of thofe called the neutral iflands, 
 and is perhaps one of the fined Iflands in the Weft 
 Indies, furrendered at difcreftion, to captain Her- 
 vey. Thefe were the natural confequences of the 
 reduction of Martinico.
 
 1761 C 20 ) 
 
 We will now proceed to (late in the beft manner 
 poffible, an account of the rupture with Spain.* 
 The .family compact, that was framed with a 
 particular .eye, to the feizure of Portugal, fti- 
 pulated great and exclufive commercial privileges 
 and advantages in the countrko joined in it, to 
 
 * As thofe who had repined at our fucceffcs, and who de- 
 clared they <u.ef>t over our witfories, hoped to ftave off a war with 
 Spain, there'was in the fame Gazette, that firit announced Mr. 
 Pitt's refignation, the following extraordinary article, defigned, 
 as well to deceive the public, as to impeach the forefight and 
 wifdom of that miniiler and lord Temple ; but which time, foon 
 proved to be as abiurd, as it was falfe and ridiculous. " Ma- 
 ' drid September 4 A reporc having been lately fpread here, 
 " upon the arrival of the laft letters from France, as if there 
 " was reafon to apprehend an immediate rupture between our 
 " court and that of Great Britain ; we underftand, that the 
 " Spanifh minijlers, in a conversation which they had lately with 
 ' the earl of Briftol, embafTador from his Britannic majefty, 
 " exprefled their concern thereat, and declared very explicitly 
 " to his excellency, that on the part of their court, there ivas not 
 ' the haft ground for any fuch apprehenfans, as the Catholic king 
 " bad, at no time, been more intent upon cultivating a good corrrf- 
 " fondence with England, than in the prefent corjunBure\ Is not 
 all the world long ago convinced that t. v .is intelligence, though 
 publiftied in the London Gazette of Oftober 10,1761, was 
 Utterly falfe? yet ourminiftry, in order to give it the greater au- 
 thority, falfely ftated it in the plural number, as an aft of the 
 whole Spanifh adminiftration. Whereas the reader will fee by 
 the following quotation, that it was the declaration of M. Wall 
 only. " The Spanifn minifler likevvife informed me of, his hav- 
 " ing heard, thatfeveral additional works were going forward, 
 " in order to ftrengthen the fortifications at Gibraltar, which 
 " he faid would naturally confirm the report, too univerfally 
 " fpread, of an approaching rupture between our courts. His 
 " excellency afked me, whether Great Britain could feriouily 
 " entertain any apprehenfions of fuch an event ? and, without 
 " g' v ' n g e ^r 116 to anfwer, added, that the Catholick king 
 ' had at no time been more intent oh cultivating a good cor- 
 " rcfpondence with his majefty, than at prefent." From this 
 pafTage in lord Briilol's letter, received Odlober 5, that article 
 was formed. Several of thefe reclaradons had been made to lord 
 Briftol, who tranfmitted them to Mr. Pitt ; but that keen and 
 penetrating minifter was not to be duped by them, 
 
 the
 
 ( 2i ) i;6i 
 
 the fubjecls of each other f. If fuch confiderations 
 were had by nations that could equally affift each 
 other, how much more ought we to have demanded 
 and expected of Portugal, whom we undertook to 
 defend, and who can give us no affiftance with her 
 arms ? has treated us with infolence, and broke all 
 privileges which we had the fair right of enjoying 
 by virtue of treaties ; who has denied the favour to 
 our woollens which we allow to her wines ; and who 
 has frequently taken away the freedom of trade to 
 Britifli fubje6ls, which we conftantly allow to hers. 
 Men of wifdom and penetration could perceive, be- 
 fore the prefent king of Spain came to the crown, 
 that a war with Portugal would be inevitable on his 
 accefllon, for he has ever confidered himfelf as the 
 lineal heir to the crown of Portugal, in right of 
 his mother. When he was called from the throne 
 of Naples to that of Spain, he brought with him 
 the marquis de Squillacci, who is commonly termed 
 his Italian favorite^ together with the French mi- 
 ni fter. The affairs of France, were at that time, in 
 a moft deplorable condition. The opportunity 
 
 f Tr:ere is one article in the family compact which ought to 
 alarm us. The Spaniards, in all matters of commerce, are to 
 allow all privileges to the French, in the fame manner as if 
 they were real Spaniards. And the French have granted the 
 fame favour to the Spaniards. As France can fupply Spain 
 with every thing Ihe has from us, this will greatly injure 
 our trade with her. And the Spaniards will take the moft 
 effectual methods, in which they will be fupported by France, to 
 prevent any illicit trade being carried on between us and their 
 colonies. Thus the dominions of the families of Bourbon, mu- 
 tually fupplying each other in what either vvants, will in all pro- 
 bability carry on little or no foreign trade, but that which has a 
 talance in their favour; which will be to them fuch an acceffioa 
 of real power and wealth, as will in time be feverely felt by us. 
 It is allowed, that by the fecond article of the treaty of Paris 
 made in 1 763, this article of the family compact is defeated 
 for the prefent; but can any man befo weak, as not to believe 
 the French will immediatrly revive the fpirit of it, when they are 
 prepared, as in a few years they certainly will be, for another war. 
 How dreadful to reflect on is the danger of our future fecurity ! 
 
 D novr
 
 17^1 ( 22 ) 
 
 now offered for her gaining fome afliftance. As 
 fhe has ever been noted for intrigue, it will be no 
 wonder to find this accompliflied by her ufual ar- 
 tifice. Her ambaffador was particularly counte- 
 nanced by M. de Squillacci, who entertained a very- 
 high opinion of his abilities and penetration. The 
 Frenchman reprefented to him, the ambition of 
 Great Britain, the defpotifm which (he aimed at, 
 both on the feas and in America; and added, that if 
 the French colonies and iflands continued to fall a 
 prey, thofe of Spain would alfo in amort time, if the 
 progrefs of the victor was not foon put a flop to. In 
 this manner France firft began to work upon Spain, 
 even as foon as the catholic king had afcended his 
 throne. The arguments were no doubt, as French 
 arguments commonly are, fpecious and plaufible; 
 yet the falfe glofs might have been perceived, had 
 al ittle pains been taken to fearch deeper. How- 
 ever, the French minifter, with the afliftance of a 
 considerable fum, made an impreflion on Squil- 
 Jacci, whofe afcendency over his mailer produced 
 the fame effect on the royal mind. Thus, by 
 falfe infinuations, Spain became alarmed for the 
 fafety of her riches . Yet, notwithftanding every 
 effort of French policy, the king of Spain would 
 not have entered into the war, if Portugal had not 
 been to him an object of the higheft importance. 
 It was his firm intention of feizing Portugal, that 
 principally induced him to take part with France, 
 in her rupture with Great Britain : and it was with 
 this view that the family compact, which had been 
 negociating at Paris all the fummer, was at length 
 figned at Verfailles, on the i5th of Auguft, by the 
 Spanifh minifter, the marquis deGrimaldi, and ratifi- 
 ed the 8th of September. In confideration of France 
 furnifhing Spain with troops, to aflifther in conquer- 
 ing Portugal ; Spain agreed to join France, againft 
 
 $ This fad is corroborated by lord Briilol, who in one of 
 his letters fays, " I have LONG obferved foejealoufy of Spain at 
 " the Britiih conquefts". 
 
 England.
 
 ( 23 ) 1761 
 
 England. This is the plain matter of fact, which 
 every day's experience ferves but to make more ap- 
 parent. 
 
 Of thefe tranfactions, together with the intentions 
 of the courts of France and Spain, Mr. Pitt and 
 lord Temple were PERFECTLY ACQUAINTED-, AND 
 
 PERFECTLY CONVINCED, THAT THEIR INFORMA- 
 TION WAS RIGHT. But it having been difputed 
 by the partizans of the prefent miniftry, and by 
 the minifter himfelf, that they ever had any fuch 
 information ; and afierted, that they knew no more 
 of the defigns of France and Spain, or of the fami- 
 ly compact, than the reft of his majefty's council ; 
 it is neceflary to prove, that they WERE perfectly ac- 
 quainted. It has never been denied that this alarm- 
 ing treaty was negociating at Paris all the fummer ; 
 and can it be imagined, that fo acute, fo well-in- 
 formed a minifter as Mr. Stanley certainly was* 
 Jhould not tranfmitany intelligence of it ? can it be 
 denied, that he fent a copy of ONE of the articles ? 
 Ifthofe who treated the concealment of Mr. Stan- 
 ley's intelligence with an air of ridicule, will be kind 
 enough to look back to the papers yet unpublilh- 
 ed, relative to that negociation, they may perhaps 
 find what muft be convincing. There were parti- 
 cularly two important pieces of information, rela- 
 tive to the family compact ; one, it is now known 
 to feveral noblemen and gentlemen, came from 
 Mr. Stanley ; the other, the receivers are not yet at 
 liberty to declare : but fo well informed were Mr. 
 Pitt and lord Temple of the hoftile defigns of 
 Spain, and convinced by her avowing the infolent 
 memorial delivered by M. Bufly, that, on the 
 1 8th of September, in a council, compofed of 
 a felect number of the cabinet, they gave their 
 advice in writing -f- TO RECALL LORD BRISTOL. 
 
 Yet 
 
 f In critical circumftances, and apon nice points, when there 
 
 niay be fufpicion ot mifreprrfentation) it is certainly moft pru- 
 
 D 2 dent
 
 1761 ( 24 ) 
 
 Yet they did not intend to break with Spain with- 
 out giving her notice. Nothing is more falfe 
 than the reports induftriomly fpread, that they 
 aimed at raihly and percipitateiy plunging their 
 country into a war, without taking the necdfary 
 and honourable fteps ufual on fuch occafions ; as 
 the reader may fee in the note*. They were fatisfi- 
 ed that Spain intended to break with us as foon as 
 Ihe was prepared, and they were willing to be be- 
 fore hand with her. Upon their WRITTEN ADVICE 
 
 dent for any one to give hi. 1 ? advice and opinion In writing : 
 there is then no fear of injufdce being done in a report ; there 
 can be no reproach, or cavii r.iifeJ, about faying, vhat actually 
 wasnotfaid. Nor can any faliity whatsoever be crawnor {trained 
 from it, becaufe being in writing, the whole is exafilj prefcrved 
 edperpetuitatem, and an appeal may readily be made to it. 
 
 * After the infolent memorial of France relative to Spain 
 had been delivered here by M. Buffy, little Jkcrt of a decla- 
 ration' of a war in reversion, a)id that net at a dijiati^:, Ivir. 
 'Pitt wrote to lord Briftcl, " In cafe, upon entering ii,u> a 
 " remonftrance 6n this affair, you {hall perceive a difpnfitu-. in 
 " M. Wall to explain away and difavow the authorization of 
 " Spain to thi offenfive tranfaclion of France, and to come to 
 * c categorical andfatisfa&ory declaration! relatively to the final in- 
 " tentions of Spain, your excellency will, with readinefs and 
 " your ufual addrefs, adapt ycurfelf to fo defirable a circum- 
 *' ft'ance and will open to the court of Madrid as handfome a 
 " retreat as may be, in cafe you perceive from the Spanijh mi- 
 ' nifter that they facet-eft wifh to find one, and to remove, by 
 " an effeflual fatisfafiian, the unfavourable imprelfions which 
 " this memorial of France has juftly and unavoidably made on 
 " the mind ot his majefty." Is this the language of a minifter 
 who is for precipitately entering into a war? is it not the re- 
 verfe ? does he not honeftly .point out the means of avoiding a 
 war, yet with the dignity a-id fpirit becoming a great power, 
 which did not tremble at the haughty menaces of the Spaniard? 
 The earl of Egremont himielf, gives tefthnony of Mr. P///'s 
 condudl in thefe words: " M. Wall muft himfelf know that 
 " there has been a particular delicacy obferved, in concerting 
 " our plans for military operations, to avoid carrying hoitilities 
 " towards objefls, which might give the leaft jeabufy cr um- 
 " brageto the court of Spain", 
 
 being
 
 ( 25 ) i;6i 
 
 being rejected, they refigned. And Ibme time af- 
 ter lord Temple, in a great affembly, after recom- 
 mending unanimity in the flrongeft terms, did de- 
 clare, " That he would make but one obferva- 
 " tion upon all that had been faid, relative to the 
 " family compact-, viz. that it was allowed to be 
 " figned in Auguft, ratified in the firft week of 
 " September, and the WRITTEN ADVICE was given, 
 " and dated on the 1 8th, of the fame month"; upon 
 which the prime miriifter aflerted, that there was no 
 intelligence of fuch a fad: fo conftituted at that 
 time; to which lord Temple replied, " There 
 " was intelligence of the higheft moment, relative 
 <c to thofe matters at that time; that he was not at 
 " liberty to publilh it, but would refrelh his lord- 
 iY--'s memory in private"; which he accordingly 
 did. In the mean time the earl of Egremont wrote 
 to lord Britlol, to demand in the moft moderate 
 terms a communication of this treaty, or at lead, 
 a dilavowal that it contained any thing to the preju- 
 dice of Great Britain. Before thefe orders, which 
 were n.,t dated in London until the 28th of Oc- 
 to'-er, arrived at Madrid, the Spanifh court were 
 inlorii-jed of Mr. Pitt's refignation ; their flota, 
 " with ail the wealth that Spain expected from 
 *' America," was arrived at Cadiz ; Eleven mips 
 of the line, ready to put to fea, were lying at Ftrrol ; 
 cwo Spanifh men of war had failed for Ame- 
 rica laden with powder, bomb-fhells, cannon-balls 
 and chefts of arms ; and a large body of troops were 
 waiting at Cadiz to embark for America. The 
 French reported, or rather boafted in all the courts 
 of Europe, that they had brought Spain into an al- 
 liance with them againft England; upon which 
 lord Briftol, before he received lord Egremont's 
 difpatches, applied to the Spanifh minifter for the 
 truth of thefe reports. But the language of the 
 court of Spain was now changed j there was no 
 
 more
 
 i;6i ( 26 ) 
 
 more of thefe " footling declarations, fo repeatedly 
 " made, of a defire to maintain harmony and 
 " friendship with England". It was quite the 
 contrary, haughty and infolent. Here the fuf- 
 picions of Mr. Pitt and lord Temple were fully con- 
 firmedf. Spain was now al mod prepared; and fhe 
 talked of having her eyes opened; her minifter 
 mentioned the fufferings of an ally and friend, and 
 added that, " all that England aimed at, was, firft 
 " to ruin the French power, in order more eafily 
 " to crufh Spain" ; but carefully avoided giving 
 any anfwerto the queftion, of what nature this treaty 
 was? Yet at length, by the queftion being put feve- 
 ral times, he inadvertently faid, " that his catho- 
 
 f- 'Whoever confiders the fituation of Spain (unprepared as 
 fhe was at the time the written advice was given) with ref- 
 peft to her ports, her fhips of war in thofe ports, her colonies, 
 her commerce, her own as well as the riches of France on 
 board her fhips, can never fufficiently lament the lofs of an 
 autumnal campaign. If we add, that the fleet of England 
 was at no time fo formidable, her feamen never fo tull of 
 fpirit and flufhed with repeated victories, in Europe only up- 
 wards of 140 mips of war, in the other parts of the world 
 above i oo more, we muft fink in amazement at our fupinenefs 
 and negledt of fo critical a period'. The written advice was 
 principally founded on lord Briftol's letter, dated the 3 i ft. of Au- 
 guft, and received the 1 1 th. of September, which contained the 
 Spanish minifter's avowal of M. Buffy's infolent memorial, being 
 'verbatim as it was tranfmitted by the catholick king to Ver- 
 failles : this confirmed the fufpicions of Mr. Pitt, and likewife 
 his former inteligence, ' Every practice of the moft civilized 
 Hates, every formality prefcribed by the law of nations. every pro- 
 ceeding which the molt fcrupulous rules of good faith, could re- 
 quire, might have been obferved ; and the nobleft opportunity of 
 expeditioufly and glorioufly terminating both a French and 
 Spanifh war, been feized. Whoever can now pride himfelf in 
 the j>rocra[iincitir.g advice he gave to his fovereign may he en- 
 joy in full luftre, that eminent glory if bis lift*, I'"- 1718 Sir. 
 George Byng deftroyed a Spanifh fleet without any previous 
 declaration of war, for which we were not treated in Europe, 
 as an uncivilized nation, (priming at all lav.'s, or as a neft of pi- 
 rate* ; but the policy and fpiri: of the meafure, were univer- 
 fally admired.
 
 ( 27 ) i;6i 
 
 *' lie majefty had judged it expedient to renew bis 
 family compaffs with the moft chriftian king". 
 Lord Briftol communicated this converfation to his 
 court, which now perceiving there was no doubt of 
 the hoftile intentions of Spain, ordered him to de- 
 mand an explanation of the treaty, and to fignifiy, 
 that a refufal would be confidered as a declaration 
 of war. Upon this demand being made, Spain 
 immediately threw off the remainder of the mafk, 
 and declared, that the fpirit which dictated this in- 
 confiderate ftep made the declaration of war. 
 Lord Briftol then quitted the court of Spain, De- 
 cember 1 7 ; and the count de Fuentes, the Spa- 
 nifh minifter in London, fet out on his return, 
 December 25, having delivered to lord Egre- 
 mont a paper, in which the anfwer of the Spa- 
 Jiifh court was repeated, and the conduct of Mr. 
 Pitt fo falfely and indecently arraigned, that it may 
 not be improperly termed, the Spanijh mdnarcb's 
 declaration of war againft the perfon of William Pitt: 
 though the candid and impartial public, confider- 
 ed it as the higheft compliment that could be paid 
 to that able and upright minifter. Thus Spain 
 forced us into a war by her ralhnefs ; for it was ve- 
 ry evident, by the papers relative to the rupture, 
 that if fhe had chofe to trifle and procraftinate with 
 us any longer, our pulfe beat fo very low, after Mr. 
 Pitt's refignation, me might very eafily have done 
 it ; and gained another three or four months, to 
 arm and make preparations for both offenfive and 
 defenfive meafures : but fhe was fo eager for pur- 
 fuing the plan fhe had adopted, and fo confident of 
 fuccefs, that fhe refolved to enter into the war, the 
 the firft moment the opportunity offered. At 
 length, on the 2d of January, 1762 war was de- 
 clared againft Spain, which ought to have been done 
 at leaft three months before, for there was then juft 
 the fame neceffity of breaking with Spain as there 
 was now.
 
 1762 ( 28 ) 
 
 It has been already hinted, that the king of 
 Spain would not have entered into the mtrafures 
 of France, had he not wanted an opportunity, or a 
 colour of reafon, for attacking Portugal ; for the 
 conqueft of that kingdom was principally what 
 he aimed at, and what he was fully bent upon ac- 
 complifhing. Accordingly foon after he declared 
 was againft England, which was on the i8th of 
 January, he ordered his troops to march towards 
 the frontiers of Portugal; mean while the Spa- 
 nifh and French* minifters at Lifbon, by feveral 
 memorials, ftongly required of the king of Portugal, 
 that he would accede to the family compact:, and 
 immediately break with Great Britain; and to 
 protect: his ports from the enmity of the Englifh, 
 the Spanifti troops, they told him, were marching 
 towards his frontiers, in order to garrifon them. 
 As the king of Portugal was no ftranger to the 
 king of Spain's real defigns on his kingdom, the 
 requifitions were of courfe refufed ; which produced 
 mutual declarations of war, between him on one 
 hand, and the kings of Spain and France on the 
 other. While thefe altercations were going on at the 
 court of Lisbon, Great Britain began to take fome 
 
 * Frande had her view in acquiefcing with Spain, in the at- 
 tack of Portugal; the meafures for which were all concerted at 
 Paris. The want of penetration which had moil obvioufly appear- 
 ed in Britain, upon oppoffing Mr. Pitt, encouraged her to pro- 
 mote a war, of diverjion in Portugal; for that was all that 
 France intended; in order to drain us of our money and troops. 
 The meafures which Mr. Pitt defigned, would have fruftrated 
 the fchemes of both Spain and France. He would have fpread 
 terror and alarm, throughout the whole kingdom of Spain, and 
 have fo overwhelmed the Spaniards, with apprehenfions of their 
 own danger, that fo far from thinking of feizing Portugal, they 
 would have been too bufy in providing for the defence of 
 themfelves. But nothing vigorous being acquiefced in, (the 
 cautious and tardy fteps of an ambaflador, being deemed pre- 
 ferrable) the French had a full and fair opportunity of working 
 on the Spanifh court, and framing the fyltem of the Portuguefe 
 war, on fuch a plan, as to draw us in for the defence of Portugal, 
 MI oppofition to the army of Spain, affifted by the auxiliaries o* 
 Fiance. 
 
 mea-
 
 ( 29 ) I7&* 
 
 meafures for the fupport of Portugal ; on accoun c 
 of our commercial interefts with that kingdom* 
 which would be entirely cutoff, if the independency 
 of Portugal was not preferred. It is certain, that by 
 virtue of former treaties, * we are bound to af- 
 
 fifl 
 
 Treaties which the world never faw, nor perhaps never 
 will. One of them is king Charles the Second's treaty of mar- 
 riage and alliance. The other is the treaty of confederacy made 
 in the reign of queen Anne. It would be matter of importance 
 to know how far thefe treaties are binding, and what are the fti- 
 pulations, relative to the quantum of fuccours ; befides, it is 
 ilrongly fufpected, there are other articles, no lefs worthy of pub- 
 lic notice. 
 
 On the 291)1 of January, fome papers relative to the rupture 
 with Spain, were laid before both houfes of parliament, and af- 
 terwards publifhed ; but they appeared fuch a garbled, and mu- 
 tilated collection, of odds and ends, extracts and pieces, that 
 inftead of informing the public, they rather feemedto confound 
 it. The difpute with Spain, on which both the Englifh and 
 Spaniards ajfefted the rupture in part was founded, had been of fix 
 years (landing; and by a negociation, which had been carried on 
 all that time, it was endeavoured to be amicably accommo- 
 dated. Yet not one paper, relative to that long negociation ap- 
 peared ; not one of thofe memorials or papers relating to the 
 Spaniih demand of a fimery on the banks of Newfoundland : 
 nor any kind of paper or memorial from Spain, nor any anfwer 
 from England, during that important period, from the accefiiort 
 of the king of Spain, to the latter end of fummer in 1761. 
 That famous memorial which the court of Spain returned as in- 
 admiffible, was like wife omitted, though the compairing it with 
 M. Bufiy's, could not but be a matter of confequence, as it 
 might contain fome curious information, and perhaps fome of 
 the expreflions in it might relate to one of the three points 
 of the negociation, prizes, logwood, or \htfijkery. Nor is there 
 aline prrvious to the infclent memorial, which M. Bufly gave 
 to Mr. Pitt ; nor any intelligence from Paris, where the family 
 compact of the houie of Bourbon was negociated and figned by 
 .the marquis de Grimaldi ; and where the meafures to be taken 
 againil Portugal, were concerted. Several letters and papers 
 which pafk'd between the minifters, in 1761, are likevvife con- 
 cealed ; and feveral of thofe which were publiflied, were fo cur- 
 dled and garbled ; as to be in many parts unintelligible. Mr.
 
 1762 ( 30 ) 
 
 fift Portugal ; therefore confident with good faith, 
 our court allured his Portuguefe majefty, of the 
 fmcere friendship and affiftance of England, in the 
 prefent broils. But Ofatility ! which like the demon 
 of deftruclion is ever big with mifchief, vtejtngty and 
 alone undertook the defence of Portugal; not 
 only againfl its open and avowed enemies, but 
 againft the inclination of infinite numbers of its 
 own people, whom the favorite^ or the minifter 
 (call him by which you will) had made fecret wifh- 
 crs for any change in goverment, to be relieved 
 from his meafures and monopolies ; though other 
 powers have very great commercial interefts withPor- 
 tugal, and were, by motives of advantage, as deeply 
 concerned in the independence of that kingdom as 
 ourfelves ; and therefore mould have been brought 
 to give her their afiiftance alfo, in that ftruggle. 
 Thefe powers are Holland, Sweden, and Denmark ; 
 befides the town of Hamburg, which alone enjoys 
 as large a mare of the trade to Portugal, as the 
 whole kingdom of Great Britain. Thofe who 
 know any thing of the Portuguefe trade, know 
 how deeply interefted thofe powers are in it; and 
 will readily perceive the confummate wifdom of our 
 new guides, who fo eagerly began with bearing the 
 fole burden of fupporting that war; affording at the 
 lame time an opportunity for other ftates, to run 
 away with the profit of the trade. It will aftonifh 
 the honeft and upright part of mankind, who are 
 concerned for the commercial interefts of Britain, 
 
 Pitt infifted upon ALL the papers relative to the fix years nego- 
 ciation : he called for ALL the materials, and ALL the evidence, 
 both fiom papers and fadls, on which his advice had been 
 founded, but they were pojitivdy refnjed. Had they been brought 
 to light, it would have appeared, " That a jufi 'and nece/Jary 
 ** caufe for an immediate rupture with Spain exitted," at the 
 sime of hi reflation. 
 
 Low
 
 how we could undertake to defend Portugal be- 
 fore we obtained the afiiftance of the other ftates, 
 who were as highly interefted in the prefervation of 
 that kingdom, as ourfelves. It may be faid that 
 we afked the affiftance of the Dutch. True, we 
 did fo. But they refufed to intermeddle. The 
 king of Portugal likewife demanded fuccours of 
 them, but they refufed to grant him any. And 
 with regard to the other powers, there is but too 
 much reafon to fufpect, that no kind of afliftance 
 was ever requefled of them; fo that we volun- 
 tarily entered the lifts, declaring, we would do 
 every one's duty as well as our own : for if we had 
 folicited fuch afliftance, and it had been refufed, 
 would not common fenfe have dictated, fince we 
 mnft be the only fupporters of Portugal, this equi- 
 table ftipulation, before a man or a horfe had been 
 lent, " that his Portuguefe majefty mould deprive 
 *' fuch ftates of all commerce with his kingdom ; 
 ** and, in confideration of Great Britain fmgly af- 
 " fifting him, the Britim fubjects to exclufively 
 " enjoy all the benefits of trade". There could 
 not have appeared any thing unreafonable, or un- 
 juft in fuch a ftipulation, which we had it in our 
 power to have impofed ; for furely fince weyfozgTjy 
 afiifted Portugal, we ought fingly to have enjoyed 
 the benefits of her trade. The fiat refufal of the 
 Dutch, convinced the king of Portugal, that he 
 had no friend to rely on like England ; and that 
 refufal ought by all the ties of honour, and a re- 
 gard for our commercial interefts, to have imme- 
 diately urged us to the fecuring by treaty, all fuch 
 advantages, immunities and privileges as we ought 
 to have enjoyed, by virtue of former treaties, but 
 which had been fcandaloufly violated; or that 
 
 we 
 
 What thefe violations are, it will not be improper to take no- 
 tice, as they may lerve to fhew, in a Hill ftronoer light, if pof- 
 E 2 iible,
 
 1762 ( 3 2 ) 
 
 we had reafon to expec~t a in confideration of being 
 at this critical minute the only defenders of Portu- 
 gal. Our nation owes no kind of favours to the pre- 
 
 fent 
 
 fibJe, the aOual neceffity there is of having our privilege* in 
 Portugal certainly affixed, and fecured from future depredation. 
 The office of judge confervator is our flipulated right (by the. 
 7th article in Oliver Cromwell's treaty, made in 1654) whofc 
 province it is to judge all our caufes ; but with a right, however, 
 for either party lo appeal to a body of judges, who are to give 
 the final fentence within four months. Which rule is fo far 
 from being obfervad, that law-fuits may be kept undetermined 
 for forty years. The judge confervator is likewife to protect the 
 fubje&s of Great Britain from wicked or vexatious infults. But 
 that authority, like every other, is now taken from him ; and 
 our merchants,of the molt refpeftable figure,are thereby fubjedlcd 
 to the infolences of the meaneft fellows in office ; for many of 
 them have been carried by fuch, unheard and unexamined, both 
 with and without orders, to the newgates and gatehoufes of the 
 kingdom ; and outrages have been committed in their houfes 
 and properties ; and they, after having proved their own inno- 
 cence, and the illegality of the proceeding, could obtain no re- 
 paration, nor -any icind of fatisfa&ion. The navigation articles 
 for America are now become of no account ; our mips are not al r 
 lowed, unlefs in the utmoft diftrefs, to go to any of their colo- 
 nies, except Mazagam, and their African iflands. The right 
 of having houfes of trade in Brazil, and their other fettlements, is 
 entirely taken from us. The right of a legal navigation to Por- 
 tugal, and commerce there, with an equitable fecurity of proper- 
 ty, particularly in perifliable commodities, and fome of them 
 owing no duties to the king, are ftipulated to be free from all 
 embarraffinents : and yet, in moft of thofe articles, cur merchants 
 are continually troubled with vexatious obftrudlions and plun- 
 derings. All debts owing to our merchants by perfons fe- 
 queftered by the king, or inquifition, ought to be made good to 
 the creditors; yet, with regard to the king, it is not, though 
 with refpel to the inquifition it is. It is ftipulated that neither 
 the king, nor any other power, (hall, by arbitrary protections, 
 guard the effe&s of our debtors from legal executions ; yet it is 
 very frequently violated. The article forbidding any protection 
 to our run-away failors, on a pretence of changing their re- 
 ligion, and obliging them to return to their (hips, when de- 
 manded, is now not at all regarded by the Portuguefe : on the 
 contrary, they are encouraged, in unreafonable and infolent pro- 
 
 fecutions
 
 ( 33 ) 1762 
 
 lent government of Portugal ; therefore why fliould 
 we to be the Quixotes of all Europe, expendingour 
 blood and trealure on thofe who repay us with bad 
 ufage ? f The Portuguefe, at this time, were far 
 
 from 
 
 fecutions of their captains, feduced from their duty, and fupport- 
 ed in their refinance; debauched in infamous houfes, where 
 they are encouraged to run in debt ; for the payment of which, 
 they are afterwards fold, like cattle, to the Portuguefe and 
 others. Such practices are become a traffick at Lifbon. By 
 queen Anne's treaty of commerce (which confifts of only two ar- 
 ticles) made in 1703, it was underftood, that we had the felt 
 exdufive right of fending our woollen goods, on condition of im- 
 porting Portuguefe wines into great Britain ; till they permitted 
 the Dutch conful, M. Hefterman, to explain away the treaty in 
 favour of his country ; upon which Dutch woollen goods wertf 
 introduced ; and then the French, who have no fort of treaty of 
 commerce with the Portuguefe, were admitted to introduce 
 their woollen manufactures ; and yet, all this while we import 
 the Portuguefe wines, agreeable to treaty, without enjoying our 
 full right on their fide, though we are the only nation that gives 
 them an equivalent. And as to our flag, it has been held ia 
 almoft utter contempt, as every Englifh inhabitant in Portugal 
 very well knows, who cannot be ignorant of the indignities 
 which have been frequently offered to it, nor of the particular 
 refpeft which has been conftantly paid to that France. 
 
 f- The following is only one inftance of the ingratitude of 
 Portugal to us, who before delivered her when (he was in fimilar 
 circumftances. In the year 1735, we ^ ent > at our Ovvn ex P ence 
 a fleet of 30 mips of the line, befides frigates, &c. under the 
 command of Sir John Norris, to fave the Portuguefe from the 
 power of Spain, then aftually on the point of invading their 
 kingdom. Our very timely and great fuccour, effectually pre- 
 vented that rupture. The fleet lay in the river Tagus two and 
 twenty months, and coft this nation above a million fterling : 
 fome fay above two millions. This ad of kindnefs was repaid 
 with an almoil immediate prohibition of our leather-trade, ia 
 order to favour a fabric of it that was fet up in that kingdom, 
 by a hugonot under our proteflion : and who, without better- 
 ing himfelf by the projeft, wasfoon obliged to abandon it to the 
 natives, who now fuccef fully carry it on : and, by gradually 
 depriving our merchants there of almoft every valuable privi- 
 lege which they are entitled to by national treaties.
 
 1762 ( 34 ) 
 
 from being our friends. The generality of the 
 people did not heartily approve of our interpofing 
 in their defence ; for they looked upon it much in 
 
 the 
 
 The ftate of Portugal was thus reprefented by a fenfible writer, 
 who lived many years in that kingdom, and publifhed his fenti- 
 xnents time enough for the miniiiry to have profited byhis infor- 
 mation. Alas ! the worft foe of Portugal may be an internal one, 
 called difaffedion,which may render her dependance precarious 
 on the very army fhe employs. Adifgufted and dilhonoured no- 
 bility, with their numerous adherents : the relations and par- 
 tizans of the exterminated Jefuits : the kindred and friends of 
 the poor people who were executed, or ruined, to the difguft of 
 the whole nation, for a very trivial offence at Oporto ; with the 
 alraoft univerfal difapprovers of the miniller, makes the appear- 
 ance of our undertaking to defend Portugal, to be not only 
 againft the whole force of Spain, but againft a great part of 
 her own people. During the laft war which we abetted in that 
 country, it is well known we loft a vaft abundance of men from 
 the heat of the climate, from their intemperance with green 
 wines, from enmities occafioned by their licentioufnefs, par- 
 ticularly with the women of that kingdom ; and from the ab- 
 horrence of them as heretics ; though our people \vereaffiduoufly 
 protected by many of the Portuguefe men of faffion, and par- 
 ticularly by one nobleman of the Tavora family, who learned 
 and fpoke our language perfectly well, commanded a Portuguefe 
 regiment in our pay, and a&ed fo very honourably with regard 
 to religion as to be even feized by the inquifition for it ; but his 
 quality and connexions were too great for their reftraining him. 
 Yet, for irregularities and religion, was the animofity of the 
 people of the country fo great againft our foldiers, that they 
 lived always in a ftate of war with them, and rarely caught any 
 of them ftraggling without butchering them without mercy. 
 What we can conveniently contribute towards (her affiftance, we 
 ought from policy ; that policy which binds all other nations as 
 much to the fame fervice as ourfelves. But can we undertake 
 lingly to defend her againft her enemies, perhaps in fome mea- 
 fure againft herfelf, burthened as we are with our own war, and 
 fo drained of men as we now find ourfelves ? No honeft or 
 wife man can be againft our taking our full mare of this tafk up- 
 on ourfelves ; but furely we ought not fingly to undertake per- 
 forming what is the common duty of all. Thofe who are ac- 
 quainted with the affairs of Portugal very well know, that the 
 gold and filvw brought from her American feulements do not 
 
 annually
 
 ' 35 J 7 2 
 
 the fame light as we fhould have done, if any 
 foreign power had officiouily intruded himfelf, and 
 
 inter- 
 
 annually amount to more in value than about two millions 
 fterling. Of this fum, {he pays away in annual balances we 
 may fuppofe feven eighths, to Ruffia, Sweden, Poland, Den- 
 mark, Hamburg and Germany, Holland, Great Britain, France, 
 Spain, ail Italy, Turkey, Barbary, and Britifh America, the 
 latter in returns made to England : for to all thefe (he does pay 
 balances, and to feveral of them very great ones Her trade 
 with the whole Baltic is almoft entirely againft her: fo is that 
 with France and Spain ; and they are all to a very confiderable 
 extent. Her ballances paid to Hamburg, Holland, and Italy, 
 are proportionate to that which fhe pays to Great Britain: and 
 therefore to fuppofe the latter receives from her, for her own 
 trade and that of America, more than four hundred thoufand 
 pounds per annum in fpecie, in the ordinary courfe of them, 
 would be making an eftimate that I am fatisfied mud be erro- 
 neous. The Britifh trade, on all accounts, is likewife by much 
 the leaft difadvanrageous to Portugal, as hath clearly been pro- 
 ved by many late publications. Should we, therefore, under- 
 take to fupport Portugal fingly, and the extraordinary charges 
 of doing itmuftcome to three millions flerlingper annum, we 
 fhould thereby fight for her, work for her, and pay for her to 
 all other nations, who would devide her whole annual returns 
 from Brafil, and a great deal more from us ; which would be no 
 other than the deftroying of ourfelves for the doubling of their 
 advantages. Portugal certainly has it in her power to awe the 
 fhtes which fhe trades with into a refolution of affifting of her; 
 and, before we engage with her too far, it is a power that we 
 fhould infill upon her refolutely exerting. This fhe can do by 
 the very rates of duties in her cuftom-houfe, and the enter- 
 ing into fuch a treaty in our favour as fhe will owe to her de- 
 liverers : for if we do undertake her deliverance and accom- 
 plifh it, it muft be done with the ftraining of every nerve of our 
 flrength : and why we mould do that without reaping the full 
 jevvards of our fervice, I call on candour, integrity and truth, to 
 affign good reafons if they can ?" 
 
 From the following view of the helplefs condition of Portugal, 
 it will appear, we never had fo fine an opportunity for eftablifh- 
 ing and fix : ng, on a firm bafis, all cur rights, privileges and im- 
 muiiicies, 
 
 H*r
 
 5762 ( 36 ) 
 
 interfered with our divifions at the time of the re- 
 volution. There is no people who like another 
 power fhould intermeddle in their affairs. On the 
 
 fcore 
 
 " Her revenue was eftimated in the late king's reign, when it 
 was at the higheft, at about three millions and an half fterling 
 per annum. But in the prefent reign the revenue is 'very much 
 funk, by the lofs of the capital, with about fifty thoufand peo- 
 ple, by the earthquake; by the eftablifhment of fome hurtful 
 monopolies, and by fome ill judged regulations, that have from 
 time to time been made. There has indeed an additional du- 
 ty (againft the exprefs letter of treaties) been laid on all im- 
 ported goods, of four per cent ; and another additional duty 
 laid on exports, which in fome articles was impolitic : but thefe 
 have been far from fupplying the deficiencies which had hap- 
 pened. And when it is confidered, what very great fums new 
 public buildings have required, and what the itur.es of maga- 
 zines, furniture, and rich moveables that were neceflary muft 
 have coft, and particularly all matters relative to the marine, 
 which were wholly to be replaced, and the very docks to be re- 
 built, (for every thing relating to the marine was cleflroyed) 
 it cnnnot but be expected, that the revenue of Portugal , which, 
 before the earthquake happened, did not appear abundant, fhould 
 rot now be found fparing, even for or dinary demands ; while 
 the country is in foruined!a condition as to be very ill able to bear 
 any new taxations ; and which, on any pretence, even in the 
 pmes of greateft profperity, the people have always been averfe 
 to fubmit to. Portugal is therefore wholly unprovided with means 
 for fuftaining a war : and can have but two refources, which 
 are the borrowing on mortgage of her unappropriated revenues, 
 or the genereus fupports of her allies. With regard to borrow- 
 ing, it muft be remarked, that flie has very litrie iecurity more 
 than honour to give ; for though fhe has much of her revenue 
 not actually appropriated, yet it virtually is fo, becaufe for a 
 long time pad the whole amount of it has hardly anfwered the 
 various calls of neceflity, and thofe calls are by no means 
 abated or like to ceafe. Befides her credit fur borrowing at home 
 is exceffive^ limited. She has now few fubjecls that are rich ; 
 and thofe who are fo under defpotic government?, are always 
 very backward in furnifhing loans to the ttatc. The court cf 
 Portugal acted very ill with regard to her debts .contracled in 
 her lail war, which was principally to noblemen ; wr.o met 
 with very hard treatment therein from the late king in the later 
 part of his reign ; and thofe tranfactions are (o recent; that the 
 
 jropief-
 
 ( 37 ) *7 62 
 
 fcore of religion, the Portuguefe univerfally abhorr 
 us : they are all blind and bigotted papifts, and 
 think that we are, by a power which is delegated 
 from heaven, given up to the dominion of Satan, 
 and muft be punifhed with him eternally. In or- 
 der to obviate this diilike of religion, it was pro- 
 
 impreflions of them cannot be yeterafed. But to give undeni- 
 able inftances of the rtate of public credit in that kingdom let it 
 be obferved, that juft before the earthquake, the Maranham 
 trading company was jult eftablimed, with very fpecious pro- 
 pofals of great gain to tempt adventures to engage in it, with 
 even the grants of immunities, the indulgence of honours, with 
 fovereign protection, and with the promife of all royal regards. 
 Yet fo few people appeared difpofed to embark their money in a 
 real trade, which was to be conducted by mercr.ams under minif- 
 terial infpeftion, that they were forced to admit the application 
 of the funds of public depofitaries to tha' purpofe, and yet were 
 never able to compleat the fabfcriptions, though there certainly 
 was by no means a want of money in the kingdom. But many 
 people were afraid of it, as they confidered it to be a court-bu- 
 linefs : and it is likewife againil the general bent of the nation 
 to truft their money out of their own direction, efpecially in fuch 
 a manner as may preclude their reclaiming it, or with a govern- 
 ment that is arbitrary in all its ats and proceedings. Accord- 
 ingly, a want of conduct on one hand, and of confidence on 
 the other, has fo funk the value of that ftock as to make it now 
 hardly faleable at any price. The Oporto wine-company was 
 eftablifhed foon after the earthquake, with all fimilar en- 
 couragements : and the fate of that too has become fimiliar, 
 from exaftly the fame caufes. Portugal, therefore, feems to 
 have no refources for extraordinary fupplies of money at home ; 
 owing to that fatal policy in courts, of extending the power of 
 the crown till they deftroy that of the ftate : for want of good- 
 will to government, and confidence in it, will endanger every 
 fovereign, and make every nation weak." From \hisfairftate of 
 Portugal, our error or negled very ftrongly appears; forume 
 the ambition of Spain to conquer her can never be eradicated, 
 muft we, on every future occafion, be the Quixotes of her de- 
 fence, and the dupes of her policy? muft we continually fight 
 her battles, and let other ftates run away with the profits? If 
 there is one grain of virtue, one fpark of public fpirit, in he 
 miniftry, they will inftant'y, before the opportunity is entirely 
 loft, or the remembrance of favous entirely forgotten, make and 
 enforce a treaty with Portugal, on fuch term:, of advantage as 
 (hall be adequate to our late afliftance, and for ever fix ALL 
 our privileges, to the entire fafety and fatisfaUon of our traders. 
 
 F pofed
 
 1762 C 3S ) 
 
 pofed in England to fend to Portugal four regi- 
 ments of Iriih papifts ; but happily this propoial 
 was not accepted : for, as it is known the Spanifh 
 army is greatly officered by Irifhmen, and as all 
 Irishmen become Spaniards as foon as they enter in- 
 to Spain, they would foon have been thinned by 
 Spanim feductions; fo that, inftead of being pro- 
 'ductive of any fervice, they would, juft on the con- 
 trary, have added fo much more ftrength to the 
 enemy : few will doubt this, if they confider that 
 the Irifh papifts have a great refpect for the Spa- 
 niards, and would want but little perfuafion from 
 their priells, to believe the Spanifh caufe the moft 
 catholic one. Great numbers of rhe friends and re- 
 lations of the dishonoured Portuguefe nobility were 
 .fled into Spain -, where, no doubt, they received 
 advice of every tranfaction in Portugal from their 
 ftill more numerous adherents in that kingdom; 
 and, in all probability, communicated their intel- 
 ligence to the Spanifh court. Thus, at what a 
 hazard and difadvantage did we alone undertake 
 the defence of Portugal ! But the meafures which 
 we took, and thofe which we neglected, were 
 ilrong proofs of the wifdom of our miniftry. No- 
 thing can ever terrify the Spaniards more than the 
 threats of an invafion from the Moors. Had we 
 engaged, which might have been done at a fmall 
 expence, a body of 30, or 40,000 of them, anct 
 collected a fleet of tranfports to waft them from 
 Tetuan acrofs the gut of Gibraltar, the Spaniards 
 would have flood upon the defenfive, nor ever 
 ventured to attack Portugal, while they were threat- 
 ened with an army of their utter and avowed ene- 
 mies, the infidels. The very trifling expence, and 
 the extreme practicability of this meafure, no one 
 could be ignorant of, who knows the unalterable 
 difpofition of the Moors; nor of the fervices which 
 might have been derived from it, by the fears and 
 terrors it would have inftilled among the Spa- 
 niards.
 
 ( 39 ) r 7^ 2 
 
 niards.* In this manner we might have ferved Portu- 
 gal more effectually than by lending our own troops 
 to her affiftance -, a flep which, when once taken, 
 we muft ever purfue, till the war is clofed; nor is 
 the continual fending of fuccours, as often as de- 
 manded, all ; for there is a very heavy charge to 
 the nation, which never fails keeping pace with 
 thofe demands. 
 
 Before any meafures were taken in England for the 
 defence of Portugal, lordTyrawley was fent to Lif- 
 bon in a public cbar -after , as our ambafiador and gene- 
 ral. This was not only againft the true fenfe of the 
 court of Portugal, but againft the true interefl of the 
 kingdom alfo: as fuch an open errand could only 
 ferve to inform the French and Spaniards, that 
 England would affift Portugal, but had not yet made 
 the necefTary preparations. The meaning of lord Ty- 
 rawley's being fent to Lifbon was, to gain informa- 
 tion ; and when he had tranfmitted all that he could 
 to the miniftry, our meafures were then to be taken. 
 What a ftrange and aftonifbing deiay ! when we 
 ought to have been fecretly fending the fuccours 
 we intended, to have taken all our meafures in the 
 utmolt privacy to prevent the Spaniards being 
 alarmed, and to have been as filent and made as 
 little outward appearance as poffible. In this man- 
 ner the Portuguele themfelves were acting; they were 
 wifely in fecret, putting feveral of their ports and 
 
 * The only objection which ever couid be made to this 
 meafure was, ' the horror it would excite in all theftatesof Eu- 
 * rope, to fee the chriftians introducing the infidels to cut trwir 
 ' fellow chriltians throats.' This argument, expofed in its full 
 gjare, might, no doubt, make an impreffion on certain pious 
 minds; but would never raife horror in the brealt of the moft 
 cbn'Uan king ; for how often has he endeavoured to bring the 
 Turks into the field againft Hungary ? how often has Pruflia 
 done the fame ? and when did England, except in this one in- 
 itance, neglect to employ her good cjfices, occafionally, as it fer- 
 ved her purpofe? and has not every chriftian power in Europe, 
 at one period or other, endeavoured to dra.v in the infidels 
 againft their enemies the chriftians? therefore the objection 
 vanishes, when the meafure is founded on the policy, which ALL 
 the chriftians have adopted for centuries-. 
 
 F 2 towns
 
 1 762 ( 40 ) 
 
 towns in a pofture of defence ; and had we acted in 
 concert with them, the Spaniards, in all probabili- 
 ty, would have met with a warm reception : but in- 
 ftead of that, the Britifh troops were not fent till 
 June i and the fchemes of the Portuguefe were in a 
 great meafure fruftrated, by our tranfadting late and 
 openly, what ought to have been done early and in 
 the greateft fecrecy : her troops were imdifciplined, 
 unaccoutered, and unofficered; there was no man fit 
 to command but lord Tyrawley, who ftriclly ad- 
 hered to the intereft of his mafter, with his ufual zeal, 
 wifdom, and Spirit, fuchas at length gave umbrage to 
 the Portuguefe : he faw the internal ftate of the king- 
 dom, the weaknefs of which they could not conceal 
 from his penetrating eye; nor was he ignorant of the 
 fpirit of difapprobation to the miniiler which reigned 
 amongft the people ; nor wanted he good grounds 
 for fufpicion, that they carried on a correfpondence 
 with their numerous friends in Spain. He faw and 
 knew too much to be efteemed by the court, which 
 had attempted to deceive him with falfe reprefenta- 
 tionsot the national ftrength: but finding he was not 
 to be dazzled by them, they then trifled with him, 
 and treated him with difreipel; which, as he was 
 theBridfh plenipotentiary could be nothing lefs than 
 infults offered to the Britifh crown. In this fitua- 
 tion, when the Spaniards were on the very point 
 of entering Portugal, the courts of London and 
 Lifbon had to look round Europe for a general of- 
 ficer, -j- The prince of Bevern was applied to, but 
 
 -} In this critical minute, when the Portuguese were looking 
 jound Europe fora general, is it not fomething moll unaccount- 
 ably ftrang' 1 , that they fnould not think of their own duke, 
 John de Braganza, who was then in the Auftrian fervice ? As 
 he is a nobleman of high rank and cfteem, of an exceeding good 
 underftar.ding, and, no doubt, of experience: as he ha a been 
 in the Auftrian fervice four or five years,he was certainly, of all 
 men, the moft p-oper for the chief command in Portugal. The 
 proud and vain-glorious natures of the Portuguefe are the foibles 
 and humours by which they are beft to be influenced : ought 
 then the;r ftrong internal difgufts to have been aggravated by of- 
 ficain^ them with foreigners, to the apparent contempt of their 
 
 ancient
 
 he decliend their offers. The count La Lippe Bucke- 
 burg, who had diftinguifhed himfelf as an able en- 
 gineer in the allied army, accepted of the invita- 
 tion-, but as he was to be commander in chief of 
 the whole army, including the Englifa forces, lord 
 Tyrawley, who had been a ftaff- officer even, when 
 Buckeburg was in his cradle, chole not to hold a 
 fubordinate command under one fo much younger 
 than himfelf ; therefore he refigned, returned to 
 England, and was fucceeded by the earl of London. 
 The appointing of a German general over the allied 
 army, was laid, b/ the fycophants of the minifter 
 to be a difgrace to all the Englijh officers under 
 him : but what will they fay of the German gene- 
 ral's commanding in Portugal; was it not, with 
 the fame degree of propriety, a difgrace to the Scotch 
 officers ? In the monih of May the Spanifh army, 
 commanded by the marquis de Saria, entered Por- 
 tugal. They made themfelves mafters of Miranda, 
 $raganza, Torre di Moncorvo, and Chaves, with- 
 out much lofs ; owing to the very little oppofition 
 they met from governors and garrifons who would 
 not defend their own country. The Britifh troops 
 were lent to Portugal, too late to take the field till 
 after the heat of the fummer months. About the be- 
 ginning of July the count La Lippe Buckenburg, 
 and the prince of Mecklenburg arrived at Lifbon. 
 The latter was honoured with the command of a re- 
 giment, and the former with the chief command of 
 the army, which they found encamped, in no very 
 good condition, at a place called Abrantes, not far 
 from Lifbon. There was, for fome time, a wane 
 of victuals, forage, tents, and ammunition, among 
 the Pcrtuguefe. In the mean time the Spaniards 
 
 ancient and 'onlv -allowed nobility, tor whom they have the high- 
 eft refpeft? The beft fervice which we could have done Portugal, 
 and therefore ought to have been the firft, was to endeavour to 
 accomplifh a thorough reconciliation between the king and his 
 people; and no ftep could have been more conducive towards 
 h at falutary end, than the appointment of the duke Don John of 
 Braganza to the chief military comjnand in his o^n country. 
 
 over-
 
 over-run the province of Tras-os-Montes. They 
 laid fiege to Almeida, which, though a very ftrong 
 and important city, and garrifoned by 3500 men, 
 held out only nine days. In the month of Auguft 
 the Britifh troops took the field. General Burgoyne, 
 at the head of a detachment, fword in hand, pulhcd 
 into the Spanim town of Valenca d' Alcantara, and 
 cut the foldiers to pieces v who attempted to defend 
 it ; but it was attended with no confequences; the 
 progrefs of the Spaniards was not in the lead 
 checked, and the count La Lippe did not chufe to 
 hazard a battle, in which the crown of Portugal 
 muft have been put to the flake, for there was no 
 Fefource in cafe of a defeat : on the contrary, the 
 French were marching a confiderable body of troops 
 to reinforce the Spaniards, fo that the king of Spain 
 thought of nothing lefs than the certain and abfo- 
 lute conqueft of Portugal , therefore the count only 
 took fuch meafures as mould effectually defend the 
 king's capital from any approach of the enemy ; he 
 guarded with the main body of the army every 
 avenue and pafs leading to Lifbon. In September 
 the Spaniards took pofieffion of Celorico, Penama- 
 cor, Sar/?.terra and Segura, fome of which were 
 abandoned to them. In October they advanced 
 to the Tagus and took Villa Velha , which was for 
 ibme time fupported by general Burgoyne acrofs 
 the river. After thefe fuccefles they feemed to 
 abate in their vigour. They were got into a bar- 
 ren mountainous part of the country, where they 
 could get no provifion nor forage, therefore they 
 were under the neceffity of partly ceafing their 
 operations \ and, before they could be joined by 
 the French, the heavy rains began to fall, which 
 put an entire flop to their progrefs. The Britifli 
 and Portuguefe troops, in the mean time, polled 
 themielves in the moil advantageous manner, and 
 recruited both in fpirits and numbers ; but, before 
 the critical period approached for trying their va- 
 lour with the enemy, the preliminary articles of 
 
 peace
 
 '( 43 ) X 7^ 
 
 peace were figned, which put an end to all hoftili- 
 ties. The deliverance of Portugal was thus pur- 
 chafed, for the miniftry to make a parade about; 
 though nothing is more certain than that the Spa- 
 niards were, towards the latter end of the cam- 
 paign, reduced to the greateft hardfhips and diffi- 
 culties j and, though they would foon have been 
 joined by the French, yet it was not believed they 
 could either find fubfiftence in Portugal, or get i 
 /rom Spain, or defeat the troops which defended 
 the parTes to Lifbon. 
 
 An event happened this year in America, from 
 which theBritim miniftry endeavoured to derive great 
 honour : this was the reduction of the Havannah, 
 the principal fortrefs in the large ifland of Cuba, 
 well known to be the key to the Spanifh Weft In- 
 dies. But there are two points which confiderably 
 lefTen this honour: one, their not being the framers 
 of this expedition , the other, their figning away 
 the conqueft foon after it was made. As the real 
 merit of this tranfaction has not been rightly laid 
 before the public, it may not be improper to draw 
 up an accurate, though concife, account of the 
 event. The necefiary information, on which the 
 plan of fuch an expedition muft or ought to be 
 formed, could only be given by fuch as had vifited 
 the town, and were well acquainted with its ftrengtb 
 and fituation : for as to the merit of difcovering 
 the place -, or that the power of Spain was there 
 moft vulnerable; it is no more than what every 
 merchant in London might claim. Exact plans 
 of all the fortifications had been taken on the fpot, 
 previous to the breaking out of the late war, by 
 admiral Knowles; who, in his return from Jamai- 
 ca, in 1756, prevailed on the captain of the man 
 of war, in which he was coming home paflfenger, 
 to touch at the Havannah, in order to give him 
 an opportunity to take whatever draughts and 
 plans he might think proper. As it was a time 
 
 of
 
 1762 ( 44 ) 
 of peace, he pafled unfufpected thrpugh all the for- 
 tifications, and all parts of the town , and thereby 
 faw, and committed to paper, every thing that was 
 material. At the breaking out of the Spanifh war, 
 this year, thefe draughts and plans were, at the 
 requeftof his royal highnefs the duke of Cumber- 
 land, fent to him, for his approbation. That prince, 
 being well acquainted with the admiral's qualifica- 
 tions, and fkill as an engineer, did him the ho- 
 nour to confult him, on the mofl probable me- 
 thod of diflreffing the enemy in that part. His 
 royal highnefs highly approving of the draughts 
 fent them to the miniftry J together with the plan of 
 an 
 
 J As the partizans of the miniflry have affirmed juft the con- 
 trary, *viz. " that the plan was formed by the miniftry, and 
 * fent to bis royal highntfs for his approbation," it is proper, be- 
 fides affuring the public that it never entered into the heads 
 of| any one of them, to anfwer thefe writers upon their own 
 principles. If the minillry formed the expedition againft 
 the Havannah, what reafon will they give for its not being fent 
 {boner ? or if, in their c--wn wifdom they ever thought of attack- 
 ing that fortrefs, why was general Monckton, after the re- 
 duction of Martinico, and during the moft favourable feafon for 
 Weft India campaigns, f>re&i6iieJ from the farther employment 
 of 10,000 effective, victorious, and healthy men? As the Spa- 
 nifh war, with good caufe, was expected fo early as the begin- 
 ning of November, our preparations ought to have kept pace 
 with our expectations: however, as it was not declared till 
 the firft week in January, is it not fomething unaccountable ihat 
 fo fmall a reinforcement as four mips of the line could not be fcot 
 before the fii ft week in March, to commence that war? Whilft 
 our troops lay two months idle at Martinico, was there 
 any other protection to the Spatiifh or French fettlements, 
 befides that idlenefs? If the miniilry formed the plan of 
 that expedition, why was not general Monckton allowed to at- 
 tack the place, in that miK'i feafon, fo quickly after the decla- 
 ration of war, when the fuccefs, in all probability, might have 
 been cheaply -urchafen ? What wretched advocates thefe are; 
 they expole taeir pat r ons to fuch attacks, as wiil ruin the very 
 caufe which they are hired to fupport! 
 
 When the -jews of this important co -queft arrived in England, 
 notwithftandmg the pacil.c ncgociation was far advanced, yet 
 it was inftantly fi:ppofed that our ambdfiaclor wouKi rife higher 
 in his demands, as fuch a conduct might re-fonab!y have been 
 expe&ed from the enemy, had fuch an advantage happened to 
 
 them ;
 
 45 
 
 an expedition; who held them under confideration 
 fome time. The plan, however, was diiapproved 
 by lord Anfon, the firft lord of the admiralty, who 
 had, in his afliduity and zeal for the public fervice, 
 formed a plan of his own, drawn from the moft 
 accurate information ; and had began to make pre- 
 parations for putting it into execution. Whether 
 his lordmip received any benefit from admiral 
 Knowles's plan is a doubt; it is certain, that the 
 plan which lord Anfon had formed, was that, which 
 at length was put into execution. But as his royal 
 highnefs had, for the good of his country, intereft- 
 ed himfelf in the early intimations of an expedition 
 to the Havannah, the chocie of a commander in 
 chief of the land forces, naturally fell on the earl 
 of Albemarle, whom his royal highnefs had, in a 
 manner, nurtured and tutored from his cradle. The 
 vailarit brothers of his lordmip were likewife ap- 
 pointed to other diftinguifhed commands on this 
 fervice. Admiral Pocoeke was appointed to the 
 chief command of the fleet, which was equipped at 
 Portfmouth in the month of February; but al- 
 though it confifted of only four mips of the line and 
 one frigate, and although only four regiments were 
 to embark, yet they did notdepart from England till 
 the 5th of March ; notwithftanding they mould, to 
 have arrived at the place of their deilination in the 
 
 them ; but the public were Coon undeceived by the very extra- 
 ordinary pains which even the great therafelves took, at this 
 time, in writing, and fpreading reports to convince us, " that 
 *' the taking of thi Havannah would not make any alteration 
 " in the ftipulated preliminary articles, for it tnujl be reftored, 
 " otherwife we fliall never have peace with SpainI'. Surely, 
 then, our miniftry would not, of their tivn accord, go to attack 
 fuch a ftrong place that muft be, alir.oft inftantly, reltored ! 
 Therefore it ftands neareft to truth, and it is a compliment 
 paid to the miniilry to fay, that they were not the framers of 
 the expedition againft the Havannah. 
 
 G proper
 
 1762 ( 4-6 ) 
 
 proper feafbn, have failed at leaft a month before ; 
 and befides the mildnefs of the feafon, they would 
 have been attended with another important advan- 
 tage, viz. the Spaniards would have been entirely 
 unprepared for them. This {lender force was or- 
 dered to join the fleet and troops at Martinico : but 
 if that ifland fhould not be taken, they were to pro- 
 ceed to the Havannah, leaving the work at Marti- 
 nico uncompleted. Does not this latter order mew, 
 that fome men would fecretly have enjoyed a mif- 
 carriage at Martinico, and been as ready to throw 
 the whole blame on Mr. Pitt, as they were mean 
 and pitiful in falfely afcribing the fuccefs to the 
 miniftry ? And does it not likewife prove, 
 that the merit of that conqueft is exclufively Mr. 
 Pitt's? At the time admiral Pococke failed from 
 England, a French fquadron of 12 or 14 fhips, 
 under the command of M. Blenac, was lying at 
 Cape Francois ; that officer might eafily have pre- 
 vented admiral Pococke from ever getting to Mar- 
 tinico, by attacking the four Englifh nien of war 
 on their voyage ; which not being fufficient to cope 
 with fuch afuperior force, muft have fubmitted, and 
 been carried to the Cape , and why Blenac was fo re- 
 mifs in his conduct, has ever fince been the amaze- 
 ment of mankind-, for it is certain, that if he had 
 performed his duty, the expedition againft the Ha- 
 vannah would have been entirely fruft rated. What 
 a narrow efcape was this ! On the 22d of April ad- 
 miral Pococke, with the fleet and troops, arrived at 
 Martinico. General Monckton refigned his com- 
 mand to lord Albemarle, and repaired to New 
 York. On the 6th of June, the whole force, confift- 
 ing of 19 fhips of the line and 18 frigates, with 
 about 10,000 men, appeared off the Havannah; 
 and next day the troops were landed. Preparations 
 were inftandy made for a regular fiege; the opera- 
 tions of which, under the command of general 
 
 Keppel,
 
 ( 47 ) '7** 
 
 Keppel, were directed againft a ftrong fort called 
 the Moro, which commanded the harbour and 
 town. On the fuccefs of this fiege, depended the 
 glory and advantage of the expedition. The ene- 
 my made a vigorous defence. The governor vuas 
 a brave man, and worthy of the important tnift re* 
 pofed in him. Yet he could not withftand the vi- 
 gorous afiaults of Britifli heroifm. From the 22d 
 of June to the 3Oth of July, an incefTant fire was 
 preferved : nothing was to be feen but fire and 
 fmoke : nothing to be heard, but the continued 
 roar of bombs and cannon. At length, a fmall 
 breach being made, it was directly ordered to be 
 ftormed. Near 400 of the enemy were put to the 
 fword. The governor, Don Lewis de Velafquez, 
 was flain as he was endeavouring to defend the co- 
 lours. In lefs than half an hour the place was taken. 
 The lofs among the Englifh was very confiderable; 
 but not fo much owing to the fire of the enemy, as 
 to a terrible ficknefs, which raged in fo fatal a man- 
 ner, that when our arms were blefled with fuccefs, 
 there were only 2500 men left capable of real fer- 
 vice. On the igth of Auguft the governor of the 
 town furrendered, to the great joy of both foldiers 
 and failors, who ftood in need of frefh provifions 
 and reft, as well as fhelter from the heavy rains. 
 There were feveral thoufands poor fick wretches, 
 in the camp and hofpital (hips, wailing away 
 for want of nourimment. Befides the town, with 
 the cannon, ftores, &c. there fell Hkewife.p mips of 
 the line, 25 loaded merchant mips, about three mil- 
 lions of dollars, together with feveral large maga- 
 zines of merchandize, comprifing in the whole, a 
 conqueft of immenfe value. The world is not yet 
 informed of one half of the difficulties the viclors 
 had to furmount, in the moft unhealthy feafon; nor 
 of the hardships and fatigues they laboured, and 
 funk under. None but thole who have feen the Ha- 
 G 3 vannah,
 
 C 48 ) 
 
 vannah, and know the deftruftlve feafons of the 
 weftern world, can conceive, or form an idea, of 
 the fevere duty and miferies, which they under- 
 went, during this long and vigorous fiege. Nothing 
 but the uncommon fpirit and perfeverance of the 
 general officers, feemed equal to the talk. Had 
 the written advice been followed, the Havannah 
 would have been in our pofieffion months before ; 
 and above one half of thofe victims of temerity and 
 ignorance, would have been alive, to have flared 
 in the glories of their country. A minifter, purfu- 
 ing meafures in the moft timely manner, as Mr. 
 Pitt always did, has one great part of the merit of 
 every conqueft and fuccefs during his aciminiftra- 
 tion, mod juftly afcribed to him : but that fhort 
 lighted minifter, who by trifling in a verbal difpute, 
 fuffers the proper feafon to elapie, neither ought 
 nor can claim, any merit in a conqueft, which ic 
 never entered into his head to make. That to 
 no minifter, except the late lord Anfon, the merit 
 or the honour of the reduction of the Havannah 
 ought to be afcribed, we may be affured from 
 the afTervation of the prefent ear] of Hardwick; 
 who in a great arTembiy, in the prefence of the 
 prime minifter, declared, that the plan of the ex- 
 pedition was exclufively lord Anfon's, and that no 
 other perfon whatever could derive any merit from 
 it; therefore let us, added he, do honour to the dead. 
 The minifter was filent. Ceafe now, ye fyco- 
 phants, to impute, what he could not take to him fclf. 
 Another American wreath, was this year added to 
 the miniftcr's political garland. This was the taking 
 of Newfoundland , which his enemies reproached 
 him with infinuateing there was fome thing of dc- 
 jfign in the affair , for which one printer, who inad- 
 vertently gave thefe hints to the world, received a 
 private reprimand : and when it was retaken, his 
 friends, on the other hand, were no lefs extrava- 
 gant,
 
 ( 49 ) J 7 2 
 
 gant, in attributing to him, what he was really in- 
 nocent of. The truth will beft appear from the 
 honeft narrative. The force in North America 
 had been for fome time conficlerably weakened, by 
 fending reinforcements to our fleets and armies in 
 the Weft Indies, which had been for feveral months 
 the theatre of war. This furnifhed to the French, 
 aprobable appearance offucceeding in anenterprize 
 for obtaining a part of the fifhery, || at a more eafy 
 price than by a purchafe of it in a negociation, by 
 which they mull facririce fome equivalent. Ac- 
 cordingly about the beginning of May, two mips 
 of the line and two frigates, with about 1500 men, 
 failed from Breft. On the 2 5th of June they ap- 
 peared offNewfoundland, where they initantly land- 
 ed ; and on the 27th the town of St. John's fur- 
 rendered to them. The garrifon of this town, as 
 the Paris gazette afterwards informed us, confiift- 
 ed of only fixty-three men. Surely the minftry 
 could not be ignorant of the little ftrength there ; 
 and as Mr. Pitt had propofed to fend a force to the 
 ifland (for it was never neglected during his admi- 
 niftration, nor ever once out of his attention) furely 
 they, who moil complaifantly followed his fteps in 
 great number of things, could not but think, there 
 was a reafon for propoiing this meafure alfo : a 
 reafon, which the neglect of it fully mewed. The 
 French deftroyed every thing belonging to the 
 fifhery ; to the very great injury of private property, 
 and the ruin of many individuals. When they had 
 performed what mifchief they could, they fet about 
 
 |j Mr. Pitt, with bis ufual foresight and penetration, was appre- 
 henfive, when the regociation was broke off, that the French 
 would attempt fuch an enterprize ; therefore he immediately 
 propofed, the fending four fhips of the line to Newfoundland ; 
 tut this wife and patriotic intention, which would effectually 
 have fruflrated the Ichemeof the French, was overruled. 
 
 repair-
 
 i 7 6z ( 50 ) 
 
 repairing the fortifications of the town, becaufe 
 they intended to hold the place. In a mort time 
 advice of this tranfaction was brought to England, 
 where the people became exafperated againft the 
 miniftry, and the lofs of Newfoundland was com- 
 pared to that of Minorca. In order to allay thefe 
 heats, the hired advocates of the miniftry endea- 
 voured to perfuade the public, " that Newfound- 
 " land was a place of little or no confequence, 
 " either to the French or Englifh". This doArine 
 ferved but to enrage, and afford room for the worft 
 fufpicions. In the mean time, general Amherft, 
 at New York, who commanded in chief in North 
 America, having heard of the misfortune at New- 
 foundland, detached his brother, colonel Amherft, 
 before he received any orders from Europe, with a body 
 of troops on board fome tranfports, for Halifax, 
 where he was to join lord Colville, who command- 
 ed, at that time with only one fliip and one frigate, 
 on the ftation. The junction was happily effected; 
 and they failed for Newfoundland ; where the troops 
 were landed on the nth of September near St. 
 John's. The enemy were inftantly driven from 
 their out pofls, and compelled, on every fide, to 
 fly into the town for refuge. The French como- 
 dore, count de Haufonville, feeing the French 
 troops could not preferve their footing on the ifland, 
 took the refolution of abandoning them to the mer- 
 cy of the Englim, and fave himfelf, together with his 
 fhips , accordingly he took the advantage of the 
 night, and a very thick fog, to fteal out of the 
 harbour, and ftiamefully fly before an inferior force. 
 Next day, which was the i3th, the town furren- 
 dered, and the garrifon, amounting to 689 men, 
 were made prifoners of war. From this fhort, but 
 true account of the fact, it is very evident, that the 
 retakwg of Newfoundland, is to be wholly afcribed 
 to the vigilance of our American officers, and par- 
 
 ticularlv
 
 ( 5 1 ) i;^ 
 
 ticularly of Sir Jeffery Amherft, who of bis own ac- 
 cord detached a fufficient force for that purpofe. 
 But as for the taking, the world is left to judge, 
 whether it fhould be afcribed to negligence, or any 
 other caufe. It was faid, " the lols and recovery 
 " of Newfoundland, have happened under the 
 " prefent adminiftration. The merit of the reco- 
 ' c very is much weakened by the antecedent lofs. 
 " If any merit be claimed from the recovery, the 
 " world will lufpecl:, that is was loft with a view 
 " to that merit. It may be molt agreeable to 
 " truth, to acquit the minifter of both." 
 
 We will now quit this American fcene, where we 
 loft, in one campaign, the lives of 20,000 brave 
 men, chiefly by an ill-timed, though fuccefsful, ex- 
 pedition, without having gained, at the end of the 
 year, one folid advantage ; and turn to an event of 
 the moft important kind, which, in the meantime, 
 happened at home. 
 
 About the middle of May the time arrived for 
 unveiling the views of party although they had 
 hitherto been mduftrioufly concealed from the pub- 
 lic eye, yet it was impoffible to continue them in 
 that itate of painful fecrecy , for, while they were fo, 
 ambition was not gratified. For a confiderable 
 time a new bottom had been forming. A num- 
 ber of peers were created, which, infome meafure, 
 
 alarmed 
 
 f ' In the year 1711, when the TORIES were endeavouring 
 to overturn the WHIG adminiltration, that had reduced the 
 power of France fo low, and were projecting the infamous 
 treaty of Utrecht, Burnet fays, They, finding the bcufe of lords 
 could r.ot be drought to favour their defigns, refolded to make an 
 experiment that none of our princes had ventured upon ir. fcrr::r 
 timet ', a refolution ivns taken cf making ttiff/Vt p'ers at once, 
 What has been the conduct of the rr uncbr firailar 
 circurnftances? has he not ad\ifed the creation of lixteen new 
 peerages, not indeed a: once, that would have been too ex- 
 
 ' plicit
 
 1762 ( 52 ) 
 
 alarmed the people, who began to forefee new 
 ftorms. Thofe who had the real good of their 
 country, and its conititution, at heart, beheld the in- 
 
 creafe 
 
 plicit a declaration of his motives, but all in the fpace of two 
 years; and not content wirh this, he has likewife advis'd the 
 giving penfions to a great number of that houfe, under the 
 denomination indeed of lords of the bedchamber ; but as the 
 number of thofe lords has been increas'd in the prefent reign, 
 from twelve to twenty-two, the facl is, that, by whatever 
 name they are call'd, the K has fo many more Servants, in 
 his pay, in that houfe, and the m has the rod of depriva- 
 tion hanging over their heads, which has lately fallen moft 
 heavily againft thofe, who have prefum'd to exercife their 
 freedom of voting againft what he recommended. But, in 
 the other houfe, and where it is more material, this meafure 
 has been carried much farther : we are informed from hiftory, 
 that, from the time of the revolution, it has been the charac- 
 teriilic mark of thofe who oppofed any increafe of power in the 
 crown, to contrive by laws, and every other method, to pre- 
 vent the influence of the crown in that houfe. Several acts of 
 parliament have been pafs'd, to limit the number of officers, 
 who receiv'd their places from the crown, to have feats in the 
 houfe of commons, and one particularly during the WHIG 
 adminiftration of queen Anne, which declares, that no perlon 
 poflefs'd of an office created after fuch a period, fhould be ca- 
 pable of a feat in that houfe : and this was afterwards enforced 
 by another of the fiift of George I. which was propos'd by 
 Mr. Stanhope, fecretary of ftate, that retrained perfons having 
 penfions during pleafure, from fitting in the houfe of commons. 
 Thefe laws were pafs'd to be a reitraint on the crown; they 
 are now in force, and mean to provide for the liberty of the 
 people, by preventirg the crown from creating a dependence 
 upon it, in its reprefentatives : but, like other hunun inftitu- 
 tions, they have been evaded ; when a minilrer (hall perfume 
 to advife, in the teeth of thefe acls of parliament, the crea- 
 tion of fuch a number of grooms cf the bedchamber, clerks 
 of the green-cloth, and other officers of the household, each 
 with a- (alary of 500!. per annum, as to be double the number 
 of thofe of his late M ; and when fome gentlemen have 
 been rcinov'd from theie employments i^ith tie>:fion>, to make 
 room for members of the hcuie of commons, that the law 
 might be only evaded, not openly violated ; and when we 
 fee gentlemen of the fiift fortunes, and who have, through, 
 
 < the
 
 ( 53 ) J 7^ 
 
 creafe of peerage with ftrong marks of jealoufy. 
 They did not perceive that the commons had lately 
 obtained any power, but rather that which they 
 had was retrenched, by the removal of fomeof the 
 rich men out of the lower, to the upper, houfe. 
 As power follows property, they could not help 
 ftonfidering every acceffion of property to the ari- 
 ftocratic fcale would tend to lighten that of the de- 
 mocratic ; therefore mould the practice ofpejer-mak- 
 ing go on, they apprehended the houfe of peers 
 would, in a fhort time, be enabled to make the 
 houfe of commons. Party becoming flrengthened 
 by various means, the old and faithful fervants of 
 the crown, thofe who had zealoufly and vigoroufly 
 brought in and fupported the illuftrious houfe of 
 Hanover, againft the fecret defigns of the Scotch, 
 the tories, and their pretender, faw their interefts 
 and their power weakened by new invafions : they 
 felt themfelves fapped, as it were, by fubterrane- 
 ous works,honour therefore dictated RESIGNATION. 
 Accordingly, on the 26th of May the duke of New- 
 
 the two laft reigns, prided themfelves in their independency, 
 eagerjy and meanly thrufting themfelves into this pitiful pen- 
 fion ; I fay, when we confider thefe things, where is the fe- 
 curity of laws, or upon what principles of the CONSTITU- 
 TION can thefe meafures be defended ? The reafon, I under- 
 (land, them gives for purfuing this meafure, is, the union of 
 parties', ike larger the fourcs of bounty in the tro-tun, the more ge- 
 neral will be its dues. This may be plaufible reafoning ; but 
 the fact is, and of this I confefs myfelf jealous, that by thefe 
 penfions the crown has increas'd its influence in the houfe of 
 commons; and, with regard to the acl of queen Anne, if a 
 lift of new created places mould, as was done the beginning of 
 the late reign, beorder'd to be laid upon the tabJe of the houfe 
 of commons, I cannot lee but that thefe of the fupernumerary 
 officers of the houfehoid mull be of the number ; otherwife the 
 crown may, Oiiany future emergency, create as many as (hall 
 then be found necdTary 10 anfvu/er the purposes of the m .' 
 Serious confidcratiom on the meufurn oftbepnfint adminijiration. 
 
 H cadle,
 
 1762 ( 54 ) 
 
 caftle, againft whom the ilrength of the new party 
 was formed, refigned his office of firft lord com- 
 miirioner of the treafury, " becaufe he found his in- 
 fluence was gone before him". There were prin- 
 cipally two reaions, which occafioned this remark- 
 able refignation , one public, the other private. 
 The public one was, the refufal which had been 
 given to the demand of the king of Prufiia's fubfi- 
 dy, notwithflanding it had been promifed from 
 time to time ; therefore his grace could not concur 
 in meafures which violated the faith of Great Bri- 
 tain, hitherto held fac'red, and which expofed us to the 
 refentment of our allies, and to the contempt and 
 ridicule of all the courts in Europe.The private one 
 was,certain intrufions and interpofitions intoand with 
 his department, made in a fly and officious manner, 
 in order to worm him out, which at length had 
 the defired effect. The people were overwhelmed 
 whith furprize at this refignation -, they were thun- 
 der-ftruck. All the fond hopes of felicity and har- 
 mony which they had eagerly promifed themfelves, 
 at the beginning of what appeared and foreboded 
 an happy reign, were blafted in a moment. It 
 was now evident that party was kindled to a very 
 alarming degree : and party herfelf faw the filent 
 marks of" difiatisfadtion in every independent Eng-. 
 litliman. If the (Hence mould be broke, the con- 
 fequences might be irrefiftable ; therefore it was 
 contrived with fuch cunning as was at that time in 
 practice, "to lolicit the duke to accept of penfion. 
 Bu: the rebuke it met with was dictated by an- 
 noble Engliib fpirit, confcious of the lervices it had 
 performed, and conveyed in thefe words. ' No ; it 
 " ihall never be faid that honeft Pelham, after 
 " (pending five hundred thoufand pounds in his 
 16 countries fervice, at lad refigned to become 
 ** a peniioner,*' Difappointed in this attempt ta 
 
 wound
 
 ( 55 ) *7 62 
 
 wouud an eftablifhed reputation, the defperate and 
 defpicable writers * of the new party were hired to 
 
 abufe 
 
 * Of thefe two were in fome degree diftinguimed. Their pro- 
 dudions were publilhed weekly under the names of Briton and 
 Auditor. The firft number of the Briton came out on the fame 
 day that lord Bute was elevated to his poft ; fo foon was it dif- 
 covered, his lordfhip would ftand in need of an advocate! But 
 this doughty champion did his lordfhip and his caufe more 
 mifchief, than all the efforts of his molt bitter enemies ; for all 
 candid and moderate men, were led to defpife a party that could 
 countenance fuch fluff as that paper weekly contained, 'viz. 
 abufing perfonally and falfely the known and tried friends of 
 their country, befpattering them with every low and fcurrilous 
 appellation, infulting the whole people of England, calling them 
 all together a mob, mad and ignorant. It is needlefs to recount 
 more of this writer's ilander and abufe : his papers were held in 
 the utmoft contempt; they were dull, languid and fpiritlefs ; and 
 being {hrewdly gueffed at in his perfon, it was a proof of the at- 
 tachment among the Scotch to one another. But certainly it is 
 the worft of ingratitude to abufe thofe by whom they live. If the 
 Scotch are not content with feeding on the good things of Eng- 
 land, why do they not go back into their own country ? 
 The Briton has, for fome time, lived upon the Engliirt. 
 The generous encouragement which they have given to 
 fome of his pieces, is a proof how little they mind local 
 diilindions, and how ready they are to treat, with the greatefl 
 civility and friendfhip, their neighbours the Scotch, in com- 
 mon, and very often, in preference to the natives of their own 
 country. A conduct that is diredly oppofite to that of the 
 Scotch, who, with a meanefs and felfifhnefs peculiar to them- 
 felves, neither encourage nor trade with any man that is not of 
 their own cation. It was nothing lefs than bafenefs in the 
 Briton to abufe in the manner he did, the whole people of Eng- 
 land, to whofe benevolence he owes fo much, and ivhoje 
 lenity he has experienced. He ought, if he h-s any fenfe of 
 ftiame, to blufh at the different characters he has given of Mr. 
 Pitt, didated at one time by vain hopes, and at another by 
 bafe revenge. The infignificant fale of the paper was a proof of 
 its being deftiiute of all merit : for the number printed was but 
 250, which was as little as could be printed with refped to the 
 favingof expence. 
 
 Before we proceed to the Auditor, it may be proper to make 
 
 mention of an antiminifterial paper called the Nor^h Briton, the 
 
 H 2 firft
 
 ( 56 ) 
 
 abuie him with the utmoft virulence: to attack him 
 perfonally, even in his private character, to make 
 ufc of every engine of malice, deceit, and falfehood, 
 
 to 
 
 firft nuir.ber of which was publifhed on the 5th of June, the 
 week after the Briton. The figurative title furniflicd abundant 
 matter for pleafant raillery, and keen fatiie: the language was 
 elegant, ipiiited and bold, the arguments fhrewd and pene- 
 trating, and frequently fupported by interefling fafts, not com- 
 monly known : the fubjedts moftly national, though fometimes 
 perfonal . The writers were men of fuch extraordinary abilities 
 as the world but feldom fees, and fuch as will ever do honour 
 to the age and nation they live in. The paper was, for fome 
 time, in very high reputation, and its fale very great. 
 
 The Auditor was publifhed the week following the North 
 Briton ; but he enjoyed no greater mare of public efteem, nor 
 had he more readers than his fellow labourer the Briton. Yet, in 
 order to recommend hirafelf to public notice, he broached, if 
 pofuble, more faliehoods, and exhibited more rancour and 
 fcurrility. Fearlefs in his fcandal, he infamoufly reviled, with- 
 out any regard to perfon, family, or diflinftion. But his produc- 
 tions were difregarded : they were held in utter contempt; the 
 public defpifed both the caufe and its advocates, whidh de- 
 pended upon fuch infamous practices. The Briton and Au- 
 ditor, after having been in existence ;.bout feven months gave 
 up the ghoft. The public were tired of their fluff, and their 
 patrons were no doubt quitfe afhamed of them, as indeed there 
 was great reaion. It may not be improper to remark, that fuch 
 writers are ever the worfl enemies to the caufe they are intended 
 to ferve; bccaufe by abufirg the public, whofe conviction they 
 ought to court, they become difregarded. The arguments of 
 the Briton, and Auditor had no weight, becaufe what they pofi- 
 tively afTerted as facts, were notorious falfehoods, and their fcur- 
 rility, invectives and perfonalities, retorted on their patrons, 
 and proved the worfl injury to their own caufe. 
 
 Never was that great and valuable privilege, the liberty of 
 the prefs, more abufed than by the writers for the miniller. Kis 
 psrdzans ought never to talk of licentionfnefs in the people, 
 when his own avowed advocates were weekly guilty of it, in the 
 mofl audacious and arrogant manner. Jt is a truth that is incon- 
 trcvertable, that there was more fcandal, infamy and falfehood, 
 broached by thefe two only of the miniftcrial writers, than by 
 
 a
 
 C 57 ) 
 
 to poifon the minds of the people, in the fame man- 
 ner as had been done with refpect to Mr Pitt and 
 lord Temple, upon their refignations. But the 
 public, however, were not again to be duped. The 
 reputation of Mr. Pitt and lord Temple, who com- 
 mitted their caufe to the public at large, had 
 emerged from the cloud of flanders and falfehoods 
 which had been raifed to darken it, and now, like 
 a new fun, fhone brighter from having been at- 
 tempted to be veiled. Therefore the people were 
 
 all their opponents put together. Hence let it be judged which 
 
 were molt indebted to the liberty of the prefs, "and which did 
 
 moft abufe it. But the writer of the Briton and Auditor were 
 
 not content with this; for as they were far exceeded by their 
 
 antagonifts in point of abilities, they attempted to terrify them 
 
 with the law, which they faid would adjudge their publications 
 
 to be libellous. "It is an eafy matter, faid an Englifh gentleman in 
 
 " anfwer, to cry out, that this or that publication is libelous, or 
 
 " inflammatory. When Jefferies fat on the bench ofjuftice, and 
 
 " difgraced it, an appeal againft the violent fpirits of judges 
 
 ' would have been deemed an infamous libel ; and fo would 
 
 ' any difcufiions of the conduct of minifters have been, how- 
 
 ' however hurtfull to the people. Yet fuch publications were 
 
 ' made in thefe days, and ever will be, in fpite of all the povv- 
 
 ' ers that can be exerted by arbitrary minifters to prevent it : 
 
 ' nay the very endeavour to prevent them will only ferve to in- 
 
 ' creafe them, by making the people defperate : and when 
 
 ' the people do become defperate, they have always been 
 
 te found to fight out the caufe till they effectually prevailed. 
 
 " During the reign of the righteous judge juft mentioned, 
 
 " there was a tradl written and publHhed by Somers, after- 
 
 " wards lord chancellor, and minifter of ftate; Jones, who 
 
 " afterwards became lord chief juftic.e of England; and Sidney, 
 
 " who fuffered death by an unjuft fentence for his patriotifm, 
 
 ** and who was perhaps one of the ableft and honefteft men 
 
 " that this kingdom ever produced ; which tracl: was pro- 
 
 " nounced an infamous and feditious libel by the venerable 
 
 -" difpenfers of law, and ordered to be burnt by the hands of 
 
 " the common hangman. But has the voice of impartial 
 
 " pofterity arraigned the work, or the court ) or can we 
 
 " believe thatyar men were concerned in writing an infamous 
 
 ,' libel?' 4 
 
 cautious
 
 1762 . ( 58 ) 
 
 cautious how they gave attention to another minifte- 
 Tial cry. In a mort time Ibme of the writers were 
 known, and as they were deftitute of principle, re- 
 putation, and decency, and as their productions 
 teemed with perfonalties, invectives, fcurrility, and 
 flander, they were detefted and abhorred by the 
 whole public ; fo that thefe mercenaries, inflead of 
 ferving the caufe they were hired to fupport, con- 
 tributed more to its injury, than even the ksenefl 
 and beft of its antagonifts: and his grace expe- 
 rienced what he had never found before, viz. an 
 unlimited popularity, which did not cofl him a 
 farthing. Thus they added to the regret which na- 
 turally followed his refignation, by their falfe- 
 hoods and abufe : while the nation unanimoufly 
 confidered, that he and his family had been the 
 moft firm and intrepid friends to this royal family ; 
 that he was grown old in thefervic.es of loyalty, and 
 an unfhaken attachment to the fupport of his fove- 
 reign's throne-, that he had fpent all his life, toge- 
 ther with a great and nobje fortune of his own, in 
 preferving the intereft of this foyal family, before 
 they were called to the crown of Great Britain, 
 when they moft flood in need of fuch a friend, and 
 when in that very critical time very few ochers 
 openly appeared, becaufe the power and influence of 
 a tory miniftry were letting every engine to work 
 to bring in tbnr pretender, that they might efta- 
 blilh what they have ever wanted, and what in diem 
 is hereditary, an absolute government ; that by his 
 feafonable lavifhment of large fu <rs that fpirit was 
 kept up, which would ether -.yiJe have languifhed j 
 that it was to his integrity, in adhering with con- 
 ilancy and firmnefs to this honeft caufe, that we owe 
 what will be ever molt dear to Englilhrnen, UP- 
 RIGHT KINGS, who leek to eftablifh, not deltroy, 
 the freedom of their country , that he had ever fup- 
 ported one confident character in behalf and i up- 
 port
 
 59 
 
 pore of his fovereign : never miffing any opportunity 
 to make the royal family popular, or to gain them 
 farther marks of efleem from a then divided peo- 
 people. Among the great he was no lefs'aftiduous i 
 that in parliament, he was of the fame complexion 
 throughout every feffion, even amidft the moft 
 violent factions ; and that at length he refigned with 
 clignity, unpenfioned, full of years, and full of 
 honour. The plan of filling this higheft office un- 
 der the crown, which was no doubt laid down, 
 fome time before that office was vacated, was now 
 put into execution. Three days after his grace's 
 refignation, John earl of Bute was removed from 
 his office of fecretary of ftate to that of firft lord 
 of the treafury. This gigantic ftride inftantly rilled 
 the people with a fecond alarm, who were now 
 confirmed that their former apprehenfions had not 
 been groundlefs; therefore a train of the worft evils 
 that can befall a nation, they fancied, were ready 
 to prefent themfelves. As the power of appointing 
 the fervants of the ftate is inverted in the crown, 
 the people, far from difputing the legality of the 
 power which raifed the new minifter, began to re- 
 flect on the natural pretenfion that a native of North 
 Britain cou!d have to be at the head of the fubjecls 
 of this kingdom. 'They honeitly affirmed, that they 
 did not know bim ; that they bad as little experience 
 of bim as be could poj/ibly have of bufinefs ; that until 
 tbe prefent reign, in no department of ftate, or in 
 parliament, bad be bdd any rank or eflimation ; and 
 therefore bad not been heard of, confequently they 
 might, with reafon, wonder at bis becoming, as it 
 were, ^INSPIRATION, firft lord of tbe treafury. 
 On this occafion much altercation enfued. The 
 Scotch, true to their attachments, pleaded, the 
 equal right of a fellow fubjecl: ; the prerogative of 
 the crown, and theftveur of the king, in fupport 
 of their countryman. The Englilh finding them- 
 
 feives
 
 17*2 ( 6o ) 
 
 felves feperated from their Northern brethren, and 
 by them pointed out and diftinguifhed, exprefied 
 their difapprobation, not with fcurility andinvedtive, 
 as their antagonifts did, but with folid reafoning 
 and fair argument. Great power in England, they 
 faid, ought only to be entrufted with thofe who 
 are the beft friends of the Englifh conftitution, 
 who abhor thofe rigours which Scotchmen are 
 prone to exercife, from the arrogance which arifes 
 from their ariftocratical principles, f Notwithftand- 
 ing the treaty of union between the two nations, 
 there ftill exifts a Scotch and an Englifh intereft, 
 itrengthened chiefly by the attachments of the for- 
 mer to one another. J It was on this account that 
 
 f- " Scotfmen, before the union, it was remarked, had no 
 e Magna Charta; they never were fo happy as to be in poffef- 
 of fuch a bulwark of freedom. It has been in our own times 
 c only, that many of them have been redeemed from a ftate of 
 ' vaflalage j therefore, from a prejudice of education which they 
 f too generally yet retain,, in favour of that bondage on ore 
 1 hand, and tyranny in the other, (out of which fome of them 
 
 * were feen to be unwillingly compelled to give up what they 
 1 are ftill voluntarily and refolutely known to wear in their 
 ' hearts ) they are therefore but bad judges of the true fpirit 
 
 * of the Englifh conftitution, and mould be treated accordingly, 
 when they prefume to talk or to aft againft the genuine genius 
 of it here. But as little as they knov, or may be inclined to 
 aflert of true liberty, they have always been marked for a 
 factious difpofition, and the concomitants of flavery, rebellon 
 
 ' and revenge. Of this their own feparate hiitory gives the 
 ** moil evident proofs. Of thii their part of our common hif- 
 *' tory fpeaks as loud as could the tongue of thunder, particu- 
 " larly from the year 1640 to that of 1660, and in the years 
 " 1714 and 1745* not to mention many others that have beea 
 " lefs eminently though not inconfiderablyconfpicuous." 
 
 J As the natives of North Britain deny there is any detach- 
 ment among themfelves, it is proper to mention two fab, which 
 will prove that tbty&Umovt by one direction. They all, to a 
 man, joined in oppofition to Mr. Pitt, and they all to a man 
 join in fupport of lord Bute. Let every man fay but what he 
 knows on thefe points, and then entire connexion if not CONFE- 
 will be fully proved upon the^n. 
 
 the
 
 ( 6 1 ) 1762 
 
 the Engliflitook the alarm, warranted by honed and 
 Jaudable motives. The difpofal of moil of the reve- 
 nue employ meats, and of many others, being-veiled 
 inthefirft lord of thetreafury, the nation wasandevsr 
 will be jealous of that high poft being filled by a 
 Scotfman,from a rational fear of Englifhmen loafing 
 that fhare of employments which is their due, from 
 proportionate right. This right is founded upon 
 the eftimate of taxes, which the two kingdoms pay 
 towards the fupport of government. From the 
 beil calculation it appeared, that Scotland does not 
 pay more than a FORTIETH lhare of the national 
 taxes, confequently me is not entitled to more than a 
 FORTIETH mare of the government employments: 
 that Scotland has not a fortieth part of the manu- 
 facturers and handicraftfmen that England has; 
 that feveral neceflary articles of life are not fo 
 heavily taxed in Scotland as in England; that feve- 
 ral heavy taxed articles are not ufed fo much in 
 Scotland as in England -, that taxes, particularly ex- 
 cifes and cuftoms, are not fo full paic or fo vi- 
 goroufly raifed, in Scotland as in England; and, 
 that the fingle county of York pays more taxes 
 than the whole country of Scotland. If it be con- 
 fidered that one third, or more, of the employments 
 (exclufive of the office of premier) civil, marine 
 and military, which laft has been of late mod en- 
 ormoufly obtained by the Scotch, it will inftantly 
 appear, that they received more from the government 
 than they paid to it, befides having all the advan- 
 tages of colony trade and proprietorlhip, as well as 
 of the trade and lands of England, without Eriglifh- 
 men receiving any equivalents of fimilar natures 
 from them : for the care of religion, the adminif- 
 tration of laws, the ofiices of government, and re- 
 venue in Scotland, are now, and of late always 
 have been, only placed in Scotch hands. Yet Eng- 
 lifhmen were never heard to complain, or to afferc 
 I that
 
 1762 ( 62 ) 
 
 that they had an equal right to the enjoyment of 
 them with the natives. As the Englifh contribute 
 thirtynine fortieths of the fupplies to the common 
 treafury, they certainly hold a lliperior claim to 
 the Scotch to its influence and emoluments, and 
 likewife to the firft lord being of their country, 
 which is known to be moil impartial, becaufe it 
 has been frequently feen, that Englifhmen efTen- 
 tially ferve and promote Scotchmen, but it is very 
 rare, if ever, -that the Scotch do the fame to theEng- 
 lifh. Upon the whole, it is now eafy to perceive 
 what was the real point of contention. Was the 
 Englifh, or the Scotch, to enjoy the chief pow- 
 er of adminiftration, and, along with it, the pow- 
 er of beftowing all pods of profit and emolument ? 
 or, in plainer words, was the Englifh to pay all, and 
 the Scotch run away with the plunder? the latter 
 hanging together, prevents any union of opinions 
 or purfuits ; their motive for ftrong national at- 
 tachment is individual intereft, which, by that 
 means, they ftrenoufly endeavor to promote. This 
 has created a jealoufy in the Englifli, and caufed 
 an almoft national union for oppofmg them. Where 
 this contention will end it is impoffible to forefee; 
 but, if it continues much longer, in all probability 
 the animofity between the two nations will be as 
 great as ever it was between the Englifh and French. 
 We will now turn to the affairs of Germany, 
 where the miniftry continued the war, but without 
 giving it any degree of encouragement. If we 
 were gone too far to recede, as was the opinion of 
 fome, it was furely but good policy to have affifted 
 thofe who were there; and not have left trrm re- 
 duced to the alternative of defending themfelves 
 (againft the French army, confiderably reinforced 
 by frefh troops) whether able or not, or be facrifi- 
 ced. The wifdom and military genius of the com- 
 mander, joined to the humane and ever feafonable 
 
 affiftance
 
 ( 63 ) 1762 
 
 afiiftance of the marquis of Granby, preferred the 
 exiftence of the army. In the month of March the 
 campaign was opened by a fkirmifh between the 
 French garrifon or Gottingen, and a detachment of 
 the allies, in which the latter were defeated ; but 
 they foon after made amends for this (light difafter, 
 by reppifingthe enemy in his turn. On the i9th 
 of April the hereditary prince took the flrong cattle 
 of Arenfberg, which had been of confiderable fer- 
 vice to the French, by preferring a communica- 
 tion between their army on the Rhine and their 
 garrifons at Cafiel and Gottingen. This exploit fti- 
 mulated the French to attempt fomething of confe- 
 quence. Their grand army was commanded by 
 the marfhals d' Etrees and Soubize. But the fnare 
 which they took infinite pains to prepare for prince 
 Ferdinand, they fell into themfelves. On the 24th 
 of June they were furprized in their camp at Grai- 
 benflein, and compelled to retreat with confiderable 
 lofs; and had not the count deStainville very criti- 
 cally and valiantly defended their rear, at the expence 
 of the corps which he brought to the charge, they 
 would have been totally routed, and perhaps noc 
 have been able to make head again during the cam- 
 paign. However, as it was, they loft near 4000 
 men, and the allies gained pofTefllon of Fritzlar, 
 Feltzberg, Lohr, and Gudenfberg. The new mi- 
 niftry, notwithftanding they had induftrioufly de- 
 cried the German war, and were entirely innocent 
 of the victory, yet laid hold of the opportunity to 
 court popularity , they ordered public rejoicings t3 
 he made in the capital; and fome of them, in order 
 to keep the populace in good humour, gave away 
 barrels of beer in the public ftreets. After this ac- 
 tion the French retired under the cannon of Caffel, 
 where prince Ferdinand, finding their fiuiation too 
 itrong for hazarding another attack, contented 
 lumfclf with cutting off their communication with 
 I 2 rJbe
 
 1762 ( 64 ) 
 
 the Rhine and Frankfort; which the marquis of 
 Granby effected by defeating, on the firft ot July, 
 a corps of the enemy near Homberg. On the 
 23d part of the enemies right way was vigoroufly 
 attacked at Luttenberg, and drove from their en- 
 trenchments. Thefe gallant exploits fo greatly dif- 
 treffed and weakened the French, that another ar- 
 my, which, in the fpring, had been formed in Flan- 
 ders, under the prince of Concie, was now ordered 
 to march into HefTe, to the affirmance of the grand 
 army. 1 he prince ot- Conde, while on his march, 
 was attacked at Friedberg, on the goth, by the he- 
 reditary prince of Brunlwick. This action was 
 maintained for fome time with great fpiri-t. At 
 firft the allies were fuccefsful, but the French, by 
 their vafl fuperiority, and advantage of fituation, 
 at length repulfed the allies in turn-, and the here- 
 ditary prince, in attempting to rally the troops, re- 
 ceived a dangerous wound in the hip ; but prince 
 Ferdinand, being informed of the battle, came up 
 with fome aiTifrance, time enough to prevent the 
 defeat becoming total : however, the allies loft near 
 2500 men. The prince of Conde then effected his 
 junction, without any further difficulty -, and the 
 French army, now confiderably reinforced, began 
 to act on the offenfive. They laid fiege to the 
 caille of Amoeneberg, near the river Ohm , the 
 bridge over which was defended by a fmail party of 
 the allies, who were pofted in a redoubt on the 
 iip,ht cf the bridge: the French were alfo in pof- 
 feflion of a little work beyond the bridge. Between 
 thefe two pofts there commenced, on the 21 ft of 
 September, a warm and obftinate fight; which 
 continued from fix in the morning till dark. A 
 very fevere and heavy fire of cannon and fmall arms 
 v/as kept up for fourteen hours, without the leaft 
 inter miffion. There was no attempt on either fide 
 to pafs the bridge. Frefh troops were reciprocally 
 
 fent
 
 ( 65 ) 1762 
 
 fent to fupport the polls which each maintained, as 
 faft as the reliefs had expended their ammunition. 
 But prince Ferdinand perceiving that it was right- 
 ing to no end, as the French by their fuperiority 
 could hold out longer than he, at length gave up 
 the point, and next day permitted them to take 
 Amoeni. k fT, as the fruirs of their perfeverance. 
 The lofs of men on both fides was pretty equal; 
 it did not exceed a thoufand men each. However, 
 prince Ferdinand refolved not to clofe the cam- 
 paign till he had gained fome equivalent. His eye 
 was upon the city of CafTel, which the French had 
 been in poiTeiTion of for a very confiderable time. 
 He confidered, that if he gained pofTeffion of this 
 city, he mould refcue the principal part of the 
 landgraviate of Hefie out of the hands of the 
 enemy, and thereby add a very important advan- 
 tage to the common caufe, as well as bring the 
 campaign to an happy conclufion. Firm in this 
 opinion, notwithflanding he knew a negociation for 
 peace was fet on foot, and that the war muft foon 
 be terminated, when his fervices could be no longer 
 wanted, he detached prince Frederic of Brunfwick 
 to lay fiege to CafTel-, which was accordingly done 
 on the 1 6th of October. The operations were 
 carried on with great fpirit. The garrifon fallied 
 out feveral times, but were not able to interrupt 
 the approaches. Prince Ferdinand covered the 
 fiege in fo mafterly a manner, that the French were 
 not able to relieve the diftreffes of the garrifon, 
 who were in the utmofl want of all forts of pro- 
 vifions. Their neceflities, as they were very 
 numerous, in a Ihort time became fo ex- 
 ceeding great, that, on the ift of November, 
 they were compelled to furrender by mere want. 
 Two days after the preliminaries of peace were 
 figned , fo that this was the laft operation, in Ger- 
 many, of a long, bloody and expenfive war. As 
 
 foon
 
 1-762 ( 66 ) 
 
 foon as convenient the troops retired to their re- 
 ipelive countries, to enjoy, if poffible, that har- 
 veft of peace and felicity, which they had long 
 been fighting for *. 
 
 Providence 
 
 * The fcverity of a remarkable froft, which fet in in the 
 month of December, prevented the Britifh troops being able 
 to profecute their march for Holland, where they were to em- 
 bark for England, fo foon as they and their grateful country- 
 men could have wiflied. The marquis of Granby, who, by 
 liis many feafonable afts of benevolence, had rendered him- 
 felf dear to the foldiers, was taken dangeroufly ill at Mun- 
 fter : however, he recovered before the froft began to difap- 
 pear. As foon as he was able, he feized the opportunity of 
 giving, upon the fpot, his public teftimony of approbation of 
 the conducl of the Britifn trcops, as the lail and mofl honou- 
 abie reward for their diftinguifhed bravery, intrepidity, zeal 
 and firmnefs, in every action ; the fpirit with which they un- 
 derwent innumerable fatigues and hardfhips, ihocking to men- 
 tion. His letter of thanks, on this occaiion, we have re- 
 printed, being willing to add, if poffible, one wreath more to 
 the brows or" our brave and immortal countrymen, whom we do 
 ingratitude confider and efieern, let whatever will be their Tuitions 
 now, as our beil friends, becaufe they have been the defenders of 
 our peaceand properties at home, againft the deftgns ofan impla- 
 cable ene.rny, who fought, and ftill hopes to accomplifh, our 
 dfcilruclion. 
 
 T&e marquis of Granly'i letter of thanks to the Britifo forces 29 
 Germa.'. '. 
 
 Jan. i, 1763. 
 
 ' Lord Granby has hoped to have had it in his power to 
 have feen and taken his leave of the troops, before their em- 
 barkation for England ; but a fevere illnefs having detaine-d 
 him at Warburg, and his prefent ftate of health obliging him 
 to take another rout, he could not leave thib country without 
 this public teftimony of his intlre approbation of their con- 
 duel fmce he has had the honour of commanding them. 
 
 ' Thefe fentiments naturally call for his urrnoft acknowledg- 
 ments ; he therefore returns his warmeft thanks to the gene- 
 ralj, officers, and private men, compofing the whole Briufh 
 corps, for the bravery, zeal, difcipline, and good conduft he 
 has conllantly. experienced from every individual ; and his 
 moft particular and peribnal tlijsuaks are due jo them for their 
 
 ' ready
 
 ( 67 ) 17^2 
 
 Providence feems, in a very wonderful manner, 
 
 to have preferved for the king of Pruffia dignity 
 
 and 
 
 * ready obedience, upon all occafions, to fuch orders as his Ha- 
 
 * tion obliged him to give. 
 
 His belt endeavours have always been directed to their good, 
 ' by every means in his power ; aad he has the fotis.'aftion. 
 ' to think he has fome reafon to flatter himfelf of their being 
 
 * convinced, if not of the efficacy, at leafl of the fincerity, of 
 ' his intentions, if he may judge by the noble return their be- 
 ' haviour has made him.; a behaviour, that while it fills him 
 
 * with gratitude, has endeared them to their -king. and country, 
 
 * and has covered them with glory and honour. 
 
 Highly fenlible of their merit, he ihall continue, while he 
 
 * lives, to look upon it as much his duty, as it will for ever be 
 his inclinations, to give them every pofiible proof of his af- 
 fedlion and efteem ; which he .mould be happy to make as ap~ 
 ' parent as their valour has been, and will be conipicuous and 
 exemplary to their after-ages.' 
 
 When th'efe troops came to England, the inhabitants of Lon- 
 don, in particular, enjoyed a very fingular pleafure in feeing 
 them march through the city, with the laurel in their hats, to 
 which they are fo juftly entitled: and though ragged and bare 
 in their cloaths, yet their arms were clean, their health and vi- 
 gour good; their countenances open, honeit and .military, 
 mixed with real Englifa good nature. Not a fpeftator that had 
 the leaft feeling left, but could readily have poured the tear of 
 joy at the fight of his brave and victorious countrymen, who, 
 though unequal in numbers, had always withftood, often van- 
 quiilied, and fometimes completely ruined, armies vaftly fure- 
 rior to themfelves. There feemed, however, one thing want- 
 ing to complete their glory ; and that was, the prefence of their 
 commander. Every one naturally a{ked himfelf, Where is the 
 general, who, at the expence of his own private fortune, has 
 kept thefe troops alive ; lupplied them with every neceflary in 
 his power, and, by the moil boundlefs generofity and affection, 
 taught the molt unthinking to regard him as a father? To cbev 
 him as a general from inclination as well as duty, and to thiai: 
 no facrihce too great that could avail to the good of their 
 country, under iuch direction? Alas! has he not joined a -iu<uik 
 adminiftration ? Andthe foldier, after all his hardihips and ill 
 ti^uts, and expofing his life in many battles, has now got 
 bis ^wounds to Loxji of: to which the following lines, written by <ui 
 offi cer, bear a very juit allulion. 
 
 War is over, peace is come, 
 
 Shsuth the fword, unbrace the drum: 
 
 Soldler>
 
 1762 ( 68 ) 
 
 and immortal glory ; for no fooner did the once 
 refpeftable faith of Great-Britain begin to forfake 
 him, than he was relieved from the moft formi- 
 dable of his foes. Death fnatched from the num- 
 ber of his adverfaries the emprefs of Ruffia ; an 
 event which more than compenfated for his lofs of 
 the Britifh fubfidy. The nephew of the deceafed 
 emprefs, who fucceeded to the throne by the name 
 of Peter III. || inftantly fignified his warm defire of 
 
 living 
 
 Soldier, fing thy warlike tale, 
 
 Kifs tby doxy, quaff thy ale ; 
 
 Bare thy breaft, {hew thy fear, 
 
 Profit of a fev'n years war; 
 
 Tell thy neighbours round thy cot, 
 
 This is ALL that thou haft got : 
 
 Should they afk thee any more, 
 
 Tell 'em, PEACE DOTH ALL RESTORE. 
 
 || " By the accounts which were publilhed of his early proceeiT" 
 ings, he feemed, at leaft, to attend to the domeftic happineis 
 of his fubje&s ; for he conferred upon his nobility the fame in- 
 dependance which that order enjoys in the other monarchies of 
 Europe ; and he lowered the heavy duties upon fait in favour of 
 the commonalty. Thus gratifying both the greateit and meaneit 
 of his people, he appeared to thofe at a diliance to be fbrength- 
 cning himfelf in the hearts of the Ruffians, and to be ambi- 
 tious of a popularity equal to that which had been bellowed 
 upon any of his predeceflbrs. This was only the judgment of 
 perfons at a diftance ; thofe who were nearer the fcene were 
 hardly able to perceiva any thing but a blind precipitation iu 
 affairs of moment, blended with a zeal for trifles- The diverfi- 
 fied errors of his government made it believed, that he was medi- 
 tating the defign of fetting afide the great duke Paul, in favour 
 of the depofed prince Ivan. A defign of fuch a nature mult 
 have ariien either from extreme madnefs, or from fome family 
 fufpicion, which it would not become me to infinuate. He had 
 hardjy made peace with Pruffia, before he threatened Denmark 
 with a war, on account of his preteniions to part of the dutchy 
 of Hoirtein-Schlehvick in Germany. He drove every thing 
 before him with an extravagant ai d thoughtlefs rapidity. Tu- 
 llead of courting the afte&icns of his guards, who had made 
 and unmade the rnciiarchs of Ruflia ; fome of thefe he flighted ; 
 all, perhaps, hs i-unonted, by taking a ridiculous plcafure in 
 
 the
 
 living in friendfhip with the kingof Pruffia, which 
 that monarch, on. his part, no lefs warmly re- 
 ceived. Accordingly a mutual exchange or' pri- 
 foners without ranibra -was preiently agreed ro, 
 and followed by a general fui'penfion of arms ; to 
 which fucceeded a -treaty of peace,- whereby all the 
 conquefts, which had been made by the Ruffian 
 
 the uniform of his Pruflian regiment, and by placing an idle 
 confidence in his Holllein troops. He was obliged to commu- 
 nicate with the Greek church ; yet he infuked the rights of ir, 
 and difdnguimed the faft days by a large piece of beef. He 
 had not the virtues of the private man to compensate for the 
 defe&s of the prince. His propenfity to the northern vice of 
 intemperance in drinking betrayed him into a dtfcovery of his 
 ill-concerted meafures ; \vhilft an open difregard of the emprefs 
 his confort confirmed her apprehenfion of danger, and taught 
 her to confult her own fecunty. A coufpiracy was.formed, and 
 he was depofed by the intrigues of his confort, who fucceeded 
 to the throne by the name of Catherine II. In the famous ma- 
 nifefto publifhed after her huiband's death, (he brought a va- 
 riety of accufations againft him ; me charged him with ingrati- 
 tude to the emprefs Elizabeth, his aunt.; with incapacity ; an 
 abufe of power ; a contempt of religion and law ; a fcheme to 
 remove the grand duke from the fuccefiion ; to,fettle it in fa- 
 vour of a ftranger ; and even to puc herlelf to death. Thus 
 y,'as a fovereign prince of Holllein, great nephew of Charles 
 the twelth, grandfon of Peter the firft, and heir of thofe rival 
 monarchs, once elected fuccefTor to the crown of Sweden, who 
 actually afcended the throne of Ruflia, hurled down, after a. 
 fliort reign of fix months, from all his greatnefs, by the in- 
 trigues of a woman and the refentments of a itanding force, 
 fupported by the concurrence of an offended nation ; leaving 
 an important leilbn to princes, of the initability of human 
 grandeur, and of the certain danger of an eftablifhed military 
 power under a weak and capricious government. This very 
 unhappy monarch died within eight days after his depofition. 
 The fulpicion of the world, warranted by hiilorical examples, 
 has concluded that his death was violent : indeed it has been 
 reported, that whilft he was great duke, a minifcer of tfate de- 
 clared in words to this effect, " That nothing could cure him 
 but a black d fe." Notwithstanding this revolution, the inte- 
 refts of the king of Pruffia were not injured. The emprefs ad- 
 hered to the engagements of her late hafbar.d, and peculiarly 
 exerted herielf in bringing abour a peace in Germany." 
 
 K arms
 
 1762 ( 70 ) 
 
 arms during the war, were reftored to the king of 
 Pruffia. Thus did this monarch providentially ac- 
 quire the territories he had loft, without facrificing 
 any thing as an equivalent, and become freed from 
 the implacable hatred of an enemy, which it was 
 as impoffible to eradicate, as it was to deftroy the 
 inexhauftible refource of his power ; which there- 
 fore muft, fmce the court of Great-Britain had 
 taken another turn, have in the end accomplifhed 
 his ruin. The Swedes, who had been drawn into 
 the war by the Ruffians, followed the example of 
 the .generous emperor *, fo that the king of Pruffia 
 had now only the Auftrians and the army of the 
 empire to deal with. The ftoppage of the Britifh 
 fubfidy made him hefitate fome time in the execu- 
 tion of his meafures. At length, when he received 
 the refufal, and found he had nothing but himfelf 
 to truft to, he ordered his brother, prince Henry, 
 who commanded a fmall army in Saxony, againft 
 the army of the empire, reinforced by a large corps 
 of Auftrians, to take the field. On the 1 4th of 
 May the prince furprized the enemy's left wing 
 near Dobeln, beat up their quarters, and compelled 
 them to retire with the lofs of 2000 men, fome 
 cannon, and a large magazine , but as they were 
 vaftly fuperior, this aclion was attended with no 
 confequences. They, on the contrary hand, foon 
 after called in their detachments, and eafily made 
 head againft the Pruffians, fome of whofe advanced 
 pofts were attacked and forced, and other trifling 
 advantages gained. In the mean time the king of 
 Pruffia was encamped in Silefia with his grand army, 
 where he had to deal with marfhal Daun, who was 
 at the head of another grand army. For fome time 
 thefe experienced chiefs did .nothing but watch 
 each other. Daun was afraid to hazard a battle j 
 tor in cafe of a defeat there was nobody, fmce the 
 detection of the Ruffians and Swedes, to divide 
 
 and
 
 .( 7 1 ) I 7 6 ^ 
 
 and diftradt the attention of the victor, as was for- 
 merly the cafe , therefore the king of Prufiia, after 
 forcing the advanced pofts of the Auflrian.s right 
 wing, and fpreading terror and alarm throughout 
 their whole army, laid fiege to Schweidnitz on the 
 Sth of Auguft. Count Daun could not prevent 
 him. The garrifon, however, made a vigorous 
 folly , but were forced back by the befiegers with 
 cohfiderable lofs. At this time a body of Pruf- 
 fians, under the command of the prince of Be- 
 yern, lay encamped at Riechenbach. Count Daun 
 refolved to diflodge this corps, hoping that would 
 oblige the king to r?.iie the fiege. With this view 
 lie detached general Laudohn, with a fuperior 
 force, to attack the prince, who, however, found 
 means to inform the king of the enemy's defign, 
 and made a vigorous {land till he came up with a 
 reinforcement. The king fell upon the Auftrians 
 in flank, and, after a fhort difpute, totally routed 
 them with the lofs of 2400 men. The iiege was 
 not in the leaft interrupted by this action ; for the 
 king drew off only a fmall part of his army, and 
 left full directions with the reft concerning the ope- 
 rations. After this defeat Daun took no meafures 
 for the relief of Schweidnitz -, and the garrifon 
 hearing of it, defired to capitulate with the king, 
 but he refufed to grant them any conditions , he 
 infilled upon their furrendering prifoners of war: 
 upon which count Guafco, the governor, declared 
 he would defend the place to the laft extremity. 
 The Pruffians renewed their fire with redoubled vi- 
 gour, by which great damage was done to the 
 town in many places. At length, on the Sth of 
 October, the befiegers fuccefsfully fprung a mine, 
 which carried away part of the rampart, and made a 
 coniiderable breach. Every thing was now prepared 
 for {forming, which the brave governor perceiving, 
 immediately furrendered with his garrifon, amount- 
 K 2 ing
 
 Iy'6'2 ( 7.2 ) 
 
 ing to .IQ^QO men. In this memorable and dcv 
 ftructive.fiege above 5000 men were .(lain : the Au- 
 flrjans computed their lofs .at 2000 men, ana the 
 Pruffiahs allowed 'theirs to exceed three. Thus 
 tfid the .illuftriou.s-.hero of .the.houfe of Branden- 
 bcurg, ^before the ^conclufion of .his lait campaign, 
 regain the .important fortrefs of .Schweidnitz, which 
 had been feveral times wrefted oiit of his hands, 
 and with it every part of Si I e(i a which. his enemies 
 were in pcfTeiTion ofi. tie .then began his march 
 for Saxony, in order.' to. affiit his brother "prince 
 Henry, who was in danger of being furrounded 
 by vaftly fuperior 'numbers-, but before his arrival, 
 the princejiad found means, on.the 29th of October, 
 .to attack the enemies near Freyberg, and after a 
 very warm engagement, which lailed feveral hours, 
 he gained a complete" victory , .by which 5000 pri- 
 foners, 30 pieces of cannon, and the town of Frey- 
 berg fell into his hands. By thefe fuccefies the 
 the king of Pruffia came pear upon an equality 
 with his foes. The French flill porTefled his domi- 
 nions in the Netherlands, and. he yet -held a confi- 
 clerable part of Saxony; but the Auflrians, after 
 feven bloody campaigns, had nothing to boaft of, 
 notwithftancling they were aHilled by the army of 
 the empire, the Swedes and Rujnans. In ipite 
 of their feperate and united efforts,' the king of 
 PruOia now emerged fuperior. He rofe like an- 
 other phoenix out of the aihes, in which the world 
 often thought he was confurning , and now was, 
 more than everj the aftonifliment of mankind. In 
 this fituation he propofed to the court of Vienna a 
 lufpenliop of arms during the winter .b.etween their 
 refpe&ive armies in Saxony and Glatz. The fitu- 
 5.tion in which the Auftrian affairs were in, afforded 
 no room to refute this propofal: it was received 
 with joy, and immediately agreed to. The king 
 ,of Pruffia then detached a large body of troops 
 
 into
 
 ( 73 ) 
 into Francoma and other ftates, where they 
 
 phces in proportion. They raifed great n 
 of recruits, and provided themfelves in eve 
 necefiary they ftood in need of: even Ration wZ 
 alarmed; and every town and village expefted the 
 Pruffians. This Emulated fome of the princes of 
 the empire to propofe to the king of Pruffi- 
 trahty andpromife, in order tofpare tte e fta t es" 
 from the fcourge of war, to recall their troopsfom 
 the army of the empire. This was ao&dT 
 Other princes, who had forniihed troop? for that 
 army, then purchafed their fecuritv o/ the fame 
 terms; and m a httle time all the troops which com! 
 pofed the army of the empire, began their maTh 
 for the countries of their refpecfive fovereigns 
 Thus, by good fortune, and the moft admiraE 
 hey, was the houfe of Auftria ftripped of even! aUy - 
 and now left naked and iingle to oppofe tSwna 
 of Pniffia, whofe armies, by fuch an amazin. delf 
 verance, were in raptures of joy; and, moreover" 
 reinforced by a great number of recruits and troops 
 from the contmgenc.es of the empire. The balance 
 of power was now evidently in his fcale he had 
 gained it without the afiiftance of any ally and 
 
 a ! rCeab ^ ? WS Ufual wifdom a "<l Policy he' made 
 the moft of it Happy and glorious wo^lJ I ft We 
 been for England, if wecoulS fay the fame of o"- 
 
 office of 'fiV ^? l the Mrl of Butc to t^ high 
 office of firft lord of the treafury, the Enelilh na 
 on was ,n general difgufted. This premtr had 
 been decorated with the moft noble 
 
 of
 
 1762 C 74 ) 
 
 of the garter, and was inftalled at Windfor, with 
 his royal highnefs prince William-Henry, fecond 
 brother to the king. The known and tried friends 
 to the conftitution, who were the ftaunch friends 
 to the illuftrious houfe of Brunfwick, and confe- 
 quently the declared enemies to the weak and 
 wicked family of the Stuarts, were either difmiffed, 
 or fuffered to difmifs themfelves, from the various 
 employments which they held under the govern- 
 ment. Thefe, joined to a thoufand other difa- 
 greeable circumftances, caufed an univerfal difcon- 
 tent throughout the nation. Among thole who 
 refigned, becaufe of an officious interfering in their 
 departments, and becaufe the channel of govern- 
 ment feemed falling into fuch hands, as had not been 
 diftinguifhed in the fupport of the liberty and con- 
 ftitution of England, was his grace the duke of 
 Devonlhire, lord chamberlain -, whofe name was 
 afterwards ftruck off the lift of privy- counfellors. 
 The family of this illuftrious and worthy peer had, 
 in the moftcritical times, been eminently diftinguim- 
 ed for being chiefly inftrumental in accomplifhing 
 the glorious revolution, and in zealoufly and firmly 
 fupporting the right of the prefent family on the 
 throne, both before and after their fucceffion, in op- 
 pofition to the tories, the rebellious Scots, and their 
 Stuarts. For the fame reafons the marquis of Rock- 
 ingham likewife refigned his office of firft lord of 
 the bed-chamber. It therefore could not but be 
 alarming to fee noblemen of fuch diftinguifhed 
 rank difgufted, refigning, and joining the other 
 illuftrious and known friends of liberty, who had 
 refigned on the fame account. Let it be calmly 
 and impartially afked, what could a nation think, 
 who had feen, in a very fhort fpace, the refigna- 
 tion of Mr. Legge, allowed to have been thd 
 moft accomplifhed financier in Europe ; qf the earl 
 
 of
 
 75 
 
 of Holdernefs, a fecretary of ftate of tmblemiftied 
 honour and integrity , of Mr. Pitt, whole iuccc^es 
 and abilities are unequalled; of the earl Temple, 
 whofe fine parts and amiable manners render him 
 the delight of mankind ; of the duke of New- 
 caftle, that old and faithful fervant of the crown, 
 whofe firm and unalienable attachment to the 
 Brunfwick family was like a rock on which they 
 built their refidence ; of the duke of Devpnfhire, 
 whofe name has ever been dear to liberty, and 
 whofe manners, notwithstanding many itudie4 
 flights, were too gentle to give offence ; of the 
 marquis of Rockingham, whofe family has ex- 
 pended enormous fums in the fupport of whiggifm 
 and the prefent royal family ? Could it be ex- 
 pected that not a murmur would enfue upon the 
 rcfignation of iuch .noble and illuftrious peribn- 
 ages, againft whom, in all the fcurrility and abuie 
 which the miniflerial writers vented, not one fm- 
 gle fact or charge of a mifdemeanor was produced ? 
 When a future Englifh hiftorian comes to relate 
 the tranfactions of this period, what will he 
 fay ? We blufh and feel for our country, and vviili 
 certain things could be expunged out of the annals 
 .of time ; that they might never be recorded to the dif- 
 grace of ourageand nation; nor ferveas a precedent, 
 on any future occafion, to diflurb the tranquili'ty, 
 or form an eternal jealoufy between the natives 
 of the two nations, t'ngland and Scotland; who, 
 though their lav/s, religion, language, tempers, 
 and manners differ, are yet, and it is hoped ever 
 will be, the fubjects of one prince. The making, 
 or the caufmg of fudden changes, were like to 
 create alarms ; for the people, eibecially in criti- 
 cal times, would rather trull them whom they do 
 know, than thofe whom they do not. By the re- 
 fignations juft mentioned, the bottom of the new 
 minifter feemed fo narrowed, that it did net ap- 
 pear
 
 pear he had any other fupport than ^ the favour $ 
 the king, and the attachment of his countrymen. 
 Unfortunately his partizans added more fuel to the 
 flame of difcontent, and inftead of ferving him, 
 as was their intention, they fet the people more 
 againft him. They affirmed, " that the king hav- 
 " ing a right to appoint his minifters, the peo- 
 " pie had no right to oppofe them." They made 
 a loud cry about the independency and the prerogative 
 of the crown. They rooted up the rufty names 
 of whig and tory ; the latter they referved for 
 themfelves, and with the former they diftinguimed 
 their opponents. Before this cry was raifed, many 
 people had perceived a revival of tory maxims ' 9 
 and now they were confirmed in what they before 
 only fufpected. The principles of both whig and 
 tory became inftandy banded about. The tories 
 began the difpute by virulently and fcurriloufly 
 abufing the popular leaders of the whigs, whom 
 they branded as a faction acting only by themfelves, 
 on ambitious principles, without the concurrence 
 or even approbation of the people. The whigs, 
 in reply, boldly and firmly declared, that it was 
 falfe to attribute the opposition of the minifter to 
 only a few refpectable names *, for it was known 
 
 * The duke of Cumberland, the duke of Newcaftle, and the 
 duke of Devonfhire, whole perfons and characters were infulted 
 and flandered, in a manner fo malicious and falfe as not to be 
 credited, were the pieces not in exiftence, which the advocates 
 of the minifter publifhed. Although it is no wonder the Scots 
 ftiould bear an utter hatred to the firft of thefe moft refpectable 
 names becaufe in the year 1746 he fatted this nation by the de- 
 ftrudlion.of feme of their rebel countrymen, who thirited after 
 its wealth ; and preferved the crown for the inheritance of his 
 prefent majefty, which they Wanted to place on the head of their 
 pretender ; yet it was matter of furprize to all Englilhmen, who 
 had not drank of the cup of SERVILITY, that they durft frt- 
 J'ume to attack a character fo fair, fo illuftrious, and fo defcrv- 
 edly DEAR TO ENGLAND. 
 
 to
 
 ( 77 ) *7 6 2 
 
 to fpread throughout the whole kingdom ; and an 
 utter abhorrence to the minifter, and his meafures, 
 to be deeply rooted in the- minds of the people ; 
 that he was very ftrongly fufpected on account 
 of the attachment of the tories to him, but it was 
 falfe to accufe the whigs of being actuated by mo- 
 tives of ambition, for at that time they were re- 
 figning their places. " Charge them, if you pleafe, 
 *' laid one of their champions, with party-zeal, 
 ^when they are facrificing their power and intereft 
 to party-principles : but remember, that the 
 principles for which they ftruggle are the foun- 
 dation of our prefent goverment, which they 
 apprehend to be undermined when tory maxims 
 are openly avowed : it is wifdom to forefee fitch 
 danger ; // is courage to> meet it in its approach ; // 
 is our duty to die or to repel it." The whigs, 
 in reply to the tories, or partizans of the minifter, 
 further faid, they could not admit a minifter to be 
 a fervant of the king only -, he was fervant of the 
 nation likewife, and accountable to the people as well 
 as to the king. They openly declared the minifter 
 was not of their approbation , and they boldly 
 challenged him to produce his pretention, if he 
 had any other, to be at the head of the fubjects 
 of this kingdom, than the FAVOUR of the king. 
 But his party were filent. The whigs then af- 
 firrned, that he had no natural intereft in 
 England, that is, no popularity of character j 
 that, as a misfortune to his pretentions, he is fo 
 radically Scottifh there is not a (ingle drop of Eng- 
 lifh blood in his genealogy , that even the prudent 
 and thoughtful of his own countrymen never 'de- 
 fired to fee him at the helm, becaufe his appear- 
 ance there would revive the old and almoft exploded 
 jealoufies between the two nations , which has, in 
 fact, been the cafe. They affirmed likewife, that 
 he is not diftinguifhed by his zeal for the prevail- 
 L ing
 
 1762 ( 7 8 ). 
 
 ing and conftitutional party principles, nor recom- 
 mended by long and acknowledged fervices. The 
 want of popularity, they laid, was a flrong excep- 
 tion againft him \ becaufe thereby be had not the 
 principal thing neceffary towards his {lability, the 
 confidence of the people. Nor has he the motives, 
 they faid, which popular men have to guard the 
 public liberty, and adminifter conjlitutional advice 
 to the crown*. 
 
 The 
 
 * " The whigs therefore naturally diflike him; for vvhiggifm. 
 is a popular principle. The great object of it is the liberty of the 
 people, for which monarchy and legiflature are eftablifhed. 
 A known whig will of courfe enjoy popularity ; he will not flat- 
 ter the king with more independency, a d prerogative, than he 
 really has; he will fooner chufe to retire from court. But fuch, 
 a conduct is not expected from a minifter, who has no obliga- 
 tion to the people, who has received from them many marks of 
 diflike, an<i may 'be fuppofed to value hjmfelf upon the firm- 
 nefs, with which he defpifes the voice of the people. I ap- 
 peal to you, the toricsy whether you have not made this an ob- 
 jection to one minifter at leaft. You thought him improper for 
 the office, becaufe he was unpopular. Was it fo heinous a 
 guilt, to have maintained this obvious truth heretofore, that you 
 cannot expiate it, without fupporting two unpopular miniiters 
 now ? I know, that fome of you are more confiftent ; it is to 
 the inconfiftent ones, that I addrefs myfelf. I do them no in- 
 juitice in affirming, that they oppofed a minifter, partly from be- 
 ing unpopular, and that they are now enlifted under the ban- 
 ners of the fame minifter, in fupport of another, who is like- 
 wife unpopular. But this is only one objection to the noble 
 1 d. How has he diftinguifhed himfelf by party principles? 
 Tour zealous attachment to him, the prefent revival of te;y- 
 tKzzras, and indeed the whole foundation of his power, will 
 anfwer the queftion. You have been wandering about, gentle- 
 men, for fome years paft, in fearch of a minifter, under whom 
 you might recover your importance, without giving up the ab- 
 furdities of your anceftors. The general decay of your party 
 reduced you to this vagrant fUtc. You found a difpofiticn in 
 the whigs, to receive you amicably. But ftill they were whigs, 
 and gave you no hopes to become the predominant party. You 
 tried a new expedient, and pretended that the diftindion no 
 longer exifted. The late great minifter, Mr. Pitt, received you 
 upon that pretence, knowing, that his connexion with you 
 could excite no jealoufies. To him it was matter indifferent,
 
 ( 79 ) r 7^ 2 
 
 The fenfible and honeft part of the nation were 
 
 extremely forry to fee the old and exploded diftinc- 
 
 L 2 tions 
 
 what you profefTed, as the credit of ferving your country was 
 all you could then gain. You have been now admitted into 
 confidence by another minifcer, whofe credit was feeble among 
 the whigs, and to whofe power your notions became iignificant. 
 You gave them vent, when you were thus far advanced. Mon- 
 archy was now faid to b'j INDEPENDENT, which is only an- 
 other word for UNLI MIXED. The power of the king over his 
 people was compared to that of a private gentleman over his 
 family. Ftlmer did not maintain it more absolutely, than it 
 has been maintained of late. But FUmer maintained it at a 
 time, when great part of the nation knew no better. We are 
 now fo well acquainted with our rights, that we cannot give 
 them up for big-founding words or flimfy arguments. We 
 honour the king ; we both love and honour the prefent king; 
 
 but we diflike the m r, whofe exiitence depends upon tories 
 
 and tory-maxims .... 
 
 Can ycu be infenfible, that the voice of the people is loud? 
 and almoft united at this time ? And are your notions of mon- 
 archy fo high, as to incline you to think the whole nation made 
 for a MINISTER ? This would be improving upon your ancef- 
 tors, who only thought the nation made for the KING. You 
 talk much ofnuye/fy and prerogative. If this had been always 
 your language, how many bitter efforts of oppofition might 
 have been fpared for fifty years pail ! How much more peace- 
 able might have been the reign of our late fovereign ! How 
 much more peaceably might his allies reft at this time! For even 
 the whigs are fo well affecled to monarchy, that they lament to 
 hear the reproaches thrown out upon his memory. Did you re- 
 collect the independency of the crown, when you eppofed his 
 ininirters ? Was not prerogative checked and pared ? And 
 were not the WHIGS, at that time, necefiary guardians of it, 
 againit the intemperance of your oppofition t I will not aik 
 you, how vigorous an oppofition you made to the unnatural 
 rebellion again ft him. Wherein did he provoke you, to lay 
 afide the dodrine of your fathers, which you have now brought 
 
 forth, quite rufty, for the ufe of the preient m r ? The 
 
 late king had been educated in a country, where his family was 
 defpotic ; but here he was a friend to liberty ; and, knowing, 
 what principles had raifed his illuftrious houle to the throne, 
 confided in the whigs, and treated you with a moderation, which 
 kerned to bid fair for a coalition of parties. He made you 
 
 feejned
 
 1762 C 80 ) 
 
 tions of whig and tory revived : becau/b, while 
 anarchy fubfitted among thofe who Ihould. unite and 
 afiift each other, the bufmefs of their country was 
 not likely to go on well. The fimation of the 
 monarch was Qncerely pitied, by thofe who fuf- 
 pecr.ed, whether the voice of the people was 
 brought to him, clear and unpoifoned. The 
 ambition of the minifter was every where 
 fpoke of with gr^at diilike ; and he was by many 
 confidered, as the author of the murmurs, 
 and heart-burnings, which diffracted the king- 
 
 afhamcd of the diftinction. You difavowed it in a manner, 
 which perfuaded us you were earneft, till you thought fit to 
 feparate from us again after his death. If you bear any 1 will 
 to his memory, treat him at leaft, as thou think kings ought to 
 ^e treated; and do not, for his fake, infu.lt and vilify hi.s be- 
 loved furviving fon. Do not, for your own fakes, defcribe that 
 prince, as afpirit which delighletbin blood. Surely this is not novj 
 the language of the Cocoa Tree. If it be, then party is re- 
 kindled to an alarming degree. It was heretofore the language 
 of thofe, who were difappointed at CULL ODE N. The" cha- 
 racter of that great prince cannot be hurt by fuch an infmua- 
 tion ; but the reader will be led by it to form ftrange ideas of 
 you, and will be at a lofs to know r by what kind of profeilions 
 you intend to make your court. And with refpect to minifters; 
 permit me to alk you, had not the minifters of the late king at 
 Jeail as conftitutional pretenfions to their power, as any you can 
 affign to the prefent minilter ? Why then did you elteem it he- 
 ceffary to oppofe them, for many years, in every meafure, with 
 a profefled defign to fuatch the power from their hands, which 
 had been intrultcd to them by their royal matter ? We have 
 heard much ^Hedged of their corruption. I will not enter either 
 into the faft, or into the known caufes of it. But wherein did 
 you principally place their corruption ? To the befl of my 
 memory, you made an outcry about places and penfions, till 
 placemen and penfioners were almc ft afhamed of their daily 
 bread. Let me beg you to compare the preient lill of places 
 and penfions, wih that, which exiiled in the time of the mi- 
 nifter whom you moil vehemently oppofed, as the grand cor- 
 rupter. Without doubt the prefent minifter has reafons for his 
 conduct, which perfectly fatisfy you." A# Jlddrefs to the Cocoa. 
 Tree, fr CM a WHIG. 
 
 dom.
 
 ( Si ) 1762 
 
 dom. The faft, they faid, fpeaks for itfelf , till he 
 was irj power the whole nation was in perfect union, 
 harmony and friendfhip. What it was afterwards 
 is too notorioufly known and too fatally felt. 
 Though, immediately upon his elevation, he could 
 not be ignorant, the people were averfe to his 
 being in power*, yet he feemed to value himfelf 
 on being FIRM ; and making a parade about 
 OECONOMY; which, it muft be allowed, did ap- 
 
 * Of this he received one very remaikable proof in London. 
 At the fvvearing in of the lord-mayor it is ufual to provide a 
 grand entertainment on the occalion, and to invits the nobility 
 and gentry to partake of it. On the day (Nov. 9, 1762) the 
 chariot of lord Bute was perceived in the proceflion, efcorted, 
 as hath been faid, by a party of Itage prize fighters. The ef- 
 corte, if fuch it was, as foon as difcoverecl, was vi^oroufly at- 
 tatked by the populace, and foon put to flight ; *" but further 
 confequen*.es were prevented by the very feafonable interpofi- 
 tion of a party of contlables, who protected his lordfhip, in the 
 belt manner they were able, till he arrived at the Guildhall. 
 
 A few days after this event, the printers, publifhers, and fup- 
 pofed authors of a noted political paper, called the MONITOR, 
 were all taken into cullody by a warrant from the fecretary of 
 (late. The papers, which had given offence, contained certain, 
 paffages from different hiflories, particularly thofe of England. 
 However, at length, the perfons tvere bailed, and the affair 
 came to nothing. The miniftry feemed to be alarmed with the 
 imprefiion it made on the minds of the people all over England, 
 who arc ever jealous of the liberty of the prefs, as it is the bul- 
 wark of all ocher liberties, and is fo defervedly efteemed, that 
 a y wanton and oppreifive attacks have always been attended 
 with difagreeable confequences to that adminiit.rat.ion, which 
 prefumed to make them. When once the liberty of the prefs is 
 Hopped, all privilege and all property is at an end': therefore none 
 will ever aim at overthrowing this ineftimable barrier, but thofe 
 who have in a view the eftabliftiment of arbitrary power, and 
 the total enfiavement of the people. Bad ministers were ?lways 
 enemies to the liberty of the prefs ; their guilt made them fo ; 
 but true virtue is not to be wounded by insinuation or extracts 
 from hiilory, wh;ch can only hurt where they Hick. 
 
 pear
 
 1762 ( 82 ) 
 
 pear in the favings of beef and. pudding, and the 
 
 ends of candles. 
 
 Among the feveral acts of oppreffion and the at- 
 tempts at arbitrary power, ought to be numbered 
 one with regard to a literary produ6tion, which, 
 though fmail in itfelf, yet appears equal in folly 
 and injuftice to any of the greater ones. A gen- 
 tleman had obtained the confent of the patentees 
 of Covent-Garden theatre to exhibit a new trage- 
 dy which he had by him ; and accordingly it was 
 put into rehearial, and a copy of it was, as is 
 ufual, fent to the lord Chamberlain's office, in or- 
 der for irs being licenced according to law. The 
 day was fixed at the theatre, and near approaching, 
 for its appearance; when, to the aitonifhment of 
 every one concerned, and every one who had feen 
 the piece, an order came down for fufpending the 
 rehearfals, and foon after it was fignified that a li- 
 <!:ence would not be granted, though with apolo- 
 getical compliments to the poetical merits, of the 
 production, and to the known principles of its 
 author. A ftrong regard to decorum made the 
 gentleman who had wrote it wait patiently for an 
 ecdairciffement on the matter, by the decent means 
 if pofiible, of private interpofition. But thofe 
 means not fucceeding, and no reafons being af- 
 ligned for the refufal, the author's friends then 
 reprefented to him the necefiity of following all 
 former examples in making the piece public, as 
 well in vindication of his own character ss for ap- 
 prizing the world of fo very arbitrary a proceeding, 
 which they could not help considering to be an ijl 
 exercife of power. lie accordingly waited on one 
 of the deputies in office, in order to apologize for, 
 and apprize him of, the ileps he found himfelf 
 conftrained to take; which were to prefent a memo- 
 rial to the lord Chamberlain for reprefenting the 
 
 true
 
 1762 ( 83 ) 
 
 true ftate of the cafe, and, if that was unattended 
 to, then to publiih the play. A very refpectful 
 memorial was accordingly prefented by him, in 
 which it was fet forth, " That the flory was one 
 " v/hich had been often felected for the Drama 
 " in almoft all nations from the earlieft times. 
 " That the fable and conftruftion of the piece 
 " were no other than thofe of Sophocles, adapted 
 *' to the modern ftage j and not a character, fcene 
 " or ientiment in it, but as they actually flood 
 " when firft framed and written near twenty years 
 " paft. That none of the many friends who had 
 " perufed it before and during its rehearfal, no 
 " one performer, nor any other perfon whomfo- 
 " ever, had once fo much as fuggefted there was 
 " any thing in it which might be likely to give of- 
 " fence : and that he himfelf had never had the 
 " leaft evil intention, or the fmalleft apprehenfion 
 " of appearing to have one." He next proceed- 
 ed to reprefent the hardfhips of his cafe, " in be- 
 *' ing injured in property, expofed to the cenfures 
 " of his country, from fufpicions of malevolence 
 " or indifcretion, and cut off from his fair views 
 " both of profit and of fame." But fo decent a 
 reprefentation procuring him no kind of regard or 
 redrefs, he then apologized, by letter, to a per- 
 fcn in high office/ whom he had formerly compli- 
 mented in print, for the meafure of publication 
 which he then found himfelf neceflitated to purfue : 
 and the tragedy, which is called ELECTRA, is now 
 intended for the prefs; from the perufal of which, on 
 its appearance, the public will become enabled to 
 judge of what there is in it that could give fuch high 
 offence, and whether the refufal of a licence for its 
 reprefentation is, in lord Bute's miniftry (which af- 
 fected' fo much to patronize arts) an act of real 
 OPPRESSION or JUSTICE. When the licencing act 
 
 was
 
 was under confideration, it was rightly oppofed 
 with a great ftrength of argument, as the means of 
 eftablifhing a power that might become too wan- 
 tonly exercized ; and indeed it is luch an one as 
 has always been confidered as invafive of real liber- 
 ty. The crown had before an acknowledged pow- 
 er to reftrain theatrical licentioufnefs : and there- 
 fore there was no need for creeling a new one that 
 might be licentioufly exercifed, as every power 
 muft be thought, when, it deprives a fubject of 
 the rights he is born to without affigning a fatisfac- 
 tory reafon for fo doing. If this play does appear 
 to the world to contain any thing which is male- 
 volent, the author of it has certainly been very 
 rightly treated. But if no fuch thing does appear, 
 he muft be deemed an injured man : and he is 
 the firft unhappy Englifhman who has been made 
 perhaps an innocent fu Merer by that law. Mr. 
 Brooke, who is an Irimman, and Mr. Thomfon, 
 who was a Scotfman, have each heretofore print- 
 ed a tragedy to which the licence was refufed. 
 Their cafes were thought hard, though their per- 
 formances were known to be in fome points excep- 
 tionable : and fuch a diftate was created thereon, 
 that the licence was afterwards readily granted to 
 Mr. Thomfon's Agamemnon, and Mr. Mallet's Muf- 
 tapba, though they were clearly feen to be ftrong 
 anti-minifterial produ&ions, and were both written 
 by Scotfmen. Having faid thus much with regard 
 to juftice in this matter, it may not now be impro- 
 per to confider the wifdom of fuch a proceeding, 
 There furely was' made evident a ftrong mark of im- 
 prudence, in fuffering people to be fet to fearch af- 
 ter thofe caps with which certain perfons will be 
 fuppofed to have fitted their own heads. A play 
 that has been written twenty years muft be under- 
 ftood to contain fome kinds of doctrines which are 
 
 not
 
 \ I ( 85 ) 176* 
 
 not conftitutional, to warrant the refufal of a li- 
 cence for its reprefentation -, elfe people will be 
 led to imagine there muft have been fome ftrange 
 fenfibility by forenefs, from accidental ftrokes which, 
 have been felt from it by extremely galled 
 confciences. In fine, the minifter affected to ap- 
 pear a patron of arts, and the friend of worthy- 
 men. We have feen what productions he has pa- 
 tronized, and what men of genius he has rewarded. 
 We know their works and their principles, and we 
 know how deferving they have been of his favour. 
 We may foon be made judges of a performance, 
 which., under his adminiftration, has received 
 a ftigmatizing treatment. Of the principles and 
 merits of the author of it, a great part of the pub- 
 lic can be in no need of information , and to thofe 
 who do not know him, perhaps his piece may give 
 enough for their entire fatisfaction. What fatisfac- 
 tion his injure rs may think due to him, for their 
 injuftice, can only be left to their own honour*. 
 
 In 
 
 * It mould be obfervcd here, that about the time this play 
 was refufed to be licenced, another, written by a Scotch 
 poet, received that necefTary fan&ion, and was accordingly re- 
 prefcnted at Drury-lane houfe. That tragedy, which was called 
 Elvira, was a tranflation, from the French, of a piece that was 
 written above thirty years ago, in order to fet the fovereign will 
 and authority in an extreme awful light, and like wife to daub 
 over with panegyric the character of a minifter (who had been 
 the preceptor of his mailer) by making the inftru&ion of a 
 prince the firrt merit of a fubjecl:. This was the very kind of 
 merit which the countrymen of a living rriniiler were puffing 
 to extravagance, as beyond all reward, though he had really 
 never been entrufted with any part of his fovereign's education, 
 nor concerned in it farther than from his officious intrufions in 
 the chandler of an ofnccr of hi; houfhold. All hiftory was 
 falfihed for compering this rnefs, in the original of complicated 
 adulation. And from a pretended fimilitude of fkuations, the 
 piece was haftily turned into Englifh for the fame naulecus pur- 
 pofes. The Engliih pait of the audience faw clearly the de- 
 M fign,
 
 1762 ( 86 ) 
 
 In no remarkable inftance was the adminiftration 
 diftinguimed after theie events, except in the two 
 important articles of the peace and the excife, 
 both of which we now come to treat upon : but 
 firft of the peace. 
 
 A few months after lord Bute's elevation, the 
 language moft confidently held at Verfailles was, 
 that his lordfhip poflefled every thing, and was 
 the only afting power in England ; yet, is 
 was added, he could not preferve his emi- 
 nence, unlefs there was a peace : therefore the 
 French, loon after his appointment, determined to 
 feize the lucky moment of propofing an accom- 
 modation. They confidered, that if the oppor- 
 tunity was fufiered to elapfe, the old ' minifters 
 
 figo, and as heartily defpifed the flattery of the piece, as they 
 detefted its political doctrines. However, the poet went refo- 
 luteiy i&rough his talk, and directly flattered, in a prefixed de- 
 dication; his countryman, whom he had obliquely adulated in 
 the work; for which he was immediately rewarded with a lu- 
 crative promotion, as fhamelefsly given as it had been ftiame- 
 iully earned. 
 
 The unjull fuppreffion of a manly performance, which had 
 not been defigred to give offence, by a wanton exertion of un- 
 contfoulable power, and the allowance and open encouragement 
 given at the fame time to another, which was wrote on mean 
 views and fervile principles, might juftly alarm the judicious 
 part of the nation ; as well for the ill exertion of power in office 
 en one hand, as fpr the vile prostitution of the ftage on the 
 other : and they alike ferve to manifed the true judgment of 
 thofe who .oppofed the licencing bill in its progrefs through the 
 houfes, in forefeeing, that the power it was calculated to create 
 had the tendency to produce the two hateful effefts of injuring 
 innocent merit and debating the drama, by making it fubfer- 
 vient to miniilerial purpofes. Therefore, when Eleclra comes 
 out, and can be compared with Elvira, if what is faid of the 
 fo.mer fhould be found truth, a comparative vietv of their diffe- 
 rent merits, and of the different treatment they have received, 
 ou^bt to animate thofe who are influenced by virtue and ho- 
 nour, to endeavour at the repeal of a law, which experience 
 will then convince them has been openly applied to the ferving of 
 bad purpoies. 
 
 might,
 
 r S; ) 1762 
 
 might, nay muft foon be in power if the war con- 
 tinued, and then they fhould not get fuch a peace 
 as they expected from the earl of Bute. Although 
 fucb was the language at Verfailles, yet furely it 
 cannot agree, or have the lead affinity with that, 
 which was held at St. James's : it is impoffible. It 
 is certain, indeed, the overtures were made under 
 the mediation of the king of Sardinia, by count 
 de Viri, his ambaffador in London ; and the me- 
 diation was accepted, and the ncgociation was 
 thereupon fet on foot. The duke of Bedford was 
 appointed to go ambaflador te Paris ; and the duke 
 de Nivernois to come to London ; but the capital 
 of France was honoured with being the feat of ne- 
 gociation, and the bufmefs was tranfacted in the 
 French language : neither of which were points 
 that yielded the leaft fatisfaction to the Englifh na- 
 tion. Another little incident, which happened at 
 the beginning -f-, met with no better an approba- 
 tion , this was, the permitting the fame royal 
 yacht, that carried over the duke of Bedford, to 
 afterwards bring to England the duke de Nivernois,. 
 Thefe " trifles were, to the jealous, intimations 
 flrong, as proofs from holy writ," that there would 
 on our parts be no difficulties towards ANY peace 
 as foon as poflible. The duke of Bedford fet out 
 
 f- About the fame time " a powerful fquadron was equipped 
 in England, at a confiderable expence ; the commaiid was given 
 to admiral Hawke and his royal highnefs the duke of York, 
 who failed, as the public expefied, to intercept feveral very rich 
 Spanim and French mips, then fuppofcd to be on their return 
 home ; but foon after the admiral a/rived on his flation, he was 
 ordered to return to England with his fquadron. In vain did 
 the public fearch for the caufe of this their fudden difappoint- 
 ment; it reminded them of admiral Hiddick, who 1738 had 
 his hands tied up. But now fome ray of more than probability 
 feems to inform the public, that his unexpected return muft bi 
 Attributed to pur tarnejl defir^ of obtaining a peace.'* 
 
 M 2 on
 
 1762 C 88 ) 
 
 on the 5th of September*. On the 3d of November, 
 1762, the preliminary articles were figned by the 
 
 minifters 
 
 * In the month of O&ober fome of the principal articles of the 
 peace became whifpered about, and loon gotinto the news-papers. 
 Thefe were the restoration of the Weft-India iflands, and other 
 matters relative to America, which jnilantly fpread fuch an alarm 
 throughout the kingdom, that the people roie up like one man, 
 in deteftation and abhorrence of fuch conditions. The trading 
 part of the kingdom was moftfenfibly affefied. They propofed 
 prefenting memorials and petitions againft thofe articles. The 
 towns of Liverpool and Lancafter actually drew up memorials. 
 The lat:er was wi hdrawr. becaufe it was too late ; but the former 
 was given to Sir William Meredhh, one of their reprefentatives, 
 and was as follows : 
 
 To the Right Honour all' the Earl rf Egremont, one of his M> 
 principal Setretarie) of Slate, &c. &'(. 
 
 The memorial of the merchants of Liverpool trading to ar.d in 
 Africa and the Weft-Indies, whofe names are heitUi 
 fcribed, 
 
 Humbly fhewetb, 
 
 That the Weft- Indian and African trade is by far the Inrgeft 
 branch of the great and extenfive commerce of this towr. 
 
 That this is alfo the moft beneficial commerce, not oniv f o 
 themfelves, but to the whole kingdom, as the export is chiefly 
 of the manufactures of this kingdom, Britifh fhips and fcamen 
 folely employed, and the returns made in the produce of the 
 colonies belonging to Great-Britain. 
 
 Your memorialifts further beg leave to reprefent to your lord- 
 Ihip, that though they pofleficd this commerce in a very great 
 and extenfive manner before the reduction of Guadalupe and its 
 dependencies, yet the poflefiion of that ifland has increafed their 
 trade beyond ail companion with its former Hate, in the demand 
 of Britifti manufactures for ilaves, and for the produce of that 
 ifland (at foreign markets) purchafed with Britiih manufac- 
 tuies. 
 
 And your memorialifts have all poflible reafon to believe and 
 be allured, that in fucceeding years this demand will be prodi- 
 gioufly increafed, and in this hope your memorialifts conceive 
 they are well grounded from the fingle circumftance of that ifland 
 not being yet more than half cultivated to reafonabte, not to fay 
 poflible, advantage. 
 
 That
 
 ( 99 ) *7 6 3 
 
 ininiflers of Great-Britain, France, Spain and Por- 
 tugal ; and on the loth of February, 1763, the 
 definitive treaty was figned, which the reader will fee 
 inferted in the note, together with fome remarks f. 
 
 That your memorialifts, not prefuming to trouble your lord- 
 fhip with a minute detail of their general export to Guadalupe, 
 fubmic to your lordfhip s confideration the fingle article of the 
 numbers and value of the negroes fold there by the merchants 
 of this town only : this your lordlhip will perceive, by the an- 
 nexed lift, to form by itfelf alone a moft extraordinary and in- 
 terefting objeft in the national commerce. 
 
 But your memorialifts muft not omit reprefenting to your lord- 
 Clip, that the export oi Britifh manufactures from this town, 
 dire&ly to Guadalupe, is of a prodigious value, and very little, 
 if at all, inferior to their export to all other his majefty's leeward 
 Weft-Indian iilands. 
 
 Prompted by thefe confederations of particular and national 
 advantage, your memorialifts intreat your lordfhip to lay before 
 his majefty their humble but earneft hopes, that the pofTeffion 
 of Guadalupe, and its dependencies, fo valuable atprefent, and 
 fo conftantly and greatly increafing, may, if not incompatible 
 with the general fcheme of affairs, be deemed an objed worthy 
 of his majefty's attention in the negociation of a peace. 
 
 Your msmorialifts have the greateft confidence to lay this their 
 humble and dutiful requeft before his majefty, being impreft 
 with the deepeft fenfe of his majefty's care and attention to the 
 welfare r-f all his fubje&s, fo apparent in every meafure of his 
 government. 
 
 Signed by 145 of the principal merchants. 
 
 The lift referred to in the above memorial contained an account 
 of 41 (hips, the cargoes of which amounted to I2347flaves, and 
 were fold for 334605!. us. zd. fterling. 
 
 -} The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendjbip, between Hit 
 Britannic Majefty, the Moft Chriftian King, and the King of 
 Spain. Concluded at Paris, the \Qtb Day of February, 
 1763- 
 
 Article I. There fliall be a chriftian, univerfal, and perpe- 
 tual peace, as well by fea as by land, and a fincere and conftant 
 friendfhip fhall be re-ellablifhed between their Britannic, moft 
 chriftian, catholic, and moft faithful majefties, and between 
 their heirs and fucceflbrs, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, 
 countries, fubje&s, and vaffals, of what quality or condition 
 
 foever
 
 ( 90 ) 
 
 fbever they be, without exception of places, or of perfons 
 fo that the high contracting parties mall give the greateft atten-, 
 tion to maintain between themfelves and their faid dominions and 
 fubjefts, this reciprocal friendfhip and correfpondence, without 
 permitting, on either fide, any kind of hoftilities, by fea or by 
 land, to be comgiitted, from henceforth, for any caufe, or un- 
 der any pretence vvhatfoever, and every thing mail be carefully 
 avoided, which might, hereafter, prejudice the union happily 
 re-eftablifhed, applying themfelves, on the contrary, on every 
 occasion, to procure for each other whatever may contribute to 
 their mutual glory, interefts, and advantages, without giving any 
 affiftance or protection, direftly or indire&ly, to thofe who would 
 caufe any prejudice to either of the high contracting parties : 
 there fhall be a general oblivion' of every thing that may have 
 been done or committed before, or fince, the commencement of 
 the war which is juft ended. 
 
 Art. II. The treaties of Weftphalia of 1 648 ; thofe of Ma- 
 drid between the crowns of Great Britain and Spain of 1667, 
 and 1670; the treaties of peace of Nimeguen of 1678, and 
 1679 ; of Ryfwick of 1697 ; thofe of peace and of commerce 
 of Utrecht of 1713 ; that of Baden of 1714; the 
 treaty of thet riple alliance of the Hague of 1717; that 
 of the quadruple alliance of London of 1718; the trea- 
 ty of peace of Vienna of 1738; the definitiue treaty of Aix la 
 Chapelle of 1748 ; and that of Madrid, between the crowns of 
 Great Britain and Spain, of 1750; as well as the treaties be- 
 tween the crowns of Spain and Portugal, of the ijth of Febru- 
 ary 1668; of the 6th of February 1715; and of the izth of 
 February 1761 ; and that of the nth of April 1713, between 
 France and Portugal, with the Guaranties of Great Britain ; 
 ferve as a bafis and foundation to the peace, and to the prefent 
 treaty: and for this purpofe, they are all renewed and confirmed 
 in the beft form, as well as all the treaties in general, which 
 fubfifted between the high contracting parties before the war, as if 
 they were inferted here word for word, fo that they are to be 
 exactly obferved, for the future, in their whole tenor, and reli- 
 gioufly executed on all fides, in all their points which fhall not 
 be derrogated from by the prefent treaty, notwithftanding all 
 that may have been ftipulated to the contrary by any of the high 
 contracting parties : and all the faid parties declare, that they 
 will not fuffer any privilege, favour, or indulgence, to fubfift, 
 contrary to the treaties above confirmed, except what fhall have 
 been agreed and ftipulafed by the prefent treaty. 
 
 Art.\\\. All the prifoners made, on all fides, as well by land, 
 as by fea, and the hoftages carried away, or given during the 
 the war, and to this day, fhall be reftored, without ranfom, fix 
 weeks at lateft, to be computed from the day of the exchange 
 of the ratification of the prefenr treaty, each c^own refpedively 
 paying the advances, which fhail have been made for the fub- 
 
 Menie
 
 ( 9* ) I 7B 
 
 ftence and mamtainance of their prifoners, by the fovereign of 
 the country where they lhall have been detained, according to 
 the attefted receipts and eftimates, and other authentic vouchers, 
 which fhall be furnifhed on one fide and the other : and fecuri- 
 tiesAall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts 
 which the prifoners lhall have contracted in the countries, where 
 they have been detained, until their entire liberty. And all 
 the {hips of war and merchant vefiels, which fhall have been 
 taken, fince the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the 
 cefTation of hoftilities by fea, {hall be likewife reftored bona. 
 fde, with a!l their crews ,and cargoes : and the execution of this 
 article fliall be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange 
 of the ra ificaiions of this treaty. 
 
 Art. IV. His moft chriftian majefty renounces all pretenfions, 
 which he has heretofore formed, or might form, to Nova Scotia, 
 or Acadia, in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and 
 with all its dependencies, to the king of Great Britain : more- 
 ever, his moft chriftian majefty cedes, and guaranties to his faid 
 Britannic majefty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependen- 
 cies, as well as the ifland of Cape Briton, and all the other 
 iflands, and coafts, in the gulph and river St. Laurence, and, 
 in general, every thing that depends on the faid countries, lands, 
 iflands, and coafts, with the fovereignty, property, pofleflion, 
 and all rights acquired by treaty or otherwife, which the moft 
 chriftian king, and the crown of France, have had, till now, 
 over the faid countries, iflands, lands, places, coafts, and their 
 inhabitants, fo that the moft chriftian king cedes and makes 
 over the whole to the faid king, and to the crown of Great 
 Britain, and that in the moft ample manner and form, without 
 reftriclion, and without any liberty to depart from the faid cef- 
 fion and guaranty, under any pretance, or to difturb Great Bri- 
 tain in the polTeffions above-mentioned. His Britannic majefty, 
 on his fide, agrees to grant the liberty of the catholic religion. 
 to the inhabitants of Canada : he will, confequently, give the 
 moft precife and moft effectual orders, that his new Roman ca- 
 tholic fubjects may profefs the worfliip of their religion, ac- 
 cording to the rights of the Romifh church, as far as the laws 
 of Great Britain permit. His Britannic majefty further agrees, 
 that the French inhabitants, or others who had been fubjefts of 
 the moft chriftian king in Canada, may retire, with all fafety 
 and freedom, wherever they {hall think proper, and may fell 
 their eftates, provided it be to fubjefts of his Britannic majefty, 
 and bring away their effects, as well as their perfons, without 
 being reitrained in their emigration, under any pretence what- 
 foever, excepts that of debts or of criminal profecutions : the 
 term, limited for this emigration, fhall be fixed to the ipace of 
 eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange 
 of the ratifications of the preient treaty. 
 
 Art.
 
 1763 ( $2 ) 
 
 Art. V. The fubjeas of France fhall have the liberty of fiftiing 
 and drying, on a part of the coafts oftheifland of Newfoundland, 
 fuch as it is fpecified in the XHIth article of the treaty of Utrecht ; 
 which article is renewed and confirmed by the prefent treaty, 
 (except what relates to the ifland of Cape Breton, as well as to 
 the other iflands and coafts, in the mouth and in the gulph of 
 St. Laurence :) and his Britannic majefty confents to leave to the 
 fubjeds of the moft chriftian king the liberty of fifhing in the 
 gulph St. Laurence, on condition that the fubjeclis of France do 
 not exercife the faid fifhery, but at the diftance cf three leagues 
 from all the coafts belonging to Great Britain, as well ihofe of 
 the continent, as thofe of the iflands fituated in the faid gulph 
 St. Laurence. And as to what relates to the fifhery on the 
 coafts of the ifland of Cape Breton out of the faid gulph, the 
 fubje&s of the moftchriftian king ftiall not be permitted to ex- 
 ercife the faid fifhery, but at the diftance of fifteen leagues from 
 the coafts of the ifland of Cape Breton ; and the fifhery on the 
 coaft of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and every where elfe out of the 
 {aid gulph, mail remain on the foot of former treaties. 
 
 [The 1 3th article in the treaty of Utrecht, here alluded to, runs in thefe 
 words : 
 
 " Article XIII. The ifland called Newfoundland, with the adjacent 
 iflands, lhall from this time forward belong of right wholly to Britain ; and 
 to that end the town and fortrefs fo Placentia, and whatever other places in 
 the faid ifland are in the poflefiion of the French, /hall be yielded and given 
 up, within feven month from the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, 
 or fooner if poffible, by the moft chriftian king, to thofe who have a com- 
 miflion from the queen of Great Britain for that purpofe. Nor fliall the moft 
 chriftian king, his heirs and lucceffbrs, or any of their fubjects, at any time 
 hereafter, lay claim to any right to the faid ifland and iilands, or to any part of 
 it, or them. Moreover it fliall not be lawful for the fubje&sjcf France to fortify 
 any place in the faid ifland of Newfoundland, or to ereft any buildings there, 
 befides ftages made of boards, and huts neceflary and ufual for drying of fifh j 
 or to refort to the faid ifland, beyond the time neceflary for fifliing and dry- 
 ing of fifh. But it fliall be allowed to the fubjecls of France to catch fifh, and 
 dry them on land, in that part only, and in no other befides that, of the faid 
 ifland of Newfoundland, which ftretches from the place called Cape Bonavifta 
 to the northern point of the faid ifland 5 and from thence running down by 
 the weftern- fide, reaches as far as the place called Point Reche. But the 
 ifland called Cape Breton, as alfo all others, both in the mouth of the river 
 St. Lawrence, and in the gulph of the fame, fliall hereafter belong of right 
 to the French ; and the moft chriftan king fliall have all manner of liberty to 
 fortify anyplace or places there." 
 
 Art. VI. The king of Great Britain cedes the iflands of St. 
 Pierre and Michelon, in full right, to his moft chriftian majef- 
 ty, to ferve as a fhelter to the French fifhermen : and his faid 
 moft chriftian majefty engages not to fortify the faid iflands ; to 
 ereft no buildings upon them, but merely for the convenience 
 of the fifhery; and to keep upon them a guard of fifty men 
 only for the police.
 
 93 
 
 Art. VII. In order to re-eftablifh peace on folid and dura- 
 ble foundations, and to remove for ever all fubjeft of difpute 
 with regard to the limits of the Britifh and French territories oa 
 the continent of America : it is agreed, that, for the future, the 
 confines between the dominions of his Britannic majefty, and 
 thofe of his moft chriftian majefty, in that part of the world, 
 lhall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of 
 the river Miffifippi, from its fource to the river Iberville, and 
 from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, 
 and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the fea ; and for 
 this purpofe, the moft chriftian king cedes in full right, and 
 guaranties to his Britannic majefty, the river and port of the 
 Mobile, and every thing which he pofleffes, or ought to pof- 
 fefs, on the left fide of the river Miflifippi, except the town of 
 New Orleans, and the ifland on which it is fituated, which mall 
 remain to France ; provided that the navigation of the river 
 Miflifippi mall be equally free, as well to the fubjecls of Great 
 Britain, as to thofe of France, in its whole breadth and length, 
 from hs fource to the fea, and exprefsly that part v/hich is be- 
 tween the faid ifland of New Orleans, and the right bank of 
 that river, as well as the paffage both in and out of its mouth : 
 it is further ftipulated, that the veflels belonging to the fubje&s 
 of either nation, fhall not be flopped, vifited, or fubjefted to 
 the payment of any duty whatfoever. The ftipulations, infert- 
 ed in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada, 
 fhall alfo take place, with regard to the inhabitants of the coun- 
 tries ceded by this article. 
 
 Art. VIII. The king of Great Britain mall reftore to France 
 the iflands of Guadeloupe, of Marie Galante, of Defirade, of 
 Martinico, and of Belleifle ; and the fortrefles of thefe iflands 
 (hall be reftored in the fame condition they were in, when they 
 were conquered by the Britifh arms ; provided that his Britannic 
 majefty's fubjedls, who fhall have fettled in the faid iflands, or 
 thofe who fhall have any commercial affairs to fettle there, or 
 in the other places reftored to France by the prefent treaty, mall 
 have liberty to fell their lands and their eftates, to fettle their 
 affairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effecb, 
 as well as their perfons, on board veflels, which they fhall be 
 permitted to fend to the faid iflands, and other places reftored 
 as above, and which fhall ferve for this ufe only, without be- 
 ing restrained on account cf their religion, or under any other 
 pretence whatfoever, except that of debts, or of criminal pro- 
 iecutions : and for this purpofe, the term of eighteen months 
 is allowed to his Britannic majefty's fubjedls, to be computed 
 from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent 
 treaty ; but, as the liberty granted to his Britannic majefty's fub- 
 jefts, to bring away their perfons and their effects, in veflels of 
 their nation, may be liable to abufes, if precautions were not 
 N taken
 
 1763 ( 94 ) 
 
 taken to prevent them ; it has been exprefly agreed between his 
 Britannic majcity and his moft chriftian majefty, that the num- 
 ber of Englifh vefiels, which {hall have leave to go to the faid 
 iflands and places reftored to France, {hall be limitted, as well 
 as the number of tons of each one; that they {hall go in ballad ; 
 {hall fet fail at a fixed time ; and mall make one voyage 
 only, all the effe&s, belonging to the Engliih, being to be em- 
 barked at the fame time. It has been further agreed, that his 
 moft chriftian majefty mall caufe the necefl'ary paflports to be 
 given to the laid vefTcls ; that, for the greater fecurity, it mall 
 be allowed to place two French clerks, or guards, in each of 
 the faid veffels, which ihall be vifited in the landing places, 
 and ports of the faid iflands, and places, reftored to France, 
 and that the merchandife, that ihall be found therein, mail be 
 confifcated. 
 
 Art. IX. The moft chriftian king cedes and guaranties to his 
 Britannick majefty, in full right, the iflands of Grenada, and 
 of the Grenadines, with the fame ftipulations in favour of the 
 inhabitants of this colony, inferted in the IV th article for thofe 
 of Canada : and the partition of the iflands, called neutral, is 
 agreed and fixed, fo that thofe of St. Vincent, Dominica, and 
 1 obago, fhall remain in full right to Great Britain, and that 
 that of St. Lucia {hall be delivered to France, to enjoy tne fame 
 likewife in full right ; and the high contracting parties guaranty 
 the partition fo ftipulated. 
 
 Art. X. His Britannick majefty mall reftore to France the 
 ifland of Goree in the condition it was in when conquered : 
 and his moft chriftian majefty cedes, in full right, and guaran- 
 ties to the king of Great -Britain the river Senegal, with the 
 forts and factories of St. Lewis, Podor, and Galam ; and with 
 all the rights and dependencies of the faid river Senegal. 
 
 Art. XL In the Eaft-Indies, Great-Britain {hall reftore to 
 France, in the condition they are now in, the different factories, 
 which that crown pofleffed, as well on the coaft of Coromandel, 
 and Orixa, as on that of Malabar, as alfo in Bengal, at the 
 beginning of the year 1749. And his moft chriftian majefty 
 renounces all pretenfion to the acquifitions which he had made 
 en the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, fmce the faid begin- 
 ning of the year 1749. His moft chriftian majefty Ih'all reftore, 
 on his fide, all that he may have conquered from Great-Britain, 
 in the Eaft Indies, during the prefentwar; and will exprefly 
 caufe Nattal and Tapanoully, in the ifland of Sumatra, to be 
 reftored; he engages further, not to eredt fortifications, or to 
 keep troops in any part of the dominions of the Subah of Ben- 
 gal. And in order to preferve future peace on the coaft of Co- 
 romandel and Orixa, the Engliih and French {hall acknowledge 
 Mahomet Ally Khan for lawful Nabob of the Carnatick, and 
 Salabat Jing for lawful t-ubuh of the Decan ; and both parties 
 fnall renounce all demands and pretenfions of fatisfadion, with 
 
 which
 
 ( 95 ) 17*3 
 
 which they might charge each other, or their Indian allies, for 
 the depredations, or pillage, committed, on the one fide, or on 
 the other, during the war. 
 
 Art. XII. The ifland of Minorca (hall be reftored to his Bri- 
 tannick majefty, as well as fort St. Philip, in the fame condi- 
 tion they were in, when conquered by the arms of the mail 
 chriftian king ; and with the artillery which was there, when 
 the laid ifland and the faid fort were taken. 
 
 Art* XIII. The town and port of Dunkirk mall be put into 
 the ftate fixed by the laft treaty of Aix la Chapelle, and by for- 
 mer treaties. The cunette mail be deftroyed immediately after 
 the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, as well 
 as the forts and batteries which defend the entrance on the fide 
 of the fea ; and provifion (kail be made, at the fame time, for 
 the wholefomenefs of the air, and for the health of the inha- 
 bitants, by fome other means, to the fatisfaftion of the king of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Art. XIV. France mail reftore all the countries belonging to 
 the electorate of Hanover, to the landgrave of HefTe, to the 
 duke of Brunfwick, and to the count of LaLippe Buckebourg, 
 which are, or mall be occupied by his moft chriftian majefty's 
 arms: thefortrefles of thefe different countries mall be reftored 
 in the fame condition they were in, when conquered by the 
 French arms ; and the pieces of artillery, which mall have been 
 carried elfewhere, mall be replaced by the fame number, of the 
 fame bore, weight, and metal. 
 
 Art. XV. In cafe the ftipulations, contained in the Xlllth 
 article of the preliminaries, mould not be compleated at the 
 time of the fignature of the prefent treaty, as well with regard 
 to the evacutions to be made by the armies of France of the 
 fortreffes of Cleves, Wefel, Guelders, and of all the countries 
 belonging to the king of Pruffia, as with regard to the evacu- 
 ations to be made by the Britifh and French armies of the coun- 
 tries which they occupy in Weftphalia, Lower Saxony, on the 
 Lower Rhine, the Upper Rhine, and in all the empire, and to 
 the retreat of the troops into the dominions of their refpedtive 
 fovereigns ; their Britannick and molt chriftian majefties pro- 
 mlfe to proceed, bond fide, with all the dilpatch the cafe will 
 permit of, to the faid evacuations, the entire completion whereof 
 they ftipulate before the i gth of March next, or fooner if it 
 can be done ; and their Britannic and moft chriftian majeities 
 further engage, and prcmife to each other, not to furnim any 
 fuccours, of any kind, to their refpeftive allies, who (hall con- 
 tinue engaged in the war in Germany. 
 
 [Article XIII: of the preliminaries. After the ratification of the prelimina- 
 ries, France /hall evacuate, as foon as it 4 can be done, the fortrefTes of Cieves, 
 Wezel, and Guelders, and in general all the countries belonging to the king of 
 Prurtia j and, at the fame time the Britifh and French armies fliali evacuate 
 all the countries which they occupy, or :inay then ccgupy in Weftphalia, Lower 
 fv z . Saxony,
 
 1763 ( 96 ) 
 
 Saxony, on the Lower Rhine,the Upper Rhine, and in all the empire 5 and each 
 fliall retire into the dominions of their ^refpeflive fovereigns : and their Britan- 
 nic and moft chriftian majefties further engage and promife, not to furnifh any 
 fuccour of any kind, to. their refpeftive allk-s, who fliall continue engaged in 
 the prefent war in Germany.] 
 
 Art. XVI. The decifion of the prizes made, in time of 
 peace, by the fubj efts of Great-Britain, on the Spaniards, (hall 
 be referred to the courts of juftice of the admiralty of Great- 
 Britain, conformably to the rules eftablifhed among all nations, 
 fo that the validity of the faid prizes, between the Britifh and 
 Spanifh nations, fhall be decided and judged, according to the 
 law of nations, and according to treaties, in the courts of juf- 
 tice of the nation, who mall have made the capture. 
 
 Art. XVII. His Britannick majefty mail caufe to be demo- 
 limed all the fortifications which his fubje&s mall have erefted 
 in the bay of Honduras, and other places of the territory of 
 Spain in that part of the world, four months after the ratifica- 
 tion of the prefent treaty : and his catholic majefty fhall not 
 permit his Britannic majefty's fubjefts, or their workmen, to be 
 difturbed, or molefled, under any pretence whatfoever, in. the 
 faid places, in their occupation of cutting, loading, and car- 
 rying away logwood: and for this purpofe, they may build 
 without hindrance, and occupy without interruption, the houfes 
 and magazines which are neceflary for them, for their families, 
 and for their effedls : and his catholic majefty aflures to them, 
 by this article, the full enjoyment of thofe advantages, and 
 powers, on the Spanifti coafts and territories, as above ftipu- 
 lated, immediately after the ratification of the prefent treaty. 
 
 Art. XVIII. His catholic majefty defifts, as well for himfelf 
 as Tor his fuccefTors, from all pretenfion, which he may have 
 formed, in favour of the Guipufcoans, and other his fubjedts, 
 to the right of timing in the neighbourhood of the ifland of 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Art. XIX. The king of Great Britain mail reftoreto Spain all 
 the territory which he has conquered in the ifland of Cuba, with 
 the fortrefs of the Havanna, and this fortrefs, as well as all the 
 other fortreffc s of the faid ifland, mall be reftored in the fame con- 
 dition they were in when conquered by his Britannic majefty's 
 arms ; provided that his Britannic majefty's fubjefts, who mall 
 have fettled in the faid ifland, reftored to Spain by the prefent 
 treaty , or thofe who fhall have any commerci al affairs tojfettle there, 
 fhall have liberty to fell their lands, and their eftates, to fettle 
 their affairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their ef- 
 fefls, as well as their perfons, on board veffels which they fhall 
 be permitted to fend to the faid ifland reftored as above, and 
 which fliall ferve for that ufe only, without being reftrained 
 on account of their religion, or under any other pretence what- 
 foever, except that of debts, or of criminal proiecutions: and 
 for this purpofe, the term of eighteen months is allowed to his 
 Britannick majefty's fubje&s,- to be computed from the day 
 
 of
 
 ( 97 ) 17*3 
 
 of the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty : 
 but as the liberty, granted to his Britannic majefty's fub- 
 jefts, to bring away their perfons, and their effects, in 
 veffels of their nation, may be liable to abufes, if precau- 
 tions were not taken to prevent them; it has been ex- 
 prefly agreed, between his Britannick majefty and his catholic 
 majefty, that the number of Englifh veffels, which fhall have 
 leave to go to the faid ifland reftored to Spain, fhall be limited, 
 as well as the number of tons of each one ; that they (hall go 
 in ballaft ; (hall fet fail at a fixed rime ; and (hall make one 
 voyage only ; all the effects belonging to the Englifh being to 
 be embarked at the fame time : it has been further agreed, that 
 his catholick majefty fhall caufe the neceffary pafiports to be 
 given to the faid veffels ; that, for the greater fecurity, it ft all 
 be allowed to place two Spanifh clerks, or guards, in each of 
 the faid veffels, which fhall be vifited in the landing places, and 
 ports of the faid ifland reftored to Spain, and that the merchan- 
 dize, which fhall be found therein, fhall be confifcated. 
 
 Art. XX. In confequence of the reftitution ftipulated in the 
 preceding article, his catholick majefty cedes and guaranties, 
 in full right, to his Britannick majefty, Florida, with fort St. 
 Auguftin, and the bay of Penfacola, as well as all that Spain 
 pofleffes on the continent of North America, to the eaft, or to 
 the fouth eaft, of the river Miififippi. And, in general, every 
 thing that depends en the faid countries, and lands, with the 
 fovereignty, property, poffeffion, and all rights, acquired by 
 treaties or otherwife, which the catholic king, and the crown 
 of Spain, have had, till now, over the faid countries, lands, 
 places, and their inhabitants ; fo that the ca:holick king cedes 
 and makes over the whole to the faid king, and to the crown 
 of Great Britain, and that in the moft ample manner and form. 
 His Britannick mnjefty agrees, on his fide, to grant to the in- 
 habitants of the countries, above ceded, the liberty of the 
 catholick religion : he will confequently give the moft exprefs 
 and the moft effectual orders, that his new Roman catholick 
 fubjefts may profefs the worihip of their religion, according to 
 the rights of the Romifh church, as far as the laws of Great 
 Britain permit : his Britannick majefty farther agrees, that the 
 Spanifh inhabitants, or others who had been fubje&s of the ca- 
 tholick king in the faid countries, may retire, with all fafety 
 and freedom, wherever they think proper ; and may fell their 
 eftates, provided it be to his Britannick majefty's fubjeds, and 
 bring away their effe&s, as well as their perfons, without being 
 reftrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatfoever, 
 except that of debts, or of criminal profecutions : the term, li- 
 mited for this emigration, being fixed to the fpace of eighteen 
 months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the 
 ratifications of the prefect treaty. It is moreover ftipulated, 
 that his catholic maj^ity fhall have power to caufc all the effects, 
 
 that
 
 'J7 6 S ( 95 ) 
 
 that may belong to him, to be brought away, whether it be ar- 
 tillery, or other things. 
 
 Art. XXI. The French and Spanifh troops fliall evacuate all 
 the territories, lands, towns, places, and cafUes, of his moft 
 faithful majefty, in Europe, without any referve, which mail 
 have been conquered by the armies of France and Spain, and 
 ihall reftore them in the fame condition they were in when con- 
 quered, with the fame artillery, and ammunition, which were 
 found there; and with regard to the Portuguefe colonies in Ame- 
 rica, Africa, or in the Eaft Indies, if any change mall have 
 happened there, all things (hall be reftored on the fame footing 
 they were in, and conformably to the preceding treaties, which 
 fubfifted between the courts of France, Spain, and Portugal, be- 
 fore the prefent war. 
 
 Art. XXII. All the papers, letters, documents, and archives, 
 which were found in the countries, territories, towns, and 
 places, that are reftored, and thofe belonging to the countries 
 ceded, mail be refpe&ively and bond fide, delivered, or fur- 
 nifhed at the fame time, if poffible, that pofleffion is taken, or, 
 at lateft, four months after the exchange of the ratifications of 
 the prefent treaty, in whatever places the faid papers or docu- 
 ments may be found. 
 
 Art. XXIII. All the countries and territories, which may have 
 been conquered, in whatfoever part of the world, by the arms 
 of their Britannic and moft faithful majefties, as well as by 
 thofe of their moft chriftian and catholic majefties, which are 
 not included in the prefent treaty, either under the title of cef- 
 fions, or under the title of reftitutions, mail be reftored with- 
 out difficulty, and without requiring any compenfation. 
 
 Art. XXIV. relates only to the epochs of reflitutions and evacu" 
 ations. 
 
 Art. XXV. His Britannic majefty, as eleftor of Brunfwic 
 Lunenbourg, as well for himfelf, as for his heirs and fucceflbrs, 
 and all the dominions and poffeffions of his faid majefty in Ger- 
 many, are included and guarantied by the prefent treaty of 
 peace. 
 
 Art. XXVI. Their facred Britannic, moft chriftian, catholic, 
 and moft faithful majefties, promife to obferve, iincerely and 
 bona fide, all the articles contained and fettled in the prefent 
 treaty ; and they will not fuffer the fame to be infringed, di- 
 reclly or indireftly, by their refpeftive fubjedls ; and the faid 
 high contracting parties, generally and reciprocally, guaranty to 
 each other all the ftipulations of the prefent treaty. 
 
 Art. XXVII. The folemn ratifications of the prefent treaty, 
 
 expedited in good and due form, mail be exchanged in this city 
 
 of Paris, between the high 
 
 a month, or fooner if poflible, to be computed from the day of 
 
 the high contracting parties, in the fpace of 
 r if poflible, to " 
 the fignature of the prefent treaty.
 
 ( 99 ) 1 7 6 3 
 
 In \vitnefs whereof, we the under-written, their ambafTador 
 extraordinary, and minifters plenipotentiary, have figned with 
 our hands, in their name, and in virtue of our full powers, the 
 prcfent definitive treaty, and have caufed the feal of our arms 
 to be put thereto. 
 
 Done at Paris the tenth day of February, 1763. 
 
 BEDFORD, C. P. S. CHOISEUL, Due. EL MARO^. DE 
 (L.S.) DEPRASLIN. GRIMALDI. 
 
 (L.S.) (L.S.) 
 
 A very few remarks will mew the peace to bedifadvantageous 
 and infecure. They who made it, on our parts, plume themfelves 
 on acquiring Canada, which they call an extenfive territory, 
 without confidering, that as it is uncultivated, and almoft un- 
 inhabited, it will be a long time, and be a considerable expence 
 to England, before it can be made materially ferviceable to us. 
 The fame may be faid of Florida. As to the French, they are 
 inftantlyraifed to their great ftrength, as a maritime power, by the 
 reftoration of their Weft India iflands, together with the ifland of 
 St. Lucia, which has the only good harbour in that part of the 
 world. Spain has likewife obtained her Havannah, which, in 
 our hands, might have been a moft effectual check on her 
 conduft, and the fureft fafeguard againft the defigns of the fa- 
 mily compaft. Thefe are places of great confequence, and 
 immediate fervice, and fuch as the whole houfe of Bourbon 
 united, could never have retaken. Our enemies will now 
 profit by their error, and make thefe places ftronger than before ; 
 fo that in a future war, we may find it perhaps impoffible to take 
 them. We likewife reftored five and twenty thoufand feamen, 
 which they could neither exchange nor ranfom, to man their 
 commercial fleets, and mips of war. Thus have we raifed 
 France from a ftate of bankruptcy, to her principal traffic, 
 power, and eminence ; and confequently may expect another 
 war from her, lince her hatred towards ws is irradicable. What 
 French minifter had a finer opportunity for exerting his political 
 talents than the prefent at this time ? The union of the houfe 
 of Bourbon, which is not even attempted to be broke, is replete 
 with reciprocal advantages. The French can recruit eafier than 
 we can, and are every where building mips, and, as faft as 
 pofiible, putting their marine on a refpe&able footing. The 
 fifhery which we have given them, is like a mine of vyealfh to them. 
 "What therefore can we expeft but another war? While we, . 
 before our acquifitions can be made valuable, (hall, with.one 
 hundred and forty millions on our backs, have this dance to go 
 over again. Every honeft man muft fhudder, when he ferioufly 
 refle&s on our prefent condition, and the melancholy profpeci 
 there is of our future. 
 
 With
 
 1763 ( ioo ) 
 
 In the fame wife and wonderful manner we aed to- 
 wards our ally the king of Pruffia. It was ftipulated in the 
 preliminary articles, that the conquefts which the French 
 had made on Hanover, HefTe, Brunfwick, &c. mould be eva- 
 cuated and rejhred : though they were not in pofleffion of above 
 ten villages, or one hundred acres of land, belonging to the 
 princes of thole countries. But with refpecl to the king of 
 Pruffia, although the trench were in pofTeffion of Cleves, We- 
 fel, Gueldres, &c. it was only faid, that they mould be eva- 
 cuated. Thus the French were left at full liberty to evacuate 
 them either to the Pruffians or Auftrians, as they thought proper. 
 The Pruliians, however, at length got them ; but not through 
 any gocd offices of the Britifh minifter, who, in a low and vul- 
 gar phrafe,, peculiar to himfelf, faid they were to \)tfcrambledfor. 
 The Pruffian miniilers in London thought their mafter fo hardly 
 treated by fuch a vague and partial ftipulation, unbecoming an 
 ally, that they, wivh refolution and firmnefs, entered a proteft 
 againft the contents of the treaty, fo far as it refpefted the king 
 their mailer. The Auftrians ordered a large body of troops to 
 begin their march for the Netherlands, to feize thofe places as 
 foon as the French mould evacuate them. The king of Pruffia 
 did the fame. The Netherlands were now threatened with be- 
 coming the theatre of war. France was alfo alarmed, becaufa 
 fhe law me mould be under a neceffity of taking part in this 
 war ; to avoid which, me propofed to the king of Pruffia to de- 
 liver up all thofe places to him, provided he would fign a neu- 
 trality for the Netherlands. He agreed to the propofal, and 
 purchafed his territories on that condition. Thus France has to 
 boaft of the honour of reftoring thofe places to the king of 
 Pruffia, which England, his ally, though agreeable to good 
 faith, wtuld not ftipulate for him ; and which, in all probability, 
 will, in fome future day, become matter of more ferious con- 
 fideration than fome at prefent deem it. 
 
 While this treaty was negociating, another ne- 
 gocianon was fer on foot between the emprefs queen 
 and the king of Pruffia. The former finding her- 
 felf ftripped of every ally and friend, was com- 
 pelled by neceffity to bend her ftubborn pride, and 
 liften to the terms which were dictated to her, under 
 the mediation of Ruflla. In a fhort time every 
 thing was fettled at Hubertfberg, and on the i5th 
 of February the treaty was figned. The fubflance 
 of which the reader will fee in the note*. 
 
 * Art. i. There mall be henceforth an inviolable and perpe- 
 tual peace, and fincere union, and perfect friendfhip, between
 
 ( ioi ) 1763 
 
 the Apoftolic Emprefs Queen, on the one part, and the King 
 of Pruffia on the other, their heirs and fucceffors. 
 
 2. Every thing that has patted on either fide during the war, 
 fhall be buried in a general and eternal oblivion. 
 
 3. Both parties renounce all claims on each other's dominions 
 or territories (particularly the Emprefs Queen renounces ail 
 claim to thofe which were ceded to the King of Pruffia by the 
 preliminary articles of Breflau, and the treaty of Berlin) and alfo 
 all indemnification for damages fuffered during the laft war. 
 
 4. All hoftilities fhall ceafe in all parts from the day of figning 
 this treaty. 
 
 5. In one and twenty days after the ratifications of this treaty 
 are exchanged, the Emprefs Queen fhall recall her troops from 
 all parts of Germany that do not belong to her, and evacuate 
 and reftore to the King of Pruffia the county of Glatz, and in 
 general all places which he poffefled before the war, in Silefia, 
 or elfewhere, and which have been occupied by the troops of 
 the Emprefs Queen, or thofe of her allies ; the fortrefles of Glatz, 
 Wefel, or Gueldres, fhall be reftored in the condition they were 
 in with regard to the fortifications (with the artillery) when 
 taken. In the fame fpace of time the king of Pruffia fhall re- 
 ilore all places belonging to the King of Poland, Elector of 
 Saxony, agreeable to the treaty concluded this day with that 
 Prince. 
 
 6. All contributions of what kind foever, all deliveries what- 
 foever, fhall ceafe on the figning of the treaty; no arrears of 
 any kind fhall be demanded ; all bills of exchange or other ob- 
 ligations in writing, fhall be void ; all hoflages fhall be imme- 
 diately fet at liberty without ranfom. 
 
 7. All prifoners of war, of whatever rank, fhall be imme- 
 diately reftored without ranfom, on payment of the debts they 
 may have contracted in their captivity. The States of the Em- 
 pire fhall be included in this article. 
 
 8. The fubjects of either party forced to enter into the fervice 
 of the other, fhall be difcharged. 
 
 9. The Emprefs Queen fhall return all the deeds, writings, 
 and letters belonging to the places reftored to the King of 
 Pruffia. 
 
 10. The inhabitants of the county and city of Glatz fhaJl be 
 at liberty to remove with their effects, in two years, without 
 paying any duty. 
 
 1 1 . The king of Pruffia fhall confirm the nomination made 
 by the Emprefs Queen during the war to vacant benefices, and 
 to places in the excife, in the duchies of Cleves and Gueldiers." 
 
 12. The preliminaries of Breflau, June n, 1742, the treaty 
 of Berlin, July 28, 1742, the reccs of the limits of 1742, the 
 treaty of Drefden, Dec. 28, 1745, vvnere they are not derogated, 
 from by this treaty, are renewed and confirmed. 
 
 O 13. The
 
 1763 f 102 ) 
 
 13. The two parties propofe to fettle a treaty of commerce as 
 foon as poflible ; and in the mean time will favour the commerce 
 between their countries. 
 
 14. The Roman Catholic religion mall be preferved in Si- 
 Jefia, as by the treaty of Drefden, and all other privileges of 
 the fubjecls. 
 
 15. Tho two contracting powers /hall renew article 9, and 
 the feparate article of the treaty of Berlin relative to the debts 
 on Sileiia. 
 
 1 6. The two powers mutually guaranty the whole of each 
 other's dominions ; thofe belonging to die Emprefs Queen out 
 of Germany excepted. 
 
 17. The king of Poland mall be comprehended in this treaty 
 <m the footing of his treaty on this day with the king of Pruffia. 
 
 1 8. The king of Pruffia will renew his convention with the 
 eleftor Palatine in .1741, relative to Juliers and Ber^ue. 
 
 19 The whole empire is comprehended in the ilipulations of 
 the zd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7 tK articles of this treaty; by which 
 the peace of Weflphalia, and all the other conllitutions of the 
 empire, are confirmed. 
 
 20. The allies and friends of the two parties, mall be com- 
 prehended in this treaty; power is referved to name them in a 
 ieparate article. 
 
 2 1 . The ratifications of this treaty mail be exchanged at Hu- 
 bertfbourg in fifteen days, or fooner. 
 
 Thus did the King of Pruffia, to his own immortal honour, 
 without the affiftance of Great Britain, at laft extricate himfelf 
 out of all his difficulties, and become, as he now is, to the 
 aftonimment of mankind, the great power of the north. Never 
 did one man undergo fuch a feries of viciffitudes ; never did one 
 jnan furmcunt fuch a feries of difficulties. Pofterity will be 
 amazed when they read his hiftory. When they fee him en- 
 compafled by his innumerable foes, bravely ftriving againft them 
 all, making head in every part, and, campaign after campaign, 
 keeping them all at bay. Loll and given up by both friends 
 and foes ; ftill emerging from his abjeft ftate, and, with an 
 adlivity and vigilance of which none of his enemies were ca- 
 pable, putting himfelf at the head of every army, and in perfon 
 lighting almoit every deiperate battle. Though forfook by his 
 ally, when a change among her miniftry happened, Providence, 
 in the fame wonderful manner as before, continued to protect 
 him, by matching from the number of his adverfaries, the moft 
 powerful and implacable. The reft he dealt with, fome by 
 force of arms, others by policy ; and at length, with the true 
 intereil of his people at heart, and no wicked miniilers about 
 him, he made a glorious and advantageous peace, emerged from 
 all his misfortunes, and became as powerful and refpe&able as 
 ever. JLngland> this ivas not thy cafe ! 
 
 On
 
 On the 25th of November the parliament met; 
 foon after which they took the preliminary articles 
 of peace into conficieration j and although they 
 were approved of by the majority r , yet as th le who 
 oppofed the approbation where in very high efteem 
 with the people, and univerfaliy venerated for their 
 wifdom and integrity, this mode of approba- 
 tion had but little weight without doors. The 
 people as much as everdetefted fume of the articles, 
 which they apprehended were infecure and difadvan- 
 tageous. Time alone mull difcover which of thefe 
 two opinions are right. Upon the oppoiitiun to this 
 meafure, an oppofition began to be formed to the 
 minifter*. He, however, firmly confiding in his 
 
 power, 
 
 * " At the beginning'of this parliament, two perfons were re- 
 commended to the m , whofe want of property, and 
 
 expectations in their profeflion, might perhaps make them ufe- 
 ful to him as a member of parliament ; he, having no perfor.al 
 or family intercft in any borough, where he could introduce 
 them, did advife, (though, at the fame time, preaching aloud 
 the ftri&eft oeconomy, and making it the teft of his righteous 
 adminirtration, that he did not proftitute the public money for 
 thefe purpofes,) to increafe che falary oi an office 500!. per an- 
 num ; if he might be permitted to name the repref.ntativcs of 
 a certain borough. The bargain was made ; the falary of the 
 office was increas'd ; the reprefentatives nam'd were eleded ; 
 and the whole done in fo open and avow'd a manner, that the 
 perfon, who receives the increas'd falary, makes no fcruple to 
 declare it in public converfation ; whilft the two independent re- 
 prefentatives talk loudly of the upright intentions of their maf- 
 ter, and mention, by way of proof, that no money was, at the 
 general eledion, advanc'd out of the trqafury, for minifterial 
 purpofes. 
 
 To thefe obfervations let me add, the meafure of making in- 
 quifition into the tenure of every place of 50!. per annum and 
 upwards, and cruelly displacing every perfon that had the leaft, 
 moll remote, connexion with the duke of Newcaftle. This ftep 
 has, in particular inllances, been attended with fo many aggra- 
 vating circumftances of hardfhip, that I wonder any man, who 
 makes it his boaft, ingenuas dididjje fedelijier Cartes, can have 
 O z fuffer'd
 
 ( 104 ) 
 
 power, fet every thing at defiance, and re- 
 folved to withftand all efforts. When the ways 
 and means came to be confidered on, it was 
 refolved to lay an excife tax on cyder and per- 
 ry. The very name of excife is fo alarming to 
 Englifhmen, that one would wonder how an un- 
 popular miniflry mould ftumble over, or wantonly 
 embrace fuch a term, at a time the moft critical to 
 themfelves. As foon as the city of London were 
 apprized of the bill, a court of common council was 
 
 fuffer'd himfelf to be guilty of fo low and mean a proceeding. 
 But this proves, that every confederation muft give way to the 
 firft great object ; it is neceffary, that every office fhould beheld 
 at the pleafure of the prefent adminiftration ; and this engine 
 has been exercis'd, to obtain parliamentary influence, with fuch 
 force, that, when it had been refolv'd to remove a commiffioner 
 in an office, and application was made, at the levee, by a mem- 
 ber of parliament, with affurances, that the perfon to be facri- 
 fic'd was his near relation, and that he himfelf had never been 
 refraftory, the anfwer was, lamfoiry I did not know this fooner, 
 but thought be bad been connefttd with * * * and * " * ivho are my 
 enemies, and voted in tbs minority ; but he JhaH have an equivalent ; 
 
 and this promife was, in fome degree, fulfill'd." 
 
 I will now confider the behaviour of the adminiftration in 
 another point, I mean the unprecedented removal of the lords 
 lieutenants of counties. Formerly, before the inilitution of a 
 
 militia, thefe were not thought objects worthy a m 's 
 
 refentment, and noblemen of the firft rank and greateft merit, 
 
 though they had voted againft a m 's meafures, were 
 
 not therefore removed : but this office received a degree of in- 
 fluence, by the power of appointment or the militia officers, 
 (and this power has been exerted with great fpirit in Torkjbire, 
 Middlefex, and Suffolk) and it was thought a prudent ftep, to 
 fubflitute lieutenants, more under command, and who would 
 
 lend a more obedient ear to the voice of the m . 
 
 When gentlemen, whofe fortune and rank in life intitle them, 
 to be lieutenants of counties, and knights of the (hire, cannot 
 think themfelves debas'd by the acceptance of a nominal 500! . 
 per annum, and which introduces them no farther than the anti- 
 chamber ; pofterity will not be furpris'd to fee men, of defperate 
 fortunes, brib'd by fuch a morfel, and eager to obtain it, by 
 
 executing the commands of an ambitious in ." Serious 
 
 ccnj'.deratims an the meajures of the prefent adminiftration. 
 
 inftantljr
 
 inftantly called ; when, with a vigilance and fpirit 
 which will ever diftinguifh them to their very great 
 honour, and has molt juftly entitled them to the 
 applaufe and thanks of their fellow fubjects, it was 
 reiblved to petition the houfe of commons againft 
 the bill. The following is the proceedings at 
 Guildhall on the occafion. 
 
 At a court of common council, held on Tuefday 1 
 the 22d of March, 1763, 
 
 A motion was made, and the queftion put, That 
 it is the opinion of this court, that a petition be 
 prepared to the honourable houfe of commons, 
 againft fo much of a bill now depending in that 
 honourable houfe, for granting to his majefty an 
 additional duty on wine, cyder and perry, as re- 
 lates to the fubjecting the makers of cyder and 
 perry to the excife laws. The fame was unani- 
 moufly refolved in the affirmative. 
 
 Whereupon this court doth nominate and ap- 
 point 
 
 Sir Thomas Rawlinfon, ~J 
 
 Sir William Stephenfon, / A , . 
 
 Sir John Cartwright, ^Aldermen, 
 
 Sir Samuel Turner, J 
 
 Mr. Deputy Francis Ellis, ~] 
 Mr. Deputy Robert Wilfonn, 
 George Bellas, Efq; 
 
 Mr. Deputy John Morrey, 
 Mr. Arthur Beardmore, 
 Mr. John Newcombe, 
 
 To be a committee to prepare the faid petition, 
 who having withdrawn, returned, and prefenring a 
 a draught of a petition, the fame was unanimoufly 
 agreed to in the following words :
 
 io6 
 
 To the Honourable Houfe of Commons of Great-Britain 
 in Parliament 
 
 The humble petition of the Lord Mayor, Alder- 
 men, and Commons of the city of London, in 
 Common Council afiembled, 
 
 Sheweth, 
 
 That your petitioners have obferved by the votes 
 of this honourable houfe, that a bill is now depend- 
 ing for granting to his majefty an additional duty 
 on wine, cyder and perry ; which bill, your peti- 
 tioners have been informed, fubje<5ts the makers of 
 cyder and perry to the laws of excife. 
 
 That your petitioners, with the deepeft concern, 
 cannot help confidering this unexpected proceeding 
 as preparatory to a general extenfion of thofe grie- 
 vous laws : for when new orders of men, by fitu- 
 ation and profefllon diftinct from traders, are ren- 
 dered objects of the excife laws, the precedent is 
 formidable, not to commerce only, but hath a fatal 
 tendency, whichyour petitioners tremble to think of. 
 
 That as every attempt to enlarge the dominion 
 of the excife muft awaken your petitioners fears, it 
 will alfo juftify their dutiful reprefentations to this 
 honourable houfe, the guardians of liberty. 
 
 That after all the burdens fo chearfully borne, 
 all the hardmips fo patiently endured, and all the 
 blood fo freely fpilt in fupport of the late juft, glo- 
 rious and fuccefsful war, your petitioners mod 
 humbly hope, that the meritorious fubjefts of this 
 country may not feel the extenfion of excife laws 
 amongft the firft fruits of peace. 
 
 Your petitioners therefore rnoft humbly pray, 
 that fo much of the faid bill, as fubje&s the makers 
 of cyder and perry to the powers of excife, may 
 not pafs into a law. 
 
 And your petitioners Jhali ever pray. 
 
 After
 
 After this petition was prefented, another 
 court of common council was called on Monday 
 the 28th of March, 1 763, when a motion was made, 
 and unanimoufly agreed to, that it is the opinion 
 of this court to prelent an humble petition to every 
 branch of the legiflature, before whom the bill, 
 fubjecting the makers of cyder and perry to excife 
 laws, fhall depend. 
 
 Whereupon this court doth nominate and ap- 
 point 
 
 Sir Thomas Rawlinfon, "1 
 
 Sir William Stephenfon, I VIA.-, 
 
 Sir John Cartwright, >Aldermen, 
 
 Richard Blunt, Efq; J 
 
 Commoners, 
 
 Mr. Deputy Thomas Long, 
 Mr. Deputy Robert Wilfonn, 
 George Bellas, iifq-, 
 Mr. Henry Major, 
 Mr. Samuel Freeman, 
 Mr. Deputy John Moorey, 
 Mr. Arthur Beardmore, 
 Mr. John Newcombe, 
 
 To be a committee to prepare the faid petitions, 
 who, having withdrawn, returned, and prefented 
 the draught of a petition to the right honourable 
 the houfe of lords ('which was in the fame words as 
 the petition to the houfe of commons -, and was prefented^ 
 at the requeft of the Sheriffs, to the houfe of lords , by 
 the Right Honourable the Earl Temple) and the 
 fame was unanimoufly agreed to. They alfo pre- 
 fented the draught of a petition to the king's moft 
 excellent majefty, which was agreed to in the fol- 
 lowing words, and prefented to the king the very 
 inftant it was known the bill had paired the houfe 
 of lords. 
 
 To
 
 1763 ( io8 ) 
 
 To the KING'S Mod Excellent Majefly. 
 
 The humble petition of the Lord Mayor, Alder- 
 men, and Commons of the city of London, in 
 Common Council aflembled. 
 
 Moft humbly fneweth, 
 
 That your petitioners are fully convinced, that 
 the collecting the duties intended to be laid upon 
 the makers of cyder and perry, by way of excife, 
 is not, nor can, in many inftances, be fo regulated, 
 but that it will occafion numberlefs difficulties and 
 queftions. 
 
 That the method of trial and decifion of excife 
 difputes are founded only in neceflity, being in their 
 nature arbitrary and inconfiftent with the principles 
 of liberty, and the happy conftitution of your ma- 
 jefty's government. 
 
 That the expofing private houfes to be entered 
 into, and fearched at pleafure, by perfons unknown, 
 will be a badge of flavery upon your people. 
 
 That your petitioners, firmly confiding in your 
 majefty's gracious favour, and filled with a mofl 
 humble and grateful fenfe of your paternal affection 
 for your people, moft humbly befeech your ma^ 
 jefty to protect their liberty, and to keep them 
 happy and at eafe, free from the apprehenfion of 
 being difturbed in their property, by which your 
 majefty will erect a lafting monument of your good- 
 nels in every houfe in the kingdom. 
 
 Your petitioners therefore molt humbly implore 
 your majefty, that you will not give your royal 
 aflent to fo much of the bill, as fubjects the ma- 
 kers of cyder and perry to excife laws. 
 
 And your petitioners Jhall ever pray. 
 
 The
 
 The bill (the heads of which are in tfie note f) 
 was lharply and vigoroufly contefled in the houfe 
 
 of 
 
 f- Hearts "of the aft for granting to his Majefty feveral additional duties upon 
 wines imported inio this kingdom, and certain duties upon all cyder and perry. 
 
 That from and after the 3ift day of March 1763,- the following additional 
 duties /hall take place, viz. 
 
 On French wine and vinegar imported : 1. per ton ; and on all other wines 
 and vinegar imported, 4!. per ton ; to be collected, levied, and paid, as cx- 
 prefled iu the acl of i Jac. II. or in any ether al by which the duties thereby 
 granted are made perpetual-. 
 
 Damaged and unmerchantable wines fhall be exempted from thefe additional 
 duties. 
 
 The faid duties fhall be under the management and direction of the Commif* 
 fioners of theCufloms ; and fhall be paid over weekly by the Receiver General 
 into the Exchequer, apart from all other monies, and /hall be entered according- 
 ly in proper books to be provided there for f he purpofe. 
 
 Nti allowance /hall be made for leakage, but upon wine? imported direftly 
 from the country or place of their growth, &c. Madeira wines imported from 
 the Briti/h plantations in America excepted. 
 
 Fromand after July 5, 1763, an additional duty fliall be laid on all cyder and 
 perry, viz. On all cyder and perry imported 408. per ton j and upon all cyder 
 and perry made within Great Britain 4$. per hog/head, to be paid by the 
 make . 
 
 The duties upon cyder and perry made in England, to be under the receipt and 
 management of the commiflloners and officers of Excise there, and thofe in 
 Scotland, under like officers there. Thecommifiioners /T:ail appoint a fufficient 
 number of officers, and the duties /hall be paid into the Exchequer apart from all 
 other monies. 
 
 The makers of cyder or perry (not being compounders) /hall enter their 
 names, and the mills, preffes, or other utenfils, ftcre-hcufes, and other places 
 to be made ufe of, at the next office of Excife, ten daysbefcre they begin to 
 work, under the penalty of 25 1. for ufing any unentered place. 
 
 The officers of Excife, upon requeft made, /hall have free accefs in the day 
 time, to all places entered or madeufe of for making or keeping perry or cyaery 
 and /hall gauge, and report the contents to the commifiioners, leaving a copy 
 for' the maker. The duties /hall be paid according tber<-to, within fix weeks 
 from fuch making charge ; and the ufual allowances /hall be made in refpect 
 thereof. 
 
 Perfons intending to fell, or remove any cyder or perry in their p^effion, 
 made before July 5, 1763, /hall fend a figned particular thereof to the next of- 
 fice of Excife, ten days before the faid jth of July } that the officer may at- 
 tend, and take an account thereof, and grant certificates oceafionaily for the 
 removal of a like quantity, without charging the duty, &c. 
 
 No cyder and perry exceeding fix gallons fhall be removed, &c. without a 
 certificate, on forfeiture thereof, with the package. Officers of excife may 
 feize the fame. A time /hall beiimitted, for which the certificate ihall be in 
 force. 
 
 Perfons making cyder or perry to' be confumed in their own private families 
 only, /hall be admitted to compound for the duties, they giving in a lift of the 
 number in family, and paying at the rate of 55. per head, per annrtm. This 
 composition fhall be renewed annually, and the money paid down at the fam 
 time. The houfes, &c. of perfons who /hall thuscompound, /hall be exemp* 
 ted from furvey or fearch. But upon increafe of the family, a new lift /hall b 
 given in j and 5 d. per month per head, /hall be paid for the additional number 
 P
 
 of lords, where the freedom of the fubject was 
 bravely difputed againft fuperior numbers , and 
 
 two 
 
 during the fubfiftmg unexpired term of the year. Compounders neglecting to 
 deliver in fuch lifts, and to pay their compofition-money, /hall be charged with 
 the duty, and become liable to a furvey. Perfons deliver.'ng falfe or defective 
 lifts, &c. fhall forfeit 20 1. 
 
 Children under eight \ears of age /hall not be inferted in the lifts. Com- 
 pounders may fell, difpofc of, or remove, any cyder or perry more than fuf- 
 ficient for their own ufe, giving two dajs notice to the proper officer, who fhall 
 attend, and take an account thereof, and charge the duties, and report the 
 fame to the Excife-office ; leaving a copy with the compounder. Such cyder 
 or perry fhall not be afterwards removed with >ut a certificate. Compounders 
 being guilty of any fraud, or in felling, exchanging, or delivering out cyder or 
 perry, fhall forfeit 20 1. 
 
 No compounder /hall let out, or lend his mill, or other utenfils, for mak- 
 ing cyder or perry, without giving three days previous notice to the proper of- 
 ficer ta attend, and change the duties ; un'efs the cyder or perry be the proper- 
 ty of another compounder, or of foire perfonnot liable to the duty ; and no 
 part of it fhall be removed without a certificate j under penalty of 10 1. 
 
 Perfons ufing their own mills, Sec. or procuring cyder or perry to be made at 
 the mill, &c. of any other perfon, fhall be deemed makers. 
 
 Compounders for malt fhall not be liable to compound, or pay duties, for 
 cyder or perry, to be made and confumed in their own families j unlefs they 
 fliall fell, or otherways difpofeof, any part thereof; in which cafe they fhall 
 comply with the directions given with refpect to compounders in like circum- 
 ftances. 
 
 Occupiersof tenements not rated above 40$. per ann. to the land-tax, and 
 not making more than four hogfheads of cyder and perry in the whole in a year, 
 fliall be exempted from duties, or compounding. 
 
 Thele new duties on cyder and perry fhall be drawn back on exportation ; and 
 upon diftillation thereof info low wines and fpirits ; and upon the fame being 
 made into vinegar, and charged with the duties as fuch. 
 
 The penalty of oppofing an officer in the execution of his office, or of ref- 
 cuing, or ftaving any cyder or perry, after feizure made thereof, /hall be 50!.- 
 for every fuch offence. Informations for offences againft this act, by the mak- 
 trs of cyder or perry, fhall be laid within three months after being committed 
 and notice thereof fhall be given them. 
 
 Perfons aggrieved by the judgment of any Juftice of the Peace, touching the 
 duties or penalties, may appeal to the quarter feflions" j and the determination 
 of the faid Court fhall be final. 
 
 Appellants fhall give notice to the other parties, and the Court /hall award 
 coftsas they fee fit, to be levied bydiftraint. 
 
 For want of fufficient time intervening, an,appeal may be made to the fecond 
 quarter-ffflions. 
 
 A re-hearing fliall be had of the merits of the cafe upon a-peals 5 and defeflt 
 of form in the original proceedings may be rectified by the Court. 
 
 All powers, rules, methods, penalties, andciaufesin Act i* Car. II. or in 
 any other a^ relating to the revenue of Excife, where not alte ed by this act, 
 /nail be put into execution with refpect to the duties on cyder and perry. 
 
 The penalties and forfeituies relating thereto, fhall be recovered or mitigated, 
 as by the laws of Excife, or in the courts at Weftminfter, or the court of Ex- 
 chequer in Scotl met, and fhall be employed, half to the ufe of the King, and 
 halt to him lhat fhall fue. 
 
 Th
 
 ( III ) . . 1763 
 
 two protefts were entered, each figned by three 
 lords. It was the fii ft time the houle of lords were 
 ever known to divide upon a fupply bill. But this 
 was of fuch a nature, that it is no wonder to fee 
 every nerve of ftrength in the conftitution exerted 
 towards oppofmg fo hateful and odious a meafure, 
 ftriking at the very root of our liberties, by open- 
 ing a door for a general excife. However, not- 
 withftanding every effort againft the bill, it receiv- 
 ed the royal affent. But the minifter finding him- 
 felf vigoroufly oppofed, and the voice of the Eng- 
 lifti nation louder againft him than ever, he judg- 
 ed it prudent on the eighth of April to refign and 
 retire into Yorkfliire *, after an adminiftration of 
 ten months and ten days, during which the king- 
 dom had not enioyed one happy moment of repofe. 
 Thofe whom he left behind, were only the adhe- 
 rents of his eminence. How they will ftand re- 
 mains to be tried : but it may with certainty be 
 faid, that nothing can heal the wound which his 
 ambition made, but the re-eftablifhment of thofe 
 known and tried friends of their country, whom 
 the people do, and ever will approve; and in 
 whom they can fafely repofe their properties and 
 liberties. 
 
 The adminiftration of the earl of Bute, is fuch 
 an example of ambition, precipitation, and folly, 
 as mould be precious to future ftatefmen. They, 
 by carefully perufing it, may fee his foibles ; and 
 
 The duty on cyder and perry brought from Jerfey, Guernfey, Sark, or Al- 
 tlerney, /hall be paid by the importer before landing, en penalty of being feized 
 and forfeited. 
 
 The moires arifing by the r.fpeclive duties granted by this acT, fiSall be en- 
 tered in proper books in the Auditor's office feparately from each other, and 
 from all other monies; and fliall be a fund for the payment of rhe annuities 
 chargeable on the principal fum of 5,900,000 1. borrowed on the credit of this 
 atf. 
 
 * At the fame time lord Talbot, fteward of the houfljold, went in'o Wales ; 
 *nd Mr. Fox, lord Bute's coadjutor, who was at this time created bar on of 
 Holland, retired into France. 
 
 P a learning
 
 ( us ) 
 
 learning to avoid them, may, in all probability, 
 enjoy the, efteem 'of the people, and confequently 
 >e the inftrumems of glory and happinefs to their 
 fovereign. When the wile and faitriiul iervants of 
 the crown were driven from their offices, he fud- 
 denly mounted^ the airy pinnacle of power, with- 
 out having gone through the necefiary depart- 
 ments, to qualify him for fuch eminence. He be- 
 came prime minifter, as it were by infpiration. 
 Ambition fpurred him on, and he wantonly gave 
 way to her dictates, without reflecting on the con- 
 fequences. His gigantic ftrides to power alarmed 
 the nation. The blue ribband, which he obtained, in r 
 Head of doing him honour, added to the general odium 
 againft him. His haughty and a-.jilere behaviour 
 difg' fled the Engiifh nobles. His partiality to his 
 needy countrymen * 3 to whom he abundantly difr 
 
 tributed 
 
 * Among the many, or rather innumerable inftances, of his 
 partiality, which might be brought, we faall only feleft the fol- 
 low;; g: 
 
 LIST of particular PROMOTIONS, &c. made when Lord 
 
 Bute RESIGNED. 
 
 James Stuart Mackenzie, brother to lord Bute, keeper of the 
 prii-y feal of Scotland, 3000!. a year. 
 
 Alexander Frafer, Efq; half brother to lord Bute, a commif- 
 Jioner of trade or police in Scotland, 400!. a year. 
 
 Sir Robert MenUies, Bart, brother in law to lord Bute, a com- 
 jniffionerof trade or police in Scotland, 400!. a year. 
 
 John Campbell, Efcji brother in law to lord Bute, and head 
 celleclorof ftamps in Scotland, a lord of the feffious in Scot- 
 land, 700!. a year. 
 
 Courtnay, Efq; brother in law to lord Bute, commif- 
 Biiflary of Minorca, 8ool. a year, befides apartments for a de- 
 pu y. 
 
 [Lady Bean Ruven, filler to lord Bute, had a penfion fettled 
 flpon her of 460!. a year foon after his prefent majcfty's accef- 
 icn.l 
 
 William
 
 tributed the favours of the crown, fhewed the dan- 
 ger to which the whole Engliih nation was expofed 
 
 by 
 
 William Mure, Efq; one of the barons of Exchequer in 
 Scotland, appointed in 1761, (and infpettor of lord Bute's pri- 
 vate affairs in Scotland) receiver general of Jamaica, 6ool. a 
 year, paid on the exchange, with a reverfion to Robert Mure, 
 Efq; his fon. 
 
 Wancop, Efq; member of parliament for the mire 
 of Bute, private fecretary to lord Bute, and deputy privy purfe 
 to his majefty, a penfion of 6501. on the Irifti eftablifhnient. 
 
 John Home, (fb'merly the Rev. now Efq;) author of the play 
 of Douglas, for wr.ich his prefent majefty, when prince of 
 Wales, fettled a penfion upon him, confervator for Scotland, at 
 Campvere, 300!. a year, without refidence. 
 
 To this lift it may not be improper to add fome obfervations 
 on lord Bute's difintereftednefs. 
 
 " Some time ago there \vas published a dull panegyrick upon 
 the North Britifa minifter, in which, among other virtues, 
 the writer boafts of his difmterefiedneji, of his having difdnined 
 to touch thofe tempting /polls which lay at his feet. One would 
 imagine he had conquered he kingdom, whereas he only /- 
 *vaded it, and after having made ail poflible ufe of his time, re- 
 treated He and his friends have no mercy upon good words. 
 They have brought the words ceconomy and jirmneji into d:ire- 
 pute, and now they are directing their malice at the amiable 
 word, difinterejitdnefi. To ihew you how fcandaloufly they 
 abufe it, T will recite his rewards and his feriiices. I begin 
 with his rewards becaufe he began wi?h them. 
 
 " He entered the privy council with a prince of the biood ; 
 he was honoured with the garter in company with anotl-er prince 
 of the blood; he has obtained an Englifn peerage fot his fa- 
 mily, and the rangerfhip of Richmond Park : Fame ays, that 
 he has tecured a valuable re-'-rfion to his heir apparent ; the 
 gazette fays, that he has fecured Valuable things, :.. poiTeffion, 
 to his brother and others of his kindred ; and his friends boaft, 
 that he has provided for all his dependents. 
 
 " I have not magnified his rewards, and I will not diminifti 
 his fervices. He has been profefledly the firft or fule mirnfter 
 about ten months. During that time he has given up to the 
 enemy the moft valuable of our c.onquefts for a peace, >vhii-h. 
 very wife men think little better than a truce; he has revived 
 national animofities between the Engliih and Scotch ; he has re- 
 vived
 
 by his power. The turning out a great number of 
 perfons in fubordinate employments, merely be- 
 
 caufe 
 
 vived party diftinftions among the Englifh ; he has been the 
 means of difgracing the bett of our nobility, and of difmifllng 
 the ableil fervants of the crown j he has iufled by his conduct 
 the acclamations due from the people to their king; weakened 
 the crown by difpofing of almolt all the reverfionary patents ; 
 turned out with inhumanity the innocent dependents of former 
 minifters ; increafcd the peerage beyond the example of any of 
 his predeceffbrs ; borrowed public money on exorbitant terms, 
 and invented a new excife. 
 
 " Thefe are his fervices, which differ fo totally from Mr. 
 Pitt's, that I conclude from Mr. Pitt's rewards being lefs, that 
 the rewards and the fervices of the North Briton, were not 
 meant to bear any relation to each other. I will therefore com- 
 pare his rewards with thcfe of a minifter, who was fuppoled to 
 be favoured by the crown, and ferved it faithfully five and 
 twenty yeais. J mall place their rewards in oppofite columns. 
 
 Sir Robert Walpolis rewards. the Earl of Bute's rewards. 
 
 An Englifh peerage after his An Englifh peerage before his 
 
 fervices. fervice. 
 
 Richmond Park. Richmond Park. 
 
 The Garter. The Garter. 
 
 A great place in the Exchequer A great place in the Exchequer 
 
 for his fon. for his fon. 
 
 Ample proviiion far his bro- Ample provision for his bro- 
 ther and immediate depen- ther and immediate depen- 
 dents, dents. 
 
 " The place which Sir Robert gave to his fon, is of more 
 value than that which lord B. has fecured for his fon, but ftill in 
 that article lord B received a greater favour than Sir Robert 
 did ; for Sir Robert gave to his fon, in his own right, a place 
 which became vacant, whilft he was at the head of the trea- 
 fury ; lord B. obtained for his fon, a reverfion from the crown 
 after he had refigned. There is fome little difference too in the 
 brotherf ; Sir Robert's brother having been employed in public 
 buiinefs from his earlieft years ; and lord B.'s brother having 
 been wholly unknown till within very few years pad. I hope 
 w fhall hear no more of lord Bute's J&JMUrtfttdntfi."' 
 
 It
 
 caufe they had been put in by the duke of New- 
 caitle, was not only a wanton, but a cruel exercife 
 of that power. The manner in which the freedom 
 of accefs to the crown was cut off-, favoured fo 
 much of the narrow policy and felfifh views of a 
 favorite, that it is no wonder, it mould excite a 
 very ftrong jealoufy in all thofe, who were too fpi- 
 rited to folicit his paffport. The voice of the peo- 
 ple he treated with difdain, and held popularity in 
 contempt -, yet he was fond of incenfe, and re- 
 ceived it very gracioufly. Had he continued in the 
 domeflic poft of groom of the ftole, he had pro- 
 bably ferved both his fovereign and himfelf with 
 fatisfaction : but his ambition for high power proved 
 the ruin of his reputation, as a flatefman. His 
 friends will now, poffibly, allow, that he was not 
 a -politician ; and that he was in that point, a direct 
 contrail to Mr. Pitt. He wanted both abilities to 
 plan, and fpirit to execute. The dignity and power 
 of Great Britain languimed under his adminiftra- 
 tion : our councils were neither framed for wife 
 nor vigorous meafures; and the national faith, 
 which ought to have been kept inviolably facred, 
 received a wound, in the refufal of a promifed 
 fubfidy to an ally, of the fir ft rank in the reputa- 
 tion of wifdorn and arms. In a word, his admi- 
 niftration was one continued fcene of diftradion 
 
 It 19 juft worthy of remark, th;.t the warmeft advocates for 
 loid Bute were the moll bitter enemies to Mr. Pitt's reward?, by 
 which they fo pofitively affirmed he had deferted the people ; 
 but now it is proved to a demon ftration, t.Sat Mr. Pirt, r.ot- 
 tvithflanding thofe rewards, is STILL the friend of his grateful 
 countrymen, who have fo bravely fupported him through his 
 greateft difficulties ; and lord Bute, after receiving greater re- 
 wards, and plunging his country into anarchy and ccn!tf;on, is 
 
 FLEQ. 
 
 and
 
 1763 ( n6~ ) 
 
 and tumult ; and his manner of retiring from 
 public bufmefs, was a tacit acknowledgment how 
 unfit he was for it. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Lately publijhed^ Price 2s. 6d, 
 
 Written by the fame AUTHOR, 
 
 The THIRD EDITION of 
 
 The REVIEW of 
 
 Mr. PITT's ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Dedicated to the Right Hon. the EARL TEMPLE % 
 
 He wilhes to lay open and reveal to the unerring public, 
 both the motives and adions of every part of his admi- 
 niftration. 
 
 Observations an the Spanijb papers. 
 
 Printed for G. KEARSLY, in Ludgate-Street.
 
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