^fer^ AND A TEXT BOOK FOR USE IN COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS. COLLECxES, ACADEMIES tf HIGH SCHOOLS. TWENTY-FOUR'LH THOUSAND. xa 4 PREFACE. iK^^ No subject can be of more importance to a young man or young woman who seeks employment in business, or would have a practical education of every-day use in life, than SpelHng and Letter-writing. Any person desiring a business position should be able to write a good letter. Such ability, together with good penmanship, often secures valuable positions for clerks, book-keepers, amanuenses, teachers and others. Few branches taught in our schools are of more consequence, and few more neglected. It is equally important that a person be a good speller. While one may not always receive the credit he is entitled to for spelling correctly, if he does not acquire the qualification he is sure to be humiliated in con- sequence of bad spelling. Much time and labor have been devoted to the preparation of this work, and it is the earnest hope of the authors that the time shall not prove to have been spent in vain. We acknowledge our indebtedness to Messrs. Ivison, Blakeman & Co., publishers of the Spencerian system of penmanship, 755 Broadway, New York, for the privilege of using most of the engraved script illus- trations to be found in this book. Copyrighted, is^g, by Spencer, Feltoii & Looniis. Printed by The Cleveland Ptg. & Pub. Co., Cleveland, O. INDEX SPELLING AND DEFINING. Agriculture 29 Animals loi Annoyance 68 Architecture . 30-31 Arithmetic 49-5^ Authority 43-44 Birds 102 Book-keeping 18 Business 10-15 City Ill Cities of U. S 112-113 Cities, Foreign 1 1 5-1 17 Clothing 20 Color 100 Confusion 66 Conversation 86-87 Crimes and Criminals 41 Death 93 Dictation Exercises . . .10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 27, 29, 31, 35, 40, 42, 46, 48, 52, 54, 55, 56, 61, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 97, 99, 103, 106, III, 118. Disaster 69 Disease 34-35 Drugs 32 Dry Goods 19 Expenditure 18 Festivity 97 Finished 94 Fire and Fuel 57 Fish and Fowl 26 Flowers 98-99 Food 26 Fruit 28 Furniture 57 Geography 53: Government 42. Groceries 25. Hardware •. . . 21-22 Hatred . 83 Homophonous Words . . . 17, 21, 25, 30, 34, 41, 47, 52, 56, 62, 67, 73, 79, 85, 90, 95, loi, 104, 106. Human Body 36 Humor 96 Injury 68 Insects 103^ Intemperance 84 J«y 95 Kindness 84^ Law 37-40 Laziness and Fatigue 55 . Lineage 81 Lines and Forms 51 Literature 62-63 Manners . 79-81 Men 76 Mind 59-61 Miscellaneous . . 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 37, 45, 49, 54, 59, 64, 69, 75, 82, 87, 92, 98, no. Months and Days 118 Motion 54 Music 55 Mystery. . ; 92 Nations 78 Navigation 71 00118 INDEX. Oratory 46 Orthography 9 Persons 77 Physics 33 Pictures 58 Politics 44 Praise 88-89 Precious Stones 105 Quantity 106 Religion 90-91 Requiring Careful Discrimina- tion 107-110 Schools 45-46 Sciences 47-4^ Size 104 Skill 17 Society 75 Sorrow 94 States and Territories .... 113-115 Stationers' Goods 23 Temper and Disposition ... 83 Theatre 96 Time 73-74 Traveling . 70 Trees 100 Vegetables 28 Vehicles 71 Vocations 16 War or Military Service . . . 65-66 Wind and Weather 72 Women 76 Writing 24 LETTER-WRITING. Acceptances and Regrets . . . 167-168 Advertising 163-164 Body of the Letter ... • . . 130-13 1 Capitals 143-145 Cards 168-170 Classification of Titles .... 179-184 Classified List of Abbreviations 188-190 Conclusion 131-135 Correct and Incorrect Positions 196 Correcting Letters 195 Diction and Construction . . . 143 Dinners 166-167 Folding 135-137 Forms of Address and Salutation 184- 187 General Postal Information , . 174-175 Reading 123-125 Introduction 119- 120 Introduction of Letters .... 126-130 Letters 120 Letters acknowledging Receipt of Money 156 Letters of Application . . . .153-154 Letters of Condolence . . . . Letters of Congratulation . . . Letters of Credit Letters enclosing a Remittance Letters enclosing Invoice . . , Letters of Introduction. . . . Letters Ordering Goods . . . . Letters of Recommendation. . Materials . . . . Miscellaneous Exercises .... Miscellaneous Hints Notes and Cards Parties Public Letters Punctuation Skeleton Letter Stamp Telegrams The Superscription ...... Titles . . Type-writing Wedding Invitations 162-163 161-162 157-160 160-161 152-153 157 155 122 190-194 149-152 164-165 167 161 145-149 121 142-143 163 138-142 170-174 175-178 165-166 Sp^llir)6 and Defir)!!)^. NTRODUCTION Had we believed, with a celebrated Congressman — not noted for skill in orthography — that "spelling is very small business," this book would not have been published. Considering the subject iinportant^ we have earnestly endeavored to prepare a work that should present it in the most attractive, interesting and useful manner. The words have been selected with great care, our aim being to take only words in common use, and such as are liable to be misspelled. They are arranged alphabetically, classified to make the study of the lessons more interesting and at the same time give a knowledge of the proper use of the words. The part of speech of each has been given. Only one, two, or at most three words have been selected from a series of words derived from the same root, varying slightly in spelling or definition. The Dictation Exercises are on the same subject as the respective lessons, and are the best thoughts of the best writers. They will add interest to the spelling lesson, afford excellent practice in penmanship and speUing of short and common words, and may be used or not, at the discretion of the teacher. The definitions are short and comprehensive, and of the words in their most common use. It is as important to know what a word means as how to spell it. Webster s Unabridged Dictionary \\diS> been the authority in spelling, pronunciation and defining. The Key to Pronunciation^ carefully studied, will enable the student to know, from a glance at its diacritical marks, the correct pronunciation of a word. INTRODUCTION. The geographical 7iames include some of the largest cities in the world, and those most difficult to spell. In a work of this kind it is impossible to give a very extensive list, as the number of geographical words is almost limitless. Capital letters have been used to begin words only when required, and the lessons should be written in this respect as printed. The use of the book may be varied to suit the taste of the teacher and needs or qualifications of the pupils. We might suggest that spell- ing "by ear" is a poor method where the orthography is as arbitrary and inconsistent as in the English language. We only need to spell when we write, and not when we pronounce words. The dictation exercises should be read through first by the teacher, and again slowly, while the pupils write. The short quotations may be written at the beginning of each lesson, and the long dictation exercises, as lessons, in the order they are given. The teacher should read the definitions of each of the classi- fied words, after he pronounces the word. If the school is small, the teacher, or some one selected by him, may correct the lessons. In large classes, the students could exchange blanks and correct each other's work. A check mark should be placed opposite each misspelled word, and under each error in spelling, capitalization or punctuation of the dictation exercis :s. loo per cent, may be taken as the standard of per- fection, and five per cent, deducted for each mistake. It is well to keep a record of each pupil's work, for which purpose the books should be collected after each lesson, and returned just before the beginning of the next. To the student we would suggest that in studying the lessons you note carefully the definitions, and endeavor to learn the meaning of the words as well as how to spell them. Use great care in writing your lessons, with a view to neatness, legibility and good penmanship. You will thus make the spelling lesson a valuable one in writing as well. A correct position of the hand and pen, and of sitting at the desk, is of first importance in doing good writing. We refer the student to the illustrations on page 196, instead of giving any instructions on this subject. Rul^s mr Sp^llii)6. [Most rules for spelling have so many exceptions that they are not of much aid to the learner. The following may prove of some assistance.] 1. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a single consonant (except h and x) preceded by a single vowel, that consonant is doubled: as, clan, clannish ; plan, planned ; hat, hat'ter ; prefer' , preferred' . When the accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable, the final letter is not doubled : as, prefer' , pref erence ; refer' , reference ; defer' , deference. The following are excep- tions : infer' able, transfer' able, chagrin! ed. 2. A consonant standing at the end of a word immediately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled: as, ail, haul, door, maim; the word guess is the only apparent exception, as the u does not strictly form a diphthong with the e, but serves only to render the g hard. 3. The plural of nouns ending in y when 7 is preceded by a conso- nant, is formed by changing y into / and adding es : as, lily, lilies ; lady,, ladies. When y is preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding s : as, valley, valleys. 4. The word full, used as an affix, always drops one /; and its compounds form their plurals by adding s to the singular : as, handful, handfuls. 5. Words formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words end- ing in a double consonant, retain both consonants : as, befall, rebuff. The exceptions are, withal, annul, until ; also fulfill and instill, which may be vfiiXXQn fulfil, instil. 6. In derivatives formed from words ending with silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination begins with a consonant: as pale, paleness ; hate, hateful; move, movement; when the e is immediately preceded by another vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the de- rivative : as, due, duly; true, truly; awe, awful. The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, and judgment are exceptions. When the affix begins with a vowel the e is generally omitted: as, bride, bridal; use, usage; the e is retained in the words hoeing, shoeing, toeing, dyeing, singeing, tingeing. ^L^ noein. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION, AND ABBREVIATIONS. LONG SOUNDS. a, long, as in gray, ale e, long, as in peace, eve i, long, as in fine, ice O, long, as in note, old U, long, as in tube, use y, long, as in style, fly SHORT SOUNDS. a, short, as in fat, have. e, short, as in end, check. i, short, as in ill, fin. 6, short, as in not, torrid. ii, short, as in . . . . us, study, tub. y, short, as in . . . ^jPst, tr j^st, abyss. a, as in air, fare, pair. a, Italian, as in . . arm, father, far. a, as in ask, pass, dance. a, broad, as in . . all, talk, swarm. a, like short o, as in . vrliat, wander, e, like a, as in . . ere, heir, where. e, like a, as in eight, prey. e, as in verge, ermine. i, like long e, as in . . pique, police, i, like e, as in . . . thirsty, irksome. OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 6, like short u, as in . . . done, s6n. 0, like long o5, as in . . . do, move. 9, like short 06, as in . W^lf, W^man. 6, like broad a, "as in . . order, stork. o^, as in moon, fo^d. 06, as in book, wdbl, foot. ^, preceded ty r, as in . ri^de, r^iral. ^, like short d^, as in . fijll, put, pi^sh. ft, as in ftrge, burn, furl. REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. oi*, oy*, as in oil, toy. | ou*, OW*, as in out, owl. 5, soit, like s, sharp, as in . §ede, §ite. «, hard, like k, as in . . -call, SU-C§ess. §h, soft, like sh, as in ^haise, machine, ■eh, hard, like k, as in €horus, epo«ll. g, hard, as in . . . get, tiger, begin, g, soft, like j, as in gem, engine, elegy. s*, sharp, as in . . . same, yes, rest. §, like z, as in . . ha§, amu§e, reside. ^Unmarked. ABBRBVIAm^IO^S. a. adjective; adv. adverb; n. noun; p.. plural; /. /. participle past ; prep, preposition ; v. verb ; v. i. verb intransitive ; v. t. verb transitive. th*, sharp, as in . . . thing, breath, til, flat or vocal, as in thine, smooth. ng*, as in sing, single. n, as in lin'^j uncle. X, like gz, as in . . . exist, example, ph ■', like f, as in . phantom, sylph, qu*, like kw, as in . . queer, quail, wh*, like h w, as inwhat, when, awhile. WORDS, DEKINITIONS AND DICTATION EXERCISES, I-DR PRACTICE IN Spellir)6^ De^ir)ir)^ ar)cl \s[Ti\liT)^. LESSON I. ORXHOGRAPHV. Now the old school house is banished, like so many of its race, To the elements that wrought it — and a new one holds its place ; And the spellers write their words down, with a chance their parents lacked, For as Bacon hints, * 'Tis writing that must make a man exact.' " a^'-geilt, «. Stress of voice on one syl- lable of a word more than another. af -fix, n. A syllable added to the end of a word. al'-pha-bet, «• The letters of a lan- guage arranged in the customary order. €dll'-SO-liailt, n. An articulate sound usually combined and uttered with a vowel sound. de-riv'-a-tive, n. A word formed from another word. di-a-€rit'-i€-al marks, n. pi. Marks used to indicate the sounds of letters, and aid in pronunciation. di'-graph, n. A union of two vowels in one syllable and one sounded. diph'-thon^ (dif -thong), n. Union of two vowel sounds in one syllable. dis-S^^l'-la-ble, n. A word of two syl- Hbles. mSn'-O-Syl-la-ble, n. Word of one syl- lable. 6r'-tho-e-py, n. Correct pronunciation of words. 6r-th6g''-ra-phy, n. Naming the letters of a word in their order. pol'-y-syl-la-ble, n. A word of four or more syllables. pre'-fix, n. A syllable placed before a, word. prim'-i-tive, n. Not derived from any other word. tri'-graph, "n- A union of three vowels in a syllable representing a single sound. tri-syl'-la-ble, n. A word of three syllables. SyF-la-ble, n. A letter or letters uttered at a single impulse of the voice. YOW'-el, n. A letter uttered at a single impulse of the voice. word, n. The sign of an idea, eithei written, printed or spoken. 10 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 2. UICTATIOX KXKRCISK. There they stood, like young globe batters, with no salary enriched, Waiting for the words momentous that the dexterous teacher pitched. And he hurled the first one at them, like a nicely twisted ball. While the catcher just behind them was the horny-handed wall ; The first boy struck and missed it, and his face was deeply vexed As the teacher scowled a cyclone, and vociferated "next." Then a fair-haired maiden tried it with some sympathetic aid. And avoiding certain blunders that her predecessor made ; But she happened, too, to wander from the orthographic text, And the teacher smiled in pity, as he softly murmured *' next." Then a cross-eyed boy struck at it, who to this day spells by ear, And a red-haired girl attacked it, with her pale eyes full of fear. And the word flew on, till one boy, very ignorant but sharp-eyed. Spelled it by the only method that had not as yet been tried. Then the teacher smiled approval, and with satisfaction said, "That is right, my studious scholar, you can go up to the head." — Carleton, LESSON 3. "No man is born into the world, whose work is not born with him; there is always work, and tools to work withal, for those who will." a^-gept'-an^e, n. Bill of exchange, when accepted. a-e-€red'-it, v. t. To give confidence or trust to. a€-€r]ie', v. i. To increase ; to augment. a«-eu'-mu-late, v. t. To collect or bring together. ad-ver'-tige-ment, or ad-yer-tige'- ment, n. A public notice. ad-vi§'-a-ble, «. Prudent. a-man-U-en'-sis, n. One who writes what another dictates, or copies what another has written. a-mass', v, t. To accumulate. as-sign-ee', n. One to whom an as- signment is made. bank'-rtipt-§y, «• The state of being insolvent. bar'-gain, n. A gainful or satisfactory transaction. bar'-ter, v- t. To exchange. bo-nan'-za, «. Any successful vent- ure. bond, n. The writing by which a per- son binds himself to pay a certain sum of money by a given date, under cer- tain conditions. blll'-le-tin, n. Ofhcial report. bljU'-ioil, n. Uncoined silver or gold. bu§'-i-ness (biz'-lies), n. Employ- ment ; occupation. bfis'-tle, V. i. To be very active. bu§'-y, (biz-y), a. Not at leisure. ^ap'-i-tal-ist, n. A man who has cap- ital or stock in trade ; usually a man of large property. SPELLING AND DEFIN-ING. 11 LESSON 4. ''Words used in Business. 'Our thoughts are ever forming our characters, and whatever they are most absorbed in will tinge our lives." €ar'-gO, n. Load ; freight. €ash-ier', n. One who has charge of money. ehar'-a-e-ter, «. The estimate which is put upon a person or thing. Cliarg-e'-a-ble, a. Capable of being charged. cheat, v. t. To defraud. Che€k, n. An order for money, on a bank, payable on sight. •Clear-ing-house, n. The place where the business of clearing is carried on. ■elerM-€-al, a. Relating to a clerk or copyist. •Cdf-fer, n. A chest or trunk for keep- ing money in. •coin, n. A piece of metal on which certain characters are stamped, mak- ing it legally current as money. ■COl-lat'-er-al, n. Security given in ad- dition to promise. €6m-bl-lia'-tion, «. Association ; alli- ance. •€6m'-mer§e, n. The exchange of mer- chandise on a large scale between dif- ferent countries or places. ■eom-mer'-cial, a. Relating to trade. €6m-mis'-si011, n. Allowance made to an agent for transacting business. ■eom-mit'-tee, n. Persons specially ap- pointed to manage any business. ■Com'-pa-ny, n. A corporation ; a firm. •COm'-pen-sate, v. t. To remunerate. €Om'-pe-tent, a. Answering all re- quirements. ■eom-pe-ti'-tion, «. Common strife for the same object. LESSON 5. 'Words used in Business. Fortune is ever seen accompanying- industry, and is as often trundling in a wheelbarrow as lolling in a coach and six. -Goldsmith. ■eom-pu-ta'-tion, n. Reckoning, •eon-slgn-ee' (-si-neeO, «• A person to whom goods are delivered in trust. •Cdn-sigll'-er, n. One who consigns. "€0-6p'-er-ate, v. t. To concur in action. ■CO-part'-ner-ship, n. A joint interest in any matter. -COr-po-ra'-tion, n. a body politic, al- lowed by law to act as an individual. ■eoun'-ter-feit, «. A likeness; an im- poster. ■eou'-pon (koO'-pong:), n. An interest certificate attached to a bond. ■ere-den'-tials, n. pi. That which gives credit. •ered'-it-or, n. One who credits or trusts. ■eur'-ren-^y, n. A continual passing from person to person, ■€US'-tom-hoilse, n. The house where duties are paid. dain'-ag*e, w. Injury; loss of value. deal'-er, n. One who deals or trades. debt'-or, n. One who owes another. def'-al-€a-tor, n. One who embezzles money left in his care. de-fault'-er, n. One who fails to ac- count for public money left in his care. de-fi'-cien-gy, n. Inadequacy ; im- perfection. . de-fray', v. t. To pay or discharge. de-pre'-§i-ate (-shi-ate), v. i. To fall in value. 12 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 6. WorA» used in Business. In human life there is constant change of fortune, and it is unreasonable to expect an exemp- tion from the common fate. Life itself decays, and all things are daily changing. — Plutarch. dis-burse', v. t. To pay out. dis-Crep'-an-§y, n. Varience ; incon- sistent. di§-hon'-est, a. Faithless ; fraudulent. draw-ee', n. One on whom an order or bill of exchange is drawn. draw'-er, n. One who draws a bill of exchange. el'-e-va-tor, n. A mechanical contriv- ance for lifting persons or freight to an upper floor. em-bez'-zle, v. t. To appropriate by breach of trust. em'-is-sa-ry, n. A person sent on a private mission. An undertaking. To found. Accuracy ; precision. To give and take ; to em-ploy-e% «• One who is employed. em-po'-ri-um, n. Center of an exten- sive trade. en'-ter-prige, «. es-tab'-lish, v. t. ex-a«t'-iiess, n. ex-change', v. t. swap. ex-pense', n. Outlay ; cost. ex'-port, n. A commodity sent abroad. fi-nange', ». Revenue ; income. fin-an-^ier', n. One who is skilled in money matters. firm, w. Partnership. flii'€t'-U-ate, i'. i- To be wavering or unsteady. LESSON 7. TITords used in Business. Yet still there whispers the small voice within. Heard through gain's silence and o'er glory's din: Whatever creed be taught or land be trod, Man's conscience is the oracle of God. — Byron. for'-eign, a. Not native ; remote. for'-feit, V, t. To lose the right to, by some misdeed, fault or offense. for'-ger-y, n. Producing an imitation, to deceive or defraud. fraud'-U-lent, a. Containing fraud. freight, n. Cargo. grailt-ee', n. One to whom a grant is made. grant'-or, «. One by whom a grant is made. guar-an-tee', v. t. To make sure ; to warrant. hon'-est-y, «. Trustiness; integrity. im-port', V. t. To bring from abroad. Mistake ; error. Insufficient : unfit. in-a-e'-cu-ra-gy, in-^om'-pe-tent, in-COr-re^t', a. Inaccurate ; faulty. ill-€rease', v. t. To extend ; to spread, in-debt'-ed, a. Under obligation. in-dem'-ni-fy, v. t. To make good. in-dent'-ure, n. A mutual agreement in writing. in-dor-see', n. The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed or assigned by indorsement. in-dors'-er, n. The person who in- dorses. in-diis'-tri-OUS, a. Diligent in business or study. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 13 LESSON 8. TVords used in Business. Next to knowing when to seize an opportunity, the most important thing in life is to know when to forego an advantage. — D' Israeli. Arrival of the time in-SOlv'-en-yy, n. Without means to discharge debts. in-teg'-ri-ty, n. Honesty. in'-ven-to-ry, n. A list or account of goods and chattels. in-vest'-ment, n. Laying out of money in property of a permanent nature. in'-voige, ^. /. To insert in a priced list. job'-ber, n. One who buys goods from importers and sells to retailers. joint'-ly, adv. Together. les-see', n. One to whom a lease is given. lu'-cre, n. Gain in money or goods. mam'-mon, n. Riches; wealth. ^ar'-^in, n. Difference between the cost and selling price of an article. several kinds. LESSON 9. Words used in Business ma-tu'-ri-ty, fixed for payment. mer'-€an-tile, a. Buying and selling ol commodities. mer'-§e-na-ry, a- Governed by greed- iness of gain. mer'-clian-dige, «• The objects of com- merce. meth'-6d, n. A regular way of doing anything. met-ro-pol'-i-tan, a. Belonging to a metropolis. mil'-li-ner-y, «. Articles sold by a mil- liner. mill'-ion-aire, n. One is counted by millions. mis-^el-la'-ne-ous, a. whose wealth Consisting of 4 Be not amazed at life. 'Tis still The mode of God with his elect, Their hopes exactly to fulfill, In times and ways they least expect.' mo-nop'-O-list, «. One who takes the whole of anything. ne-go'-ti-a-ble {-g6-shi-),«. Transfera- ble by endorsement to another per- son. ili€k'-el, n. A coin ; a greyish white metal, very ductile and malleable. 6p-er-a'-tion, n. Mode of action. 6p'-er-a-tor, n. One who produces an effect. Op'-U-lenge, n. Wealth, affluence. par'-^el, n. A small package. part'-ner, n. One who acts, suffers or enjoys with another. pa'-tcnt (pa- or pat-), w. To secure the exclusive right to a person. One who supports pa'-tron, n. protects. pay'-a-ble, a. Justly due. pay-ee', n. The person to whom mon- ey is to be paid pay'-er, n. One who pays. pe-eu'-ni-OUS, a. Full of money. pen'-sion, n. An annual allowance given from the public treasury. per-suade' (-swad),t^. f. To influence by argument. pe-ti'-tion, n. A request ; an entreaty. pledge, ^. f. To give as security. pol'-i-^y, n. System of management ; stratagem. p&S-ses'-siou, n. Ownership ; having in one's power. 14 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 10. "Words used In Business. Be noble ; and the nobleness that lies In other men sleeping, but never dead Will rise in majesty to meet thine own pre'-mi-um, n. A prize to be won by competition ; something given for the loan of money. prom'-is-SO-ry, a. Containing a prom- ise of something to be done. pro-por'-tion, n. Symmetrical distri- bution. prop-O-gi'-tion, n. Offer of terms. pro-pri'-e-tor, n. An owner. pros'-per-OUS, a. Successful. pun-et'-ll-al, a. Adhering to the exact time of an appointment. pur'-chas-a-ble, a. Capable of being bought. qual'-i-f led, a. Fitted by accomplish- ments. ras-eal'-i-ty, n. Base fraud. Lowell. rea'-son-a-ble, a. Within due limits; just. re-bate', v. l. To deduct from. re-^eipt' (-seet), n. Acknowledgment of payment. re-§eiv'-er, n. One who receives or takes, re€-om-meild', v. t. To put in a fa- vorable light before any one. re-c'-om-peiise, n. Reward ; compen- sation, re-e'-ti-fy, v- t. To make right. re-deem'-a-ble, a. Purchasable or payable in gold and silver. ref-er-ee', n. One to whom a thing is referred. re-li'-a-ble, a. Trustworthy. X LESSON II. liVords used in Business. 'Sum up at night what thou hast done by day, And in the morning what thou hast to do. Dress and undress thy soul." re-mit'-tan^e, n. The sum, or remitted. th mg re-mu-ner-a'-tioii, given for service. n. An equivalent re-sourge' Funds ; dependence. re-spe€t'-ive-ly, adv. Relating to each. re-spon'-si-ble, a. Accountable. res-ti-tu'-tion, n. Making good a loss or injury. se-c'-re-ta-ry, n. One employed to write letters, etc. sal'-a-ble, a. In good demand. Sal'-a-ry, n. The amount agreed upon, to be paid for one's services. saleg'-mail, n. One who sells anything. s€hed'-rile (sked'-yftl), n. A aocu- ment, list or catalogue. S-elieine, n. A design ; a project. se-eii'-ri-ty, «. One who becomes surety for another. seiz'-a-ble, a. Liable to be taken. sllil'-lillg, n. An English coin equal to twelve pence. sllip'-meilt, n. Goods that are shipped. shrewd'-ly (shrud'-ly), adv. With good guess; sagaciously. Shrifik'-ag'e, n. Reduction in bulk or dimensions of anything. SOlv'-eut, a. Able to pay all just debts. Stew'-ard (stu-), n. An officer of a boat, church or college. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 15 LESSON 12. WorAs used in Business. 'We worldly men, when we see friends and kinsmen Past hope sunk in their fortunes, lend no hand To lift them up, but rather set our feet Upon their heads to press them to the bottom." Sti'-pend, «. Settled pay for services. stip'-U-late, ^. 2. To settle terms. Std€k, n. Money invested in business. SU-C-gess'-flll, «. Prosperous ; fortunate. S^re'-ty (sh^ir-), n. A bondsman. swin'-dler, n. A cheat. tax-a'-tiOU, n. Assessing a bill of cost. tes-ti-mo'-ni-al, «• A writing which testifies in favor of one's good con- duct. ton'-nage, «. The whole amount of shipping estimated by tons. traf'-fi-C, n. Commerce; trade. trans-ac'-tiou, n. Performing any business. trib'-ute, n. A personal contribution made in token of services rendered. un-fort'-U-nate, a. Unlucky. un-prof'-it-a-ble, a. Useless; not profitable. va'-ean-gy, n. A place or post to be filled. var-U-a-ble, a. Having value. Val'-ue, «. Rate or estimated worth. ware'-house, n. A store house for goods. war'-rant, z'. A To indemnify against loss. wealth'-y, a. Rich. LESSON 13. DICTAXIO^ HXHRCISH. Literature, the ministry, medicine, the law, and other occupations, are cramped and hindered for want of men to do the work, not want of work to do. When people tell you the reverse they speak that which is not true. If you desire to test this you need only hunt up a first-class editor, reporter, busi- ness manager, foreman of a shop, mechanic, or artist in any branch of industry, and try to hire him. You will find that he is already hired. He is sober, industrious, capable and reliable, and is always in demand. He cannot get a day's holiday except by courtesy of his employer, or of his city, or of the great general public. But if you need idlers, shirkers, half-instructed, unambitious and comfort-seeking editors, reporters, lawyers, doctors and mechanics, apply anywhere. — Mark Twain. LESSON 14. Formerly, when great fortunes were only made in war, war was a business; but now, when grertt fortunes are only made by business, business is war. — Bovee. a-ban'-don, Jv. /. To forsake wholly; to renounce. ab-bre'-vi-ate, v. t. To shorten. ab'-di-«ate, v. t. To cast off; to re- nounce. a-bove'-board, adv. Without trick or deception. a-bridge', v. t. To diminish. a-€-§ept', V. t. To receive with favor. a€-^ess' or a-e'-§ess, n. Admittance, 16 BUSINESS SERIES. a€-§ess'-i-l)le, a. Approachable. a€-quire% v. ». To gain ; to procure. a-et'-ll-al) O" Truly and absolutely so. ad-ap-ta'-tiou, n. The act of fitting. ad-lie'-sive, «• Sticking to. ad-mi t'-tan^e, n. Permission to enter. a-dopt', "v, t. To receive as one's own. a-dfll'-ter-ate, v. t. To corrupt by mixture. ^ ad-van'-tag-e, n. Favorable circum- stances. a-e'-ri-al, a. Belonging to the air. ae-rie (e'-ry), n. A nest of a bird of prey. * a)S-thet'-i«s,] ^, es-tlietM€s, ) ""' ^^^°''>' ^^ ^^^^^- af-fg^'-tion-ate, a. Fond ; loving. LESSON 15. VOCATIONS. " The highest excellence is seldom attained in more than one vocation. The roads leading to distinction in separate pursuits diverge, and the nearer we approach the one, the farther we recede from the other." A balloonist. a'-er-o-naut, ap-preil'-ti^e, n. One bound to a per- son to learn ftis trade or art. ar'-ehi-te€t, n. One skilled in the art of building. ar'-ti-§an, n. A skilled mechanic. au-€-tion-eer% n. One who sells goods at public sale. au'-di-tor, n. An examiner of accounts. bro'-ker, n. One who transacts busi- ness for another. €ar'-peil-ter, n. An artificer who works in timber. ■Ca'-ter-er, n. A provider of provisions. €loth'-ier (-yer), n. One who sells cloth or clothing. •COm-p6§'-i-tor, n. One who sets type. ■CUS-to'-di-an, n. A keeper or superin- tendent. ed'-it-or, n. One who prepares or re- vises matter for publication. en-gi-lieer', n. One who manages an engine. gla'-zier (-zlmr),w. One who sets glass. hand'-i-€raft, n. Manual occupation. jan'-itor, n. A doorkeeper; a porter. ma-^hm'-ist, n. One versed in the principles of machines. me-€hail'-l-6, w- One who works with instruments. ty-pog'-ra-pher (or tj^-), «. LESSON 16. DICXAXIOB5 EXEHCISE. He was one of those men who achieve So little because of the much they conceive. He knocked at each one Of the door-ways of life, and abided in none. His course by each star that would cross it was set, And whatever he did he was sure to regret. The man who seeks one thing in life, and but one, May hope to achieve it before life be done; But he who seeks all things, wherever he goes. Only reaps from the hopes which around him he sows A harvest of barren regrets. — Owen Meredith. A printer. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 17 LESSON 17. PEMrXAlNIlISG XO SKIT^L,. "There are two most valuable possessions which no search-warrant can get at, which no execution can take away, and which no reverse of fortune can destroy; they are what a man puts into his brain — KNOWLEDGE ; and into his hands — skill." L/ d.-Mr-i-ty, «. Power ; skill. a-dept', «• One skilled in any art. a-droit', ft- Ready in invention or ex- ecution. €a'-pa-l)le, a. Having ability. ■€flll'-llillg, n. Skill; dexterity. dex'-ter-oiis, a. Expert; skillful in contrivance. ef-fi'-cient, a- Energetic and useful activity. ex-pert'-ness, «. Skill derived from practice. ex-pe'-ri-enge, To train by prac- tice ; to try personally. fa-gir-i-ty, w. Ease in performance. power, iii-a-bir-i-ty, «. Lack of strength or resources. in-ea'-pa-ble, a. Incompetent, unfit, disqualified. kna-ek, n. Habitual easiness of per- formance. man'-age-ment, «. Skillful treatment. ma-nip'-U-late, v. t. To operate with the hands in a*skillful manner. nig'-e-ty, n. Delicate management. pos'-si-ble, Capable of being done. pro-fi'-cient, a. Well skilled. Skill'-flll, a. Able in management ; well versed. ' / • toF-er-a-bly, adv. Moderately well. LESSON 18. ' Of all the good things in this good world around us, The one most abundantly furnished and found us And which, for that reason, we least care about. And can best spare our friends, is good counsel, no Houbt.' A'-bel, n. The name of a man. a'-ble, a. Having ability or compe- tency of any and every kind. ail, V. i. To be sick. ale, «. A kind of liquor. air, n. The atmosphere. heir, n. One who inherits. aisle (il), n. A passage in a church. isle, n. An island. ant, n. An insect. aunt, n. A parent's sister. al'-ter, v. i. To make some change in, al'-tar, «• The communion table. as-^ent/, n. Motion upward. as-sent', n. Consent. ate, V. t. Past of eat. eight, n. A number. au'-ger, n. A carpenter's tool. au'-gur, V. t. To predict or foretell. awl, n. A shoemaker's tool. gll, a. The whole quantity. 18 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 19. ^VirORDS ITSHO IB( BOOK-KHHPII^G. "Success in business is seldom owing to uncommon talents or original power which is untractable and self-willed, but to the greatest degree of commonplace capacity." a€-eoilIlt'-ant, «. One employed or skilled in keeping accounts. a€'-«U-ra-§y, «. Exactness. a^-gre-gate, n. Whole amount. an'-nu-al, n. Yearly. bal'-an^e, n. The excess on one side added to the other to make equality. bal'-ange-sheet, n. A paper giving a summary and balance of accounts. blank, a. Unwritten ; white. bd^k'-keep-iug, n. The keeping of accounts. •eount^'-illg- house, n. The room for keeping accounts. dai'-ly, a- Happening every day. day'-bdok, n. An account book of original entries, giving details of the transactions. deb'-lt, V. t. To charge with debt. doub'-le-en-try, n. A mode of book- keeping in which two entries are made. jofir'-lial, «. An account book in which the transactions are arranged for posting. ledg''-er, «. The final book of record in business transactions. sum'-ma-ry, n. A general statement. to'-tal, n. The whole sum or amount. Sem-i-ail'-nu-al, a. Half yearly. Set'-tle-meilt, «• Payment of account.s. tri-en^-lli-al, «. Once in every three years. LESSON 20. Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship. — Franklin. al-low'-an^e, n. A sum or portion appointed. e-CO-nom'-i-e-al, n. Managing with frugality. ex-dr'-bi-lantj'Z. Extravagant; excess- ive. ex-pend'-i-ture, n. Paying out, as of money, ex-pen'-sive, a. Costly. ex-tor'-tion, n. Unlawful exaction. ex-tray'-a-gailt, ^. Profuse in expense ; wasteful. fru-gal'-i-ty, «• Prudent economy. illl-prov'-i-dent, a. Not providing for what will happen in the future. lav'-ish, a. Wasteful ; profuse. mi'-§er-ly, a. Stingy. llig'-gard, n. A person meanly close and covetous; a miser. OUt-ra'-geous, a. Exceeding the lim- its of reason. par-si-mo'-ui-OUS, a. Frugal to excess ; close; saving. pe-llti'-ri-oflS, a. Very saving in the use of money. piu'-moii-ey, n. A sum of money allowed a wife for her private expen- ses. prod'-i-gal, n. One who spends money extravagantly. pro-fuse', «. Liberal to excess; lavish. spend'-thrift, «• One who spends money profusely. stiu'-gi-ness, n. Extreme avarice. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 19 LESSON 21. DICTATION CXKRCISK. ♦* Foolish spending is the father of poverty. Do not be ashamed of hard work. Work for the best salary or wages you -can get, but work for half price rather than be idle. Be your own master, and do not let society or fashion swallow up your individuality — hat, coat and boots. Do not eat up nor wear all you can earn. Compel your selfish body to spare something for profit saved. Be stingy to your own appetite, but merciful to others' necessities. Help others, and ask no help yourself. See that you are proud. Let your pride be of the right kind. Be too proud to be lazy ; too proud to give up without conquering every difficulty ; too proud to wear a coat you cannot afford to buy; too proud to be in such company that you cannot keep up with expenses; too proud to lie or steal, or cheat; too proud to be stingy." LESSON 22. MISCHI^I^AKHOUS. Study yourselves, and most of all, note well Wherein kind Nature invites you to excel. — Longfellow. a'-li-as, n. Otherwise called. al-lay', v. t. To abate ; to subside. al-le'-VlTlte, t'. /. To make light or easy to be borne. al-Ioy', n. A baser metal mixed with a finer. al'-ter-nate, v- 1, To perform by turns. al-tO-^etll'-er, adv. With united action. am-W-tion , w. Desire for office or honor. an'-i-mate, v. t. To give life to. an-liex-a'-tion, n. Addition ; union. an-llOUlige'-meilt, n. Giving public notice. ap-par'-ent, a. Plain ; easy to be seen. Not genu- A place of retreat and ar-ti-fi'-cial (fish'-al), ^. ine. a-sy'-luin, n. security. at-tach', V' t. To bind, fasten or tie. at-tempt', ^'. i- To make an effort or endeavor. at'-tri-biite, «• An essential or neces- sary property or characteristic. beii-e-fi'-cial (f isir-al) , «. Profitable. bev'-er-age, «. A drink. b6m'-bast» EIl.XAIT«IBJG TO FOOD. A fig for your bill of fare ; show me your bill of company. — Sivift. I far'-i-na'-ceous (-sliiis), a 1 meal or flour. al-bu'-meil, n. White of eggs. ■eil'-li-na-ry, a. Relating to the kitch- en or art of cookery. ^e'-re-al, n. Any edible grain, as wheat, rye, etc. de-lV-CiottS (-lish'-iis) , a. Affording exquisite pleasure to the taste. eat'-a-ble, n. Proper for food. Made of {iiiit'-ton-y, n. Excess in eating. healtll'-l'lll, a. Wholesome, serving to promote health. jui^e, n. The watery part of fruit or vegetables. ' lus'-cious (liisll'-flS), a> Delicious. SPKLLING AND DEFINING. mas'-ti-eate, t'. a To chew. nu'-tri-meilt, «. That whicli nourishes. nii-trr-tioiis (trisir-us) , a. Ncur. ishing. pal'-a-ta-l)le, ■eri'-sis, n. The point of time when anything must terminate or take a new course. •€rit'-i-€-al-ly, adv. With nice discern- ment; in a critical manner. ^ro-gliet' {^ro-sIiaO, n- A netting made with a small hook. ■ero-quet' (kro-kaO,'^. A game played with balls, mallets and hoops or arches. •€rouch, V. i. To stoop low ; to lie close to the ground, as an animal. ■€rumb, n. A small fragment or piece of bread or other food. 28 BUvSINKvSvS SERIES. LESSON 39. The native orchard's fairest trees, wild springing on the hill, Bear no such precious fruits as these, and never will. Till axe and saw and pruning knife cut from them every bough, And they receive a gentler life than crowns them now. — Holland. ap'-ple, The fruit of the apple tree. a'-pri-eot, n. A fruit of the plum species. ?)a-na'-Iia, n. A tropical fruit. ■ean'-ta-lonpe, n. A small, round, ribbed variety of muskmelon. Cher'-ry, n. A fruit of the prune spe- cies. ^it'-ron, The fruit of the citron tree, resembling a lemon. •€0'-e6a-llllt, n. The nut or fruit of the cocoa. gOO§e'-l)er-ry, «. The fruit of a small shrub. hu«k'-le-ber-ry or \n. The wlior'-tle-ber-ry (hwurt'-l-),] fruit of a low shrub. lem'-on, n. An oval fruit containing an acid pulp. LESSON 40. lime, «. A fruit like the lemon, smaller and more intensely sour. mill'-ber-ry, n. The fruit of a tree. musk'-mel-on, n. A species of melon so called from its musky fragrance. peach, A Persian apple ; a tree and A tropical plant and its fruit. pine'-ap-ple, n. its fruit. pome-grail'-ate, n. A fruit as large as an orange, of a reddish color and having numerous seeds. quince, «. A fruit vi^ith an acid taste and pleasant flavor. rai'-gin, w- A grape dried in the sun or by artificial heat. ragp'-ber-ry, n. straw'-ber-ry, «. plant. A plant and its fruit. The fruit of a small But look at that bin of potatoes ! Those are my beautiful Carters ; Every one doomed to be martyrs To the eccentric desire of Christian people to skin them. Brought to the trial of fire for the good that is in them. — Holland. aS-par'-a-gUS, w. A garden plant, or vegetable. •cab'-ba^e, n. A garden plant. €ar'-rot, n. A vegetable having an esculent root. «au'-li-flow-er, n. A variety of cab- bage. ■eel'-er-y, «. A plant of the parsley family. €li'-€um-ber, n. A vegetable used un- ripe as a salad. gar'-li-e, ». A plant having a bulbous root and strong smell. lSt'-tn(je (-tis), n. A plant, the leaves of which are used for salad. on'-ion (iin'-yun), «. The bulb of a plant used for food. pars'-ley, n. A plant, the leaves of which are used in cooking. pars'-nip, n. A plant with a M-hite spindle-shaped root, used for food. po-ta'-to, «. A plant with a farinaceous tuber used for food. pnmp'-kill, «. A well-known plant and its fruit. rad'-isll, n. A plant, the root of which is eaten raw as a salad. ry-ta-ba'-g-a, n. A Swedish turnip. sal'-si-fy, n. Vegetable oyster. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 29 spin'-acli (spiii'-ej), «. A plant leaves are used for greens. 'hose to-ina'-to or to-ma'-to, n its fruit. tur'-nip, n. root. A plant with a bulbous A plant and Ye^'-e-ta-l)le, i^- A plant used for cul inary purposes. LESSON 41. TVORDS I»EIt.TAINII«G TO AGK-ICUI^XURK. ' We must not hope to be mowers and gather the ripe, gold ears, Until we have first been sowers and watered the furrows with tears." a'-€re, ». Piece of land containing i6o square rods. ag'-ri-eiilt-ure, n. The art of culti- vating the ground. ar'-a-ble, «. Fit for plowing or tilling. €ur-ti-vate, v. t. To till. fer'-tile, a. Rich ; fruitful. fer'-ti-lize, v. t. To make fertile or enrich. grail'-a-ry, n. A store-house for grain after it is threshed ; a corn house. har'-vest-home, n. The feast made at the gathering of the harvest. hor'-ti-eult-ure, n. Cultivation of a garden. I6ani'-y, a. Consisting of sand, clay and carbonate of lime with decaying vegetable matter. marsh'-y, a. Wet ; boggy. mead'-OW, «. A tract of low, level grass land somewhat wet. or'-Chard, «. An enclosure or assem- blage of fruit trees. past'-ur-ag'C, n. Land appropriated to grazing. pllOS'-phate, n. A fertilizer formed of phosphoric acid and salt. plough or plow, n. An implement for turning up the soil. rus'-ti€-ate, v. To live or dwell in the country. Ster'-ile, a. Producing little or no crop; barren. tlU'-a-ble, a. Capable of being tilled. trough (trawf/^ n. A long tray. LESSON 42. OICXAXIOT* HXHRCISH. The time for toil has passed and night has come — The last and saddest of the harvest eves ; Worn out with labor, long and wearisome, Drooping and faint, the reapers hasten home, Each laden with his sheaves. My spirit grieves that I am burdened, not so much with grain, As with a heaviness of heart and brain ; Uehold my sheaves ! Few, light and worthless, yet their weight Through all my frame a weary aching leaves; P'or long I struggled with my hopeless fate. And stayed and toiled till it was dark and late — Vet well I know I have more tares than wheat — Brambles and flowers, dry stalks and withered leaves ; Wherefore I blush and weep, as at thy feet I kneel down reverently and repeat, ■'Master, behold my sheaves." — Elizabeth Akcrs, 80 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 43. HOMOPHO^KOUS liVORDS. Thy purpose firm is equal to the deed : Who does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly ; angels could do no more.— Voung. ■eal'-en-dar, n. An almanac. €al'-en-der, n. A hot press. €an'-nou, n. A large gun. €ail'-011, «. A church law; a digni- tary of the church. €ail'-Yas, n. A coarse cloth for sails. ■ean'-vass, ^^'. t. To solicit something. ^ap-i-tal, w. The chief city; principal. "Cap'-i-tol, «. The building occupied by the Congress of the U. S. €aiie, «. A walking stick. -Cain, n. The first murderer. ^eil, V- t. To line the top or roof of. seal, V. t. To make fast. §ell, n. A small room, as in a prison. sell, V. t. To exchange for money. §el'-lar, n. A room under the house. sell'-er One who sells. Cll0^§e, V. t. To select. Chewg (cllO<>S), V' t. To bite and grind with the teeth. ■elauge, «• A part of a sentence. ■elawg, n. pi. Sharp, hooked nails of animals or birds. LESSON 44. AK-CmXECXUITH. II cities were built by the sound of music, then some edifices would appear to be constructed by grave, solemn tones, others to have danced forth to light, fantastic airs. — Haiutkornc. bar-US-trade, n. A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an enclos- ure. bat'-tle-ment, «• A notched or in- dented parapet. bay-win'-dow, n. A window forming a bay or recess in the room and pro- jecting outward in different forms. boii'-doir (bo?>'-dw6r), «. A lady's private room. ■f ail'-O-py, «. A covering over the head. ^eil'-ilig*, n. Theupper interior surface of an apartment. ■elog'-et, n. A small, close room. eor'-nige, n. Any molded projection which finishes the part to which it is affixed. ■eor'-ri-dor, «• A gallery or passage- way. ■eii'-po-la, «. A dome-like vault on the top of an edifice. doni'-i-gile, «• An abode or permanent residence. dor'-mi-to-ry, «. Sleeping quarters or a bedroom. ex-te'-ri-or, n. The outside part. g'a'-ble, n. The vertical triangular end of a house. ^al'-ler-y, n. A long and narrow cor- ridor. g6tll'-i€, ^. A style of architecture with high and sharply-pointed arches, etc. in-te'-ri-or, n. The inside part. klt€ll'-en, n. A cook room. laun'-dry, «. The place where clothes are washed. hiv'-a-to-ry, n. A place for washing. SPELIvINO AND DEFINING. 31 LESSON 45. Architecture. Houses are built to live in more than to look on ; therefore let use be preferred before uiii- formity, except where both may be had. — Bacon. mor'-tise, n. A cavity cut into a piece of timber to receive the end of an- other piece cut to fit it. niche (nich), n. A shell-like recess in a wall for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament. ■nurs'-er-y, n. A room in the house, appropriated to the care of children. >ob-serv'-a-to-ry, n. A place from which a view may be commanded. o'-ri-el, n. A large bay or recessed window projecting outward. pa-la'-tial, a- Magnificent ; like a palace. pail'-try, n. A room where provisions are kept. par-ti'-tiou, «• That which divides or separates; an interior wall dividing one part of a house from another. pa-vir-ion, A kind of building or turret under a single roof. pi-az'-za, ^^. A portico or covered walk supported by arches or columns. pi-las'-ter, n. A square column, usually set in a wall, and projecting only a fourth or fifth of its diameter. por'-ti-€0, n. A covered space, enclosed by columns at the front of a building. ro-tuil'-da, «. A round building. S-eul'-ler-y^ «• A place where culinary utensils are kept. stee'-ple, n. A tower or turret of a church, ending in a point. Stru-et'-ure, n. A building of any kind. tab'-er-na-cle, n. A slightly built or temporary dwelling. tur'-ret, «. A little tower. Ves'-ti-bule, n. A small hall from which doors open into other apart- ments in the house. ve-rail'-da, n. A kind of open portico, formed by extending a sloping roof beyond the main dwelling. LESSON 46. DICTAXIOJ* EXKR-CISB. The Gothic cathedral is a blossoming in stone, subdued by the insatiable de- mand of harmony, in man. The mountain of granite blooms into an eternal flower, with the lightness and delicate finish as well as the aerial proportions and perspec- tive of vegetable beauty. Moller, in his essay on Architecture, taught that the building which was fitted accurately to answer its end, would turn out to be beau- tiful, though beauty had not been intended. I find the like unity in human struct- ures rather virulent and pervasive. — Ejnerson. LESSON 47. MISCKI.I.AIHEOUS. Like leaves on trees the '•ace of man is found. Now green in youth, now withering on the ground ; Another race the following spring supplies ; They fall successive, and successive rise. — Homer's Iliad. deaf (defordef), a. sounds. de-bat'-a-ble, a. Disputable. Unable to hear de-briV (da-bree') , «• Remains ; ruins. de-e'-O-rate, v.t. To adorn ;. to beautify. de-€rease', ^. t. To diminish gradually. 32 BUSINHSvS SERIES. de-g'en'-er-ate, v. i. To grow worse. de-ll6te', v, t. To indicate. de-6'-dor-ize, v. t. To deprive of odor. de-§ir'-a-ble, a. Worthy of desire or longing. de-te'-ri-O-rate, v. t. To make worse. de'-vi-ate, v. i. To go out of one's way ; to digress. dir-fl-€ult, a. Not easy. di-lap'-i-date, v. i. To fall into partial ruin. dis-eoiir'-age, v. t. To dishearten ; to disfavor. dis-frail'-elli§e, v. t. To deprive of citizenship. dis-trib'-ute, v. t. To divide among several. dii-e'-at, n. A European coin, either silver or gold. ef-fa§e', v, t. To blot out. e':greSS, ^- Departure. e-las-tlg'-i-ty, n. Springiness ; rebound LESSON 48. DRUGS. Physic is of little use to a temperate person, for a man's own observation on what he finds does him good and what hurts him, is the best physic to preserve health. — Bacon. a§'-id, n. A sour substance. al'-ka-li, n. A substance which neu- tralizes acids. am-ino'-ni-a, n. An alkali which is gas- eous or aeriform in its uncombined state. a-poth'-e-€.a-ry, n. One who prepares and sells drugs for medicinal purposes. ar'-ni-ca, n. A medicine applied ex- ternally as a remedy for sprains or bruises. ar'-se-ni-e, n. A metal of a steel gray color and brilliant lustre ; a poison. l)al'-sam, n. An aromatic substance flowing from trees. bel-la-don'-na, n. Deadly nightshade. ben'-zine, «. A light oil of petroleum. €aF-0-mel, w. A preparation of mer- cury. •eam'-phor, n. A solid white gum or concrete juice. ^a-tliar'-ti«, n. A purgative. •elllo'-ro-form, w. A medical fluid which when inhaled produces insensi- bility to pain. •eo-logne' (ko-lon'), ^^- A perfumed liquid. •eop'-per-as, n. Sulphate of iron. €re'-0-s6te, n. An oily, colorless liquid having the smell of smoke. dis-peu'-sa-ry, n. The place where medicines are prepared. drug'-gist, n. One who deals in drugs. ^ly§'-er-ine, n. A sweet liquid, com- posed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. ip'-e-Ca€, n. An emetic. LESSON 49. I>rus:s. Oh ! what avail the largest gifts of heaven. When drooping health and spirits go amiss ? How tasteless then whatever can be given ! Health is the vital principle of bliss, And exercise of health. — Horace Mann. lau'-da-nrim, n. Tincture of opium. li-C'-O-rige, n. A dark-colored, sweet substance, much used as a remedy for coughs and colds. mag-ne'-§i-a (-ne'-zlii-a), n. A white powdered earth, used as a mild ca- thartic. iiier'-€U-ry, n, A salt used as a re- medial agent. SPELLING AND DIvI'LXIXC;. mor'-plline, n. A vegetable alkaloid extracted from opium. |)ar-6-i»'6r'-i-t*, ^^. A medicine that mit- igates pain. pep'-per-miut, n. A liquor distilled from an aromatic and pungent plant. pilar -ma-§eu-ti^, Pertaining to knowledge of pharmacy. pliai*'-ma-cy, «• The art of compound- ing medicines. poi'-gon, n. That which taints or de- stroys. qili'-nme, n. Peruvian bark. re§'-in, n. A solid, inflammable gum of vegetable origin, soluble in alcohol and in essential oils. saf '-frou, II. A vegetable medicine. salt-pe'-tre or salt-pe'-ter,w. Nitrate of potassia. sar-sa-pa-ril'-la, n. A medicine dis- tilled from a Mexican plant. str^-Cll'-nilie, n. Nightshade, very bitter and poison. SuF-pllur, n. A simple mineral sub- stance, of a yellow color. su'-ma€ or su'-ma«h (sluy-mak), «. A plant or shrub used in medicine. tin-et'-ure, n. Slight taste or quality . added to anything. tur'-pen-tine, n. A clear, colorless balsam taken from the pine, fir, larch and other trees. LESSON 50. I»BI«.XAINII»JG TO I-HYSIC, I think you might dispense with half your doctors, if you would only consult Doctor Sun more, and be more under the treatment of these great hydropathic doctors, the clouds! — Beechcr. al-16p'-a-thy, n. Using medicines to produce effects different from those resulting from disease. am-pu-ta'-tion, n. Cutting off a mem- ber of the body. ■t*au'-ter-ize,^. t- To burn or sear with fire or a hot iron. ^har'-la-tan, n, A quack. t*lli-rdp'-0-dist, n. A com doctor; ex- tracts corns, warts, etc. (Il-ilj^'-lio'-sis, n. The determination of a disease by means of distinctive marks. ('•C'-le^'-tic, n. Not following any one method or school, but selecting at will from others. lld-llie-op'-a-tliy, n. Art of curing, founded on resemblances. hos'-pi-tal, n. An institution for car- ing for the sick and infirm. hy-(lrop'-a-thy, n. The water-cure. in-f irm'-a-ry, n. A hospital where the sick are lodged and nursed. me-di§'-i-nal, a- Pertaining to medi- cine. nar-COt'-i-C, w. A medicine which pro- duces sleep. o'-pi-ate, a. Inducing sleep. op-tF-cian (-tish'-an) , n. One skilled in the science of vision. phf-§i'-cian (fi-zish'-an), n. One skilled in the art of healing. spe-§ir-i-€, a. Exerting a peculiar in- fluence over any part of the body. stim'-U-late, v. t. Medicine to produce an exaltation of vital activity. va-e'-^i-nate, v. t. To inoculate with kine pox by means of a virus called vaccine, taken from a cow. vet'-er-i-na-ry, One skilled in healing domestic animals. 34 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 51. HOIMEOPHOI^OITS WORDS. What shall I do ? My boy, don't stand asking ; Take hold of something — whatever you can. Don't turn aside for the toiling or tasking ; Idle soft hands never yet made a man." ^eilt, n. A coin. Sgeilt, ^' Odor ; the sense of smell. sent, ">-'■ i. Past of send ; dispatched. ^ite, "'. t. To summon. site, n. Local position ; situation. sight, n. The power of seeing. ■elimb, v^ i. To rise laboriously. ■elime, n. A climate. ■coarse, (i- Rude ; composed of large parts. •course, «. Direction. •eore, n. The center of a fruit. ^drps (kor), n. A body of men. ■€OUll'-§iI, n. A deliberative body. ■eouil'-sel, n. Advice ; a legal adviser. ■eur'-rant, n. A small fruit. ■Cur'-rent, «. A stream ; onward motion. clear, o. Beloved ; costly. deer, n. An animal. draught (draft), «. A current; that which is drunk. draft, n. A bill of exchange. LESSON 52. MSHASHS. He who cures a disease may be the skillfullest, but he who prevents it is the safest physi- cian. — T. Fuller. ab'-S§esS, n. A tumor filled with pur- ulent matter. I)r6n-€hi'-tis, n. Inflammation of the bronchial membrane. ■Ca-tarrll', n. A disease of the head, caused by a cold. ■eliol'-e-ra, n. A disease. diph-the'-ri-a, «• A disease in which the throat is inflamed, and coated with a leathery membrane. dis-ea§e', n. Malady or sickness. diz'-zi-neSS, n. A whirling in the head. dys-pep'-si-a, «. Difliculty of digestion. ep'-i-lep-sy, n. Disease of the brain, attended by convulsions. er-y-Sip'-e-las, n. A disease in which the skin is inflamed. fau'-greue (gailg'-),«. Mortification of living flesh. hi«'-€OUgh (hik'-kiip), n. Spasmodic inspiration producing sound. niea'-gleg, «. An eruptive disease. ueu-ral'-gi-a, n. A disease, the chief symptom of which is a very acute pain, seated in a nerve. pa-ral'-y-sis, n. Loss of voluntary mo- tion with or without loss of sensation. pleu'-ri-sy, n. Inflammation of the pleura or the membrane that lines the chest. pucti-mo'-ni-a (nli-mo'-), n. Inflamma- tion of the lungs. rhe|j'-ma-ti§m (rfl), n. Painful in- flammation of joints and muscles. S-€rdf '-ii-lA, n. A disease of the glands. ty'-[>hoid, n. Typhus fever of a low grade. SPELLING AND DEFINING. LESSON 53. OICXAXIOIH KXHICCISH. •' My jolly young fellow," said Health, "now you really Have lately been drawing on me rather freely. "Who riots with Pleasure by night and by day Must expect that in time there'll be something to pay. For the favors you've had, that you may not forget, Suppose you just give me your note for the debt. Write as I dictate : " 'Twenty years after date I promise to pay to my health, sure as fate, For value received, in sin, folly and pleasure, These prominent parts of estates I should treasure : My Limbs to be racked with rheumatics and gout ; My Teeth to decay till they mostly rot out ; My Eyes to grow dim and my Hair to grow gray, While dropsy and asthma take turns day by day; My Nerves and my I^ungs, too, together give way ; My Stomach to fall to dyspepsia a prey ; My Taste to forsake me, my Voice to grow weak. While my Ears cannot hear, save when Conscience shall speak.* Now sign it. When due you need not waste your breath For extension. Remember, the protest is Death." LESSON 54. Diseases, desperate grown, by desperate appliance are relieved, or not at all. — Shakespeare. a€lie, v. i. To suffer pain. a-€ute', a. Sharp ; penetrating. ■Com'-fort-a-ble, a. Free from pain. ■eoil-ta'-^ioiis, a. Catching. •COll-va-les'-§en§e, n. Renewal of health. dis'-lo-eate, v. t. To disjoint. e-ma'-ci-ate (shi-at), v- i. To lose flesh. ^p-i-dem'-i*, ^z. A disease which, aris- ing from a wide-spread cause, affects numbers of people at the same time. fii'-mi-^ate, v. t. To apply smoke to in cleansing infected apartments. liag"'-g:ar(l, a. Having the expression of one wasted by want or pain. he-red'-i-ta-ry, a. Transmitted from parent to child. im'-be-gile, n. One without strength either in body or mind. lu'-na-ti-C, n. A person of unsound mind. llial'-a-dy, n. Sickness or disease of the human body. ma-lig'-nant, a. Tending to produce death. mon-O-ma'-ni-a-e, n. One whose mind is deranged on a single subject. par'-6x-ysm, n. The attack of a dis- ease that occurs at intervals. re-SUS'-§i-tate, v. t. To revive from apparent death. Stran-gu-la'-tioil, n. The act of de- stroying life by stopping respiration. wound (wooiid or wownd), n, A hurt ; an injury. 3t) BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 55. rHR-XAII^ill^G XO THE HUMA]^ BODY. but if it be too much or indiscreetly " Our body is a well-set clock, which keeps good time tampered with, the alarm runs out before the hour." lin'-kle, n. The joint which connects the foot with the leg. ar'-ter-y, n. A vessel that conveys the blood from the heart. ail'-di-to-ry, n. Pertaining to the sense of hearing. I)r6n'-€hi-a, n. The two large divis- ions of the trachea. ■Cal-is-then'-i€S, n. Bodily exercise for strength and graceful movement. ■Cap'-il-la-rieg, «. //. Small vessels which connect the arteries with the veins. «ar'-ti-la^e, n. Gristle. •elav'-i-ele, «• The collar bone. •€6r'-ne-a, «• The strong membrane which forms the front part of the eye. ■fra'-ni-um, n. The bones which en- close the brain. The outer skin of tlie •eii'-ti-*le, n. body. di'-a-pliragiu (-fram), «. The muscle separating the chest from the abdo- men. en-am'-el, n. The hard substance cov- ering the crown of the tooth. eye, n. The organ of vision. fa'-Cial (fa'-shal), a. Pertaining to the face. giist'-a-to-ry, n. Nerve of taste. ill-spi-ra'-tion, n. Breathing air into the lungs. kllU€k'-le, n. The joint of a finger. lar'-yux, n. The upper part of the wind pipe, constituting the organ of voice. li^'-a-ment, n. A white, inelastic sub- stance serving to bind one bone to another. LESSON 56. Pertaining to the Human Body. God made the human body, and it is by far the most exquisite and wonderful organization which has come to us from the Divine hand. It is a study for one's whole life. — Beecher. me-dul'-la 61)lon-ga'-ta, n.. The up- per portion of the spinal cord, within the skull. mem'-brane, n. A thin layer of tissue serving to cover some part of the body. mus'-§les, n. pi. Organs of motion. mus-taghe' (miis-tasli') , «. The part of the beard which grows on the up- per lip. ol-fa-e'-to-ry, n. The nerve of smell. pa-tel'-la, n. The knee pan. pliy-Sique' (fe-gek'), n. Physical struc- ture of a person. pleu'-ra, n. The membrane that lines the chest. piil'-mo-na-ry, n. Pertaining to the lungs. piil-sa'-tion, n. A beat or throb. ret'-i-na, «. The membranous expan- sion of the optic nerve in the interior of the eye ball, which receives the im- pressions resulting in the sense of vision. sa-li'-va, n. Spittle. sllOul'-(ler, «. The upper part of the back. SPELLING AND DEFINING. stom'-a-ell, «. The organ in \vhich the food is digested. tem'-per-a-meilt, «. Physical and mental character of a person. toilgrue (tiing), « Organ of speech and taste. t^^ni'-pa-lium, «. The drum of the ear. ver'-te-lnji (//. yer'-te-brae), n. A joint or segment of the back hone. vig'-ion, n. Actual sight. wrist, n. The joint which unites the hand to the arm, consisting of eight small bones. LESSON 57. MISCEI^I^ANHOUS. Procrastination is the thief of time ; Year after year it steals till all are fled, And, to the mercies ot a moment leaves The vast concerns of an eternal scheme. el-e-meilt'-a-ry? <''• Simple ; consist- ing of a single element. em-bel'-lisll, v. t. To adorn ; to beautify. en'-er-^y, n. Life ; capacity for acting. e-nii'-mer-ate, v. t. To number. en-vi'-ron-ment, n. Places that sur- round another place. e'-qua-ble, a. Equal and uniform. e-rad'-i-€ate, ^. t- To root out. es-cliew', ^. t. To shun ; to avoid. es-pe'-Cial (-pesh'-al), «;. Particular; chief. es-seil'-tial, Ii:^iI>. " Were I so tall to reach the pole. Or grasp the ocean with my span, I must be measured by my soul. The mind's the standard of the man." v.i. view or impression. ap-pre'-ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t. To esti- mate justly; to value. ap-pre-hend', v. t. To understand ; to believe. as-§er-tain', v. t- To make certain ; to assure. as-sid'-ii-OUS, a. Constant in applica- tion or attention. be-liere', v. t. To regard as true. €dg'-lli-zailt («0^'- or ■eoil'-),«. Hav- ing knowledge of. €6m-pli-€a'-tion, «. Perplexity ; en- tanglement. •COm-pre-liend', v. t. To understand. €011-je-Ct'-ure, «. Probable inference ; surmise. €on'-scieuce (kon'-sheiis), «. The moral sense. 60 BUSINESS SERIES. «5ll'-SCiofiS (kdn'-shns) , a. Possessing the faculty or power of knowing one's own thoughts or mental operations. •edn'-strye, v. t. To interpret ; to understand. *6n'-tem-plate or^on-tem'-platejZ^. /. To meditate on ; to study. •tTO-du'-li-ty, n. A disposition to be- lieve on slight evidence. ■CU-ri-OS'-i-ty, «. Disposition to in- quire, investigate or seek after knowl- edge. de-§i'-pher, v. t. To unravel ; to find out so as to make known the mean- ing of. des'-ig-nate, v. t. To mark out and make known. de-ter'-mine, v. t. To ascertain defi- nitely. de-vel'-op, v. t. To unfold gradaall/. LESSON 105. Pertaining: to tbe Mind. Talk not of talents; what hast thou to do? Thy duty, be thy portion live or two. Talk not of talents; is thy duty done ? Thou hadst sufficient, were they ten or one. — Montgomery. di-gress', v. i. To wander from the main subject of attention in writing or speaking. dlF-i-gent, a. Steady and devoted in application. dis-a-gree', v, t. To differ in opinion. dig-^em'-ment, n. The faculty of the mind which distinguishes one thing from another. dis-€re'-tioil,«. Prudence; judgment. dlS-erim'-i-nate, v, t. To distinguish ; to select. dis-tin'-guish, v. t. To recognize or discern. en-deav'-or, n. An exertion of intel- lectual or physical strength. e-nig'-ma, «. A statement, the hidden meaning of which is to be discovered or guessed. ex-pe€t'-ant, a. Looking for; waiting. fatil'-om, z'. /. To get to the bottom of. feign (fail),^'. t. To pretend; to im- agine. gen'-ius (jen'-yus), n. Distinguished mental superiority. i-de'-al, a. Existing in thought. i-den'-ti-fy, v. t. To establish the iden- tity of. im-ag-i-na'-tion, n. Image-making power; conception. im-pro-Vi§e', v. t. To bring about on a sudden, off-hand, or without j^evi- ous preparation. m-€li-lia'-ti01I, «. Leaning of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will. ill-€redM-ble, a. Impossible to be be- lieved. in-de-pend'-eilge, n. P>ee from de- pendence on others. LESSON 106. Pertaining to thie Mind. Each, after all, learns only what he can ; Who grasps the moment as it flies, He is the real man. — Goethe. in-dis-erim'-i-nate, a. Not making any distinction. in'-fer-enge, «. A conclusion. in-fe'-ri-or, a. Lower in place, rank, or excellence. ill-ge-nii'-i-ty, «• Power of ready in- vention. SPEIvIvING AND DEFINING. 61 in-quir'-y, n. Research ; investigation. in'-stin-et, «• Inward impulse. in'-tel-le-et, n. The power to judge and comprehend. in-ter'-pret, "v. t. To make clear ; to explain the meaning of. in-ter'-ro-gate, v- i. To ask questions. in-tu i'-tion (-ish'-un), n. An act of immediate knowledge, as in percep- tion or consciousness. log'-i€-al, v. t. According to reason. db-je-e'-tion, n. Reason or argument against. 6b-liv'-i-on, «. Forgetfulness. ob'-sti-nate, a. Not yielding to reason. O-pinMon (-yftn), n. A mental con- viction on any point of knowledge. op'-tion (-shun), n. The power of choosing. per-§eive% v, t. To discern; to be- hold. per-ver'-SI-ty, «• Obstinacy. prer-er-en§e, n. Choice. prdS-e-eu'-tion, «. Pursuits by effort of body or mind. LESSON 107. Pertainins: to tlie JUind. Our whitest pearl we never find ; Our ripest fruit we never reach ; The flowering moments of the mind. Drop half their petals in our speech. — Holmes. Looking forward in Having pro-spe«t'-ive, a. time. ra'-tion-al (rash'-un-al), a. reason. re'-al-ize, v. t. To impress upon the mind as real ; to accomplish. re^'-Og'-nize, v. t. To allow that one knows. re-€-ol-le€t', "v. t. To remember. ref'-er-en§e, n. One who or that which is referred to. re-fle-e'-tiou, n. Meditation. re-mem'-bran§e, «. Memory; recol- lection. ret'-ro-spe-Ct, v. i. A contemplation of things past. Sa-ga'-ciOUS, «. Shrewd; wise. Skep'-ti-§i§m, «. An undecided, in- quiring state of mind. spe-e'-U-late, v. i. To contemplate ; to consider. Sto-lid'-i-ty, «• Dullness of intellect. su-per-fi'-cial (-fish'-al), a. Not deep nor profound. sup-po-gi'-tion, «. The act of imagin- ing what is not proved to be true. tal'-ent-ed, a. Possessing skill or talent. un-der-stand', v. t. To have knowl- edge of; to comprehend ; to know. un-rea'-gon-a-ble, a. Not agreeable to reason. Ya§'-il-late, v. i. To fluctuate in mind or opinion ; to waver. va-g-a'-ry, n. A wandering of the thoughts. LESSON 108. OICXAXION HXHRCISH. Our minds are seventy-year clocks. The Angel of Life winds them up once for all, then closes the case and gives the key into the hands of the Angel of the Resurrection. Tic-tac! tic-tac ! go the wheels of thought; our will cannot stop them ; they cannot stop themselves ; sleep cannot still them ; madness only makes them go faster; death alone can break into the case, and, seizing the ever-swinging pendulum, which we call the heart, silence at last the clinking of the terrible escape- ment we have carried so long beneath our wrinkled foreheads. — Oliver W. Holmes. 62 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 109. HOMOPHO^OUS ^WOROS. Truth crushed to earth will rise again ; The eternal years of God are hers : But Error, wounded, writhes in pain, And dies amid his worshipers. — Bryant. lax, a. loose. la€ks, -v. Not severe, rigid or strict: /. Wants ; needs One who falsifies. A musical instrument. li'-ar, n lyre, «. lie, n. A falsehood. lye, n. Solution made by water passing through ashes. links, ». Rings or parts of a chain. lynx, n. An animal that has a brilliant eye, and prowls about at night. loan, n. That which is lent. lone, a. Solitary. l0Ch.(l0k),«. A lake. lock, n. A fastening for doors, trunks, etc. mail, n. Mailed matter, as letters, papers, etc. male, a. Masculine. made, v. t. Completed. maid, n. An unmarried woman, mane, «. Long hair on the neck of an animal. main,^. maze, «. maize, n. Chief. Perplexity. Indian corn. LESSON ilO. It is the masterful will that compresses a life-thought into a pregnant word or phrase, and sends it ringing through the centuries. — Mathews. a-Cros'-ti-e, n, A poem whose initial letters spell a word or words. ad'-age, n. An old saying ; a maxim. al'-le-gO-ry, «• Description of one thing under the image of another. al'-ma-na€, «• A book containing a calendar of days, weeks and months. am-bi-gu'-i-ty, n. Uncertainty of sig- nification. an'-nal§, n. A events. a-non'-y-mofis, a name of the author. au-to-M-6g'-ra-phy, «. written by one's self. ax'-i-om, «. A self-evident maxim. belles-let' tres (bel-let'-ter), «. lite or elegant literature. series of historical Without the real One's life truth ; a Po- bi-Og'-ra-phy, n. History of one's life and character. ■eom'-men-ta-ry, n. A book of expla- nations on the work of any author. def-i-ni'-tion, n. An explanation of the meaning of a word or term. de-tail', v. t. To report minutely. di«'-tion-a-ry (-shun-), n. A book containing words arranged alphabet- ically, with explanations of their meaning. en-5y-«lo-pe'-di-a, «. A general sur- vey of human knowledge. er-ro'-ne-OUS, a. Liable to mislead. es'-say, «• A composition treating of any particular subject. fa'-ble, n. A feigned story intended to instruct or amuse. fig'-fl-ra tive, a. Not literal. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 63 LESSON III. I^lterature. Books, we know, are a substantial world, both pure and good Round these, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood, Our pastime and our happiness will grow. — IVordstvorik. gl6ss'-a-ry, n. A limited dictionary. his'-to-ry, n. Record of past events. il-lit'-er-ate, a. Ignorant of books ; unlearned. il-lus'-trate, v. t. To ornament and explain by pictures. in'-dex, n. A table for facilitating ref- erence to topics. le'-getld or leg'-end, n. Any story handed down from early times. lit'-er-a-ry, n. Pertaining to literature. l^r'-i-€, n. A poem which expresses the individual emotions of the poet. mem'-oir (-WOr), n. A written me- morial of an individual. nar'-ra-tive, n. A story. no-men-€lat'-rire, n. A list of the more important words in a language, with their signification. pam'-phlet, «. A small book stitched together, but not bound. par'-a-ble, n. A fable from which a moral is drawn. par'-a-graph, «. A short sentence or passage. par'-O-dy, n. A writing by which the words of the author are, with slight alterations, adapted to a different pur- pose. per-son'-i-fy, v- 1. To treat as a person. pi-e-to'-ri-al, a. Illustrated by pictures. pla'-g;ia-rist, «• One who purloins the writings of another, and puts them off as his own. plau'-§i-ble, a. Apparently right. p6'-et-ry, n. Metrical composition ; verse. LESSON 112. Ia'-tioiis, a. Teasing; annoying. LESSON 122. DHTi(OXITi(G INJURY. Is it worth while that we battle to humble Some poor fellow creature down in the dust ? Time will soon tumble all of us together, Humbled indeed, down into the d\\%t.— Joaquin Miller. ■ea-lum'-ni-ate, v. t. To accuse falsely. «6n-tamM-iiate, v. t. To pollute. ■C6r-rupt% v. t. To debase ; to defile. de-mor'-al-ize, v. morals of. de-rog'-a-to-ry, a. det-ri-ment'-al, a im-po-§i'-tion, n. tion. iii-jfi'-ri-oiis, a. lag'-er-ate, V. t. mu'-ti-late, v- 1. tial part of. perni'-cious (-iiish'-us),^7. destructive. /. To corrupt the Injurious. . Hurtful. An excessive exac- Harmful. To tear ; to rend. To destroy an essen- Ruinous; To pursue in a per -se-€ute, v. t. manner to injure. per-ver'-Sion, «. Change to something worse. poi'-gon-OUS, a. Corrupting ; impair- ing soundness or purity. r^l'-ill oils, a. Destructive. S«an'-dal-ize, v. t. To defame. slan'-der-OUS, a. Containing defama- tion. Siib'-tle (sut'-l), a. Sly in design. sur-rep-ti'-tious (tish'-us), tf. Made or introduced fraudulently; done by stealth. Yl'-O-lenge, n. Vehemence ; unjust force. SPKLLING AND DHI'IXIXG. 69 LESSON 123. I»KRXAIISIBJG XO OISASXKR. Disasters come not singly, but as if they watched and waited. Scanning one another's motions. When the first descends the others Follow, follow, gathering flock-wise round their victim sick and wounded, First a shadow, then a sorrow, till the air is dark with anguish. — Longfellow. a. Happening by Hazard ; a remark- a«-§i-dent'-al, chance. ad-veiit'-ure, n able occurrence. ad-ver'-si-ty, n. Calamity. anx'-ious (ank'-shus,) a. Painful sus- pense. €a-lain'-i-ty, n. Misfortune. ■ca§-U-al -ty, «. An accident. ■ea-tas'-tro-phe, n. A final event of a disastrous nature. ■eol-lig'-ion, n. The act of striking together. •eon-tin'-geil'^y, n. That which comes without being foreseen. dan'-ger-OUS, a. Unsafe ; full of risk. di-lem'-ma or di-lem'-ma, n. A state of things in which it is difficult to tell what to do. dis-as'-ter, n. An unfortunate event. e-mer'-gen-gy, «. An unforeseen oc- currence. jeop'-ard-y, n. Danger ; peril. per'-il-oiis, a- Full of risk ; dangerous. quan'-da-ry, n. Doubt ; uncertainty. quar'-an-tine (kwor-), v. t. To com- pel to remain at a distance. se'-ri-OUS, a. Attended with danger. SO-lig'-it-Oiis, a. Anxious to avoid; concerned. SUS-pense', «• State of uncertainty. LESSON 124. DICXAXIOJ* HXKirCISH. Let Fate do her worst ; there are relics of joy, Bright dreams of the past, which she cannot destroy ; And which come in the night-time of sorrow and care, To bring back the features that joy used to wear ; Long, long be my heart with such memories filled ; Like the vase in which roses have once been distilled, You may break, you may ruin the vase if you will, But the scent of the roses will hang round it still. — Thomas Moore. LESSON 125. MISCKI^I^AI^iEOUS. Among the pitfalls in our way, The best of us walk blindly ; So man, be wary, watch and pray, And judge your brother kindly. — Alice Cary. paQ'-i-l^, V. t. To tranquilize ; to allay. pal'-li-ate, v. t. To cover with excuse. par-ti-al'-i-ty {-sM-al'-),«. Inclination to favor one side of the question, or one party. par-ti§'-i-pate, v. t. To share ; to par- take. pass'-a-ble, «. That can be passed ; acceptable. pe-^ul'-iar (-kul'-yar), a. Unusual; singular. 70 BUSINESS SERIES. peud'-U-loiis, a. Hanging pen'-e trate, v. t. v.t. per'-fo-rate, holes through. per' isli-a-ble, a. per'-me-ate, v. t. To enter into. To make a hole or Subject to decay. To penetrate and pass through without causing rupture. per'-pe-trate, v. t. To commit ; to be guilty of. per-se-ver'-an§e, n. suit. Conti pet'-ri-fy, v. t. To convert to stone. pho-Iiet'-i-C, a. Representing sounds. pll^§'-i-€-al, a- Relating to natural or material things. pierge'-a-ble, a. pierced. pin'-iou (yiin), «. post'-age, n. The Capable of being A feather or wing, price paid for the conveyance of all mailable matter. pra-c'-ti§e, n. Actual performance, not theory. LESSON 126. PHUXAIKIING XO TITAVKI^I^G. It's quite the thing to travel nowadays And see if distant ground in general looks As mentioned in the papers and in books. — Carleton. ba^-gage, n. Trunks, valises, etc., containing clothing which a traveler carries with him on his journey. gir-^U-la'-tion, n. Going about from place to place. §ir-€u'-i-toiis, a. Going round about or indirect. de-pot' (de-po' or de'-po) , n. A rail- way station. des-ti-na'-tion, n. End of a journey. em'-i-gTate, v. i. To move from one state or country to another. ex-ettr'-sion, n. A trip for pleasure or health. ex'-O-duS, n. Departure from a place. joiir'-ney, n. Travel from one place to another. mi'-gTa-to-ry, a. Regularly moving from one place to another. pe-des'-tri-an, n. One who travels or journeys on foot. port-man'-teau (-man '-to), n. A bag of leather for carrying clothing on journeys. route (root or rowt), n. The way traveled. sach'-el also satch'-el, n. A small sack or bag. ter'-mi-nus, n. The extreme point at either end of a piece of railway. tour'-ist, n. One who journeys in a circuit. trans-por-ta'-tion, «. Removal; con- veyance. tray'-el-er, «. One who travels. Va-lTse', n. A traveling bag. wan'-der, v. t. To travel without a certain course. LESSON 127. Tell me gentle traveler, who through the world hast gone, And seen the sweetest roses blow. And brightest gliding rivers flow, Of all thine eyes have looked upon, which is the fairest land? SPELLING AND DEFINING. 71 Child, shall I tell where Nature has best and fairest flowers ? It is where those we love abide ; Though small that space it is more wide Than kingdoms ; though a desert bare, The river of the gods is there, And there are the enchanted bowers. — From a Persian Poem. LESSON 128. " For a restorative to a weary brain, bracing to weary muscles, exhilaration for the blues, a smoothing out of tangled nerves, and for an exercise that strengthens while it does not exhaust, pumping fresh red blood vigorously to the very finger tips, ride a bicycle." am'-bu-lan^e, n. A kind of movable hospital ; a vehicle for conveying in- jured persons to a hospital. ba-rouche' (ba-rooshO, «• A four- wheeled carriage with falling top, and seat outside for driver. bi'-^y-Cle, «. A two-wheeled veloci- pede. bu^'-gy, n. A light carriage. €ar'-riage, n. A vehicle, especially for pleasure or passengers. ghai§e (shaz), «. A two-wheeled car- riage, with a calash top, and the body hung on leather straps, Char'-i-ot, n. A four-wheeled state carriage, with one seat. ■eon-yey'-ange, n. The means of carry- ing anything from place to place. •eou-pe' (koo-pa'), «• A four-wheeled close carriage for passengers. han'-SOm, n. A light, low, two-wheeled street carriage, with the driver's seat elevated behind. Om'-ni-bus, «. A large, four-wheeled carriage, conveniently arranged for carrying many people. pha'-e-ton, n. An open carriage. sleigh, n. A vehicle moved on runners. stage' -eoach, «. A coach that runs regularly from one place to another, for t*he convenience of passengers. sur'-rey, «• A two-seated carriage. trr-§y-€le, «. A three-wheeled veloc- ipede. Ye'-hi-€le, n. A conveyance. ve-lo§M-pede, n. A two-wheeled car- riage for a single person, and propelled by his feet. vi-€-to'-ri-a, «. A four-wheeled carriage designed for two persons, with a driv- er's seat. wag'-on, n. A vehicle on four wheels, especially used for carrying freight. LESSON 129. I»EltXAIKI]NG TO NAVIGAXIOl^. No man ever sailed over exactly the same route that another sailed before him. Every man who starts on the ocean of life arches his sails to an untried breeze. — William Mathews. Beth'-el, «• A house of worship for seamen. ■ea-noe', «. A small boat made of a tree or bark. a-board', adv. Within a ship or boat. an-Ch'-or, n. An iron instrument for holding a boat at rest in the water. bargC) ti. A large boat for conveying passengers or goods. 72 BUSINESS SKRIHS. ■eap'-stan, n. A strong column of tim- ber with levers, for heaving in cables, as raising the anchor. flo-tlF-la, «. A fleet of small vessels. gal'-ley, «• A low, flat built boat with one deck, navigated with sails and oars. gon'-do-la, n. A long, narrow, flat- bottomed pleasure boat used in Venice, Italy, on the canals. gon-do-lier', n. A man who rows a gondola. lar'-board, n. Left-hand side of a ship when looking forward. ma-rine', a. Pertaining to navigation or the sea. mar'-i-time, a. Pertaining to the ocean; marine. nau'-ti«-al, a. Pertaining to seamen or art of navigation. nav'-i-ga-tor, n. One who navigates or sails. nav-i-ga'-tion, n. Passing on water in ships or other vessels. na'-vy, «. The whole of the ships of war belonging to a nation. S-ehoon'-er, n. ^ A small, sharp-built vessel with two or three masts, and fore and aft sails. star'-board, n. Right-hand side of a ship when looking forward. yacht (yot,) n. A pleasure vessel. LESSON 130. DICXAXIOIN HXKRCISH. With white wings spread she bounded o'er the deep, Home from the tossing of a stormy sea, Where waves had yawned, and winds howled fearfully ; And where the harbor's waters seemed to sleep In breezeless calm, and deep, untroubled rest, She glided in, furling her weary wing. Dropping her anchor down, and like a living thing, Settling securely on the water's breast. So, Oh, my God ! from the rough sea of life. Driven by doubt and fear and haggard care. Let me my worn and weary spirit bear. Far from its rage, and noise and stormy strife, Into the haven of Thy sheltering love. And find an anchorage no storm can move. — Mary A. Livermore. LESSON 131. I»Blt.TAII»IBJG TO TVIPJO AP(D liVKAXHHIt.. The da? is cold, and dark, and dreary ; It rains, and the wind is never weary ; The vine still clings to the mouldering wall, But at every gust the dead leaves fall, And the day is dark and dreary. — Longfellow. ■Calm'-neSS, n. Quietness. ■Con-geal', "V. t. To freeze. ^y'-Clone, n. A rotary hurricane. driz'-zle, "v. i. To fall in small drops. drought (drout), «. Dry weather. e-le-e-tri§'-i-ty, «• Tlie electric fluid identical with lightning. e-qtti-Il5-e'-tial, a. Pertaining to the time when the sun enters the equinoc- tial points. SPELLING AND DEFINING. fo^'-gj, a. Damp; misty; cloudy. frig-'-ld, a. Cold. liur'-ri-cane, «. A violent storm, with wind. in-€lem'-en-§y, «. Storminess; rough- ness. pe-ri-6d'-i€-al, a. Happening at fixed intervals. si-moon'', n. A hot, dry wind, gener- ated by the extreme heat of the parched desert, or sandy plains. tem-pest'-U-OUS, ^. Stormy; violent. thuu'-(ler-*loud, n. A cloud that produces lightning and thunder. tor-na'-do, 'z. A hurricane. tor'-rid, a. Violently hot, ty-phooil', n. A violent whirlwind that rushes up from the earth, whirling clouds of dust. whirl'-wind, n. A violent wind, mov- ing in a circle, and having a progress- ive motion. zeph'-yr, Any soft, mild, gentle breeze. LESSON 132. HOmOPHOT^OUS lJVOIt.OS. Habits are soon assumed, but when we strive To strip them off, 'tis being flayed alive. — Cowper. one (WUn), n. A single thing. won, V. t. Obtained ; conquered. our, pyo. Belonging to us. hour, n. Sixty minutes. pale, d' White ; not bright. pail, n. A vessel with a bail. pane, n. A plate of glass for a window. pain, n. Suffering. paF-ate, '^. The roof of the mouth. pal'-let, «. A small and poor or rude bed. pair, n. Two things of a kind. pear, n. A kind of fruit. peal, n. A loud sound. peel, V' t. To remove the skin. pea^e, n. Calmness. pie§e, «. A part of anything. peak, M. The summit. pi'que (pek), n. Wounded pride. peer, n. A nobleman ; an equal. pier, «. Support of a bridge. LESSON 133. We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not breaths ; In feelings, not in figures on a dial; We should count time by heart throbs. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best. — Bailey. ilft'-er-ward, ^^^^. In time subsequent. au'-tiimn, «. Third season of the year ; decline. §ease'-less, a. Without pause or end. §ent'-U-r^, n. A period of a hundred years. €6n-tin'-U-al, cl- Perpetual ; never ceasing. de-e'-ade, n. The sum or number of ten, as ten years. di-re-et'-ly, &dv. Immediately ; with- out delay. di-ur'-nal, a,. Daily. e-lapse', v. i. To pass away silently, as time. e-phem'-e-ral, a. Beginning and end- ing in a day. 74 BUSINESS SERIES. ere-ldng'', adv. Before long ; soon. fre'-quen-gy, n. Occurrence oft re- peated. im-me'-di-ate-ly, adv. Without delay ; instantly. in-Stan-ta'-ne-oflS, a. Done in an in- stant. leap'-year, n. Every fourth year, containing 366 days. lei'-sure, n. ment. min'-ute (miii'-it) , Time free from employ- Sixty seconds Lasting a very Occurring or done at of time. mo'-ment-a-ry, short time. no«-tur'-nal, a night. Oft'-eil (of'-U), adv. Frequent. LESSON 134. Time. ' The years have linings, just as goblets do ; The old yea- forms the lining of the new ; Filled with the wine of pleasant memories. The golden -was doth line the silver is." op -por-tune^ a. Seasonable ; timely. op-por-tii'-ni-ty, «. Fit or convenient time. per-en'-ni-al, a. Perpetual ; never- failing. per'-ma-nen-§y, n. Duration ; contin- uance in the same state or place. per-pet'-U-al, a. Never ceasing. pre'-Vi-OUS, a. Happening before. pro-€ras'-ti-nate, v. t. To put off till to-morrow, or from day to day ; to postpone. re'-^ent-ly, adv. Not long since. re-Cur'-rent, a. Returning from time to time. sea'-§on-a-ble, «. Opportune; timely. Se-e'-ond, n. The sixtieth part of a minute of time. Si-mul-ta'-ne-OUS, a. At the samei time. Sub'-se-quent, a. Following in time. SUm'-mer, «. The second season of the year. tar'-di-ly, adv. Slowly. tem'-po-ra-ry, a. Lasting for a time only. tran'-sient (-shent), «. Of short du- ration. fin-ii'-gU-al, a- Not occurring often ; uncommon. Ug'-U-al, a. Occurring often ; customary. year'-ly, adv. Happening or coming every year. LESSON 135. DicxAxioK hxe:rcis£. O a wonderful stream is the river Time As it runs through the realm of tears, With a faultless rhythm and a musical rhyme, And a broader sweep and a surge sublime, As it blends in the ocean of years. How the winters are drifting like flakes of snow. And the summers like buds between. And the year in the sheaf, how they come and they go On the river's breast with its ebb and flow, As it glides in the shadow and sheen." SPELLING AND DEFINING. LESSON 136. From torch reversed, the flame Still streameth, rising straight ; So struggleth up the brave man Stricken down by fate." pre-dom'-i-nant, a- Prevalent over others ; superior in strength, influence or authority- prep-a-ra'-tion, n. Anything which makes ready or prepares the way. prev'-a-lenge, n. General existence or extension. priv'-i-lege, n. A peculiar benefit or advantage. prob'-a-ble, Likely ; having more evidence for than against. pro-§ed'-ure, n. An act performed. pr6€-la-ma'-tion, n. An official or general notice. pro-dii'-^i-ble, a. Capable of being brought forth. prom-e-nade' or prom-e-iiiide', v. To walk for amusement or exercise. promM-nenge, n. Conspicuous. Mingled. Notoriety ; being pro-mis'-€ii-ous, pub-lig'-i-ty, n. public. pttr-ver-ize, v. t. To reduce to fine powder. pun-€t'-iire, v. t. To pierce with a small pointed instrument. pur-SU'-ailt, a. Following. pur-vey', ^- t- To furnish or j^rovide. quadrille' (kwa- or ka), n. A kind of dance. rad'-i-€al, a. Extreme ; unsparing. l*ai§'-a-ble, a. That can be raised. ran'-gid, a. Having a rank smell. LESSON 137. WORDS ITSKO 11^ SOCIKXY. Like as a plank of drift-wood, tossed on the watery main. Another plank encounters, meets, touches, parts again ; So, meeting and parting ever, on life's unresting sea, Men meet, and greet, and sever, parting eternally." n. One well known. To meet or come a^-quaint'-auge, as-sem'-ble, v. i. together. as-s6'-cl-ate (-shi-at), «. A compan- ion. aux-ir-ia-ry (-ya-ry), n. Helping; assisting. e-Clat', n. Brilliancy of success ; splen- dor. e-lTte' (a-leet')? ^' A choice or select body. in-form'-al, a. Not in the usual estab- lished form. in'-ter-view, n. A conference. in'-ti-ma-^y, J^- Nearness in friendship. in-tro-dll^e', ■v- t. To make known by formal announcement. is'-o-late, -v. t. itself. To place by oneself, or Interchanged ; common. V. t. To banish from mut'-u-al, a. os'-tra-§ize, society. per'-SOn-al, a. Belonging or pertain- ing to a person. rou-tine', n. A round of business or pleasure often pursued. se-elti'-gion, n. Separation from society. SO'-Cia-ble (-Sha-bl), «. Fond of com- panions. SO-§i'-e-ty, n. An association for mu- tual benefit, pleasure or usefulness. SOir-ee' (swa-ra'), n. An evening party. SOl'-i-tude, n. State of being alone. 76 BUSINESS SERIES. BiAMKS LESSON 138. AITI.1KO TO ]»IKT»{. ' To thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day. Thou canst not then be false to any man. bach'-e-lor, «. ben'-e-di«t, n. breth'-ren, n. An unmarried man. A married man. Used in Scriptxiral lan- guage in place of brothers. Chan'-gel-lor, «. A judicial officer of high rank. churl, n. A surly, ill-bred fellow. fo'-gy, n. A dull old fellow. fra-ter'-nal, a. Brotherly. ^i'-ant, n. A man of extraordinary bulk or stature. i-tin'-er-ant, n. One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher. mas'-€U-lme, a. Not feminine ; strong; robust. Mor'-phe-US, «. The god of dreams. nepll'-ew, «. The son of a brother or sister. pro-fess'-or, n. One who professes to teach any science or branch of learning. pu'-^il-ist, n. One who fights with his fists. S-€ulp'-tor, n. One whose occupation is to carve images or figures. swain, n. A country gallant or lover. tu'-tor, n. A private or public teacher. fin'-€le, n. The brother of one's father or mother. vet'-er-an, n. One grown old in ser- vice. Tl-€'-ar, n. The incumbent of an ap- propriated benefice. LESSON 139. MCXATIOI^iI KXBRCISK. ** Many men have been obscure in their origin and birth, but great and glori- ous in life and death. They have been born and nurtured in villages, but have reigned and triumphed in cities. They were first laid in the mangers of poverty and obscurity, but afterwards have become possessors of thrones and palaces. Their fame is like the pinnacle which ascends higher and higher, until at last it be- comes a most conspicuous and towering object of attraction. It is not good for human nature to have the road of life made too easy. So it is a common saying that the men who are most successful in business are those who begin the world in their shirt sleeves, while those who begin with fortunes generally lose them." brfl-nette', «. plexion. ■co-quette', n. daugh'-ter, n. LESSON 140. NABIHS AI»I»I.lEO XO l^OmKlK. " A woman is too slight a thing To trample the world without feeling its sting." A woman of dark com- A jilt ; a flirt. A female descendant. dow'-a-ger, n. A title given in England to a widow, to distinguish her from the wife of her husband's heir bear- ing the same name. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 77 em'-preSS, n. The consort or wife of an emperor. femM-nine, n. Womanly. god'-dess, n. A female god. her'-O-ine, n. A woman of brave spirit. maid'-en, n. An unmarried woman. mam-ma', n. Mother. ma-ter'-nal, a- Motherly. ma'-tron, n. The female head of a household. Mi-ner'-va, n. The goddess of wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. niege, n. The daughter of a brothei or sister. pre-§ep'-tress, n. A female teacher. queen, n. A female monarch. shep'-herd-ess (-erd-), n, A woman that tends sheep. Si'-ren, n. An enticing or alluring wo- man. sul-ta'-na or sul-ta'-na, n. The wife of a sultan. ter'-ma-gant, n. A boisterous, brawl- ing woman. . LESSON 141. The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night. — Longfelloiu. a-dult', n. A person grown up. ap'-pli-€ailt, n. One who makes re- quest. as-pir'-ant, n. One who aspires or seeks with eagerness. as-sess'-or, n. One who determines the taxes. be^'-gar, n. One who begs. bl^-ot, n. One unreasonably devoted to a party or creed. blonde, n. A person with fair com- plexion. €an'-ni-bal, n. One who eats human flesh. §liap'-er-on, n. One who attends a lady in public places as a guide and protector. Qlt'-i-zen, n. An inhabitant of a city, state or country. •Col'-league, n. A partner or associate in some civil office. ■COl-le-et'-or, n. An officer appointed and commissioned to receive taxes, duties, tolls or customs. «6n-nois-se|ir' (kdn-nis-siir'),«- One well versed in any subject. ■eo-tem'-po-ra-ry, n. One who lives at the same time as another. ■eoii§'-in (kuz'-n), n. The child of an uncle or aunt. de-p6§'-i-tor, n. One who deposits. dep'-U-t^, n. An assistant empowered to act in the officer's name. ep'-i-«ure, n. One who indulges in the luxuries of the table. One extravagant in One who flees from fa-nat'-i«, n. opinion. fu'-gi-tive, n. danger. LESSON 142. Xames Applied to Persons. 'Some murmur when their sky is clear and wholly bright to view. If one small speck of dark appear in their great heaven of blue ; And some with thankful love are filled if but one streak of light — One ray of God's good mercy — gild the darkness of the night." ffin-e'-tion-a-ry, «. One who holds an office. g^^p'-Sy, «. One of a vagabond race, of a roving disposition; a dark-colored person. her'-mit, «. A recluse ; one who retires from society and lives in solitude. ig--no-ra'-mflS, n. An ignorant person. in-eiim'-bent, «• The person in pres- ent possession of an office. 78 BUSINESS SERIES. in-di-Tld'-U-al, n. A person. in-hab'-it-ant, n. One who has a legal settlement in a town, city or parish. in'-sti-^a-tor, n. A tempter. me'-ni-al, «. A servant. raer'-chant, «. One who buys goods to sell again. mes'-sen-ger, n. One who bears a message or an errand. mi'-§er, «. An extremely covetous and stingy person. no-Ti'-ti-ate (-shi-ate), n. One who is going through a period of probation. op-po'-nent, «. One who opposes ; an adversary. peo'-ple, n. The population, or part of it. re-gip'-i-ent, «. One who receives. re§'-i-dent, «. One who resides or dwells in a place for some time. shirk, n. One who seeks to avoid duty. Sub'-sti-tiite, «. One who or that which is put in place of another. trans-^ress'-or, n. One who violates any known principle of rectitude. LESSON 143. National progress is the sum of individual industry, energy and uprightness, as national decay is of individual idleness, selfishness and vice. — Samuel Smiles. Af -ri-Can, n. A native of Africa. A-mer'-i-^an, n. A native of America. Bed'-OU-m, n. One of the tribe of no- madic Arabs, who live in tents. •Cau-ea'-sian, n. Any one belonging to the Indo-European race, and the white races originating near Mt. Cau- casus. E-g;fp'-tiail, «. A native or naturalized inhabitant of Egypt. £s'-qui-mau (es'-kl-mo), n. An in- habitant of arctic America and Green- land. Eu-ro-pe'-an, «. An inhabitant of Europe. ^en'-tlle, n. The nations at large as distinguished from the Jews. (xre'-cian (-shan), n. A native of Greece ; a Greek. He'-brew (-br\i), «. An Israelite; a Jew. Hin'-doo, n. A native of Hindostan. In'-diaii (ind'-yan), «. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America. l-tal'-ian (-yan), n. A native of Italy. Jap-a-nege', n. A native of Japan or the people of that country. Lap'-land-er, n. A native of Lapland. M6n-g6'-li-an, n. A native of Mon- golia. Nor-we'-g-i-an, «. A native of Norway. Por'-tu-^ue§e, n. An inhabitant of Portugal. Rus'-sian (riish'-an or rij'-shan), n. A native of Russia. Si-be'-ri-an, n. A native of Siberia. LESSON 144. DICTATION HXKRCISK. Breathes there a man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, "This is my own, my native land ! " Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned. As home his footsteps he hath turned, From wandering on a foreign strand? . SPELLING AND DEFINING. 79 If such there breathe, go, mark him well: For him no minstrel raptures swell, High though his titles, proud his name, Boundless his wealth as wish can claim ; Despite those titles, power and pelf, The wretch concentrated all in self. Living, shall forfeit fair renown. And, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust from which he sprung. Unwept, unhonored, and unsung. — Walter Scott, LESSON 145. II09I0PH0K0US ^^liVORDS. Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small. Though with patience he stands waiting, with exactness grinds he a-W.—Long/ellcw. pauge, V- ». To cease for a time. pawg, n. pi. Feet of an animal. ped'-al, «• Used by or belonging to the feet. ped'-dle, f. t. To sell from house to house. plum, n. plnmb, pole, n. poll, n. pore, n. study. pour, V. t. To send forth. A small fruit. ' Perpendicular. A long, round piece of wood. A head ; a place for voting. A small opening ; (z/. z.) to pray, v. i. To beseech. prey, «• Booty ; plunder. prin'-^i-pal, a. Chief. prin'-^i-ple, n. A rule of action; a fundamental truth. prdf '-it, n. Gain ; valuable results. proph'-et, «. A religious teacher; one who foretells events. quarts, n. pi. Plural of quart, the fourth part of a gallon. quartz, n. A mineral. raige, v- t. To lift up. ray§, n. Lines of light. LESSON 146. PKRXAI:NI^G to MABiPiiHRS. What a rare gift is that of manners ! Better for one to possess them than wealth, beauty or talent; they will more than supply all. — Bulwer Lytton. a-bu'-siye, a. Offering harsh words and ill treatment. af -fa-ble, a. Easy of manners or con- versation. a'-mi-a-ble, a.. Worthy of love. ar'-ro-^ange, n. Proud contempt for others. awk'-ward, a. Clumsy ; ungraceful in manner. be-havMor (-yur), n. Manner of con- ducting one's self. brag'-gart, a. Boastful. blfm'-der-er, n. A careless person. €a-pri'-cious (-prish'-u»), a. Whim- sical. ■eare'-flll-ness, «. Heedfulness. ■eare'-less, a. Heedless. 80 BUSINESS SERIES. •CaU'-tioiiS (-Shus), a. Timorous; over prudent. ■edm-pla'-gen-gy, «. Satisfaction. €6m-po§'-lire, n. Calmness; tran- quility. ■€dn-de-S§en(l', v. i. To relinquish dig- nity of character, ■e6ll-fi-deil'-tial,«. Secret; trustworthy. ■eon-ge'-ni-al, a. Sympathetic ; of the same nature. €6ii-sgi-en'-tious (-shi-en'-shus) , a. Influenced by conscience, ■eon-tempt', n. Disdain. €;6r'-di-al or «drd'-ial, a. Sincere; affectionate. LESSON 147. Pertainins: to ]»Ianners. Many young persons believe themselves natural When they are only impolite and coarse." •€OUrt'-e-sy, «. Politeness of manners. ■€6v'-et-0US, a. Eager to obtain. €OW'-ard-i§e, n. Timidity ; fear. €rit'-i-e-al, «. Severe in judging; in- clined to find fault. €r]y[de'-ly, adv. In an immature or hasty manner; rudely. de~C0'-r0US or de-e'-O-rouS, a. Proper. de-CO'-rum, n. Propriety of manner or conduct. def-er-en'-tial (-Shal),«. Accustomed to defer. de-lib'-er-ate, a. Not sudden or rash. des'-ul-to-ry, a. Immethodical ; in- constant. dif '-fi-dent, a. Timid ; distrustful. dig'-ni-ty, n. Manners suited to in spire respect. doubt'-ful (dout), a. Hesitating; un- determined. du'-bi-oiis, a. Unsettled or doubtful. ea'-ger, a,. Keenly desirous. ear' -nest, a. Ardent in pursuit of an object. e«-§en'-tri€, a. Odd. em-bar'-rass, v. t. To confuse; to disconcert. et-i-quette' (et-i-ket% «. Conven- tional decorum. fa-miF-iar (-yar), a. Not formal ; un- ceremonious. LESSON 148. Pertalnlns: to Manners. Unbecoming forwardness oftener proceeds from ignorance than impudence. fas'-§i-nate, v. t. To charm ; to cap- tivate. fas-tid'-i-OUS, a. Difficult to please. fe-ro'-cious, a. Fierce ; savage. fi-del'-i-ty, «. Loyalty. fler§e'-ness, n. Fury ; violence. flip'-pan-§y, n. Pertness ; petulancy. for'-§i-ble, a. Possessing force. for-mal'-i-ty, n. Habitual mode. fret'-ful, a. Peevish ; irritable. friv'-O-louS, a. Given to trifling. ge'-ni-al, a. Sympathetically cheerful and cheering. gSn-teel', «. Polite ; well-bred. gra'-CiouS (-Shus), «. Merciful; kind to the poor. haugh'-ty (haw'-), a. Disdainful. he§-i-ta'-tion, n. Doubt. id-i-0-S^n'-€ra-sy, n. A characteristic of an individual. im-par'-tial, a. Not favoring one more than another. im-pa'-tience (-shens),«. Violence of temper. im-per'-ti-nent, a. Rude in behavior. im-pet'-tt-OUS, a. Vehement in feeling or action. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 81 LESSON 149. Pertaixiinsr to ]»Iaiiners. Intelligence and courtesy not always are combined ; Often in a wooden house a golden room we find. — Longfellow. im-pro-pri'-e-ty, n. An unsuitable act or expression. im'-pu-deilt, «• Bold, with contempt for others. im-puF-sive, a. Acting momentarily or by impulse. neg'-li-genge, n. Heedlessness, nerv'-OUS, «. Easily agitated. df-fi'-cious (-fish'-US),a. Meddlesome. ip-press'-iye, «. Over-powering ; un- justly severe. par-ti-C'-U-lar, a. Hard to suit ; pre- cise. pet'-U-lan-^y, n. Peevishness; freak- ish passion. po-lite'-neSS, n. Good breeding. pomp'-OUS, a. Boastful. pre-§ip'-i-tate, v. t. To hurry rashly. pre-§i§'-i011 (-Sizh'-un) , «. The quality of being precise. pre-eo'-CiouS (-Shus), a. Too forward. pre-§umpt'-U-OUS, a. Over-confident ; going beyond bounds of modesty. pre-ten'-tious (-Shlis), a. To lay claim to more than is one's due. prompt, a- Quickly and cheerfully performed. pug-na'-ciOUS (-Shus),a. Disposed to Jight. pu-Sll-lanM-monS, a. Cowardly. quaint'-ness, n. Oddness. LESSON 150. Pertalninsr to J^Ianners. " There is policy in manner. I have heard one not inexperienced in the pursuit of fame, give it his earnest support, as being the surest passport to absolute and brilliant success." qiier'-]l-l0US, a. Quarrelsome. qnes'-tion-a-ble, «. Doubtful; suspi- cious. re-lu-C'-tan-^yj n. Unwillingness. rStM-§ent, a- Reserved. san'-§i-ness, n. Impudence. S-eru'-pu-lous, a. Careful ; doubtful. se-rene'-ly, adv. Calmly. sim-pli§M-ty, ». Artlessness of mind. sin-§er'-i-ty, «. Honesty of mind. smirk, n. An affected smile. ti-mid'-i-ty, «. The state of being timid. tran'-quil-ly, a. In a tranquil manner ; quietly. trep-i-da'-tion, «. Involuntary trem- bling, caused usually by terror or fear. triT'-i-al-Iy, adv. In a trifling manner. Ull-«OUth', a. Awkward ; odd. ftr-ban'-i-ty, n. Politeness ; refine- ment. yan'-i-ty, n. Idle show ; pride. Yi-va'-ci0U8, a. Lively ; active. Whim'-§i-cal, a. Full of whims. zeal'-ons, a. Ardent in behalf of an object. LESSON 151. PCRXAIB^I^^G TO I^IKHAGK. There is certainly something of exquisite kindness and thoughtful benevolence in that rar- est of gifts — fine breeding. — Bulwer Lytton. an-tiq'-ni-ty (-tik'-wi-), «• Ancient times. a-ris'-to-€rat or ar'-is-to-crat, n. A proud or haughty person. an'-§es-try, n. A series of ancestors ; lineage. an'-cient (-shent), a. Old. 82 BUSINESS SERIES. ar-is-td-€'-ra-§y, n. The nobility or chief persons in a state. de-SCend'-ent, a- Proceeding from an ancestor or source. fore'-fa-ther, «. An ancestor. gen-e-al'-O-gy, n. A pedigree. g-en'-try, n. Rank by birth, lin'-e-ag'e, «■ Race ; descent. no-bil'-i-ty, «. Noble birth. par'-ve-nti, n. One newly risen into notice. pa-tri'-cian (-trish'-an) , i>- One of noble birth. ped'-i-gree, n. Line of ancestors. ple-be'-ian (-yan), «. One of the com- mon people. p6p'-U-la§e, n. The common people. po-§i'-tion, n. Social rank. pred-e-§es'-SOr, n. One whom another comes after. roy'-al-ty, n. The state of being re- gal or royal. yeo'-man, n. A plebeian of the most respectable class. LESSON 152. OICTA'riO]^ EXERCISH. Who are the nobles of the earth, the true aristocrats Who need not bow their heads to lords, nor doff to kings their hats ? Who are they but the men of toil, the mighty and the free, Whose hearts and hands subdue the earth, and compass all the sea ? Who are they but the men of toil, who cleave the forest down, And plant, amid the wilderness, the hamlet or the town, — Who fight the battles, bear the scars, and give the world its crown Of name, and fame, and history, and pomp of old renown ? These claim no gaud of heraldry, and scorn the knighting rod ; Their coats of arms are noble deeds, their peerage is from God ! They take not from ancestral graves the glory of their name, But win, as once their fathers won, the laurel wreath of fame. — Stewart. LESSON 153. 9IISCHl. i. To return like for like. re-ver'-ber-ate, v. i. To resound. rouge (roozh), n. A cosmetic used to give a red color, LESSON 154. In ourselves the sunshine dwells ; From ourselves the music swells ; By ourselves our life is fed With sweet or bitter daily bread. - -Goldsmith. a-^ree'-a-ble, a. Pleasing. Chan^e'-a-ble, «. Fickle; inconstant. "Cdn-tent'-ment, n. Satisfaction ; with- out disquiet. dlS-po-gi'-tion, n. Acquired aptitude of temper or character ; disposal, d6§'-ile, a. Easily managed or taught. en-dur'-ange, «. Patience ; a bearing or suffering. ex-as'-per-ate, v. t. To enrage; to provoke. fren'-zy, n. Madness ; rage. in-dig'-nant, a,. Feeling wrath. in-fii'-ri-ate, v. t. To enrage. jeal'-OUS-y, n. Uneasiness from fear of rivalry. 6p'-ti-mist, n. One who thinks every- thing happens for the best. pas'-sion-ate, a. Easily moved to anger. pes'-si-mist, n. One who thinks every- thing is for the worst. pla§'-id, a. Serene ; tranquil. San'-guine, a. Full of hope. sus-pi'-cious (-pish'-us), a. imagine without proof. fim'-bra^e, n. Offense. world'-li-ness (wurld'-), «. fond of temporal enjoyments. wrath, n. Violent anger. ^ LESSON 155. OH^OTI^O HAXRHO. If you hate your enemies, you will contract such a vicious habit of mind as by degrees will break out upon those who are your friends, or those who are indifferent to you. — Plutarch. Apt to Being ab-h6r'-ren§e, n. Extreme hatred. a-bom'-i-nate, v. t. To hate in the highest degree. ail-i-mos'-i-ty, n. Violent hatred. ail-tip'-a-tliy, n. Disgust ; repugnance. a-ver'-sion, n. Dislike. des'-pi-ea-ble, <^' Worthless ; to be despised. eil'-mi-ty, «• Hatred ; ill-will. ha'-tred, n. Very great dislike. iii'-fa-mous, a. Detestable. ldaW-s6me, a. Exciting disgust or hatred. ma-lev'-0-len§e, n. Evil disposition toward another. ma-li'-Cious (lish'-us), «. Proceeding from hatred or ill-will. ob-ndx'-ious, «. Odious ; hateful. o'-di-OUS, a. Deserving hatred. ran'-eor, n. Inveterate hatred. re-pug'-nan§e, n. Aversion ; dislike. re-venge'-ful, <2. Vindictive. ye'-he-ment, a. Furious. ven^e'-ange, n. Passionate revenge. yen'-om-otis, a. Malignant ; spiteful. 84 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 156. DICTATION nXKlCCISE. Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering wrongs. We are, and must be, one and all, burdened with faults in this world, but the time will come when, I trust, we shall put them off in putting off our corrupti- ble bodies ; when debasement and sift will fall from us with this cumbrous frame of flesh. It is a creed in which I delight, to which I cling. It makes eternity a rest, a home — not a terror and an abyss. With this creed, revenge never worries my heart, degradation never too deeply disgusts me, injustice never crushes me too low ; I live in calm, looking to the end. — Charlotte Bronte. LESSON 157. I»EIt.TAINIBiG TO IPJTKMPKITANCH. " I dare not drink for my own sake ; I ought not to drink for my neighbor's sake." ab'-Sti-neilge) n. Voluntary refraining from indulging the appetite, as for strong drink. al'-€0-hol, n. Pure or highly rectified spirit. dis-tilF-er-y, n. A building and works where distilling is carried on. drunk'-ard, n. One who habitually drinks to excess. ha-Mt'-U-al, a. Acquired by habit. ill-e'-bri-ate,». An habitual drunkard. in-tem'-per-ail§e, n. Habitual in- dulgence in drinking spirituous liquors. liq'-lidr (lik'-ur), n. Any alcoholic fluid, either distilled or fermented. mod-er-a'-tion, «. Freedom from ex- cess. ref-or-ma'-tion, n. Change from worse to better. re-mon'-strange, n. Act of urging against. reg-O-lu'-tion, n. Firmness in opinion, act or thought. re'-tro-grade or ret'-ro-^rade, n. Declining from better to worse. sa-loon', n. A place where liquors are sold in small quantities. SO-bri'-e-ty, n. Habitual soberness. tee-to'-tal-er, n. One pledged to en- tire abstinence from intoxicating drinks. tem'-per-ange, n. Moderation. tem'-per-ate, a. Not excessive. tempt, v. t. To try to persuade. wliis'-key or whis'-ky, «. A spirit distilled from grain. LESSON 158. inrORDS OKJ^OTIJ^G KIISONKSS. How far that little candle throws its beams ! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. — Shakespeare. a-e-eom'-mo-date, v. t. To supply with something desired. as-sist'-ance, «. Help ; aid. be-nev'-O-len^e, n. Disposition to do good. be-nig'-iiant, a. Kind. boun'-te-oiis, a. Disposed to give freely. char'-i-ty, n. Liberality to the poor. ■€§ll-§ern% n. Solicitude ; interest in or care for any person or thing. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 85 ■con-do'-lenge, n. for another. Expressing sympathy Expressing of the V. t. €dn-grat'-u-late, sympathetic joy. ■eon-sid'-er-ate, a. Careful rights and feelings of others. con-sole', v. t. To comfort ; to soothe. gen'-er-OUS, a. Free to give. gra-tu'-i-ty, «. Something given freely. hu-mane', «• Kind ; benevolent. lib'-er-al, a. Generous ; open-hearted. mag-nan'-i-moiis, a. Not selfish. mer'-gi-ful, a. Tender; not cruel. phi-lan'-thro-py, n. Universal good will. sa-e'-ri-fice (-fiz), z/. ^. To devote or give up with loss or suffering. Sfm'-pa-tiiy, «. Fellow feeling. LESSON 159. DICXAXIOX KXBRCISH. My heart was heavy, for its trust had been Abused, its kindness answered with foul wrong ; So, turning gloomily from my fellow men, One summer Sabbath-day I strolled among The green mounds of the village burial place. Where, pondering how all human love and hate Find one sad level, and how, soon or late. Wronged and wrong-doer, each with meekened face, And cold hands folded over a still heart, Pass the green threshold of our common grave. Whither all footsteps tend, whence none depart — Awed for myself, and pitying my race. One common sorrow like a mighty*wave Swept all my pride away, and trembling, I forgave. — Whittier. LESSON 160. IIO]»IOPlIOB(OUS l^ORDS. On this side, and on that, men see their friends Drop off, like leaves in autumn ; yet launch out Into fantastic schemes, which the long-livers In the world's hale and undegenerate days Could scarce have leisure for. — Blair. rain, n. Water falling in drops from the atmosphere. reign, v. i. To rule. rein, n. A check. reed, n. A hollow stalk. read, v, t. To peruse. rest, n. Freedom from everything which wearies. wrest, ^. 2'. To take from by force. ri§e, n- A kind of grain grown in warm climates, and used for food. rise (ris), «. An ascent; that which rises or seems to rise. right, «. Just ; not wrong ; true. rite, n. A ceremony. wrigllt, n. An artisan. write, v. t. To express ideas by letters or characters. r5ad, n. A public highway. rode, V. i. Past of ride. rowed, "v. t. Past of row. role, n. A part played. roll, n. A list. rye, n. Grain used for food. wry, a. Distorted. 86 BUSINESS vSERIES. LESSON 161. COKVEieSAXlOIV. As it is a characteristic of great wits to say much in few words, so it is of small vits to talk much and say nothing'. — Rochefoucauld. a-dieu', ad'v. Farewell. al-lude% V. i. To refer to ; to have reference. al-lu'-gion, n. A hint. al-ter-ea'-tion, n. Dispute carried on with heat or anger. a-pSl'-O-gyj "i^- An excuse. ar'-gue, v. t. To persuade by reasoning. bad'-i-nage (bad'-in-azh), n. Light or playful discourse. ban'-ter, v. t. To joke or jest with. brev'-i-ty, n. Contraction into few words; conciseness. ^en'-SUre, v. t. To find fault with. •COl'-lo-quy, «. A mutual discourse of two or more. ■edm-mune', v. i. To converse together familiarly. €!dm-plaint', n. Finding fault. ■COn-gise', a. Expressing much in few words. ■€5n'-fer-eil§e, n. To consult together. €6n-ten'-ti011, n. Strife in debate; controversy. ■eon-tra-di-et', ^. t- To oppose in words. ■eon'-tro-ver-sy, n. Discussion ; dis- pute. ■COn-ver-sa'-tion, «. Familiar discourse. de-bate', v. t. To contend for in words or argument. LESSON 162, Con ver sati on . ** The first ingredient in conversation is truth, next good sense, third good humor, and the fourth wit." de€-la-ra'-tion, n. Formal expression ; publicly announcing. de-ni'-al, n. A contradiction. de-nounge', v. t. To inform against. di'-a-16gue, n. A conversation between two or more persons. dis-efis'-sion, n. Examination by ar- gument. dis-pute', n. Verbal controversy. e^-ag'-ger-ate, v. t. To enlarge beyond bounds. ex-pli§'-it} ^. Plain in language. ex-post'-n-late, "v. i. To remonstrate. gab'-ble, v, i. To talk without mean- ing. gar'-r^-lous, «. Very talkative. in-sin'-U-ate, ^. t. To hint ; to intro- duce artfully. lan'-guage, «. Human speech. lin'-guist, ^' A master of language. lo-qua'-cioiiS (-Shus), a. Talkative. mur'-mur, 'v. i- To utter sullen discon- tent; to make a low, continued noise. nar-ra'-tion, n. Telling the particulars of an event. pre-var'-i-Cate, "v. i. To evade telling the truth. pshaw (shaw) , «WY-neerO, «. A keep- sake. LESSON 166. iTiroRos dh:koti»(g praisk. His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles ; His love sincere, his thoughts immaculate. His tears pure messengers sent from the heart ; His heart as far from fraud as heaven from earth ad'-mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of admira- tion. ad-mire', v. t. To regard with love or esteem. a-dor'-a-ble, a. Worthy of adoration. beaii'-ti-f^l, a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty. brill'-iant (bril'-yant), a. Distin- guished by qualities which excite ad- miration. ■eom-men-da'-tion, n. Praise. ■eom'-pa-ra-ble, a. Worthy of com- parison. •eSm'-pli-ment, n. Delicate flattery ; praise. ■ered'-it-a-bly, aav. With credit ; without disgrace. Shakespeare. de-§ir'-a-ble, a. Worthy of desire, or longing. e'-gO-tist, n. One who speaks much of himself, or magnifies his own achieve* ments. e-lab'-O-rate, d;. Finished with great care. em'-i-nen§e, n. Exaltation ; distinc- tion. en-eo'-mi-um, n. Formal praise. es'-ti-ma-ble, a. Worthy of regard. eti'-lo-gize, v. t. To praise. ex'-gel-lent, a. Very good. ex'-em-pla-ry, a. Serving as a pattern : commendable. ex'-qui-§ite, a. Exceedingly nice. ex-tdr, V. t. To eulogize. fa'-mons, a. fault'-less, a. fa'-vor-ite, a, erence. LESSON 167. ''Words Denotins: Praise. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere. Heaven did a recompense as largely send ; He gave to Misery all he had — a tear; He gained from Heaven ('twas all he wished)— a friend Renowned. Perfect. Especial esteem or pref -Grey. flat'-ter-y, n. False praise. gen'-U-ine, t. Without com- fort. Sorrowful ; full of Cause of complaint or Abasement of unhappi- d51'-or-ous, a grief. griev'-ange, «. grief. hu-mil-i-a'-tion, a. pride; mortification. in-fe-lig'-i-ty, n. Misery: ness. mel'-an-€h51-y, n. Gloomy state of mind. mi§'-er-a-ble, a. Very unhappy. mor-ti-fl-«a'-tion, «. Humiliation or chagrin. moum'-ful, a. Full of sorrow. 6b-S€u'-ri-ty, n. Darkness ; gloom. pit'-e-OUS, a. Mournful ; miserable. LESSON 179. PITI^ISIIKD. Let me not leave nay space of ground untilled; Call me not hence with mission unfulfilled. Let me not die before I've done for Thee My earthly work, whatever that may be." a-b51'-ish, v. t. To put an end to. a€-«6m'-plish, v. t. To complete. a-chieve', v- t. To accomplish. •cSm-ple'-tion, n. Act of finishing. •C6n-«lu'-siye, a. Decisive. €6n'-siim-mate or -cdn-sum'-mate, V. t. To bring to completion. ■eiil'-mi-liate, v. i. To reach the high- est point. de-mol'-ish, v. t. To destroy. e-v€lit'-fl-al, a. Final ; terminating. ex-haust', v- t. To consume entirely. Sx-pi-ra'-tion, «. Termination. Sx-ter'-mi-nate, v. /. To destroy ut- terly. ex-tin€t', a. Ended; having ceased. ex'-tir-pate or 5x-tlr'-pate, v. t. To root out. f i-iia^-le (fe-na'-la), n. The last note or end of a piece of music ; close ; termination. fr\|-i'-tioil, n. Pleasure derived from possession. fill-fill', V. t. To bring to pass. qui-e'-tus, n. That which silences; a final discharge. ter-ml-na'-tion, n. Conclusion. fir-ti-mate, a. Final ; the last result. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 95 LESSON 180. HOMOPHOT^OUS ^WORDS. He liveth long who liveth well ! All else is life but flung away ; He liveth longest who can tell Of true things only done each day. — H. Bonar. 1/ shoe, n. A covering for the foot. Sho?>9 v. t. To drive away. shone or shdne, v. i. Did shine. shown, V. t. Caused to see. 8h(R>t, V, t. To cause to be driven by force. Ch|}te, n. A frame-work for sliding articles from a higher to a lower level. sleight, n. Trick ; artifice. slight, a. Slender, {v. t.) Neglect. Sdme, n. A portion of. sum, n. The whole amount. son, n. A male child. sun, n. The source of light. sore, a. Painful ; bruised. soar, V. i. To fly aloft. stare, v. i. To look with fixed eyes. stair, n. A series of steps for ascent or descent. steel, n. Refined iron. steal, V. t. To take without right or leave. SU€k'-er, n. A kind of fish. SU€'-€Or, n. Help ; assistance. LESSON 181. l^ORDS DHIKOXI^G JOV. I sing as sings the bird on yonder branches swinging ; It is not that the song be heard, but for the joy of singing. And yet if there chance by, or hap to linger nigh, One who listens to my lay and goes bravely forth to meet the day. With a heart less troubled, the joy of song is doubled. — C entury. &-e-elaim% n. A joyous shout of ap- plause. bug;f '-ant, «. Cheerful; vivacious. e-C'-sta-sy, n. Enthusiastic delight. gn-thii'-gi-agm, «. Ecstasy. fe-li§'-i-ty, n. Being very happy. grat'-i-fy, v. t. To give pleasure to. grat'-i-tude, n. Thankfulness. hal'-gy-on, a. Peaceful ; undisturbed. hi-lar'-i-ty, n. Mirth ; gayety. j6«'-und, a. Merry ; lively. joy'-OUS, a. Glad ; gay. Jt'-bl-lant, a. Rejoicing; shouting for joy. laugh'-ter (laf'-ter), n. Convulsive expression of mirth. pea§e'-a-ble, a. Tranquil ; quiet. plea§'-ure, n. Agreeable sensations of emotion. rapt'-ure, n. Extreme joy or pleasure. re-joi'-ging, «. Occasion of joy or gladness. sat-is-fa-e'-tion, n. Gratification of desire. tri-nmph'-aUt, n. Rejoicing for vic- tory. vi-e-to'-ri-OUS, «. Winning; triumph- ant. 96 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 182. PBRXAI]KIP-ka% ». A nosegay. ■€a'-lyx, n. The leaf-like envelope of a flower. ■eiir-ua'-tiou, n. A species of clove pink. •elirys-an'-the-mum, n. A kind of flower, of many species. •€lem'-a-tis, «. A climbing plant, with flower. §y'-press, n. A flowering vine. daf -I'o-dil, n. A plant with a yelloMr flower. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 99 dahMia (daF-ya or dal'-ya), n. A large and beautiful flower. dan'-de-li-on, «. A plant with a yellow flower, and leaves the shape of a lion's tooth. SgMan-tine (or -tin), n. The sweet briar; a species of rose. fleur-de-lis' (flur-de-leO, ». A flower of the lily family. flo'-rist, n. One who cultivates flowers. fra'-grant, a. Sweet of smell. fuch'-si-a (fook'-Sl-a), n. A flowering plant. ^e-ra'-ni-um, n. A plant and flower. he'-li-O-trope, n. A very fragrant flower. LESSON 188. Pertalninsr to Flo^wers. Leaves have their time to fall. And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath." hy'-a-§inth, n. A bulbous plant bearing beautiful spikes of fragrant flowers. hy-dran'-ge-a, «. A plant bearing large heads of showy flowers of a rose color naturally. ja-poil'-i-€a, n. A species of camellia bearing beautiful red or white flowers. jas'-mine or jas'-mine, n. A climbing plant bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. lil'-y, a. A beautiful and fragrant flower. mar'-i-gold, w. A plant bearing yellow flowers. mign-on-ette' {min-yon-etO, n. An annual flowering plant having a deli- cate odor. nar-gis-SUS, n. A flowering plant with bulbous root. nas-tur'-tium, «. A climbing plant with yellow flowers. o'-dor-ofis, n. Having a sweet odor. Or'-ehid (or'-kid) , «. A species of or- chis. pe'-O-ny, n. A large, beautiful, showy flower. per'-fume, n. Fragrance. pet'-al or pe'-tal, n. One of the col- ored leaves of a flower. phlox (floks), n. An American flower- ing plant, having red, white or purple flowers. rho-do-den'-dron, n. A plant with handsome evergreen leaves and beau- tiful rose-colored or purple flowers. sy-rin'-ga', n. A kind of shrub with sweet-scented white flowers. this'-tle (tllis'-sl), n. A prickly plant with pink or lavender flowers. ya'-ri-e-gate, v. t. To mark with dif- ferent colors. ver-be'-na, n. A beautiful flower. LESSON 189. DICXAXIOPJ KXKRCISH. I cannot despise the cold man of science, who walks with his eyes All alert through a garden of flowers, and strips The lilies' gold tongues, and the roses' red lips, "With a ruthless dissection ; since he, I suppose, Has some purpose beyond the mere mischief he does. 100 BUSINESS SERIES. But the stupid and mischievous boy, that uproots The exotics, and tramples the tender young shoots For a boy's brutal pastime, and only because He knows no distinction between heartsease and haws, — One would wish, for the sake of each blossom so nipped, To catch the young rascal and have him well whipped. — Owen Meredith, LESSON 190. COI^OR. " When death's shadows my bosom uncloud. When I shrink from the thought of the coffin and shroud. May hope, like the rainbow, my spirit unfold In her beautiful pinions of purple and gold." az'-nre, «• The blue color of the sky. «ar'-mme, «. A rich red or crimson color. ■edF-or, n. Any hue or tint as distin- guished from white. ■erim'-gon, n. A deep red color. gray, «. Any mixture of white and black. lav'-en-der, «. A grayish blue color. ma-gen'-taj n. A red or crimson color, derived from aniline. ma-roon', n. A brownish crimson, or claret color. mauve (mov), n. A delicate and beau- tiful purple or lilac. maz-a-rine', «. A deep blue color. ;:1- o'-«her,' o'-chre, Sl'-ive, n. color. 6r'-ange, n. pur'-ple, n. Pale yellow. A dark brownish green Golden yellow. A color composed of red and blue, much esteemed for its rich- ness and beauty. si-en'-na, n. A brownish yellow color. um'-ber, «. A blackish brown color. Verd'-ure, n. Greenness. Yer-mil'-ion (-yuii),«. A beautiful red color. Ti'-O-let, ft. Dark blue, inclining to red. yel'-low, n, A bright, golden color, reflecting the most light of any, after white. LESSON 191. TRHKS. Mouldering and moss-grown, through the lapse of years, in motionless beauty stands the giant oak, whilst those that saw its green and flourishing youth are gone and are forgotten.— Longfellow. ar'-bor Vi'-tae, n. An evergreen tree. asp'-en, «. A species of popiar, whose leaves tremble with the slightest im- pulse of the wind. birch, n. A tree of several species. bflt'-ter-ntit, «. An American tree and its fruit. ^a-taF-pa, n. A tree having large leaves and white flowers §e'-dar, n. An evergreen tree. Chest'-nfit (Ches'-), n. A tree, with fruit enclosed in a prickly bur. ■eo'-Coa (ko'-ko), «. A palm, produc- ing the cocoanut. Sb'-on-y, n. A wood from Madagascar and Ceylon, which admits of a fine polish ; the usual color is black. SPELLING AND DEFINING. lUl Sim. n. A tree much used in America for shade. f5Mi-age, n. A collection of leaves arranged by nature. hi-ek'-O-ry, n. An American tree. mag-no'-li-a, n. A tree having large, fragrant flowers, found in the southern parts of the United States. ma-llO^-a-ny, n. A large tree found in tropical America. pal-met'-to, n. A species of palm, growing in the West Indies and south- ern United States. per-sim'-mon, «. An American tree, with fruit like a plum. sas'-sa-fras, «. A tree whose bark has an aromatic smell and taste. Sy-e'-a-more, n, A large tree found in Egypt and Syria, and is the sycamore of Scripture ; in America the button- wood tree is called by this name. war-nut, n. A tree, of which there are several species, and its fruit. wil'-low, «. A tree with slender, pli- ant branches. LESSON 192. ho9iopho:nous isvoros. 'Tis a very good world that we live in, To lend, to spend, or to give in ; But to beg or to borrow, or to get a man's own, 'Tis the very worst world that ever was known. — Bulwer Lytton. stake, V, t. To wager ; («.) A post. steak, n. A slice of meat. stile, «. Steps over a fence. style, n. Fashion ; manner. strait, n. A narrow passage of water between two larger bodies of water. straight, «. Not crooked. sweet, a. Agreeable. suite (sweet), n. A series; a collec- tion. ta-€ks, n. Small nails. tax, n. Tribute to the government. tear, n. A drop of water from the eye. tier, n. A row. tear, v. t. To rend. tare. A weed ; deduction from freight. team, n. Two or more horses. teem, v. i. To be full ; to abound. throne, n. A chair of state. thrown, v. t. Past of throw. toll, ^- Tax on the highway. tole, "v. t. To cause to follow. LESSON 193. The motives of conscience, as connected with repentance and the feeling of duty, are the most important differences which separate man from the animal. — Darwin. al'-li-ga-tor, n. A large reptile living in water or on land. «ar'-€a$s, «. animal. The dead body of an «ha-me'-le-On, n. A lizard-like reptile, whose color changes more or less with the color of the objects about it. §ham'-ois (sham'-mj^), n. A species of antelope living on the highest peaks in Europe. ■€ro€'-0-dile, «• A large reptile. dr6m'-e-da-ry, n. A camel, with on« hump. 102 BUSINESS SERIES. Sl'-e-phant, i"- One of Ihe largest quadrupeds now in existence. fawn, n. A young deer. fer'-ret, n. An animal of the weasel kind. gi-rafife', «. An African quadruped with short hind legs, long fore legs and long neck. gO-ril'-la, n. A large African monkey. hip-p0-p6t'-a-mus, n. A large quadru- ped, native of Africa. Jiy_§'-Iia, «• A M'ild animal with a bristly mane like a hog ; it feeds upon kan-ga-ro^', n. An Australian quad- ruped. leop'-ard, n. A yellow or fawn-colored animal with black spots along the back and sides. men-ag'-e-rie (azh-), n. A place where animals are kept and trained. monk'-ey, «. A species of ape. p or '-en-pine, n. An animal covered with quills with sharp prickle.-.. quad'-rfl-ped, n. Having four feet. rhi-nog'-e-ros, n. A large and power- ful quadruped nearly allied to the elephant. LESSON 194. BIRDS. What though thy seed should fall by the wayside And the birds snatch it — yet the birds are fed ; Or they may bear it far across the tide, To give rich harvest after thou art dead." b6b'-0-link, n. An American singing bird. •Ca-na'-ry, n. A species of singing bird. •e6€k-a-to^', «. A bird of the parrot kind. «6r'-mo-rant, «. A sea raven. •€U-€k'-0^, n. A bird that derives its name from its song. ea'-gle, «. A rapacious bird of the falcon family, very large and strong. fla-min'-gO, n. A bird having long legs and neck. gold'-finch, n. A beautiful singing bird, so named for the color of its wings. hnm'-ming-bird, ». A very small bird, remarkable for the brilliancy of its plumage. ja€k'-daw, n. A bird allied to the crows; it is black, with a blue or me- tallic reflection. having mixed night'-in-gale, n. A small bird that sings at night. o'-ri-ole, n. A singing bird plumage of a golden yellow with black. 6s'-tricll, n. A large bird, nearly ten feet high, with long plumes instead of feathers ; it can surpass horses in speed. par'-O-quet, n. A small bird found in tropical countries. par'-rot, A bird having brilliant plumage, and celebrated for its pow- ers of mimicry. pel'-i-ean, n. A web-footed water fowl, larger than a swan, and remark- able for its enormous bill, to the lower edge of which is attached a pouch that will hold many quarts of water. pen'-g'Uin, n. A web-footed marine bird; it is unable to fly, but swims and dives well ; it is found only in the south temperate and frigid regions. SPEIvI/ING AND DEFINING. lOS rdb'-in, «• An American singing bird, having a breast of a somewhat dingy orange red color. S€reech'-Owl, «. An owl that utters a harsh cry at night. wren, n. A small bird. LESSON 195. Not a worm is cloven in vain. Not a moth v/ith vain desire, Is shriveled in a fruitless fire. But subserves another's gain. Tennyson. bee'-tle, n. An insect having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when folded. but'-ter-fly, «. An insect of different species, so called from the color of a yellow species. •Cat'-er-pil-lar, n. The worm state of a moth or butterfly. gen'-ti-ped (also §en'-ti-pede), n. A many-jointed, wingless insect 'having many feet. «hrys'-a-lis (kris-), n. The form into which the butterfly passes, and from which the perfect insect emerges. €5-Ck'-roach, n. An insect with a long body and ^at wings ; is very trouble- some, infecting houses and ships. ■CO-COTill', n. The oblong case of a silk- worm, in which it lies in its chrysalis state. €ri-€k'-et, n. An insect with a chirp- ing note. dra^'-on-fly, n. An insect having a large head, wings and eyes, and a long body. glow'-WOrm, «. An insect emitting a green light. *" ^nat (nat), n. A small, troublesome insect having lancet-like stings. , grass'-hop-per, n. A jumping insect. hor'-net, n. A large, strong wasp of a dark brown and yellow color. ka'-ty-did, n. An insect of a pale green color, closely allied to the grasshopper. lo'-CUSt, 'ft' A jumping insect of the species of the grasshopper. mos-qui'-to, n. A small insect having; a sharp pointed proboscis, by means of which it punctures the skin of ani- mals causing a cbnsiderable degree- of pain. silk'-WOrm, n. The caterpillar which produces silk. spi'-der, n. An insect remarkable for spinning webs for taking its prey, forming its habitation and holding its food. ta-ran'-tll-la, n. A species of spider. whirl'-i-gig', n. An insect that lives on the surface of the water and moves about with great celerity. LESSON 196. Rubbing her shoulder with rosy palm, As the loathsome touch yet seemed to thrill her, My little girl cried, '* I found on my arm A horrible, crawling caterpillar ! " 104 BUSINESS SERIES. And with mischievous smile she could scarcely smother, Yet a glance in its daring, half awed and shy, She added, *' While they were about it, mother, I wish they'd just finished the butterfly ! " Ah, look thou largely, with lenient eyes. On whatso beside thee may creep or cling, For the possible glory that underlies The passing phase of the meanest thing ! What if God's great angels, whose waiting love Beholdeth our pitiful life below From the holy height of their heaven above. Couldn't bear with the worm till the wings should grow. — Mrs. Whitney, LESSON 197. HOl^IOPHO^OUS MTORDS. I count this thing to be grandly true: That a noble deed is a step toward God, Lifting the soul from the common sod To a purer air and a broader view. — Holland. "^ tiieir, /r^«. Belonging to them. tiiere, adv. In that place. thyme (tim), n. A fragrant plant. time, n. Duration. Rise and" fall of the sea. Fastened. tide, n. tied, a. to^, adv. H^prep. two, a. tun, n. t6n, n. Excessively. Toward. Twice one. A liquid measure. A weight of 2,000 pounds. A valley. A cover for the face. vale, n. veil, f- vain, a. Proud ; fond of praise. vein, n. A vessel that conveys the blood back to the heart. vane, n. A weathercock. Vi'-al, n. A small bottle. Vi'-ol, n. A musical instrument. vi§e. A moral fault. vise, n. An instrument for holding things, closed by a screw. LESSON 198. It is not growing like a tree In bulk, doth make man better be ; Nor standing long, to fall at last, dry, bald and sere ; In small proportions we most beauty see, And in short measures life may perfect be." bnlk'-i-ness, n. «o-16s'-sal, a. «dr'-pu-lent, a. tity of flesh. Greatness in size. Gigantic. An excessive quan- €lini'-brous, a. Burdensome. e-ndr'-mous, a. Great beyond the common measure. ex-ten'-sive-ly, adv. To a great extent: widely. SPELIyING AND DEFINING. 105 gi-f an'-ti-C, a. Very large. her-cu'-le-an, a. Having great strength or size. huge'-neSS, n. Enormous bulk or largeness. im-mea§'-lir-a-ble, a. ,Tliat cannot be measured. im-men'-Si-ty, n. Vast in extent or bulk. lill-i-pu'-tian, a. Diminutive ; very small size. ma^-Ili-:ty, v. t. To enlarge. mag'-ni-tude, «. Bulk ; size. mttr-ti-tllde, «. A crowd ; a great number of persons. miis'-CU-lar, a. Having w^ell-developed muscles ; brawny. Spa'-Cious, a. Vast in extent. stn-pen'-doiis, a. Astonishing magni- tude or elevation. ti'-ny, a. Very small. tre-men'-doiis, a. That which aston- ishes by its magnitude, force or vio- lence. LESSON 199. FK.KCIOUS STONES. Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air. — Grey. am'-e-th^st, «. A precious stone of a bluish violet color. ber'-yl, n. A bluish green mineral of great hardness, and when clear, of great beauty. «ar'-bun-€le, n. A beautiful gem of a deep red color. car-nel'-ian (-yan), n. A variety of chalcedony, of a deep red, flesh red, or reddish white color. ■ehal-§ed'-o-ny or €har-«e-do-ny, n. A kind of quartz, usually of a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. •ehr^s'-O-lite, n. A mineral, varying in color from pale green to bottle green. €rys'-tal, a. Clear; transparent. di'-a-mdnd, n. A gem, remarkable for its hardness and brilliancy. 8m'-er-ald, n. A precious stone of a rich green color. gar'-net, n. A mineral of a deep red color. jas'-per, n. An impure variety of quartz, of a dull red or yellow color. o'-nyx, n. Chalcedony, consisting of parallel layers of different shades of colors, and used for making cameos. o'-pal, n. A precious stone, consisting of silex in what is called a soluble state, and a small quantity of water. pearl, n. A bluish white, smooth, lustrous jewel. ru'-by, n. A precious stone of a car- mine red color. sap'-phire (saf'-ir), n. Pure crystal- lized alumina, next in hardness to a diamond. sar'-di-US, n. A precious stone, prob- ably a carnelian. sar'-do-li;fx, n. A gem of reddish yel- low, or nearly orange color. to'-paz, n. A gem, generally yellow and pellucid. tur-quoi§' (koiz' or -keez% «. A min- eral of a bluish green color, brought from Persia. 106 BUSINESS SERIES. LESSON 200. DICXAXIOK EXKRCISK. Thus it is over all the earth ! That which we call the fairest, And prize for its surpassing worth, is always rarest. Iron is heaped in mountain piles and gluts the laggard forges ; But gold-flakes gleam in dim defiles and lonely gorges. The snowy marble flecks the land with heaped and rounded ledges, But diamonds hide within the sand their starry edges. Were every hill a precious mine, and golden all the mountains; Were all the rivers fed with wine by tireless fountains ; Life would be ravished of its zest and shorn of its ambition. And sink into the dreamless rest of ina,nition. — Holland, LESSON 201. DKii^oTiKG qua:nxixy. True worth is in being, not seeming — In doing each day that goes by Some little good — not in dreaming Of great things to do by and by. — Alice Carey. a-bun'-dange, n. Great plenty. am'-ple, a. Fully sufficient. •edm'-pe-ten-Qy, n. Sufficiency. €6ll-sid'-er-a-ble, a. Moderately large. €0'-pi-0US, a. Plentiful ; abundant. deartlly n. Want ; famine. e-nougll' (e-nuf )> ^' A sufficiency. ex-u'-ber-ant, a- Over-abundant ; su- perfluous. fam'-ine, n. General scarcity of food. fr]|it'-fljl, «. Plenteous ; productive. in-ad'-e-quate, a. Unequal ; insuffi- cient to eff'ect the object. liix-u'-ri-an§e, «. Over-abundant. "'?'';-!'"''| .. Scanty. mea'-gre, ) ^ plen'-te-OUS, a. Abundant. re-dun'-dant, a. Exceeding what is necessary. S€ailt'-y, a. Hardly sufficient ; not ample. S-ear'-§i-ty, n. Smallness of quantity. suf-fi'-cient (f ish'-ent), a. Equal to wants. SU-per'-flu-OUS, a. More than is wanted ; excessive. Sur'-pluS, n. An excess beyond what is wanted. LESSON 202. HO]»IOPHO]KOUS l^ORDS. All are architects of Fate, working in these walls of time ; Some with massive deeds and great, some with ornaments of rhyme. Nothing useless is, or low, each thing in its place is best, And what seems but idle show strengthens and supports the rest. — Longfellow, waste, V. t. To destroy. ffaist) n. Small part of the body above the hips. wade, V. i. To walk in mud or water. Weighed, V. t. Estimated heaviness. wait, "v. i. To delay. weight, «.• Pressure downwards. waye, n. The advancing swell on the surface of a liquid. waive, v. t. To relinquish. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 107 ware, «• Articles of merchandise. wear, "v. t. To consume by use. week, n. Seven days. weak, a. Wanting strength. wrap, V. t. To enfold. rap, n. A blow ; (z'. t.) to strike. wrote, V, t. Did write. rote, n. Mere repetition, without at- tention to the meaning. wring, V. t. To twist. ring, n. A circle ; {v. t.) to resound. yoke, n. That which connects or binds. yolk (yok), n. Part of an egg. LESSON 203. ^WORDS RBQUIRI]KG CARHPUL, OISCRIMI^AXIOPt. " Don't brood o'er care — the trouble that you make Is always worse to bear, and hard to shake : Smile at the world ; the sorrow that is sent. Take it, with patience, as your punishment. He wins who laughs." a-C-§ept', V. t. To receive with favor. ^X-§ept', tf' t- To leave out. a€ts, «. //. Deeds. ax, n. A tool for chopping. af-f e-et', v- t- To operate on. ef-f e€t', n. Result. almg, n. Gifts of charity. arm§, n. Weapons ; limbs. fi,r'-rant, a. Very bad ; wicked. 6r'-rand, n. A commission. ^r'-rant, a. Wandering ; wild. bal'-lad, n. A popular song. bal'-lot, «. The ticket cast. bal'-let (bal'-la), «. A theatrical dance, bar'-on, n. A title of nobility in Eng- land. bar'-ren, a. Unproductive ; sterile. bared, v. t. Made bare. beard, n. Hair on the chin. bile, ^' Secretions of the liver. boll, n. A tumor; (z/. /.) to seethe. LESSON 204. 'VITords R-equlring: Careful Discrimination. ' Perish policy and cunning ; Perish all that fears the light ; Whether losing, whether winning, Trust in God and do the right." b5d'-i§e, «. A kind of quilted waist- coat with stays, for women. b5d'-ie§, n. Plural of body. boy, n. A male child. bngf , «. A floating cask. bran, n. Coarse part of grain. brand, n. A mark made by a hot iron. bnrst, "v. t. To break open by force. bust, ». A piece of statuary. ■earn, n. A part of a machine. «alm, a. Quiet. •ear'-ol, «. A song of joy. ■edr'-al, «• Insects and their shells found in the sea, composed almost purely of carbonate of lime. 108 BUSINESS SERIES. €ast'-er, «. A small wheel on which furniture is rolled. ■Cas'-tor, n. A substance of a strong smell and bitter taste. change, n. An event happening with- out any assigned cause. ehants, v. t. Singing. ■Cloge, V. t. To shut. ■elotheg, n. Garments. •edn'-fl-dent, a. Bold ; positive. •eon-fl-dant', n. A confidential or bosom friend. LESSON 205. "W^ords Requiring: Careful Discrimination* Virtuous and vicious every man must be, Few in the extreme, but all in the degree ; The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise ; And even the best, by fits, what they despise. — Poj>e. ■€atch, V. t. To seize ; to lay hold of. ketch, n. A kind of boat. def -er-en^e, n. Respect for others. dif -fer-enge, n. Disagreement ; mark of distinction. dense, «. Close ; compact. dents, n. Marks ; small hollows. de-S§ent', n. A coming down. dis-sent', n. Difference of opinion. de-gert', n. Merit ; worth. de§-§ert', n. The last course at the table ; pastry, fruits and sweet meats. de-yi§e', v. t. To contrive ; to bequeath. de-Vi§e', n. Trick. di'-yers, a. Several ; various. di-verse', adv. In different directions, em'-i-nent, a- Exalted in rank. im'-mi-nent, a. Threatening evil. e-rup'-tion, n. Breaking forth. ir-rup'-tion, n. Bursting in. e-mer^e', "v- i- To rise out of a fluid. im-merge', z'. t. To plunge into a fluid. LESSON 206. l^ords Requiring Careful Discrimination. " He who never changed any of his opinions never corrected any of his mistakes ; and he who was never wise enough to find out any mistakes in himself, will not be charitable enough to excuse what he reckons mistakes in dthers." false, a. Untrue. faults, n. Errors. fa'-ther, n. Male parent. far'-ther, adv. More remotely ; beyond. far, a. Distant. fftr, n. Short, thick hair. fSlF-er, n. One who fells or knocks down. fSF-low, n. An individual. • first, a. Foremost ; earliest. fiist, n. Mustiness. fish'-er, n. One who catches fish. fis'-sure(fish'-|jr),«. A cleft; a chasm, fdrm'-al-ly, adv. With ceremony. for'-mer-ly, adv. In earlier time. gant'-let, n. A military punishment, gaunt'-let, «. An iron glove. hal'-low, "v. t. To keep sacred. h51'-16w, n. A low place. ha'-lo, «. A circle of light. . hal-lo?>', «. A shout ; a call. SPELLING AND DEFINING. 109 LESSON 207. "Words Requiring: Careful Dlscritnlnatloii. " There is no greater obstacle in the way of success in life, than trusting for something to turn up, instead of going to work and turning up something." hash, n. Minced meat and vegetables. harsh, a. Austere ; abusive. hiiff, n. A swell of anger or pride. hdbf, n. Hard part of an animal's foot. jSst, «. A joke. just, «• Upright; honest. least, a. The smallest. lest, conj. For fear that. 16av'-en, n. Yeast. e-lev'-en, n. One more than ten. lie, V. i. To rest on a bed or couch. lay, V. t. To put down. light'-ning, n. A flash in the clouds, of electric light. light'-en-ing', v. t. Making lighter. line, n. A slender chord. loin, n. A part of the body. lin'-i-ment, n. A soft or liquid oint- ment. lin'-e-a-ment, «• Outline ; feature. lo^se, V. t. To untie, or unbind. loge, V. t. To cause to part with unin- tentionally. LESSON 208. 'W^ords Requiring Careful Oiscrltnlnatloii. "The purest treasure mortal times afford. Is spotless reputation : that away, Men are but gilded loam, or painted clay." new§, n. Tidings. n$I>se, n. A slip knot. 6ff, adv. Away from. df {0Y),/^^itli more ttian 20,000 Xntiabltants. Life, like some cities, is full of blind alleys, leading nowhere ; the great art is to keep out of them. — Bovee. Census of 1890. Ir-le ghe -ny, Pa 105,287 ir-too-na, Pa 3o>337 Au'-burn, N. Y. 25,858 Bal'-ti-more, Md. 434.439 Bay'^it-y, Mich 27,839 Bin^' liam-ton, iV. Y. . . . . 35005 Bridge'- port, Conn 48,866 Bro^k'-lyu, N,Y. 806,343 Buf-fa-lo, N,Y. 255,664 Bur'-ling-t6ii, I(ywa 22,565 Census of 1890. ■Cam'-bridge, Mass 70,028 ■eam'-den, N. J. 58,313 ■ean-ton, Ohio 26,189 Chatta-noo'-ga, Tenn. . . . 29,100 Chel'-sea, Mass 27,909 ^lii-ea'-go (slie-kaw'-go) , ///. 1,099,850 ^in-^m-nat' i, Ohio 296,908 ■eieye'-land, Ohio 261,353 ■Gov' in^-ton, J^y 37,371 •€o'-hoe§, JV. Y. 22,509 LESSON 214. Some of the Cities of U. S. ^with more tban 20,000 Inliat>itants. There is no solitude more dreadful for a stranger, an isolated man, than a great city. So many thousands of men and not one friend. — Boiste. ■eouil'-§il Bluflfs, Iowa . . . . 21,474 Day'-t6n, Ohio 61,220 Dav'-en-port, /owa 26,872 De-troit', Mich 205,876 Du-buqiie' (du-bo^k'), Iowa 30,311 E-liz' a-betii, ^V. /. 37,764 £1 mi'-ra, ^. K 29,708 E' rie, Pa 40,634 £v'-an§-vme, /»^. 50,756 Fair Riv-er, Mass 74,398 Fort Wayne', /nd. 35,393 Gal'-ves-toii, Texas 29,084 Glo aces'- ter (glos'-ter), Mass. 24,651 Grand Rap' ids, Mich. . . . 60,278 Ha'-yer-hill (ha' ver-il), Mass. 27,412 Ho'-bo-ken, JV./. 43,648 Hol'-yoke, Mass 35,^37 Jer'-gey^ity, iV./. . [63,003 Ksin'-sasi]it-y,. Mo 132,716 La -Crosse', Wis 25,090 LESSON 215. Some of tlie Cities of U. S. ^with more tban 20,000 Inbabitants. Cities have always been the fire-places of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the dark, cold world.— Theodore Parker. Lynn, Mass 55,727 Ma'-€dn, Ga 22,746 Man'-ches-ter, N. H. . . . . 44,126 Mem'-phis, Tenn. ...... 64,495 Mil-wau'-kee, IVis 204,468 Lan€'-as-ter, Pa 32,011 Law'-ren§e, Mass 44,654 Los An'-ge-le§, Ca/. 5o,395 Low'-ell, Mass 77,696 Lon'-is-ville (lo?>'is-ville),A3'. 161,121 SPELIvING AND DEFINING. 113 Min-ne-ap'-o-lis, Minn Mobile', Ala. . . . New'-ark,iV./- • • • New Bed'-ford, Mass, New'-bnrgh, N. Y. . 164,738 31,076 181,830 40,733 23,087 New Ha'-ven, Conn 81,298 New Or'-le-an§, La 242,039 New York', iV. Y. 1,515,301 Oak'-land, Cal. 48,682 O'-ma-ha, Neb 140,452 LESSON 216. Some of tbe Cities of 17. 8. ^witb more tfaan 20,000 Inliabltants. He who imagines he can do without the world deceives himself much but he who fancies the world cannot do without him is still more mistaken. — Rochefoucauld. f Pat'-er-s6ii, A^. /• • • • • • • 78,347 Pe-6'-ri-a, ///. 41,024 Phil-a-deF-phi-a, I*a. . . . 1,046,964 Pitts'-burf, Pa 238,617 Port' land, Me 36,425 Pough-keep'-sie (po-kip'-) A^. Y. 22,206 Roch'-es-ter, N. Y. 133.896 San Fran-§is'-eo, Ca/. . . . 298,997 Sa-van'nah, Ga 43>i89 S«ran'-ton, ^a 75,215 Seat'-tle, tVasA 42,837 Sioux' City, /470 • Kan'-sas, I^an 81,700 . Ken-tfi«k'-y, ICy 40,000 . Lou i-§i-a'-na, La 45»42o . Maine, Me 33.056 • Ma'-ry-land, Md. 9,860 . CAPITAL. CENSUS OF 189O. . Boise' Cit-j^ (bwali-zaO . 2,311 . Spring'-fleld 24,963 . In-di-a-nap'-o-lis .... 105,436 . Tah^-ie-quah 1,500 . Des Moines' 50,093 . To-pe'-ka 31,007 . Frank'-fort 7,892 . Bat'-6n Rouge (roozli) . 10,478 . An-gus'-ta 10,527 • In-nap'-o-lis 6,000 LESSON 219. States and XerritorleSa ' What constitutes a State ? Not high raised battlements or labored mound. Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned ' No ; men, high-minded men." STATE OR TERRITORY. SQ, MILES. Mas-sa-chu'- setts, Mass. . . 8,040 . Mi§h'-i-gan, Mich 57,43o • Min-ne-s6'-ta, Minn 79*205 . Mis-sis-sip'-pi, Miss 46,340 . Mis-sou'-ri, Mo 68,735 . Mon ta'-na, Mont 145.310 Ne-bras'-ka, Ned 76,185 . Ne-Tii'-da, Nev 109,740 . Jfew Hamp'-shire, N. II. . . . . 9,005 . New Jer'sey, N. /. 7,455 • CAPITAL. CENSUS OF 1890. Bos'-t6n 448,477 Lan'-sing . . . 13.102 St. Paul'. . . . 133 156 Jack'-s6n . . . 5.920 Jefferson €it-y 6,742 Hel'-e-na ... 13.834 Lin'-€61n .... 55.154 €ar'-s6n gity . • 3950 €dn'-«6rd . . . 17,004 Tien'-ton . . . 57,458 SPELLING AND DEFINING. 115 LESSON 220. States and Territories. " 111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay. STATE OR TERRITORY. SQ. MILES. New Mex'-i-eo Ter., N. Mex. Ter. 122,000 . New York', N. Y. 47,620 . North -ear-o-ir-na, ^. C . . . . 52240. North Da-ko'-ta, N, Dak. . . . 75.000 . O-hi'-o, 40,760 . Ok-la-ho'-ma Ter., O, Ter. . . . 4,687 . Or'-e-gon, Or . . 94,560. Penn-s^l-ya'-iii-a, Pa 44,985 . Rhode Isr-and, R. I. 1,088 ' Soath -ear-o-ir-na, S. C. 30,170 CAPITAL. CENSUS OF 1890. Santa Fe' 6,185. Al'-ba-ny 94,925 Rar-eigh 12,67^ Bi§'-mar€k 2,186 ■eo-lum'-bfis 88,150 Outh'-rie 8,000 Sa'-lem 2,600 Har'-ris-l)urg 39,385 Prov'-i-denge .... 132,146 New'-port i9.437 ■eo-lum'-bi-a 15. 353^ LESSON 221. States and Territories. If you would know and not be known, live in a city, — Colion. STATE OR TERRITORY. SQ. MILES. South Da-ko'-ta, S. Dak 76,620 . Ten-nes-see', Tenn 41,750 . Tex'-as, Tex 265,780 . U'-tah, Utah Ter. 82,190. Vermont', Vt 9,136. Vir-gin'-ia, Va 40,125 . Wash'-ing-t6n, Wash 66,880 . West Vir-gin'-i-a, W. Va. ... 24,645 . Wis-e6n'-sin, Wis .' 54,450 . Wy-o'-ming, Wyo 97.575 • LESSON 222. I^ARGHST CIXIHS OF THK 'WORI^D. There is such a difference between the pursuits of men in great cities that one part of the inhabitants live to little other purpose than to wonder at the x^sX..— Johnson. CITY. COUNTRY. POPULATION. Am'-ster-dam, Hol'-land 328,000 Xnt'-werp, BH^-gi-um 176,000 CAPITAL. CENSUS OF 1890. Pierre (pear') 3.200 Nash'-ville . . . 76,168 A US'- tin 14,476 Salt Lake gU'-y . 44,843 Montpe'-Iier . . . 3,617 Rich'-mond . . . 81,388 O-lym'-pi-a .... 4,698 Charleg'-ton . . . 6,742 Mad'-i-son .... 13,426 gheyenne' (shien') 11,690 116 BUSINESS SERIKS. CITY. COUNTRY. POPULATION. * Bang-kok/ . . o In'-di-a 600,000 Bar-§e-lo'-na (or bar-tha-), . . . .Spain 249,000 Bel-fast', Ire^-land 208,000 Ber'-lin (or ber'-leen), Pru/si-a [prush^-l-a) 1,122,000 Bir'-ming-ham, Eng^-land (ing^-) 401,000 Bom-bay', In^-dl-a 644,000 Bor-deaux' (-do'), France 222,000 Brad'-ford, Eng'-land i^ing^-) 183,000 Bres'-lau, Prus'-si-a {prush^-l-d) 279,000 Brus'-sel§, BH^-gi-um 377,000 Bu'-eha-rest, Rou-ma^-nUa 221,000 Bu'-da-Pestil, ..... ..... Hunf-ga-ry 365,000 Bne'-u6s iy'-reg (bo'-), Ar-gen-tine Re-pay -lie, S. A. . . . 178,000 •Cai'-ro, E^-gypt. 327,000 •Cal-eut'-ta, In^-di-a 683,000 Carls'-bad, Ger^-ma-ny 20,600 €!ail'-t6ll, ChV-na 1,500,000 €lo-16gne' (-Ion'), Ger^ma-ny 130,000 LESSON 223. Ii^ ^^^g^^ -^o^ 't^e.^>e.€^^tJi^^ -^.■£Z^^^6/ When the riddress occupies two lines, the salutation may begin as in Model 3, or under the beginning of the name, as in Model 4, and the body of the letter on the same or the next line. Model 4. iC-e-^^-^fZ^ ^cd^ -^^^t^ -i.-e^^f^4^^^, ^^^€:,, IvETTER-WRITlNG. 129 Model 5. /-^J::^i::^/i<.^^^^:^/. ^^'^t-i^i>J^-gt'€^>^'e^ ^''J^^^^-f^ .•- Model 6. z^-/-/ Model 7, -i-if^ . ^__.>'^J^--^^-^^Y-^ ??- ^_^ ^--^ 2^ ^"^i^. c=^.^-^-e^c^/-,^_^-c--L .•'-^^_^-f-t> -t-e^t^-i^^ '^■cx. -^^-c^-ci^ ^^tx-^i-o^j ^"^ez-. -^ ^^-^^lA- -^^-4^ 't.tJi^g-ii.'^^e^, -e-^^. This form may be used for social letters. In business letters to married ladies, adopt the arrangement in any one of Models 3, 4, 5 or 6, writing ** Madam " or " Dear Madam " for a salutation. 130 BUSINESS SERIES. Model 8. ■^^■c- Z -^^^^.^e-?!^. Use this form in writing a business letter to an unmarried lady, or the name only, " Miss Mary Marshall," may be used. BODY OF THE LETTER. The body of a letter is the communication, exclusive of the heading, introduction, and conclusion. Beginning. — The body of the letter should usually begin under the end of the salutation; but if the address is long, as in models 3, 5, 6, it may begin on the same line, in which case a comma and a dash, or colon and dash, should be placed between the salutation and the first word of the letter, with only enough space for the punctuation mark and the dash. Margin. — There should always be a blank space on the left-hand side of the page, but none on the right. The width of this margin depends upon the size of the paper. On letter-paper, it should be one-half to three-fourths of an inch, and on note-paper, about one-fourth of an inch. The margin should be perfectly even. — The habit of writing it so, may be acquired by at first drawing a pencil line where the lines should begin, or using a sheet of paper on which a heavy, black line has been ruled, under the paper on which you are writing. If a pencil line is ruled, it should always be erased after the letter is written, but it is better not to use the pencil line except in practicing. Paragraphs. — A letter should be paragraphed the same as other compositions. In dismissing one theme, mark the beginning of the next by a broken line that, catching the reader's eye, prepares him for the change. Do not make too many paragraphs. All paragraphs, excepting the first, should begin as far to the right of the marginal line as the latter LETTER-WRITING. IHl is to the right of the edge of the paper. The arrangement of paragraphs in written letters should be about the same as in printed books, excepting the first paragraph. Neatness. — Never send a letter in which there are blots, erasures, or interlineations; it is better to copy such communications. Blots and erasures are indications of carelessness and of liability to make mistakes. Our correspondents judge us largely by the appearance of our letters, and we should be careful as far as is in our power to cultivate and retain their good opinion. Penmanship. — No accomplishment can be of greater worth in business than good penmanship. It is an invaluable first introduction to a business place, and often the cause of promotion. While time is required to make one's accomplishments in other lines known, his good penman- ship speaks for itself on sight. The penmanship should be neat, plain, and as rapid as is consistent with these qualities. Avoid flourishes, and it is better to write without shading than to shade too much. No one can become a good penman without an effort on his own part, and a good hand-writing is almost sure to come to those who are willing, persistent, careful and earnest in their endeavors to acquire it. Careful practice will constantly improve one's hand-writing, while carelessness may spoil a good style already acquired. A carelessly written letter is not only prejudicial to the writer and disre- spectful to his correspondent, but consumes time of the latter in deci- phering it, — something the writer has no right to ask. A man with an established reputation can possibly afford to write a poor hand, but any one starting in business life certainly cannot. Our advice is, to write no more letters than you can write well. Write plainly, neatly, slowly if you must, but write just as well as you can ; you cannot afford to write otherwise. CONCLUSION, The conclusion of a letter embraces what follows the communi- cation itself. Complimentary Close. — The complimentary close is the phrase of respect, courtesy or endearment written at the end of the letter. The words used vary according to circumstances and taste, as in the saluta- 132 BUSINESS SERIES. tion. For social letters, an almost infinite variety of forms might be given; such as, "Yours truly," " Your friend," " Your father, " "Ever yours," "Very sincerely yours," "Faithfully yours," etc. The words used for the complimentary close are varied according to the relations of the parties; the complimentary close depends some- what upon the salutation also, and the same words should not be used in both. If a person is addressed as "dear friend" in the salutation, the word "friend" should not be repeated in the complimentary close ; and if a person is addressed as "dear friend" in the salutation, "respect- fully " would be a very formal word to use in the complimentary close. The word " remain," used in the complimentary close, implies previous correspondence. In business letters, the words most used for the complimentary close are " Yours truly " and "Yours respectfully." These may be empha- sized by using the word very after "Yours" in either form; as, "Yours very truly," or varied by inversion of the words; as, "Truly yours" or " Respectfully yours." Official letters have a more formal close than any others, such as, / ayn. Sir, Your obedient servant, I have the honor to be (or remain) Your obedient servant, I have the honor to be (or remain) Very respectfully, These forms of official etiquette are not strictly adhered to. The term "Your obedient servant," so generally used in official letters, is also a very appropriate term to use in writing to a patron or superior. Signature. — Every letter should be signed. Some people have IvETTER-WRlTING. 133 the habit of sending letters to friends without signature, or of carelessly- sending out important business letters unsigned. If the letter contains a remittance, or anything of importance, the name should be written in full. A letter that is miscarried from insufficient address, or fails for any other cause to reach the party for whom it is intended, is sent to the " Dead-letter Office," whence it is returned to the writer, if known. Thousands of dollars are lost annually (over $40,000 last year) through the failure of writers to sign their full names to letters containing money. Friendly letters or those not containing matters of business import- ance may be signed in an informal manner. Write your name plainly. — Some people seem to have an idea that because they know what their names are every person to whom they write will know also. When they come to the close of their letters, they scrawl their names in such a manner that nobody can read them. In almost any other place we can tell from the context what a word is, even if it is not distinctly written, but most names need to be written plainly.. Much valuable time is wasted in trying to decipher illegible signatures. If the writer is a lady ^ in writing to a stranger she should sign her name so as" not only to indicate her sex, but also whether she is single or iharried; if a single lady, she may write the title " Miss," in a parenthe- sis, and if a married lady, she should use the title " Mrs." If she fails in this, her correspondent will not know whether to address her as ''Sir," '' Miss," or " Madam." A married lady generally uses her hus- band's name, or initials; as, " Mrs. John Smith," '' Mrs. J. W. Smith." She may use her own name, and should do so if she is a widow. Official signature. — A person in an official, or a prominent business position, may follow his name with words denoting his position ; as, ''John Jones, Chairman of Executive Committee;" " L. G. Smith, Assistant Cashier," etc. If the address is placed at the close of the letter, instead of at the begin- ning, it should be arranged the same as when used at the head of the letter, written on the next line below the signature and beginning on the marginal line, as previously stated. Arrangement and Position. — The complimentary close should be written on the next line below the body of the letter, and if long, it may occupy one, two, or three lines. It should begin directly under the initial letter of the first word in the heading, or a little to the left of the middle of the page, if the address is not at the top. 134 BUSINESS SERIES. The signature should be written on the next line below the compli- mentary close, beginning far enough to the left so that the end of the signature will come to the right edge of the paper. Punctuation. — A comma should be placed after the compli- mentary close, and if it is long, the parts of the same should be separated by commas, as per models. A period should follow the signature. The address, when placed at the close of the letter, is punctuated the same as when written at the beginning. MODELS OF CONCLUSION. Model 1. Model 2. Model 3. IvKTTER-WRITING. 135 If the address is written at the close, it may l^e arranged as in the following; Model 4. y Sometimes the date only is written in the heading, and the post-office address should then follow^ the name, as below : Model 5 ^..^^^-jrx^^^Cte^ei:^^^-^ . ,.S_^^^^. FOLDING. Although the folding of a letter is a very simple matter, it is often very awkwardly done. The right way to fold is as easy as a wrong way, and gives your letter a very much better appearance. Letter-paper. — A sheet of letter-paper may be folded in two ways ; first, to fit an ordinary business envelope, and second^ to fit an official envelope, which is a little longer than the paper is wide. First Method. — The correct way to fold for an envelope of the usual size, is to make three folds ; first, hold the paper as shown in 136 BUSINESS SERIES. Figure i, and fold from the bottom nearly to the upper edge of the paper, as in Figure 2, or far enough to fit the envelope ; then turn the paper, as in Figure 3, and fold from the right and left edges about equal distances, as in Figures 4 and 5, so that the sheet, after being folded, is a little smaller than the envelope. Avoid folding the full width of the envelope from the right, leaving only * a very narrow fold from the left. It is much better to make the folds equal from right and left edges of the paper, leaving the width of the envel- ope in the center. Care should be taken to bring the corner of the paper, as it is folded, clear to the edge of the sheet, where the fingers of the left hand should hold it firmly, while the fold is creased down with the right. If the fingers are soiled, use an ivory paper knife or other article for creasing down the fold. It should be pressed down smoothly, but not enough to break the paper. The illustrations here given, will make clear the method above described. Second Method.- To fit an official envelope, fold the sheet from the bottom up, nearly as far as the envel- ope is wide, then from top down to this point, thus giving two folds and three thicknesses of paper. Suppos- ing Figure 3 to show the full size of a sheet of letter-paper, this method of folding is illustrated by Figures 4 and 5. Note-paper. — There are three ways in which note-paper may be folded ; First, for the common sizes, which are supposed to be a little narrower LETTKR-WRITING. l;]7 than the envelope is long, you should fold the paper twice ; first, from the bottom upward a distance a little less than the width of the envelope, and then fold the top down to the same point ; the paper will then be a little smaller each way than the envelope. This method is illustrated by Figures 3, 4 and 5, supposing Figure 3 to rep- resent a sheet of note-paper. Second, if the envelope is shorter than the width of the paper, the latter should be given two folds ; first, from the bottom to the top, and then from right to left until the edges of the paper meet ; this method of folding gives four thicknesses of paper. It is very rarely necessary to use this style of folding. Third, for a large, square envelope, such as ladies often use, if the paper is made to match, as it should be, only one fold is necessary, from the bottom to the top, as in Figure 2. Putting letter into envelope. — There is a right way to do even this ; take the envelope in the left hand with the opening up, and the back of the envelope towards you, then with the right hand place the letter in the envelope, the part last folded in first ; in this way the corners of the paper do not catch in putting it in, and when the letter is taken out, it is right side up as it is opened. See Figure 6. Unless there is something to enclose later m the letter, it is well to form the habit of sealing the envelope as soon as your letter is placed therein. The envelope should be addressed be- fore putting the letter in it. 138 BUSINESS SERIES. THE SUPERSCRIPTION. The superscription (address upon the envelope), consists of the name and title of the person written to, and his residence or post-office address ; the latter is usually the same as the inside address. The name should be plainly written, and care taken to put the letter in the right envelope. People have been placed in very embarrassing situations, for lack of care in this direction; a young man has been known to send his wash-woman a letter intended for his sweetheart, and his lady correspond- ent a letter begging for more time in the payment of his laundry bill. Titles. — Politeness requires that some title be used on the envelope ; a professional or official title, if the party has one, and if not, one of Model 1. ^dC's/',__^/Z'««^-/ i/^ 'r C^d- '^^-i ■^i^^. the common titles, Mr. , Esq. , etc. But as a matter of fact, most busi- ness men dispense with this formality at the present day, to save time. If a business letter is written to a person acting in an official capacity, his office should be designated in the address; as, " William K. Vander- bilt, Pres. of N. Y. C. R. R. Co." A list of the proper titles to use in addressing various persons in prominent positions, is given elsewhere. Residence. — By the residence we mean the full post-office address. If a person Hves in a large city, it includes the number and street (or post-office box), city and state — as in models 2, 3 and 4; if in the coun- try, it means the post-office, county and state — as in model i. The sfate is sometimes omitted in writing to persons in large and well-known I ^ 1 ^^ tN ^' •^ ^^. ^ »^ ►^ ? ^ 4 ^ ^- h ^ h ^ •"^ s ^ 140 BUSINESS SERIES. cities, but this is not a good custom, as there are usually several smaller places in the country by the same name, and postal clerks generally look in the right hand lower corner first, for the state. They can handle letters with less delay if the state is given ; and, abbreviating as we do in writing states, it takes but an instant of time. Arrangement and position. — The writing should be in straight lines, parallel with the upper and lower edges of the envelope. The upper edge is the one that opens, and should be farthest from you, when you address the envelope. If a p.erson has difficulty in getting lines straight and parallel with the edges, it is a good plan to rule with heavy, black lines, a sheet of paper a little smaller than the envelope, and place it inside of the latter while writing, being careful to remove it before putting in the letter. If the envelope is so thick that you cannot see the lines through, the next best plan is to rule very light pencil lines, and erase them after the writing is dry. Never line with a pin, or any other sharp-pointed instru- ment, and dispense with all aids as soon as possible. The name should be written a little below the middle of the envel- ope, commencing far enough to the left so that the spaces on the right and left of it are about the same ; each subsequent line in the address should commence a little farther to the right than the preceding one, and all be arranged so that the state is written near the right hand lower corner. The proper order for the parts of the address, are : For a country address, For a city address, Name and Title, Name and Title, Post-office, Number and Street, County, City, State. State. The county, number and street are, however, more frequently placed in the left hand lower corner on a line with the state, as in models I, 3 and 4. The latter is a good form to use, as by having one less line to the right, that part of the address is plainer. The number of the post- office box may occupy a line following the name, or be written in left hand lower corner, as in model 4. If a letter is to be delivered in the same city it is written, it is customary to use the word ' ' City " to take the place of the post-office LETTER-WRITING. Ill and state. In such cases the address consists of name, street number and word " City," and should occupy three Hnes, as in model 5. If a letter is sent by a friend, his name should be written in the left lower corner. Some urge that the order of addresses here given be reversed, and the name of the state be written first, because that is the order in which postal employes read the address. We do not see that this is sufficient reason for the change. If the postal clerks know where to look for each portion of the address, they can see as quickly in the form now in use, and this style of address certainly has a better appearance on the envelope ; besides, at the office of delivery the present form gives the order in which the parts of the address are read. Legibility. — The address on the envelope should be plainly writ- ten, especially the state and post-office. Some of the abbreviations which are used for the names of the states are so similar in form, that it is especially important they should be written plainly ; as, N. J. , N. Y. ; Cal., Col.; Mo., Me.; Neb., Nev. 6,464,870 pieces of mail matter were sent to the " Dead-letter Office " last year for various reasons. Of these, 435,416 were misdirected, and 18,895 were not addressed dX all. Addressed and special request envelopes. — To save your correspondents trouble, and insure accuracy of address, an envelope a size smaller than the one in which your letter is sent, and with your own address printed upon it, may be inclosed. A special request envelope is one with a card, giving your name and address, printed in the left upper corner, as in model 2. This card may also indicate your business, and serve as an advertisement. All letters that for any reason are not delivered to the party addressed, are sent to the ' ' Dead-letter Office," unless they have this card printed on the envelope. If you desire your uncalled for letters returned promptly, this card may be preceded by the clause, " If not called for in days, return to," as in model 2. The special request may be written if you do not use printed envelopes. Envelopes simply giving your name and address, are sup- posed to be returned in thirty days. Sealed letters are returned without payment of additional postage, if the envelope bears your name and address. Packages that appear to the postmaster to have sufficient value to warrant it, are returned to the sender if his address is on the package, and the return postage collected at the original mailing office. Circulars, catalogues, etc. , are returned only when their wrapper bears the special 142 BUSINESS SERIES. request, '' Please return to ," etc., and then the return postage is col- lected as on packages. Inclosing stamp. — In writing to a person on a subject that does not directly interest him, and concerns only yourself, you should always; enclose a stamp if you expect a reply. A single stamp enclosed should be fastened to the paper, so it may not drop out and be lost when the letter is opened. This may be done by sticking a very small corner of the stamp, or the gummed border of one from the outside row of a sheet of stamps, to the head of your letter. Punctuation. — A comma should follow each part of the address, excepting the last, which is followed by a period. If a title follows the name, a comma should be used between the name and the title ; if two titles are added, place a comma between them. A period should follow each abbreviation. Capitals. — All important words, and all abbreviations should begin with capitals. Ordinarily, every word in the superscription is capitalized. Notice carefully the arrangement, position and punctuation of the sample envelope addresses given in the accompanying models. STAMP. No domestic letter, that is a letter addressed to any post-office in our own country, will be forwarded until one two-cent stamp is placed there- on. If the letter is over weight and bears one two-cent stamp, the Department will collect the balance of the postage from the person to whom it is addressed. Of course it is always better, however, to see that your letters have sufficient stamps before they are sent out. Position. — The stamp should be placed on the upper right hand corner of the envelope, about one-eighth of an inch from the end, and half as far from the upper edge ; it should be right side up, with the edges parallel with the edges of the envelope. Placing the stamp on the envelope wherever you happen to is an evidence of carelessness, and disrespect for your correspondent. It is just as easy, and takes no more time, to put the stamp in the proper place. Amount. — The present rate of postage on letters is two cents an ounce, and each fraction thereof; that is, if the letter weighs any more than one ounce, it requires more than one stamp. An abstract of the latest postal laws in regard to rates, is given on another page. \ LETTER-WRITING. 143 DICTION AND CONSTRUCTION. The diction of letters is not so formal as that of books. One should use common words, and express himself as he would in conversa- tion. Small words. — In our letters, as in conversation, we should not use too many large words. Give preference to the common and home words of our language. Our best orators and writers, you will notice, use very few uncommon words. It is usually better to use ^^ do^^ than * ^perforfn ; " ^^ see'''' than * ^perceive ; " * ' tired'^ than ' ^fatigued; " " have '* than ''possess;'' ''Sunday'' than "Sabbath," etc. Foreign words. — Use few if any foreign words and phrases. In correspondence they are usually indulged in by those who like to display learning, rather than by the best educated. Slang words and phrases. — It is quite common nowadays to acquire in conversation or on the street a vocabulary of slang words. It is bad enough to use these in conversation, without putting them in writ- ing. Do not use them in letters. Grammatical accuracy. — A person who has to do business cor- respondence should understand the ordinary rules of grammar, and though he may not express himself in every instance in the best form, as he would in a studied composition, he should be careful to avoid grammatical errors. Any one will find the reading of good books and papers a great aid to him in the correct use of language. Clearness. — In business correspondence especially, a person should express himself so that he will not be misunderstood. Make your state- ments pointed and direct, and so clear that they cannot be misinterpreted. Sentences. — Short sentences, particularly in business correspond- ence, are to be preferred to long ones. It is a common fault to run sentences together, uniting them by *'and" and ''but," when it would be far better to make distinct sentences. CAPITALS. Some err in using too many capitals, and others in not using enough. Careful observation of capitals in standard books and papers, is an excel- 144 BUSINESS SKRIKvS. lent way of learning their correct use. A thoughtful study of the follow- ing rules will enable any one to avoid errors in his correspondence. Full instruction has been given on preceding pages as to the capital- ization of the heading, introduction, close and superscription of letters. It is allowable and customary, in writing sums of money, especially in the body of a check, draft or note, to use capitals to begin every noun ; as, *'One Thousand Four Hundred and Seventy-five Dollars." It is also allowable in writing headings or advertisements, to capitalize important words. In other cases follow these rules : Capital letters should be used: — I St. To begin every sentence. 2d. To begin every line of poetry. 3d. To begin every quotation forming a sentence ; as, Pope says, " Hope dwells eternal in the human breast." 4th. To begin all words denoting the Deity ; as, " Trust in Providence." It is also customary to capitalize all personal pro- nouns referring to the Deity; as, "Trust in Hiin and He will give you strength." 5th. To begin proper nouns and titles; as, "Ben Hur was written by Gen'l Lew Wallace, of Crawfordsville, Ind." In geographical names, composed of proper and common nouns, such as "New York city," "Ohio river," only the first part should be capitalized, unless the name is used in the address, because it may be used alone. But in case of such names as "Jersey City," " White Mountains," etc., both must begin with capitals, because both are necessary to describe the place. 6th. To begin the names of city, county, state and national official bodies and departments of the government, and official titles of the offi- cers of the same ; as, City Council, Infirmary Directors, State Legislature, Post-office Department ; Mayor, Sheriff, Governor, Minister to Russia (but not a sheriff, a constable, a police- man, a justice of the peace, except directly preceding a name). 7th. To begin the names of all organized bodies, companies and political organizations ; as. The Odd Fellows, The Burrows Bros. Co., National Guard. The names of officer^ of societies and of railroads should not be capitalized unless immediately preceding a name. 8th. To begin proper adjectives, the names of all religious sects all political parties, and adjectives or verbs derived from them ; as, The American people; Baptist; Republican; the Congregational church; the Republican party. LETTER-WRITING. 145 9th. To begin names of things spoken of as persons, and of espe- cially important things, events or bodies of men ; as, ''Upon this, Fancy hega.n to bestir herself ; " Declaration of Independence; the Reformation; National Republican Convention. loth. To begin the names of the months, days of the week, names of streets, and holidays. Names of the seasons should not begin with capitals, unless they are person- ified. nth. The pronoun I, and interjection O should be capitalized. 1 2th. To begin words denoting certain regions ; as, Transatlantic, the North, the South, the East, the West, and their correspond- ing adjectives, when applied to divisions of a country ; as, the North of Africa, Southern Ohio, Pacific Coast. 13th. To begin the words State and Territory where referring to one of the United States, du^ not ' ' church and state, " and shnilar uses. 14th. To begin words used to indicate the Bible directly ; as, The Scriptures, Gospel of Luke, etc., but not in " to preach the gospel," "scriptural doctrine," etc. 15th. To begin the names of important buildings and localities ; as, The Public Library ; the High School (but not when spoken of in a general sense; as, " our high schools"); Central Market ; the Penitentiary; but not jail, prison or post-office, because commonly spoken of in a general sense. PUNCTUATION, The proper punctuation of the heading, introduction and close of letters is given in the instruction on those subjects and accompanying models. Should not be neglected. — Some business men write so care- lessly and hurriedly that they almost entirely neglect the use of punctua- tion marks. Business letters, as well as other written documents, should be carefully punctuated. By neglecting to do so or punctuating incor- rectly, the meaning of the sentence is often entirely changed. Punctuation (from the Latin Punctum, a point) is the art of dividing written composition by means of points to make it correctly ex- press the desired meaning. Punctuation was not generally known until about 1600 A. D., after the invention of the art of printing. Punctua- 146 BUSINESS SERIES. tion cannot be made a mere mechanical process ; it is hardly possible to give rules that will apply in all cases. The best one is the rule of com- mon sense. Importance. — The importance of the subject makes it worthy of careful study and practice, by any one who would write a good and in- telligible letter. Sometimes serious or ludicrous mistakes occur by the careless mis- placing or omission of punctuation points. John Quincy Adams once gained a law suit involving $50,000, the decision of which turned on the position of a comma. The Tariff Act passed by the XLIId Congress provided that fruit plants, and certain other commodities, should be admitted free of duty. In engrossing or printing the Act, a comma was inserted between fruit and plants, consequently, "all fruits," and *' all plants " were put upon the " free list," and this mistake, (if mistake it was) cost the United States about $2,000,000. A special Act of Congress was necessary to get rid of that comma. A toast at a public dinner was, *' Woman ; without her, man would be a sav- age." The next day it appeared in print, "Woman, without her man, would be a savage." A report of a Clergyman's temperance sermon read, " A young woman in my neighborhood died suddenly last Sunday, while I was preaching the gospel in a state of beastly intoxication." A comma after the word gospel, would have made the sentence read, "A young woman in my neighborhood died suddenly last Sunday, while I was preaching the gospel, in a state of beastly intoxication." The following notice was once read in church : "John Brown having gone to sea (see) his wife, desires the prayers of the congregation in his behalf." The comma should have been placed after the word sea. Punctuate the following lines so as to make them express a fact: . Every lady in the land Has twenty nails upon each hand Five and twenty on hands and feet This is true without deceit. AN EPITAPH— PUNCTUATE TO SUIT. He is an old and experienced man in vice and wickedness he is never found opposing the words of iniquity he takes delight in the downfall of the neighbors he never rejoices in the prosperity of any of his fellow creatures he is always ready to assist in destroying the peace of society he takes no pleasure in serving the Lord he is uncommonly diligent in sowing discord among his friends and acquaintances he takes no pride in laboring to promote the cause of Christianity he has not been negligent in endeavoring to stigmatize all public teachers he makes no exertions to subdue his evil passions he strives hard to build up Satan's kingdom he lends no aid to the support of the Gospel among the heathen he contributes LETTER-WRITING. H' largely to the evil adversary lie pays no attention to good advice he gives great heed to the devil he will never go to heaVen he must go where he will receive the just recompense of his reward. Punctuation Marks. The principal points used in punctuation are the following : The Period ( . ) should follow every declarative and every impera- tive sentence, and every abbreviation ; as, Your favor received. Dare to do right. Prof. C. O. D. The Interrogation Point (?) must be placed after every ques- tion ; as, Who wrote "Beautiful Snow?" An interrogation point should also be used after an interrogative phrase in a sentence, and in such cases the next word does not begin with a capital; as, "The question, What do we live for? is a solemn one." The Exclamation Point (!) is used after words, phrases or sen- tences denoting strong emotion ; as, Alas ! I am undone. " Would that I had perished ! " The above note in reference to the Interrogation, also applies to the Exclamation. A Colon ( : ) is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observa- tion, that is introduced by ''thus," ''as follows," "the following," or any equivalent expression ; as. He answered my argument thus : "The man who lives by hope will die by despair." Second. A colon must be placed between the great divisions of sentences, when minor subdivisions are separated by semicolons ; as, "You have called yourself an atom in the universe ; you have said that you were but an insect in the solar blaze : is your present pride consistent with these professions?" Third. A colon is used between the members of a compound sen- tence, when there is no conjunction between them and the connection is slight ; as, " Never flatter the people : leave that to such as mean to betray them." Fourth. When the time of day is denoted by figures, a colon is placed between the hours and minutes ; as. School begins at 8:45 A. M. A Semicolon ( ; ) is placed between the members of compound sentences, unless the connection is very close ; as, " Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord; but they that deal truly are His delight." 148 BUSINESS vSERIES. Second. A semicolon is placed between parts of sentences which are subdivided by commas ; as, ** Mirth should be the embroidery of conversation, not the web; and wit the ornament of the mind, not the furniture." Third. A semicolon must be placed before the conjunction as, when it introduces an example ; as, "We, the people of the United States, etc." Fourth. When several long clauses occur in succession, all having common dependence on some other clause or word, they must be sepa- rated by semicolons. If the clauses are short, they may be separated by commas. The Comma ( , ) is used to separate words, phrases, clauses, and short members, closely connected with the rest of the sentence, but re- quiring separation by some point in consequence of the construction or arrangement. Second. When, to avoid repetition, and, or, nor, or a verb pre- viously used is omitted, a comma takes its place. The Dasll ( — ) is used to denote a break in the construction, a suspension of the sense, a sudden interruption, and hesitation in the speaker; also after other points when a greater pause than they denote is required. Marks of Parenthesis — ( ) — are used to inclose words which ex- plain, modify; or add to, the leading proposition of a sentence, when introduced in such a way as to break the connection between the depend- ent parts and interfere with their harmonious flow. An interrogatioti point \y!\\k\\xi pareittheses is often placed after an as- sertion to throw doubt on it; as, "When I get the office (?), I shall spend my leisure time in reading." An exclamation point similarly enclosed, denotes wonder, irony, or contempt; as, "This accurate scholar (!), who went to high school and graduated at Yale, has actually made half a dozen grammatical mistakes in one short paragraph." The Apostrophe (') is used to denote the omission of a letter or -letters; as, V/V, 77/, o'er. The apostrophe is used to denote the pos- sessive case of nouns ; as, America's wealth. Quotation Points (" ") are used to enclose words quoted from LETTKR-WRITING. 149 an author or speaker, or represented in narratives as employed in dialogue; as, " By doing nothing," says an old writer, '* men learn to do evil," '* Come' quick! or I perish," shrieked the exhausted hunter. Single points are used to enclose a quotation within a quotation ; as, *' ' Many's the slip,' Hath the proverb well said, ' 'twixt the cup and the lip ! ' " MISCELLANEOUS HINTS. Do not write anonymous letters. Avoid writing with pencil, or witn ink of any other color than black. Do not fill a letter with apolo- gies and repetitions. Do not use figures in the body of a letter, except in writing dates and sums of money. As a rule, private matters should not be mentioned in business letters. Upon receipt of a letter containing money, immediately count the sum, and note same on the letter. Do not be afraid to write of common- place things in social correspondence. It is usually the small things of every day life that prove most interesting in such letters. Style.— The style of the letter should correspond to the subject, and the relation between parties. To friends, familiar; to relations, affectionate; to children, simple and playful; to inferiors, courteous; to superiors, respectful ; on important subjects, impressive ; in condo- lence, sympathetic ; in congratulation, joyous. It is impossible to give any rule that will apply to all cases. Perhaps a good rule would be, to write as you talk ; however, we usually have to use fewer words than we would in conversation on the same subject. This is especially true of busi- ness letters. They should be brief and to the point ordinarily, though not so brief as to make an unpleasant impression on the reader. Sometimes it is advisable or necessary to have a business letter almost the reverse, making the statements or explanations full and complete. In almost every case the person will need to use his own judgment and taste as to the style to adopt in a given case. Public and descriptive letters admit of the use of more or less flowery language, but in ordinary letters, such figures should be used sparingly, as they would be under like circumstances in conversation. Do not write about nothing, or repeat simply for the purpose of filling space. Complete letter-writers are books giving model letters, so- called, on all subjects. Some young people fall into the habit of copying these almost word for word, instead of vv^riting original letters. This is 150 BUSINESS SERIES. a bad practice ; it is better to send a poorly constructed letter, of which you are the author, than a " model" one copied. A case is related of a young man who copied and used such a letter proposing marriage, and received a reply saying, "you will find my answer on the next page." It was a polite refusal. Emphasis. — In writing, we denote emphasis by underlining words. Some persons are in the habit of filling their letters with underlined words. This is not commendable. Few if any words should be underlined in letters. Answers. — As a rule every letter should be answered, if it is not insulting. If it is, the letter may be ignored, or returned. The latter is usually the better way. Letters requiring an answer, should be answered promptly. In fact, prompt people are usually the most successful in business. Of course the answer will ordinarily correspond in style to the letter, being written upon the same subject. Recapitulation. — It is well in the beginning of a business letter to refer to the subject and date of the letter to which it is an answer. This will call to the mind of your correspondent his letter to you, and perhaps save him time in looking up the subject, besides your letters then, when filed, are something of a history of the transaction. Care of letters. — Answered and unanswered letters should be kept separate. An answered letter on an important subject should always be filed for reference. There are very many systems of filing now used in business. If you employ no better method, the letters may be simply folded to a uniform size, and on one end of the back the name of the writer, date of its receipt, and date of answer may be written. It is also well to briefly indicate the subject of the communication. This will often save time in opening a letter and reading it. Copying letters. — It is well to preserve copies of all important letters. The plan most used by business men is to make letter-press copies, which gives a fac simile. If the letter is dictated to a stenogra- pher, his short-hand notes may be preserved. Postscripts. — The writing of postscripts is largely a matter of habit. Try to think of all you want to say before you begin writing and put it in the body of the letter. If a matter of sufficient importance is thought of afterwards, it may be written in a postscript, — with this ex- LETTER-WRITING. 151 ception : a message of compliment or affection should never be written as a postscript. Words which, if written in the body of the letter would be decidedly complimentary, may appear insulting if put in a postscript as an after-thought. Beginning and ending. — Social and private letters should begin in an easy and natural way. Business letters may be a little more formal or abrupt in the beginning. The former should generally close with some expression of affection or compliment, in addition to the compli- mentary close. Such expressions are often a part of the last sentence. Care in writing. — As a rule, it is better not to write a letter when excited or angry. More care should be used in this respect in writing than in speaking. Words spoken are soon forgotten, but what is written may be kept as a record against us for years. For this reason, it is wise to wait until one can soberly decide just what is best to write. Trnthfulness. — In writing, as in talking, we should always be strictly truthful. Untruthfulness often leads to unfair dealing and possibly to crime, while strict truthfulness and honesty in small as well as large things, gains the confidence of others, and is best as a matter of policy, if for no higher motive. True and lasting success comes only from honor and strict integrity. Abbreviations. — As a rule, no abbreviations should be used in the body of a letter. Do not write " &" for " and," and spell out all words in full instead of contracting. If any abbreviations are used, era- ploy the terms that are accepted by common usage. Do not abbreviate an abbreviation, as '^ Mess.^' for ^^ Messrs.;''' ^^ Ad.'" for ^^ Adv.;'' etc. Junior and Senior. — The abbreviations for these words are ^^Jr." or ^^/un.," and " Sr." or " Sen." The former is used by the son and the latter by the father, when both have the same name. The son usually discontinues the use of ^^ Jr." upon the death of his father. The abbreviation should immediately follow the name ; it does not take the place of any title, and should begin with a capital. Nota bene. — This means ''mark well," and the abbreviation is N. B. l>ike the postscript, it follows the signature to the letter. Paging. — If a letter consists of more than one sheet, the leaves should be paged and arranged in proper order. Postal cards. — The introduction and complimentary close may be 152 BUSINESS SERIES. omitted in writing postal cards, and nothing but the address is allowed upon the face of a postal. If an answer is required, the writer's full address should be given unless it is well known by the person addressed. Postal cards, on which anything is pasted or fastened in any way, are unmailable. Important or private matters should never be written on postal cards. Titles and signatures. — People of good taste do not use titles in signing letters. ReiK, Hon., Prof., etc., are prefixed to the names of gentlemen by others, but should not thus be used by themselves. LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. A LETTER OF INTRODUCTION is One Written for the purpose of introduc- ing a person to a friend or acquaintance, and is commonly used only when it is not convenient to personally introduce the party. There are two kinds of letters of introduction, social and business. The following general suggestions will apply to both classes : Be careful whom you introduce. — Do not introduce any one' socially, with whom you think your friend would not like to associate. By introducing an improper person to a business acquaintance you may do the latter a great injustice. Should be short. — Letters of introduction should be short, as they are usually delivered in person, and it is embarrassing to wait for the reading of a long letter. Praise. — One may use the language of cordial friendship, but ex- travagant eulogy is out of place in written as well as oral introductions. It is possible to do your friend an injustice by over-praising him, as well as by failing to state his real merits. Should not be sealed. — A letter of introduction should always be delivered to the one introduced unsealed, that he may see its contents if he desires to do so. The superscription. — The envelope address of a letter of intro- duction is the same as if it were sent by mail, except that the words, ' ' introducing " are written in the lower left hand corner, as on envelope model 6. LETTER-WRITING. 153 Proper delivery. — The proper way to deliver a letter of intro- duction is to send it to the person to whom it is addressed, with the name and address of the person introduced. The former should then call on the latter and extend his hospitalities. In most cases, however, especially if it is a business letter of introduction, the bearer presents the letter in person. Care should be taken to present it at a time when it will cause the least inconvenience to the person addressed. A Business Letter of Introduction. Dayton, O., Nov. 3, '89. Messrs. A, Burt & Co., St. Louis, Mo. Gentlemen : — This will introduce to you our friend and former book-keeper, Mr. Chas. D. Ranney, who visits your city to engage in the hardware business. He is a capable, energetic, honorable gentleman, and will, we are confi, dent, be very successful in his new venture. Any courtesies you may show him will be duly appreciated by Yours truly, Smith & Brown. LETTERS OF APPLICATION. By this heading we mean letters applying for employment. As the success of the applicant often depends entirely upon his letter, careful attention should be given to the following : Should be carefully written. — His letter of application is often the only evidence of the writer's fitness for a position ; great care should therefore be taken in the writing and in the wording of the letter. Nu- merous advertisements seen in the papers close with the words, ^' apply in your own hand writing, " showing the importance that business men place upon good penmanship. Read your letter over carefully before sending, and if you see any way in which the wording might be improved, or find a single mistake, the letter should by all means be re-written. Your success in the securing of the place may depend upon this slight extra trouble on your part. If the position is an important one, you will be almost sure to fail in securing it, unless your letter of appli- cation is carefully written. Wording of the letter. — The applicant should usually state what his education has been, what experience he has had in business, if 154 BUSINESS SERIES. any, state his age, qualifications, etc., and give any general information concerning himself which he thinks would interest the person addressed. It is well to enclose copies of letters of recommendation, if he has such. While the applicant should state his qualifications clearly, it is equally important that he state them modestly as well. A Specimen Letter. Washington, D. G., Jan. 2, '90. Mr. E. R. Harvey, City. Dear Sir: — In reply to your advertisement in this morning's Star, I hereby apply for a position in your office. I am eighteen years old and a graduate of our High School, and Business College. Can refer you, by permission, to the Principal of either school, also to Mr. C. A. Frost, in whose office I was employed one year. Hoping for a favor- able reply, I am, Very respectfully, Charles Deering. LETTERS OF CREDIT, A LETTER OF CREDIT is One in which the writer loans credit to the bearer; that is, he guarantees the payment of a certain sum in case the person asking credit fails to pay. In style, it closely resembles a letter of introduction. The model below is a good specimen of letters of this class. Specimen Letter. Andover, O., Sept. 8, 1889. Messrs. Root & McBride Bros., Cleveland, O. Gentlemen: — Please allow the bearer, Mr. James C. Ranney, a credit for any goods he may wish, to an amount not exceeding $1,500, on four months' time, and I will be responsible to you for the prompt payment of same. Should he make any purchases of you on account of this letter, please notify me of the amount, and in case of failure in payment of account when due, let me know it immediately. Yours truly, Mr. Ranney's signature.* Chas. A. Hubbard. James C. Ranney. ••'If the bearer is not known to the party of whom credit is asked the letter should contain his signature. LETTER-WRITING. 155 LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION. A RECOMMENDATION is sometimes given in a letter of introduc- tion, but is generally a separate letter. Great care should be exercised in giving letters of recommendation. Do not recommend any one too highly and never recommend an unworthy person ; innocent persons may suffer by placing confidence in the letter which over-praises. Recom- mendations may be special or general. Special letters are addressed like ordinary letters, to some person, while the other class should be addressed in a general way "To whom it may concern," or ''To the public," etc. The following are examples of the two classes : 123 E. 14th St., New York, January 14, 1890. Mr. E. A. Hammond, . Chicago, 111. Dear Sir : The bearer of this letter, Miss Millie Humphreys, visits your city to find employment as an amanuensis. She has been with us during the past three years, has given excellent satisfaction, and only leaves our employ because she has friends in Chicago and prefers a residence in that city. Miss Humphreys writes short-hand rapidly, and makes an excellent transcript on either the Remington type-writer or caligraph. If you can aid her in securing employment, it will be a special favor to her as also to ourselves. Very truly yours, J. C. Williams & Co. New Orleans, La., July i, 1889. To whom it may concern : This is to certify that Mr. Charles A. Scott has been in our employ during the past three years. He is a faithful, hard working and reliable young man, and we take pleasure in recommending him to any one in need of such services as he can render. Respectfully, John C. Brown & Co. 166 BUSINESS SERIES. LETTERS ACKNOWLEDGING RECEIPT OF MONEY. A RECEIPT should always be sent, for money received in a letter. This receipt may be embodied in the form of a letter, or may be a sepa- rate receipt ; in either case, the amount received should be stated and also the account or thing for which it was received. The receipt, of course, should be sent promptly, that the sender may know his remittance has reached you. Specimen Letters. Cleveland, O., Jan. i, 1890. Messrs. Samuel Morgan & Co., San Francisco, Cal. Gentlemen: — Your favor of the 25th ult., enclosing New York draft for $26.30 in payment of your account, came duly to hand. Thanking you for promptness in remitting, and hoping to receive further orders, we are. Very respectfully yours, S. C. Brown & Co.. Some firms use a printed form similar to the following for such pur- poses, in which case it is only necessary to fill the blank spaces : OFFICE OF J. H. HAMMOND & CO., 85 Main Street. . J7. Y., 188 Oear Sirs : Your favor enclosing. duly received, for which please accept thanks. Yours very truly , ^ t ^i s I.ETTER-WRITING. 157 LETTERS ORDERING GOODS. A LETTER ORDERING GOODS should contain very few words, except the order, unless there are some special instructions to be given. The order may be embraced in the body of the letter, or may be written on a separate sheet. If the list of goods is written in the letter, it is well to make a separate line for each item, beginning these lines directly under each other and to the right of the marginal line of the letter, as in the following model : Detroit, Mich., Oct. i, 1889. Messrs. Ivison, Blakeman & Co., 753 and 755 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Gentlemen: — Please send at once by "American Express" the following goods: 25 sets Spencerian new standard copy slips. 50 gross Spencerian pens No. i. 4 gross oblique pen holders. 2 doz. Webster's Handy Dictionary. Yours truly, John Jones. In ordering any kind of goods, state distinctly just what is wanted, so there may be no error in filling your order. Unless the party knows from your previous orders the conveyance by which you wish the goods shipped, it is well to state your preference. Goods sent C. 0. D. — Packages are often sent by express, C. O. D. (collect on delivery). When this is the case, the bill is payable to the Express Co. on receipt of goods. Packages on which a small amount is to be collected, or those to strangers, are often shipped in this way. Ordinarily the person receiving the package by this method pays the express charges on the goods, and also pays for returning the money. The Express Co. collects the return charges of the shipper^ however, unless he has written on his invoice, or envelope containing same, the words " collect return charges." LETTERS ENCLOSING A REMITTANCE. It is not considered safe to enclose currency or silver in a letter. The more common ways of remitting are by draft, check, money order, express order, registered letter, and postal note. 158 BUSINESS SERIES. Checks. — Most business houses, at the present day, pay nearly all their local bills by bank checks. As a rule these should not be sent to out of town correspondents, as the receiver would then usually have to pay for their collection. Some firms, whose dealings are almost entirely with persons doing a regular banking business, remit their checks in pay- ment of bills, marking them " New York Exchange." In such cases the receiver deposits them the same as drafts, without having to pay for their collection. Drafts. — Bank drafts, usually New York Exchange, may be pur- chased of your local bank. This is perhaps the safest and most conven- ient way of remitting money. Banks do not like to issue drafts for sums less than $5, and for smaller amounts, money orders or postal notes may be purchased. To order. — A draft or check should always be made " to order," unless the person to whom it is given makes a special request otherwise ; to save him the trouble of identification, it may then be made to ' ' bearer. " If the draft or check is made fo order, it is necessary for the payee to en- dorse it before he can collect the same, and it then becomes to the payer a receipt for the amount. Enclosing a draft or check. — It is better to fold a draft or check with the letter ; this makes the best fold for it, and it is not apt to drop out when the letter is opened. Endorsement. — A draft or check should always be endorsed across the left-hand end ; then, as the bank clerk turns the paper over with his right hand, the endorsement is right side up and at the top of the check. If endorsed across the right-hand side the clerk will have to turn the check end for end to read the endorsement. Money orders. — Money orders are issued by the post-office de- partment on all the principal post-offices in the United States, at the following rates : Orders not exceeding $ 5 • • 5c. Over $ 5 and not exceeding 10 . . 8c. *' 10 *' ** 15 • IOC. " 15 ** '♦ 30 . . 15c. " 30 '* *' 40 . 20c. Over $40 and not exceeding $50 . . 25c. "50 " " 60 . . 30c. " 60 " " 70 . . 35c. " 70 '* '♦ 80 . . 40c. " 80 " " 100 . . 45c. A single money order may include any amount from one cent to one hundred dollars, inclusive. LETTER-WRITING. 159 These are made to " order " and the receiver must be identified be- fore he can collect them. This, therefore, is a very safe way of remit- ting money. Express orders. — The principal express companies now issue money orders payable either to ''order" or "bearer" at the following rates : $30 00 . . I2C. 40 00 15c. 50 00 20c. $ 5 00 5c 10 00 8c 20 00 IOC Over $50 00 proportionately. This, also, is a very safe way of making remittances. Registered letters. — The post-office department register either letters or packages to any post-office in the U. S. The fee for register- ing a letter or package is 10 cents, in addition to the postage. The post- age and register fee must be fully prepaid. A receipt is given by the department for such letter or package, and it is receipted for by each employe through whose hands it passes. This is an inexpensive and comparatively safe method of sending small sums. Postal notes. — Postal notes may be purchased at any money order office for any amount less than $5. Fee, 3 cents each. As they are payable to the bearer, to use them is little more secure than to remit cur- rency. However, for small sums, as fractions of a dollar, a postal note is usually a safe medium. Money by telei^raph. — Telegraph and express companies will telegraph their agents at any important city or village office, to pay money to a person specified. The rates in addition to the cost of tele- gram, are about as follows : Sums of $100 or less, one per cent., or 50c to $1. Over $100 to $200 $1 25 " 200 to 300 I 50 " 300 to 400 I 75 " 400 to 500 2 00 Larger sums in proportion. A letter with a bill. — A letter explaining what a remittance is for should always accompany it, except when the amount is for payment of a bill which is enclosed. In such cases, a letter may be written, but if one is not, it would be understood for what purpose the remittance was made. 160 BUSINESvS SERIES. Be careful in addressing envelopes containing valuable papers. Last year the 5,467,042 letters and packages opened at the Dead-letter Office were found to contain money, drafts, checks, notes, postal notes, postage stamps, etc., to the amount of $1,384,563.21. Specimen Letters. Andover, Ashtabula Co., O., Nov. 6, 1889. The Tribune, New York city. Please find enclosed post-office money order for $1.00 to pay for the weekly "Tribune" one year from Nov. ist, 1889. Yours truly, Henry Adams. The following letter should contain two enclosures, the draft and the bill. A similar form may be used for letters enclosing checks, money orders, express orders, etc. : Baltimore, Md., July 3, 1890. Ranney & Raymond, Boston, Mass. Gentlemen : — Inclosed please find N. Y. draft for $36.73 in full of our account. Please receipt and return bill, and oblige, Yours truly, John Jones. LETTERS ENCLOSING INVOICE. When goods are shipped, a letter or invoice, or both, should always be mailed to the consignee. Unless some special information is to be given, it is customary for business men to simply mail the invoice of goods, and perhaps state thereon the conveyance by which the goods were shipped. Some are accustomed to enclose the invoice in a letter of one or two lines, similar to the following : LETTER-WRITING. 161 IVISON, BLAKEMAN & CO., Publishers, 753 and 755 Broadway. New York, Oct. 3, 1889. Mr. John Jones, Detroit, Mich. Dear Sir: — Enclosed please find invoice of goods ordered by you on the ist inst., and shipped you to-day by "American Express." Hoping they will reach you in good condition, and prove satisfactory, we are, Very truly yours, Ivison, Blakeman & Co. PUBLIC LETTERS. Public letters are communications for publication, written in the form of a letter. They are generally addressed to some individual. This form of writing is adopted because it arouses personal interest in what is said, and admits of a more informal style of composition. Most of the letters published in newspapers are addressed either to the editor, or some public man. How to write for the Press. — Write plainly, on one side of the paper only. Be careful in the spelling, capitalization, paragraphing, etc. Number the pages. Always give your own name and address ; not for publication, necessarily, but as a guarantee of good faith. If you do not wish your name published you may sign the letter with an assumed name, but in addition you must not fail to give your own name and address, otherwise your letter will certainly find its way into the waste basket. LETTERS OF CONGRATULATION. A LETTER OF CONGRATULATION is ouc Written to a friend who has had some good fortune. It should, of course, be written in a cheerful, lively style suited to the occasion. Any thing of an unpleasant nature concerning yourself, matters of advice, or other subjects, should not be mentioned in such a letter. The following model is one of this class of letters : 162 BUSINESS SERIES. Cleveland, O., Aug. 8, 1889. Friend Charles : I am greatly pleased to learn that, notwithstanding the general dull- ness of business, you have succeeded in obtaining a clerkship. I doubt not your firm will regard themselves fortunate in securing your services. In the meantime, accept my congratulations upon your success. Hoping your stay may be permanent and pi'osperous, I am, Truly yours, C. A. Leonard, Washington, D. C. Irving Eliott. LETTERS OF CONDOLENCE. A LETTER OF CONDOLENCE is One Written to a friend who has suffered some loss or bereavement. Such a letter is one of the most difficult of all to write. It requires good taste and sympathetic feeling. In offering condolence, carefully avoid recalling to the sufferer the details of the case, and do not attempt to argue on the subject. Reasons that should appeal to the head cannot affect the heart. Of course, never insinuate that your friend is in the least directly or indirectly to blame. What is most needed at such a time is sympathy. Endeavor, as much as is pos- sible in words, to show your friend that you are ready and anxious to share his grief, and your sympathetic feeling will thus lessen the sorrow. The following letter, written to John Adams on the death of Mrs. Adams, is one of the finest models of letters of this class : Monticello, November 13, 1818. The public papers, my dear friend, announce the fatal event of which your letter of October the 20th had given me ominous foreboding. Tried myself in the school of aiffliction, by the loss of every form of connection which can rive the human heart, I know well, and feel what you have lost, what you have suffered, are suffering, and yet have to endure. The same trials have taught me that for ills so immeasurable, time and silence are the only medicine. I will not, therefore, by useless condolences, open afresh the sluices of your grief, nor, although mingling my tears with yours, will I say a word more where words are vain, but that it is of some comfort to us both that the time is not very far distant at which we are to deposit in the same cerement our sorrows and suffering bodies, and to ascend in LETTER-WRITING. 163 essence to an ecstatic meeting with the friends we have loved and lost, and whom we shall still love and never lose again. God bless you and support you under your heavy affliction. Th. Jefferson. TELEGRAMS. Telegrams are so much used now in business, that to be able to write out a good message is one of the qualifications desirable for a busi- ness man. Some people do not seem to be able to express their meaning in few words. Such should write what they wish to say, and then cut out all unnecessary words. Telegraph companies usually charge a certain rate for ten words, and so much per word for each one more than that number. The sender, therefore, if he pays for the message, saves money by expressing himself in few words. It is better to put in one or two words more, however, and be sure that your meaning will not be misunderstood, than to con- dense so much that there is liability of doubt in a matter of importance. Night messages.— Telegraph companies send messages at night, when their business is light, at greatly reduced rates. Such messages are not delivered until the following morning. ADVERTISING. The writing of circulars and newspaper advertisements has come to be an art at the present day. In our larger cities, men who make this their profession give their entire time to writing advertisements for whom- ever may apply, and is willing to pay them for such services. With the competition we have now, in almost all kinds of business, there is no doubt that the success of many firms is due largely to their style of ad- vertising. The subject, therefore, is worth special and careful attention. To know just what to say, and how to say it, in a way that will attract the attention and win the patronage of the reader, is an art well worth acquiring. With the ceaseless and sharp competition that most business houses have to meet, it seems necessary to do more or less advertising, in one way or another. We should, therefore, study to make our adver- tisements attractive and to the point. As a general rule, the business man can, on account of his better knowledge of his business, write 164 BUSINESS SERIES. his own advertisements better than any one he can employ. To be able to do this, however, requires study and practice on his part. Some of the largest advertisers have many other things to give their attention to, and employ a man who spends his whole time in looking after their ad- vertising. In firms, one member of the firm usually has sole charge of the advertising department. The man who would be successful should not under-estimate the value of advertising. NOTES AND CARDS. Most of us have more or less to do with visiting, business and pro- fessional cards, and the various social forms, such as invitations, accept- ances, regrets, cards of thanks, etc. A few general hints are here given in reference to them without devoting much space to this part of the work. Special features. — The following are the ways in which notes differ from letters ; they are more formal ; they are written wholly in the third person ; the date is usually at the bottom, and the signature is gen- erally omitted. Care should be taken not to change from the third person to sec- ond or first. The following is an example of such error : "Miss Jones is much obliged to Mr. Smith for his handsome Christmas pres- ent. I would have written you sooner if I had not been out of the city." Materials. — The paper and envelopes used should be plain and of rich quality. For weddings only pure white should be used, but deli- cate tints are allowable for other occasions. White is always in good taste. Size. — The styles as to size and shape vary so much and change so often that no definite information can be given on this subject. Envelopes. — Invitations to parties, weddings, etc. , are generally en- closed in two envelopes ; the inside envelope of the same quality as the paper, the outside one not so fine. The full post ofiice address is writ- ten on the outer envelope, and the name of the person or persons invited, on the inner one. Answers to invitations do not require two envelooes, nor do personal or private notes. LETTER-WRITING. lt>o French Phrases. — The following French phrases and words, or their initials, are sometimes used on notes and cards : R. S. V. P. — Repondez s'ilvous plait, — answer, if you please. P. P. C. — Pour prendre conge, — to take leave. Costu7ne de rigueur, — full dress, in character. Bal masque, — masquerade ball. Soiree dansante, — dancing party. These phrases are, however, passing out of use. WEDDING INVITATIONS. Invitations to weddings should be issued ten days or more before the ceremony, by the parents or nearest friend of the bride. They may be engraved, written, or printed from type, on cards or note paper. The note form is preferable for an invitation of this kind. One form of invitation is here given. If the favor of an answer is requested, the letters " R. S. V. P.," or the phrase, are placed at the bottom. Mr. (^ Mrs. E. (P. Collins request your presence at the marriage of their daughter Edith to Mr. Harry K. Holloway, Tuesday, March twenty = sixth, Eighteen hundred and eighty = nine, at five (?. M. Grace Church, Kansas City, Missouri. 166 BUSINESS SERIES. Announcement. — Sometimes an announcement card or note is issued after the wedding, announcing the marriage, and enclosing a reception card to the friends whom the parties desire to receive. The following is one of the numerous forms that may be used : Mr. Charles S. Cadwallader^ Miss Caroline A. Young, Married, Wednesday, April twenty =first, 1886. At Home, Thursday, May 2yth and June jd, g6 (Prospect Ave., (Buffalo, JSf. Y. Anniversary Weddings. — People sometimes celebrate anniver- saries of their marriage, and this is a commendable custom, if the occasion is made one of congratulation and reminiscence, not of formal- ity and ostentation. T\i.t. first anniversary is called the Paper Wedding ; fifth^ Wooden Wedding ; tenths Tin Wedding ; fifteenth. Crystal (glass) Wedding ; twentieth, China Wedding ; twentyfi.fth. Silver Wedding; thirtieth. Pearl Wedding; fortieth, Coral Wedding: forty fifth. Bronze Wedding ; fiftieth, Golden Wedding ; and the seventy fifth, Dia- mond Wedding. DINNERS. A well appointed dinner is one of the pleasantest occasions of social life. The company being more select than at ordinary parties, greater care is observed in regard to all arrangements. To avoid mistakes, one should be careful in the invitation as to the day and hour, and each one should be addressed to the person for whom it is intended. The invitations may be either written or printed. ^Xyn^i^<£<^^lf^^y ^^C'^^^^:::^^^^^^^^^^^^^-^^ Y" (5^iy-^^^uyr/^, ^^C^^^^^.^^^^^^^-^^^^^^^ 'Cc€l^<^l^tZy: LETTER-WRITING. 167 PARTIES. Simple forms are in best taste for invitations to parties. The follow- ing is commended as a model : Senator and Mrs. Sherman request the pleasure of your company, on Wednesday Evening , January fourth^ from eight to twelve o'clock. 2og Indiana Avenue. (R. S. V. (P. Familiar Notes. — If the parties are on intimate terms, the formal style of invitation may be omitted, and that of a familiar letter used instead, or for a child's party a style like the following : 1884. 1889. Come and see me, little friend, Some afternoon at three ; Bring your Dolly, if you can, And stay till after tea. " <^ • / / 'Ci'/^-^■fC■■e^ ACCEPTANCES AND REGRElTS. Answers to invitations are of two kinds : acceptances and regrets. When Necessary. — Invitations to receptions' weddings, parties, and all other social entertainments, ex»cept dinners, do not require an 168 BUSINESS SERIES. acceptance, unless they contain the letters R. S. V. P., or their equiva- lent. A failure to answer, is understood as an acceptance. If a person is unable to attend, a regret should always be sent. Dinners. — An invitation to a dinner or gathering of any kind where it is understood a certain number are invited, should always be accepted or declined. If after accepting, a person finds it absolutely necessary to absent himself, he should immediately send a regret, stating reasons why he cannot attend. The time to send. — An invitation to a dinner should be answered immediately. Other invitations requiring an answer should be an- swered within three days after receiving. If a person finds at the last moment it is impossible to attend, a regret should be sent the day after the party. Whom to address. — An answer, in general, should be addressed to the person giving the invitation, but to a joint invitation from husband and wife, ("Mr. and Mrs. John Smith ") it should contain a recognition of both, and the envelope be addressed to the wife alone (" Mrs. John Smith.") Style. — An answer should correspond in style to the invitation, and be correspondingly formal or familiar. Reason of non-acceptance. — If a regret is sent, it is more friendly and courteous to give reasons for non-attendance, than to simply decline, without giving cause. Delivery. — Notes addressed to a person living in another city, or out of town, are of course sent by mail, and are sent in this way to per- sons living in a distant part of the city. In other cases they are usually delivered by private messengers. CARDS. Cards may be divided into the following classes .• Visiting, cere- monial, professional and official, and business. Visiting cards. — The proper uses of a visiting card are, first ; To announce the visitor's name. — On calling, a card is handed to the person who opens the door, and the caller inquires for the person or per- sons for whom the visit is intended. If *' not at home," the caller leaves \ *:. • ' /''' "'' =^1 '"-° y^-'^^:^^fy t^v- z^ LKTTER-WRITING. 169 a card, turning over one end or side, to denote a call in person; second, To announce a guesfs nafne at a reception. — When a person attends a party or reception, he should hand his card to the usher at the door, and always leave one in the card receiver. Third, To announce a departure from home. — A person living in the city may, on going away for a long absence, send to his friends a card with the letters P. P. C. on one of the lower corners. Fourth, To announce a return. — It is proper to announce a return to the city, by sending cards to visiting friends. Fifth, To accompany a letter of introduction. — As before stated, a person's card should be sent with a letter introducing him. It should bear his temporary address and be enclosed in an envelope with the letter. Sixth, To make one's self known to a stranger, a person may use his card for in- troducing himself. Seventh, To serve as a credential. — A card, especially a business or professional one, may be presented to a stranger to convince him that you are the person you represent yourself to be. Inscription. — In addition to the name, the residence may also be given in the lower right-hand or left-hand corner. If a lady has a regu- lar day or days for receiving, she sometimes announces this in the lower left-hand corner, as, " Wednesdays," or "Thursdays and Fridays," etc. If a daughter accompanies her mother in callings one card may be used for both names, the daughter's being placed about one-half inch below her mother's. The elder of two or more daughters in the same family usually omits her first name on her card; as, *' Miss Smith," while the younger daughter uses the given name; as, ''Miss Mary Smith." Titles. — A title may be used or not, according to the taste of a per- son. Professional men and persons in high official positions, use their professional title on cards. Persons should not assume the title of Hon- orable, unless they occupy a public office entitling them to it. A man and his wife sometimes use a joint card; as, "Mr. and Mrs. Smith," "Dr. and Mrs. H. A. Brown," etc. A married lady, if her husband is living, uses her husband's chris- tian name or initials instead of her own; as, "Mrs. James A. Brown." Style. — Visiting cards vary in style and size to suit the taste and changing fashions. They should always be plain and neat. The most elegant cards are engraved or written ; printed ones are not now used by the more fashionable people. 170 BUSINESS SERIEvS. Ceremonial cards. — Cards may be used to convey invitations to parties, receptions and weddings, but notes are preferable in most cases. Betrothal cards.— it is customary among some to announce a be- trothal, and for this purpose either cards or notes may be used. The following wording is a good form : " Mr. Solomon Weiss, Miss Rebecca Wolf, betrothed, December 6, 1889." Presentation Cards. — Car^ds are very convenient as substitutes for notes, to accompany a book or any other gift. Memorial cards. — It is customary in England, and to some extent in this country, to send memorial cards to friends of a deceased person. Such cards have a black border, narrow for the young, wide for the aged. Memorial cards should be sent out about one week after the funeral. Professional and official cards. — Cards are used by professional men and public officers for professional and official purposes ; the same card may be used, however, for social and business purposes. Such cards contain, besides the person's name, his professional or official title. Business cards. — Most business men use cards to show the business in which they are engaged, and to give their address. These are gener- ally used more as a matter of convenience than for advertising purposes; however, they may be made to answer the latter purpose. Some are handsomely engraved, but they are usually printed from ordinary type. They should be plain, neat and tasteful. TITLES. There are no rules for the use of titles, except those established by usage. We give elsewhere a list of the principal titles and their cor- rect use and abbreviations, as recognized in the best social, business and official circles. Titles may be divided into three general classes, social^ scholastic, and official. Social titles. — Titles of courtesy and respect have universal appli- cation and should always be used, unless some official or professional title supersedes them. The ordinary titles are Mister, Messrs., Master (applied to boys), Mistress (pronounced misses), and Miss, all of which are prefixed to the name; also, Sir, Gentlemen (plural only). Madam, and Ladies (plural LETTER-WRITING. 171 only), which are always used without the name, as in the salutation of a letter. Sir, Esquire, Master, and Miss, are used both in the singular and plural. Mrs. and Madam in the singular only, Messrs. is the French plural of Mr. , there being no English plural to this word. Messrs. should never be, as it sometimes is, used without the names of the persons. It is no more proper to use Messrs. as the salutation of a letter than to use its singular, Mr. The plural of the salutation Madam is Ladies. There being no plural in our language for Mrs., the French plural of Madam, Mesdames (abbreviation Mmes.) is sometimes used. This is the only title available in addressing a firm of ladies ; otherwise, they would have to be addressed individually; as, " Mrs. Jones & Mrs. Smith." Mrs. and Lady. — It is not in good taste to use ''Lady" instead of " Wife" or " Mrs.," although this custom was formerly in good usage in England. You should write ''Mr. Smith and Wife," or "Mr. & Mrs. Smith," instead of " Mr. Smith and Lady." " Mrs." or " Miss " should never be used without the name any more than " Mr." Mr. and Esquire. — These terms, as generally used, are inter- changeable, but the former has a wider application than the latter. " Mr." may be applied to men of all classes, but "Esquire" is properly applied only to persons of some prominence in society Mem- bers of the Legal profession are almost always addressed in writing as Esquire. Special uses of Mr., Mrs. and Miss.— Though not directly per- taining to correspondence, there are some uses of these titles which are worthy our notice. To DENOTE PROMINENCE. — As men rise to distinction, all their titles are often dropped, and the plain " Mr." used, which receives lustre from their own character and work, and becomes to them a sign of true no bility. Hence we say, Mr. Sumner, Mr. Chase, Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Glad- stone, and other titles, such as senator, excellency, or honorable, wouJd not be so expressive of the high esteem and respect with which such men are regarded by the people. " J/rj-." and ' ' Miss " are used in the same way to denote distinction; as, Mrs. Stowe, Miss Dickinson. In speaking of persons of the very highest distinction, all titles may be rejected ; as, for example, Shakes- peare, Milton, Martin Luther and Daniel Webster, are most honored m their own illustrious names alone. 172 BUSINESS SERIES. It is presumptuous and disrespectful to mutilate and contract the names of prominent and elderly persons; as, " Andy Johnson," " Ben Wade," "Joe Johnston," etc. Three special uses of Mr. — i. If a person is the only one of the name in a certain place, or his name is an unusual one, the title " Mr." may be prefixed to the family name alone; as, ''Mr. Jones," " Mr. Thackeray." 2. " Mr." is used among gentlemen meeting in a social, literary or scientific way, in addressing all their companions, whether they have a professional title or not ; as, Mr. Everett, Mr. Bryant. This dropping of all other titles is due to the fact that on the floor of such assemblies all members are on an equality. 3. " Mr." is often used before a professional or official title of prominent persons ; as, "Mr. Senator," "Mr. President," etc. " Rev- erend "is also similarly used, or with "the" prefixed; as, "the Rev. Dr. Smith," "the Rev. Father Brown." The title "Rev." should never be used immediately before the surname. Mrs. may be used in the same manner in speaking of, or addressing married women ; as, " Mrs. General Sheridan," " Mrs. Chief Justice Fuller." Scholastic titles. — These are degrees and honors conferred by scientific schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions of learning, or acquired in the practice of the learned professions. Regular degrees are conferred upon those completing a prescribed course and passing a certain examination ; honorable degrees on persons who have become dis- tinguished in public life or in literary and scientific studies. Reverend. — The title "Rev." is not regularly conferred, but al- ways given by consent to those who have passed a required examination and been regularly ordained. President, Chancellor, Rector, Dean, Professor and Master, as titles, belong to the office rather than the officer, and when the duties of these offices are discontinued, the titles are usually dropped. After long and distinguished service, however, the title may be retained. Professor. — The title of professor may be possessed by courtesy or right. It belongs of right to any one elected by the proper authorities to a regular chair or professorship in an educational institution, organ- ized with full departments and faculty, and conferring degrees under legal charter. LETTER-WRITING. 173 Professor is now applied, however, to a salaried graduate actually employed in teaching, or whose duty it is to teach. The title is given, by courtesy, to scholars and scientists who have become noted as special- ists in any department of knowledge, and to persons who have distin- guished themselves as educators. Abuse of the title. — It is very common at the present day, for dancing masters, horse tamers, barbers, corn doctors, white washers, and pretenders of all kinds, to assume the title of professor ^ with the view to appear, in the eyes of the ignorant, of more importance than their call- ing or their attainments warrant. This tendency to bring an honorable title into contempt should be discouraged by all intelligent people. Professor, as well as other titles, should be used sparingly and with discrimination. Master. — Master is used in England and in some parts of this country instead of Principal or Teacher, but the word is very rarely used now in the United States. Doctor of Medicine (M. D.) — This title is used by right only by regular graduates of a medical college in good standing, and may be ob- tained by a person of either sex. A lady who is entitled to this degree may be addressed as "Carrie Smith, M. D.," or ''Dr. Carrie Smith." Abuse of this title also, is no uncommon thing. In society, and es- pecially in our larger cities, there are many persons who usurp this pro- fessional title and inflict upon the public unprofessional practice, for the sake of filling their pockets with money obtained by false pretense, from ignorant or trusting patients. Do not recognize or patronize such quacks. It is better always, in all professions, to go to men of good standing and in regular practice. Oflftcial titles. — These include the titles applicable to officers in the Naval, Military, and Civil service of the U. S., and of the several states. The officer, on retiring from public service, again becomes a private citizen, but it is customary, as a compliment, to continue the official title during life, unless superseded by one more honorable. Honorable, and abuse of same. — The title "Honorable" is applicable to judges, mayors, senators, representatives in Congress, the heads of government departments and others of similar rank. (For full list, see " Classification of Titles.") 174 BUSINESS SERIES. The abuse of the title "Honorable" has brought it into such disre- pute that it has less value than it should have. Only those whose character, ability, and services have caused their election or appointment to the most important and responsible positions of the nation, state, or city, should be given the title of " Honorable." The title once acquired is retained through life. Military and Naval titles. — Military and Naval, like profes- sional titles, are properly retained after long or distinguished service. A title really belonging to an officer is that named in his commission. GENERAL POSTAL INFORMATION. First class matter. — Postage two cents for each ounce or fraction thereof. Embraces all matter wholly or partly written, or which is so done up as to prevent examination without destroying the wrapper, and must be prepaid at least one rate, two cents. Drawings, written cards, plans and designs are first class. Second class matter. — Pertains to publishers and news dealers. Embraces newspapers and periodicals, but they may be mailed by others than publishers, at the rate of one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, when they are enclosed in one wrapper, and must be fully pre- paid by stamps affixed. Third class matter. — Postage one cent for each two oimccs or frac- tion thereof. Embraces books (printed), and all printed matter in un- sealed wrappers, and the limit in wti^t'is four pounds, except in the case of a single book, which weight is unlimited and must be fully prepaid. Photographs are now third class. Fourth class matter. — Postage one cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. Embraces all mailable matter not specified above, and must be so done up as to admit of examination and fully prepaid. Labels, pat- terns, playing cards, visiting cards, address tags, wrapping paper, blot- ting pads, bill heads, letter heads, envelopes with printed address there- on, and all other matter of the same general character. Merchandise and samples are fourth class. Unmailable matter. — Liquids, (except when packed as provided by regulation), poisons, explosive or inflammable articles, or any article LETTER- WRITING. 175 which is liable to injure the mails or persons handling the same. Sharp pointed instruments, except when properly done up, are unmailable, also any matter not addressed to a post-office. Drop letters. — The rate on letters to be delivered at the same office as mailed, is one cent if it is not a free delivery office. At offices where the mail is delivered by carriers the rate is two cents. Special delivery stamps. — A " special delivery stamp " placed on a letter or package, in addition to the regular postage, will insure its immediate delivery, within certain limits, at any post-office in the United States. Such mail is delivered to persons living within the carrier dis- tricts in large cities or within one mile of the post-office at offices not having carrier service. "Special delivery stamps" cost ten cents, and can only be used for the special purpose they were designed for and not for the payment of regular postage. Postal cards are unmailable when anything is pasted or attached thereto, or when anything not necessary to complete the address is writ- ten or printed on the address side. Confectioneries are unmailable except when done up in tin boxes, which box must again be placed in a pasteboard box. Fruits, except dried, are unmailable. Any matter exhaling bad odors is unmailable. To Canada and Mexico. — The rates of postage are the same as in the United States, except that sealed packages other than letters in their ordinary shape and form are absolutely excluded. Registered letters. — Letters may be registered to all offices of the United States, and to most foreign countries. Registry fee, ten cents in addition to the regular postage. Postal notes.— ^Payable at any money order office, are issued for any amount from one cent to $4. 99 ; fee, three cents. Money orders on all principal offices of the United States may be purchased, payable "to order." For rates, see page 158. TYPE-WRITING. The type-writer has come into quite general use and all business men are fast recognizing the fact that it is a great aid in facilitating corre- spondence ; therefore, we think it is quite proper that some special in- 176 BUSINESS SERIES. struction should be given in reference to type-written letters. Nearly all that has been said under other headings applies equally to type- written letters, and in addition we offer the following suggestions : A thorough acquaintance with the machine and the manipu- lation thereof is of first importance. To do good work good tools must be used, and these tools must be kept in first-class condition. All good mechanics observe this rule, and the use of the type-writer is no exception. Care of the machine. — The machine must be kept clean, and all wearing parts — guide rails in particular — should be well lubricated with the best sewing-machine oil, and then wiped perfectly clean. This should be attended to daily. Any and everybody cannot use your machine without changing it more or less, no two operators having exactly the same style. When others do use it, see that they do not abuse or impair its mechanism. Touch. — An even touch must be cultivated, and all jerky move- ments avoided, as such are detrimental to speed, and cause many mis- takes to be made. Correct lingering should be given careful attention. An ex- planation of the best methods can be found in the leading type-writer instructors, of which there are several good works published. The exer- cises should be practiced carefully and understandingly, and more attention given at first to a smooth, even style, than to speed. Spacing. — Spacing must be uniform to produce a good effect, otherwise the work will present an uneven appearance. A space must be made after punctuation marks, except where they separate figures ; as, $9,000,837.00, and three spaces must be made after a period when it ends a sentence, also the same number after exclamation and interroga- tion points. In taking hurried copies, the appearance of the work is not so im- portant as getting it out in the shortest time possible, and spacing is omitted after punctuation marks. Form. — Special attention must be paid to paragraphing, so that the work may present a well-balanced appearance. Each change of subject matter should begin with a new paragraph. The arrangement of the in- troduction and close of a letter must be well fixed in mind with regard to the points of the scale where each part commences. It is well to have a fixed rule for the beginning of each. The numbers in the following form in- dicate the figures on the type-writer scale where it is best to begin each part : LETTER-WRITING. 177 Cleveland, O., July 4, 1889, 30 Mr . John Adams , 1 St . C 1 ai rs vi 1 1 e , O . 5 Dea r S i r : 1 I have your favor of the 27th ul- 5 t i mo , and in reply, etc., Very truly yours, 30 Supt . 50 In the above the salutation might begin at lo, and the body of the letter following it on the same line, with a dash between, or the saluta- tion at lo and the body of the letter on the next line at ii. Spelling, capitalization and punctuation. — Do not pass any word of which you may have a doubt regarding its spelling without con- sulting your dictionary at once. Bad spelling is really more to be avoided than any other error. Many, who are otherwise proficient, fail in secur- ing positions on account of their incorrect spelling. The rules for capitalizing and punctuating, given elsewhere, should be carefully observed. The period is the only point of separation used by stenographers in taking notes, the commas, colons, semi-colons, etc., being inserted in the transcript as the context suggests. Common sense is a faculty that may be used to great advantage in short-hand and type-writing work. If the amanuensis writes from his notes " We will expect yoM hear on the 14th inst.," etc., his com??ion sense should have taugh t him to spell the word h-e-r-e. Before handing in his copy for approval the operator should carefully read it himself, looking for errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and such mis- takes in the words as are referred to above. A model type-written letter is given on the next page. BUSINESS SERIES. 0. & C. St. Mary's Fa lis Canal. UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE, 34 West Congress Street, Debroib, Micb., M.^.Z ±^ 188..?..-_ Messrs. Lamont , Fuller & Smith, 242 Super i or St . , C 1 e ve 1 and , Ohi o . Gent le men: --In res pons e to your re- quest of the 3d inst., I send you here- with copy of History of ''Sault Ste. Marie Canal,'' in wh ich is printed a 1888. Also a copy of Ex. Doc. No. 52, House of Representatives, 50th Con- gress, 2d Session, which brings the sta- tistics of the Canal down to the close of 1888. Very respectfully, Colonel of Engineers, Bvt . Br i g . Gen .U.S.A. 3 Inclosures. LETTER-WRITING, 179 CLASSIFICATION OF TITLES AND THEIR A.BBRKVIATIOI«iS. Scholastic Degrees are always abbreviated. In addressing an officer of high rank, abbreviations are not allowable ; as, President, Governor. Many abbrevia- tions of titles may be used in catalogues, on the title-pages of books, and other places, that are not allowable in addressing letters. In the address, no degree is used lower than Master or Doctor. We may write "James Brown, M. D. or A. M.," but not "James Brown, A. B. or B. S." A person that has no title higher than a bachelor's degree, should be addressed simply Mr. or Esq. TITLES OF RESPECT AND COURTESY. Mister Mr. Messieurs (Fr. pi. of Mr.) . . . Messrs. Gentlemen Sir, Sirs Esquire, Esquires .... Esq., Esqs. Master (a boy) Mistress (pronounced Missis) . . . Mrs. Mesdames (Fr. pi.) Mmes. Madam Mad. Madame (Fr.) Mme. Ladies Miss, Misses SCHOLASTIC TITLES. All of the following degrees and many others are authorized, but these are the more common ones: B. C. L., D. C. L., and a few others are conferred only by foreign universities. Harvard College confers only the following degrees ; Regular — A. B., A. M., Ph. D., B. D., LL. B., S. B., S. D., C. E., M. D., D. M. D. ; Honorary — LL. D., D. D. Yale confers nearly the same, with the addition of Ph. B., D. E., arid Mus. D. The Latin terms are given only when they are necessary to explain the abbreviation. DIVINITY. Bachelor of Divinity B. D. Doctor of Divinity D. D. Doctor of Divinity, Sanctce Theologies Doctor S. T. D. Doctor of Divinity, Doctor Theologies D. T. Professor of Divinity, Sanctce Theologice Professor S. T. P. LAW. Bachelor of Laws LL. B. Master of Laws M. L. Doctor of Laws LL. D. Dr. of Laws, Jtirum Doctor . . . J. D. Doctor of Civil Law, Juris Civilis Doc- tor J. C. D. Bachelor of Civil Law . . • . B. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law D. C. L. Dr. of both Laws, Canon and Civil, Juris utriusque Doctor . . . . J. U. D. MEDICINE. Doctor Dr. Bachelor of Medicine M. B. Doctor of Medicine M. D. 180 BUSINESS SERIES. Master in Surgery, Chinirgice Magister, CM. Graduate in Pharmacy . . . Phar. G. Master in Pharmacy .... Phar. M. Doctor in Pharmacy .... Phar. D. Doctor of Dental Surgery . . D. D. S. Doctor of Dental Medicine . D. M. D. PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE. Bachelor of Philosophy . . . . Ph. B. Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. Bachelor of Science B. S. Master of Science M. S. Doctor of Science S. D. ARTS AND LETTERS. Bachelor of Arts. . . . B. A. or A. B. Master of Arts . . . . M. A. or A. M. Bachelor of Letters, Baccalaureus Liter- arum B. Lit. Doctor of Letters, Literarum Doctor, Lit. D. Doctor of Polite Literature, Z,iterarum Humaniorum Doctor . . . . L. H. D. Poet Laureate- (Eng.) . . . . . . P. L. MUSIC. Bachelor of Music . M. B. or B. Mus. Doctor of Music . . D. M. or Mus. D. DIDACTICS. Bachelor of the Elements . . . . B. E. Master of the Elements . . . . M*. E. Bachelor of Science B. S. Master of Science M. S. Bachelor of the Classics . . . . B. C. Master of the Classics M. C. TECHNICS. Civil Engineer C. E. Topographic Engineer T. E, Dynamic Engineer D. E. Military or Mechanical Engineer . M. E. The degrees of Bachelor and Master in each of the departments of engineering, and in chemistry and architecture are authorized, but are rarely conferred. FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. American. Fellow of the Am. Academy, AcademicB AmericancE Socius . . . . . A. A. S. Member of Am. Antiquarian Society, Americana Antiquai'iance Societatis Soci- us . . A. A. S. S. Member of the Am. Oriental Society, Americana; Orientalis Societatis Socius A. O. S. S. Member of Am. Phil. Society, Societatis Philosophicce Ajjtericance Socius . . . S. P. A. S. Fellow of the Mass. Medical Society, Massachusettensis Medicince Societatis Socius M. M. S. S. Fellow of the Historical Society, Socie- tatis Historicp Socius ^. . . . S. H. S. Fellow of Connecticut Academy, Conn. Academia: Socius C. A. S. These are the only American societies that confer memberships or fellowships that are recognized as titles. TITLES OF SERVICE EX-OFFICIO. THE CLERICAL SERVICE. A Bishop (Epis., Cath., et al.) :— Right Reverend Rt. Rev. A Bishop (Methodist): — Reverend, Rev. A Presiding Elder (Methodist): — Rever- end Rev. A Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader Rev. THE CIVIL SERVICE. National Government. The Chief Executive : — 1. Civil: The President . . . Pres. 2. Military : Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy. LETTER-WRITING. 181 Associate Justices : — Justice Jus. Judge His Honor • Lieutenant Governor, Heads of Depart- ments, State Senators §, Law Judges Hon. Mayors of Cities: — Honorable Hon. His Honor Members of the House of Representa- tives^ Esq. By Courtesy Hon. Aldermen, Magistrates, and all officers not specified Esq. PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. Officers of Universities and Colleges : — Chancellor Chanc. Vice-Chancellor V. Chanc. President Pres. Vice-President V. Pres. Provost Prov. Dean Rector Rect. Registrar Reg. Librarian Lib. Faculty and Instructors : — Professor Prof. Lecturer Tutor g There is a difference of opinion as to whether the title of " Honorable " should be applied to members of the two houses of the Legislature. It is the custom of the State Department at Washington to apply the title of " Esquire " to members of both. The customs of the states vary. Perhaps the greater weight of opinion is in favor of the application of "Honorable" to members of the State Senate, and "Esquire" to those of the House of Representatives. In some states, the title " Honorable" is applied to the Speaker of the lower house, but not the other members. The Vice-President, Ex-Officio President of the Senate: — Honorable Hon. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court : — The Chief Justice .C.J. His Honor Associate Justices: — Justice Jus. His Honor Foreign Ministers : — His Excellency H. Exc. Honorable Hon. Members of the Cabinet and Members of Congress Hon. Heads of Bureaus, Asst. Secretaries, Comptrollers, and Auditors of the Treasury, Clerks of the Senate and House of Representatives . . . Esq. By Courtesy Hon. All other U. S. Officers . . Esq. or Mr. STATE GOVERNMENTS. The Governor Gov. Civil: His Excellency . . . H. Exc. Military : Commander-in-Chief. Sen. Judge of Supreme Court : — Chief Justice C.J. His Honor THE MILITARY AND NAVAL SERVICE. The command pertaining to the rank of general and line officers is printed under the title in finer print. Commands, however, are subject to change by assignment, and the laws governing the army organization have left it in an anom- alous state, and the rank of commands in an unsettled condition. The titles of 182 BUSINESS SERIES. the general and line officers, placed opposite in the two columns, indicate relative rank in the two departments of service. Military Service (U. S. A.) GENERAL AND LINE OFFICERS. General Gen. The armies of the U. S. Lieutenant General Lt. Gen. An Army Corps, and Territorial Division. Major General Maj. Gen. A Division, and Territorial Division. Brigadier General ..... Brig. Gen. A Brigadier, and Territorial Department. Colonel. Col. A Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Lt. Col. A Battalion, second in command. Regiment. Major Maj. A Battalion, third in command, Regiment. Captain Capt. A Company. First Lieutenant ist Lieut. A Platoon, third in command, Company. Second Lieutenant 2d Lieut. A Platoon, third in command. Company. Cadet Student at West Point Military Academy STAFF OFFICERS. Adjutant General Adj. Gen. Rank of Brigadier General. Assistant Adj. Gen A. A. G. Rank of Colonel to Major. Inspector General Insp. Gen. Rank of Colonel. Assistant Insp. Gen A. I. G. Rank of Colonel. Quartermaster General . . . Q. M. G. Rank of Brigadier General. Asst. Q. M. Gen A. Q. M. G. Rank of Colonel. Naval Service (U. S. N.) LINE OFFICERS. Admiral ....... Adm. or Adml. The fleets of the U. S. Vice-Admiral V. Adml. A Fleet or Fleets. Rear Admiral R. Adml. A Fleet or Squadron. Commodore Commo. Squadron, Ships of first class. Captain Capt. Vessels of second class. Commander Com. Vessels of third class. Lieutenant Com Lt. Com, Vessels of fourth class. Lieutenant Lieut. Executive Officer of fourth class. Master Mas. Assistant Navigator. Ensign Ens. Midshipman Mid. Student of Annapolis Naval Academy. STAFF OFFICERS. Surgeon General Surg. Gen. Rank of Commodore. Medical Director Med. Dir. Rank of Captain. Medical Inspector .... Med. Insp. Rank of Commander. Surgeon Surg. Rank of Lieutenant Commander. Past Asst. Surg P. A. Surg. Rank of Lieutenant. Assistant Surgeon .... Asst. Surg. Rank of Master to Ensign. LETTER-WRITING. 183 Deputy Q. M. G . . . . Dep. Q. M. G. Rank of Lt. Colonel. Quartermaster Q. M. Rank of Major. Asst. Quartermaster A. Q. M. Rank of Captain. Commissary Gen. of Subsistence, C. G. S. Rank of Brig. Gen. Asst. C. G. S A. C. G. S. Rank of Colonel to Lt. Colonel. Commissary of Subsistence . . . C. S. Rank of Major to Captain. Surgeon General Surg. Gen. Rank of Brigadier General. Chief Medical Purveyor, Chf. Med. Pur. Rank of Colonel. Surgeon Surg. Rank of Major. Asst. Surgeon Asst. Surg. Rank of Captain to ist Lieutenant. Paymaster Gen P. M. G. Rank of Colonel. Assistant P. M. G . . . Asst. P. M. G. Rank of Colonel. Paymaster Pay M. Rank of Major. Chief of Engineers Chf. E. Rank of Brigadier General. Chief of Ordnance Chf. Ord. Rank of Brigadier General. Judge Adv. Gen J. A. G. Rank of Brigadier General. Judge Advocate J. A. Rank of Major. Chief Signal Officer C. S. O. Rank of Colonel, Paymaster General P. M. G. Rank of Commodore. Pay Director Pay Dir. Rank of Captain. Pay Inspector Pay Insp. Rank of Commander. Paymaster P. M. Rank of Lieutenant Commander. Past Asst. P. M P. A. P. M. Rank of Lieutenant. Assistant Paymaster A. P. M. Rank of Master. Engineer-in-Chief ... . Eng.-in-Chf. Rank of Commodore. Chief Engineer . Chf. E. Rank of Captain to Lieutenant. Past Asst. Eng P. A. Eng. Rank of Lieutenant to Master. Assistant Engineer A. Eng. Rank of Master to Ensign. Cadet Engineer Cadet Eng. Graduates of Naval Academy. Chaplain Chap. Rank of Captain to Lt. Com. Chief of Construction .... Chf. Con. Rank of Commodore. Naval Constructor Nav. Con. Rank of Captain to Lieutenant. Commandant Comdt. Navy Yards and Stations. Navigator Nav. Master of a Vessel. Captain (by courtesy) Capt. Master of a Merchant Vessel. THE DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni- potentiary E. E. and M. P. Minister Plenipotentiary . . Min. Plen. Minister Resident Min. Res. Minister Resident and Consul-General M. R. and C. G. 184 BUSINESS SERIEvS. Secretary of Legation . . . Sec. Leg. Interpreter Int. Consul-General C. G. Vice-Consul-General V. C. G. Consul C. Vice-Consul V. C. Deputy Consul D. C. Consular Agent Con. Agt. Commercial Agent C. A. Agent Agt. Marshal Mar. Consular Clerk C. C. FORMS OF ADDRESS AND SALUTATION. The form of address is printed in plain Roman type, the salutation in italic. PERSONS IN THE LEARNED PROFESSIONS. THE CLERGY. A Bishop (other than a Methodist). To the Right Reverend , D. D., Bishop of Ohio. Right Reverend Sir : — , or Right Rev. and dear Sir : — . Address a Methodist Bishop as Rev. simply. A Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader. To the Rev. . To the Rev. Dr. A B D. D., Pastor (or Rector, as the case may be) of — Reverend Sir : — . Rev. and dear Sir : — . — . The Rev. H. M. Ladd, Church, Cleveland. Sir: — . THE BENCH AND THE BAR. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. To the Hon. , Chief Justice of , etc. To the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, etc. Sir: — . Mr. Chief Justice : — . Your Honor: — . May it Please your Honor : — . May it Please the Honorable Court : — . "Your Honor," "May it Please," etc., are terms used in court, not in private letters. An Associate Justice. To the Honorable , Justice, etc. Or, Honorable Justice . Sir: — . Your Honor : — , etc. Other Judges. The Hon. , Judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions (or as the case may be). Or simply, The Honorable A B . Sir: — . Dear Sir : — . Your Honor : — , etc. Lawyers, Justices of the Peace, etc. James A. Brown, Esq. Sir: — . Dear Sir:—. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. A Physician or Surgeon. Dr. C. A. Scott. Or, C. A. Scott, Esq., M. D. Sir:—. Dear Sir :—. A Dentist. Dr. John Allen. Or, John Allen, Esq., D. D. S. (or D. M. D.) Sir:—. Dear Sir : — . LETTKR-WRITING. 185 LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. The President of a College. The Rev. J. H. Fairchild, D. D., LL. D., President of Oberlin College. Or, The Rev. Dr. Fairchild (with or without the designation). Sir:—. Dear Sir : — . Kev. and dear Sir : — . A Professor. Henry Lewis, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek in College. Or, Prof. Henry Lewis, D. D., LL. D. Or, Dr. Henry Lewis, Prof, of , etc. Sir : — . Dear Sir : — . OFFICERS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE. The President of the United States. To the President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Sir : — , or Mr. President: — . The Vice-President. To the Honorable Levi P. Morton, Vice-President of the U. S. Or (unofficial), Hon. Levi P. Morton. Sir : — . Cabinet Ministers. To the Honorable Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War. Or, To the Honorable the Secretary of War. Or, Hon. Redfield Proctor. Sir: — . All others not specified who are entitled to "Honorable," are addressed in a similar manner. Foreign Ministers. To his Excellency Robert T. Lincoln, Envoy Ex., etc., at the Court of St. James. Your Excellency : — . Sir: — . Assistant Secretaries, Heads of Bureaus, etc. To , Esq., Assistant Secretary of State. Sir: — . (Sometimes, by courtesy, addressed as Hon.) The Governor of a State. To His Excellency J. B. Foraker, Governor of the State of Ohio. Or, His Excellency Governor J. B, Foraker. Or, To His Excellency the Governor. Sir: — , Your Excellency : — . Heads of State Departments, Members of the State Senate, etc. Hon. , Attorney-General of N. Y. Sir : — . OFFICERS IN THE MILITARY OR NAVAL SERVICE. ARMY OFFICERS. The General of the Army. To General W. T. Sherman, Commanding the Armies of the United States. Or, (ieneral W. T. Sherman, Commanding U. S. A. Or, To the General of the 18(i BUSINESS SERIES. Army. (It is a rule of the War Department at Washington, to address all officers by their office, not by name.) General :^-, or Sir : — . The general practice in the anny is to use the military title (General, Col., Captain, etc.) in the salutation, in addressing all officers above the grade of Lieutenant. A Lieut, has the saluta- tion of Sir. In the superscription, his rank is generally mentioned. In army correspondence the address is generally, not always, written at the top of the letter. A Colonel. Col. , commanding ist Cavalry. Or, Col. , U. S. A. Colonel: — . The Quarter Master General. The same as a business man ; and other officers of the Army are addressed in a similar manner. NAVY OFFICERS. The Admiral of the Navy. To Admiral D. G. Farragut, Commanding the Fleets of the U. S. Or, Admiral D. G. Farragut, Commanding U. S. N. Or, To the Admiral of the Navy. Sir: — . In the Navy, Sir is invariably used as the salutation ; and the address, consisting of the name, title, and command, is written at the bottom. The following is an extract from the Navy Regulations; — " Line officers in the Navy, down to and including Commander, will be addressed by their proper title; below the rank of Commander, either by the title of their grade, or Mr. Officers of the Marine Corps above the rank of ist Lieut, will be addressed by their military title, brevet or lineal; of and below that rank, by their title of Mr. Officers not of the line will be addressed by their titles, or as Mr. or Dr., as the case may be." A Comnnodore. Commodore A B , commanding South Atlantic Squadron (or as the case may be). Or, Commodore A B , U. S. N. Sir : — . Other officers of the Navy are addressed in a similar manner. LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER ORGANIZED BODIES. Communications to an organized body are usually addressed to the President of that body as its chief representative. The communications may, however, be addressed to the body itself. In such cases it goes to the President, and is by him formally presented. Communications, especially petitions, are often addressed ''To the president and members of ," etc. The Senate of the U. S. To the Honorable the Senate of the U. S. in Congress Assembled. Honorable Sirs : — . Or, May it please your Honorable Body (or the Honorable Senate) : — . The President of the Senate. To the Honorable the President of the Senate of the U. S. Or, To the Hon- orable Levi P. Morton, President of the Senate of the U. S. Sir : — . Or, Honor- able Sir : — . The House of Representatives. Address and salutation similar to those of the Senate. LETTER-WRITING. IB; The Speaker of the House. To the Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Sir : — -^ or Mr, Speaker: — . State Legislatures. They are addressed in the same form as the House of Congress, except, of course, the name, and the formula "in Congress assembled." The title "Honorable" is generally applied to Legislative bodies if addressed collectively, even though the individual members are not entitled to it. For example, in most states in address- ing the House of Representatives of the State, we would use the title " Honorable," but in addressing an individual member, as stated elsewhere, we would use the title Esq., with the salu- tation Sir. The same applies to city governments. In some states, the Speaker of the House is addressed as " Honorable." A Court. To the Honorable Judges of the Court. Your Honors: — . Or, May it please your Honors : — . A Board of Education. To the President and Members of the Board of Education (or whatever the corporate name may be). Sirs : — . Or (if in the city). May it please yotir Honorable Body :—. As stated above, communications (except petitions) are generally addressed to the President of such bodies, as follows: — The President of a Board of Education, Directors, or Commissioners. To , Esq., President of the Board of School Commissioners of Baltimore City. Sir: — . To a Company. To , Esq., President of the L. S. & M. S. R. R. Co. Or, To , Esq., President of the Insurance Co., New York. Sir: — . A PETITION. To a Legislature. To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania. The undersigned respectfully represent, etc. Or, The petition of A. B. (or the undersigned) hiunhly shozveth, etc. Close, when there are several signers: — And your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever p ray, etc. (Signatures.) (Signatures.) In a petition to Congress, or to either House, add the words "in Congress assembled." A petition to a Court or other body is in the same general form. 188 BUSINESS SERIES. CLASSIFIED LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. (Exclusive of those Denotiiiiyr Titles.) CHRONOLOGICAL. TIME OF DAY. Hour, h. ; minute, min. ; second, sec. Forenoon {ante meridiem) . . . . A. M. Afternoon ( ^osi meridiem) . . . Noon {meridiem) MONTHS. Month, months mo., mos. Last month (ultimo) ult. M. M. This month (instant) inst. Next month (proximo) ..... prox. YEARS AND ERAS. Year, years yr., yrs. By the year (per annum) . . . per an. Before Christ B. C. In the Christian Era {anno Domini) A. D. Week wk. RELATING TO BUSINESS. Account acct., a/c. Agent Agt. Amount . Amt. At or to (mercantile) •(«);, a. Average av. Balance bal. Bank bk. Barrel, barrels .... bl., bbl. or bis. Bill Book B. B. Bills Payable B. Pay. Bills Receivable B. Rec. Bought bo't. Brother, Brothers Brc, Bros. Brought brot. Bushel bu., bush. By the P., p. or ^.. Cashiar Cash. Cash Book C. B. Cleared eld. Charged chgd. Company Co. Care of c/q. Collector . Coll. Commission Com. Commerce Com. Credit, creditor Cr. Cent, cents ct., cts. Clerk elk. Cash on delivery C. O. D. Debtor Dr. Ditto (the same) . ^ do. Discount dis. or disc. Dividend div. Dollar, dollars dol., dols. Dozen doz. Draft Dft. Each Ea. Errors excepted E. E. Errors and omissions excepted .... E.& O. E. Et cetera (and the rest) . . . etc., &c. Foot or feet ft, Forv^^ard For'd. Freight Fr't. Folio Cash Book F. C. B. Gross gro. Gallon gal. Half Hlf. Handkerchiefs hdkfs. Head Hd. Hogshead hhd. Hundred bund. Hundred weight cwt. Interest int. Invoice Book I. B. Inches in. LETTER-WRITING 189 Insurance Ins. Invoice Inv. Inventory Inv't. Journal jour. Journal Folio J-^' Ledger Ledg. Ledger Folio L. F. Measure meas. Merchandise mdse. Memorandum mem. Number, numbers No., Nos. Outward Invoice Book . . . . O. I. B. Ounce oz. Package . pkge. Pages pp. Pair pr. Peck, pecks pk., pks. Petty Cash Book P. C. B. Paid pd. Payment payt. Pint, pints pt., pts. Premium prem. Per annum (by the year) . . . per an. Per cent (by the hundred) , . per cent. Pennyweight pwt. Pound, pounds ....... lb., lbs. Quart, quarts qt., qts. Quarter, quarters qr., qrs. Returned ret'd. Received rec'd. Receipt rec't. Schooner schr. Sales Book S. B. Sailed sld. Shipment shipt. Square sq. Storage stor. Steamer Str. Sundries sunds. Thousand . M. Tonnage ton. Volume vol. Weight wt. Without deduction net. Yard, yards yd., yds. RELATING TO LAW AND GOVERNMENT. Abbreviations of official titles not here given may be found in the Classified List of Titles. Administrator Admr. Administratrix Admx. Attorney Atty. Against {versus) . . . . , . . v. or vs. Assistant Asst. And others {ei alii) et al. Clerk elk. Committee Com. Common Pleas C. P. Congress Cong. Defendant Deft. Justice of the Peace J« P- Member of Congress M. C. Plaintiff Pltf. Post-office P. O. Post-master P. M. Right Honorable Rt. Hon. Superintendent Supt. ECCLESIASTICAL. Congregational Cong. Deacon Dea. God willing {Deo volente) . . . . D. V. Jesus the Savior of Men . . . L H. S. Methodist Episcopal M. E, Protestant Episcopal P. E. Presbyterian Presb. Roman Catholic ..... Rom. Cath. 190 BUSINESS SERIES. MISCELLANEOUS. Ad libitum (at pleasure) .... ad lib. Alley Al. American Am. or Amer. Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord) A. D. Anonymous Anon. Answer Ans. Arithmetic Arith. Avenue Av. or Ave. Borough Bor. or bor. Christmas Xmas. Corresponding Secretary . . Cor. Sec. Corner Cor. County Co. or co. Court House C. H. District Dist. East, E.; West,W.; North, N.; South, S. Executive Committee . . . Ex. Com. Id est (that is) i. e. Incognito (unknown) Incog, Island Isl. Lake L. Manuscript MS. (//. MSS.) Mountain or Mount . . Mt. (//. Mts.j Postscript P. S. Pro tempore (for the time) . . pro tern. Railroad R. R. Recording Secretary .... Rec. Sec. River R. Secretary Sec. Senior Sr. or sen. Street or Saint St. (//. Sts.) Take Notice N B. Township tp. Videlicet (namely) viz. Village Vil. or vil. Young Men's Christian Association . . Y. M. C. A. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. (Selections may be made by number from this list, at the option of the teacher.) The short exercises, including the parts of letters, may be written on foolscap paper, using only as many blue lines as are necessary for each, and ruling lines between the forms to separate them. For each letter written, address an envelope, fold the paper, and place it in the envelope. HEADINGS AND INTRODUCTIONS. Arrange, punctuate and capitalize correctly. 1. Write a heading for a letter to be sent from this place to-day. 2. Use these words in a heading: Iowa, 1889, June 20, 753 Elm St., Davenport. 3. Write a heading and introduction for a letter to be sent to Charles Warner & Co., Erie, Pa., from Chicago, 111., present date. 4. Write a heading for a letter sent from some hotel in New York City. 5. Write a heading for a letter sent from some educational institution, to-day. 6. Write an introduction to a letter to the President of the U. S. 7. Write an introduction to a letter to the Governor of your state. LETTER-WRITING. 191 8. Write a heading and salutation to a business letter to Miss Cynthia Brown, Springfield, Illinois. 9. Write an introduction to a letter to the firm of John Brownlee & Co., publishers of the Christian Gazette, 667 Ash street, Boston, Mass. 10. Write an appropriate salutation to (i) a business firm, (2) a child, (3) an intimate friend, (4) an aged gentleman, (5) a married lady friend, (6) your teacher. Write correctly tJie following headings and introductions . 11. jan 24th detroit my Dear alfred your letter etc. 12. mr martin My dear sir if it is convenient etc. 13. Chicago ill 2d of June 1888 hon J t Brown gov of ohio dear sir can you etc. 14. prof isaac Dodge goshen Indiana my Very dear Sir will you Please etc. 15. ky Covington my dear brown February 4th 1880 it is with etc. THE CONCLUSION. Write the following, arranging, punctuating and capitalizing correctly : 16. Yours Truly howard Kirtland. 17. Very Respectfully Yours John Hammond. 18. Your sincere Friend Marion. 19. Your Loving Son Harry. 20. We remain As ever very Truly yours Brown Smith & co. 21. Write the conclusion of a business letter from yourself to A. T. Stewart & Co., New York. 22. Write the conclusion of a letter to your most intimate friend. 23. Write the conclusion of a letter to the Post Master General of the United States. ENVELOPES. (For these exercises paper may be used instead of envelopes, marking around an envelope with a lead pencil, to give the size and shape of same. Arrange the address properly in this space.) 24. Address an envelope to Jones, Hart & Simpson, 801 Broadway, New York City. 25. Address an envelope to E. E. North way, 128 Hawthorne Ave., City. 26. Address an envelope to Prof. J. Tuckerman, South New Lyme, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. 27. Address an envelope to Messrs. Smith, Brown & Co., Chicago, 111., for a letter introducing Mr. Charles Brown. 28. Address an envelope to Prof. J. H. Bryant, Lock Box 73, Jacksonville, 111. 29. Address an envelope to Miss Mary Miller, Minneapolis, Minn., care Mr. Martin Mercer. 30. Address an envelope to Mr. F. A. Timby, Care Reed & Riley, 14 Fifth Ave., Denver, Col. INTRODUCTIONS. 31. Write a letter introducing a friend of yours to an acquaintance in Buffalo, asking him to aid him if possible in securing employment in a dry goods house. 192 BUvSINESS SERIES. 32. Your uncle is a Congressman in Washington ; write him a letter asking him' to show some attention to your friend, the bearer, during his visit at the capital. ^^. Write to your sister, introducing an intimate friend who is passing through the city, and calls upon her at your earnest solicitation. LETTERS OF CREDIT. 34. Write a letter of credit to a firm in New York, asking that Thomas May- hew be trusted for three months to an amount not exceeding five hundred dollars, for millinery goods. 35. Write a letter addressed to yourself, from the firm in New York, stating that Thomas Mayhew failed to pay for the goods in due time, and asking immediate settlement for the amount. APPLICATIONS. 36. Write a letter applying for a situation as book-keeper in a grocery, stating qualifications, experience and salary expected ; also name some one as reference. 37. Write a letter to the School Board, Jackson, Mich., applying for a posi- tion as teacher in the public schools, stating qualifications, experience, grade desired, and salary you will accept ; also some special preparation you have made for the work. 38. Write an advertisement for the New York World, stating your desire to secure a situation as amanuensis for some literary or professional gentleman. 39. Write a letter soliciting advertising for the Daily Tribune, published in Boston. State circulation. 40. Write to a friend in Lincoln, Neb., asking what the opportunities of suc- cess are there for a young man of your abilities. Answer the following advertisements : 41. BOOK-KEEPER AND CORRESPOND- ent— Wanted, a book-keeper, competent to keep the accounts and assist in conducting the correspondence of an establishment. Address, stating experience and giving references, " Business " jeio-tf 42. TTTANTED— Young man stenographer and VV type-writer, with machine. Address, stating terms, lock box 216, Fostoria, Ohio. 43- WANTED— Shipping clerk by a large man- ufacturing concern. Must write a good hand and be thoroughly acquainted with the shipping to all parts of the United States; sin- gle man preferred ; none but those competent need apply Address with references at once, P. O. Box No. 408. 475a-7 44. WANTED — A lady stenographer who has had some experience on the type-writer. Address, in own hand writing, stating salary wanted, NURSERYMAN, Herald office. -,42 45- ~^X7 ANTED — A young lady for mercantile VV office; must be a good writer. One with previous business experience preferred. Ad- dress in own hand writing, naming refeiences, COMMERCIAL, Sun office. 19 46. WANTED— Book-keeper (double entry) and correspondent ; must be rapid and accurate, §ood penman, and able to take notes of instructions in short-hand ; give age and ex- perience. Address box 179, Leader office. 231 LETTER-WRITING. 193 RECOMMENDATIONS. 47. Write a letter of recommendation for John Durand who has been in your employ five years, stating his ability as a book-keeper. 48. Write a letter of recommendation for a faithful teacher. 49. Write to your pastor asking for a letter of recommendation to the church in this city. 50. Write a letter to Dr. Joseph Barnes, with whom you studied, asking for a testimonial of your qualifications as a dentist. ORDERING MERCHANDISE. 51. Write a letter ordering twelve kinds of groceries and state the method of shipment and payment. 52. Write a letter ordering six different kinds of books, state the amount you can pay in cash and the time wanted on the balance. 53. Write a letter ordering millinery goods to be sent C. O. D. 54. Write a letter ordering six pieces of dress goods and six articles in the notion line, to be sent by express. State that you wish to discount your bill. INCLOSING INVOICE. 55. Write a letter enclosing an invoice of groceries. 56. Write a letter enclosing shipping receipt and invoice of 100 Arithmetics, shipped by fast freight. 57. Write a letter enclosing an invoice of drugs ; also write the invoice, ten articles. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS. 58. Write a letter acknowledging the receipt of money for an account in fulL 59. Write a receipt for money paid you on account. 60. Write a receipt for money paid you by one person for another, in full of the latter's account. 61. Write a receipt for three months' rent paid you for store, 536 Walnut street. 62. Write a letter enclosing a money order in payment of the balance due on an old account. 63. Write a letter to Frank Holmes enclosing an order drawn in his favor upon Hiram Johnson. 64. Write a letter to R. A. Martin & Co., of your own city, enclosing a check in payment of bills for the month, to date. 65. Write a letter to John Taylor & Co., New York, agents for the Star Line ocean steamers, engaging two passages to Liverpool, Eng., enclosing draft to pay for the same. 66. You have just received a monthly statement of your account from your tailor. Write him a letter enclosing ten dollars to apply on account, and asking for time on the balance. 194 BUSINESS SERIES. LETTERS ASKING FOR SETTLEMENT. 67. One of your customers has failed to meet his payments promptly ; send him his account, and ask him to call and settle immediately or make satisfactory explanation of the delay. 68. Write to Dr. Joseph Hill, Pittsburg, asking for settlement of an invoice of drugs shipped a year ago, that were to have been paid for in thirty days. 69. The Howard Publishing Co., Trenton, N. J., owe you two hundred and fifty dollars. Write them a brief note, stating that you will draw on them for the amount on the ist proximo. 70. Write to your lawyer who has been collecting your accounts and failed to report the same, asking him to call and settle without further delay. 71. Write a courteous letter to Wm. Hays, who is behind with his payments, asking for immediate settlement. TELEGRAMS. 72. Write a telegram not exceeding ten words, ordering a small invoice of dry goods sent by express. ^Tf- There has been a railroad accident. Send a telegram of ten words to your mother announcing your escape without injury, and that you will be home at 10:30 P. M. 74. Write a telegram of not to exceed ten words, to Spencer & Packard, Chi- cago, stating goods ordered ten days ago have not arrived and ask why. 75. Telegraph to Hunt & Fisher, Boston, Mass., regarding a clerk you con- template employing. He was in their employ five years. Use not more than ten Avords. CONGRATULATIONS. 76. Write a letter of congratulation to an intimate friend, who is to deliver the valedictory address of his class. 77. Write a letter of congratulation to a friend elected to Congress, after a very exciting and close election. 78. Write a congratulatory note to an author, who is a very near friend, upon the success of his latest work. 79. Write a letter of congratulation to a friend just married. MISCELLANEOUS. 80. Write a letter to your parents telling of your safe arrival at school and give some incidents of the journey. 81. Write your teacher a note explaining your absence from school during the past week. 82. Write to the President of Cornell University asking for catalogue and circulars. %2,' Write to the publishers of the " North American Review," asking them to send you a copy for one year, and state with what number you desire to begin. 84. Write the names of (i) five railways, (2) three express companies, (3) and two telegraph companies. CORRECTING LETTERS. 1^5 The following example will illustrate a method of marking errors in students' letters. Use red ink or colored pencil to make corrections. Underline misspelled words; as, "improv-." Draw a line through errors ; as, "that," "L,"etc. Insert punctuation marks where omitted. Indicate changes of location with lines: as, in •' I ment " and " Henry 1." In grading, loo per cent, may be given for letters perfect in arrangement, neatness, capitalization, punctuation, etc., and five or more per cent, (as the teacher may elect) deducted for each error. J. /77 ^Zy^t^^T^^^^^yT^^ l^^^i^ yj^^^tycjyiy- /^n^H^ri/C^'-Z-^ l^JJyt^lTT^f Ptn^iy?^.:^>L^cn/-zy7^zy^ CV-^^7-^ J2^, £>n4^.. IF i