THE GIFT OF 
 
 WILLIAM G. KERCKHOFF 
 
 TO THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF 
 FRIEDRICH KLUGE
 
 . Y of CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 LIBRARY
 
 SEMITIC AND OTHER GLOSSES 
 
 TO 
 
 KLUGE'S 
 
 EtymologischesWorterbuch 
 
 DEK 
 
 DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE. 
 
 BV 
 
 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT. 
 
 BALTIMORE : 
 1890. 
 
 121486
 
 LGG4
 
 
 ' Musst auf Wortes Ursprung Achtung geben, 
 Wie auch fern er ihm verloren sei.' 
 
 RiJCKERT. 
 
 , *KLUGE'S Worterbuch has reached, within 
 
 {IJ six years, the fourth edition an almost unpre- 
 
 cedented success for an etymological diction- 
 ary. Received on all sides with words of 
 * highest praise and commendation with the 
 
 . single exception of ADALBERT BEZZENBERG- 
 
 ^ KR'S censures in the Gottingische Gelehrten 
 
 jjj Anzeigen of 1883 the book has become one of 
 
 the few standard works ' to be found on the 
 ^Q shelves of every student of the Indo-Germanic 
 
 3 languages.' Such praise, no doubt, encourag- 
 
 f~i 
 
 s> 
 
 *iv. Aufl. Strassburg : Karl J. Trubner, 1890. 
 
 Deprinted from the MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES, Vol. v, 
 No. 8, 1890.
 
 \VM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 ed the Triibners to publish along with the 
 fourth edition an announcement, from which I 
 have selected this extract : Eine abschlies- 
 sende 1 lexicalische Bearbeitung der Etymolo- 
 gic des neuhochdeutschen Sprachschatzes gab 
 es vordem E>scheinen der ersten Auflage von 
 Kluge's etymologischen Wdrterbuch nicht. 
 Alle bisher erschienenen haben die Etymolo- 
 gic nicht auf der breiten Grundlage der ver- 
 gleichenden Sprachforschung erschopfend be- 
 handelt. 
 
 Der Verfasser des vorliegenden Werkes hat 
 es unternommen, auf Grund der zerstreuten 
 Einzelforschungen, und seiner eigenen mehr- 
 jahrigen Studien ein Etymologisches Worter- 
 buch des deutschen Sprachschatzes auszuar- 
 beiten, das dem gegenwartigen Stande der 
 Wissenschaft entspricht. Er hat es sich zur 
 Aufgabe gemacht, Form und Bedeutimg jedes 
 Wortes bis hinauf zu den letzten Quellen zu 
 verfolgen, die Beziehungen zu den klassischen 
 Sprachen in gleichem Maasse betonend, wie 
 das Verwandschaftsverhaltniss zu den iibri- 
 gengermanischenund romaniscfien Sprachen. 
 Selbst die Vergleichung mit den entfernteren 
 Orientalischen (Sanskrit und Zend), den kelti- 
 schen und slavischen Sprachen ist in alien 
 Fallen herangezogen, wo die Forschung cine 
 
 i The italics are introduced by the writer of this paper.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 Verwandtschaft festzustellen vermag, und wo 
 diese Verwandtschaft zugleich Licht auf die 
 Urzeit des germanischen Lebens wirft.' 
 
 The writer of the following notes has occu- 
 pied himself with Teutonic languages and 
 cheerfully acknowledges the great merits of 
 KLUGE'S work in the field of Teutonic ety- 
 mology and phonetics ; but it will be seen in 
 the course of these remarks that author and 
 publisher were by no means morally entitled 
 to print in their announcement the above- 
 quoted extract. To write a good etymological 
 dictionary of the German or any other modern 
 language presupposes not merely a slight 
 but an intimate and accurate knowledge of the 
 Classical as well as of the Oriental, especial- 
 ly the Semitic, languages. The following 
 paper endeavors to supply some of KLUGE'S 
 deficiencies in the last-named direction, and 
 the writer acknowleges his indebtedness, 
 above all, to the works of PAUL DE LAGARDE, 
 Dr. Theol. and Phil., Professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Gottingen (Germany). It is a matter 
 of deep regret that the results of the learned
 
 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 professor's investigations are for the most part 
 tot geschwiegen by Indo-Germanic scholars, 
 and lebendig geschwiegen by a number of 
 Sanskrit and Semitic students the one omis- 
 sion being about as bad and exasperating as 
 the other. 
 
 For a future edition of this work I have also 
 taken the liberty of suggesting a number of 
 German desiderata which one might natural- 
 ly look for in a book considered by all scholars 
 as the standard etymological dictionary of the 
 German language. The first and fourth 
 editions have been carefully collated, and the 
 results of the whole investigation are herewith 
 submitted to the readers of MOD. LANG. 
 NOTES. 
 
 KLUGE discusses Alabaster, Alchimie, Al- 
 manack, etc., but why not Admiral, Alkohol 
 (see ZDMG v, 242 ff.) 2 We should expect to 
 
 2 To save space I have employed the following abbrevia- 
 tions : Arab.=Arabic ; Du.=Dutch ; Eng.=English; Fr.= 
 French & O. Fr.==Old French ; Hebr.=Hebrew ; It.=Italian. 
 Lat.=Latin ; Port.=Portuguese ; Prov.=Provencal ; Skt.= 
 Sanskrit ; Sp.=Spanish ; O.H.G.=Old-High-German ; M.H .
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 find Apfelsine: Du. appelsina, i. e., apple im- 
 ported from Messina; Aprikose, Engl. apri- 
 cot from Fr. abricot<Sp. Port, arbicocco, /- 
 buricoque, this from Arab, al-barqtiq, which is 
 the Byzantine fiFpiHOKHa=TrpaTH('mxiaL&\.\v\ 
 (mala) praecocia praecoqua : LAG. 'Abh.' 44 
 rem. 3; SKEAT, s. v. Atlas (satin) from Arab, 
 atlas, 'polished, varnished,' whence also Polish 
 atlas. Ampel (O.H.G. ampulla) KLUGE con- 
 nects correctly with Lat. ampulla ; but here he 
 stops, contrary to his publishers' announce- 
 
 G.=Middle-High-German ; N.H.G.=New-High-German; K. 
 Z.=KUHN'S ZEITSCHRIFT; ZT)MG=Zeitschrift der Dent' 
 schen Morgenl&ndischen Gcscllschaft (Leipsic). 
 
 Lag. Abh.=PAUL de LAGARDE, ' Gesammelte Abhandlung- 
 en,' 8vo, 304 pp. Leipsic, 1866. 
 
 Lag. Arm.=LAGARDE, 'Armcnische Studien,' Gothingen, 
 1877: aus dem xxii. Bande der Abhandhingen der kmigl. 
 Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Giittingen. 
 
 Lag. Nominal-formation^LAGARDE, ' Uebersicht Uber die 
 im Aramaischen, Arabischen und Hebraischen tibliche 
 Bildung der Nomina.' Gottingen, 1889 ; aus dem xxxv. Bande 
 der Abhandhmgen. 
 
 Frankel, Fremdworter, or S. Frankel=S. FRANKEL. 'Die 
 aramaischen Fremdworter im Arabischen'; Leiden, E. J. 
 Brill, 1886. SKEAT=SKE*T'S 'Etymological Dictionary of the 
 English Language,' Oxford, 1882.
 
 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 ment ; we should have liked to see the notice 
 that Latin ampulla (PLAUTUS) stands for am- 
 purla, this for amphorulla, a diminutive of am- 
 phora, which, again, is borrowed from the 
 Greek aju(pop/jv'c=dju<pi<pofjvt (literally=Z- 
 ber for Zweiberi). Anker, we are told, is bor- 
 rowed from the Lat. ancora ; but ancora itself 
 is borrowed from the Greek ayxvpa. Why 
 does KLUGE not mention the word Maschine, 
 from Lat. machina, this from Greek /n/xcrvi/?. 
 Cf. It. macchina, Fr. machine, whence Engl. 
 machine. Arcubalista, whence arbalista, 
 ' crossbow ' is here referred to the Lat. arcus+ 
 Greek /fo'AAca ; it were better to say : arcu- 
 balista is a compound of arcu(s)+bal(l)ista, 
 like manubalista, currobalista ; balista (also 
 ballistra, whence Sicil. balestra), sc. machina, 
 is a South Italian derivative of /J<rAAzt<a, and 
 this comes from /fo'AAoj. KLUGE mentions 
 Engl. arbalist, a word omitted in SKEAT'S 
 dictionary. The word amulet is omitted in the 
 fourth edition, but it is as good a ' German- 
 ized ' word as Alchimie, etc. ; in the first 
 
 3 Professor LAGAKDE queries this last comparison.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 edition KL. says : Amulet (neutre) from the 
 Lat. -Oriental amuletum (Fr. amulette) 'talis- 
 man ' ; this last word being in quotation marks 
 \ve should naturally expect to find it mention- 
 ed under the letter T ; but such is not the 
 case. I suppose KLVGE followed SKEAT, s.v. 
 amulet (Fr. -Lat. -Arabic) ; but amulet is not a 
 Semitic word at all ; Prof. J. GILDEMEISTER 
 (ZDMG xxxviii, 140-2) rejects the usual Ara- 
 bic derivation of this word and thinks that, as 
 it is an Old-Latin word mentioned by VARRO 
 (ap. Charisium 105,9 edit. KEIL) and often 
 used by PLINY, its origin must be sought in 
 Latin sources (see also American Journal of 
 Philology, v, 531). For talisman see SKEAT. 
 The articles Alabaster, Alchiinie and Alma- 
 nack are very unsatisfactory in KLUGE, as 
 well as in SKEAT. 'Alabaster,' KLUGE says, is 
 from the Lat. -Greek alabastrum dXafla- 
 6rpi' ; it would have been profitable to both 
 KLUGE and SKEAT to read BLAU'S very instruc- 
 tive article in ZDMG xxv, 528 ff. ; aXdpaGrpov 
 or /lft' '/j(f(5r/jo? is an adjective from V/An'-
 
 10 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 fiadrpa ; this stands for al-bacra, a soft stone 
 of white color (cf. HERODOTUS iii, 20). Ro- 
 mance scholars treating Fr. albatre=Wal. 
 albastru, used to connect it with Lat. albus, 
 white ; but both stone and name are from 
 Arabia ; Greek and Latin 6r (sf] for Semitic c 
 is very common ; e. g., Greek Bo'6rpa for Boc- 
 ra, MKtirpaijuHebr. Micraim, Lat. castrum 
 became Arab, qacr, and stratum=Arab. crat- 
 un, etc. Alchimie, alchemy, is not to be deriv- 
 ed from the Greek ju/fr/f, through the medium 
 of Arabic kimia-f-article al-, as KL. and SK. 
 teach us ; it is the Coptic chame (black)-(- 
 article al-, and means the art of the dark- 
 skinned Egyptians; cf. LAG. 'Abh.' 43, rem. 2; 
 ZDMG xxx, 534 ff. ; TECHMER'S Zeitschr.\\, 
 82. To save space I would refer KL. and SK. 
 for Almanack to LAG., 'Abh.,' 196, 5-25. 
 
 Under Bank one might expect a notice of 
 ' die Wechselbank,' M.H.G. der Wehselbanc, 
 table of the money-changer, from It. il banca, 
 Fr. la banque, which, again, came from the 
 German 'Bank.' Speaking of Harte-=FSeil, 
 mention might have been made of the proverb:
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 " Schlagst du mich mit der Barte, 
 Schlag ich dich mit dem Beile" 
 
 I miss befahren=\n. Besorgniss sein ; betatigen, 
 changed in the seventeenth century after the 
 analogy of Tat from betddigen=beteidigen= 
 beteidingen, i. e., to negotiate, cf. vertei- 
 digen. Brantwein. Eng. brandy, =gebrann_ 
 ter ivein; cf. zum branten wein (HANS 
 SACHS); bresthaft (cf. bersten=M.H.G. bres- 
 ten) beside presshaft; cf. Prass from Du. 
 bras for brast=' Brast.' The etymology of 
 Balsam, Engl. balm, ought to have been 
 better studied by KLUGE and SKEAT ; both 
 authors consider Greek fta'Xda^ov as 'die 
 letzte Quelle.' The article should read 
 something like this : Assyrian bashmu=Hebr. 
 basam ' fragrant ' (cf. Bisam) ; this passed into 
 Greek-Latin as fia'Xtiauov, balsamum, whence 
 Germ, balsam, Eng. balsam and balm ; fia'A- 
 tfajiiov returned to the Arabic as balsan and 
 balasan ; Fr. baume, from O. Fr. bausme, bas- 
 me. Under Balsam KL. should have referred 
 to Bisam (Eng. musk). Balsam being located, 
 Aloe (from Lat. aloe, Greek a'/lo';/, from Hebr.
 
 \VM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 'ahalim, Skt. agaru) ought to be mentioned. 
 For Barchent cf. Fr. bouracan, Sp. barrakan. 
 Barett is derived from Lat. 'birrus., But 
 why not add that birrus stands for burrus, 
 borrowed from the Greek Tcvppu^ (ein mit 
 Kapuze versehener Mantel-kragen)? Barke'\?> 
 from the Greek /jcv/j/f, an Egyptian boat 
 (Herodot. ii, 41) ; /fti/j/? is the Egyptian bari-t, 
 a Nile-boat, already found on the monuments 
 of the xviii. dynasty : see the interesting dis- 
 cussion between O. WEISE and A. ERMAN in 
 BEZZ. Beitr. vii ; also American Journal of 
 Phil, x, 247. 
 
 KLUGE is very arbitrary and unsystematic in 
 the selection of words borrowed from other 
 languages ; we find, e. g., Almanack, Bazar, 
 etc., but not Gazelle (from Arab, gazal), 
 Magazin (from Arab, mjjazan, plur. mahazin, 
 from a verb hazana, cf. LAG. 'Abh.' 25, 23 and 
 rem.) storehouse; Tarif (Engl. tariff), from 
 Arab, ta'rif, etc. ; nor do we find Derwisch, 
 Firman, Karawanne (from Persian karawan, 
 Engl. caravan), Orange (from the Persian), 
 and many others. If Becher is derived from
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 13 
 
 Greek ftiKoS (Herodot. i, 194), it goes back 
 ultimately to the Semitic baqbuq, a bottle. 
 Why should not Beissker (fish) be connected 
 with Lat. piscis, by a popular analogy to 'beis- 
 sen ' ? Speaking of BeryllY^i^. says it is from 
 SKT. vaidurya, but he does not state that the 
 stone has derived its name from that of the 
 Indian city Vidura, i. e., the Vidurian stone; 
 cf. also LAG. 'Abh.' 22, No. 48. LAGARDEib. 73, 
 
 1. 20 ff. has some good remarks on Bimsi&. 4f 
 
 blecken, i. e., to show the tee"trT7 should have 
 reminded KL. of Engl. to bleach, and bleak 
 (cf. SKEAT s.vv.). The ' letzte Quelle ' for 
 Bombasin, according to KL. is Lat. -Greek 
 bombyx, flo/jfivz ; SKEAT adds : probably 
 Eastern. Cf. Armenian bambak, Pers. panba, 
 LAG. 'Arm.' No. 343. Some notes on Bombast . 
 are to be found in Getting, gelehrt Anzeigen, 
 1887, p. 301, rem., which may be of use to 
 KLUGE. 
 
 Our author does not state plainly enough 
 why smoked herring is called Biicking\ 'it was 
 so called, because Bucking was the name of 
 the man who first smoked herring (Flemish)' 
 
 J? V, s '] 
 
 . .T . ; / i- u 
 
 i- ^ 'w- \ * .-- / 
 
 f ^ 
 
 '. , 
 ' *'J.
 
 14 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 PAUL DE LAGARDE. It might have been in- 
 structive to mention that FORTUNATUS uses 
 the form bufalus=buffalo ; the Greek {Sov'/Ja- 
 Af>? is the usual designation for gazelle. 
 Under Bunt mention should be made of Bunt- 
 werk=Pelzwerk, because it was variegated. 
 For Burg let KL. consult LAG. 'Arm.,' p. 31, 
 No. 427, and S. FRANKEL ('Aramaeische Lehn- 
 worter im Arabischen,' p. 235). Die Butte, a 
 saltwater fish from Du. butte, cf. Engl. but, 
 which is omitted in SKEAT and in WEBSTER ; 
 see, however, halibut=Germ. Heil-btitteA 
 KLUGE says : Origin obscure. Why should 
 not but (cf. Stein-butte, etc.) be shortened 
 from Arab, butariq ? This butariq (cf. Byzan- 
 tine /Ji/ra'/j/x''^) is from the Coptic 
 <V, this from the Greek rapixivv, 
 which, again, is borrowed from the Armenian 
 tareq (cf. LAG. 'Arm.,' 2205; Gutting, gelehrt. 
 Nachrichten, 1886, p. 131-5; Mittheilungen ii, 
 
 4 The common etymologies for hali-but, Heilbutte, offered 
 by SKEAT, KLUGE and many others are very unsatisfactory. 
 Why could not Mali- be connected with Greek <iA- c ? For 
 Botargo see also the ' Oxford English Dictionary, I.; ion.
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 15 
 
 ii ff.) ; thus butariq would have been shorten- 
 ed by the Dutch sailors and fishermen to butte 
 =Engl. but, Germ. Butte, just as many other 
 foreign words have been shortened. The 
 Arabic butariq, LAGARDE, 1. c., says, was 
 received by the Italians as bottarga, bottari- 
 ca, and by the inhabitants of Provence as 
 botargue, at a time when Alexandria was the 
 chief centre of the commerce between Orient 
 and Occident. Why not think of Late Latin 
 butina Greek TTITI'I-I/, jug, bottle, to explain 
 Riitte, O.H.G. but.in.na? Butter goes back to 
 Greek /Joi'rvpov, a compound of finv-\-Tvp(> c ., 
 cheese; TV/JH'~ (HOMER) is not an Indo-Ger- 
 manic word, but borrowed from the Turko- 
 tartaric turak, Magyar tur6 'cheese' (gesalzene 
 Milchspeise) : cf. YAMHERY, 'Die primitive 
 kultur der Turkotartaren,' p. 94. The idea 
 that the word was a Scythian noun originated 
 with PLINY, Hist, nat., xxviii, 9. Beleinincrn 
 betrugen, a Dutch word, so KLUGE states in 
 the fourth edition, but that is not an etymolo- 
 gy. Belemuicrn appears to be a corruption 
 of. a Modern-Jewish word. Mr. K. Casanowitz,
 
 l6 WM. MUSS-ARN'OLT 
 
 of the Semitic Seminary (Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity), tells me that the Jews in Poland call 
 a swindler, a cheat ' Lowen hoarami '=Lab- 
 han-ha-araml, i. e., Lahan the Aramean 
 (Genesis, xxix) ; this, with the help of popular 
 analogy, may easily have been corrupted into 
 be/emmern.s Again, f>erappcn=\)&7.a\\\&n, to 
 pay (a N.H.G. word), means, according to our 
 dictionary, to give Rappen, Rappen geben ; cf. 
 s. v. Rappen, where we are told that such is 
 the name of a coin, stamped in Freiburg and 
 showing the picture of a raven, a Rappen, but 
 if so, why not also be-hellern (from Heller), 
 be-batzen (from Bat/en), be-kreuzern (from 
 Kreuzer), etc.? Berappen is a N.H.G. word 
 and belongs to the list of words borrowed 
 from Modern Hebrew. The Hebrew Pae'l : 
 rabbi (cf. Assyrian rabu) means, to pay in- 
 terest, to enlarge a borrowed capital, then 
 also to pay ; hence, by a popular analogy with 
 other verbs, arose bc-rabbcn, and then bcrap- 
 
 5 Dr. B. SZOLD, however, thinks that be-lemmern is a 
 compound of be and Hebr. letnor (to speak) in the meaning 
 of ' in ' Jemanden hineinreden ' ; to try to swindle a man by 
 talking to him and making him confused.
 
 ON ICLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 17 
 
 pen ; this latter may have been assimilated to 
 Rappen. Beschummeln=^xt\.r\\^\\, cf. schum- 
 meln='plagen' (KLUGE) ; but neither is schum- 
 ineln mentioned under 'Sch,' nor is there a 
 reference found s. v. plagcn. It is true, be- 
 schu-inineln is a compound of be+schummeln 
 (cf. be-leininern, be-rappen, etc.) ; schummeln 
 is connected with and derived from 'schmul' 
 in schmul machen, a word not yet explained 
 in any dictionary. It is well known that the 
 two names generally given by the people to 
 Jewish tradesmen were Schmul (i. e. Samuel) 
 and Itzig 6 ; it is also known, that 'to trade' and 
 'to cheat, to overreach,' were for many persons 
 synonymous terms when applied to such 
 tradesmen ; from this proper name Schmul 
 arose the verb schmulen, schmul machen, and 
 by metathesis schummeln, whence be-schum- 
 meln.7 Rocher, a young Jewish student, from 
 Hebr. bachur, youtlr(Ki.rGK) ; yet not direct- 
 
 6 1 have frequently heard people say : I)a kommt der 
 Schmul, der Itzig. 
 
 7 Professor LAGAKDE adds : m e schu c med, an apostate 
 (Mod. Hebr.', but with a query.
 
 l8 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Iy from the Hebrew, but through the medium 
 of Polish bachur, bachor, patois bachfir, which 
 means (i) a young Jew ; (2) any child in general 
 (used mostly in a contemptuous sense) ; and 
 (3) a young hog. 
 
 KLUGE has done well to incorporate into his 
 dictionary some Modern Jewish words, but he 
 ought to have paid better attention to pro- 
 nunciation as well as etymology ; for example, 
 on p. 49 (4th edit.) we are told: Dalles (m.) 
 ruin, destruction (Jewish), properly the Jewish 
 mourning-robe worn on the great day of the 
 atonement (whence originally 'den Dalles an- 
 haben '), from Hebr. talith ; according toothers 
 the word is formed from Hebr. dallCit, poverty. 
 Our author confounds here two entirely dis- 
 tinct words. Modern Jewish talles (from Bibli- 
 cal talith) means robe, mantle (Talmud), now 
 prayer-mantle worn on the day of atonement, 
 while dalles (from Biblical dalluth) means 
 poverty. SKKAT'S and KLUGE'S ' letzte Quel- 
 le ' for Dattel, elate, is Greek onVrrA- f ; but 
 Greek <5nVrr/\o? stands for tf < i'>,--/\ ? r < . ? from 
 the Phoenician diqC'lath, palm, palmfruit ; cf.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 19 
 
 LAG. 'Mitth.' ii, 356.; also KZ, v, 188 and viii, 
 398. I will add here that I am well aware of 
 L. FLEISCHER'S remarks in LEVY'S ' Modern 
 Hebrew Dictionary,' i, 443, b. HESYCHIUS 
 has the following gloss : 2<>vMA.at, qjoivixofia- 
 A.ar<>i 'SnvK^vftciXavoi, TO avro, iPoiviMf?, 
 to which MOVERS (' Phoenizier' ii, 3, p. 234-5) 
 adds: "perhaps from dhoq^l=soqel" (Cf. 
 Kadtt7\o? for KafSjuihoS and my "Notes on 
 Greek Etymologies " in Johns Hopkins Univ. 
 Circular, No. 81, May 1890). To Greek 5 0^77, 
 mentioned in connection with Daube, should 
 be added Latin doga (borrowed from the 
 Greek as galbanum for xaXfidvr;, Fr. galban ; 
 rf> golaia < / fAus ; pandicularis 
 ? 'common toall') whence It., Port, 
 doga. Latin adamantem, accus. to adamas 
 (cf. s. v. Detnanf) is borrowed from the Greek 
 ctdctjia?; reference should be made to Engl. 
 diamond, and on the other hand to Prov. adi- 
 man, O. Fr. almant, Sp. Port. iman. The 
 etymology of Dill is not known to SKEAT nor 
 KLUGE. It seems to be a Teutonic word, as 
 KLUGE remarks, the Greek-Latin being avrj-
 
 \VM. MTSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Soy=anethum, whence It. aneto, Sp. eneldo, 
 Port, endro, the same plant as aviGov, ani- 
 sum, Anis. The M.H.G. form \xtille, and we 
 know that Dillis an aromatic plant with 'viel- 
 geteiltem Stengel.' Why cannot tille be con- 
 nected with the M.H.G. tcilen=\.o divide, to 
 part? Dock(\\.) a basin for vessels, from Engl. 
 dock, whose origin is obscure (so KLUGE). 
 I think, however, that SKEAT is right in con- 
 necting the word with Lat. -Greek doga, <5u///, 
 receptacle ; cf. the Late-Latin doccia ; dock 
 would thus be related to Germ. Dauge=d\tc\\ 
 and to (Fass)-daube. For Docke (Engl. doll) 
 compare perhaps Fr. toque, which according 
 to M. DOZY, ' Noms des vetements chez les 
 Arabes,' p. 289 ff, is of Arabic origin. In the 
 fourth edition we find 'Dokes; Douches (m.)= 
 Podex, a Jewish word, of doubtful etymology, 
 hardly to be connected with Hebrew tahath 
 (below)'; but, the Jewish word is T6chs ! 
 which certainly is the same as the Biblical 
 tahath ; a little further on we are informed 
 that Donfe^, (m.), prison is from Hebr. tafas 
 (to take prisoner) ; but the word is either Tufes
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 (Wallinian) or Tofes (Lithuanian), by no means 
 Doufes. For Dolmetzsch, let KL. consult 
 'Actes du vi e congres international des orien- 
 talistes, tenu en 1883 a Leide,' vol. ii, pt. i, 
 427, and VAMBERV, ' Cultur des turkotartari- 
 schen Volkes,' p. 127, where we find the fol- 
 lowing : For Dolmetzsch we have the genuine 
 tilmez'i (which passed from the Turkish to the 
 Russian and thence to the German) from til= 
 tongue, language ; the original form is til- 
 mekz / i, orator, speaker, a word which has 
 been erroneously derived from Russian tolk, 
 tolkovat, to explain (whence English to talk) ; 
 also LAG. 'Arm.,' 847; 'Mitth.' ii, i-j-j.Dril- 
 len, to train soldiers, is also found in English 
 =to drill ; both are derived from the Du. 
 drillen, which is, of course, the same as Eng. 
 to thrill ; also compare Fr. drille (soldier) 
 and O. H. G. trikil (servant). For Durst 
 compare Old-Latin torus for torrus<torsws 
 (Greek rp6-F65ai)=Goth. thaursus Skt. 
 trshu, eager, panting. 
 
 The words Elfenbein, Elephant and Esel 
 will be be treated in a special paper on Greek
 
 \VM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 words borrowed from foreign, especially Se- 
 mitic, languages. Elstcr, O.H.G. agalstra, 
 seems to be a compound of -|-gal-|-stra from a 
 root galan, to sing, to yell, contained in 
 Nachti-gall and gellen, with the prefix syllable 
 a=un-, thus denoting the bird which does not 
 sing sweetly (die hasslich singende, krachzen- 
 de). Ebenbaum. KI.UGE'S ' letzte Ouelle ' is 
 Greek fin'"-', but this again, is, borrowed 
 from the Semitic habenim, ebony-wood. The 
 N.H.G. lischc (Engl. ash) is properly the 
 plural of M.H.G. asch. Instead of Asche 
 (fish) read Aeschc (cf. dotting. Gelehrt. 
 Nadir., 1886, i35=Alant.). Lat. acetum 
 (whence German Essig) is borrowed from the 
 Greek ahoirov; cf. mel acoetum. One of the 
 worst paragraphs in KLUGE, as well as in 
 SKEAT, is that vnEndivie. SK. says: endive, 
 a plant (Fr., Lat.) Fr. endive; Lat. intubus. 
 KL. puts it : Endivie (F.) erst fru'h nhd ; 
 nach dem gleichbedeutenden mittellatein-ro- 
 man. endivia (lat. intibus). 1 do not call this 
 a standard etymology. Our authors might at 
 least have mentioned the suggestions of F. O.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 23 
 
 WEISE, 'Die griechischen \V6rter im Latein,' 
 Leipzig, 1882, p. 35, and the same in BEZZ., 
 Beitr., v, 84, or POTT'S explanation of the 
 same word in BEZZ., Beitr., vi, 328, although 
 they are wrong. The true etymology is given 
 by LAGARDE in his ' Semitica ' i, 61-62 (see 
 Gotting. Gelehrt. Abhandlungen, vol. 23) enti- 
 tled, " Erklarung chaldaischer Worter." LA- 
 GARDE speaks of the Aramean hindab and 
 says : 
 
 ' Auch die Araber kennen hindab ; es ist 
 dieses Wort eine echt semitische Weiterbil- 
 dung von hudb=die Augemvimper (the eye- 
 lash) ; so Avicenna ; Man braucht sich nurden 
 bekannten Endivien-salat vorzustellen, um zu 
 begreifen,wiepassend fiir die Endivieder Name 
 ' mit vielen Wimpern begabt ' ist; vergl. Ver- 
 gil, georg, <r, 120 amaris intiba fibris. Die 
 Rdmer (griechisch sagte man 6s 'pi~) werden 
 den Namen mit der Sache von den Puniern 
 erhalten haben ; fyTv/imi' (Ducange, 930) ist 
 spat, und erst aus Italien eingefiihrt. Fiir die 
 Richtigkeit meiner Ableitung spricht der Um- 
 stand, dass nach Dioscorides, /j 160, ' 
 
 Ich habe mir namlicli die Frage vorgelegt, 
 wie die Heilkrafte der Pflanzen gefundenwor-
 
 24 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 den sind, and eine meiner Antworten lautet : 
 nach Nameiuihnlichkeiten. Wenn diese Ent- 
 deckung vorsichtig und kundig verwertet wird, 
 diirfte sie fiir die Erkenntniss der altesten Ge- 
 schichte die wichtigsten Folgen haben. Man 
 walte hindab gegen die Krankheit der ahdab 
 (der Augenwimpenn, plur. zu hudb) : folglich 
 ist diese Benutzung der Endivie Eigentum der 
 Semiten, und der Name der Endivie selbst 
 ebenfalles semitisch.' 8 
 
 German Farre, fern, f arse und Greek nuptf, 
 Tr'vjr/? are \ r ery much like the Hebrew par, 
 fern, parah ; the words have no Indo-German- 
 ic etymon. 9 Let KLUGE consult LAGARDE'S 
 essay on Purim (Gutting. Gelehrt. Abhand- 
 lungen, vol. 34, p. 17, rem. i) for Fassnacht 
 and Fastnacht. Fenster, we are told, is from 
 the Latin fenestra ; but this Latin word is not 
 a genuine one ; it is borrowed from a Greek 
 word *(pavrf-6rpa, R.cpav as in ffHiiv<>/.iai,q)ar- 
 (>-, like orchestra, palaestra, etc. (cf. O. WEISE, 
 
 8 See also J. LCEW, 'Aramaeisehe Pflanzennamen,' p. 27 f. . 
 255, No. 195,3. 
 
 9 See Beitriige zur assyrischen und vergleichendtn Se- 
 mitischen Sprachiuissenschaft, herausgegeben von F. DE- 
 I.IT/SCH and PAUL HAUPT. 1. p. 114, rem.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 25 
 
 ' Lehnworter,' pp. 48, 71 ff., 197). Our author 
 adds : Zu Grunde liegt mit ' auffalligem ' 
 Genuswechsel Lat. fenestra ; he ought to have 
 said that Fenster became neuter after the 
 analogy of das Loch\ the same is the case 
 with das Krcnz (Lat. crux, fern.), after das 
 Holz ; das Peek (Lat. pix, fern.) after das Harz ; 
 das Rappier (Fr. rapiere) after das Schwert, 
 etc. The Portug. and Fr. words for Fetisch 
 are given by KLUGE, but no etymology is 
 offered. SKEAT, like many others, traces the 
 word back to Lat. factitius ; I do not believe 
 this to be the true derivation of the noun. We 
 know that the Phoenician ships were placed 
 under the protection of the Cabeiri (Greek 
 nafiF.ipoi, from the Semitic kabir ; Mem. de la 
 societe lingidstiqiie de Paris iv, 89 ff.), and 
 that they had images of them at their stem ci- 
 stern, or both. These images were small and 
 inconspicuous, being little dwarf figures re- 
 garded as amulets that would preserve the 
 vessel in safety. The Phoenicians called 
 them pittuhim, sculptures (from a verb patah, 
 to sculpture, to carve), whence the Greek
 
 26 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Moi (Herodot., iii, 37) and the Fr. fe'tiche. 
 Some scholars derive the word from the Egyp- 
 tian name Phthah or Ptah, the god of creation 
 (cf. KENRICK, 'Phoenicia,' p. 235). A popular 
 analogy of the word to Latin factitius is very 
 probable. Fibel means properly the clasps, 
 fastenings (Lat. fibula) found on every book in 
 the middle ages ; then, also, the book itself. 
 The form 'Fibel' is based, of course, on that of 
 Bibel. I miss the word Fiber, Engl. fibre 
 from Lat. fibra. Flinte, cf. Engl. flint, may 
 perhaps be connected with Greek TtXiv^o?, a 
 brick (so KLUGE, following KZ, 22, p. no, No. 
 3) ; I do not believe that there is any connec- 
 tion between the two words and prefer to 
 follow GEORG HOFFMANN (ZDMG) xxxii, 
 748 and STADE'S Zeitschrift fiir alttestament- 
 liche Wissenschaft ii, p. 72, 19) HOFFMANN 
 explains Tr/l/VS-o? as a metathesis for ATT/V^ 
 *A#/'r=iSemitic lbenath (Assyrian libittu) 
 brick ; cf. Greek itaAd^t/ from -Semitic dfibe- 
 lath ; 8dKrv'\ot, date for ddn^vro-. On p. 90 
 of the fourth edition we find the following 
 remark, s.v. FIcte: In der Redensart rloten
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 27 
 
 gehen, steckt ein niederdeutsches fleuten= 
 fliessen ; sie bedeutet urspriinglich (18. Jahrh.) 
 durchgehen, weglaufen. But I do not see any 
 connection between fliessen and durchgehen, 
 except that both imply a motion. Fldten 
 (prop. Fleuteri) gehen is a corruption of the 
 Jewish-Polish pleite gehen ; pleite stands for 
 pelete, for the Polish Jews pronounce e like ei ; 
 pSlete is derived from the Hebrew palat, to 
 escape, to live. Words like Pleite are, for 
 example, Peiess, Geseire, etc. Flotz might 
 have a reference to Engl. flat. 'Letzte Quelle' 
 von Fratze konnte in Ital. frasche, Fr. frasques, 
 Possen, Schabernack,' vorliegen (KLUGE). I 
 believe that the word belongs to the same class 
 as beschummeln, etc. In Modern Hebrew we 
 have phracoph from the Greek TtpddajTtov, 
 face, feature ; whence, by the dropping of -oph, 
 arose Fratze. The German Fries also de- 
 notes a part of the entablature of a column ; 
 this should have been mentioned in our diction- 
 ary. 
 
 So many citizen-words of foreign extraction 
 being treated by KLUGE, I should have ex-
 
 28 \YM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 pected to find Galosche from Fr. galoche, Lat. 
 gallica, i. e., gallischer Schuh (cf. Engl. ga- 
 loche ; SKEAT'S etymology from Greek vaXo- 
 7TiJ6/ov, a shoe-maker's last is very doubtful), 
 and Gamasche (also Kamasche) from O. Fr. 
 gamache, Late-Latin gambacea ; cf. It. gam- 
 ba, leg and Engl. gambado, a kind of leg- 
 gings. Gar dine, from Late-Latin cortina, 
 whence Engl. curtain, through Fr. courtine. 
 With Gekrose compare the Modern Hebrew 
 k e resa, belly, stomach, also intestines (in As- 
 syrian kurussu). Add Geste (M.H.G. gcste] 
 from gestum, narrative and behavior; cf. 
 Engl. gesture. Gimpel might refer us to 
 Engl. to jump and jumble (see SKEAT, s.vv.) 
 Gips, yv'ipo?, gypsum is from the Semitic jibs, 
 plaster, mortar ; the best gypsum was import- 
 ed from Syria, and this fact, besides others, 
 points to an Eastern home ; cf. ZDMG, xxv, 
 542-3; Sp. yeso, Sicil. jissu. According to 
 LAGARDE ('Agathangelus,' p. 159, rein, i, con- 
 tained in Gutting. Gelehrt. Abhandf., vol. 35), 
 ' Gott ' seems to be a form borrowed from the 
 Persian
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 29 
 
 Avesta xfiddta. LAG. states that many years 
 ago EUGENE BURNOUF, the great French 
 scholar, made this suggestion. In the same 
 note LAGARDE says that the termination -gund 
 in Proper names, as Kuni-gunde, Hilt-gunt 
 (Germanic) ; Gundi-salvus = Gundi-salviz = 
 Gonzalo=Gonzalez (Spanish) ; preserved also 
 in gonfalone of the Italians, is Eranian -gund, 
 borrowed like the Persian choda, and mean- 
 ing a troop, a band (Germ. Schaar) ; also see 
 LAG. 'Abh.,' 24, no. 56; 'Die beiden Vocabeln 
 choda and -gund wiirden durch ihre Gestalt 
 erweisen, dass die Germanen ziemlich spat 
 aufgehort haben, Nachbarn der Erdnier zu 
 sein, oder aber dass die Eranier schon ziem- 
 lich friih neu-persisch geredet haben.' Speak- 
 ing of Greif, KLUGE says, "jedenfalls ist 
 griech. ypvtp (Stam ypvTt!) als Quellenwort 
 fiir Greif anzusehen" ; but ypvip is not an Indo- 
 Germanic word ; it is borrowed from the 
 Semitic ; ypvib which stands for %pvfi-s=Sem. 
 k e rub ; (for other instances of such a metathesis 
 see ].H.\J. Circular, No. 81, May, 1890, p. 75 ff. 
 A note on Hahnrei is found in Americ.
 
 30 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Journ. of Philol. vi, 257-8. Hain for Hagen, 
 as Maid for Maged, as Eidechse forO.H.G. 
 egid'ehsa, ^'=Anglo-Saxon dg, ver-teidigen 
 for tage-dingen, etc. ; but we also have Hein 
 in Freund Hein (=death) although it is from 
 the same M.H.G. hagen=\\\or\\, sting. Could 
 not ' Freund Hein ' have originated from "I. 
 Corinth.," xv, 55-56? Haiduck has become 
 a German citizen-word, yet KL. omits it. It 
 is the Polish hajduk, a valet, trabant (cf. 
 Hungarian hajdu); in German it is also spelt 
 Heiduck, assimilating it to Heide (heathen). 
 Hals in Geizhals, Wagehals, Schreihals is 
 to be compared with Old Norse hals=man. 
 Hanfand HCLVvafjis is treated in LAG. 'Arm.,' 
 1099, p. 73; KZ, xii, 378 rem. i and xiv, 430; 
 O.WEISE, 'Lehnworter,' 125 rem. 6; O. SCHRA- 
 DER, 'Urgeschichte and Sprachvergleichung' i, 
 p. 363 and idem in 'Waarenkunde,' p. 187. 
 Under Hellebarte KL. does not account for 
 Sp. alabarde, Arabic el-harbet. Latin camisia 
 (s.v. f/emd), Fr.-Engl. chemise, It. camicia, is 
 from the Arabic qamicim or qamucun, a shirt, 
 a shift, cf. LANE, 'Arabic-Engl. Dictionary,'
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 
 
 p. 2564, col. 2, and seeaiiso/. Hinde should 
 have been connected with Lat, hin(n)us, hin- 
 (n)ulus, a hind : cf. O. WEISE, ' Lehmvorter,' 
 p. 22-3 ; Hindin should never have been 
 mentioned by a Teutonic scholar of KLUGE'S 
 standing. Do we say in German Ktihin, Sta- 
 tin, Rickin, Hennin, Frauin and Tochterin ? 
 See Gotting. Gelehrt. Anz., 1885, p. 39. In 
 the fourth edition Hirse is compared with 
 Lat. cirrus, a bundle ; with the additional 
 remark: 'Ursprung dunkel.' It is a fact that 
 the millet has been known from antiquity, that 
 it was and still is cultivated in the East, in 
 southern and in central Europe. This points 
 to an Eastern origin. Armenian herisa=Heb- 
 rew 'arisa (see below, s.v. Kastanie). This word 
 came to Armenia at the time when the Israel- 
 ites were taken captives to Media by the Baby- 
 lonians , from this Armenian word lierisa was 
 borrowed the name for Hirse, or rather Hir- 
 se n-mus. Heirauch (from M.H.G. heien \.o 
 burn, Greek xaifir ; cf. heiss=\\ot ;) usually 
 changed into Heer-ranch or Hdhen-rauch, on 
 the basis of popular etymology. Horde (i) a
 
 32 \VM. MVSS-ARNOLT 
 
 wandering troop or tribe; VAMBERV, 1. c., 127 
 below says : Unter Lager=urdu, ist im all- 
 gemeinen das Stillstehen, das Innehalten auf 
 dem Marsche ausgedriickt ; Urdu heisst wort- 
 lich das aufgeschlagene, von urmak schlagen, 
 einschlagen. Horde being given, we might 
 expect a line or two for Kosak,}Lng\. Cossack, 
 Polish kosak, Tartar-Djagatai kazak, a light- 
 armed soldier, a volunteer. For Hunipcn see 
 LAG., 'Abh.,' 54 No. 151. There is a German 
 word kumpehovfl, not mentioned at all by 
 KL. It is Lat. cumba=Greek KV <&, TTOTII- 
 pw>', Tlocpioiz ; also HESYCHIUS Mvjufi(r=Tfo- 
 rtjpwv ; this, again, seems to be borrowed from 
 the Semitic qubbah, a goblet, a cup. 'Die 
 letzte Quelle ' of Husar, Engl. hussar, for 
 SKEAT and KLUGE is Hungarian huszar, which 
 is usually derived from husz, twenty (see the 
 interesting 'story' in SKEAT, s. v.). Hunga- 
 rian huszar and Serv. hur 6 sar 6 =husar=latro 
 (robber), are from the Latin cursarius, whence 
 also Korsar, Engl. Corsair, From the Mag- 
 yaric the word passed over into the other 
 European languages ; on the other hand, the 
 German Ilauptman was borrowed by the Cos-
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 33 
 
 sacks as Hetman, the title of their officers. 
 See MIKLOSISCH in Sitzungsberichte der kai- 
 serlichen Academic zu Wien (philolog. histori- 
 sche Klasse), vol. 118 (1889), No. v, p. 8. Since 
 Husar is given, why not Ulan (written also 
 Huldn after Husar), from Polish U/an=che- 
 vaux-le"ger, from Tartar ouhlan, a boy, a page, 
 a prince belonging to be family of the Khans. 
 
 I miss Ibis from Lat. ibis, Greek ifii? and 
 this from Egypt, hib. Under Ingwer mention 
 should be made of Lat. zingiberi and Span, 
 gengibre, whence the Fr. gingembre ; zend- 
 jebil is Persian, not Arabic. The v66oano^^= 
 Isop is from the Semitic ezob ; cf., e.g., LAG., 
 'Arm.,' 794. 
 
 KLUGE does not give the ' letzte Quelle ' of 
 the word Joppe, Fr. jupe, etc., which is Arabic 
 al-djubba(tun) ; the Italian giubba entered 
 Germany as 'Schaube,' which latter emigrat- 
 ed to Poland as Szuba. Another Polish form 
 is Zupica (cf. the name Zupitza !) a kind of 
 upan, a long vest, from Italian giubbone, Fr. 
 jupon ; from the German we have also the
 
 34 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Polish forms jubka or jupka, which returned 
 to Germany and are now used in some parts 
 of North Germany. 
 
 Kaftan might have been treated ; the Ger- 
 man is from the Polish kaftan, this from the 
 Turkish qaftan, a dress, cf. DOZY, 1. c., pp. 
 107-117. With reference to Lat. -Greek cacare 
 =caccare=KaKav=Kai(Hdv (s. v. Kacken) see 
 O. WEISE, ' Lehnworter,' pp. 26 and 76; for 
 M.H.G. qu&t, bad, evil, reference should have 
 been made to ' Otto den Quaden.' In Lithu- 
 anian we have sziku and in Old-Irish cacc. 
 Kaffer, we are told, means ' ungebildeter 
 Mensch,' properly a student-expression from 
 the Arabic Kafir ' infidel ' ; but WEIGAND 
 (' Worterbuch,' i, 832) has it better: Kaffer= 
 Talmudicrabbin. Kaphri, a villager, a peasant, 
 from the Hebr. kaphar, a village. The noun 
 Kaliber, Engl. caliber, is omitted ; from the 
 Greek KaXvTt6&i'>v=KaXo7t6$ioi' <na\dTrov : ;, 
 a shoemaker's last (i. e. a wooden foot) ; so 
 POTT and others, while some derive it from the 
 Arabic qalab, a model (SKEAT, s. v.) The Lat,
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 35 
 
 calx(s.v.Aa//fc) is derived from the Greek ja'A/l; 
 see WEISE, ' Lehnworter,' pp. 19, 50, 157 rem. 
 and 195. PICK compares Church-Slav, skala, 
 stone, and Gothic skaija, a tile, a brick. SKEAT, 
 s. v., is very unsatisfactory. For Kalmank let 
 KLUGE consult Du CANGE, ' Glossarium,' ii, 
 44; we have the Greek xajusA.avKioi', a kind of 
 cap made of camel's hair. Greek tca'tit/Aol 
 (camel) occurs for the first time in AESCH, 
 ' Suppl.,' 285. According to LAGARDE Nomi- 
 nal-formation in the Semitic languages (Cot- 
 ting, gelehrt. Abh., vol.xxxv, pp. 20 and 49) the 
 Semitic gdmal, camelus bactrianus, is derived 
 from a verb gamala, he compensated, he took 
 revenge ; attention is called to the fact that 
 the Greek authors called this animal ^vr/- 
 6iH.a.H(,c> and it is stated that "die wesent- 
 liche Eigenschaft des Kamels Rachsucht ist." 
 For Gothic ulbandus=A'a7<?/, LAGARDE (ibid., 
 221) says: "die Gothische Form is anerkannter- 
 massen=iA<^<r*T-, bedeutet aber nicht den 
 Elephanten, sondern das Katnel und zwar nicht 
 bloss bei den Gothen, sondern auch bei den
 
 36 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Niedersachsen, so gewiss die Herrn von 
 Krocher als Besitzer von Olvenstedt ein Kamel 
 im Schildefiihren." There may have been in 
 the mind of our Teutonic ^forefathers some 
 confusion in terms. The German Kamin is 
 from the It. caminata, this from Lat. caminus, 
 which, again, is derived from Greek ndf.nvo'i 
 (R. Kaif.iv, to burn). If the authors of our two 
 dictionaries would consult LAG. 'Arm.,' 1089, 
 they would find that Greek xa/.u\'pa, whence 
 Kammer, chamber, is an Eranian loan-word, a 
 "fact of great importance for the history of 
 architecture." Under Kampfer it would be 
 better to omit the last words " oder von dem 
 Hebr. kopher, Pech, Harz " ; SKEAT'S treat- 
 ment is more satisfactory. All the modern 
 words, as Engl. cane, cannon, canon, canal. 
 Germ. Kane I, etc., go back through Lat.- 
 Greek-Phoenician to the non-Semitic (Akkadi- 
 an) gi, gin 'reed.' From this Akkadian word 
 was borrowed the Assyrian qanu, Hebr.-Phon. 
 qaneh, Greek KrtV7'<r=Latin canna, etc. 
 Why has KL. omitted Kapital or Kapital,
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 37 
 
 from Lat. capitellum ; cf. It. capitello, Engl. 
 capital, the head of a column, pilaster; and 
 Kapital, plur. Kapitalien from Late-Latin 
 capitale=money ? Very deficient are the 
 articles Kapores and Koffer (SKEAT, s. v. cof- 
 fer, is not more satisfactory). Kappores is a 
 special term in Hebrew, denoting the ritual 
 performance among the Jews on the day pre- 
 ceding that of the great atonement ; this rite 
 consists in killing a cock or a chicken, pro- 
 nouncing at the same time a prayer that the 
 fowl may suffer for man as an expiatory victim, 
 a kapparah, what otherwise he would have to 
 suffer for the sins committed during the past 
 year ; whence arose the phrase ' kappores 
 gehen '=to be destroyed, to be killed ; instead 
 of the fowl, money was sometimes offered. 
 In the Pentateuch the kaphoreth was the ark 
 of the covenant, and upon its lid the expiatory 
 blood was sprinkled by the high-priest on the 
 great day of the atonement. From the same 
 word, meaning a chest, an ark, is derived the 
 French coffre, whence Germ. Koffer and 
 
 121486
 
 38 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Engl. coffer; the noun kaphoreth is derived 
 from the verb kaphar, he covered, (see also 
 LAGARDE, 'Nominal formation,' 1. c., p. 237 
 and 231.) On Karat let KLUGE read LAG., 
 'Abh.,' 32, 1. 31; SKEAT, s. v. carat: Zeit- 
 schrift fur Volkerpsychologie xiii, 240; S. 
 FRAENKEL, 'Aramaische Lehnworter im Ara- 
 bischen,' pp. 200-1. I miss the word Karniez 
 Engl. cornice=Fr. corniche, It. cornice, Lat. 
 coronis, Greek Hopooviz a wreath. KL. has 
 Kardatsche, but why not Kartatcshel from It. 
 cartoccio, Fr. cartouche (cf. Engl. cartouche, 
 cartridge), from It. carta=Lat. charta, paper, 
 from Greek ^apr?/? ; from the same has been 
 borrowed the German Karte, Eng. card. 
 Why have we not Kassierer, Engl. cashier, 
 Fr. caissier, from the Arabic hazna, treasure? 
 Cf. magazin. The paragraph Kastanie'i?, taken 
 from SKEAT, s. v. chestnut ; the usual deriva- 
 tion of Ha6ravia from the city Ka'6rava, 
 is but a popular etymology. LAG. in 
 an article on Kastanie {Getting. Gelehrt. 
 Nachr., 1889, 299-307.=' Mittheilungen ' (iii,
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 39 
 
 206-214; see also LAG. 'Arm.,' 1115) shows 
 that Greek midravea is a word borrowed 
 from the Armenian kaskeni=chestnut-tree, 
 and this is from kask=chestnut; Kask is an Ar- 
 menian word Adro / =Avestan q-'a-s (LAG., 
 'Arm.,' 1114 and 1791) ; from this is derived 
 the noun kask, " weil die Kastanie wiein der 
 Provence zur chatigna (Mehlbrei), so in Ar- 
 menien zu einenl Muse zerrieben, genossen 
 wurde. Armenisches kask ist nicht bloss 
 Kastanie, sondern auch geschrotene, reine 
 Gerste und ein Gekoch von Gerste und Wei- 
 zen, gleich einem Muse, einem Breie.' Armen- 
 ian kask (=Persian kask) passed into Arabic 
 as kisk (cf. E. W. LANE, ' 1001 Nights,' ii, 424) 
 =^Greek 7tn(jdvv=Sem[tic c arisa (whence 
 Hirsen-mus, Hirse ; cf. above). Armenian 
 Kask-eni=Greek xcrdrarsit (for Ka6MO.vea, a 
 case of dissimilation)=chestnut-tree ; termi- 
 nation -eni=Avestan -a^n}-a=Greek -trrfot ; 
 Latin castanea vesca. The result of LA- 
 GARDE'S investigation is: Die castanea (ves- 
 ca) tragt einen eranischen Namen und ist zu
 
 40 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 einer Zeit, deren sich die Alten noch entsan- 
 nen (cf. PLINY, xv, 23) iiber Lydien nach Grie- 
 chenland gekommen. Not better is the article 
 Kattun. The word goes back to Arab, qujn, 
 qutun, cf. al-qutun, M.H.G. deralcotton, O.Fr, 
 auqueton (see ALW. SCHULTZ, ' Das hofische 
 Leben,' etc., 2 ii, 38-40). Greek x-arr-=Lat. 
 catta, l?atze=fe\is domestica (MART, xiii, 69) 
 came from Egypt. 10 With reference to Ker- 
 ker KL. should remember that Sicilian-Greek 
 Hapnapor is from Latin career and for cicer, 
 whence Kicher-erbse, see LAG., 'Arm.,' 1996 ; 
 cicer is from the Armenian sisern (pea). I 
 miss A7az/zVr=piano, from Fr. clavier ; and 
 and this from Latin clavis. Klepper is a N.H. 
 G. word ; according to GRIMM'S 'Worterbuch,' 
 it is used of horses as well as of human beings ; 
 such being the case, an etymology from the 
 Hebrew keleb (dog) suggests itself at once. 
 
 10. I hope that the fifth edition will have a word on 
 'Meerkatze,' for the etymology of which KujGEmay refer to 
 the London Academy of 1889, Nos. 816, 918 and 919, pp. 323, 
 341, 373 and 388.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 41 
 
 This Hebrew word is used of human beings in 
 a contemptible sense, and from it may have 
 come the noun Klepper used of both human 
 beings and horses. Under Knaster, Engl. 
 canaster, it should have been remarked that 
 tobacco is so called from the rush-basket 
 (Sp. canastro, It. canestro, Lat. canistrum, 
 Greek Kava-tirpov) in which it was originally 
 shipped from South America. " Knauser 
 (Engl. miser) masc. erst N.H.D. wohl kaum 
 aus M.H.I), knuz keck, verwegen, (gegen 
 Arme) hochfahfend." (KLUGE). But Knauser, 
 Low-Germ, knuser (verb knusern and knusen) 
 is of Jewish origin ; cf. the Jewish kinds, k e nus 
 =the heaping up (of money), from the verb 
 k e nds, to heap up, to gather, to hoard. At 
 the time when the word was coined, 'knauser' 
 and Jewish usurer were to the people synon- 
 ymous terms, the money-changers and usurers 
 belonging almost exclusively to that nation 
 so at least the common people thought. I 
 miss a reference to dfr Kntif, a hedging-bill, 
 a clasp-knife ; Du. Knif, a curved knife; cf.
 
 42 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Engl. knife; Fr. canif; in Middle-Germany 
 we say provincially ' der Kneip.' One of the 
 worst mistakes in the dictionary is the treat- 
 ment of Kneip <e. KLUGE says : ' Erst N.H.D., 
 dunkeln Ursprungs ' ; but continues, 'verwant- 
 schaftiche Beziehung zu kneipen [to nip, 
 to pinch] lasst sich nur vermuten, da eine 
 altere vermittelnde Bedeutung fiir Kneipe 
 1 Schenke ' [tavern] fehlt ; urspriinglich war 
 Kneipe eine gemeine Schenke. Steht es in Be- 
 ziehung zu ndl. (Du.) knijp, 'Enge, Verlegen- 
 heit' ? eher zu ndl. (Du.) knip 'Vogelfalle, Bor- 
 dell ' ? Another scholar, HERMANN RONSCH 
 {Berliner Philol. Wochenschrift, 27 Feb. 1886, 
 cols. 259-260), derives it, by way of popular 
 etymology, from the Greek naXvfii/, a hut 
 (cf. uaXvitTfAv} ; calyba, according to him, 
 became canaba, owing to its similar sound to 
 chalybs (%aXvil> ; for the change of v to a he 
 quotes calix (KelcK) from xv/liz, and for the 
 change of / to n, he compares Lat. lympha 
 from Greek vv'/ucpr/ ; cf. also O. WEISE, 'Lehn- 
 worter,' p. 62 rem.2. Let KLUGE study Psalteri-
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 43 
 
 um memphiticum (LAGARDE), p. 155, where 
 we read: hanutha Syris idem est quod hal- 
 liska=// led x 1 / Regn. iv, 23, n; Ezech. 40, 
 44, Hebraeis et T) ra-fjc/ji'a Act. 28, 15 (unde 
 nos Zabern, Engl. tavern effinximus) Graecis ; 
 vocabulum ad Armenios migravit (LAG., 'On- 
 omastica,' I, 229; id., 'Arm.,' p. 64, No. 966)= 
 kanouo=t/cy/ti:(jr//'/j/o;-(EusEB.'Histor.eccles.,' 
 iv, 15, 29). The Syriac noun is derived from a 
 verb hanah, to rest, also=to stay over night; 
 hanutha is the noun with the article ; han e wa 
 the same without the article ; this passed over 
 to the Arabians as hanuwat=hanuwa, whence 
 Italian and Spanish canova ; from the Syriac 
 han e wa we have Latin canipa, canapa and can- 
 aba (cf. German A'anape, Fr. canap6=sopha) ; 
 from canipa we have the German Kneipe ; see 
 also LAG. ' Mitth.,' ii, 363 ff. ; S. FRAENKEL, 
 1. c., p. 172; LEVY, 'Modern-Hebrew Diction- 
 ary,' ii, 60, a ; LAGARDE, ' Symmicta,' p. 59. In 
 former days most of the lower taverns were 
 kept in Germany by Jews ; such is even now 
 the case in the Eastern part of the Empire and 
 in Poland ; and this accounts for the fact that
 
 44 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Kneipe originally denoted a low tavern. Every 
 one acquainted with the history of German 
 student-life, knows that, especially during the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such 
 taverns were the chief resorts for students ; 
 among these the word kneifen for kneipen 
 was coined. Latin corallium is borrowed from 
 the Greek %opa'AA?or (Dioscorides) and co- 
 riandrum from Greek uopiavrov, ARISTOPH., 
 'Equ.,' 676; cf. It. coriandro, coriandolo, Sp. 
 culantro. With reference to Kot observe 
 that we say in German also die Kate ; for 
 Kreide, that the Island of Crete does not 
 contain chalk. Polish karczma, inn (whence 
 Kretscheni) is from the Arabic haradj, tribute, 
 through the medium of Turkish khardjamaq, 
 to spend, to consume, khardjama expenses, 
 especially for food and drink at an inn. The 
 German Kretschmar or Kretzmer is formed 
 from Polish karczmarz, inn-keeper. KLUGE 
 should have known that Lat. -Greek cuminum, 
 xvjiiivor (Kiimmel) is from the Semitic kam- 
 m6n ; cf., for example, LAG., 'Arm.,' p. 122, 
 1780; id., 'Nominal-formation,' p. 89. We
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 45 
 
 might have expected a word or two on Gummi, 
 Engl. gum, from Lat. gummi orcummi, Greek 
 t.o'iini, from Egyptian kami ; or on Koumis, 
 Polish kumys, a beverage of milk from Tataric 
 coumiz. Kumpest, KL. says: 'aus M.H.D. 
 kumpost, auch kump6st, Eingemachtes, be- 
 sonders Sauerkraut, aus dem Roman. (Ital. 
 composto).' This is not an etymology. There 
 are two words used in German, Kuinpest or 
 Kumpdst and Komp6tt\ the latter is of Indo- 
 Germanic origin (cf. compotere) ; the former is 
 Semitic. In Aramean we have the verb kbas 
 (Hebr. kabas), borrowed from the Ninivite- 
 Assyrian kabasu (properly to tread down) ; 
 this passed into Arabic as kabasa, with the 
 meaning of conserving, putting up fruits (cf. 
 DOZY, 'Supplement aux dictionnaires arabes,' 
 ii, 439). From this we may derive the Italian 
 comp6sta (cf. LEVY'S 'Modern-Hebrew Diction- 
 ary,' ii, 290 f. ; S. FRAENKEL, I.e., p. 37). The 
 insertion of an m before b or p is not in- 
 frequent. 11 Arabic kabasa=mariner, tremper 
 
 ii Cf. '/lit /J/ttK'w'/<=Hebrew Habb e qiiq; ambubaiae 
 (HoR., ' Sat.' <r,2,i) from Syriac Jbub ; and often in Assyri- 
 an ; for example imbii they called for ibbu ; fumbu for jubbu, 
 etc.
 
 46 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 dans le vinaigre, conserver qqch. ; kabs u =con- 
 servation des fruits. To Kuppel let KL. add 
 It. cupola, from Late-Latin cupula=fornix ro- 
 tundus ; this from Latin cupa, Greek nuvnrf't >v 
 =nocfiOipoc r'i 7ii roar a.ndz,K>v yivo/,ii'r/ ; and 
 this perhaps from the Hebr. qubbah, a tent, a 
 chamber ("Numbers," xxv, 8); cf. Arab, 
 qubbatun tentroof, vault, tabernaculum ; xav- 
 m/iL'V is mentioned in HESYCH., ii, p. 525, No. 
 3834 (edit. MORITZ SCHMIDT); also compare 
 al-qubbu=Alkoven. Greek ykvKv'ppt^a be- 
 came in Latin liquiritia, after the analogy of 
 liquere, whence Lakritze. Laterne for Lan- 
 terne, cf. M.H.G. lanterne from Fr. lanterne, 
 from Lat. lanterna, which is borrowed from 
 Greek ^aunrr/p. Leceu(2)=to kick, to beat, 
 is compared by Professor PAUL HAUPT with 
 Engl. to lick some one (to thrash one). 12 KL. 
 
 12 Also written locken, for example ' wider den Stachel 
 lucken,' Acts ix, 5 ' Rs wird dir schwer werden, wider den 
 Stachel zu locken'=it is hard for thee to kick against the 
 pricks. It is the Greek Aa'|, Xdy-8r/V and XaK-T-i %l (', 
 to kick with the foot. Curtius, ' Grundziige,'5 No. 534 has 
 to be corrected accordingly. SKEAT does not mention to 
 lick=to kick.
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 47 
 
 might have mentioned Letter=--Emporkirche 
 ^gallery in a church, from Late-Lat. lecto- 
 rium, and Z^//w^r=reading-desk in a church, 
 pulpit, from Late-Lat. lectionarium. An ety- 
 mological note on Lilie, lily will, have to con- 
 sider now Gutting. Gelehrt. Nachrichten, 1886, 
 p. 141 ff.=LAG. 'Mitth.' ii, 23. The Latin 
 lilia is from the Greek Aft/jinr, and this from 
 the Egyptian pvpi (by dissimilation A?/pi),from 
 a verb meaning to unfold; cf. Persian laleh. 
 ' Rose und Lilie : po6cv und Asi'piov stammen 
 nicht wie V. Hehn 4 202 meint von Central- 
 Asien, sondern die eine von Persien, die 
 andere von Egypten, wenigstens die uns aus 
 Egypten zugekommene weisse Lilie. For 
 Losen compare the noun der Loser Ohr des 
 Wildes. 
 
 To the article ' Malve ' let KL. add that 
 malva is borrowed from the Greek //n-Aa'^?/ 
 {cf. LOTTNER, KZ., vii, 164) ; some have deriv- 
 ed the Greek form from the Hebrew malluah, 
 for example, BENFEY, O. SCHRADER, etc., but 
 see L. FLEISCHER'S remarks in LEVY'S 
 'Modern Hebrew Dictionary,' ii, 568, a, and
 
 48 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 LCEW, 'Aram. Pflanzennamen,' 190, 308. 
 Mampfen\.o stutter, seems to me to be of an 
 onomatopoetic origin. Why have we not a 
 word on Mammon, which has become natural^ 
 ized on German soil ? See Getting. Gelehrt. 
 Anz., 1884, 278f.=LAGARDE, ' Mitteilungen,' i, 
 229; also LAG., 'Nominal-formation,' p. 185; 
 E. KAUTZSCH, 'Aramaische Grammatik," pp, 
 10 and 173 ; DUVAL in the Revue des etudes 
 juives (1883) 143. And C. BEZOLD, London 
 Academy (1888), p. 4i6.=^/afl'c/(2)<Greek 
 afiivySa'fa) which became in Latin amygdala. 
 Later on this was changed into amandola, 
 based on a popular analogy to mandere, to 
 chew ; for Engl. almond compare Sp. al j 
 mendra. The Latin massa (PLAUT. 'mil. 
 glor.' 1065) whence German Masse, is not a 
 genuine Latin word ; it stands for maza and 
 this from the Greek /m'^r dough (from /ta'rrfiv 
 to knead dough). I miss merzen, answer* 
 zen to reject, to remove; cf. das Merzschaf\ 
 and Metall, another thoroughly Germanized 
 word<Greek //'r<rAJU;v ; this, according to 
 many scholars, from a Semitic verb matala to
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY'. 49 
 
 forge; see, for example, Bezz. Beitr., ii, 535: 
 
 0. SCHRADER, ' Sprachvergleichung und Ur- 
 geschichte ' 2 222-3 > others derive it from the 
 Greek /^ra/lAoV, to seek, to dig for some- 
 thing, for example, L. FLEISCHER in LEVY, 
 
 1. c., ii, 309, b. But HF. m/l/lttGJ means only to 
 seek, to look for; see also Kvicala in Berichte 
 der histor.-philologischen Klasse der Wiener 
 Academic, 1879, p. 89; A. PICK and A. MUL- 
 LER in Bezz. Beitr. i, 203 and 335; ib ; ix, 134; 
 BUCHSENSCHUTZ in Zeitsc hrift fiir das Gym- 
 nasialwesen, 1875, p. 248. To find the real ety- 
 mology of Meute (i)and (2), the user of KLUGE'S 
 ' etymological ' dictionary is compelled to con- 
 sult such books as BRACKET, 'Dictionnaire e"ty- 
 mologique de la langue francaise, p. 352. 
 Miene, we are simply told, 'erst N.H.D. aus 
 frz. mine.' That does not help us. German 
 Miene and EngL mien are from the French 
 mine < It. mina<Lat. mina=mena (features); 
 Miene machen=to threaten, from Latin mina, 
 minare, and Mine, a mine, should also be 
 mentioned. Speaking of Mils, Engl. milt, 
 KL. says : ' diese Bezeichnung der ' Milz ' ist
 
 50 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 spezifisch germanisch.' Let him seek better 
 information in LAG., 'Arm.,' p. 98, 1412, where 
 Armenian malz occurs=German MHz. For 
 Maurus: Mavpo<;=n^(r~, Mohr, see Du 
 CANGE, s. v. For Mutter, cf. also Essig* 
 mutter from Du. Moder=Bodensatz, sedi- 
 ments, grounds, with /for d.*3 
 
 The Greek W<5poS whence Latin nardus 
 and German Narde goes back to Hebrew 
 ner e d and this to Skt. nalada. Cf. for example, 
 I. LOEW, 'Aramaische Pflanzennamen,' 316; 
 Gutting. Gelehrt. Nachr., 1886, i45fT.=LAG., 
 ' Mittheilungen,' ii, 25 ff. 
 
 Oase has become a good German word, 
 from Greek ava6i? (STRABO) or oa6ic (ULP., 
 ' Dig.'), which according to some is the Coptic 
 ouahe", and according to others the Arabic 
 
 13. The French auimuce, Spanish almutsa (English amice, 
 American your, of Philol. x, 221) point to an Arabic origin 
 of the word Mtitze . SKEAT'S etymology is very improbable. 
 If Father LAMMENS, in his ' Remarques sur les mots fran- 
 <;ais drive's de 1'arabe/ Beyrouth 1890, has not treated 
 aumuce, I hope that Professor LAGARDE or some other Semi- 
 tist will favor us with a discussion of aumuce Mutze.
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 51 
 
 uadi, a valley, a plain. M- For Oel and Olive 
 KLUGE should have noticed that Latin oleum 
 was formed from Greek f.\amv on the analogy 
 of Lat. olere, to emit a smell, to smell of any- 
 thing. On 'oil, olive, and olive tree' see 
 Getting. Gelehrt. Nachr., 1889, 307 ff.=LAG., 
 ' Mitth.,' iii, 21 ff. ; the home of the olive tree 
 is Armenia. Oil in Armenian is /t'A or ?-A ; 
 modern Armenian e/\, which in its pronuncia- 
 tion seems to be older than the written f.vA, 
 ivX (cf. LAG., 'Arm.,' 207); ivA, si>A. and ^A 
 are connected with ?.\ai<v, which cannot be 
 explained as grown on Greek soil, as an origi- 
 nal Greek word (G. CURTIUS, 'Grundziige'5,359 
 is entirely in the wrong with reference to this 
 point). The Gothic and Litho-Slavic forms 
 have no connection with, nor relationship to 
 Greek ekaiov, because there were no olive 
 trees in those countries. The Greek kXaiov is 
 borrowed from the Armenian : 
 
 ' Der Oelbaum stammt von der Sudktiste 
 Klein-Asiens, ebenfalls aus e*ranischem Ge- 
 
 14. This latter derivation, according to Professor LAGARDE, 
 is "sicher falsch."
 
 52 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 biete, 1st von da den Griechen (als rXaiov) von 
 Stammverwandten der Armenier zugefuhrt 
 vvorden. Die Kultur des Oelbaumes is nach 
 Fenestella in Italien nicht alter als das siebente 
 Jahrhundert vor Christo. Zum Schlusse, says 
 Lagarde, mache ich aufmerksam, dass die bei 
 den Israeliten und Juden umlaufende Fluth- 
 sage den Oelbaum nach Armenien setzt, da 
 die aus der gestrandeten Arche Noe's ausge- 
 sandte Taube doch wol das beriihmte Oel- 
 baum-blatt aus keiner andern Landschaft als 
 Ararat (H. Kiepert's 'AA.ap68wi) geholt hat.' 
 
 Packe dich! after the Lat. apage< Greek 
 anayp . For a better etymology of palma let 
 KL. read BLAU'S article in ZDMG, xxv,542 rem. 
 i, andO. WEISE, ' Lehnworter,' p. 136 rm. 2. 
 The users of our ' etymological ' dictionary 
 must think that Lat. panther, panthera is "die 
 letzte Quelle " for the word panther; SKEAT, 
 s.v., says: 'Origin unknown.' Panther is 
 from the Skt. pundarika ; this would be on 
 Greek soil itvvStjpiKa. The panther being a 
 wild animal (3r/p), the -dr?p- was changed into 
 -Sr/p- and the termination -ixa, so rare in 
 early Greek, dropped; this give TtvvSrjp; 
 TIVV-, however, gave no sense, while nav- was
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 53 
 
 a well-known form ; thus nvvSi/p was changed 
 into nav^rfp which, also gave rise to the M.H.G. 
 pan-tier, a secondary popular etymology. r s 
 Under Panzer reference should be made to 
 Latin pantex, the paunch, the bowels, whence 
 It. pancia. Pap'er, KL. says, is from the Lat.- 
 Greek papyrum -Tta'nvpo-. But the latter is 
 not a Greek word. See Gotting. gelehrt. 
 Anz. (15 April, 1887), p. 311-312. =LAG. ' Mit- 
 theilungen,' ii, 260-261, where the author says : 
 
 Konnten gewisse Salzfische und gewisse 
 Turbanbinden Burische heissen, weil sie aus 
 Bura(bei Damiette in Egypten) stammten, so 
 konnte auch das aus den Rohren des bei Bura 
 gelegenen Menzale-sees gefertigte Schreib- 
 stoffals (Koptisch) Pa-bour(das Burische) be- 
 zeichnet werden. Bura, near Damiette, was a 
 well-known centre for paper-manufacturing. 
 See also LOEW, 'Aram. Pflanzennamen,' 30. 
 
 Latin pardalis, pardus, whence German Par- 
 del, parder (cf. leopard} is borrowed from the 
 Greek itd(jfta\.i$, TtdpSoZ, which is the Skt. 
 
 15 " Physiologus in all editions for English readers; Jesus 
 Sohn des Parders, bei Eisenmenger 'Entdecktes Judentum." 
 Paul de Lagarde.
 
 54 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 pridaku, pridaku. Why does KL. omit Patsche 
 patschen, patscheln and patsch ? (i) Hand- 
 schlag, from Fr. battre, schlagen ; (2) hreit auf- 
 tretender Fuss ; aufspreitzende Fliissigkeit, in 
 die man tritt, aus Fr. patte, Pfote. The 
 etymologies of battre and patte are given by 
 BRACKET, 1. c. If Pauke goes back to Latin 
 bucina, it should be remembered that the 
 latter is a contraction from bovi-cina (from 
 bovem+canere), whence Greek fivtidvy; cf. 
 also Engl. bugle; there should be a cross- 
 reference to Posaune. Latin poena, whence 
 Pein, is borrowed from the Greek Ttoivtj ; cf. , 
 for example, O. WEISE, ' Lehnworter,' p. 545 ; 
 and pelicanus (Pelikan) is from the Greek 
 7r/\x<?VoS and this, according to WEISE, ib., 
 p. no, from an Egyptian source, as the bird's 
 home is Egypt. For Pelz cf. also pelzen, 
 M.H.G. belzen=\\\ die Rinde pfropfen, from 
 Fr. pel, peau<Lat. pellis. Petschaft and 
 Pitschieren (for Petschieren after the analogy 
 of Pitscli) are from the Hebrew pittuhim 
 Gdtt. Gelehrt. Nachr., 1882, 402; LAG.. 
 'Nominal-formation,' p. 85); and Lat. piper
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 55 
 
 (whence Pfeffer) is borrowed from the 
 Greek nF.nf.pi ; this from Skt. pipala : 
 cf. also the Arabic babary. LOEW, ' Pflanzen- 
 namen,' 259 and 316. Under Pflaume from 
 Lat. prunum, Greek npovi'ov and irpovf.ti'<.v 
 notice the dialectical form Prumme. German 
 Plage cannot be etymologically explained 
 from Lat. plaga, unless we know that this is 
 borrowed from the Greek itXiiyj} a blow, a 
 stroke, from the verb itfa'/cr?.tv, to strike. 
 French plan, whence German der Plan, goes 
 back to Latin planum. Plan being given, we 
 expect a word on die Plane : coarse linen 
 (grob-leinenes Tncli) cf. Plamvagen, from the 
 plural of Die ./?/a^=M.H.G. blahe\ grobc 
 Packlein wand, coarse pack-cloth ; cf. the pro- 
 vincial #/#A=curtain, Platz (2) M. ' Diinner 
 Kuchen,' M.H.D., nur im md. platzbecke= 
 Fladenbacker, ob zu platt? oder aus poln. 
 placek ' flacher ' Kuchen (KLUGE). But why 
 not from the Latin placenta, with a leaning 
 towards Platz (i) square; placenta, again, is 
 borrowed from the Greek 7rA<roi7?, a flat cake, 
 after the analogy of 'placere,' to please, to
 
 56 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 satisfy. Plusch, 'M. erst N.H.D. nach gleich- 
 bedeutend. fr. peluche (it. pelnzzo),' so 
 KLUGE ; but where is the etymology. ? Fr. 
 peluche from It. peluccio, this from Lat. 
 piluccius, a derivative of pilum ; the change of 
 i into e is regular for atonic syllables. Under 
 Posse=Zierrat (ornament) reference should 
 be made to bosseln (2); Basse, bossiereh (Fr. 
 bosseler) cf. M.H.G. bdzen to strike, and 
 Amboss (anebdz). "Dazu," says KLUGE, 
 " Engl. bosh, Schein, Anschein " ? Engl. 
 bosh, oh bosh., is from the Turkish bosh, 
 idle, vain, and was brought to England by the 
 English soldiers during the Crimean war 
 (MiKLOSiCH, 1. c.). Why does KL. omit Potz 
 (in imprecations) for botz=Bocks, cf. M.H.G, 
 helleboc=-&e\\\; Potztausend,cf. /Jojufias ; while 
 Potzteufe/=Gottes~teuk\ (cf. corbleu=corps 
 de dieu ; sangbleu=sang de dieu). An ' ety- 
 mological ' dictionary should at least state 
 \\iz\.prophezeien (M.H.G. prophezie, prophetic) 
 has its ' letzte Quelle ' in Greek TTpocpijTfia 
 (this from itpocpifrifi, the noun to itpotpdvai to 
 say before-hand, to foretell, originally to pro-
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARV. 57 
 
 nounce. Could not Pumpe have some con- 
 nection with Greek TTO^TTO? a (water-) conduc- 
 tor, an instrument by which the water is sent 
 up to the surface (from Greek ite. jun F.IV to send)? 
 Putzen (verb) from the late M.H.G. biitzen 
 'to decorate' (so KLUGE); but why not, for 
 the sake of etymology, add that putsen is 
 derived from the noun Putz, which is borrow- 
 ed from the Latin putus, clear, bright? An 
 entirely different word is Butze, Butz, (M.H. 
 G. butze) Po^erand Klopfgeist, a ghost ; 
 then also a disagreeable object, from M.H.G. 
 biezen,\.o strike, to beat. Speaking of the ety- 
 mology of Quitte, Engl. quince, from the 
 Lat. .cotonea, KLUGE says : ' der Zusammen- 
 hang dieses Lat. cotdnea, (Nebenform cotta- 
 num) mit gr. xv8.oovF.a ist unklar. But there is 
 a Cyprian form Ko8oovs(x=:jLttfA.a KvSwvia 
 6vna xEiuEpira' which answers to the Lat. 
 cotonea ; the change from d to / being not so 
 rare, see Also LOEW, 'Aram. Pflanzennamen,' 
 103 and 279. The Greek is from the Semitic. 
 Why not refer under Rahmen to Latin ra-
 
 58 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 mus, a branch, a twig? For Rain bear in 
 mind Rain-farn, changed from M.H.G. Raine- 
 vane=Grenzfahne, ein Doldengewachs. 
 There are two German words Rang(\) in 'den 
 Rang ablaufen,' from ringen, for original 
 Rank, still found in the seventeenth century ; 
 later on Rank was no longer understood ety- 
 mologically and changed to Rang after the 
 analogy of Rang(2)Reihe=tQ'W. If I am 
 not mistaken, there is a M.H.G. ranz -fight, 
 dispute, whence the N.H.G. an-ranzen; this 
 ranz may be connected with the M.H.G. verb 
 rensen=ransen or ranzento stretch out one's 
 limbs, to behave in a boorish, impudent man- 
 ner (sich zuchtlos benehmen). Rappuse. KL. 
 should study in Getting. Gelehrt. Anz., 1885, 
 p. 59=LAG. ( 'Mitth.,' iii (toward the end), 
 where we read : 
 
 Rappuse stammt nicht von dem aus irgend 
 einer Kinderschule aufgelesenen Zeitworte : 
 weg-rapsen (wie das Register zur Revidirten 
 Lutherbibel, 1883, uns weis macht) sondern ist 
 das Franzosische von Fr. Diez nicht gedeu- 
 tete grabuge ; grabuge war noch 1839 ein 
 beliebtes Kartenspiel.
 
 ON KLUGE S DICTIONARY. 59 
 
 KL. might have inserted Rate (F.) from Fr. 
 rate, Latin rata (pars) a fixed share, portion ; 
 cf. Engl. rate. For Rauschgelb see LAG., 
 'Arm.,' 757 and 'Semitica,' i, 64. Reis (i) 
 goes back to Skt. vnhi and Old-Persian brizi ; 
 see LAG., 'Arm.,' 431, and LOEW, 'Aram. 
 Prlanzennamen,' 306. A good German word 
 =citizen by this time though not yet recog- 
 nised by KL. is das Revier from O. Fr. riviere 
 (bank of a river), Sp. ribera, from Late-Lat. 
 *riparia (a derivative of ripa, bank, shore) ; Re- 
 vier became a neuter in German, after das 
 Ufer. For Rhabarber compare Greek f.>d 
 /ldij[lap'>v, and study LAG., 'Abh.,' p. 82, No. 
 213. I should like to see the following para- 
 graph in the fifth edition : Ried (n.) (i) ausge- 
 rodeter Boden, M.H.D. riet (riecles), A.H.D. 
 riot, neben edit M.H.D. riute, A.H.D. riuti= 
 Riet oder Rent, von M.H.D. riuten, reuten ; 
 cf. Beckenried, Schussenried, Winkelried ; 
 Baireuth, etc. ; und roden, sowie die Stadte- 
 namen : Rodheim, Romrod, Wernigerode ; 
 Roth und Neuroth, etc. (2) Low-German for 
 Riet, q. v. There is in German another word
 
 60 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Ricmen' an oar ' from the Latin remus, and 
 this from Greek f.per/j,6~. Ries, from Late- 
 Latin and Italian risma, may go back to Latin 
 rismus.from the Greek (a)pt$m>' : .. The article 
 Rose does not give an etymology of the word ; 
 everybody knows that the German is from the 
 Lat. rosa ; ' rosa ist den Griechen abgeborgtes 
 poSsa mit assibilierung, wie Clausus statt 
 Claudius, Ital. orzo=orge (=hordeum) ' POTT 
 in KZ, 26, 140. Greek puSov (Archil, frgm 
 ~M 29)=/'/jo5oK=iAeolian/^py'f5c'vis theArmenian. 
 vard, whence Modern Persian gul, and Ara- 
 mean vardah ; Coptic vert, ourt. (ABEL, 
 'Koptische Untersuchungen,' i, 208); see also, 
 Zeitschr. der deutsch. morgenl. Gesellsch., 
 vii, iiSff., and xiii, 390; KZ, x, 490, and xxiii, 
 37; LAG., 'Arm.,' p. 143, 2106 and idem., 
 'Abh.,' 75,6, and see s.v. Lilie; LOEW, 'Aram. 
 Pflanzennamen,' 88; O. WEISE, Lehnworter, 
 p. 21, bel\ SPIEGEL in KUHN and SCHLEICH- 
 ER'S Beitragen, i, 317 derived it from the Skt. 
 vridh, to grow. 
 
 'Salamander (M.) aus M.H.D. salamander. 
 M. Fr. salamandra ; der Ursprung der stu-
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 61 
 
 dentischen Salamander, der erst in die 3oer 
 oder 4oer Jahre unseres Jahrhunderts fallt, ist 
 sehr umstritten.' 
 
 So KLUGE, but this is, to say the least, very 
 confusing. The fifth edition, let us hope, will 
 change it into something like the following : 
 Salamander (M.)(i) a lizard, from Fr. salaman- 
 dre<Lat. salamandra< Greek 6aA.auav6pa 
 < Arab. samandar<Persian samandar-dur-dal- 
 dul ; from Persian samand=red as flre ; (2) in 
 Salamander reiben, an expression first heard 
 toward 1840 at the University of Bonn. Sala- 
 mander reiben originally means ' to drink one 
 another's health.' Every German student 
 knows how fond our commilitones were and 
 still are of using foreign words for greeting, 
 etc. One of the commonest is the Arabic sal- 
 am (alaika), health (to thee). I believe that 
 the origin of the Salamander reiben is the fol- 
 lowing : Salamander stands for Salam ein- 
 ander zutrinken ; this was contracted after the 
 analogy of the name of the lizard, into Salam 
 (fin) ander zutrinken, as is the case in many 
 other expressions ; for example, Salmiac for
 
 62 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 sal-ammoniac, bos'n for boatswain.to'gal'nts'ls 
 =topgallantsails and cf. WM. D. WHITNEY, 
 ' Language and the study of language,' p. y2f., 
 etc. The original meaning was soon lost sight 
 of, and, as the ceremony before drinking one 
 another's salam consisted in gently rubbing the 
 glass of beer over the surface of the table, the 
 expression arose einen Salamander reiben. 
 The Latin salmo, whence German Salm, is of 
 Celtic origin=salmo, according to O. WEISK, 
 ' Lehnworter,' p. 13. The Greek form whence 
 comes Latin sarda and German Sarder, is not 
 6a'p^iovbut6d/j^r/. KL. might have mention- 
 ed Schabracke (F.) from the Tataric caprak (a 
 cover), a word much better known than Peke- 
 sche, etc., or Schablone (from Middle-Du. 
 schampelion, exemplar, pattern) <Fr. champ- 
 ion (cf. Engl. champion); Late-Latin campio, 
 one who engages in any contest, also standard 
 weight (Mttster-Gewicht), from Lat. campus. 
 Schach should refer to 'matt' for Schach-matt= 
 Engl.checkmate=Fr.e'chec et n\&\..-Schachern 
 being given, we should expect also schachten, 
 a Modern-Jewish word, from Hebrew schahat
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARV. 
 
 to butcher, to slaughter. Schafott, KL. says, 
 (N.) erst N.H.D., mit (oder vermittelst ?) ndl. 
 schavot aus frz. chafaut, alter chafaut. But 
 where is the etymology of the word ? Schafott 
 is from Fr. echafaut (O. Fr. chafaut) < It. cata- 
 falco (cf. German A'fo/a//fc)<Old-Sp. catar to 
 look (from Lat. captare) and It. palco=balco- 
 ny (from O.H.G. der />/f//o=Balken, the 
 beam, rafter), also see BRACKET, 1. c., p. 192. 
 Greek tixffirrtjov (i. Schaft} should have a 
 cross-reference to Zepter,a.nd Zepterto Schaft\ 
 so also Psalter and Salter, etc. The Lat. 
 calamus, whence Schalmei, is borrowed from 
 the Greek xriAa/to?, a reed; a good rational 
 etymology of the word is given by BRACKET, 
 1. c., on p. 192, s.v. echalotte. The French 
 chancre, whence Germ. Schanker is from the 
 Latin cancer, an ulcer. Schanier and Schar- 
 nier (N.) has become a good German word ; 
 from Fr. charniere<Lat. cardinaria ; this from 
 cardo, cardinis, a hinge. Schieleii KLUGK 
 refers to schel\ correct it into schccl, q.v., and 
 observe that schecl-sichtig is from schecl 
 se/ien and scheelsiichtig from Scheel-suclit.
 
 64 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 , 
 
 The M.H.G. si-fir, mentioned under Schlaraffe, 
 is to be connected with Engl. to slur, Germ. 
 schliiren, schloren, schltirren, etc., to do some- 
 thing- negligently or slovenly. Schlipfrig 
 schliipfrig (so KLUGE) ; but is not schliipfrig 
 from M.H.G. slitpfen<sliefen, while schlip' 
 frig is the O.H.G. sliph=schlipf, abrutschen 
 <schleifen, M.H.G. sttfenl Schoppen is bor- 
 rowed from the Latin scyphus and this from 
 the Greek dnvcpo? (which is the same as xvqio?, 
 Lat. cupa); cf. O. WEISE, 'Lehnworter,' p. 8. 
 Latin scGla, whence Schule, should be re- 
 ferred to Greek 6x.oX.ri and Lat. scutula, scu- 
 tella, whence Schtissel, to Greek 6HvrdXri. 
 Between Schutz and Schwach I would insert 
 Schwabe=Mehlkafer, M.H.D. swarbe, von 
 swirben=sich wirbelnd bewegen ; and after 
 schwarz a note on Schwarzkunst (F.) Engl. 
 necromancy. Greek vKpouavTia became 
 through a misunderstanding on the part of the 
 Late-Latin translators nigromantia, assimilat- 
 ing it to Lat. niger, black, dark ; nigromantia 
 translated into German gave Schwarzkunst. 
 Schwein should mention Schweinigel, whose
 
 ON KLl'GK S DICTIONARV. 
 
 second component part appears to be=> 
 (a small horse, a pony, then also an insignifi- 
 cant, contemptible fellow); cf. Du. tiegge and 
 Kngl. nag. Seide should refer to Kngl. satin ; 
 The Latin Sapo, Seife, is the Greek 6itwv 
 and Fr. cleri, whence Sellerie, is from the 
 Italian seleri, which, according to BRACHET, is 
 'line forme piemontaise.' Siffic/i from Lat. 
 psittacns, Greek tiimuio;, goes back to the 
 Armenian '.or^a*; cf. LAG. 'Arm.,' 868. 
 Under Skizze mention might be made of Fng. 
 sketch, and Fr. esquisse ; all go back to 
 Greek tf^a'/o?. Smaragd : gelehrtes Wort 
 nach lat. smaragdus (so KIA'GK) ; that is no ety- 
 mology. Lat. smaragdus is from the Greek 
 6na()a)'8oz=ni\payfto? and this from the Skt. 
 marakata, which also passed into Hebrew as 
 bareqeth, with assimilation tobaraq, it shines, 
 it flickers; cf. LAG. 'Arm.,' 785-6. BK/./.. 
 Ilcitr., vii, 171; KZ. .\.\.\. 85 and 440 f. For 
 Socke let Ki.. read C). WKISK, ' Lehnworter,' 
 p. 20 and rm. i. 1 miss the word Soda from 
 the Lat. solida : firm, compact (aus der festeii 
 .Asche von Strandpflanzen gewonnen) ; and
 
 66 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Spalier from Fr. espalier<lt. spalla<Lat. 
 spatula, a diminutive of Lat. spatha. which is 
 borrowed from the Greek (6ita^nf) ; see also 
 Spaten. In studying Spargel, bear in mind 
 that Lat. asparagus is borrowed from the 
 Greek (afindpayos), and this from the Zend 
 cparegha ; cf. Lith. spurges and also Engl. 
 asparagus. Spelunke (F.) might have been 
 quoted ; from Lat. spelunca, which is borrow- 
 ed from the Greek <3it?jkvy\, a grotto, a cave. 
 Under Spiegel reference sould be made to Fr. 
 espie"gle, roguish, explaining the name Eulen- 
 spiegel. Staff, KLUGE says, (M.) erst nhd. mit 
 ndl. stof und Engl. stuff; aus dem Roman., 
 vgl. frz. e"toffe ; ital. stoffa (F.) ; deren Ur- 
 sprung unaufgeklart ist. BRACHET, 1. c., p. 
 220 says: Fr. e"toffe<O. Fr. estoffe and It. 
 stoffa, from Germ, stoff; while SKEAT, s. v. 
 stuff, derives all the modern forms from Lat. 
 stupa, stuppa, the coarse part of flax ; he 
 forgets, however, to add that this Latin word 
 is borrowed from the Greek tirvTTT/^tirvnri/, 
 as does also KLUGE, s. v. Stopfel (see O. 
 WEISK, 'Lehnworter,' p. 26, above). In Arab-
 
 ON KLUGE'S DICTIONARY. 67 
 
 ic we have a noun caub, 9ob=dress, clothing ; 
 Semitic f being transliterated in the European 
 languages by st, as I have shown above s. v. 
 Alabaster, an Arabic origin of this word (stoffa 
 <cob) would not be very strange. I will add 
 here that Professor LAGARDE doubts this ety- 
 mology, and I hope that soon another and 
 better one will be proposed. For straucheln 
 cf. Engl. to struggle. 
 
 Tappe I would take to be an onomatopoetic 
 word, just as mamfen,q.\>. above. 'J'eppichis 
 ' traced ' back as far as Lat. tapetum ! Lat. 
 tapetum is from the Greek cam,*, n\n),i(o ), a 
 carpet, a rug, a woven piece of cloth ; from a 
 verb, found in modern Eranian as tab : to spin, 
 to weave (cf. New Persian taftah, taftik and 
 toftik, TOMASCHEK, 'Studieii,' ii, 142). ' In- 
 dessen,' says O. SCHRADER KZ, xxx, 484, No. 
 39, 'ware es wol moglich, dass in mV//f ein 
 schon homerisches Lehnwort aus iranischem 
 Kulturkreis vorliegt.' Also cf. O. SCHRADER, 
 ' Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte,' 477. 
 Thran: train-oil may perhaps be the M.H. 
 (',. trahcii, contracted into trdn (=drops).
 
 68 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 Fr. trousse, whence Germ. Tross, is from the 
 Late-Lat. trossa, a noun to the verb trossare, 
 to pack, which is connected with Lat. tor- 
 (juere. We have in German not only der 
 Trupp, but also die Truppe from Fr. la troupe 
 and this from Lat. turba. The Lat. turris, 
 whence Turin, is, again, borrowed from the 
 Greek ruYJpz?=ri>/jtf*?. For 0/V0?=vinum= 
 Wein (wine) see, e.g., LAG., 'Arm.,' p. 35, No. 
 484 and LAG. ' Mittheilungen,' ii, 356 and 356; 
 idem in 'Nominal-formation,' p. 104, rein. 2; 
 KZ, x.xiii, 82 and xxiv, 233; BEZZ. Beitr., i, 294 
 and FLECKEISENS Neuejahrbiicher, 1888, p. 
 264. 
 
 For Zclter compare the Span. Ze\t=Pass- 
 gang.^ The Arabic noun for Ziffer\s$ifr,pl. 
 acfar. The Greek Mivvttfwv, whence Zimmet, 
 is from the Semitic, and was imported from 
 Phoenicia. Zither, Greek HI :S a pa goes back 
 to the Persian ciar (four)-(-tar (side). For Zi- 
 trone, whose origin according to KLUGE is un- 
 known, compare LAGARDE, 'Semitica,' i, 56 
 (Catting. Gelehrt.AbhandL, vol. xxxiii, 1878): 
 
 1 6 See also Professor H. WOOD in American Journ.of 
 J'hiiol. x, 2ai.
 
 ON KIAJGK'S DICTIONARY. 69 
 
 ' Citron war vvol tin Missverstandnis des aus 
 ttalienischem citrolo riicklatinisierten citrullus., 
 des mittelalterlichen Namens der Arbuse oder 
 VVassermelone. ' 
 
 The Modern-Arabic name for Zitrone is lai- 
 mun or limun, whence our Engl. lemon. 
 
 In conclusion, 1 would again cheerfully 
 acknowledge the great merits of KLCGK'S 
 work in the field of Teutonic etymology and 
 phonetics. It has been said with great justice : 
 " Etymology is both the most important 
 and the most difficult member of the 
 sciences which cluster around the study 
 of language." The absence of references 
 to etymological literature has been noted as 
 a serious defect in C. H. BALG'S book, 'A Com- 
 parative Glossary of the Gothic Language'; 
 the same criticism applies still more forcibly 
 to KUHJE'S dictionary. Let him read the last 
 paragraph on p. 101 of the American Journal 
 of Philology, xi. The influence of Modern- 
 Hebrew on the German language has by no 
 means yet been fully recognized ; it would be
 
 70 WM. MUSS-ARNOLT 
 
 a valuable and useful work, if some Teutonic 
 scholar of Jewish extraction were to examine 
 the word-stock of the German language from 
 the point of view of Modern-Hebrew.
 
 CORRECTIONS 
 
 Page 7, 1. 17 read Gottingen. 
 8, " 5 " dticpopev?. 
 12, " 18 " inah/an. 
 14, note 4," <rA-f. 
 
 21, 1. 20 " tors us. 
 
 22, " 9 " fflf.1'0?. 
 
 28, " 24 " avrimparoop. 
 
 32, "13 " //(jyj/o/j. 
 
 34, " 17 " Talmudic-rahhin. 
 
 35, " 16 " /ti'vtjiMah<> : 
 39, " 5 " (fl'ar 
 
 42, " 19 " (^Mi;</-) 
 
 43, " 8 " kanoii- 
 50, " 4 " ^lavfjo~ 
 
 50, note, 1. i read ammice 
 
 53, 1. 8 read Gotting. Gelehrt. 
 
 55, " 23 " TrAavnr: 
 
 64, " 4 " Schlipfrig -schliipfrig. 
 On the etymology of the word "God " see 
 aiso London Academy, N'os. 892, 893 and 894; 
 June 8, 15 and 22, 1889; pp. 397, 413 and 432.
 
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