DS 
 
 51 
 
 IC-NRLF 
 
 DOCUMENTS 
 DEPT. 
 
 M71 
 
er* K net 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 

 KEPORT 
 
 S M 
 
 DOCUMENTS DhPAxTMENT 
 
 JUN 28 1355 
 
 ,wv 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWt'ODE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. 
 1856. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 Geographical Description 
 
 Political History 
 
 Population, Turk 
 Greek 
 Jewish 
 Armenian 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 Protestant - 
 
 Languages 
 
 Climate 
 
 Medical Notes - 
 
 Commerce 
 
 - 5- 15 
 
 - 15- 20 
 
 - 20- 28 
 
 - 28- 42 
 
 - 42- 43 
 
 - 44- 46 
 
 - 46- 48 
 
 - 48 
 
 - 49- 54 
 
 - 54- 57 
 
 - 57- 73 
 
 - 73- 87 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table of Exports - 89 
 
 Thermometrical Register - ... 90-102 
 
 Commercial Miscellanea : 
 
 A. Wages and Prices for 1854, 1855 - 103 
 
 B. Fig boxes - 104 
 
 C. History of Aidin - 104-106 
 
 D. Wine and Raki - 106-107 
 
 E. Sources for Information on Commerce, with Spe- 
 
 cimens - 107-110 
 
 Specimens from Greek Newspaper - 111-119 
 
 Botanical Memoir ..... 119-123 
 
 
To the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for War* 
 
 MY LORD, 
 
 I HAVE the honour to submit herewith to your 
 Lordship a Report on Smyrna, prepared by me in 
 compliance with your Lordship's request, with the 
 assistance of the Medical Officers composing the Civil 
 Staff of the late Hospital at that Station. 
 
 I have the honour to be 
 
 Your Lordship's obedient Servant, 
 
 GEORGE! ROLLESTON. 
 
 L 
 
 Nov. 1, 1856. 
 
 087 
 
 A2 
 
REPORT ON SMYRNA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 UNLIKE Constantinople, and unlike Sebastopol, General view. 
 Smyrna has no undulations in its surface which 
 can cover a single house, either from the sea breeze 
 or the guns of a vessel of war. Its houses are either 
 ranged like the seats in an amphitheatre along the 
 sides of a semicircular line of hills, or on the slopes 
 and levels between those hills and the water edge. 
 
 It has few open places or squares, and these are 
 mostly planted with the sombre spike-like cypress, 
 telling of graves beneath, but also obviating the 
 glare and heat which would otherwise in this climate 
 render an open space, surrounded by stone or brick 
 buildings, quite insupportable in the summer heats. 
 The narrowness of the streets, and the downward 
 sloping and converging roofs, whatever disadvan- 
 tages they may cause, and however they may impede 
 traffic, have at least the merit of preventing the re- 
 flection of heat, and securing a constant undercurrent 
 of cool air. The bazaars, which are simply narrow 
 streets of shops, with an awning or tiling stretched 
 from the roof of one side to that of the other, pre- 
 serve an equable and agreeable temperature in the 
 very hottest weather. 
 
 The town cannot in fairness be spoken of as dirty ; 
 it possesses numberless open as well as numberless 
 covered gutters, but the draught of water through 
 them is rapid, and it is rare for the senses to be 
 offended by foul smells or by the sight of putrescent 
 matters. The water is brought in covered aqueducts 
 from springs at some distance from the town, and at 
 a considerable elevation in the hills, and thus freedom 
 from organic impurities and rapidity of flow is at once 
 provided for. 
 
6 
 
 Particular 
 description. 
 
 Triangle 
 formed by the 
 town. 
 
 Malarious 
 region. 
 
 The town of Smyrna, when seen at a distance from 
 the deck of a vessel entering the bay, appears to be 
 built partly upon a strip of level and partly upon 
 sloping ground lying between the sea and a hilly 
 background, partly to be creeping up and along the 
 sides of these very hills. 
 
 On a nearer view it is seen that at the southern 
 extremity of the town, a little to the right of a large 
 red building, lately the British barracks, a bar of 
 hills of moderate elevation abuts upon the water 
 edge at a point easily distinguishable by the pre- 
 sence of a round tower. This point may be con- 
 sidered as the apex of a triangle, one side of which 
 is formed by the seaboard and the other by the hill 
 range, while the base may be well represented by 
 the Meles which flows close under the abrupt termi- 
 nation of the line of hill. The hill side of this 
 triangle, Mount Pagus, runs south-east ; its length 
 may be estimated at one mile and a half; its altitude 
 increases gradually from the round tower imme- 
 diately overhanging the water edge at the apex 
 of the triangle, where it is about 223 feet, to its 
 other extremity, where it reaches 608 feet in height. 
 This last point is marked by the Castle, at present 
 a ruin of considerable size, though from the com- 
 paratively recent epoch (A.D. 1225) of its construc- 
 tion, of no great antiquarian interest. The hill 
 range here breaks off abruptly, presenting a pre- 
 cipitous face towards the Meles, which flows round 
 its base and begins here to form the base of the 
 triangle. The world-wide fame of the Meles is not 
 due to its depth or commercial importance ; in 
 summer it forms but a series of pools connected by- 
 small ankle-deep sheets of running water, and it is 
 due to the absence of the protecting hill barrier, not 
 to any inconvenience occasioned by the presence of 
 the stream, that the town does not extend across 
 further northwards. It has been found that houses 
 built so far out in the plain, which stretches for 
 seven miles beyond the Meles, as to lie outside the 
 shelter, or, as one might say, beyond the shadow of 
 Mount Pagus, are all but uninhabitable from malaria. 
 A house was lately built upon a knoll a little to the 
 
right of the Meles, and about 100 feet above the level 
 of the stream ; the prospect was beautiful, the drain- 
 age easy, and in every other respect the site appeared 
 advantageous. But it was exposed to the full draught 
 of air which rushes down the narrow gorge beyond 
 and beneath Mount Pagus, through which winds the 
 Meles, and so unhealthy has it proved itself that in 
 spite of the great expense he had incurred in build- 
 ing a large house there the owner has been obliged 
 to leave it uninhabited. In their proper place the 
 sanitary conditions of the several localities will be 
 considered, they have been alluded to here because 
 they have so powerfully influenced the geographical 
 distribution of the town. It is sufficient here to say 
 that the obstacle opposed to the further outgrowth 
 of the town in this direction has been found as im- 
 passable though it be invisible as that created on the 
 one side by the sea and on the other by the moun- 
 tains. The Meles flows down to the sea through a 
 succession of gardens and vineyards, enclosed, most 
 of them, by high mud walls, and save when swollen 
 in the rainy season, it percolates its way through the 
 sand and gravel into the bay at a spot about equi- 
 distant from its most inland extremity on the right 
 hand, and from a point called "the Point" on the 
 left, where the seaward boundary of Smyrna com- 
 mences. This side of the triangle is the longest of 
 the three, being about two miles and a half in length ; 
 the excellent Admiralty maps, however, obviate the 
 necessity of giving a detailed description of it ; it Seaward 
 possesses several excellent piers and quays, and ships aspect 
 of such draught as H.M.S. " Terrible " may often be 
 seen within 100 yards of the land. But there are no 
 docks, wet or dry, no yards for shipbuilding, nor even 
 any cranes to be found along the whole length of the 
 seaboard of this the most important emporium of the 
 Turkish empire. 
 
 Having thus given a sketch of the immediate boun- Quarters of the 
 daries of the town, we next proceed to describe the town * 
 town itself. The different nations have different 
 quarters of the town allotted to them ; there is a 
 Turk, an Armenian, a Greek, a Jewish, and an 
 European quarter. On a bird's-eye view, these quar- 
 
8 
 
 Turkish 
 quarter. 
 
 The " long 
 shore " houses. 
 
 ters map themselves out unmistakeably to the spec- 
 tator. The Turkish quarter is recognizable by the 
 uniform dinginess of its roofs, which contrast by their 
 dull ensemble with the tall white and elegant 
 minaret which rises out so frequently from the midst 
 of their sombre mass side by side with the tapering 
 cypress ; the Armenian quarter contrasts with the 
 other quarters surrounding it by the whiteness of its 
 walls and houses ; and the Frank quarter is unmis- 
 takeably pointed out by the numerous flagstaffs of its 
 several consulates. The Turkish quarter begins at 
 the south-eastern extremity of the town, and stretches 
 along the bank of hills forming its south-eastern 
 boundary. The Turks have built their houses tier 
 after tier up the hill side, until in some places they 
 seem to be placed as it were on shelves ranged 
 along the face of a perpendicular embankment. They 
 seem to have tacitly recognized by their choice 
 of locality their unfitness for maritime pursuits ; 
 they have clung to the hill side, and relinquished the 
 water edge to more energetic and enterprising races. 
 Most of the Turkish houses have an open gallery on 
 their upper story, into which their several upper 
 rooms open. It is generally supported upon arches 
 decorated with painting and inscriptions, and con- 
 stitutes a characteristic feature in the Turkish do- 
 mestic architecture. The streets in this quarter are 
 narrow, overhung by projecting windows and con- 
 verging roofs ; they have often an open gutter 
 running down their centre, and a raised causeway on 
 either side paved in the same way as the street itself. 
 The excessive steepness of the streets in this quarter 
 renders the absence of covered drains less injurious to 
 the inhabitants than one might have supposed. 
 
 Along the water edge the same character of build- 
 ing prevails as is usual everywhere in similar situa- 
 tions. As we proceed from the large barracks in a 
 north-westerly direction, we pass by the Turkish 
 custom-house and a battery, which has been lately 
 rebuilt, and has twenty-four embrasures ; further on 
 we find the ruined walls of the castle, once occupied 
 by the Knights of Rhodes (see page 19), now in- 
 habited by an entirely Turkish population within, 
 
9 
 
 and having a Turkish guard-house in one of its outer 
 angles. Passing on through a vegetable, and then 
 through a fish, market, we come upon a second, the 
 European, custom-house, in which imports are re- 
 ceived ; and after three quarters of a mile of marine 
 store shops and drinking bouses, the esplanade opens 
 upon us, where the British and several other consular 
 agencies are situated. Parallel to this portion of the 
 water edge, and about 200 yards from that line, 
 runs the Frank street ; the street containing most of Frank Street. 
 the shops, and, as its name would imply, most of the 
 dwelling-houses of the Europeans. This street, with 
 the space between itself and the sea, constitutes the 
 Frank quarter. 
 
 Still following the water line we come, at the end 
 of this handsome esplanade, upon a block of ill-built 
 closely aggregated houses, a fragment of the Greek 
 quarter, interposed between two portions of the 
 European. Its streets are mere alleys ; the houses 
 are either the dwelling houses of the " long shore " 
 Greek boatmen, or drinking houses of an almost 
 exclusively Greek character, as the pictures on the 
 walls show. It contains a second fish market and 
 vegetable market ; and part of the neighbourhood is 
 appropriated to a colony of Maltese, chiefly boatmen. 
 Along this part of the shore we may observe several 
 wooden piers running out ten or twelve yards into 
 the sea. 
 
 After this we come a second time upon well-built 
 European houses. A long handsome but ill-paved 
 street leads us parallel to the water's edge, and for a 
 considerable distance, the limit of which is marked by 
 the French hospital and a Turkish guard-house, the 
 houses on either side are of a superior character, both 
 as regards external appearance and internal comfort. 
 Here are the French, Austrian, Prussian, Portuguese, 
 and Greek consulates. As the street runs further 
 north the character of its houses deteriorates, and 
 before it terminates, and with it the town, at " the 
 Point," a spot marked by a windmill some way short 
 of the embouchure of the Meles, it loses most of its 
 pleasing features. There is at this the northern, as 
 at the southern, extremity of the town, a Turkish 
 
10 
 
 The Armenian 
 quarter. 
 
 The Greek 
 quarter. 
 
 barrack. It is capable of holding 115 men. Besides 
 the windmill there is at the farthest extremity of 
 the promontory, on the water edge, a large steam 
 corn mill. 
 
 The town reaches no further in this direction, but 
 a creek runs up inland for about a mile and a half, 
 and on the Smyrna side of it there is an establish- 
 ment for the repairing of ships ; whilst opposite we 
 see, at some distance inland, the village of Bournabat, 
 where many of Europeans live in the summer time. 
 
 Returning back along the same route we find the 
 Greek quarter on our left, between the street just 
 described and the Mount Pagus, forming, in fact, a 
 considerable portion of the base of the triangle, and 
 stretching from north to south for nearly a mile and 
 a half. The Armenian quarter also abuts upon the 
 base of .the triangle, and lies between the Greek 
 quarter seawards and the Turkish towards the land 
 for about three quarters of a mile, so that advancing 
 from " the Point " inland south-east to the Castle 
 Hill, we pass first through the Greek, next through 
 the Armenian, and lastly through the Turkish 
 quarter. At the south-west end of the Armenian 
 quarter stands their large new church, which forms a 
 striking object from all points. This portion of the 
 town suffered very considerably from a fire in 1845, 
 and when it was rebuilt after that event considerable 
 attention was paid to the widening of the streets and 
 other improvements. Though traces of the fire are 
 to be recognized even now in the ruins of many 
 houses, yet on the whole the quarter presents a pleas- 
 ing and creditable appearance ; the drainage is good, 
 and in respect of cleanliness, it may well compare 
 with any save an English town. The streets strike 
 the attention by their great regularity and straight- 
 ness, and the houses by the large size of their doors 
 and windows. These are conditions rarely to be 
 seen in an Asiatic town, and, though realized in the 
 quarter allotted to an Asiatic race, show clearly that 
 foreign models were followed in the reconstruction of 
 this part of Smyrna. 
 
 The Greek quarter lies between the Armenian 
 quarter, towards the land, and the Frank street 
 
and its northward continuation, looking seawards. 
 The pavement in the Greek, as in the other quarters, 
 differs from that in the Turkish, by possessing no 
 causeway ; as in the Turkish quarter, stones of all 
 sizes are placed promiscuously in all parts of the 
 roadway, but no attempt is made at any distinction 
 in the Greek quarter between the middle and the 
 sides of the street. A covered drain runs under the 
 middle of most of the streets, and a stream of water 
 rushes through it with considerable rapidity and 
 volume. The roofing of these drains is often allowed 
 to fall in, and it is surprising for how long a period 
 the dangerous hole thus formed is allowed to 
 remain unrepaired. In many parts of this quarter, 
 however, especially in those towards its northern 
 boundary, we find in place of a covered stream of 
 sharply-flowing water, a sluggish broad uncovered 
 drain, as offensive to the senses of the by-passer as 
 deleterious to the health and vigour of those who 
 live upon its banks. It is remarkable that many of 
 the houses in the Greek quarter are one storied only; 
 but it would be erroneous to suppose that houses of 
 this description were occupied universally by mem- 
 bers of the poorer classes. Many of these one- 
 storied houses are built round a marble-floored court, 
 which is generally of oblong form, with a fountain in 
 the centre, and surrounded by a corridor, and they 
 possess internal arrangements corresponding fully 
 with the appearance of ease and comfort their ex- 
 terior presents. The appearance of the whole quarter 
 speaks of a general state of well-being and comfort 
 amongst the restless stirring population it contains ; 
 the principal defects (besides those already men- 
 tioned) are the tortuosity of its streets, and the lack 
 of uniformity in size and structure in the houses 
 composing them. The Romaic population, though 
 possessing this quarter to the almost entire exclusion 
 of other races, is also to be found occupying patches 
 of ground in the very centre of the quarters allotted 
 to other nationalities. We have already mentioned 
 one instance of this, where a block of Greek houses 
 is wedged in between two portions of the Frank 
 town along the seaboard. On the opposite boundary 
 
12 
 
 of the town, we find an exactly analogous arrange- 
 ment. High up on the hill side, which we have 
 described as girdled by the Turkish quarter, we find 
 a colony of Greeks clustered round their church of 
 St. John, and thus breaking into what would other- 
 wise be a continuous belt of Turkish houses. 
 The Jewish The Jewish quarter interdigitates with the Turkish, 
 
 quarter. Armenian, and Greek at a point marked by the large 
 
 Armenian church already mentioned, and within a 
 few yards of that building the peculiar features, 
 buildings, and dresses of these four races may be 
 found and studied in complete distinctness. The 
 Jews occupy a considerable area, which is bounded 
 on the west by the Greeks, and on the east by the 
 Turks ; whilst the southern extremity of their quarter 
 stretches some way up the hill side, and is entirely 
 surrounded by Mussulman habitations. To the 
 passing traveller this quarter is the least pleasing of 
 all, and a more close examination will only confirm 
 the impressions made by first appearances. Its 
 characteristics are those presented by overcrowding 
 and poverty, filth in the roadway, discomfort in the 
 houses, and cachectic appearance in the inhabitants. 
 Surrounding The lower hills in the immediate vicinity of 
 k P Smyrna are rocky, and to a considerable extent 
 uncultivated. Patches, however, of various sizes, 
 varying from an acre to an acre and a half, are every 
 here and there redeemed from waste, and bear corn, 
 wheat and barley, crops ; and the olive grows 
 where nothing else does, braving the heat with its 
 polished leaves, and supplying itself with moisture 
 in the midst of aridity. Long horizontal bands of 
 green, of which the large-leafed fig forms a consider- 
 able part, may be observed girdling these hills, 
 telling of the watercourse below. The water runs 
 in a channel formed of stones strongly fastened 
 together, and covered internally with cement. It is 
 supplied from the mountain springs, some of which 
 are perennial, and are, so long as the higher moun- 
 tains are covered with wood to the extent they are 
 at present, likely to remain so. Some of these 
 aqueducts run a very long course, and speak of a 
 time when a wealthier and stronger government than 
 
13 
 
 the present ruled in Asia Minor. The arches on 
 which they cross and recross the valleys are, in 
 several instances, works of considerable magnificence. 
 They contain a large volume of water, six inches deep 
 by eighteen inches broad, with a very rapid flow. 
 They subserve three principal purposes. They (i) 
 turn numerous corn mills, (the windmill, the inven- 
 tion of Asia Minor, is not common nearer than Vour- 
 lah, but the commonest kind of all is the mill turned 
 by horses, &c.); they furnish (ii) water for irriga- 
 tion ; and lastly, they are (iii) the chief and best 
 source of water the town itself, with its numerous 
 fountains, possesses. 
 
 The loftier hills, which are at a somewhat greater Mountains, 
 distance from the town, and range from 2,800 to 
 3,500 feet in height, are, in most cases, covered with 
 vegetation to their very summit. This is an im- 
 portant fact, as it both indicates the character of the 
 climate, which indeed it also goes some way to con- 
 stitute, and the supply of water which the country 
 enjoys. The trees which clothe these mountains are 
 not calculated for shipbuilding purposes, as the large 
 trees are principally pine and fir; and the oaks, 
 which are even more numerous, are almost entirely 
 of the dwarf species. Both kinds of wood, however, 
 are extensively used for charcoal, of which the 
 Levant possesses an unlimited supply, and the pine 
 and fir furnish rafters for house building ; whilst the 
 Quercus infectoria and Quercus segilops produce 
 galls and valonea, all of them products of great local 
 or general interest. 
 
 The several plains within a few hours' journey of The Plains. 
 Smyrna, and that which borders the city itself, 
 present every variety in the degrees to which culti- 
 vation is carried. In some places we meet with large 
 blocks of cultivated ground, the vineyard and fig 
 garden alternating with the corn field, each and all 
 enclosed with a stone or mud wall, and a ditch : bor- 
 dering upon them we may find an equally extensive 
 space of ground wholly waste and untilled, yet differ- 
 ing in no naturally conferred condition from its more 
 productive neighbours. The valleys of the Cayster 
 and its tributaries, the " pinguia prata Caystri," are at 
 
14 
 
 present, owing possibly to their distance from the pro- 
 tection of any large Turkish town, and their consequent 
 exposure to the depredations of robbers, who are to 
 be found in any quantity in the islands lying close off 
 the coast, in an almost entirely uncultivated state. A 
 rich alluvial loam, of from four to six feet in thickness, 
 bears nothing on its surface but the vitex agnus castus, 
 and feeds nothing but a few sheep and multitudes of 
 the ferae naturae. This, however, is not the case with 
 the valleys of the Hermus and Maeander, for a sketch 
 of the latter of which, see Appendix, p. 105. An 
 Englishman has within the last few years taken into 
 his hands a large quantity of ground, under the 
 classic ridge of the Tmolus, which separates the plain 
 of Sedikioi and Boudja from that of the Cayster ; and 
 the rich green of his thickly standing crops contrasts 
 pleasingly with the sun-burnt aspect of the surround- 
 ing untilled grass land. 
 
 TheGuiphand The town is built at the bottom of a gulph thirty- 
 
 Bay - six miles long, the navigation through which is com- 
 
 paratively easy, and does not require the services of 
 a pilot. There is a wide passage and deep water for 
 the whole distance save at one point. This spot is 
 marked by the point and Castle Sanjac on the south 
 side of the bay, about five miles distant from the town. 
 Towards this point, on the south side, there runs out 
 a long spit from the northern side and the embouchure 
 of the Hermus, and the clear interval between the two 
 
 Shoal at en- is little more than half a mile. It is not uncommon 
 Bay * to see steamers and other vessels stuck fast upon this 
 shoal, which is however free from rock, as being in 
 great measure the deposit of the Hermus. During 
 our residence in Smyrna this disaster never befel an 
 English vessel. The increase of the shoal is not so 
 considerable as to affect more than very remotely the 
 future prospects of the port. It is as well to state 
 
 See pages is that the name of the castle on this point is Sanjac, and 
 not St. James' (St. Jacques) nor St. John's, as some 
 of the best English maps have, somewhat amusingly, 
 put it down. 
 
 The name of the point is, like the castle upon it, 
 of Turkish origin, and signifies Flag Point, Sanjac 
 Bournou ; but though the Turkish flag is, as the name 
 
15 
 
 implies, very commonly flying on this point, and 
 though extensive barracks are contained within the 
 enceinte of its enormously thick walls, it is un tenanted, 
 save by one or two men, so malarious is its situation. 
 Mount Sipylus (3,205 feet in height) and the Two 
 Brothers (2,920 feet), on the south of the straits, stand 
 opposite to each other, like the portals of a large gate- 
 way. From these two points a horseshoe of mountain 
 sweeps round and encloses Smyrna, and a maritime 
 plain, of varying breadth and of almost unvarying 
 fertility, within a wall of hills, in most places of less 
 elevation than the two points at either end of the 
 semicircle. 
 
 POLITICAL HISTORY. 
 
 We possess historical records of the western coast sketch of early 
 of Asia Minor for a period of about 3,000years. During histor y- 
 this period we meet with several epochs of great 
 material prosperity, but with one only of political 
 independence and free institutions. At the date B.C. 
 1000, we find the whole of the western coast of Asia 
 Minor, and the islands immediately adjacent, occupied 
 by Greek colonies, and we have reason to believe that 
 they maintained an independent existence for the 500 
 years following. 
 
 The Cyclopian walls, still to be seen in this country, Era of Greek 
 testify to the existence of the kindred Pclasgic race, s > 50 
 who were in possession of the soil previously to the 
 Greek immigration ; but we have no information as 
 to their modes of life or government. The 500 years 
 of independence, from 1064 B.C. to 560 B.C., the era 
 of Croesus, are marked by the names of Homer and 
 Thales, of Sappho and Anaxagoras, and the language 
 they spoke has ever since maintained its ground in the 
 country in which they flourished. The trade and 
 commerce of Asia Minor was of great importance even 
 at this early period ; the wool manufactures (Milesia 
 vellera), and the luxurious habits of the Ionian 
 merchants (iwv^ rp^), are subjects of constant 
 allusion in the classical authors. Croesus, the King 
 of Lydia, made (B.C. 560) the whole of the Greek 
 
16 
 
 Ruin under 
 Croesus. 
 
 Eevival under 
 Alexander. 
 
 colonies in Asia Minor his tributaries, realizing thus 
 an object at which his dynasty had been ineffectually 
 aiming for 150 years, and inaugurating for the Asiatic 
 Greek ages of unvarying political subordination under 
 various political masters. It seems that jealousy and 
 want of union amongst themselves was the cause of 
 the subjugation of the Greeks of B.C. 560, as of the 
 Greeks of 1453 A.D. Theognis, the aristocratic exile 
 of Megara, alluding to the fall of these independent 
 Republics, has the following lines : 
 
 xoCi Mayvrjraj 
 Kai ]Ejaupvav. Theognis, 1104. 
 
 For some reason unknown to us, Smyrna was treated 
 with unusual severity, the city was razed to the ground 
 and was not rebuilt till the time of Alexander the 
 Great. Hence it is that, save a passing notice in 
 Herodotus, who mentions the transfer of Smyrna from 
 the ^Eolian to the Ionian federation, we read nothing 
 about its history in the writings of the great Greek 
 authors. 
 
 Alexander, however, seeing how advantageous a 
 site for a large city was to be found on the shores of 
 the Gulph of Smyrna, collected together such Greeks 
 as still claimed to be Smyrniotes, though their city had 
 lain waste for 200 years, and founded it anew at a 
 distance of about two miles from the ruins of the 
 ancient town. 
 
 The site of the ancient town is marked at present 
 by a paper mill belonging to the Turkish government, 
 and lies considerably to the right of the Meles, whose 
 situation is identified by the words of the oracle which 
 was obtained to sanction the removal, and which bid 
 the Greeks "cross the sacred Meles, and dwell on 
 Mount Pagus." Under the successors of Alexander, 
 Smyrna enjoyed, as we learn from inscriptions on coins 
 and passing notices in contemporary writers, a pre- 
 eminence amongst the cities of Asia, and a high degree 
 of material prosperity. The same remarks will apply 
 to the ages of Roman supremacy, during which Smyrna 
 was celebrated for its schools of science and medicine, 
 for its magnificent buildings and general opulence. It 
 suffered several times during the epoch of the two 
 
17 
 
 empires from earthquakes, which it is said have in- 
 variably, in ancient as in modern times, taken place 
 in the month of June. An earthquake, which threw 
 down a large portion of the whole town in 1 77 A.D., 
 gave Marcus Aurelius an occasion for the display of 
 that munificence which the Roman government so em P ire8 - 
 often displayed, and which not improbably contri- 
 buted somewhat towards inducing the conquered 
 Greeks to adopt the name, Pco^a^, though not the 
 language, of their Italian masters. 
 
 Smyrna was one of the seven churches of Asia to 
 which St. John addressed his warnings, and in the 
 later days of Leon the Wise, it was placed in the 
 position of metropolis to six other bishoprics. 
 
 In the year 1084 A.D. began that series of struggles 
 between the Greek and the Turk which, after lasting 
 335 years, ended in the final establishment of the 
 Turkish supremacy under Sultan Mahomet I., in the 
 year 1419. A Turkish pirate, Tsachas, at the head ^ c k k lsh hordes 
 of a considerable horde of his countrymen, established 
 himself in this part of Asia Minor in the year 1084 
 A.D., and held his ground against all the forces of the 
 Greek empire for about thirteen years. Though 
 driven out in the year 1097 by John, the brother-in- 
 law of the Emperor Alexius Commenus, he again 
 obtained possession of Smyrna, and, after being ex- 
 pelled from it a second time, he seems at last to have 
 perished by treachery on the part of Alexius and his 
 kinsman, Asian, the Turkish Sultan. 
 
 Alexius and his immediate successors, taught by 
 experience, fortified Smyrna and the other towns 
 more immediately exposed by their vicinity to the 
 seaboard, (at that time entirely Greek,) to the attacks 
 of the Turk, who was then, it would appear, more 
 competent than at present to maritime enterprise. 
 
 Whilst Constantinople was in the hands of the 
 Latins, A.D. 1202-1261, Smyrna formed part of the 
 Greek Empire of Nice. Under the heroic Theo- 
 dore Lascaris I. and the statesmanlike John Ducas 
 Vataces (Bara-r^c) Asia Minor appears to have 
 enjoyed a season of prosperity and repose, a period 
 of calm and lull preceding the tempest of rapine 
 
18 
 
 and destruction which the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries brought with them. 
 
 It was in the thirteenth century that the castle, 
 whose ruins still overlook the Town of Smyrna, and 
 the Palace at Nymphi, the favourite residence of 
 John Vataces, were built, each of which, by their 
 parallel and horizontal rows of flat tiling interposed 
 between stone masonry, shows, did we know it from 
 no other sources, the comparatively recent epoch of 
 its erection. [We may observe, that a totally dif- 
 ferent style of building is observable in the castle 
 opposite the mouth of the Hermus at the entrance of 
 the bay. This fort is of Turkish construction, and 
 was erected at the times of the Venetian wars, 
 A.D. 1656.] 
 
 Era of Turkish In the fourteenth century Asia Minor was parcelled 
 out by different Turkish chieftains into separate 
 principalities, which maintained an independent ex- 
 istence as such until the days of Bajazet, A.D. 1400. 
 The whole of the maritime country from Rhodes to 
 Scutari came at this time finally into the hands of 
 the Turks. A band of Catalans were invited by 
 the Greek Emperor Andronicus, A.D. 1303, to lend 
 their aid towards averting the catastrophe, but the 
 Greeks have left it on record, that they found the 
 friendship of the Catalans more hurtful than the 
 enmity of the Turks. In 1313 Aidin, one of the 
 
 Seepages Turkish emirs, possessed himself of Tralles and 
 Smyrna, and his name is still borne by the former of 
 these two places in one of the fairest valleys in the 
 world. After a reign of twelve years Aidin trans- 
 mitted the government of his principality to his son 
 
 Held by Omar. But whilst Omar was absent with his fleet 
 
 Rhodes! on an expedition in aid of Cantacuzene into the sea of 
 Marmora, the Knights of Rhodes made a descent 
 upon Smyrna and seized the castle on the water's 
 edge, from which all the attempts made by the Turks 
 to dislodge them were ineffectual for a period of 
 fifty-seven years. When we consider that this build- 
 ing is completely commanded by the fort on Mount 
 Pagus, which was in the hands of the Turks, and 
 that it is scarcely elevated at all above the level of 
 the sea, which also was from time to time in the 
 
19 
 
 power of the enemy, and that enemy under the 
 orders of such Princes as Amurath I., the organiser 
 of the janissaries, and Bajazet, the fortifier of Galli- 
 poli, we are compelled, even after making all allow- 
 ance for the difference between the artillery of the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth, and that of the nineteenth 
 centuries, to pay no scanty praise to that band of 
 heroes who held such a post for more than half a 
 century. 
 
 The Knights of Rhodes, after a fourteen days' 
 seige, A.D. 1402, fell, as their old antagonists the 
 Turks had fallen, under the destroying sword of 
 Tamerlane, who is said to have erected at Smyrna, as 
 elsewhere, a hideous monument of his triumph in the 
 shape of a pyramid of human skulls. Though the 
 Turkish empire might have been thought wounded 
 to death on the field of Angora, owing to the 
 divisions of Western Europe and the imbecility of 
 the Eastern empire, its deadly wound was healed, 
 and in 1424, little more than twenty years after that Final cession to 
 event, we find the Turks in final possession of Smyrna. 
 With the exception of a threatening demonstration 
 on the part of a Venetian fleet in A.D. 1694, and a few 
 outbreaks on that of the Romaic population at periods 
 of great political excitement, Smyrna has remained 
 exempt from the scourge of war from the times of 
 Amurath II., A.D. 1424, down to those of Abdul 
 Medjid. But though unscathed by war for the last 
 400 years, Smyrna has within that period suffered 
 severely on two occasions from earthquakes. In 
 1688 little was left standing in the city, save the 
 castle on Mount Pagus ; all the archives and public 
 records were destroyed : and in 1778 the earthquake 
 was accompanied by a fire, which proved itself most 
 destructive. From this latter scourge the city suf- 
 fered considerably so recently as the year 1845. 
 
 It is obvious from this short sketch that no con- 
 clusion can be drawn from the present condition of a 
 town which has suffered so much from the destroying 
 influence of the elements and the more desolating 
 fury of man, as to the appearance it presented in its 
 several eras of happiness and prosperity. But from 
 the medals and other antiquities which, Dr. Chandler 
 
 B 2 
 
 Turks A.D. 
 1424. 
 
20 
 
 says, Smyrna has contributed in greater abundance 
 than any other Greek city, we are justified in infer- 
 ring that its ancient importance as a commercial 
 emporium and seat of government was not inferior 
 to that which it at present holds. 
 
 The advantages of its position have enabled it to 
 rise again and again from its ashes, and nothing can 
 speak so strongly for its admirable situation as its 
 repeated recovery from calamities which were suffi- 
 cient to destroy finally and for ever its neighbours 
 and rivals Clazomense and Ephesus.* 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The population of Smyrna may be estimated as 
 amounting to 150,000 souls. Such was the result 
 come to by the last census, which was taken in 1849, 
 and no material change either for increase or decrease 
 has since been effected in the whole mass of the 
 population. Nearly 100,000 of the inhabitants, i.e. 
 two-thirds, are either Greeks or Turks, whose num- 
 bers were till lately all but equal, though now the 
 numerical superiority is with the Greeks. 
 
 The rest of the population is made up by Arme- 
 nians, Jews, Roman Catholics, generally of European 
 extraction, and European settlers. There are few 
 other towns in the world with a fixed and resident 
 population consisting of so many distinct and dis- 
 tinguishable elements. 
 
 Turkish. 
 
 The Turks. The dominant race numbers about 45,000 souls, 
 
 this at least was their number when the last census 
 was taken ; but poverty and the conscription for the 
 war have since then acted as a check upon the 
 increase of the poorer classes, and the richer classes 
 have suffered a diminution in their numbers, owing 
 to their practice of procuring abortion, a habit to 
 
 * Our authorities for the political history of Smyrna have been 
 (i.) (Economus: Atmxr^eSjo? Ar^j/3>] Trstn %fj,ugvYj$. Malta 
 1831. (ii.) The several historians to whom he refers, (iii.) Gib- 
 bon's Roman Empire, chapters 59, 61, 62, 64. 
 
21 
 
 which the poorer classes are likewise addicted. The 
 rich Turks form but a very small portion of the 
 whole nation, and the sources of their wealth are few. 
 The rich man is either a government employe or a 
 landed proprietor ; the Turk of the present day seems 
 in most cases incompetent either to successful manu- 
 facture or speculation. 
 
 The morality in vogue among Turks in the first of Turks as offi ' 
 these lines of life has given rise to the proverb com- 
 mon in the East, u Aocrs TOV Toupxov p^^ara xai TvQXcuve" 
 
 " Bribe the Turk, and blind him." 
 
 It is more pleasing to contemplate the other prin- Turks as ex- 
 cipal source of Turkish wealth, the export of raw por 
 produce, for which branch of commerce the country 
 is so well fitted, that neither the export duties of the 
 government nor the extortion of its officials have 
 been able materially to diminish it. The staple 
 products are grain (Tsw^ara in the Greek returns), 
 fruits (oTToocaj), wool (ftaAAia), and drugs. Details 
 upon these subjects are given elsewhere in this Report, 
 under the head of Commerce, see pp. 73-87, and 
 Appendix, p. 89- Such Turkish capital as is invested Turks in trad^ 
 in trade we find flowing principally in the following 
 channels : the manufacture of saddlery and horse 
 trappings, and clothing for domestic use exclusively 
 and of Asiatic pattern ; of camel bells, horse shoes 
 and nails, and a few of the coarser productions of 
 hardware, such as locks, chains, &c. and the drums 
 for packing figs. All these trades serve to employ 
 the poorer Turkish population, but are of compara- 
 tively little importance to foreign nations, and in this 
 point of view they differ from the carpet trade, a 
 branch of commerce as yet entirely in Turkish hands. 
 
 The upper class Turks have to a great extent Cress, 
 adopted European costumes, though they still retain 
 the fez as a mark of their nationality. The lower 
 orders still wear the turban and the loose breeches, 
 almost as large and flowing as a petticoat, fastened 
 just below the knee. This dress sets off to great 
 advantage the sturdy proportions so commonly to be 
 met with among the Turkish labouring classes, and it 
 contributes also not a little to give dignity to the 
 exterior of their priests and moollahs. The Euro- 
 
22 
 
 Manners and 
 habits. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Labour, chiefly 
 agricultural. 
 
 peanised Turk seldom appears to advantage in his 
 new dress, though he is diligent in striving to copy 
 his model as exactly as possible. He has, however, 
 borrowed as little of real value from the European 
 civilization which is now in full life around him, as 
 he has done from that whose ruins are to be seen at 
 every turn in the country his sword won for him. 
 
 The Turk has unfortunately adopted from the 
 western nations the habit of drunkenness, the only 
 sensual indulgence expressly discountenanced by his 
 religion, and it is somewhat strange that this, a vice 
 especially of colder climates and of more lively races, 
 should to some extent have superseded here the 
 practice of opium eating, a habit more congenial to 
 the dreamy temperaments and burning sky of Asia. 
 The leisure time of the upper classes is not employed 
 in active sports or exercise ; they either dream it 
 away by the aid of their chibouque, or spend it in 
 lounging walks and unprofitable visits. The working 
 Turk spends his evenings at houses of entertainment 
 closely analogous to the continental cafe, where 
 coffee and tobacco furnish him with a solace within 
 easy reach of the poorest. 
 
 His wages have varied from 7 to 8 gr., I4d. to l6d. 
 per diem, in 1853, to 12 gr., 2s. per diem, in 1856; 
 and bread has varied at the same periods from Id. 
 to l^d. 9 If d per lb., and meat from 4d. to 6d. per 
 Ib. Fish and vegetables of all kinds are so exceed- 
 ingly cheap here as only to be estimated by the para, 
 a coin equal to one-fifth of a farthing in value, and 
 they are in this country most important articles of 
 diet. A comparison of these several prices would 
 lead one to infer, what an inspection would show, the 
 existence of a well-nourished poor population. 
 
 It is in agricultural labour of one sort or other 
 almost exclusively that the poor Turk is employed ; 
 he is scarcely ever set to perform any operation more 
 complex than that of picking and sorting the raw pro- 
 duce which more skilled labourers will one day elabo- 
 rate. We will here, however, enumerate the exceptions 
 to this rule, the instances, that is, in which the Turk 
 appears as a manufacturer, however unimportant they 
 may appear. 
 
23 
 
 Many of the poor Turks get their living by the Also manu- 
 manufacture of the circular drums so familiar to us 
 as fig boxes. For further particulars, see under 
 " Commerce," p. 104, in Appendix. 
 
 There are in Smyrna many Turks employed as nail And of nans 
 and lock manufacturers. The general order of things and locks * 
 seems to be here reversed. Bar iron and pig iron are 
 exported from England, and made up into nails and 
 horseshoes in Asia Minor. The means at the dis- 
 posal of the Turk for working up the raw material 
 are of the very simplest description ; such an appa- 
 ratus as would be thought inadequate by a roadside 
 blacksmith in England, a pair of bellows, a few bricks, 
 an anvil, and a charcoal fire. These forges, such as 
 they are, are not massed together as we find them 
 in Constantinople, but are scattered about in the 
 Turkish quarter, and are generally placed in the 
 yard of a private dwelling-house. A tolerably good 
 lock, of rough construction but of considerable 
 strength, from one of these forges may be bought 
 for 15 piastres = 2s. 6d. 
 
 Thirdly, the porterage of Smyrna is almost entirely And town em- 
 performed by Turks. As this is an employment for P 
 which no talent and no capital, save that of a strong 
 body, is required, one would expect to find an excess 
 of candidates for it, and a minimum of remuneration ; 
 and, were the porters not protected by their posses- 
 sion of a monopoly, and being formed into a guild, 
 such undoubtedly would be the case. As it is the 
 Smyrna porters pay heavy taxes to the Government, 
 and in return have the monopoly of the conveyance 
 of goods from the sea shore secured to them. They 
 are divided into sections, and each of these is organised 
 under one head, who receives a certain share of the 
 profits, and manages the payment of their taxes to 
 Government. There are 3,000 porters in Smyrna, 
 most, if not all of them, Turks, who come from the 
 interior to Smyrna at the age of from eighteen to 
 twenty, and continue here till they have accumulated 
 a considerable sum of money, after which they with- 
 draw again to their homes. Iconium is the place 
 whence most of them come. They have fixed rates 
 of charges (4 piastres anywhere within the town for 
 one bale of goods), and they do not generally make 
 
24 
 
 Gravestones 
 worked by 
 Greeks 
 
 Turkish 
 women. 
 
 As manufac- 
 turers. 
 
 See Commerce, 
 p. 85. 
 
 Religion and 
 education. 
 
 any attempt at extorting more than this. The loads 
 they carry are enormous, as much as 300 Ibs. being 
 frequently placed upon one of them ; and their physi- 
 cal development is indicative of their great strength, 
 great labour, and temperate life. 
 
 We may note in passing, the apparently merely 
 curious but yet not altogether insignificant fact, that 
 the gravestones of the Turks, which are not unfre- 
 quently covered with inscriptions in their somewhat 
 complex caligraphy, and consequently demand some 
 skill in their workmanship, are entirely made by 
 Greeks. 
 
 The same account may be given of the female part 
 of the Turkish population in Smyrna as in other 
 cities of the empire. Infanticide and prostitution are 
 rare, but the Turkish woman, with a view of retain- 
 ing her hold on her husband's affections, very com- 
 monly procures the abortion of her unborn child. 
 A larger proportion of Turkish women than is 
 generally supposed possess the accomplishments of 
 reading and writing, but beyond this degree their 
 education has not advanced. 
 
 The Turkish women make linen and silken textures 
 of various degrees of fineness for the use of their own 
 households, and within their own houses, but the 
 manufacture of the Turkey carpet and the richly 
 embroidered and flowery praying carpet is also almost 
 entirely carried on by female hands. For the con- 
 struction of these fabrics, and also of others intended 
 for display by the Oriental, and purchased as curio- 
 sities by the European, no other machinery than the 
 very simplest is employed. 
 
 The Turkish empire is in idea a theocracy, or 
 perhaps we should rather say a prophetocracy, and in 
 practice we find that their religious sentiments and 
 beliefs exercise a most decided and tangible influence 
 over the most trivial as well as the most important 
 actions of Mussulmen. 
 
 Religious and educational institutions, more or less 
 closely connected in most countries, are in the Turkish 
 mutually independent, and as if by logical sequence 
 no education is thought necessary to be provided 
 publicly for the Turkish woman. Their schools are 
 schools for boys only. These institutions are attached 
 
25 
 
 to the mosques, of which there are eighteen in 
 Smyrna, and which are all more or less richly endowed. 
 The fees for instruction are very small and the scholars 
 are of the lower and middle classes ; the richer Turks 
 providing themselves with private instructors. The 
 Imaums are the teachers in the Turkish schools, the 
 Koran and the writings of the commentators upon it 
 are their class books; and, difficult though their 
 language be both to read and write, a very large 
 proportion of the poorer Turks can do both. So 
 much of arithmetic is taught as is necessary for the 
 simple business transactions of the Mussulman popu- 
 lation. The cheapness of these schools and the 
 absence of any manufacture where children's labour 
 might be turned to account, explains the compara- 
 tively wide diffusion of this somewhat scanty educa- 
 tion. Few of the Turkish officials in Smyrna could 
 speak any Western language, one only, Ali Effendi, 
 who held the post of Sanitary Commissioner, could 
 both speak French fluently, and English enough for 
 the common purposes of life. The proportion of 
 wealthy Turks who have received an education in 
 Paris, is much smaller than that of the corresponding 
 class of Greeks. Lastly, there is no Turkish news- 
 paper in Smyrna. 
 
 The priests know little beyond the dogmas of their Priests, 
 religion, and the influence they possess is trifling, 
 though their wealth is not inconsiderable when esti- 
 mated by a Turkish standard. Certain revenues 
 designed for the relief of the poor and indigent are 
 attached to the mosques, and of these the priests are 
 the dispensers, but they cannot be said to take any 
 active interest in the objects of this benevolence. 
 
 Such attempts as have been made in Smyrna conversion, 
 towards converting Mahomedans have met with no 
 success. A mission was founded in the place by 
 the Church Missionary Society of Great Britain, 
 twenty-four years ago ; but at that time a law was in 
 force which assigned the penalty of death to any 
 Mussulman who forsook the faith of his forefathers, 
 and this circumstance co-operated powerfully, with 
 others, towards deterring any one from taking such 
 a step. Books, however, and tracts in the Turkish 
 language have been distributed amongst the Turks, 
 
26 
 
 Government of 
 the Turks. 
 
 Pasha and 
 Council. 
 
 Tribunals, cri- 
 minal. 
 
 but the most successful field of labour has been found 
 by the missionary to be among the Christian popula- 
 tion. 
 
 The consideration of the government of the country 
 will naturally fall under the head of the Turkish 
 population, as that population is the dominant or ruling 
 race, and, till lately, occupied that position almost to 
 the entire exclusion of all others. What follows, 
 however, was written previously to the promulgation 
 of the Hatti Scheriff of February 1856. 
 
 The government of Smyrna is vested in a pasha 
 and his council. For the office of pasha in this, the 
 second city of the Turkish empire, a man of some 
 note has generally been selected, and the present 
 pasha has occupied posts of importance at the courts 
 of Western Europe. Within the last twelve years 
 Smyrna has had no less than six pashas, so short is 
 generally their tenure of office, a fact at which we 
 should not wonder when we think that they often 
 have to contend at once with intrigue from without 
 on the part of the representatives of some European 
 power, and from within on the part of their private 
 enemies, to whom their own misconduct has not 
 unfrequently given a handle. 
 
 The council associated with the pasha for the 
 administration of justice in civil and criminal cases, 
 consists of a cadi, the chief of the police, and the 
 representatives of the several communities of Greeks, 
 Armenians, Jews, and Roman Catholic Rayas. The 
 final decision rests with the pasha, who has not, how- 
 ever, the power of life and death. In every instance 
 where a sentence of death is passed it is forwarded to 
 Constantinople for the Sultan's approval, and before 
 it is carried into execution it is necessary that the 
 signature of the chief priest be also affixed to it. 
 These formalities, and especially the latter of them, 
 have frequently tended to defeat the ends of justice ; 
 their existence has opened a door for the practice of 
 bribery and the procuring of delay in behalf of 
 notorious criminals, though it may have occasionally 
 prevented the perpetration of a judicial murder. Most 
 of the cases brought before this tribunal are petty, 
 and we may remark that there are no female prisoners 
 to be seen in their prisons. 
 
There is another council for mercantile cases. This Mercantile, 
 council awards the punishments in cases of fraudulent 
 bankruptcy and other varieties of dishonest dealing. 
 The punishment consists in imprisonment for a longer 
 or shorter period, and it is to be remarked that after 
 the expiration of the term of his sentence the debtor 
 is still held to be liable for the amount of the debt he 
 has incurred. 
 
 Imprisonment is the punishment awarded to every Punishments, 
 variety of crime, except to such cases as, by their 
 agrant character, or by their affecting some indivi- 
 dual under European protection, compel the authorities 
 to inflict capital punishment. 
 
 Criminals condemned to death are decapitated, and 
 this punishment is, if possible, inflicted near the place 
 where the offence was committed. If the offender be 
 a Greek it is sometimes found necessary to execute 
 him by night for fear of an outbreak on the part of 
 his countrymen. 
 
 There are two places for the imprisonment of Prisons, 
 criminals, exclusive of those attached to the several 
 consulates for the confinement of offenders under 
 their protection. One, the Turkish, is in the pasha's 
 residence, and was formerly the only establishment 
 of the kind in existence in Smyrna. It consists of 
 three or four small rooms, and is used for the confine- 
 ment of offenders before they are tried, for the punish- 
 ment of debtors, and of petty criminals. There is no 
 arrangement apparently for separating criminals guilty 
 of one order of crime from those guilty of another, but 
 it is seen that the richer offenders generally contrive 
 to obtain either complete privacy or the company of 
 men of their own rank in life. The second prison is 
 on a more extensive scale, and can contain 100 prison- 
 ers. It was formerly a khan, and when the want of 
 increased prison accommodation made itself felt, the 
 strong doors and walls of that kind of building made 
 its conversion to that use easy and obvious; most of See Commerce, 
 the prisoners here are homicides of one sort or another, r 
 and by nationality Greeks. 
 
 In some cases the sentence of death has been Punishments, 
 awarded, but has been commuted, as the Turkish law 
 allows for a five years' imprisonment on the payment 
 of a certain sum of money to the murdered man's 
 
28 
 
 Greeks. 
 Numbers. 
 
 Identity with 
 old Greek 
 race. 
 
 Three argu- 
 ments. 
 
 family or friends. Political offenders are also con- 
 fined here, and we saw one large and tolerably com- 
 fortable room allotted to three Mussulmen, wearing 
 however heavy chains, who had organized a rising of 
 some thousand men at Aidin, in the interior. A 
 certain ration of bread is allowed each prisoner from 
 the Government, and, with the exception of spirits, 
 they are permitted to purchase anything they please. 
 The poorer prisoners provide themselves with bags, 
 which they let down from their windows to receive 
 such charity as the- passers by may bestow upon 
 them. Sentences are awarded and carried into exe- 
 cution in a manner that leaves much to be desired. 
 As regards the carrying of a sentence into execution, 
 it is often found that a prisoner who has wealthy 
 friends has disappeared in an unaccountable manner, 
 and has resumed his old practices in a new field. 
 And it is impossible wholly to discredit the stories in 
 every one's mouth, which go to show that money 
 has nearly as great an influence with witnesses and 
 judges previously, as with the jailors subsequently 
 to the passing of a sentence. 
 
 Greek. 
 
 At least one-third of the inhabitants of Smyrna 
 are Greeks by blood, language, and religion ; their 
 numbers may be estimated as amounting to 50,000, 
 thus exceeding slightly those of the Turkish popu- 
 lation ; and the events which have occurred within 
 the last two years will be found to have increased 
 their relative majority. Several considerations in- 
 duce us to consider the Greek of Smyrna as a 
 genuine representative and descendant of the ancient 
 Hellene. First, the creations of ancient Greek art 
 are strikingly reproduced in the living Greek. The 
 characteristic bearing and expression of the old 
 models are constantly brought before our minds as 
 we meet the modern Greek in the streets. A most 
 striking illustration of our meaning is furnished by a 
 comparison of the Ulysses of the ancient artists with 
 the seafaring Greek of the present day. But not 
 only do we trace a correspondence between the tout 
 ensemble of the sculptured marble and the general 
 expression of the living individual, but we also 
 
29 
 
 observe a close resemblance in the details of limb and 
 feature in the two subjects of comparison. It is 
 sufficient to specify the lips, nose, eyes, hair, and 
 forehead as points of coincidence. 
 
 Secondly, Romaic has always been the language 
 of the Asiatic Greek, even when Albanian was spoken 
 in Athens, and ^uo-a >j EAX^ lo-xXa/S&uSrj. 
 
 Thirdly, The Greek of modern Hellas will allow 
 that his race has suffered less from the intermixture 
 of foreign blood in Asia Minor than in Greece Proper 
 itself. We append his own words : 
 
 " Kara TOV Mscraiwva xai jw,5T7rera r) EAAr,vj>t^ (pvXYj ipuAap$y] 
 jtxaAAov a^iKTOs Iv rrj Mxp#cna xaj ra vrjcroij >j sv n=Ao7rovvr;(7w. 
 
 From a work published at Syra, 1855, entitled 
 
 nveAA>]v<V, p. 138. 
 
 Of the 50,000 Smyrniote Greeks, the great majority Baya, and pro- 
 are subjects of the Porte, and are now to be governed * 
 according to the provisions laid down by the Hatti 
 Scheriffof 1856. A few are Greek subjects, and are 
 governed by Greek law ; whilst from 2,000 to 3,000 
 are British subjects, and are under the jurisdiction of 
 the British consul, and are governed by Ionian law. 
 
 The Smyrniote Greek has regular features of the Appearance. 
 classical model, a stature above middle height, and 
 an expression of vivacity and restlessness in his coun- 
 tenance contrasting strongly with the acquiescent 
 somnolence of the Asiatic races surrounding him. 
 The upper classes have universally adopted the 
 European dress, but the labouring population have 
 a costume peculiar to themselves, they wear large 
 and very loose breeches of blue calico fastening 
 below the knee, and serving thus as a means for 
 supporting the stocking. The fustanella, or multi- 
 fold petticoat of the Albanian is not worn by the 
 Anatolian Greek, though it is becoming the national 
 dress of the Hellenic. A Guernsey shirt and sailors 
 blue jacket, with shoes and stockings, sometimes 
 complete their dress. But the Greek who is a 
 little above the very poorest class, wears generally 
 a white shirt, and over it a braided waistcoat in addi- 
 tion to the jacket. All Greeks who have not adopted 
 
 * In the Middle Ages and subsequently, the Greek race kept 
 itself more free from intermixture with other races in Asia Minor 
 and the islands than in the Peloponnesus. 
 
30 
 
 Greek mer- 
 chants. 
 
 Commercial 
 character of 
 Greeks. 
 
 the European costume were a distinctive fez. This 
 fez is taller than that worn by the Turks, and more 
 nearly resembles what is known in works of ancient 
 art as the Phrygian bonnet, but it differs from it too, 
 in not being pointed at the extremity, and in having 
 a long silken tassel appended. The colour of the 
 fez itself is red, and to obtain this colour cochineal 
 is largely imported from England and from Greece. 
 As a whole, this dress is both sensible and be- 
 coming. 
 
 In every occupation and profession the Greek is 
 to be found. There are Greek merchants, Greek 
 lawyers, Greek doctors, each in the very highest 
 walks of his calling. 
 
 The business of exporting and importing goods to 
 and from Europe is becoming more and more mono- 
 polised by the Greek merchants day by day. They 
 are compelled by the conditions of the insurance 
 companies to employ European bottoms and sailors 
 to transport their freight, and they have a line of 
 English steamers in their employment, several of 
 them reaching a tonnage of 1,200 tons, and num- 
 bering already five or six vessels named after the 
 several countries of ancient Hellas, the " Arcadia," 
 the " Laconia," &c. It is in great measure their 
 local knowledge and connexions which enable them 
 to compete with merchants of other nations at so 
 great an advantage in this particular branch of busi- 
 ness. There are many instances to be pointed out 
 in Smyrna of Greek merchants who have raised 
 themselves by their own exertions and industry from 
 a very poor condition to one of opulence, and on 
 the other hand it is said that their very wealthiest 
 merchants are in the habit of furthering their own 
 interests by methods which, though not positively 
 dishonest, are yet such as none but the pettiest 
 tradesman of another race would condescend to em- 
 ploy. The charge, however, of positive dishonesty 
 is one very frequently brought against the Greek mer- 
 chant, and to a certain extent our own investigations 
 and experience have satisfied us of the truth of it. 
 
 It is not a little remarkable that in the rules for 
 the election of a managing committee for the Greek 
 College, a special proviso exists declaring the ineligi- 
 
31 
 
 bility of fraudulent bankrupts for the office. That 
 such a rule should be necessary shows two things : 
 
 I. The frequency of the offence. 
 
 II. The scanty amount of public reprobation 
 awarded to it. 
 
 The Greek physicians and lawyers receive their Greek phy- 
 professional education in the schools of continental 
 Europe, and especially in those of Paris and Athens. 
 We have found the younger Greek members of the 
 medical profession in Smyrna quite on a level with 
 the theory and practice of the present day, and 
 though no restriction or regulation exists as to the 
 indispensability to the practitioner of a diploma from 
 some respectable source, considerable regard is paid 
 by the public to the possession of proper qualifica- 
 tions. The largest income made by any practi- 
 tioner in Smyrna is made by a Greek physician, and 
 amounts to 1,500^ per annum. The fee for each 
 visit is 15 piastres = 2s. 6d., but we believe it is 
 usual for the Smyrniote practitioner to make several 
 visits where one would be held amply sufficient in 
 Europe. As a standard of comparison, we may men- 
 tion that the head master (Aeu0uvnj$) of the large 
 school in Smyrna in which the Greek professional 
 man receives his non-professional education has a 
 salary of 2,000 (grosia) piastres per month, i.e., a 
 little under 200 /. per annum. 
 
 The Greek is to be found in all the employments Trades and 
 of humble life, whether as a small tradesman, artisan, 
 boatman, or day labourer. The profits of the small 
 tradesman cannot easily be estimated, but in several 
 instances we have found the master of a shop of very 
 humble pretensions to be the owner and occupier of 
 a house in some other part of the town, the rent of 
 which in Smyrna would have been 35 /. to 40/. per 
 annum. The wages paid to day labourers during the 
 time that we were in Smyrna varied from 8 piastres = 
 16</., up to 12 piastres = 2s. per diem. Previously 
 to the war 7 piastres = I4d., was the amount usually 
 paid. The condition of the labouring population 
 Was at this time one of well-being, as the price of 
 bread was 2 piastres per oke = 4d. for 2^1bs., and 
 a whole sheep might be purchased for 80 piastres, 
 
32 
 
 Mental state of 
 poor. 
 
 i.e., about 13s. Indeed, squalid visages and ragged 
 clothes are seldom, if ever, to be seen among the 
 Greek population. 
 
 As regards the intellectual condition of the lower 
 class Greek, he is to be considered as intelligent and 
 tolerably well informed ; as regards his moral cha- 
 racter, he is distinguished by his desire to better his 
 condition and rise in the world, while, on the other 
 hand, his aspirations are frequently counteracted by 
 his own turbulence and volatility. Drunkenness 
 prevails to a considerable extent amongst this class 
 of the population ; and this vice is encouraged by 
 the great cheapness of intoxicating drinks, wine 
 ranging from 4 to 5 piastres per oke, i.e., 8d. to lOd. 
 for as much as will fill two English quart bottles, and 
 raki, a strong spirit, selling at from Is. to I4d. for 
 the same quantity. Much time is spent in drinking 
 and smoking in cafes by the lower orders ; and 
 though these establishments are closed comparatively 
 early in the evening, they are, while open, invariably 
 crowded. Their walls are almost invariably hung 
 thickly with prints of scenes and heroes of the Greek 
 war of independence ; and we may here pass by an easy 
 transition to the consideration of that enmity to every- 
 thing Turkish which is so universally found in all 
 classes of Greeks, and so deeply imbedded in each in- 
 dividual heart as to be rightly viewed as constituting 
 apart of the moral nature of the entire race. The 
 passing traveller in Turkey cannot fail to become ac- 
 quainted with the existence of this bitter feeling, and 
 from what he sees of the easy going, uninterfering 
 regime of the Turks, he is often puzzled how to ac- 
 count for it. Much of this hatred is to be ascribed 
 to the comparatively recent occurrences of the war 
 of independence, when the vilest passions and the 
 vilest characters had freedom and abundant oppor- 
 tunity for the perpetration of every kind of cruelty, 
 but much also is 'due to other causes. 
 
 Every one who has formed even a passing acquaint- 
 ance with a Greek will have had several stories of 
 ii. Extortion on wrong and extortion which he has suffered at the 
 Turk - hands of the Turk related to him. Should this 
 acquaintance ripen into confidence, the Greek will 
 
 Hatred to Turk 
 three causes. 
 
 i. Reminis- 
 cences of War 
 of Independ- 
 ence. 
 
communicate how the Turk has been induced in 
 many instances to commute a system of irregular 
 and occasional exaction for one of organized and 
 regular receiving of bribes. This plan was carried 
 out to perfection, and on the grand scale, in Chios 
 previous to the massacre. At the present time, when 
 the eyes of Europe are turned towards Turkey and 
 along the seaboard, where the protection or mediation 
 of an European consul is easily procurable, instances 
 of extortion are not now so exceedingly common as 
 they are said to be, but a day's journey into the 
 interior will still furnish the inquirer with numerous 
 and well-authenticated cases. 
 
 But there is a third cause, besides these two, which * Personal 
 has operated more powerfully than both of them 
 combined to imbue the whole Greek nature with the 
 principle of hatred to the Turk. This cause is the 
 insolence of the Turk in the daily transactions of 
 common life, and his proneness to inflict personal 
 outrage. Much exaggeration would naturally find 
 place in the relation of cases of this kind, but the 
 general truth of the assertion is unassailable. A 
 Greek in the distinctive dress of his race could 
 never enter the Turkish quarter of the town in which 
 he lived without running great risk of suffering per- 
 sonal violence ; and even in other parts of the town 
 it was not unusual, until the time of the occupation 
 of Turkey by the Allies, for a Greek to be saluted 
 with the appellation " Giaour," and a blow at the 
 same instant from an uneducated fanatical Turk ; 
 and to find on appealing for redress to one of the 
 higher class of the same race that none was to be 
 had. In numberless other ways the Turk has been 
 wont to remind the Raya of his subordinate position 
 by methods which, while they envenomed and alien- 
 ated the feelings of his subject for ever, served to 
 gratify his own splenetic impulse only for an instant. 
 Distinctions and restrictions as to dress and other 
 externals seem trifling and easy to bear only to those 
 who are not subjected to them. The existence of 
 this evil, as well as of the other evil of oppression 
 and extortion, is recognized and condemned in the 
 Decree of February 18, 1856, by which the Turk 
 
34 
 
 Intensity of 
 hatred to 
 Turks. 
 
 Dislike of 
 Eoman Ca- 
 tholics. 
 
 Russian sym- 
 pathies. 
 
 has publicly declared, what was already widely 
 known, that when left to himself neither justice 
 induces him to respect the rights nor policy the 
 feelings of his subjects. 
 
 But whatever the causes which may have en- 
 gendered it, there exists in the Greek towards the 
 Turk a feeling of hatred and bitterness, the very 
 physical expression of which on the countenance 
 of its possessor it is painful to contemplate. It is 
 common alike to young and old, to both sexes, and 
 all ranks. 
 
 A strong feeling of dislike and distrust exists 
 between the Greek and the Roman Catholic popu- 
 lation, which is fostered by the priests of either 
 persuasion, and embittered by the difference of the 
 two religious systems. The Greeks accuse the 
 Roman Catholics of having joined with the Turks in 
 the barbarous massacre of Chios ; and, whether this 
 be true or false, there is no doubt that on numerous 
 occasions the Roman Catholic population has some- 
 what ostentatiously put itself in opposition to the in- 
 terests of the Greek. At the present moment the 
 Greek dislike for Rome is not wholly unmingled with 
 fear, as great exertions are being made throughout the 
 Levant at the present juncture by Roman Catholic 
 emissaries of several orders, who are acting under 
 the sanction and with the patronage of the French 
 Government, and have at all events succeeded in 
 causing great suspicion to attach itself to the in- 
 tentions of what the Greeks call y $1X08^x0; woAmx^. 
 See p. 47. 
 
 The attachment of the Greek to the Russian 
 interest has been somewhat exaggerated. It has 
 at all times been pronounced rather on its negative 
 than on its positive side ; it has been rather a com- 
 munity of enmity to the Turk than a complete 
 union of feelings and interests, the "idem nolle" 
 without the " idem velle " necessary to make up a 
 " firma amicitia." 
 
 The upper class Greek, who is not much in- 
 fluenced by the priests, looked to Russia with the 
 hope that by her means the Turkish Empire would 
 be brought to an end ; but he always felt and ex- 
 
35 
 
 pressed a firm determination never to live under 
 such a system of despotism as the Czar's. The 
 lower class Greek, on the other hand, is considerably 
 under the influence of the priest, and these indivi- 
 duals again are firmly attached to Russia through 
 fear and jealousy of the rival Catholic Church, and 
 have, in consequence, instilled into their flock attach- 
 ment to their co-religionists (fy^^rxw) as one of 
 their first duties. The Greeks, however, whatever 
 aspirations they made for the success of the Russian 
 arms while the event was yet doubtful, had always a 
 shrewd suspicion that under another form of govern- 
 ment they might be forced to curb somewhat their 
 vaporing and volatile tempers ; and, when free from 
 the maddening influence of fanaticism and raid, they 
 were not slow to confess the distrust they felt for their 
 future friends. 
 
 The better educated Greeks are in the habit of Feeling toward* 
 expressing great admiration for the political insti- the En g lish - 
 tutions of England, with the working of which, travel 
 in England has familiarized many of them. Amongst 
 all classes the English have a reputation for truth- 
 fulness and straightforward dealing, and though 
 slow to follow the example, the Greek is not slow 
 to respect the character. An act of brigandage on 
 the part of a Greek band had for its object, in June 
 1855, an English medical practitioner, resident per- 
 manently in Smyrna. Though the matter seemed 
 to wear another aspect at the time, several reasons 
 conspire to make us believe that an Englishman was 
 selected then principally because it was thought that 
 under the circumstances he would fetch a better 
 ransom than an individual of any other nation. 
 Fanatical and political reasons may have exercised 
 influence over the making of the selection ; but it is 
 well known that the same band had been in the 
 habit of pillaging persons of every variety of faith 
 and politics indiscriminately. 
 
 To a certain extent, the political aspirations of the Political aspi- 
 Greek are at one with those of the Roman Catholic rations - 
 and the Armenian ; all alike feel the evils of living 
 under a weak government, and all alike desire a 
 government capable of enforcing order, and ensuring 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 justice and security to its subjects. So that this end 
 be attained the Roman Catholic and Armenian are 
 to a great extent careless under whose government 
 it be brought about. It is not so with the Greek. 
 An element of nationality enters into all his calcula- 
 tions. In his day dream of the future he reverts to 
 the past, and sighs for the days when the Turk 
 reigned in the inland city of Iconium, and the whole 
 of the seaboard of the Archipelago and Asia Minor 
 belonged to the Greek emperor in Byzantium The 
 daily increasing monied and numerical majority of his 
 race in the seaport towns of the Levant makes his 
 hopes appear not wholly chimerical, but it is to be 
 feared that his political education is not yet suffi- 
 ciently advanced to allow of his assuming and retain- 
 ing such a position to his own credit and the lasting 
 advantage of the general commonwealth of nations. 
 
 The Greeks in Smyrna have for the management 
 and support of their own institutions, such as their 
 schools, hospitals, &c., formed themselves into a 
 municipal body called the T^MKIKYI xoivonj?, the 
 Greek community, to the common fund of which 
 every Greek is obliged to contribute according to his 
 means. 
 
 Education. No educational institution in Smyrna bears the 
 
 The Greek name of university (navsTnerr^iov). The aim of its large 
 school (called Ewayyexix^ <TX Q ^-) is expressly stated 
 in its own programme to be the preparation of its 
 pupils for the university. But a view of the curri- 
 culum of study pursued at the Greek college in 
 Smyrna will show, that in communicating liberal as 
 opposed to special, general as opposed to professional 
 instruction, it more nearly approaches our notion of 
 university than the universities of Athens and Syra 
 themselves, whose especial aim it is to qualify men 
 for the exercise of the three learned professions. 
 From this programme, as given on the next page, 
 we see that though no attempt is made at commu- 
 nicating the special knowledge, or at giving the 
 special preparation necessary for the practice of any 
 Course of study one profession, the course of study here prescribed 
 
 at the college. . r . ~ , , , J n ,., r , , 
 
 contains every one of the branches of a liberal educa- 
 tion mathematics, language, history, and moral and 
 
37 
 
 i. Year. 
 
 1st Class in 
 
 Hellenic 
 
 School." 
 
 Programme of the Seven Years Curriculum in the " Evangelical School " of 
 
 Smyrna. 
 
 C i. Practical arithmetic up to fractions, ii. Greek gram- 
 I mar. Etymology up to irregular verbs, iii. First volume of 
 I a book called "'Elementary lessons in Greek :" Contents, 
 <J Grammatical Exercises ; JEsop's Fables ; Sayings of the 
 j Wise Men. iv. Ancient history in epitome, v. Sacred 
 history of Old Testament. vi. Exercises written. 
 [_vii. Writing, viii. Drawing. 
 
 i. Practical arithmetic to the end. ii. Greek grammar, 
 etymology, irregular verbs. Derivation and compound 
 words, iii. Second volume of " Elementary lessons :" 
 Contents, Plutarch's Lives, Xenophon's Hellenics, and Thu- 
 cydides. iv. Epitome of Mediaeval history, v. Political 
 geography, vi. New Testament history, vii. Exercises, 
 viii. Writing, ix. Drawing. 
 
 C i. Practical geometry, ii. Greek grammar. Syntax. 
 I iii. Third volume of " Elementary lessons in Greek :" 
 
 Contents, Xenophon's Memorabilia ; Plato's Crito ; certain 
 ^ passages from his other dialogues ; Plutarch's Ethics. 
 
 iv. Elements of French, v. Political geography to the end. 
 
 vi. Epitome of modern history. vii. Grecian history. 
 
 viii. Sacred instruction, ix. Exercises, x. Drawing. 
 
 i. Theoretical arithmetic, ii. Greek syntax. Construc- 
 tion and idioms, iii. Isocrates, with the speeches of Lysias 
 and Demosthenes, especially the Philippics and Olynthiacs, 
 with reading aloud, iv. French, v. Natural history of 
 man. vi. Mathematical and physical geography, vii. An- 
 cient history not epitomised, viii. Sacred instruction up 
 to end. ix. Exercises, x. Latin. 
 
 ii. Year. 
 
 2nd Class in 
 " Hellenic 
 
 School." 
 
 iii. Year. 
 
 3rd Class in 
 
 " Hellenic 
 
 School." 
 
 iv. Year. 
 
 1st Class in the 
 " Gymnasium." 
 
 v. Year. 
 
 " Gymnasium." 
 
 vi. Year. 
 
 Lower 
 
 6th Class in 
 
 " Gymnasium." 
 
 vii. Year. 
 
 Upper 
 
 6th Class in 
 
 " Gymnasium." 
 
 i. Conclusion of arithmetic and algebra, ii. Syntax- 
 second part. iii. Ancient Greek. Demosthenes De 
 Corona. Speeches of Thucydides. Muses of Herodotus, 
 2nd Class in the ^ with reading aloud. Specialties of Ionic dialect, iv. Com- 
 position, v. French, vi. Physics, vii. History of Middle 
 Ages not in epitome, viii. Church history, ix. Exercises. 
 x. Latin. 
 
 i. Algebra to end, and geometry, ii. Metrical instruc- 
 tion, as in heroics, &c. iii. Ancient Greek : Homer's Iliad 
 and Odyssey; Theocritus, Idylls and Epigrams, with viva 
 voce reading. Specialties of Doric dialect, iv. Composi- 
 tion, v. French, vi. Psychology, vii. Roman history, 
 viii. Ecclesiastical history, ix. Exercises, x. Latin. 
 
 C i. Geometry up to end. ii. Metrical instruction : Iambic 
 1 metre, &c. iii. Ancient Greek tragedies of ,/Eschylus, 
 I Sophocles, and Euripides ; one or two odes of Pindar ; 
 remains of Alcaeus, Sappho : reading aloud. Specialties 
 of the JEolic dialect, iv. French, v. Modern history in 
 extenso. vi. Epitome of logic, vii. *O>jyr)T/?c;fj rf Hponai- 
 viii. Christian ethics, ix. Exercises, x. Latin. 
 
38 
 
 physical science. The course extends over seven 
 years, and no pupil is admitted until he can read and 
 write correctly from dictation, and work sums in the 
 first four rules of arithmetic. The school has two 
 divisions : the upper division is called the " Gymna- 
 sium," and is intended for pupils in the last four 
 years of their course ; the lower is called the " Hellenic 
 School," and corresponds with the first three years of 
 study. The whole school collectively is called the 
 " Evangelical School " of Smyrna. With the excep- 
 tion of a registration fee of two francs for the lower 
 and four for the upper school, the education is 
 gratuitous. The institution is supported partly by 
 the endowments it possesses in the shape of houses 
 and landed property, partly by an annual allowance 
 from the above-mentioned common fund of the Greek 
 community. The head master (Ateufluvrrjc) receives a 
 salary of 2,000 piastres per month, i.e. nearly 200/. 
 per annum. The two masters next in rank to him 
 are required to possess certificates, from the Gymnasia 
 in the kingdom of Greece, of having passed through 
 the entire course of study there and the final exami- 
 nations. In all there are seven masters, and a general 
 rule forbids them to take any of the scholars as their 
 private pupils ; the number of pupils is upwards of 
 250. There is a good library in connexion with the 
 school, which is provided with all the Greek news- 
 papers and periodicals, and is at all times open to the 
 stranger either to inspect or use. Considerable pro- 
 minence is given, as a reference to the programme 
 will show, to the study of the ancient Greek writers, 
 and this, in combination with other causes, is rapidly 
 bringing back the spoken language to the purity of 
 the ancient standard. The best modern editions of 
 the old authors are used in the school, and a con- 
 siderable demand exists for them, as the booksellers' 
 shops will show. It is right to add that owing to the 
 general interest felt for and the eagerness to obtain 
 education prevalent among the Greek population, 
 this institution is in a creditable state of efficiency, 
 and may bear a comparison with analogous establish- 
 ments in other countries. It is under the protection of 
 the British Government, and Her Britannic Majesty's 
 
**.* 
 
 2 
 
 consul is the ultimate referee in all disputes which may 
 arise. 
 
 Within the same walls as the Greek college and other schools 
 the richly endowed church of St. Photeina, with 
 hich all these institutions are connected, there are 
 
 veral other schools of more humble pretensions. 
 There is a girls' school and two infants' schools, all 
 of which are in good working order. In all there are 
 within the precincts upwards of 1,000 scholars of 
 one age or another receiving gratuitous instruction. 
 
 There is an infant school for boys attached to the 
 church of St. John, in which there are 150 pupils of 
 the age of from 5 to 12. The education here also is 
 gratuitous, and the revenues of the school are fur- 
 nished from those of the church of St. Photeina. The 
 black-board and chalk is in use there as elsewhere 
 pretty universally in Greek schools. The 'EAA>JVIXOV 
 (r^oAstov attached to the church of St. John was shut up 
 when we visited the place ; the necessity for it having 
 been superseded by the Evangelical school. The 
 
 firls' school in the precincts of St. John's Church had 
 'om 72 to 100 pupils at the times of our visits ; 
 they were mostly under the age of 14. The mistress 
 received 300 piastres per month, 20/. per annum, from 
 the revenues of St. Photeina. 
 
 There is another school for boys within the walls 
 of the Greek hospital. All these schools are open to 
 all classes. Many of the daughters of the richer 
 Greeks go to a school kept by some Prussian lay 
 sisters, whose instructions are of great value, and 
 who educate many of the upper classes of the various 
 nations in Smyrna. As a general rule the Greek 
 lady is tolerably well informed, and can converse 
 with spirit and intelligence upon many topics, but 
 almost invariably she is animated and interesting when 
 the prospects or past history of her nation are made 
 the subject of discussion. 
 
 Though many of the villagers can neither read 
 nor write, it is rare to find a Greek born in Smyrna 
 destitute of these accomplishments. 
 
 It is common to see an announcement in the Greek 
 newspapers, to the effect that such and -such a Greek 
 merchant or lady resident in London, Marseilles, or 
 
40 
 
 Greek news- 
 papers. 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Manchester, has left or presented so many thousand 
 pounds to this or that school. The Greek of the 
 present day emulates the munificence so largely dis- 
 played towards educational institutions by the Turk 
 in his early days of greatness. 
 
 Of the educational development of the middle class 
 of any population, the character of their favourite 
 journals may be taken as a tolerably good indication. 
 Of the four newspapers published in Smyrna, three 
 are Greek, and one French. Of the three Greek, 
 one, the " Amalthea," is a journal of considerable 
 pretensions ; the other two, the " Star of the East " 
 and the " Prometheus," the latter only recently set on 
 foot, are inferior in size, execution, and respectability. 
 They are all weekly papers, but the " Amalthea " 
 generally publishes a supplement on some interme- 
 diate day, giving any fresh intelligence which may 
 have arrived. It is of the same size as most of the 
 Parisian daily papers, and as literary compositions and 
 as political essays, its leaders are much more nearly on 
 a level with those of the French papers than these 
 are with those of their contemporaries in London. 
 The first page is generally nearly entirely filled with 
 leading articles alone. The paper devotes a large 
 portion of its space to long extracts from the different 
 European journals to which we frequently find the 
 titles, 'O Xpovos, or 6 c Eco9<vo 5 - Ta^u^o//^, for the English ; 
 
 6 Myjvurcop, Ol* >j 'E<prj/Jt,=p$ TMV ^t/^rrja-f^v, for the French ; 
 
 and rj "Apxros and >j AveafT>j<r/a B=Ayj*>;, for the Belgian 
 newspapers. It has its own correspondents in the 
 Levantine towns, but for other news it depends upon 
 foreign journals. It always furnishes a very complete 
 summary of the news of the week, and in this, as in 
 every other particular, is far superior to any other 
 paper published in Turkey. Every number of the 
 " Amalthea " contains the commercial intelligence of 
 the week, and also advertisements of certain English 
 quack medicines ; considerable, though not entire, 
 liberty of the press is allowed. The price of the 
 paper varies from 2 piastres (4J.) without, to 3 pias- 
 tres (6</.) with a supplement. We have given 
 extracts from this paper in the Appendix, p. 111-119, 
 which will at once illustrate the character of the 
 
41 
 
 journal, and afford information on several topics of 
 interest in the East. 
 
 We shall estimate still higher the intellectual Books. 
 activity of the Smyrniote Greek, if we take into our 
 consideration the number of Greek books which are 
 imported into Smyrna from Syra and Athens, as well 
 as those which are printed in Smyrna itself. Of this 
 latter class many are volumes of original poems or 
 plays, or translations from the French or other 
 novelists ; the former furnishes us with specimens of 
 books of every class, and on every subject. There 
 are several founts of Greek type in Smyrna, and 
 amongst them there is one which may vie for clear- 
 ness and beauty with the founts of Leipsic, Zurich, 
 or Oxford. 
 
 There is a large club belonging to the Greek com- Greek club. 
 munity, which is called the Greek casino, or rpuixixy 
 but which exactly corresponds in purpose and 
 
 intenton to the English " club." It has a fine suite 
 of rooms, and is much frequented throughout the 
 winter months. 
 
 There are six Greek churches in Smyrna, and an Churches. 
 archbishop and bishop. The priests have consider- Hierarchy. 
 able influence over the lower classes, who are tolerably 
 scrupulous in the performance of what they hold to 
 be their religious duties. The Greek hierarchy does 
 much to foster the feelings of dislike which their flock 
 entertains towards the Turk and the Roman Catholic, 
 but their influence does not extend to the better edu- 
 cated portion of the population, nor their exertions 
 to any attempt at really elevating the religious feel- 
 ings of the lower orders. There are many scandalous 
 instances of immorality to be found amongst the 
 Greek clergy, and as a body it is exceedingly illiterate 
 and ignorant. 
 
 The Greek calendar contains a great number of Saints' days. 
 saints' days, and all of them are kept as holidays. 
 As their calendar does not correspond with that of 
 the Roman Catholics, who also have many feast days, 
 and observe them as such, suspension of business, 
 more or less complete, for the purposes of recreation, 
 is more common in Smyrna than perhaps in any other 
 town in the world. 
 
42 
 
 Their churches, as buildings, have an unimposing 
 exterior, but their interior is covered with offerings 
 and resplendent with gold and silver gilding. They 
 contain numerous pictures of the Trinity, of the 
 Virgin and the Saints, especially St. George ; but 
 no images nor any musical instruments. 
 
 A considerable number of Greeks belong to the 
 Roman Catholic, but scarcely any to the Protestant 
 Church. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 Numbers. There is a numerous colony of Jews in Smyrna, as 
 
 many, it is not improbable, though uncertain, as 
 1 7,000 ; and, owing to the comparative liberty and 
 immunity from oppression which they here enjoy, 
 their numbers are rapidly increasing. The Smyrniote 
 Jew is easily distinguishable from the other races 
 with which he is here intermingled, his personal 
 appearance being most marked, though it is different 
 from that with which we are familiar in his brethren 
 
 Appearance. m England. He is generally tall, almost always fair- 
 haired, with light and frequently blue eyes, a straight 
 
 Expression. nose, and an effeminately white skin. The expres- 
 sion in his countenance, though not suggestive of 
 oppression, yet denotes acquiescence in subordina- 
 tion ; he seems to have bowed his shoulder to bear, 
 and his mind to the adoption of slavish thoughts and 
 artifices. Jews are to be seen in every town in the 
 Mediterranean, and it is worthy of remark, that though 
 they differ very much in physical development, as their 
 Polish, Italian, or Spanish origin would lead us to 
 anticipate, their physiognomical expression is every- 
 where the same. The Jew in Jerusalem is a Polish 
 Jew ; he is short of stature, and wears long curls of 
 black hair, forming thus a very complete contrast to 
 the Smyrniote Jew ; yet so truly identical is the ex- 
 pression on the countenances of the two representa- 
 tives of the race, that a stranger, familiar only with 
 the Smyrniote variety, would on entering Jerusalem 
 instantly recognize the nationality of the first Jew he 
 met. The same remarks may be applied to the cases 
 of the Jews of Egypt and Morocco. The identity 
 extends, however, deeper than the expression of coun- 
 
43 
 
 Ot( 
 
 fail 
 
 *. 
 
 tenance ; the moral character and hygienic condition character. 
 of the Jew is the same in all the different parts of the 
 Levant. The vilest trades and the filthiest portions 
 of each town are always in the hands of Jews. They 
 as prone to deceit and fraud as the most deceitful 
 f other nations, but they lack their enterprise and 
 
 il of attaining their success. There are in Smyrna Poverty. 
 few wealthy Jews ; the rich Jews are not very rich, 
 whilst the poor are very poor. The condition of the 
 poorer Jews in Smyrna is more abject than that of 
 the poor of any other nationality residing here ; their 
 wellings are more crowded, their streets more dirty, 
 ,nd their diet worse. Yet in Smyrna considerable 
 indemnities have been secured to the Jew by certain 
 firmans granted him when he was driven out of Spain 
 by the persecution of the Inquisition. He is not 
 molested by the Turk, and is on the same footing, as 
 regards taxation, with the dominant race. But what- 
 ever insults the Greek receives at the hand of the 
 Turk are transmitted by him to the Jew, and at 
 seasons of religious excitement, such as the Greek 
 Easter, it is unsafe for a Jew to be seen near the 
 Greek quarter. 
 
 Their means for education are small ; they possess Educational 
 here a few wretched schools, and it is our experience deficienc 3 r * 
 that the proportion of Turkish women who can read 
 and write is larger than that of the Jewish. Their 
 wants in this respect are so great throughout the 
 Levant as to have attracted the attention of their 
 wealthier brethren in Europe, and within the present 
 year, 1856, we have met with Jewish agents travelling 
 with the view of inspecting and reporting upon the 
 condition of their schools in the East. 
 
 They speak among themselves a mixture of Turkish 
 and Spanish. Many, however, of the Jews act as 
 brokers to the English merchant vessels which enter 
 this port, and they speak English more fluently and 
 with a better accent than any other race of foreigners 
 in the Levant. 
 
 They have not adopted European costumes to any 
 great extent, and they possess here absolutely no 
 political consideration or influence. 
 
44 
 
 Resemblance to 
 the Jews. 
 
 Unlike them in 
 other points. 
 
 Appearance. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Merchants. 
 
 See pp. 30 and 
 86. 
 
 Armenian. 
 
 The Armenian nation resembles the Jewish in 
 several particulars. Both nations have for ages 
 acquiesced in political subordination to a variety of 
 masters ; both are almost always found employed as 
 merchants, bankers, or tradesmen ; botrl are scattered 
 throughout a large portion of the globe in pursuit of 
 these callings ; and, lastly, both have alike obtained 
 a character for chicanery and unfair dealing while 
 thus employed. 
 
 In the East the Armenian contrasts with the 
 Jewish nation by its greater material prosperity 
 and mercantile importance, by its adoption of Euro- 
 pean costumes and manners, and by its physical 
 peculiarities. 
 
 In external appearance, the Armenian more nearly 
 resembles the European races than any other Asiatic 
 people does, and occasionally it is difficult even for a 
 practised eye to distinguish an Armenian of the upper 
 classes from a Greek in the same rank of life. The 
 Armenian face is slightly more oval than the Greek, 
 and the nose is elevated somewhat beyond the line of 
 the frontal bone, and is not unfrequently arched. 
 The development of their limbs, hands, feet, and lips, 
 agrees with the European type. 
 
 There are in Smyrna 10,000 Armenians, who have 
 been settled here for 250 years ; the greater part are 
 Turkish subjects, but there are amongst them a few 
 Russians. In Smyrna there are very few poor 
 Armenians, and as a general rule they are well edu- 
 cated and intelligent. The quarter of the town in 
 which they live contrasts favourably with most of the 
 others by the cleanliness and straightness of its 
 streets, the whiteness of its houses, and the large size 
 of its doors and windows. 
 
 Mercantile enterprize, both as regards exports and 
 imports, distinguishes the Armenian race, and in con- 
 junction with Greek merchants, they employ a con- 
 siderable number of English steam ships, which make 
 up what is called " the Greek line," and ply between 
 Liverpool, Constantinople, Smyrna, and Alexandria. 
 
45 
 
 Banking also is a branch of commerce very commonly 
 carried on by Armenians, and those thus occupied 
 are frequently amongst the richest subjects of the 
 Turkish empire. 
 
 The political sympathies of many of the Arme- Sympathy "with 
 nians are with Russia, in whose territories the head Russla - 
 of their church, and a large proportion of their 
 fellow countrymen reside. But it is to be observed, 
 this predilection is not founded on any aspirations 
 after political independence, but merely on a natural 
 preference of security and ease to the reverse state of 
 things. In origin, therefore, at least, the Armenian's 
 liking for Russia contrasts strongly with the Greek's. 
 The Armenians, however, particularly distinguished 
 themselves by the rejoicings they made on the occa- 
 sion of the illuminations after the taking of Sebas- 
 topol, and though they have a well-earned character 
 for deceitfulness, it is difficult to disbelieve them 
 they say, that they love best the nation which 
 rill best secure them from insult in social, and 
 injustice in commercial dealings. Their wishes are 
 not patriotic, but self-interested ; they desire merely 
 a change of masters, a civilized in the place of a 
 barbarous one, a strong in the place of a weak 
 government. 
 
 A very rancorous feeling exists between the ni-feeiing to 
 Armenian and the Greek populations, springing, so far Greeks - 
 as we have observed, from commercial jealousies, and 
 not from religious antipathy. We have found in 
 places such as Magnesia, where the Armenian is far 
 outnumbered by the Greek race, that the Armenian 
 will often disown his nationality before a stranger, 
 and strive to pass himself off as a Greek or Roman 
 Catholic Raya. Though this is a common occurrence 
 in the interior, it never came under our observation 
 in Smyrna or any other seaport town, where the 
 Armenians form generally an important fraction of 
 the moneyed world. 
 
 The great mass of Armenians here belong to Church and 
 their own national church ; there are, however, a few education - 
 Roman Catholics among them, and the missionaries 
 of the Protestant churches have been more successful 
 with this than with any other nationality in Smyrna. 
 
46 
 
 The Armenian church has an archbishop in Smyrna, 
 and they have nearly completed the building of a 
 large church, which forms a conspicuous object even 
 amongst the numerous mosques of the town. As a 
 body they are well educated. They have several 
 schools in Smyrna, and a college in which the modern 
 languages and other branches of a liberal education 
 are taught gratis. They have printing presses in 
 many of the chief towns of Europe, though not in 
 Smyrna, and their maps and books possess every 
 typographical excellence. They have recently 
 established a school for girls, in addition to their 
 previously existing boys' schools. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Political in- 
 fluence. 
 
 French support 
 lent to Catholic 
 institutions. 
 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 There are in Smyrna from 7,000 to 8,000 Roman 
 Catholics ; some are Rayahs, but a large pro- 
 portion enjoy the protection of some one of the 
 European consuls. There are few of them in the 
 labouring class. Most of the shops in the Frank 
 street belong to Roman Catholics, either themselves 
 emigrants, or, what is more common, the descendants 
 of emigrants from France and Italy. Many, also, of 
 the chief mercantile houses in Smyrna belong to 
 members of the same class. Theypossess considerable 
 political influence, as assiduous attention is paid to 
 their interests by the representatives of the two great 
 Catholic powers. Considerable sums of money are 
 contributed by the French Government towards the 
 support of the numerous Roman Catholic schools 
 here. It is owing to this that the French language 
 has become so much more generally spoken here 
 within the last two years, but, though a Smyrniote 
 Catholic will generally address a stranger in French, 
 he much more commonly, not only in business, but 
 also within his own family, makes use of the Romaic 
 language. Besides their large Propaganda College, 
 the Catholics possess several other schools where the 
 education is gratuitous, and all forms of faith are 
 admitted. The teachers are French monks, and on 
 festival days the French flag is hoisted over most of 
 these institutions. 
 
47 
 
 The monks of Syria and Palestine are, it may be 
 remarked, on the contrary, generally Italians. The 
 general scope and aim of the Catholic seminaries and Object aimedat, 
 religious establishments in the East may be illustrated 
 y the following notice of one of their institutions in 
 Alexandria, which we quote from a handbook to the 
 coasts of the Mediterranean issued at a steam-boat 
 office : 
 
 " Les Soeurs de la Charite, ces dignes filles de Saint 
 Vincent de Paul, possedent a Alexandrie une maison 
 de leur ordre ; elles elevent gratuitement une grande 
 quantite de jeunes filles indigenes, auxquelles outre 
 les travaux de leur sexe, elles apprennent d aimer la 
 France en leur en enseignant le langage. La 
 devouees comme partout, elles ont cree un hopital, 
 dans lequel elles admettent sans distinction de 
 religion tout etre soufFrant ; c'est un veritable 
 apostolat qu'elles exercent, et la France est peutelre 
 appelee un jour d recueillir le fruit de leur devou- 
 
 The conduct of the Roman Catholic priests con- Romish priests 
 trasts favourably with that of the Greek, both as and churches. 
 regards the discharge of his duties and his own 
 private morality. There are several Roman Catholic 
 churches in Smyrna, and two of them are conspi- 
 uous and striking edifices. 
 
 The poorer class of Catholics do not possess so Poor, 
 fine a physical development as the Greeks, and the 
 upper classes copy as closely as they can Parisian 
 costumes and manners. It is rare for a Catholic 
 to intermarry with a Greek family, and the priests 
 employ all the means in their power to prevent such 
 unions from taking place. 
 
 The Levantine Casino is a club of similar character 
 to the Greek, and its members are principally 
 Catholics. 
 
 There are two or three hotels in Smyrna kept by Hotels and 
 Catholics. At one of them the daily charge was Lod s in s s - 
 two Spanish pillar dollars (colonnatas), i.e. a little 
 over 9s. The town is also sufficiently Europeanized 
 to possess several boarding houses, one of which at 
 least contrasts favourably with the hotels both in 
 charges and comfort. 
 
48 
 
 Furnished apartments are also to be got both in 
 the Frank and Greek quarters, and for these the 
 English paid sums varying from I/, to 21. 10s. per 
 month. 
 
 In these points Smyrna contrasts with most towns 
 in Turkey, but she differs from every other in having 
 every house in every street numbered. 
 
 Protestant. 
 
 Wealth of Pro- The number of Protestants in Smyrna is about 
 2,000. Many of them are English, but some are 
 Dutch, and some Americans. To this class many 
 of the wealthiest commercial houses in Smyrna be- 
 long. The greater number of the Protestant popula- 
 tion are of European birth, and all are under the 
 protection of the British, or Dutch, or American 
 consulates. Like the Roman Catholics, the Protes- 
 tant races have chapels and hospitals in connexion 
 with the several consulates, but as there are few 
 poor amongst them, the hospitals are chiefly devoted 
 to the use of the mercantile marines of the different 
 nations. 
 
 Club. A club, the European Casino, is in great measure 
 
 supported by this, as the Levantine by the other sec- 
 Country houses, tion of European settlers. The richer merchants of 
 all the nationalities in Smyrna have country houses 
 in the villages in its neighbourhood, but a larger 
 proportion of them belongs, perhaps, to the members 
 of the Protestant races than of any others. The 
 villages of Bournabat and Boudja are the principal 
 centres for the summer residences of the Smyrna 
 merchants, but some are also to be found at Sedikioi. 
 The merchants come into the town eveiy morning 
 from these places throughout the summer months 
 and return in the evening. The arrangements in 
 these summer residences are copied exactly from 
 the models furnished by houses built for analogous 
 purposes in Europe. 
 
49 
 
 LANGUAGES. 
 
 Turkish is spoken by a large proportion of the Turkish.^ 
 inhabitants of Smyrna ; the Turks, who by themselves 
 form nearly one-third of the entire population, speak 
 it, with few exceptions, even amongst the highest 
 classes, almost exclusively ; and a knowledge of, and 
 familiarity with, the language, is generally possessed 
 by every business man of the other races. 
 
 For commercial purposes the Italian and French French and 
 languages are much employed ; but the use of I 
 French is becoming more, and that of Italian less 
 general. The "Lloyd Smyrneen " appears three 
 days a week, but the " Nunzio Commerciale " only 
 three times a month. See Appendix, p. 107- 
 
 There are many families in Smyrna who have 
 immigrated from the coasts of the Adriatic, and to 
 whom Italian is consequently the most familiar 
 tongue ; but we never met with any Smyrniote who 
 could speak Italian and Italian only, although it is 
 easy to find either a Frenchman or a Greek or a 
 Turk, who speak nothing but their own native dia- 
 lects. This will illustrate the relative preponderance 
 of the several languages. The use of French is be- 
 coming more general, owing in great measure to 
 the numerous Roman Catholic schools under the 
 patronage of the French Government in which French 
 is taught gratuitously. It is to be remarked that 
 though an European will almost invariably find him- 
 self addressed in French whenever he enters a shop 
 in Smyrna, the shopman, even though he be a Roman 
 Catholic, and only one generation removed from a 
 native born Frenchman, will give all his orders to 
 his assistants in Romaic. The same thing is con- 
 stantly to be observed in Roman Catholic families ; 
 though to the European visitor French is spoken, 
 the affairs of daily life are all carried on by means of 
 Greek. 
 
 English is spoken by a considerable number of the English not 
 merchants of all nationalities, but by very few of the 
 lower orders. There is in Smyrna no school for the poor. 
 poorer classes in which English is taught. There is 
 
 D 
 
Eelation of 
 Romaic to 
 ancient Greek. 
 
 The languages 
 as written. 
 
 an institution of this kind in Jerusalem supported by 
 voluntary contributions, and small as the population 
 of that city is, it contains a more numerous native 
 population speaking English than Smyrna, which is 
 about fifteen times larger. There are, however, a, 
 considerable number of Jews who hang about the 
 bazaars and act as brokers to the English merchant 
 ships, who speak English with a fair accent and pos- 
 sess a vocabulary quite sufficient for all common 
 purposes. 
 
 Amongst themselves the Jews speak a corrupt 
 mixture of Spanish and Turkish. 
 
 The Armenian language is spoken by very few 
 who do not belong to that nationality. 
 
 It will be useful to the great mass of educated 
 Englishmen to know in what way their somewhat 
 toilsomely acquired knowledge of ancient Greek 
 may help them towards speaking, writing, and under- 
 standing the modern Romaic. An acquaintance with 
 a language spoken along nearly the whole extent 
 of the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts by an 
 enterprising mercantile nation will be seen at once 
 to be a valuable accomplishment, and by no one can 
 it be acquired at a less cost of time and trouble than 
 by the Englishman of average education. 
 
 Closely related as Italian is to the ancient Latin 
 language, Romaic is much more nearly identical 
 with the ancient Greek. The inflexions of the 
 modern Greek are the same, with a few exceptions, as 
 those of the ancient; the accents are the same ; and 
 there is no doubt in our minds that Greek as spoken 
 by the educated Athenian of 430 B.C. would at 
 once be understood by the upper classes of the 
 modern Romaic population. 
 
 As regards the languages as written, we may take 
 the official translation of the late Hatti Houmayoum, 
 of February 1856, as an authoritative document and 
 standard for the comparison of the two. Now the 
 whole of this document is perfectly intelligible to 
 the scholar who is moderately familiar with ancient 
 Greek, and the differences as seen from his point of 
 view are merely the few following : 
 
 i. For the old word ou, oux, oux="not," we use in 
 
51 
 
 modern Greek the word 0ev, shortened from ouSev, but, 
 whilst employing ouSsv thus, with a force somewhat 
 different from its ancient usage, we substitute a fresh 
 word, xaveis, xa^ufa, xavlv, for it in its pristine employ- 
 ment as = " none." 
 
 ii. The word va, from the ancient <W, is employed 
 nearly as extensively as the conjunction "that" in 
 English, more extensively therefore than *m in the 
 old Greek, which = " that " when denoting a purpose, 
 and to a certain extent coinciding in use with the 
 infinitive as employed in that language. 
 
 iii. The use of auxiliary verbs in the futures and 
 perfects where we have inflexions in the old language: 
 *X M yp4>** y 'y a( P*j I have written ; 0e'xsi x>j^>j=r 
 XYJ^O-STM. It is in this combination almost exclusively 
 that the old infinitive survives ; the dual number has 
 wholly vanished, and in the Hatti ScherifF, as in 
 common conversation, no trace of a dative case is to 
 be found. 
 
 iv. Lastly, the following words and combinations 
 of words which we find in this official translation are 
 from one reason or another alien to the ancient 
 Greek idiom : 
 
 (,) pi with an accusative, as=" with," like 
 
 with a genitive in the old language, ps TW 
 c-uvfyopjv = ' with the concurrence." 
 
 (|3.) TTO with an accusative instead of a genitive. 
 This is not universal, though general ; we 
 find ano Yipepotf el$ rj/xlpav in the Hatti Scheriff, 
 
 as Well as a?ro T>/V xu/3=pv>j"nxrjv yX(i(r<rav. 
 
 (7.) The word axo'pj= u encore," <tyjxaviQv==" fir- 
 man," xAa<n$ = " class," x^xu&o=" codify." 
 
 The differences between the two varieties of the 
 Greek language will seem to be very few when they 
 are referred to this standard for comparison ; -but that 
 it is a fair standard, and authoritative at least in this 
 point of view, will be clear when we consider,. 
 1st. Its length. 2nd. That it was written expressly 
 for the Greeks and read aloud publicly to them in all 
 parts of the Turkish empire, and that no other trans- 
 lation than this, the official one, was allowed to be 
 published. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 There are, however, a few other points of contrast 
 between the Greek and the Romaic as written, which 
 we cannot illustrate from this document. 
 
 (.) The constant use of diminutive forms in modern 
 Greek :" 4/ovwov " = "bread;" " T yp/ov"= "cheese." 
 A modern Greek grammarian, while noticing this 
 peculiarity, quaintly enough connects it with the 
 diminution of political influence under which his race 
 has so long suffered. 
 
 (/3. ) A slavish following of western turns of thought 
 Borrowing and expression, as well as of western words. Everyone 
 western idioms, w yj gee t k at ^^ ag ex p ress } n g the results and the 
 
 working of the PRINTING machine, is a more vivid and 
 better word for the thing than wiso-r^ta, the PRESSING 
 machine, where we have merely its mechanical struc- 
 ture brought before us. Yet, save among the better 
 educated Greeks, the latter word is used by prefer- 
 ence. In numberless instances where the western 
 languages employ to express a certain idea a phrase 
 infinitely less apt than that furnished by the old Greek, 
 the modern Greeks have chosen to follow the inferior 
 and foreign idiom, so that, in reading the Romaic, one 
 is often reminded of the unidiomatic literal translations 
 which the schoolboy makes with the aid of a lexicon. 
 In cases, again, where the western languages have 
 only one word to express several different ideas or 
 different modifications of one idea, whilst the ancient 
 Greeks had separate words corresponding to each 
 variation in the thought, the modern Greeks have 
 frequently chosen one of these words and widened its 
 application until it has become co-extensive and equally 
 inaccurate with the western expression. rwp/$a>, in 
 modern Greek, is used as equivalent both to yvp%oo and 
 c-rptpco in ancient Greek ; the modern Greek thus copy- 
 ing the western nations in having only one word to 
 express the several meanings of the word " turn." 
 Romaic as written has borrowed fewer words than 
 Western words. Romaic as spoken from the foreign languages. These 
 words are borrowed from the Latin, the Italian, and 
 the Turkish principally, but the better educated 
 writers make day by day less use of them, and, under 
 the influence of the purist reaction (xaflapio-jao? 7% 
 at present at work, they will shortly become 
 
53 
 
 obsolete. We give the following instances :- 
 = " house," from the Latin hospitium ; a&upict. = 
 "avaries," injuries, from the French ; <rsipiav%a> "to 
 go into the country," from the Turkish. 
 
 Romaic as spoken may be compared with the ancient Romaic as 
 Greek either as spoken in ancient Greece or as pro- spohen ' 
 nounced and read "in the modern fashion introduced 
 by Erasmus. To guide us as to the ancient pronun- Ancient Greek 
 ciation of ancient Greek, we have : { Greece"^ 
 
 (i.) The writings of Greek grammarians, who, 
 however, seldom refer to any other language than 
 their own. 
 
 (ii.) The alliterations and imitations of unchange- 
 able sounds to be found commonly in Aristophanes, 
 and also scattered through other writers, as, e.g., the 
 oracle given, Thucyd. ii. cap. 54. for 01 and . 
 
 (iii.) The adaptation of Greek words into other 
 languages, and vice versa, as, e.g., the transformation 
 of the Greek Aufllvt*]? into Effendi. 
 
 Such an investigation would be misplaced here, but 
 we have said enough to indicate the line of research 
 which will lead to the conclusion, probable also on 
 geographical and historical grounds, that the language 
 spoken by the ancient Greeks was pronounced much 
 in the same way as that spoken by their descendants 
 inhabiting the same countries. 
 
 But leaving a comparison where we may be thought Romaic as 
 to be explaining obscurum per obscurius, we will ^^ ka 
 state the differences between the Greek pronounced pronounced^ 
 by the English scholar and the Greek uttered by England. 
 the modern Greek himself. There are practically no 
 diphthongs in Romaic, and deference to the accents, 
 and not to quantity, regulates the pronunciation of 
 each single word. 
 
 In a Greek letter written by one of the ill-edu- 
 cated, no diphthong (save ou=" oo" in " good") will 
 ever be found; w="af" or " av," and eu="ef" or 
 "ev," see above (iii.), and the rest being pronounced 
 as in French, will be found represented by or I or r. 
 
 Taking bad spelling a second time as an index to 
 pronunciation, we can show from it the predominance 
 that considerations of accent have over considerations 
 of quantity. The half-educated Greek spells yp>jTe, 
 
54 
 
 the second person plural of the subjunctive, in the 
 same way as yp<p=Tc of the indicative, and he pro- 
 nounces both words as we pronounce the latter of the 
 two. And it is not very easy to catch the difference 
 between the two words, even when uttered by a well- 
 educated Greek, as it lies in an almost imperceptible 
 dwelling upon and lengthening out of the second 
 syllable. The rules of accentuation are the same for 
 a Romaic as for the ancient Greek, and a thorough 
 acquaintance with accents, and a pronunciation 
 strictly in accordance with them, will enable any 
 Greek scholar who knows the modern force of the 
 letters of the alphabet, to make himself understood 
 by any Greek of the upper classes, and to understand 
 their replies to him. The same would not be the 
 case were he to address himself to one of the lowest 
 classes ; but the reasons for this would be analogous 
 to the reasons which prevent the upper classes of the 
 south of England from understanding the dialect of 
 the Yorkshire miner; and it would not be because 
 the two extremes of society used a radically different 
 language. In two classes of words only is there any 
 deviation from the ancient system of accentuation to 
 be observed, and this deviation is confined to the 
 uneducated; the aorist active is occasionally pro- 
 nounced by the poorer Greeks as it is pronounced by 
 the English schoolboy ; " e7ra.x>jo-"= a I sold," is pro- 
 nounced as if it were written I^K^OL ; and the same 
 is the case with nouns like a\tfsia and euyeWa ; they 
 are occasionally pronounced as though they were 
 written aAvj^/a and ^ysvWa, and belonged to the same 
 class of nouns as SoyXs/a and 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Smyrna lies in lat. N.38 25' 36", long. E. 27 6' 45". 
 Conditions more forcibly affecting its climate are 
 furnished by the character of the mountains surround- 
 ing it, and the extent of cultivated soil and of forest 
 land in its immediate neighbourhood. 
 
55 
 
 There are no mountains in the neighbourhood of Mountains not 
 Smyrna like those which run along the whole of the mmoca PP* 
 southern coast of Asia Minor, and preserve on their 
 summits a covering of eternal snow. 
 
 The highest peak within two days' journey of 
 Smyrna does not attain a height of 3,500 feet, and 
 it is seldom, even in winter, covered with snow for 
 more than two days together. 
 
 Immunity from those sudden alternations to snow- 
 chilled mountain winds from blazing heat, which are 
 so common and so injurious, not only in the parts of 
 Asia Minor just mentioned, but in places like Florence 
 and Montpellier in southern Europe, is in conse- 
 quence enjoyed in Smyrna. 
 
 The valleys in this part of Asia Minor are very cultivation, 
 generally cultivated and covered with verdure during wide * 
 the spring, autumn, and winter months, though con- 
 siderably burnt up and parched from the middle of 
 June to the end of August. But at all times the 
 eye finds abundance of vegetation to rest upon in 
 the green foliage of the fig and pomegranate, and 
 the glaucous leaves of the olive, the cultivation of 
 which contributes, though in a less degree than that 
 of corn crops, to the opening and breaking up of 
 the soil. 
 
 Extensive sheets of wood land are to be seen in Abundant 
 the vicinity of Smyrna, either stretching along the WOO<L 
 sides or clothing the summits of the mountains. This 
 condition, however, is common to the greater part of 
 Asia Minor, in spite of the extensive use made of 
 charcoal, and it is a most important co-efficient in 
 the constitution of climate. 
 
 The hot season in Smyrna commences with the Hot season. 
 month of June, and begins to lose its intensity 
 towards the end of August. At this time the ther- 
 mometer will often indicate a heat of from 80 Fahr. 
 to 90 Fahr. in the shade, whilst on the other hand, 
 we have often found it a difficulty, within the period 
 from the middle of January to the middle of March, 
 to keep up a constant temperature of 60 Fahr. in a 
 sick room day and night. In the open air the thin 
 ice formed during the night generally thawed before 
 10 A.M., and the thermometer never indicated so low 
 
56 
 
 Thermometric 
 register in 
 Appendices, 
 pp. 90-102. 
 
 The Inbat. 
 
 a temperature as 32 for the whole period of the 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 A thermometrical register will be found in the 
 Appendix pp. 90-102, extending from March 6, 1855, 
 to August 20. In it the winter months January and 
 February are not included, and the lowest tempera- 
 ture it records is 53^, March 17, 1855. As the 
 mention of ice already made would lead one to infer, 
 a much lower temperature than this is not unusual, 
 and we have seen the thermometer remain nearly 
 stationary at 45 for some days together, even at 
 milder times. The greatest variation which this 
 register records for any one day is one of 6f, 
 March 25, 8 A.M., from 60| to 67^ at 2.30 P.M. 
 The same amount of variation is recorded for the 
 succeeding day also, from 63^ at 8 A.M. to 70 at 
 4.45 P.M. The month of April is remarkable for the 
 small amount of variation in the amounts recorded 
 for each day, whilst the temperature of the whole 
 month varies from 55^, the lowest, to 65, the 
 highest temperature. Rapid changes of temperature, 
 as may be seen from the notices of the weather 
 appended to the several records, foretell at Smyrna 
 as elsewhere the coming of a storm ; 70 is recorded 
 from March 26th, but does not occur again until 
 May the 6th, when we find 73^ recorded ; 80 occurs 
 only once in the month of May, and that on the last 
 day of the month, where we find 82|, and though 
 not attained on any day between June 5 and 15, it is 
 a common number for the rest of that month. 90 
 we find on the following days; July 13, 
 July 24, 90; July 25, 90^; July 26, 91 
 August 4, 90f . 
 
 The heat of the season appears to culminate about 
 the second week in August, and the heat of each 
 day between 4.0 and 5.0 P.M. 
 
 The sea, which in all places and in so many ways 
 influences climate, especially favours that of Smyrna 
 by the breeze here called the Inbat, which springs up 
 every afternoon during the hot season. So soon as 
 the heat of the sun has had time to produce the 
 difference, which by the laws of heat it does, in favour 
 of the atmosphere covering the land, the cooler and 
 
57 
 
 denser sea breeze rushes in upon the hotter and 
 more rarified land air, bearing with it freshness and 
 moisture. This breeze is popularly called " The 
 Doctor of Smyrna," so universally are its vivifying 
 powers recognized. In the hot weather it is very 
 seldom that a day passes in which the Inbat fails, 
 and this great regularity is to be ascribed possibly to 
 the peculiar disposition of the mountains around the 
 gulph, which, standing on either side the bay's 
 entrance like two great portals, sweep away and 
 enclose in a semicircular wall the town, the mari- 
 time plain, and the inland expanse of the bay itself. 
 The land breeze, on the other hand, blows frequently 
 in the night time, and is a dry shrivelling wind. It 
 further resembles the bise of Southern France by the 
 quarter, the north, from which it blows. 
 
 Whilst on the subject of climate, we may take Abundance of 
 occasion to say that, though snow is never to be 
 seen covering the tops of the mountains in the hot 
 weather, it nevertheless can be preserved there in 
 pits properly covered over and protected from the 
 external air by layers of brushwood, &c. A large 
 store of snow is compressed and hardened in these 
 pits during the winter, and throughout the summer 
 it is sold in Smyrna at a price which puts it within 
 the reach of the poorest ; 1 piastre per oke = 2^ Ibs., 
 for 2rf. 
 
 ice in summer. 
 
 MEDICAL NOTES. 
 
 Whatever prejudices may exist as to the health!- Prejudices 
 ness of Smyrna, a residence in it for more than a a 9 ainst Smyrna 
 twelvemonth enables us to speak of it as a place 
 favourable to the preservation of the mental and 
 bodily vigour of the European immigrant and his 
 descendants, and as possessing an indigenous popu- 
 lation as well conditioned as regards both longevity 
 and physical development as any other town of equal 
 size. It cannot be said that any one season of the 
 year is especially unhealthy, nor that this country is 
 obnoxious to the influences of special disease not to 
 be found elsewhere in the Levant/ 
 
58 
 
 The plague now The plague has not made its appearance here 
 t* tingany ~ since the year 1836-1837, and it is believed not to 
 exist at present in any part of the world. It may 
 not unreasonably be hoped that this fearful scourge 
 will never again be met with ; for in all the cases of its 
 visitation it seems to have pursued the course of 
 those specific poisons which propagate themselves by 
 contact, which spread rapidly under favourable con- 
 ditions, but which are not generated sporadically by 
 malaria, miasma, nor decomposing organisms ; which, 
 in one word, are incapable of spontaneous generation. 
 There is no doubt in our minds that this disease, 
 when devastating this part of the world, spread itself 
 from person to person by corporeal contact only, and 
 not by any gaseous exhalation from sources of 
 infection. For, 
 
 Contagious at (i.) Those Europeans who shut themselves up in 
 Smyrna not their own houses, and maintained a strict quarantine, 
 invariably escaped the pest. And we have been 
 told that during the whole visitation of 1836 and 
 1837 only three Europeans fell victims to the plague, 
 (ii.) Those whose avocations led them to the town, 
 which at that time was almost deserted, so long as 
 they avoided actually touching a compromised per- 
 son, even though they came within a few feet of a 
 man dying of the disease, still enjoyed an entire 
 immunity from it. 
 
 (iii.) The Turks and Jews who neglected all these 
 precautions suffered out of all proportion more than 
 the Franks. This is the more remarkable when we 
 find that no such comparative immunity was enjoyed 
 by the Franks in the several visitations of cholera. 
 
 (iv.) The oil-carriers, whose skins are thoroughly 
 imbued with oil, and consequently less apt to imbibe 
 poisons, were, though Turks, and as such fatalisti- 
 cally negligent, exempted from the disease. A 
 similar observation has been made in Egypt as to 
 the cases of soap-boilers and chimney-sweepers, 
 whose exemption would be ascribed to the same 
 causes as that of the oil-carriers. We may remark 
 that the history given in books of the plague in 
 Egypt differs in several particulars from the account 
 we gathered on the spot of the plague in Smyrna. 
 
pe 
 
 (v.) Though we ourselves have had no experience 
 of the disease, we are acquainted with many persons 
 well competent to form an opinion on the matter, 
 who, coming to this country with the prejudices of 
 non-contagionists, have seen reason to adopt the 
 opposite tenets, and to hold that, however impotent 
 against other pests, quarantine regulations were of 
 real use while such a disease as the plague existed. 
 
 It has been observed that the epidemics of plague in 
 Smyrna always ceased before a certain day in June, 
 thus illustrating the general law (to which, however, 
 exceptions are to be found) that a sustained tempera- 
 ture of a certain height is incompatible with the exis- 
 tence of diseases communicable from person to 
 
 rson. 
 
 Typhus is not indigenous in Smyrna. It was 
 unknown to the resident practitioners until imported 
 hither from the Crimea, and w r hen imported it did 
 not spread beyond the walls of the British hospital. 
 We have, however, seen reason to believe that that 
 peculiar form of typhus fever which is called " ty- 
 phoid," and is common in England, commoner in 
 France, and commonest perhaps of all fevers in 
 camps, may be generated here under an accumu- 
 lation of conditions favourable to its birth. 
 
 These conditions are those furnished by decompos- 
 ing animal matters, especially night soil ; and, in this 
 part of the world, are occasionally coupled with and 
 intensified by malarious or terrestrial influences. We 
 do not hold this form of fever to be as easily com- 
 municable from person to person as its twin brother 
 typhus is, and it contrasts with the same disease by 
 its tendency to assume something of a remittent type, 
 by its longer duration, by a peculiar rash, and by its 
 superinducing special local lesion. It lasts as a fever 
 for three weeks, that is to say, while on the one hand 
 it is rare to observe any decided amelioration before 
 that time has elapsed, on the other it is not uncommon 
 to observe cases in which the patient sinks under the 
 influence of the fever as opposed to the influence of 
 its complications, even in the very last days of that 
 space of time. And standing distinct in this particu- 
 lar from typhus, it is easily distinguishable in the 
 
 Continued fever. 
 
 Typhoid not 
 
60 
 
 same point of view from the other form of continued 
 fever met with in this country, which is known as the 
 bilious or the Mediterranean fever, and which often 
 runs a fatal course within the short space of from four 
 to five days. Of this form of fever as, though not 
 remittent in form, yet arising from malarious influ- 
 ences, we shall treat of under that head. A large 
 per-centage of the deaths which occurred among the 
 soldiers of the British Swiss Legion, whilst stationed 
 at Smyrna, was due to " typhoid fever." This fever 
 principally affected men of the battalion which came 
 out in the steam transport " Ripon," which had been 
 for a considerable time employed, without intermis- 
 sion, as a troop ship, and which was, whatever the 
 attention paid to cleanliness, somewhat overcrowded. 
 
 Smallpox, Sfc. The exanthems, small pox, measles, and scarlet 
 fever, are to be met with in Smyrna. Their character 
 is, generally speaking, milder than that they bear in 
 England. 
 
 An epidemic of small pox has occurred this winter 
 in Smyrna, the wide spread of which would lead one 
 to infer that vaccination, though pretty general, had 
 not been so extensively carried out as it ought to have 
 been. No great mortality, however, was caused by 
 the disease amongst the inhabitants of Smyrna ; we 
 were told that three only had died in the Greek 
 hospital, which is the largest in the town, and which 
 had had a very large number of admissions. Out of 
 the many cases of small pox which occurred among 
 the soldiers of the British Swiss Legion, only one 
 death took place. 
 
 Malarious The diseases peculiar to this country are dependent 
 
 diseases. upon malarious influences, and are not communicable 
 
 from person to person. They vary in intensity from 
 the intermittent up to that form of bilious fever which 
 resembles the yellow fever of the West Indies in some 
 points, and wears an entirely continued form. 
 
 Locality. Places especially amenable to the influence of 
 
 malaria are found to be the beds of streams, ravines, 
 and situations exposed to land, and covered from sea 
 breezes. But the most malarious of all localities are 
 those where the sea has retired from the coast, and 
 left in the place of shallow water a block of flat marshy 
 
wi 
 T 
 
 tl 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 ,nd interposed between itself and a mountainous 
 background. Such conditions are found to exist at 
 Ephesus, where it is said that no European can sleep 
 without contracting a fever; at Mersina, the seaport of 
 "arsus, and Alexandretta, the seaport of Aleppo, 
 whose reputation is, and deservedly, much worse than 
 even that of Ephesus. By comparing the histories of 
 the endemics in these three places, Ephesus, Mersina, 
 nd Alexandretta (Scanderoon), we shall be able to 
 ihow that the one effective condition for the genera- 
 tion of malarious fever is not abundant vegetation, 
 is not heat, is not marshy soil, nor any one season of 
 the year, but marshy ground in the process ofdesicca- Efficient cause. 
 tion under the influence of solar heat. At Ephesus, 
 he worst season of the year is the spring and autumn ; 
 at Mersina and Alexandretta, the months of July and 
 August. At these two latter places, no one who 
 can possibly avoid it, remains in the town for these 
 two months, but retires, either inland to the moun- 
 tains, or crosses to the island of Cyprus. This com- 
 parison eliminates from our consideration the condition 
 of the season of the year; and mere heat, Ephesus being 
 as hot in July and August as either of the two others, 
 and the condition of vegetation are likewise put out 
 of the consideration, Ephesus being remarkably desti- 
 tute of vegetation, and the other two pi aces remarkably 
 rich in it. Mersina and Alexandretta, being under the 
 snow-clad Taurus, have till the very middle of summer 
 a plentiful supply of water from the thawing of the 
 snow ; towards the end of May 1 856, May 22-23, we why is the un- 
 found the streams in those localities to possess the health y season 
 strength, volume, and muddiness of the Alpine torrent; "* 
 Ephesus, on the other hand, has no such store of 
 moisture to have recourse to, as her stock of winter and 
 early spring rain evaporates under the rays of the 
 returning sun, and. in consequence, she becomes un- 
 healthy earlier in the year than they do. These three 
 places, then, are differently conditioned, at the time of 
 their producing one common effect, as to vegetation, 
 season of the year, and temperature ; and the one con- 
 dition common to all three is the existence in them 
 of marshy ground nearly or quite exhausted of its 
 
62 
 
 Parts of Smyrna 
 
 Geography, 
 
 pp. 9 and ,0. 
 
 San Demetri 
 
 na S ae 
 healthy. 
 
 So St. Anne. 
 
 moisture by solar heat. The following story will serve 
 to illustrate our meaning: 
 
 At Tripoli in Syria, May 24th, 1856, we were 
 cautioned by the Consul of a considerable European 
 State, to avoid the mulberries which were just then 
 ripening. His reason was not that they caused 
 diarrhoea, or any other such disease, but that they 
 produced the pernicious fever, and that the experience 
 of every inhabitant showed that they did so at that 
 time of the year. Logically viewed, this was an 
 instance of that commonest of fallacies, " Post hoc, 
 ergo propter hoc ;" scientifically interpreted, the popu- 
 lar saying contains, as most popular sayings do, a 
 certain amount of truth, and should be thus read. 
 The sun has just got power enough to ripen the 
 mulberries ; the marshy ground will be now just on 
 the point of complete drying, and malaria, conse- 
 quently, just in the prime of its strength. 
 
 The part of Smyrna which is especially liable to 
 malarious disease is that part which lies between 
 " The Point" and the Caravan Bridge at the Northern 
 Mount Pagus, which forms, in fact, the base of the 
 triangle made up by the town, and comprehends 
 the two region s known as San Demetri and San 
 
 Catherjna> ' 
 
 This we might have been led to expect, as this 
 P art of Smyrna n 'es lower than any other, and is 
 occasionally covered with water for a considerable 
 extent of its surface, which is subsequently dried up 
 by the sun's rays. The valley, however, through 
 which the Meles flows as it winds under Mount Pagus, 
 and before it reaches the Caravan Bridge, is more 
 unhealthy than any part of Smyrna. There are only 
 a few houses scattered here and there along its banks 
 in this part of its course, and a residence in one of 
 them, either in the spring or autumn, is nearly certain 
 to superinduce an attack of fever. 
 
 The men whose business it is to tend the leech 
 ponds in this, the valley of St. Anne, are almost all 
 of them obliged to be constantl} 7 on the spot day and 
 night, and at all seasons of the year, to protect that 
 valuable property from thieves, and they are in con- 
 
63 
 
 14 
 
 sequence almost without an exception sufferers from 
 country fever. The valley of St. Anne being a ver- 
 dant and picturesque ravine, is at first sight as different 
 as possible from such localities as Ephesus or Mersina, 
 but a little consideration shows us that one common 
 property exists in all these nests of malaria. The 
 generalization made by the sufferers from ravine- 
 bred fevers is, that fever and vegetation go together. 
 This one is constantly told in such places. It admits 
 of being explained in the same way as the equally 
 empirical observation we have recorded as made to 
 us at Tripoli. The Castle of Sanjac at the entrance So Castle 
 of the bay is so thoroughly malarious, that the j 
 Turkish Government have found it necessary to leave 
 its fine barracks wholly unoccupied. It is built on a 
 bar of gravel which lies between the sea on one 
 aspect, and the alternately advancing and retreating 
 edge of a marsh on the other, and it is therefore con- 
 stantly exposed to the full action of the products of 
 desiccating marshy ground. 
 
 The times of the year at which the malarious Malarious 
 fevers are most prevalent and powerful in Smyrna, times ' 
 are the end of the summer and the autumn ; the 
 spring fevers possess a milder character. Exposure 
 in the open air during the hours of sleep to the land 
 breeze which generally blows then, is a very common 
 occasion for the development of the disease. People 
 sleeping on a ground floor are observed to suffer from 
 the fevers in a much greater ratio than those whose 
 sleeping apartments are raised above the level of the 
 ground. At Alexandretta, the inhabitants sleep in 
 wooden cages elevated on poles to a height of from 
 10 to 12 feet above the earth. 
 
 The badly nourished and clothed portion of the Subjects of 
 population suffer to a greater proportional extent attack - 
 from these as from most other diseases. In some of 
 the guardhouses in the interior specimens of the most 
 thorough malarious cachexia are to be found. The 
 cavasses are wretchedly paid and fed, and at the 
 same time are exposed in all seasons and in all locali- 
 ties. They bear every mark of confirmed anaemia 
 and persistent imperfection in hgematopoiesis. They 
 have oedematous legs, cardiac murmurs, and that 
 
64 
 
 peculiar dead-leaf yellow stain in certain parts of 
 the skin which is invariably associated with spleen 
 disease. 
 
 i. intermittents. The intcrmittents of this country are controllable 
 by quinine even in their most intense form ; but it is 
 to be regretted that the great expense attending the 
 use of this medicine in the large doses it is found 
 necessary to give in malarious disorders, makes the 
 poor, who need it most, least able to avail them- 
 selves of it. A decoction of olive leaves (jij to 
 Oij of water, to be boiled down to Oj), has been 
 found to possess febrifuge properties of a certain 
 value, and this remedy is in Asia Minor within 
 reach of the poorest. All the vegetable bitters 
 possess a certain efficacy in diseases of this class ; 
 even centaury and cascarilla have been employed 
 with some advantage in such cases. But it is by 
 virtue of a certain chemical principle which it con- 
 tains, the alkaloid quina, that the cinchona bark 
 exercises its special control over malarious disorders, 
 and of this the other vegetable bitters are destitute, 
 and are, in consequence, to be regarded, not in the 
 
 Remedies. light of specifics, but merely in that of palliatives to 
 the disease, arid adjuvants to the vis medicatrix 
 naturae. It has been supposed, or perhaps we should 
 rather say, it has been hoped, that a chemical sub- 
 stance analogous to quinine may be discovered in 
 the leaves and bark of the olive tree, but as yet no 
 decisive evidence has been brought forward on this 
 point. The doses in which quinine is given by 
 the practitioners of the country are gr. iv. gr. vi. 
 every hour for four or five hours, or occasionally 
 in 9j. doses. They have informed us that they 
 do not give quinine until they see a well-marked 
 intermission, and that they are confident of the wis- 
 dom of their practice in giving such large quantities 
 of the remedy from repeated experience of the utter 
 inefficiency of smaller doses. 
 
 Pernicious There is one variety of intermittent sometimes seen 
 
 as an epidemic, especially after the rains of autumn, 
 but also to be met with in the spring and summer, 
 which bears the name of pernicious fever. In it there 
 are three several accesses, the first and second com- 
 
paratively mild, but the third of such intensity as 
 frequently to cause death either in the cold or hot 
 stage of the fit. If, however, the patient be got under 
 the influence of quinine while in the intermissions, we 
 are told that he generally escapes with his life. 
 
 The remittent is produced by the same causes which 
 produce the intermitent when operating less, or a 
 continued fever when operating more forcibly, and 
 standing midway between the two, they both not 
 unfrequently verge into it. Persons of all ages are 
 liable to its attacks, but whilst middle aged persons 
 are most liable, it is observed' here, as also elsewhere, 
 that infantile ailments are very prone to take on a 
 remittent type. The several races living together in 
 Smyrna are found to suffer from it in the same pro- 
 portion, and the rich only suffer less from its influence 
 than the poor in so far as they are less exposed within 
 its sphere of action. Cases of remittent fever occur 
 at all periods of the year, but are most common in the 
 spring and autumn. We are informed by the resident 
 medical practitioners that they do not employ quinine 
 to combat this form of fever when existing in full 
 vigour as such, and in this point our own views are in 
 complete accordance with theirs. 
 
 The line of treatment which we think to be at once 
 justifiable on rational grounds, and confirmed as bene- 
 ficial by actual experience, is the following: The 
 general inflammatory symptoms and the special local 
 determinations are to be combated by depletory or 
 evacuatory measures, and when this object is attained, 
 and an alleviation of the symptoms amounting to an 
 intermission observed, then we may make use of qui- 
 nine to neutralize the special malarious poison which 
 has produced the evil. But quinine is worse than 
 useless until the constitutional disturbance and the 
 local determinations met with in the remittent fever 
 have been reduced to comparative tranquillity. We 
 have reason to think that the condition of the nerve 
 centres in the early stages of the remittent is such as 
 to contra-indicate the use of quinine, even were the 
 absorbing surface of the bowels in a fit state for taking 
 up that medicine into the system. An intermittent 
 fever is not generally complicated with special local 
 
 Remittents. 
 
 Remedies. 
 
66 
 
 Complications. 
 
 Continued fever 
 of malarious 
 origin. 
 
 Called yellow 
 fever, but not 
 identical. 
 
 i. Liability to 
 dysentery after 
 fever. 
 
 lesion until the disease is of some standing, but in the 
 remittent fever, where a much larger quantity of 
 malarious poison may be supposed to be working 
 within the system, complications of one kind or 
 another are generally to be met with early in the 
 course of the disease. Of these the most common is 
 liver congestion and jaundice, and the Mediterranean 
 remittent has, in consequence, got the name of" bilious 
 remittent." The irritability of stomach so often to be 
 met with in this fever points to a similar condition of 
 that organ also. The more serious cases of remittent 
 fever are prone to assume a continued form, especially 
 those which are complicated with jaundice. Cases of 
 this kind are sometimes called by the same name as 
 the more virulent and more widely diffused fever of 
 the West Indies, and it is the absence (which is not 
 universal) of the black vomit and other results of 
 hsemorrhagic action in a system where the blood 
 is disorganized which principally distinguishes the 
 yellow fever of the Mediterranean from that of the 
 New World. The greatest number of cases of this 
 kind which have occurred in one year in Smyrna is 
 sixty, and in this point, that of the number of its 
 victims, it contrasts strongly with its namesake. 
 
 It occurs in the autumn, and seems to be produced 
 by malarious influences, exasperated into peculiar 
 malignancy by heat and other external conditions, 
 and favoured by the previous operation of debilitating 
 causes upon the subject they attack. Some of the 
 resident medical practitioners hold this form of fever 
 to be identical with the yellow fever of America, and 
 to have been imported hither in American ships. 
 They support their position by the assertion that this 
 particular form of fever was unknown here till within 
 the last thirty years, since which period the American 
 trade has come into being here; we doubt alike 
 premises and conclusion. 
 
 There are two points of interest to be remarked 
 upon as to the period of convalescence from these 
 diseases. On recovery from any one of these several 
 species of malarious fever, the patient is especially 
 liable to attacks of dysentery, to which his imprudent 
 indulgence of the calls of an appetite the more 
 
vigorous after a lengthened period of dormancy often 
 .contributes not a little. 
 
 It is often remarked that an eruption breaks out ii. Herpes laii- 
 round the lips (herpes labialis) of a patient who has a ^' 
 just recovered from a malarious fever. This pheno- 
 menon is observed at the close of other than malarious 
 disorders, but never after typhus or any other fever 
 than those of malarious origin. 
 
 We may here remark that we have observed a ten- Abuse ofqui- 
 dency, not only in the practitioners who may be nme ' 
 permanently resident in a malarious country, but also 
 in those who may be temporarily stationed in such 
 districts, to make use of quinine as if it were a panacea, 
 and a remedy which may be safely employed in cases 
 whose exact nature is for the moment obscure ; as if 
 all disease occurring in a malarious country owned 
 invariably a malarious origin. And besides the evil 
 produced by the indiscriminate use of the drug, we 
 would also notice the mischief which his faith in a 
 specific often brings about, by causing the practitioner 
 to be neglectful as to the carrying out of two most 
 important indications, viz., strictness in diet and 
 removal from the malarious locality. 
 
 Lastly, it is a matter of vulgar remark here, as in Drunkards - 
 most other countries, that the habitual drunkard, c $l a 
 whatever other diseases he may bring upon himself, 
 at all events escapes malarious fevers, even in spots 
 the most notorious for the constancy and virulence of 
 their pernicious influence. 
 
 It is the popular belief that the regions of the Lung diseases. 
 Mediterranean enjoy an almost total immunity from 
 lung diseases ; and that it is much to the advantage of 
 a phthisical subject from Northern Europe to change 
 his residence for one in the sunny countries bordering 
 this sea. The first of these propositions is the exact 
 converse of the truth, and the same remark may be 
 made with but a slight modification of the second. 
 
 To deal with the latter of the two propositions 1. The Mediter- 
 first. Some patients in whom consumption has been JBJJJST 
 detected, while yet in an early stage, may have for consumptive 
 received benefit from a sojourn in the Mediterranean pai 
 countries, because, by such a course, they have 
 secured to themselves the co-operation of the three 
 
 E 2 
 
68 
 
 most powerful coadjutors which nature can have in 
 her efforts at restoration, constant change of air, 
 constant diversion by change of scene, and freedom 
 from mental anxiety. On the other hand, we have 
 on several occasions found that "the summer heats," 
 as it was once expressed to us at Smyrna, " drive on 
 phthisis furiously ;" and it is our invariable experience 
 that regulation of the patient's diet, which is to a 
 considerable extent efficient elsewhere towards check- 
 ing the disease, at all events in its outset, is carried 
 out with greater difficulty and subject to more fre- 
 quent interruption from a variety of causes here than 
 in England. To the scientific and statistical world 
 this has been long known, and therefore needs no 
 further comment ; but the real merits of the former 
 of the two propositions have not been so clearly set 
 forth as those of the latter. 
 
 ii. phthisis com- It is true there are no trades in the Levant at all 
 mon m natives. ana ] O g OUS i n their effects upon the pulmonary system 
 to those which in England produce the grinder's rot 
 or the stonecutter's asthma. 
 
 But the statistics given in books, written by men 
 with many years' experience of the East, such as 
 " Die Krankheiten des Orients," by Dr.Pruner, agree 
 with our limited observations in stating that the pro- 
 portion of consumptive disease is as large among the 
 indigenous population of this as of any part of the 
 world. We have met with several cases in which 
 the power this mysterious diathesis has of tainting a 
 whole generation has been as well illustrated in 
 Smyrna as it could have been by a family brought up 
 in hardship and privation, cold, damp, and hunger, by 
 parents themselves affected with the complaint, either 
 in France or England. A single family has furnished 
 us with examples of pulmonary phthisis in one brother, 
 strumous ophthalmia in another, scrofulous cervical 
 glands in one sister, and tabes mesenterica in another. 
 Scrofulous diseases in the bones is likewise very 
 common amongst the natives of this region. We 
 may remark that a very short experience of the 
 diseases of the East is sufficient to show that there at 
 all events consumption and ague may co-exist at one 
 time in the same individual. It is a noteworthy fact 
 
69 
 
 at scrofula is especially common amongst the Ar- 
 menian Roman Catholics, who are a small body of 
 pie, and intermarry much among themselves. The 
 ews, who live poorly, likewise suffer considerably 
 
 un this class of diseases. 
 
 Pneumonia and pleurisy are neither of them un- Pneumonia and 
 common, yet the climate of Smyrna is not so well P leuris y- 
 calculated to produce these affections as many other 
 places in the Mediterranean which enjoy most unde- 
 servedly a much higher reputation for salubrity. 
 
 The invalid in Smyrna is not exposed to those 
 sudden transitions from excessive heat to excessive 
 cold which are so common in other places, where, 
 leaving the blazing heat of an open promenade, you 
 may turn all at once to meet an icy blast rushing 
 down from some snow-capped mountain. 
 
 Cancer is an exceedingly rare disease in this part Cancer. 
 of the world. 
 
 Diseases of the heart are not uncommon ; and we Heart disease. 
 have met with many cases of functional disturbance 
 of the organ in a certain class of Turkish officials, 
 who are in a daily habit of over exciting themselves 
 with raki. 
 
 Dyspepsia is a common affection both amongst the Dyspepsia. 
 Turkish and Jewish populations. Both are much 
 given to the use, or rather the abuse, of sweetmeats 
 and oil, to the exclusion often of almost every other 
 article of food. And in certain Greek monasteries, 
 where animal food is not allowed to be eaten, almost 
 every inmate will have a series of dyspeptic symptoms 
 to relate to any passing traveller whom he may sup- 
 pose to be a physician. 
 
 Bowel complaints are not so common as might be Bowel com- 
 expected, considering that for three months in the pa 
 year fruit of one kind or another is very largely con- 
 sumed by all classes. 
 
 The cholera in its visitation favoured no class or Cholera. 
 nationality more than another, and in no respect, so 
 far as we could learn from report, very few cases 
 indeed having occurred during the year 1855-1856, 
 the period of our residence in Smyrna, did this dis- 
 ease assume a different character from that which 
 it has manifested elsewhere. 
 
70 
 
 The stress of the Mediterranean remittent falls 
 occasionally upon the stomach, and under these cir- 
 cumstances it assumes the name of gastric fever. It 
 lasts often from fourteen to twenty-one days. 
 Diarrhoea. The diarrhoea to which Europeans are so frequently 
 
 subject on their first arrival in the east is produced 
 in different cases by different causes, and requires 
 different treatment. 
 
 (i.) It may arise from a congested state of theportal 
 system, and in this case it will yield to the influence 
 of mild mercurials, followed by gentle purgatives. 
 
 (ii.) It may arise from a relaxed state of the mucous 
 membrane of the intestines, which should be remedied 
 either by desiccating remedies, such as the aromatic 
 chalk mixtures, &c., or in severer cases by astrin- 
 gents, such as are tannin, catechu, or the ferri 
 carbonas saccharata. 
 
 (iii.) It does arise more frequently perhaps than 
 from all the other causes combined, from the irri- 
 tation produced by the retention in the intestines of 
 faecal matter, which is due to the comparative atony 
 often supervening in a hot season, and which is 
 almost invariably removed by castor oil and opium. 
 
 Diarrhoea may be due to tubercular, dysenteric, 
 or malarious disease, but without taking these 
 varieties into consideration, since they are to be 
 appropriately treated by reference to the special 
 disease of which they are but a part, it will be 
 obvious that the diarrhoea of congestion, of relaxa- 
 tion, and of irritation, are three entirely different dis- 
 eases in their origin and in their therapeutics, and that 
 the remedies for the one kind will, if applied in a 
 case of either of the others, tend only to aggravate 
 the evil. 
 
 The reason why removal from one climate to 
 another is so generally productive of diarrhoea may 
 be in great measure, that under such circumstances 
 the relations previously existing between the functions 
 of the skin and the intestinal mucous membrane are 
 disturbed, and the disease is the consequence of the 
 loss of equilibrium. This principle is closely con- 
 nected with the rationale of a great part of the suc- 
 cessful treatment of dysentery. 
 
71 
 
 eas 
 far 
 
 Circumcision does not appear to have conferred Syphilis. 
 upon those who have submitted to that rite any 
 immunity from the liability to contract syphilitic dis- 
 ease, which, though not so rife as in Egypt, is yet 
 
 from uncommon in Anatolia. 
 
 Uterine diseases are common, and especially uterine. 
 among the Jewish population, but amenorrhcea, 
 dysmenorrhoaa, and menorrhagia are widely diffused 
 amongst all the nationalities. 
 
 Eye diseases of every variety are to be met with Eye. 
 in Smyrna. The effects of two forms of ophthalmic 
 affections strike the attention even of the passing 
 and unprofessional observer by their frequency ; 
 entropium, ectropiurn, and trichiasis, the sequelae of 
 neglected ophthalmia, and the almost equally obvious 
 products of old strumous eye disease. Diseases of 
 the lachrymal sac are also common here. 
 
 Each nationality in Smyrna has provided itself with 
 its own hospital. The Turkish hospital (Hopital de 
 la Ville) is capable of accommodating from 90 to 100 Hospital*. 
 patients. It was employed in 1855 as a barrack for Turkish. 
 Turkish soldiers ; subsequently it was given over to 
 the English medical staff as quarters ; and, lastly, it 
 was again employed as an hospital for the British 
 Swiss Legion, when that force occupied as barracks 
 the building which had previously been the British 
 General Hospital. 
 
 Besides this building, the Turks have a military 
 hospital, containing sixty beds, somewhat too closely 
 packed, and a quarantine establishment, capable of 
 accommodating a very much larger number of men. 
 Quarters for from 300 to 400 British soldiers were 
 found there at different periods in 1855 and 1856. 
 
 The Greeks have a large building which goes by Greek. 
 the name of the Greek Hospital. But besides 150 
 beds for cases of disease, this institution provides 
 accommodation of one kind or another for about 100 
 lunaucs and idiots, as well as for a small number of 
 aged and helpless individuals of both sexes. 
 
 On the several occasions of our visiting this insti- 
 tution, we found always three beds where two should 
 have barely been allowed, and we never saw any 
 attempt made at isolating infectious diseases. This 
 
72 
 
 was the case even in an epidemic of small-pox in the 
 winter of 1855 and 1856, which of course propagated 
 itself to all within its reach who were capable of 
 receiving it. We were assured, however, that the 
 mortality from beginning to end from this epidemic 
 had been very slight, and only amounted to three 
 deaths. We observed that the old-fashioned practice 
 of smearing the face with blue ointment was still con- 
 tinued in the case of small-pox patients. The phar- 
 macopoeia employed, and the language used for 
 prescriptions, was, though in a Greek hospital, Italian. 
 
 The parts of the building devoted to the reception 
 of cases of mental disease are a disgrace to a civilized 
 community, and it is as disgusting to remember as it 
 is useless to describe their condition. 
 
 The poor-house part of the institution is in a more 
 tolerable state, but leaves much to desire in the way 
 of cleanliness and increased accommodation. 
 
 The expenditure of the whole institution amounts 
 to 3,000/. per annum ; of this 600/. is annually 
 defrayed from the endowments it possesses, and the 
 deficiency is contributed from the common fund of 
 Seep. SG. the Tpotixtxi) Koivo'-nj?. To the institution are attached 
 one surgeon and one physician, and one resident 
 medical officer. The patients with mental diseases 
 are only occasionally inspected. The others are 
 visited daily at 8 A.M. 
 
 Armenian HOS- The Armenian Hospital partakes rather of the 
 character of a poor-house or refuge for the aged and 
 destitute than of that of a hospital properly so called. 
 As might have been expected from the comparatively 
 small numbers and easy circumstances of that mer- 
 cantile community, this institution was very nearly 
 empty when we visited it. It had from 20 to 30 
 inmates, but could accommodate from 100 to 120. 
 Jewish. The Jewish hospital is a quadrangular one-storied 
 
 building ; its rooms are mere cabins opening into a 
 corridor; they have wooden floors, but are totally 
 destitute of every other means and appliance ; they 
 have no beds and hardly any utensils for any purpose. 
 The patient lies in his own rugs on a mat upon the 
 . floor, frequently without even a water bottle, with or 
 without companions as it may chance. The same 
 
73 
 
 description will apply to the two Turkish hospitals at 
 Magnesia, both that for insane and that for sick 
 patients. 
 
 The English, Dutch, and French hospitals, are 
 each supported by their several governments, and 
 are devoted to the reception of the subjects of the 
 Power, who are generally sailors from the ships which 
 have arrived in the port. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 It is to the excellence of her port that Smyrna Advantages of 
 owes her repeated recovery from disasters which were the Port ' 
 sufficient to destroy for ever many of her neighbours 
 not so advantageously situated. There is deep water 
 along the whole length of the city, and ships can 
 anchor close to the quays and custom houses. Unlike 
 Alexandria and most of the other Levantine harbours, 
 the harbour of Smyrna is secure from sudden squalls, 
 and is of such extent that almost any conceivable 
 number of vessels may lie in it at one time and in 
 perfect safety. And secondly, it is the most con- 
 venient " scala" or shipping port for the three great 
 valleys of the Hermus (Magnesia), the Cayster 
 (Ephesus), and Maeander (Aidin), and is connected 
 by camel roads with all the principal towns of the 
 whole continent. Doubly favoured thus in its 
 geographical condition, Smyrna has been enabled to 
 flourish, in spite of bad governments and desolating 
 wars, and is and will in all likelihood continue an im- 
 portant centre for exportation. No ships, however, 
 are built at Smyrna, and her harbour does not pos- 
 sess a single dock of any description, though such a 
 convenience might, from the nature of the shore, be 
 provided at a comparatively trifling cost. 
 
 Every article of export, whether of raw produce, of Tax on Ex- 
 which nature the great mass of export is, or manu- portSt 
 factured goods, as silk or carpets, pays duty to the 
 enormous extent of 22 per cent. This monstrous 
 and impolitic tax is thus raised, 10 per cent, is paid 
 as excise by all produce on the spot where it is pro- 
 
74 
 
 duced ; 9 per cent, further is paid on all goods on 
 their being deposited in the custom house, and 3 per 
 cent, more on being shipped. 
 
 On imports. The country whose exports can bear up against 
 such taxation as this must possess great facilities for 
 production. The taxes borne by imports are, how- 
 ever, much more moderate, and amount in all only 
 to 5 per cent., 3 of which is paid by the custom 
 house and 2 by the retailer, and there are no differen- 
 tial duties. 
 
 Catalogue By reference to the resume of exports and imports 
 
 (on the next page) for 1855, it will be seen that 
 England both exports and imports more than any 
 other country ; that Austria, and the German and 
 Swiss States, come next to her in these points, as also 
 in the number and tonnage of their shipping at this 
 port ; that, not considering the Turkish ports, France 
 and the United States come next ; and, fifth in rank, 
 Holland, whose commerce here is but the shadow of 
 what it was. 
 
 figs. Figs are exported in larger quantity for America 
 
 than for English consumption, but those intended for 
 the English market are of a finer quality. A con- 
 siderable quantity of the figs intended for America 
 are shipped on board the Liverpool line of steamers 
 for England, and are subsequently transhipped at that 
 port. The certainty and expedition of this route to 
 America has begun to cause a diminution in the 
 number of clippers employed in the fruit trade between 
 America and Asia Minor. 
 
 Opium. Opium was exported to "America in a somewhat 
 
 larger quantity than to England, 278 cases, value 
 3,000,010 piastres, having gone to America, 267 
 cases, value 2,882,265 piastres, having gone to 
 England. A considerable quantity of opium is ex- 
 ported to China and the East Indies by the overland 
 route; in the year 1854 as much as 724 cases. 
 
 Carpets. England takes more than two-thirds of the carpets 
 
 manufactured in Anatolia. These carpets are made 
 in the interior, and by the aid of very simple ma- 
 chinery, manual labour entering largely into the 
 . means employed. Women and children work the 
 carpets ; the dyeing is done by men. Orders are 
 
75 
 
 COMMERCE OF SMYRNA FOR THE YEAR 1855. 
 The million of piastres = 8,000/. 
 The pound sterling = 129 to 130 piastres. 
 In the year 1855 goods were imported into Piastres. 
 
 Smyrna of the value of - 257,004,700 
 
 In the same year goods were exported from 
 
 Smyrna of the value of - 284,957,026 
 
 The whole value of exports and imports - 541,058,726 
 
 
 
 Piastres. 
 
 Piastres. 
 
 
 
 The imports were from 
 
 
 
 Exports to 
 
 England - - in value 
 
 80,105,328 
 
 83,447,620 
 
 England. 
 
 Austria, Germany. 
 
 
 
 Austria, Germany, 
 
 Switzerland - 
 
 55,654,130 
 
 26,990,440 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 France - - 
 
 31,912,790 
 
 26,430,750 
 
 France. 
 
 United States - 
 
 19,434,550 
 
 24,895,520 
 
 United States 
 
 Holland - 
 
 10,520,140 
 
 2,604,780 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Piedmont - 
 
 999,550 
 
 2,888,350 
 
 Piedmont. 
 
 Tuscany - 
 Malta 
 Different places - 
 
 2,406,260 
 1,903,120 
 5,448,140 
 
 767,700 
 4,960,980 
 8,636,660 
 
 Tuscany. 
 Malta. 
 Different places. 
 
 Turkish ports - 
 
 48,617,800 
 
 105,330,120 
 
 Turkish ports. 
 
 Total imports - 
 
 257,004,700 
 
 284,057,020 
 
 Total exports. 
 
 The English imports were coals, linen, iron, indigo, stuffs, hard- 
 ware, other goods as manufactured hemp. 
 
 French. Coffee, fezes, hats, nails, woollens, watches, precious 
 stones, wrought hides, warm stuffs, paper, salted fish, hard- 
 ware, silks. 
 
 Austrian. Woodware, coffee, hemp, woollens, warm stuffs from 
 Switzerland, paper, hardware. 
 
 United States. Woven goods, coffee, flour, salted fish, hardware, 
 rum, brandy, sugar, tobacco. 
 
 The goods exported from Smyrna were figs, raisins, madder, 
 valonea, galls, gums, opium, hides, leeches, silk, and carpets. 
 
 From the more detailed tables given in the Appendix for Details from 
 the commerce of the year 1854, we extract this list : Appendix, 
 
 pp. 89. 
 
 1854. 
 
 Piastres. 
 
 Piastres. 
 
 
 
 Export of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madder - total value 
 Valonea - 
 
 18,497,970 
 17,512,270 
 
 18,133,270 
 15,300,850 
 
 = value to England alone 
 
 Figs - 
 
 13,225,100 
 
 5,421,800 
 
 
 
 Raisins - 
 
 17,943,350 
 
 5,330,000 
 
 
 
 Opium - ,, 
 
 13,271,510 
 
 2,882,265 
 
 
 
 Sponges - 
 
 4,313,500 
 
 3,436,000 
 
 
 
 Carpets - 
 
 3,844,600 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 
 
 Sorted gums 
 
 3,139,700 
 
 1,093,500 
 
 
 " 
 
 The articles in this list are the principal articles of export to 
 England. It will be observed, that nearly the whole of the 
 madder and valonea exported went to England alone. The pick- 
 ing, sorting, and packing of these two articles of trade occupies 
 a large number of hands in Smyrna. 
 
76 
 
 given by an agent, and it is generally necessary for 
 him, on account of the poverty of the workers, to 
 advance a considerable sum of money to enable them 
 to purchase materials. As much as two-thirds of 
 the entire value of the carpet is thus advanced, some- 
 times, previous to its completion. In some of the 
 villages where this branch of industry is carried on 
 the work-people can make carpets of one pattern 
 only, but there are other villages in which numerous 
 patterns are worked. As regards the dyeing of the 
 carpet, the red colour in the Turkey carpet is gene- 
 rally, and ought to be always, produced by madder. 
 Logwood is also employed, and cochineal, but where 
 the latter dye is made use of the colour of the carpet 
 is apt to fade. Blue comes from the indigo, and the 
 yellow from the yellow Persian berries. By a refer- 
 ence to the tables of exports it will be seen that 
 carpets, silk, paper, and spun cotton are the only 
 manufactured articles the list contains ; and though 
 the silk manufactures cannot be said to be in a 
 declining condition, the carpet manufacture is the 
 only one which has made some advances within the 
 last few years. At the present time the carpet manu- 
 facture of f Anatolia is competing successfully with 
 that of Persia. 
 
 Stft. Much of the silk exported from Smyrna is brought 
 
 from Brusa and other places, at a distance of some 
 days' journey into the interior ; but much has been 
 within the last few years manufactured in Smyrna 
 itself, in an extensive establishment, said, indeed, to 
 be one of the largest of the kind in the world, the 
 result of the enterprise of a French merchant of 
 Lyons. 
 
 Com Trade. In the year 1 854 the value of the corn exported to 
 European and Turkish ports was as much in value 
 as 4,563,850 piastres ; and nearly half as much as 
 this quantity was consumed in the making of biscuit 
 for the allied armies. Barley to the value of 162,050 
 piastres was exported to England alone within the 
 same year. Owing to these circumstances the price 
 of provisions rose 60 per 100 as compared with the 
 average prices of the preceding years. Considerable 
 quantities of corn were shipped for England in the 
 early part of the year 1855, but towards the end of 
 
the summer of that year, the exportation of corn 
 was prohibited, save to Turkish ports ; and this 
 branch of trade, in consequence, fell into abeyance 
 until the proclamation of peace, since which time it 
 has again been resumed. The French Government 
 had a biscuit bakery constantly at work in Smyrna 
 so long as the war lasted. 
 
 We may remark, that though the export of hares', Fur Trade, 
 foxes', goats', and lambs' skins is considerable from 
 this pott, none of the finer furs are native to the 
 country, and that most of the fur which is so largely 
 worn by the Orientals as to be almost a distinctive 
 article of their dress, is imported from America. 
 
 The history of coffee here is an analogous one. It Coffee. 
 is universally drunk by the poorest Anatolian, often 
 almost to the exclusion of any other beverage. It is 
 yet an exotic ; consumed in the wildest and remotest 
 districts of Asia Minor, it is produced in the West 
 Indies. 
 
 The total amount of olive oil exported from a 
 country most favourable to the growth, and covered 
 with multitudes of the trees, was, in 1854, only 1,718 
 quintals, value 452,600 piastres ; of this none went 
 either to England or France. The latter country, 
 indeed, imports oil into Asia Minor for culinary pur- 
 poses, the exotic product, by a most complete inver- 
 sion of the natural order of things, thus superseding 
 the native in its own country. The difficulties of the 
 transport affect injuriously the quality of the oil, by 
 necessitating the salting of the olive, and thus intro- 
 ducing impurities into the oil. Enterprise would find* 
 a field in this as well as in the opium and grape and 
 wine trades of this country. 
 
 Drugs. 
 
 Note de Drogues du Levant. 
 
 Opium, l re qualite, un morceau 
 
 2nde 
 
 
 3 me 
 ?> }> 
 
 Salep, l re 
 
 PIASTRES. 
 200 
 
 2 nde 
 
 Carried forward 215 
 
78 
 
 PIASTRES. 
 
 Brought forward - 215 
 Mastic 95 
 
 Lotor - -" 
 
 Amadou ---- 
 
 Grains Jaunes 
 
 Radix Saponaria - - - - ^ 40 
 
 Thus Encens, Egypt. 
 
 Latron Soda 
 
 Gomme Sandraque (Caramanie) -J 
 
 Gomme Adraganth (sic) en feuilles, -\ 
 
 l re qualite - - - I 4 , 
 
 Idem, 2 nde qualite - ( 
 
 Idem, naturelle, non travaillee - J 
 Galle, noir - o 
 
 vert V 10 
 
 blanche - - - -J 
 
 394 -i = i()8 
 Brokerage - 58 . 50 j piastres. 
 
 452.50 
 
 We have here given a list of the drugs which were 
 to be found in the drug market of Smyrna in the 
 spring of 1856. We have given this list in the shape 
 of the bill unaltered, as presented to us by the broker 
 (" fieo-mjr," "courtier") we employed, for large speci- 
 mens of all these drugs, and for his own labour in 
 purchasing them, as such a document may be of 
 service to any one who wishes to make a similar col- 
 lection on the same spot. This list is by no means 
 co-extensive with the number of drugs to be found in 
 the markets of Smyrna, still less with the multitude 
 whose traditional commercial source is there. Having 
 repeatedly surveyed the market, we directed no speci- 
 mens to be taken of the drugs imported by sea, such 
 as the sulphate of iron and the sal ammoniac from 
 England, the senna from Egypt, or the gum benzoin, 
 of such as the ruddle and other native products, 
 which, though indigenous and plentiful, were of no 
 pharmaceutical importance. We were not able to 
 procure any specimens of the foetid gum resins, 
 ammoniacum, assafoetida, &c., which, though not pro- 
 duced in Anatolia, yet pass through it from Central 
 Asia, scammony was scarce at that season of the year, 
 and the liquid ^torax was not to be had in Smyrna. 
 
79 
 
 There is no opium grown within several days' Opium. 
 journey of Smyrna. It is incorrect, as we found by 
 inquiry on the spot, to say that it is grown near 
 Magnesia. We were assured when there that the 
 opium country was a long way further inland, and 
 the same answer was given to our inquiries when at 
 Aidin, a whole day's journey further from Smyrna 
 than Magnesia. Nor did we at either place observe 
 any of the plants growing. The name of the place 
 usually assigned as the source of opium by the dealers 
 is Kara Hissar, which is also sometimes called " Afium 
 Cara Hissar," or " Opium Cara Hissar." It is packed 
 in hampers of matting, which again are packed within 
 coarse haircloth, and it is thus transported on camels 
 from the place of growth. Whatever adulterations 
 it is subjected to, it undergoes previously to its arrival 
 in Smyrna ; when it arrives there it is unpacked in 
 the presence of an authorized person, and the process 
 of sorting commences. The opium is in cakelike 
 masses, seldom weighing more than 2 Ib. ; each mass 
 is enveloped in a dry leaf, and covered thickly with 
 the adherent achaenia of some species of dock. Lump 
 after lump is handed to the assayer, whose process is 
 more rough and empirical than any process in the How tested. 
 world which is exercised on objects of such value. 
 He seizes each lump as it is handed to him, and 
 plunges a knife into its substance ; then, according to 
 the odour evolved, to the appearance of its fracture, 
 to the presence or absence of cretaceous, gummy, or 
 amylaceous impurities, he tosses the lump, after one 
 instant's examination, into one or other of three heaps, 
 the first, second, and third qualities. The same 
 process is repeated upon the rest of the lumps, and 
 from beginning to end the knife is never wiped ; and 
 thus the test of smell, the most valuable criterion 
 furnished in the whole process, is rendered wholly 
 nugatory. It is obvious that the decisions passed 
 after such an examination as this must often be quite 
 other than the value, i.e. the per-centage of morphia 
 in each piece would warrant. 
 
 Scammony is produced in great quantities and in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of Smyrna. It is obtained 
 from the Convolvulus Scammonia, as it grows wild on 
 
80 
 
 the hills, its root is cut off in a slanting direction, so 
 that the juice gravitates as it exudes into a shell placed 
 beneath to receive it. This drug was exported to 
 England in 1854, to the extent in quantity of 2,4Q5 
 okes, and in value of 776,500 piastres'. We believe 
 that at present the difference between pure virgin and 
 unadulterated scammony is well known andappreciated 
 in England. We have been told by an English mer- 
 chant in Smyrna that, upon first commencing business 
 there, he collected, as anyone easily might, two boxes 
 of the gummy resinous exudation as pure as it could 
 possibly be, i. e. with the admixture of no other im- 
 purities than those which might happen to attach to 
 the gum in the course of exudation. These boxes he 
 sent to one of the largest drug depots in the United 
 Kingdom, and they were then returned to him as not 
 coming up to their standard of purity. He then added 
 to the two cases of pure scammony an equal quantity 
 of various other substances, other gums, as guiacum, 
 chalk, sand, &c., the sweepings in fact of a druggist's 
 shop ; and he avers that his four cases of adulterated 
 scammony were received as genuine by the very same 
 persons who had rejected his two cases when free from 
 all impurities. For the entire truth of this story we 
 are not ready to vouch, but it is abundantly certain 
 that nothing of even analogous import could happen 
 at present. 
 
 Salep is little if at all imported into England at 
 present ; it has been superseded there by arrowroot, 
 sago, and other such farinaceous articles in one direc- 
 tion, and by tea, coffee, &c. in another of the appli- 
 cations to which it was put. On the Continent it is 
 still much used. In Smyrna itself there is a large 
 consumption of it, and, when properly prepared, it is 
 as palatable, nutritious, and unirritating as any article 
 of the same class. Its use is not confined to the invalid, 
 though it forms an admirable article of diet for many 
 cases, and especially for those of bowel complaints, 
 but it is also extensively used as an article of daily 
 food. It is brought to Smyrna by camel caravans, and 
 is said to be grown in the table land of Central Asia. 
 Gum mastic. Great use is made in the Levant of mastic, and it is 
 
 much employed by the western dentist and varnisher. 
 
81 
 
 is the drug seen first and most frequently in the 
 markets of Smyrna as it is produced in Chios, of which 
 Smyrna is for a large portion of the year made prac- 
 tically the port, by the arrangements of the steam- 
 packet companies. Chewing mastic is one of the 
 methods by which the Turks of both sexes strive to 
 escape from the ennui of bodily and mental inaction, 
 and, by its property of becoming ductile and tenacious 
 when masticated, this otherwise brittle and transparent 
 gum is admirably fitted for the purpose. From time 
 immemorial it has been used as a dinner pill in Eng- 
 land, and it is the distinctive ingredient in the spiri- 
 tuous drink raki, so largely used and abused in 
 Anatolia, which is euphemistically called " mastica." 
 
 Amadou, when steeped in nitre, is used as tinder. Amadou. 
 but the flint and steel is rapidly falling into disuse, 
 being superseded, except in the opinion and employ- 
 ment of the caravan drivers, by the lucifer matches 
 which are abundantly imported from Austria. The 
 giant boletus, from which it is manufactured, is indi- 
 genous in the neighbourhood. 
 
 The Lotor, contained in the list, is a substance not Lotor. 
 unlike coarse canella, and it possesses strongly 
 astringent properties. But we were unable to obtain 
 in Smyrna any history of its origin or employment, 
 and a high authority to whom we have had recourse 
 in England was equally in the dark with ourselves. 
 
 Storax and Saponaria are exclusively sent to storax and 
 Austria. The Grains jaunes de Perse are to be ^ST 
 found in the English market, but are exclusively p. ni. 
 employed as dyeing substances. Leeches are reared Leeches. 
 in ponds just outside the town, and are brought 
 thither in leather bags from the interior for the most 
 part, though some are bred upon the spot. Con- 
 siderable difficulties beset this species of enterprise, 
 but we were informed by the owner, M. Moraitini, 
 an intelligent and courteous Greek merchant under 
 Austrian protection, that at length, by a constant 
 attention to the changing and purity of the water 
 in the several ponds, and to the supply of proper 
 food, he had succeeded in making his speculation 
 answer. The leech is exceedingly susceptible of 
 cold, and it is necessary to provide a thick bedding 
 of mosses and water weeds to cover the bottom of 
 
82 
 
 the ponds into which it is put. France and Austria 
 took more leeches than England, whose demand for 
 this article, M. Moraitini informed us, had somewhat 
 decreased of late. This fact may be explained by the 
 feeling which now exists in England pretty generally, 
 that too free a use has been and may be frequently 
 made of this article of the Materia Medica. Leeches 
 of a smaller size, and therefore lower price, were 
 required for the English market than by his customers 
 of other nations. They are sold on the spot by 
 weight, 500 gr. the oke,*4/. for 2 Ib. 
 
 Orpiment. There is much orpiment to be found in the 
 
 bazaars. It is said to come from Persia, and in 
 combination with caustic lime it forms a depilatory 
 powder much used by the Mussulman population. 
 
 There are three subjects in connexion with the 
 exports of Anatolia which yet remain to be noticed. 
 They are, the methods for conveyance of goods from 
 the interior to the towns on the seaboard, the places 
 for stowing away goods, and the shipping which 
 carries them to foreign lands, i.e., the roads, the 
 khans and warehouses, and the commercial marine. 
 
 i. Roads. The Turkish empire cannot be said to possess any 
 
 roads or ever to have made any, or even attempted 
 to preserve such as it found ready to its hand. Its 
 internal communications are tracks formed by the 
 passing traffic, uninterrupted where spared by the 
 mountain torrent, impassable occasionally when this 
 has not been the case, either covered with loose 
 stones of all sizes and shapes, or consisting of deep 
 and yielding sand. But it is not to be supposed 
 that this has always been the case in a country once 
 possessed by those greatest of road-makers, the 
 Romans. In the very heart of the country, while 
 toiling along a narrow, broken, and often dangerous 
 path, it is not uncommon for the traveller to come 
 upon a considerable stretch of broad stone-paved 
 road, which, like the legible fragments here and 
 there to be met with in a half destroyed manuscript, 
 makes one feel the more bitterly the loss entailed 
 upon us by the carelessness of man and the ravages 
 of the elements. The roads of all mountainous 
 countries are liable to be destroyed in places by 
 the heavy and sudden downfalls of rain incidental 
 
83 
 
 to such localities ; but besides this cause, another has 
 conspired even more effectually throughout Anatolia 
 to effect the destruction of its roads, viz., the practice 
 the Turk has of providing himself with hewn stone 
 for his own private purposes from whatever source 
 he can with least trouble to himself and regardless 
 of all other considerations. 
 
 The camel is the principal beast of burden em- Camels. 
 ployed in the transport of goods throughout Asia 
 Minor. The use of mules, asses, and horses is, 
 though not uncommon, yet much less widely dif- 
 fused. Wheel carriages are entirely unknown, and 
 with the roads in their present condition, they could 
 not be made use of. It is not unusual to meet a 
 string of as many as sixty or seventy camels all 
 heavily laden ; the whole procession under the care 
 of two or three men, and preceded almost invariably, 
 possibly to secure an equable rate of progress, by a 
 boy on a donkey, holding in one hand his own bridle, 
 and in the other the halter of the leading camel. 
 Three miles an hour is the usual rate of the camel 
 caravan. It is not common to see a camel without a 
 load, even when in a caravan bound inland. The 
 superstitious reverence which the Turk pays to some 
 of the lower animals, as, i.e. the stork, has been 
 interpreted by the passing observer as an exem- 
 plification of the character for kindness and humanity 
 to the brute creation which writers have been pleased 
 to attribute to that race. We have no hesitation in 
 saying that the Turk is to his beast a hard and bad 
 master, and that the unfortunate animal possessed by 
 him suffers as much as one possessed by one of the 
 lower orders in any other nation, not only from 
 habitual neglect, but from sudden outbursts of bru- 
 tality. It is a common thing to see a raw upon a 
 camel's back of six inches in diameter, and other 
 wounds elsewhere from the. friction of girths, &c. ; 
 and, as might be expected, it is also exceedingly 
 common to see a dead or dying camel lying by the 
 roadside surrounded by dogs. 
 
 The warehouses in which exports are stored pre- ii. Warehouses, 
 vious to being shipped do not differ in any impor- and 
 tant particular from similar establishments elsewhere. 
 
 F 2 
 
84 
 
 As buildings, they are generally long and lofty 
 arcades, with small windows let in at a considerable 
 height above the ground, and strong iron-plated doors, 
 which are regularly locked and barred at sundown. 
 
 The khan, as being an institution peculiar to the 
 east, and one possessing several points for commen- 
 dation, deserves a more lengthy description. The 
 architectural idea expressed in the khan seems, like 
 several other typical forms of eastern architecture, to 
 have been transplanted into European soil in the 
 middle ages, and to have served as a model for col- 
 legiate buildings. Both classes of building are 
 quadrangular, and both have one, or at most two 
 points of entry capable of being closed by strong 
 doors. The fountain in the centre, and the encir- 
 cling corridor, go further to complete the resemblance, 
 but the eastern building has seldom if ever more than 
 two stories, and the corridor runs round the upper 
 as well as the lower of them. All round each of the 
 corridors are small rooms with very strong doors, 
 small windows, and a raised dais to spread the tra- 
 vellers' carpets and other sleeping apparatus upon, 
 and generally for the upper story lofty dome-shaped 
 roofs, whose external appearance reminds one, strangely 
 enough, of the manufactories in England where sub- 
 limation is carried on. The ground floor range is 
 seldom employed as a sleeping place, though fre- 
 quently as offices for the sale, and generally as 
 depositories for the keeping of goods. Any traveller 
 can enter this building, and on paying a trifling sum 
 (45 piastres per month) can occupy one of these 
 small and strong rooms, the key of which is handed 
 over to him. From the moment of his entering the 
 khan to the moment of his leaving it, his own 
 expenses are within his own control, and he is as 
 independent as if he were still in his own dwelling in 
 the country. Coffee he can procure from the cafejee, 
 who occupies a small room looking into the archway 
 of the entrance, and analogous in position and other 
 respects to the porter's lodge of the European col- 
 lege. Bread, meat, and charcoal for firing, he must 
 purchase for himself without the walls, but stabling, 
 straw, and barley for his beasts of burden are pro- 
 
85 
 
 vided for them within the khan. Within the four 
 walls of his room the merchant from the interior has 
 his goods, if they are in small compass, placed with 
 him, and all the functions of his public and private 
 life alike will be carried on within the same area. If 
 his goods are bulky, the lower story has generally 
 ample room for stowage. 
 
 Merchants resident in the towns often make u^e of Khans used as 
 the rooms in a khan as offices, whither they repair ^ ces ' 
 during the day for the transaction of business. The 
 Persian merchants have an entire khan appropriated 
 to their exclusive use, and their representative or 
 consul has within its precincts a court for deciding all 
 disputes that may arise between its occupants. 
 
 Some of these buildings are occupied by resident Khans used as 
 artisans, the poorer ones living entirely in the khans, shcps ' 
 the richer taking the room as a cheaply-rented shop. 
 One khan is entirely occupied by shoemakers, the 
 aggregation of dealers in the same wares serving here 
 as in the bazaars to keep all parties informed as to 
 the passing value of any article for the time being, in 
 default of any more refined method of attaining the 
 same end. 
 
 Lines of steamers of the three nations Austria, m. steamers. 
 France, and England call regularly at Smyrna, and 
 it is seldom that a less number than two or three 
 steamers is to be seen in the harbour at any one 
 time. Every merchant steamer carrying either the 
 Austrian or the French flag which came into Smyrna 
 during our sojourn there of more than a year was 
 with the exception of an occasional French transport, 
 either in the Austrian Lloyd or the Messageries 
 Imperiales Company. Both these companies are French and 
 richly endowed by their respective governments, and Austriait - 
 the latter of the two has for some time carried the Eng- 
 lish mails, but, as a rule, their boats are ill-appointed 
 and unpunctual, and they are small, brig-rigged, and 
 propelled by paddles in the immense majority of 
 cases. Each of these companies sends two boats to 
 Smyrna every week one from Constantinople and 
 one from the West ; and fortnightly each company 
 has a line running to Alexandria, the boats of which 
 call here also. Though these steam companies aim 
 
86 
 
 especially at securing passenger traffic, they neverthe- 
 less afford considerable facilities for shipping cargo, 
 and goods of all kinds are weekly exported and 
 imported by their agency. 
 
 English. There are several lines of steam-ships between 
 
 Smyrna and Liverpool, but no mail is carried by any 
 of the English ships. These ships are all, without 
 exception, propelled by the screw ; the majority are 
 barque and a few ship rigged. Their average tonnage 
 is much larger than that of the other two lines, and 
 they direct their attention to the securing of good 
 freights rather than passengers, who, though well pro- 
 vided for in other respects, might be inconvenienced 
 in these boats by the long stay which their waiting 
 for cargo sometimes entails upon them in Smyrna 
 and Alexandria. The Liverpool ships generally go to 
 Constantinople first, and having discharged cargo 
 there, they return to Smyrna. If they succeed in get- 
 ting a full cargo there they return direct to Eng- 
 land; but if not, they go round by Alexandria. 
 Besides the English lines belonging to English houses, 
 there is also, as already mentioned, a line of English 
 steam-ships in the employ of a company of Greek 
 and Armenian merchants. Though there is no 
 regular line of steam communication between Smyrna 
 and London, yet this means of intercourse between 
 the two places does exist, and about once every 
 month a steamer sails direct for London. 
 
 Sailing ships. This profuse supply of steam ships has begun to 
 affect the interests of sailing vessels engaged in the 
 Smyrna trade. A good average passage for a sailing 
 vessel, when favoured by the wind, from England to 
 Smyrna, may be estimated at thirty days ; it is not 
 unfrequently done in less time ; and we have heard 
 of an instance in which a ship arrived in Smyrna in 
 twenty-one days after leaving Cardiff. But these are 
 all voyages performed under favourable conditions, and 
 these favourable conditions are very frequently want- 
 ing. The Liverpool steamers will, under the most 
 unfavourable circumstances, reach Liverpool within 
 seventeen days from the date of their leaving Smyrna. 
 It is obvious that sailing vessels must compete with 
 great disadvantage with these steamers, in all cases 
 
87 
 
 where certainty and expedition are required ; and in 
 the fruit trade it is said that steam will at no distant 
 period enjoy almost a monopoly in freights. The 
 merchant in America finds it answer his purpose 
 better in many cases to have his cargo of figs shipped 
 in a steamer at Smyrna for Liverpool, and subse- 
 quently trans-shipped at the latter port, than to have 
 them brought direct without any trans-shipment in a 
 sailing ship from Smyrna to America. The same 
 causes will operate still more powerfully upon the 
 European fruit ships. In fact, the peculiarities of the 
 Mediterranean navigation seem to require steam more 
 than most other seas. The Mediterranean possesses 
 no trade winds, and is, on the contrary, especially 
 liable to sudden changes and dead calms. Schooners 
 and brigs were the favourite class of vessels employed 
 in the Smyrna fruit trade, but within the last few 
 years a somewhat higher style of vessel has been 
 introduced for this purpose. 
 
 The tonnage of English steamers which entered Ush ship ~ 
 the port of Smyrna was : 
 
 In 1854, 31,580. The number was 52. 
 In 1855, 46,868. 
 
 The tonnage of English sailing vessels which entered 
 the port of Smyrna was : 
 
 In 1854, 28,923. The number was 118. 
 In 1855, 28,611. 
 
 The commerce of Smyrna represented the sum in 
 piastres : 
 
 In 1854 of 136,191,140 piastres. 
 In 1855 of 257,001,700 piastres. 
 
 The increase in the commerce is accompanied by a 
 proportionate increase in the tonnage of the principal 
 carrying marine ; and from the amount of tonnage 
 that marine possesses in these parts, it will be seen 
 that, though the " Levant Company " and " Smyrna 
 Fleet " are now, as names, merely historical and of the 
 past, the realities they represented are in as vigorous 
 an existence as ever. 
 
88 
 
 In conclusion, I must make full acknowledgments 
 to J. W. Hulke, Esq., of King's College, and to 
 Messrs. Wilkinson, Eddowes, and Atkinson, late my 
 colleagues at Smyrna. They collected much infor- 
 mation upon several of the subjects treated of in this 
 report, and most liberally placed it at my disposal. 
 Though they are not to be held responsible for any 
 statement which this report may contain, they are 
 well entitled to share in any credit which may accrue 
 to it. 
 
 Lastly, it is due to myself to say, that I am as well 
 acquainted as any one else can be with the numerous 
 shortcomings and deficiencies of this report, and that, 
 though some might, many also could not have been 
 supplied by greater diligence on my part. 
 
 GEORGE ROLLESTON,. M.B.,M.A., 
 
 . Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, and late 
 Assistant Physician to the British Civil 
 Hospital at Smyrna. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE OF EXPORTS FROM SMYRNA FOR 1854. 
 
 
 
 Piastres. 
 
 Madder Roots | 
 Almonds 
 
 Quantity, total - - Quintals 72,628 
 Quantity, to England - 71,225 
 Quantity, total - 250 
 
 Value, total - 18,497,970 
 Value to England 18,133,270 
 Value, total - 114,980 
 
 
 Quantity, total - - Kilos 94,301 
 
 Value, total - 4,563,850 
 
 Corn - - -[ 
 
 Quantity, to England - 23,290 
 
 Value, to U. K. - 861,800 
 
 Bronze - 
 
 Quantity, total - Quintals 77 
 
 Value, total - 36,300 
 
 
 Quantity, total 36,230 
 
 Value, total - 3,157,580 
 
 Rags - -{ 
 
 Quantity to England - 2,110 
 
 Value to England 145,700 
 
 Yellow "Wax 
 
 Quantity, total 2,175 
 
 Value, total - 1,998,820 
 
 Cocoons 
 
 Quantity, total - - 517. 
 
 Value, total - 1,118,600 
 
 Cottons, raw 
 
 Quantity, total - 870 
 
 Value, total - 219,340 
 
 Cottons, spun, Anatolia 
 Chrcmate of Iron 
 
 Quantity, total - - 626 
 All for England, from Izmid 11,808 
 
 Value, total - 268,650 
 Value - - 416,400 
 
 Old Copper 
 
 Quantity, total - - 1,248 
 
 Value, total - 685,908 
 
 
 Quantity, total - 44,950 
 
 Value, total - 2,257,250 
 
 Emery - - -| 
 
 Quantity to England - 38,360 
 
 Value to England 1,926,250 
 
 Sponges - | 
 Otto of Roses - - { 
 
 Quantity, total Bags and Cases 2,817 
 Quantity to England 1,715 
 Quantity, total - 32,500 
 Quantity to England 18,300 
 
 Value, total - 4,313,400 
 Value to England 3,436,000 
 Value, total - 552,600 
 Value to England 290,000 
 
 t 
 
 Quantity, total - - Quintals 53,060 
 
 Value, total - 13,225,100 
 
 Pigs - -( 
 
 Quantity to England - 18,070 
 
 Value to England 5,421,000 
 
 Olive Oil 
 
 Quantity, total - - 1,718 
 
 Value, total - 452,600 
 
 Dried Pruits [ 
 
 Quantity, total - - 2,223 
 Quantity to England 940 
 
 Value, total - 446,500 
 Value to England 235,000 
 
 < 
 
 Quantity, total - . - 10,131 
 
 Value, total - 4,168,970 
 
 Galls - - -| 
 
 Quantity to England 1,571 
 
 Value to England 643,810 
 
 Sorted Gums - - j 
 
 Quantity, total - - 2,863 
 Quantity to England - 998 
 
 Value, total - 3,139,700 
 Value to England 1,093,500 
 
 Dried Vegetables 
 Maize - 
 
 Quantity, total - - Kilos 21,944 
 Quantity, total - - 22,471 
 
 Value, total - 627,520 
 Value, total - 573,010 
 
 
 Quantity, total - - 6,395 
 
 Value, total - 774,540 
 
 Nuts - -| 
 
 Quantity to England - 5,311 
 
 Value to England 677,510 
 
 c 
 
 Quantity, total - - Cases 1,538 
 
 Value, total - 13,271,510 
 
 Opium -j 
 
 Quantity to England - 267 
 Quantity, total - - Kilos 162,050 
 
 Value to England 2,882,265 
 Value, total - 3,060,230 
 
 Barley - - -i 
 
 Quantity to England 52,450 
 
 Value to England 162,050 
 
 Bones - -| 
 Paper from Smyrna - 
 
 Quantity, total - - 13,020 
 Quantity to England - 12,640 
 Quantity, total - Bales and Cases 808 
 
 Value, total - 186,370 
 Value to England 177,860 
 Value, total - 843,700 
 
 Dry Ox Hides - 
 
 Quantity, total - - Quintals 3,738 
 
 Value, total - 956,980 
 
 Lambs and Goats'Hides 
 
 Quantity, total - - Bales 887 
 Quantity to England - 830 
 
 Value, total - 1,015,500 
 Value to England 949,500 
 
 (" 
 
 Quantity, total 98,670 
 
 Value, total - 9,404,250 
 
 r Red - - ^ 
 
 Quantity to England - 41,060 
 
 Value, total - 3,895,000 
 
 K*. Black { 
 
 Quantity, total 98,056 
 Quantity to England - ,, 8,900 
 
 Value, total - 4,906,000 
 Value to England 445,000 
 
 
 Quantity, total 13,014 
 
 Value, total - 3,573,000 
 
 1. Sultanas - \ 
 
 Quantity to England 3,600 
 
 Value to England 990,000 
 
 Hare Skins 
 
 Quantity, total - - Bales 383 
 
 Value, total - 1,046,100 
 
 Radix Saponaria 
 
 Quantity, total - - Quintals 137 
 
 Value, total - 45,910 
 
 Salep 
 
 Quantity, total 137 
 
 Value, total - 91,300 
 
 Leeches - - -| 
 
 Quantity, total - - Okes 1,502 
 Quantity to England 5 
 
 Value, total - 1,384,150 
 Value to England 4,750 
 
 Scammony - - 1 
 
 Quantity, total 3,270 
 Quantity to England - 2,495 
 
 Value, total - 997,050 
 Value to England 776,500 
 
 Silk 
 
 Quantity, total - - Quintals 483 
 
 Value, total - 2,806,700 
 
 Storax - 
 
 Quantity, total - 139 
 
 Value total - 76,450 
 
 Carpets, Anatolia - ( 
 
 Quantity, total 1,048 
 Quantity to England - 596 
 
 Value, total - 3,844,600 
 Value to E ngland 2,300,000 
 
 Valonea - - j 
 
 Quantity, total - 243.999 
 Quantity to England - 218,674 
 
 Value, total - 17,512,270 
 Value to England 15,350,850 
 
 Box Wood - [ 
 
 Quantity, total 26,826 
 Quantity to England - 12,785 
 
 Value, total - 858,110 
 Value to E ngl and 436,350 
 
90 
 
 THERMOMETEICAL REGISTER. 
 
 March 6 - 
 
 March 7 
 
 
 { 
 f' 
 
 5 P.M. 
 
 7.15A.M. 
 
 12.45 P.M. 
 5.15 P.M. 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 12.45P.M. 
 5.45 P.M. 
 
 
 March 12 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 6.45 P.M. 
 9.15 P.M. 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 12 
 5.15 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 
 
 --{ 
 
 -{ 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 12.45 P.M. 
 5.45P.M. 
 
 March 14 - 7.30A.M. 
 March 15 - 11. P.M. 
 
 March 16 
 
 March 18 - 
 
 March 19 - 
 
 March 20 - 
 
 March 22 - 
 
 March 23 
 
 March 24 
 
 ]\Jarch25 
 
 March 26 
 
 4.0 P.M. 
 
 f 8.0 A.M. 
 
 -<> 1.0 P.M. 
 UO.O P.M. 
 
 f 8.0 A.M. 
 
 ~\ 2.30P.M. 
 I. 8.30P.M. 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 
 J 11.0 A.M. 
 
 ] 4.45P.M. 
 L S.SOp.M. 
 
 Degrees. 
 60 
 
 58 ^ Forenoon sunny ; wind and 
 60 > rain in afternoon, with thun- 
 60 J der and lightning. 
 
 59 "^ 
 
 ~~ I Stormy, thunder and lightning, 
 
 ~q t and rain till late. 
 
 ^g c Lightning and thunder in morn- 
 ^Y < ing ; rain till afternoon ; rain 
 L in night. 
 
 > Fine day ; no rain. 
 
 I Rain with gusts of wind in 
 \ afternoon ; thunder and rain 
 
 61 
 
 58i 
 
 58i 
 
 58- ) 
 
 , 2 > at night, with much wind. 
 
 59 ^ 
 
 I Rain, much wind, and heavy 
 
 / 
 
 59 } 
 
 60 J-Rain. 
 59 J 
 
 58 Heavy rain in the night. 
 
 55 Heavy rain all day. 
 
 55J- "1 Forenoon sunny ; afternoon 
 
 54 / one or two heavy showers. 
 
 55 2 | Fine clear day. 
 
 - Fine day. 
 
 - Fine day. 
 
 - Fine day. 
 58 Fine day. 
 
 /TO - 
 
 I., > Fine weather. 
 
 D 1 J 
 
 g4 I The warmest day yet ; fine all 
 62 / da y- 
 
 60-^ i 
 
 grj I Very hot; no rain for some 
 
 65 4 J days ; sundown 6.0 P.M. 
 
 63jh 
 
 69 (Hot; no rain; sirocco for last 
 
 ^0 f 
 68 ) 
 
 two days. 
 
91 
 
 Degrees. 
 March 27 8.0 A.M. 65 No rain ; hot. 
 
 March 28 -{^** 
 
 fiftl >Hot ; no rain. 
 
 
 f 8.0 A.M. 
 
 I 12 30 P M 
 March 29 < o'/ir 
 
 >V. 9.30P.M. 
 
 40 -\ 
 
 fi7 
 ^ >Hot ; no wind ; no rain, 
 bo ( 
 
 66 J 
 
 
 r 6.45A.M. 
 
 1 9.0 A.M. 
 
 Ci 30 -< 10.30A.M. 
 I 6.0 P.M. 
 ( 10.50P.M. 
 
 65 ^ 
 65 
 654 f No wind nor rain. 
 65 
 641 J 
 
 
 r 9.0 A.M. 
 
 10.20A.M. 
 
 March 31 -J g'Jj) 
 
 63 4 j 
 
 66 I xr j 
 P fii >No wind, no rain. 
 
 
 5.30 P.M. 
 .8.20 P.M. 
 
 66 2 I 
 64 ) 
 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 A ! , J H.30A.M. 
 
 "S 3.30P.M. 
 I 5.45P.M. 
 
 >No rain, cooliner wind. 
 60^ | 
 
 
 {8.0 A.M. 
 11.0 A.M. 
 3.10P.M. 
 6.0 P.M. 
 10.25P.M. 
 
 60 \ 
 
 64 J >No rain. 
 64 
 631 I 
 
 
 r 6.30A.M. 
 A ., J 7.55A.M. 
 April 3 -1 2.55P.M. 
 
 I 7.30P.M. 
 
 60 -\ 
 
 63 (Cloudy morning ; rain in 
 64 [ shower. 
 621 J 
 
 slight 
 
 April 4 - 7.45A.M. 
 
 62 No rain. 
 
 
 {1.0 P.M. 
 6.0 P.M. 
 8.10P.M. 
 
 64 
 61 
 61 
 
 
 {8.0 A.M. 
 11.15A.M. 
 2.0 P.M. 
 6.0 P.M. 
 8.30P.M. 
 
 61 
 63 
 64 
 
 641 
 631 
 
 
 f 6.0 A.M. 
 A 'I T J 7.15A.M. 
 
 April 7 -^ x pM 
 I 6.0 P.M. 
 
 63 
 63 
 66 
 65 
 
 
 A -i o r 7 o A.M. 
 
 Aiml 8 - < , , ^ 
 
 r Cloudy in morning ; rain in 
 64-lJ afternoon; lightning and 
 
 63 ) thunder and heavy rain at 
 night. 
 

 
 92 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 {7.15A.M. 
 
 63 N 
 
 
 8.30A.M. 
 
 611 
 
 April 9 
 
 11.0 JL.M. 
 
 12.45P.M. 
 
 63 ^ Heavy rain and thunder, and 
 63^ | intervals of sunshine. 
 
 
 3.45P.M. 
 
 64" 
 
 
 11.30P.M. 
 
 61 J 
 
 
 f 7. 45A.M. 
 
 62 -v 
 
 
 12.30P.M. 
 
 63 J 
 
 April 10 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 63 > Heavy rain and wind. 
 
 
 6.15P.M. 
 
 6U 
 
 
 8.30P.M. 
 
 61 J 
 
 April 11 
 
 6.30A.M. 
 
 601 Heavy rain. 
 
 
 r 9.30A.M. 
 
 60^ 
 
 April 12 
 
 J 11.30A.M. 
 
 ) 2.30P.M. 
 
 QQ J>Very heavy rain and wind. 
 
 
 I 6.0 P.M. 
 
 58 J 
 
 
 r 7.30A.M. 
 
 57 -| 
 
 April 13 
 
 -1 12.30P.M. 
 L 5.0 P.M. 
 
 561 Y Cloudy. 
 55| J 
 
 April 14 
 
 C 7-10A.M. 
 
 -{ 1.40P.M. 
 I 4.30P.M. 
 
 57 ^ 
 
 60 > Sunshine, gentle breeze. 
 621 J 
 
 April 15 
 
 /12.0 
 I 6.20P.M. 
 
 $} Sunny. 
 
 
 r 7.15A.M. 
 
 581 
 
 April 16 
 
 J 12.0 
 ] 3 . 30 P.M. 
 
 59" 
 60 
 
 
 L 9.40 P.M. 
 
 58 
 
 
 r 7.30 A.M. 
 
 58 
 
 April 17 
 
 J 1.0 P.M. 
 
 ~\ 4.45P.M. 
 
 59^ 
 60 
 
 
 1 10. 15 P.M. 
 
 58 
 
 April 18 
 
 f 8.0 A.M. 
 
 -\ 12.0 
 
 I 7.0 P.M. 
 
 584 
 
 591 
 59 
 
 
 C 8.30 A.M. 
 
 581 
 
 April 19 
 
 -^ 1.0 P.M. 
 
 60-1 
 
 
 UO.O P.M. 
 
 58j 
 
 April 20 
 
 r 6.45A.M.. 
 112.0 
 
 571 
 59 
 
 
 r 7.15A.M. 
 
 57 
 
 April 21 
 
 J 12.0 
 m \ 7.0 P.M. 
 
 59 
 61 
 
 
 UO.dOp.ic. 
 
 60 
 
 April 22 
 
 r 7.30A.M. 
 J 2.0 P.M. 
 '\ 7.0 P.M. 
 
 1 10.0 P.M. 
 
 59 
 611 
 611 
 
93 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 April 23 
 
 {6.30A.M. 
 8.0 A.M. 
 1.20P.M. 
 9.15P.M. 
 
 591 
 60 
 611 
 
 
 {7.0 A.M. 
 
 59| 
 
 
 9.0 A.M. 
 
 60} 
 
 April 24 
 
 10.45A.M. 
 
 60 
 
 
 2.0 P.M. 
 
 61 
 
 
 6.30P.M. 
 
 601 
 
 
 (- 7.10A.M. 
 
 ef 
 
 April 25 
 
 J 10.30A.M. 
 ") 1.0 P.M. 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 
 I 3.40P.M. 
 
 63 
 
 April 26 
 
 {7 . 30 A.M. 
 12.30P.M. 
 5.15 P.M. 
 
 60 
 62 2 
 
 
 r 8.20A.M. 
 
 61 
 
 April 27 
 
 J 11.15A.M. 
 "S 1.0 P.M. 
 
 61 
 61 
 
 
 I 6.45 P.M. 
 
 60 
 
 April 28 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 
 J 1.0 P.M. 
 
 "\ 6.10P.M. 
 
 Lii.o P.M. 
 
 601 
 591 
 60 
 57 
 
 April 29 
 
 r 7.45A.M. 
 I 1.30P.M. 
 
 59 
 601 
 
 April 30 
 
 r 9.0 A.M. 
 -1 2.30P.M. 
 Lll.O P.M. 
 
 61 ^| 
 62 >Hot, sunny. 
 61 J 
 
 May 1 
 
 r 8.20A.M. 
 
 -1 1.15P.M. 
 
 111. 30 P.M. 
 
 651 VHot, sunny. 
 61 J 
 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 
 62 -) 
 
 May 2 
 
 J 1.30P.M. 
 ) 5.15P.M. 
 
 63 1 Cloudy and showery, rain and 
 63^- i wind. 
 
 
 111. 30P.M. 
 
 63" J 
 
 May 3 
 
 r 7 45 A.M. 
 "112. 35 P.M. 
 
 631 } Bright sunny day. 
 
 May 4 
 
 r 10.30A.M. 
 -/ 7.0 P.M. 
 111. 30 P.M. 
 
 64 "i 
 
 6 g ^ Sunny clear day and moonlight 
 
 65 J ni ht - 
 
 May 5 
 
 (- 8.0 A.M. 
 
 J 12.30P.M. 
 ") 5.30P.M. 
 111. 30 P.M. 
 
 66 ^ 
 
 68 ( 
 69 >Sunnyday. 
 
 68 J 
 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 67 
 
 
 11.30A.M. 
 
 701 
 
 May 6 
 
 12.30P.M. 
 
 71 
 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 73J 
 
 
 10.30P.M. 
 
 69 
 
94 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 C 8.0 A.M. 
 
 691 
 
 May 7 
 
 J 10.20A.M. 
 
 "S 7.0 P.M. 
 
 701 
 721 
 
 
 Ul.O P.M. 
 
 70 
 
 May 8 
 
 / 7.30A.M. 
 
 "1 1.0 P.M. 
 
 691 
 73 
 
 May 9 
 
 {10.0 A.M. 
 12.0 
 6.20P.M. 
 
 70 
 69| 
 
 May 10 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 J 12.0 
 ~\ 3.30P.M. 
 I 6.0 P.M. 
 
 68 
 67| 
 68 
 68 
 
 May 11 
 
 {1.0 A.M. 
 7.30A.M. 
 12.30P.M. 
 
 67 ] 
 
 67 > Rainy. 
 68 J 
 
 May 12 
 
 r 7.40A.M. 
 I 3.15 P.M. 
 
 67 
 691 
 
 May 13 
 
 / 8.30A.M. 
 I 1.30P.M. 
 
 68 
 70 
 
 May 14 
 
 {8.25A.M. 
 1.5 P.M. 
 7.0 P.M. 
 
 69| 
 
 May 15 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 112. 30 P.M. 
 
 69 
 71 
 
 May 16 
 
 - 
 
 
 May 17 
 
 r 8.0 A.M. 
 1 12. 30 P.M. 
 
 701 
 
 72 
 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 72 
 
 May 18 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 4.30P.M. 
 
 8 
 
 
 7.30P.M. 
 
 74 
 
 
 10.5 P.M. 
 
 73 
 
 
 C 6.30A.M. 
 
 92 
 
 May 19 
 
 J 10.30A.M. 
 
 } 12.45P.M. 
 I 8.0 P.M. 
 
 731 
 70 
 
 
 fll. 10A.M. 
 
 701 
 
 May 20 
 
 -} 1.0 P.M. 
 
 I 4.0 P.M. 
 
 72 
 
 931 
 
 May 21 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 71 ^ 
 
 May 22 
 
 12.0 
 3.30P.M. 
 5.0 P.M. 
 
 72 1 
 
 lo_a (Cherries ripe. 
 
 74! f Report. 
 
 
 6.40P.M. 
 
 73 4 J 
 
 May 23 
 
 r 7.0 A.M. 
 -< 3.15P.M. 
 I 5.25P.M, 
 
 71 
 74 
 
 See page 50, 
 
[ay 24 
 
 . 
 
 ay 25 
 May 26 
 
 ay 27 
 
 May 28 
 
 May 29 - 
 
 May 30 
 
 May 31 
 
 June 1 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 ( 8.10A.M. 
 
 701 
 
 <J 12.45P.M. 
 I 5.15P.M. 
 
 73 
 
 f 9.0 A.M. 
 
 1 1.0 P.M. 
 
 I 5.0 P.M. 
 
 72 
 73 
 75 
 
 f 8.30A.M. 
 <^ 12.0 
 I 3.0 P.M. 
 
 73 
 73 
 
 74| 
 
 {7.0 A.M. 
 
 73 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 73 
 
 12.0 
 
 731 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 74 
 
 2.40P.M. 
 
 75 
 
 >. 10. 15 P.M. 
 
 74 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 73| 
 
 11.30A.M. 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 74| 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 77-J 
 
 5 . 30 P.M. 
 
 77i 
 
 8.0 P.M. 
 
 76 2 
 
 10.15P.M. 
 
 75 
 
 f 6.45AM. 
 
 74 
 
 ) 10.30A.M. * 
 
 74 
 
 \ 11.45A.M. 
 
 751 
 
 I 3.30P.M. 
 
 791 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 74 
 
 8.45A.M. 
 
 74| 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 751 
 
 12.45P.M. 
 
 98 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 794 
 
 6.0 P.M. 
 9.50P.M. 
 
 76J 
 
 C 7.30A.M. 
 
 76J 
 
 9.55A.M. 
 
 77 
 
 11.5 A.M. 
 
 12.50P.M. 
 
 801 
 
 3.20P.M. 
 
 821 
 
 5.0 P.M. 
 
 824- 
 
 _ 5.45 P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 " 6.30A.M. 
 
 771 
 
 9.20A.M. 
 
 78| 
 
 10.25A.M. 
 
 
 12.30P.M. 
 
 8lJ 
 
 2.0 P.M. 
 
 81f 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 5.0 P.M. 
 
 82| 
 
 9.45P.M. 
 
 804 
 
96 
 
 June 2 - 
 
 June 3 - 
 
 June 4 
 
 June 5 
 
 June 6 
 
 June 7 
 
 June 8 
 
 June 9 
 
 Juno 10 
 
 June 11 - 
 
 
 Degrees 
 
 !7.0 A.M. 
 
 781 
 
 8.45A.M. 
 
 78| 
 
 12.0 
 
 81 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 81J 
 
 2.45P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 5.0 P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 (7.15A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 8.40A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 10.0 A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 81 
 
 12.10P.M. 
 
 814 
 
 2.25P.M. 
 
 81} 
 
 7.15 A.M. 
 
 791 
 
 f 3.15P.M. 
 I 4.45P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 (5.15A.M. 
 
 77 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 
 10.50A.M. 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 76 
 
 781 
 79 
 
 2.20P.M. 
 
 79* 
 
 . 5.5 P.M. 
 
 
 " 7.30A.M. 
 
 77 1 
 
 9.45A.M. 
 
 761' 
 
 10. SO A.M. 
 
 76J 
 
 12.0 
 
 77 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 77 ,' 
 
 2 . 30 P.M. 
 
 78 i 
 
 5.0 P.M. 
 
 
 1,11.0 P.M. 
 
 74|J 
 
 f 8.15A.M. 
 
 74 
 
 1 10.0 A.M. 
 
 74 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 73| 
 
 ; 2.15P.M. 
 
 74 
 
 4.45 P.M. 
 
 731 
 
 7.0 P.M. 
 
 7^2" 
 
 111. 30 P.M. 
 
 73i 
 
 f" 7.45A.M. 
 
 731 
 
 9.15A.M. 
 10.40A.M. 
 
 72^ 
 
 ; 2.30P.M. 
 j 3.45P.M. 
 7.0 P.M. 
 LIO.O P.M. 
 
 74? 
 74| 
 73 
 73 
 
 ,-8.0 A.M. 
 
 71 
 
 10.5 A.M. 
 
 72 
 
 ) 2.30P.M. 
 
 73 i 
 
 \ 4.30P.M. 
 
 ^t> 
 
 6.30P.M. 
 
 74i 
 
 UO.O P.M. 
 
 74 
 
 A short hurricane, with thifnder 
 and lightning. 
 
97 
 
 June 12 - 
 
 June 13 
 June 14 
 
 June 15 
 
 June 16 
 
 June 17 
 
 June 18 - 
 
 June 19 - 
 
 June 20 - 
 
 June 21 
 
 June 22 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 ( 8.0 A.M. 
 
 73 
 
 1 2.50P.M. 
 
 75 
 
 S 5.30P.M. 
 
 75J 
 
 L 7 . 45 P.M. 
 
 74J 
 
 J8.0 A.M. 
 
 74i 
 
 9.50A.M. 
 
 75 4 
 
 11.15A.M. 
 
 77 
 
 12.50P.M. 
 
 79 
 
 3.20P.M. 
 
 80 
 
 4.50P.M. 
 
 791 
 
 9.15P.M. 
 
 77i 
 
 !S.O A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 12.0 A.M. 
 
 83J 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 851 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 861 
 
 10.0 P.M. 
 
 79" 
 
 (9.30A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 831 
 
 6.45 P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 10.30P.M. 
 
 79 
 
 f 1.0 P.M. 
 I 4.20P.M. 
 
 82 
 85 
 
 S9.0 A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 12.15P.M. 
 
 821 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 84 
 
 2 . 30 P.M. 
 
 851 
 
 3.45P.M. 
 
 851 
 
 10.30P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 r 7.0 A.M. 
 11.0 A.M. 
 ) 1.0 P.M. 
 
 941 
 
 82 
 84 
 
 1 3.0 P.M. 
 
 f 5.30P.M. 
 v. 10.15P.M. 
 
 851 
 85 
 80 
 
 r 9 . 45 A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 12.15P.M. 
 
 801 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 4.45 P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 6.45P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 1 11. 30 P.M. 
 
 78 
 
 r 9.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 10.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 11.15A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 81} 
 
 5.15P.M. 
 
 84i 
 
 9.0 P.M. 
 
 80- 
 
 J2.30P.M. 
 
 77 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 r 8.45A.M. 
 
 791 
 
 1 
 
 June 23 -J 
 
 10.0 A.M. 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 82 2 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 9.45P.M. 
 
 821 
 
 
 17.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 82 
 
 
 12.0 A.M. 
 
 84 
 
 
 3.45P.M. 
 
 861 
 
 
 9.0 P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 
 I 7. 45A.M. 
 
 781 
 
 
 10.20A.M. 
 
 791 
 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 
 6.0 P.M. 
 
 824 
 
 
 7.30P.M. 
 
 801 
 
 June 26 - 
 
 
 
 
 r 9.50A.M. 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 June 27 -< 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 4.30P.M. 
 
 76 
 
 
 c. 6.30P.M. 
 
 751 
 
 
 [10.45A.M. 
 
 75 
 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 76 
 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 76 
 
 
 4.20P.M. 
 
 771 
 
 
 9.0 P.M. 
 
 76 
 
 * i 
 
 - 7.30A.M. 
 
 751 
 
 1 
 
 9.45A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 June 29 -< 
 
 10.45A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 ai.o P.M. 
 
 75 
 
 
 r 7.30A.M. 
 
 74 
 
 
 9.0 A.M. 
 
 741 
 
 
 10.30A.M. 
 
 75| 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 77 
 
 June 30 - - 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 781 
 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 79| 
 
 
 3.30P.M. 
 
 80 
 
 . 
 
 5.15P.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 _1 1.20 P.M. 
 
 75 
 
 
 --11. A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 i 
 July 1 -< 
 
 1.5 P.M. 
 
 3.10P.M. 
 
 78} 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 
 96 
 
 July 2 -<; 
 
 r 9.30A.M. 
 
 1.0 A.M. 
 
 2 . 30 P.M. 
 k. 4.45P.M. 
 
 761 
 80 
 81} 
 83 
 
 
 [7.30A.M. 
 
 76 
 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 3.30P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 
 4.45P.M. 
 
 80} 
 
 
 10.30P.M. 
 
 78$ 
 
99 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 July 4 - 9.20A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 " 0.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 11.30A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 July 5 -< 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 4 . 5 P.M. 
 
 81 
 83} 
 
 
 5.30P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 
 _ 9.40P.M. 
 
 80} 
 
 
 " 9.0 A.M. 
 
 79 
 
 
 10.45A.M. 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 801 
 
 82} 
 
 July 6 -< 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 
 4.0 P.M. 
 
 851 
 
 
 5.15P.M. 
 
 841 
 
 10.0 P.M. 
 
 July 7 
 .Tnlv R 
 
 July 9 
 
 July 11 
 
 July 12 - 
 
 9.0 A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 12.10P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 824- 
 
 ' 2.15P.M. 
 
 84 
 
 3.45P.M. 
 
 83} 
 
 .10.0 P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 f 5.0 P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 1 10. 45 P.M. 
 
 80} 
 
 " 7.45A.M. 
 
 79J 
 
 9.45A.M. 
 
 79| 
 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 80^- 
 
 2.40P.M. 
 
 84 
 
 5.45P.M. 
 
 831 
 
 9.10P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 _ 9.0 P.M. 
 
 81 
 
 f 7.45A.M. 
 
 80 
 
 1 1.0 P.M. 
 
 831 
 
 I 10.0 P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 Ln.o P.M. 
 
 82 
 
 7.30A.M. 
 
 81 
 
 9.45A.M. 
 
 81} 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 841 
 
 3 . 30 P.M. 
 
 87 
 
 4.40P.M. 
 
 87 
 
 6 . 45 P.M. 
 
 86 
 
 9.10P.M. 
 
 851 
 
 ,11.30P.M. 
 
 84| 
 
 " 7.45A.M. 
 
 82} 
 
 9.15A.M. 
 
 831 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 87 
 
 3.30P.M. 
 
 89 
 
 4.25P.M. 
 
 89 
 
 9.0 P.M. 
 
 86 
 
 10.0 P.M. 
 
 85J 
 
100 
 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 
 f 9.45A.M. 
 
 86 
 
 
 11.10A.M. 
 
 881 
 
 July 13 
 
 j 1.0 P.M. 
 
 } 2 . 30 P.M. 
 
 891 
 901 
 
 
 5.30P.M. 
 L! 1.10 P.M. 
 
 89i 
 851 
 
 
 r 7.45A.M. 
 
 85 >| 
 
 July 14 
 
 J 10.30A.M. 
 '\ 11.30A.M. 
 
 86f f 
 
 
 1 12. 45 P.M. 
 
 87iJ 
 
 
 r 9.15A.M. 
 
 81 >v 
 
 July 15 
 
 J 12.0 
 "] 5.45P.M. 
 
 83 I 
 
 831 f 
 
 
 1 10. 30 P.M. 
 
 79iJ 
 
 
 f 8.30A.M. 
 
 79|l 
 
 
 1 10.30A.M. 
 
 80f 
 
 July 16 
 
 -<; i.o P.M. 
 
 82 y 
 
 
 | 4.30P.M. 
 
 Lii.o P.M. 
 
 84 1 
 80 J 
 
 July 17 
 
 / 6.45A.M. 
 
 "1 1.0 P.M. 
 
 8?} 
 
 July 18 
 
 - 
 
 
 July 19 
 
 - 
 
 
 July 20 
 
 f 9.30A.M. 
 -J 2.0 P.M. 
 1 10. 30 P.M. 
 
 83 
 
 871 
 841 
 
 
 r 7.45A.M. 
 
 
 July 21 
 
 J 2.0 P.M. 
 ] 3 . 30 P.M. 
 
 
 
 I 4.0 P.M. 
 
 m 
 
 July 22 
 
 {9 . 45 A.M. 
 11.0 A.M. 
 12.20P.M. 
 
 83 
 84 
 851 
 
 
 {10.25A.M. 
 
 83 
 
 
 11.30A.M. 
 
 85 
 
 July 23 
 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 4.0 P.M. 
 
 861 
 88 
 
 
 6 . 30 P.M. 
 
 871 
 
 
 10.15P.M. 
 
 85 
 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 84 
 
 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 88} 
 
 July 24 
 
 3.30P.M. 
 
 90 
 
 
 4.45P.M. 
 
 891 
 
 
 11.30P.M. 
 
 87~ 
 
 
 f 9.20A.M. 
 
 891 
 
 
 11.25A.M. 
 
 89^ 
 
 July 25 
 
 -<J 1.0 P.M. 
 
 89^ 
 
 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 90 r 
 
 
 L 4.45P.M. 
 
 89} 
 
 51 I Excessively stormy night, with 
 north wind. 
 
 I 
 
 83 (^Excessively stormy night again, 
 
 with north wind- 
 
 North wind. 
 
101 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 11.20A.M. 891 
 
 July 26 
 
 -^ 12.45P.M. 
 
 891 
 
 
 L 3.25P.M. 
 
 91| 
 
 July 27 
 
 - 
 
 
 July 28 
 
 r 9.0 A.M. 
 -J 2.40P.M. 
 L 6.0 P.M. 
 
 85 -) 
 88 > Strong Inbat. 
 861 J 
 
 
 flO.O A.M. 
 
 841 
 
 
 1 12.50P.M. 
 
 851 | 
 
 tly 29 
 
 -<; 2.30P.M. 
 
 86| ^Inbat. 
 
 
 4.15P.M. 
 
 87 
 
 
 L 8.0 P.M. 
 
 85 J 
 
 
 r 7.45A.M. 
 
 83 -N 
 
 July 30 
 
 J 1.0 P.M. 
 
 ~\ 4.30P.M. 
 
 gg| Unbat. 
 
 
 L 9.40P.M. 
 
 84 4 J 
 
 July 31 
 
 ("12.30P.M. 
 "1 3.30P.M. 
 
 8 g I Inbat. 
 
 
 {7.30A.M. 
 
 82 -\ 
 
 August 1 
 
 1.30P.M. 
 3.0 P.M. 
 
 85 ( 
 851 r 
 
 
 8.50P.M. 
 
 83 ) 
 
 August 2 
 
 r 1.15 P.M. 
 ~t 5.30P.M. 
 
 ggf | North land breeze. 
 
 August 3 
 
 
 
 - North land breeze. 
 
 
 f 8.0 A.M. 
 11.0 A.M. 
 
 86 "1 
 87 
 
 August 4 
 
 J 12.30P.M. 
 ~\ 2.45P.M. 
 
 88 I North wind from land, replaced 
 90f f by Inbat in the afternoon. 
 
 
 | 5.20P.M. 
 
 9011 
 
 
 L 9.10P.M. 
 
 88 iJ 
 
 
 ; 8. 15 A.M. 
 
 86 1 
 
 
 9.45A.M. 
 
 86 I 
 
 August 5 
 
 11.20A.M. 
 1.15 P.M. 
 
 11* >Inbat. 
 
 
 | 3.25P.M. 
 L 5.0 P.M. 
 
 89| | 
 88 J 
 
 
 r 7.30A.M. 
 
 84 % 
 
 August 6 
 
 J 9.50A.M. 
 
 "\ 1.15P.M. 
 
 841 1 
 851 r 
 
 
 L 3.0 P.M. 
 
 
 August 7 
 
 - 12.0 P.M. 
 
 841 
 
 August 8 
 
 3.20P.M. 
 
 861 North wind. 
 
 August 9 
 
 {8.15A.M. 
 1.0 P.M. 
 3.15P.M. 
 
 84 ^1 
 
 851 V Inbat. 
 87" J 
 
 
 flO.O A.M. 
 
 83^ 
 
 August 10 
 
 J 10.49A.M. 
 m \ 2.30P.M. 
 
 84 I 
 86 f lnbat - 
 
 
 L 3.30P.M. 
 
 86 J 
 
102 
 
 8.45A.M. 
 
 August 
 
 f .A.M. 
 
 a J; 
 
 I 2.30P.M. 
 
 7.45A.M. 
 
 9.30A.M. 
 August 12 -<( 12.45 A.M. 
 | 3.20P.M. 
 L 5.0 P.M. 
 
 {10.25 A.M. 
 1.0 P. 
 4. 10 P. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 August 
 
 r 
 
 15 -< 
 I 
 
 lO.O A.M. 
 1.0 P.M. 
 9.0 P.M. 
 
 AugnstlS 
 
 { 
 
 12.0 A.M. 
 
 1 
 
 I 5.30P.M. 
 
 August 1 9 -<J 
 
 flO.O A.M. 
 12.0 A.M. 
 1.0 P.M. 
 
 1 3.25P.M. 
 L 4.0 P.M. 
 
 August 20 - 
 
 2.40P.M. 
 
 Inbat. 
 
 84 ^ 
 
 87 Vlnbat. 
 
 83 
 84 
 84 
 
 10.0 A.M. 84 
 
 11.30A.M. 84 
 
 August 16 -<( 1.0 P.M. 85 
 2.30P.M. 
 
 3.45P.M. 8 
 
 {10.50A.M. 
 1 . 15 P.M. 
 2.20P.M. 
 4.0 P.M. 
 
 wind. 
 
 North wind. 
 
103 
 
 COMMERCIAL MISCELLANEA. 
 
 A. Wages and Prices in 1854-5-6. 
 
 )uring the war the demand both for labour and pro- 
 isions was very much increased. The price of corn alone 
 60 per 100, and other articles of food in Hke proportion. 
 r ery many of the labouring population went to the Crimea 
 to seek their fortunes in one line or another, and besides 
 this the numbers of hands employed in Smyrna by the 
 British Government contributed also to raise the scale of 
 wages. In consequence, the rate of payments both for 
 labour and provisions was much higher during the last two 
 years than is usual in Anatolia. At Sedikioi, a village 
 seven miles from Smyrna, and a place from which a great 
 quantity of figs and grapes are brought into the town daily 
 during the season, a labourer received 12 piastres (2s.) for 
 his day's work in the year 1854-5. Previously, the rate 
 per diem had been 7 piastres (Is. 2c.) At the close of the 
 year 1855 the prices at Sedikioi ranged as follows : 
 
 Piastres. Piastres. 
 
 Bread of good quality 2 per oke = 2 Jib. Price of, 1854, 1J 
 
 A sheep - - 80 
 
 A lamb - - 40-50 
 
 A goat - - 50-70 
 
 A kid - - 30-40 
 
 Best beef - 8 per oke =3 piastres (6d) per Ib. 
 
 A yoke of oxen to plough with, 1,000 piastres (81) 
 
 Close to Smyrna, at the leech ponds in the Valley of St. 
 Anne (see page 60), we found the wages of some Abyssinian 
 blacks to be 8 piastres per diem, and the salary paid the 
 Turk who acted as overlooker, and lived day and night on 
 the spot, was 250 piastres per month 24. per annum. It 
 is obvious that with such prices as these the condition of 
 the labouring population will be one of tolerable comfort, so 
 far as the procuring the principal necessaries of life goes ; 
 and every one may observe a general appearance of health 
 and strength in the physical development of the labouring 
 classes, whether his eye rest on the sturdy, round-limbed 
 and short-jointed Turk, or the lithe, elegant, yet active and 
 sinewy form of the Greek. Women are employed in out-of- 
 door labour of the lighter kinds, such as weeding of vine- 
 yards, &c., but not to the extent so painful to witness in 
 Syria and Egypt. 
 
104 
 
 B. Fig Boxes, Round and Square. 
 
 Pig drums. Economy of labour is consulted, though economy of stow- 
 
 age is not, by the construction of a circular box. The cir- 
 cular form is thus attained : the piece which is to be of this 
 form is of some pine wood ; this, when in the plane condi- 
 tion, and not very exactly cut or squared, is placed before 
 a chip and shaving fire, and warmed through and through, 
 and it thus acquires some degree of pliancy and ductility. 
 For the second part of the operation the following machine 
 is employed : a bar of iron set all round with cogs is made 
 to revolve by a hand crank, and there is at about the dis- 
 tance of the thickness of the fig-box board a stout frame- 
 work of wood just below this iron bar ; into the interval 
 thus formed the warmed wood is introduced ; it is gradually 
 pulled forwards by the cogs of the revolving bar, which, as 
 it were, knead it into pliancy, and destroy any tendency to 
 brittlen ess, and when it has passed through it has gained a 
 circular contour, and lost all its resiliency. By this method 
 a drum is made in a very short time. 
 
 Square boxes. The square boxes are some of them made by Greeks, and 
 these are of an inferior kind. The best square boxes come 
 from Germany, and are destined by the exporters to con- 
 tain a peculiar quality of fig. The shape of the fig box 
 depends upon the orders of the exporter, and therefore it is 
 incorrect to ascribe the persistence of the round shape to 
 the obstinate and irrational preference for that which is old, 
 simply because it is old, which the Turk really does show 
 in so many instances. 
 
 C. Valley of the Mceander. Toivn of Aidin, ancient 
 
 Tralles. 
 
 The Englishman, on looking down over the vast green and 
 smiling valley of the Meander thinks, that in no other 
 country except his own has he seen so large a space with so 
 few uncultivated, unproductive spots. The valley and the 
 town of Aidin are almost exclusively Turk ; and after the 
 many comparisons which have been drawn in this report to 
 the disadvantage of the Turk, it is only fair to say that the 
 state of cultivation here leaves little to be desired. Favoured 
 highly by nature, man's labour has ably availed itself here 
 of the advantages it has found ready to its hand. The 
 whole valley is surrounded by lofty wooded mountains ; it 
 is intersected with streams, and irrigation is extensively 
 carried out. Hedges of the English type are very generally 
 to be found, and enclosures of one sort or other are 
 universal. 
 
105 
 
 3 
 
 Historical 
 Notice. 
 
 It is the boast of the inhabitants that they have a harvest Produce, 
 for every month of the year, and by reckoning in of calves, 
 lambs, and kids, the number is easily made out ; the nine 
 other great and staple products are valonea, madder, wheat, 
 barley, maize, tobacco, grapes, figs, olives. Throughout the 
 war a considerable number of horned cattle, averaging 
 about 100 per week, were exported from Smyrna to the 
 order of the French Commissariat in the East. As there 
 is no great quantity of grass land close to Smyrna, the 
 depots for these cattle were formed at some distance from 
 the place of embarkation, and many hundreds might be 
 
 n grazing in the valleys of the Meander and its 
 ibutaries. 
 
 Within the valley itself there are tolerable roads, but its 
 communication with the rest of the country is carried on 
 by means of as bad roads as can be conceived. 
 
 Aidin, the ancient Tralles, was, under the Roman empire, 
 a Greek town of considerable note. Anthemius, the archi- 
 tect of Santa Sophia, was a native of this place, and the 
 remains of ancient buildings are very conspicuous there at 
 the present day. The three greafe arches of the palace form 
 an object visible at 20 miles distance, and on a nearer in- 
 spection tolerably perfect .remains of a theatre are still to 
 be seen. We found the marble remains in a rapid process 
 of transformation into headstones for Jewish graves, and 
 we saw several columns being scooped out into the form of 
 stone drinking troughs. 
 
 The immediate neighbourhood was the scene of a great 
 victory gained by Conrad III., A.D. 1147, in the time of the 
 second Crusade, over the Turks, who, by the perfidy of 
 Manuel Comnenus, the Greek emperor, had been enabled 
 to prepare a surprise for the Latin army. 
 
 In the 14th century Tralles was seized upon by Aidin, a 
 Turkish emir, at the head of a numerous horde, and its 
 name was changed in honour of its conqueror. Aidin seized 
 upon Smyrna at the same time, and held and handed down 
 to his son a considerable and independent principality. At 
 this time a large portion of Asia Minor was parcelled out 
 into small kingdoms of this kind under Turkish emirs, 
 who maintained an independent existence till the days of 
 Bajazet and Mahomet II. 
 
 At the present moment the Valley of Aidin contains a Present con- 
 large population, principally Turks, who have within the dltlon - 
 last few months taken occasion to show their dislike for 
 their new reform bill by an outbreak against the Christian 
 population. The Christians of this part of Asia Minor 
 being in a small numerical minority, at a distance from the 
 sea coast, and in consequence, from, effective protection on 
 
 Turkish con- 
 quest, A.D. 
 1313. 
 
Turks and 
 Christians, 
 
 Character of 
 town. 
 
 106 
 
 the part of the European powers, and surrounded by a 
 fanatical Mussulman population, are very constantly sub- 
 ject to insult and injustice at their hands. The stories of 
 this kind, though possibly somewhat exaggerated, are yet 
 too general not to contain some considerable foundation of 
 truth. 
 
 It is a principal seat of government, and the Bey, who 
 is at present a most intelligent and courteous Arab, has 
 several towns subordinated to him. 
 
 The Turkish character of Aidin is strongly marked by 
 the large flocks of storks and vultures, which, secure of being 
 unmolested in the centre of a Mussulman population, are 
 nearly as tame as if domesticated. 
 
 The town is remarkable for the extent of ground it is 
 spread over, and when looked down upon from the top of 
 the hill under which it lies, and upon which the ancient 
 city once stood, its roofs contrast in two points with those 
 of most Turkish towns, viz., 1st, by their excellent state of 
 repair ; 2nd, by the wide interval of garden and orchard 
 by which they are separated from each other. The popula- 
 tion may be estimated at from 40,000 to 50,000, of whom 
 the immense majority are Turks. 
 
 There are two barracks in different parts of the town, 
 both unoccupied, May 1856, and in some respects suffering 
 from neglect. There is a large expanse of table land above 
 the town, amounting to from 2,000 to 3,000 acres, covered 
 for one-third of its extent with olive groves, but in the 
 rest smooth grassy downs. 
 
 D. Wine and Raid manufactured in Anatolia. 
 
 Wine. Much wine is manufactured in Anatolia, and it is chiefly 
 
 owing to the total want of care exercised in selecting the 
 grapes and sorting the vines, that with its fine, equable, and 
 reliable climate it does not export wine much more largely. 
 A considerable quantity, however, was exported to Odessa 
 and other Kussian ports previous to the war ; the great mass 
 is made by Greeks, and a very great number of these manu- 
 factories are to be found clustered together within a short 
 distance of the great Greek church of St. Photeina. The 
 better sorts of this wine, both white and red, but especially 
 the former of the two, though not made to last more than 
 five or six years, were preferred by many of the English 
 stationed at Smyrna, 1855-56, to the wines of France, 
 Sicily, and other parts of the Mediterranean, though these 
 wines, as being largely imported, and paying scarcely any 
 
107 
 
 duty, were exceedingly cheap, and country wine of one 
 sort or other is the common drink in the houses of the 
 richest families in the town, whether European or of other 
 races. 
 
 We were informed by M. Moraitini that wine intended Price. 
 for an ordinary dinner wine cost him in the gross 50 paras 
 (2Jd) the oke l^cL per quart, without reckoning any 
 charges for transfer to casks, &c., and that wine of this 
 quality and from this source was retailed in Russia at 
 5 piastres the oke 'i.e., 5d. the quart. 
 
 There are numerous distilleries for raki in Smyrna. This R a ki. 
 spirit is distilled off the dried carpels and stalks of an 
 umbelliferous plant resembling anise, and called yAuxavio-ov, 
 and subsequently as much of the gum mastic is added as 
 the spirit will dissolve. It is a favourite drink with the 
 Greek, and, being colourless, with the Turkish population, 
 and its great cheapness favours much the habit of drunk- 
 enness. 
 
 Its price ranges from 6 to 7 piastres the oke 6d. to Id. 
 for nearly a quart, English wine measure. 
 
 E. Sources for Information upon Commerce of Smyrna. 
 
 There are three returns published in Smyrna periodically, 
 all of which we have consulted. 
 
 1. A return is printed quarterly at the office of the Austrian 
 
 Lloyd Company for an association of the Smyrna 
 merchants, giving lists of exports and imports of the 
 ships which have entered arid cleared from the port, 
 &c. A certain number only of these returns are 
 printed, corresponding with the number of subscribers, 
 and hence we are unable to affix a specimen of this as 
 of the two other similar documents. 
 
 2. The " Nunzio Commerciale," a return appearing three 
 
 times a month, in Italian, giving a resume of exports 
 and imports, of the value of monies, &c., but not of 
 shipping. We affix a specimen. 
 
 3. The " Lloyd Smyrne'en" was issued daily, but now 
 
 appears only three days a week. Besides its other 
 information, it gives the names of the captains of the 
 vessels, which enable any one to see how few ships 
 under the Turkish nag are commanded by Turks, the 
 immense majority of their captains, as of their ships, 
 having Greek names as well as Greek crews. Of this 
 also we affix specimens. 
 
7 Anno. 
 
 108 
 Smirne, 1 Marzo 1856. 
 
 N 141 
 
 II presente foglio 
 sorte regolarmente 
 tre volte al mese 
 giorno di Sabbato. 
 
 NUNZIO COMMERCIALE. 
 
 Si Abonnano alia 
 Tipog. T. 31arco 
 pulo. 
 
 TUTTI QUELLI ARTICOLI CHE HANNO M. SIGNIFICA MANGA, C. CALMA, 
 S. V. SENZA VENDITA, S. SOSTENUTI. 
 
 IMPORTAZIONE. 
 
 Pesi 
 
 Piastre 
 
 Anno 
 
 IMPORTAZIONE. 
 
 Pesi 
 
 Piastre 
 
 Anne 
 
 Aceiajo Xo. O 
 
 cant. 
 
 1G5 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 S 
 
 Ferro ingl. in tavole di 1 a 13 
 
 _ 
 
 120 
 
 
 c 
 
 OO . 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 S 
 
 .ingl. in verghe 6 grossezze . 
 
 _ 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 c 
 
 Argentovivo 
 
 oka 
 
 38 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 C 
 
 Fil di Ferro assortito 
 
 oka 
 
 4 
 
 } 
 
 
 Arsenico bianco e giallo . 
 
 cant. 
 
 130 
 
 
 140 
 
 
 C 
 
 d'Ottone Xo. 12, 36 
 
 _ 
 
 15 
 
 
 c 
 
 Bande stagnate ... 
 
 casse 
 
 430 
 
 
 435 
 
 
 S 
 
 d'Oro di Russia 
 
 . . 
 
 dram 
 
 360 
 
 
 e 
 
 Biacca di Ilotterdara . 
 
 cant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Garofali . 
 
 . . 
 
 oka 
 
 9 
 
 
 s 
 
 di Genova . 
 
 casse 
 
 170 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 m 
 
 Gram di Tarsus 
 
 . . 
 
 kilo 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Buttirro di Kussia . 
 
 oka 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Alepo 
 
 , 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Teneri 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Berrette rosse ossia (fes) . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Indaco d'Olanda . 
 
 . . 
 
 oka 
 
 85 
 
 100 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in casse di Bengale 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 c 
 
 Di Vienna uso 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 c 
 
 Pelli maschi d'Andrianopoli . 
 
 pa jo 
 
 
 
 
 Leon Adutt Xo.l2a3 
 
 doz. 
 
 22 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 c 
 
 Campegio . 
 
 . 
 
 cant 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 c 
 
 Semo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Bosso 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 c 
 
 Carta tre capelli assortiti . 
 
 risma 
 
 27 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 c 
 
 Mandorle dolci . 
 
 , 
 
 oka 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 Treluno 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 c 
 
 Xoce moscate 
 
 . . 
 
 __ 
 
 55 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 Straccia battuta e mercantile 
 
 
 10 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 190 
 
 
 Cocciniglia bianca ... 
 
 oka 
 
 45 
 
 
 C5 
 
 
 c 
 
 Pimento . 
 
 . 
 
 oka 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 Morrellona . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Palini di Trieste assort, uso inglese 
 
 sacho 
 
 39 
 
 
 c 
 
 Caffe di Moka le o/o 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Pepe 
 
 . 
 
 oka 
 
 9 
 
 
 sv 
 
 di America TR li per sacco . 
 
 _ 
 
 750 
 
 
 JOO 
 
 
 c 
 
 Rum . . 
 
 . 
 
 gallo 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 J c 
 
 Cassia lignea 
 
 oka 
 
 22 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 c 
 
 Riso di Europa 
 
 . 
 
 kilo 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 e 
 
 Caviale nero . . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Damieta . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 S 
 
 Rosso . . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Rosseto 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 S 
 
 Cuoja di Francia . 
 
 oka 
 
 22 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 s 
 
 Salamoniaco d'Indie 
 
 . 
 
 oka 
 
 8 
 
 8 , 
 
 " s 
 
 Cotoni filati . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inglese 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water 12 a 20 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Stagno in verghe . 
 
 . 
 
 cant. 
 
 880 
 
 890 
 
 s 
 
 16 a 21 
 
 _ 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 J 
 
 
 Vitriolo inglese 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 c 
 
 20 a 30 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 i 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 
 di Trieste . 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Chiodi di Carintia assortiti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Verde rame di Francia . 
 
 oka 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 di Canal a 70 Tratte 
 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vitelli di Francia . 
 
 . 
 
 doz 
 
 500 
 
 550 
 
 s 
 
 di Schizze di 9, 12,el8 
 
 
 
 250 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 Zatrano 
 
 . 
 
 oka 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 C 
 
 di 30 e 40 
 
 baril. 
 
 246 
 
 
 270 
 
 
 
 Zenzero 
 
 . 
 
 cant 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 c 
 
 TJso Trieste di Litre 3, 4,5, G, 7, 8 
 
 cant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zolfo in canoli fine 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 70 
 
 
 c 
 
 10,1410,20,26,30 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Zuccheri di Avana 1 e 2 qual 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Faro di Olanda 
 
 oka 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 pesto di Anversa 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Farina di America 
 
 baril. 
 
 270 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 in panni inglese 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Ferro di Russia in lame . 
 
 cant. 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Americ 
 
 i . . 
 
 
 
 295 
 
 305 
 
 1 
 
 inglese in lame assortiti . 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 c 
 
 di Olanda 1 e 2 qual . 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 280 
 
 s 
 
 VEXDITE DELLA SETTIMAXA. 
 
 Oppio coffee 2 P. 115 
 Zucheri diOlhmda can. 
 
 CAMBJ. 
 
 MONETE. in beslik. 
 L. Turque P. 108 -J 
 
 Alix/.ari bid. 1000 298 } 310 
 
 
 L. Inglese 118 - 
 
 Caffe sac. 
 
 Londra 11 7 J 
 
 Cecchini nuovi 21 J 
 
 Valonealngl. cant. 2000 70 
 id. Trieste 
 Setta Pajambol sac. 
 Rum gal. 
 
 Marsiglia 185} 186 
 Trieste 454 458 
 Livorno 
 Olland i 
 
 ., vechi 27 - 
 MRhmudie 92 - 
 Luigi di oro 98 - 
 Pol Imperials 95 J 
 
 Lana lavata cant. 250 600 505 
 id. brutta 2UOO 258 
 
 Costantinopoli caime 12} 13 o/o 
 
 Colonati 27 - 
 Rcgine 24 J- 
 
 Gallu Mussur cant. 60 390 
 
 f 
 
 Bavaresi j>3 ;* 
 
 Cera gialla cant. 150 1020 1045 
 Oreo kilo 
 
 Londra 
 
 Dubloni 392 - 
 Pezzi di 5 franchi 23 5 
 
 Pelletoni 2 qual i til tzechi 1000 20 
 Grano tii Anatolia kilo 
 
 MarsiKlia . 
 Trieste 
 
 ,, di 5 drachmi 20 J 
 Carbovaiitzi 18 I 
 
 Grana gialla sac. 1P>2 6 7| 
 
 Ollanda . 
 
 
 Filik tzeki COO 55 J 
 
 Costantinopoli . 
 
 
109 
 
 ESPORTAZIONE. 
 
 Pesi 
 
 Piastre 
 
 Anno 
 
 ESPORTAZIONE. 
 
 Pesi 
 
 Piastre. 
 
 Anno 
 
 Alizari Bakir 
 
 cant 
 
 305 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 8 
 
 Lana Lavata 
 
 
 
 cant 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Kayagikl > . 
 
 
 
 302 
 
 
 303 
 
 
 a 
 
 bianca d' Angora ossia filik 2 
 
 oke 
 
 55 
 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Ghiordes 1 ! . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Noccioli 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 cant 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Demirgik ] . 
 
 
 
 298 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Noce 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 oka 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 sv 
 
 Tarabolus J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Oppio 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 dram 
 
 114 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 c 
 
 Asfori di Persia] . 
 
 oka 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 Olio di Me* lino e Adramiti fro. a 
 
 cant 
 
 280 
 
 
 285 
 
 
 8 
 
 Alume .... 
 
 cant 
 
 90 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 di Anatolia 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 270 
 
 
 310 
 
 
 C 
 
 Cotoni Soubugia . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Rosa 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 mle 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Cassaba uso 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 
 330 
 
 
 8 
 
 Orzo 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 kilo 
 
 24 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 8V 
 
 Cbircagatzl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Pelo di Gambelo avoro 
 
 inglese 2 
 
 oke 
 
 44 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 s 
 
 Baindir . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Olandese 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Axar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Biggio e rosso . 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 8 
 
 Kinick 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Peletoni rossi e neri 
 
 _ 
 
 29 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 Cera Gialla naturale 
 
 1 
 
 030 
 
 
 040 
 
 
 s 
 
 Pelle di Lepre 100 pelle 1 qualita . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Ceci .... 
 
 kilo 
 
 40 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 ' m 
 
 2e3 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Seme dicanape 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 8 
 
 Pelli salate secchi 
 
 t 
 
 
 oka 
 
 7 
 
 } 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 Filati bianchi No. 10 a 11 
 
 oka 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Radice Saponaria 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 } 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 detto Cantar . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Rame Vecchio 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Fave I 
 
 kilo 
 
 24 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 8 
 
 Seme d'Amst. 1 qualita 1 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Faggioli 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 s 
 
 2 qualita 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Fighi sechi 1 e 2 qualita . 
 
 cant 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Lino 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Elemo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Giorjolina 
 
 
 
 kilo 
 
 55 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 c 
 
 Grano di Ussach 1 qual.T 
 
 kilo 
 
 56 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 c 
 
 Comino 
 
 , 
 
 
 oka 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 qual. |. 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 c 
 
 Seta di Brussa 
 
 
 . oka . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Grauone J 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 c 
 
 Pajambol 
 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ,, piccolo biaaco 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 c 
 
 Sapone di Canea in casse . . 
 
 cant 
 
 190 
 
 
 195 
 
 
 sv 
 
 Grana di Persia 
 
 oka 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 di Candia 
 
 , 
 
 
 _ 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 sv 
 
 Mezza 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 di Metelino in casse 1 qual. 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 185 
 
 
 8V 
 
 Gala di Aleppo nera 
 
 cant 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 in sacchi 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Verde 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Tapetti grandi 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 pik 
 
 31 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 c 
 
 Bianca 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 piccoli di Persia . . 
 
 _ 
 
 30 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 c 
 
 Jerli nera 
 
 
 
 410 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 diKulIa . 
 
 luno 
 
 100 
 
 
 1000 
 
 
 c 
 
 Verde . 
 
 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 di Ghiordhes 
 
 pik 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Bianca . 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 c 
 
 Valonea uso Trieste 
 
 cant 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Zinchir . 
 
 
 
 170 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 2 qualital 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gomma'Dragande fiore . 
 
 oka 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 gv 
 
 uso Ing. 1 qualita | franco 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Naturale 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 SV 
 
 2 qualita 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 G7 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 Commune 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 8V 
 
 mercantile 
 
 
 Ibordo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Verrnicelle 
 
 cant 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 SV 
 
 Camatina' 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Arabica naturale . 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 :50 
 
 
 C 
 
 Uva Sultanina Jerli ' 
 
 
 oka 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Giala . 
 
 oka 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 id Vurla 
 
 
 cant 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Salep 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 c 
 
 id. sieltaZuplu 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Scamonea . 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 a 
 
 Naturale 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 ' Sandraca . 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Cesme 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Mastice . 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 8 
 
 De Nera 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Incenso lagrime . 
 
 cant 
 
 210 
 
 
 220 
 
 
 C 
 
 Sultana Caraburnu 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Assortito . . 
 
 - 
 
 180 
 
 
 190 
 
 
 C 
 
 Eleme 
 
 id. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Lana sucida. brutta 
 
 
 
 258 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Jerli rossa 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Seconda qualita 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 id. nera 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Nera Griggia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Beghlerge J 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Sue. Brutta . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Nera Thira Baindir . 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 sv 
 
 NOLLI DIVERSI. 
 
 Commestibili 3} 4i 
 Grani oliosi 
 
 100 braccia di Livor 86 
 100 di Berlino .. <i<; 4 
 
 INGHILTERA. 
 
 TRIESTE. 
 
 100 
 
 di Vienna .. 113 
 
 Alizari S. 50 la ton. 
 Valonea 40 
 Cotoni L. 
 Lane 90 
 Frutta 100 
 
 Frutta ilcant C. 35 40 
 Valonea 50 55 
 Lana 120 
 Commestib 
 Cera ,. 60 
 
 RAGUAGLIO DEI PESI. 
 
 1} dr. fa un moscale ossia nn xai di Vien. 
 180 fano un Rottolo e 100 Hot. un Cant. 
 400 fano una oka e 45 oke un cantaro. 
 
 Grana giala S. 50 
 Comestibili 5 il quar. 
 AMERICA. 
 
 NOLLI DI RUSSIA. 
 Taganrok Frutta cant. P. m 
 Odessa id. m 
 
 58 kilogr. di Parigi 
 125 Libre di Londra 
 166 di Livorno 
 
 Frutta L. 5} 6 la tunel. 
 
 Grano Comma 
 
 180 
 
 di Genova ;, 
 
 Lana S. Jim 
 
 
 130 
 
 di ^Vlarsi^lia 
 
 OLANDA. 
 
 RAGUAGLIO DELLE MISURE. 
 
 100 
 
 Fundi di Vienna, 
 
 Frutta lasta F, 58 10 o/o 
 Lana cant. ,, 
 MARSIGLIA.: 
 Cotoni franchi 
 Lana 3i 4 
 
 Metre di Francia pichi 1 45i/o 
 delBrabante 1 
 Arsin di Russia 1 J 
 La yarda Inglese 1 
 2| pal di Genova ; 1 
 
 58} di Ollanda 
 3} Put di Russia ,. 
 1 kilo di Grano 22 24} 
 1 di Rizo 10 
 1 di Giorgiolina 16} 17.' 
 
110 
 
 2 ANNEE. 
 
 SMYRNE, 17 NOVEMBRE 1855. 
 
 N 387. 
 
 LE LLOYD SMYRNEEN. 
 
 Feuille Maritime et Commerciale. 
 
 LE LLOYD SMYRNEEN parait le Mardi, le 
 Jeudi, et le Samedi de chaque semaine, il an- 
 nonce les Arrivees et les Departs de tout espece 
 de navire meme des plus petits, la qualite et 
 quantitc de leur chargement, les Batimens sous 
 Charge, le Cours des Monnaies, ainsi que les 
 Changes de Smyrne et de Constantinople, etc. 
 
 Le prix de 1'Abonnement est de 36 Piastres 
 du G.-S. par trimestre, payables d'avance. On 
 s'abonne a 1'imprimerie de MM. DAVERONI ET 
 SOUGIOLLI, Quartier Franc, N 98, local G. 
 Amic, Magasin N 3. 
 
 ARRIVEES. 
 Du 15 Novembre. 
 
 SATALIE, en 10 jours, goel. ott.Polixeni, cap. N. Pasvani, 
 de 25 ton. avec 900 k. ble, a 1'adr. de M. Peurdi. 
 
 LIGNE de SYRIE, bateau a vapeur des Mes. Imp. Leoni- 
 das, cap. Keraval, avec march, div. groups et passag. 
 
 ALEXANDRIE, bat. a vapeur du Lloyd autr. Austria 
 cap. Demattei. avec march, diverges groups et passagers. 
 
 MARSEILLE, bateau a vapeur des Mes. Imp. Carmel, 
 cap. Saflrey, avec march, div. groups et passagers. 
 
 Dul6. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, en 6 jours, brick sarde Due Fra- 
 telli, cap. H. P. Jarvino, de 160 ton. sur lest, a 1'adr. de 
 M. D. Parodi. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, en 4 jours, brick autr. Vago, cap. 
 F. Sutora, de 235 ton. sur lest, a ordre. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, en 8 jours, brick sarde Rosa, cap. 
 B. Montobio, de 114 ton. avec 238 b. tabac, 1180 k. bid. 264 id 
 mais et 39 sacs id a 1'adr. de M. A.,Iossif. 
 
 METELIN, en 4 jours, tzer. ott. du cap. C. Saltapalanga, 
 avec 350 k. ble, a 1'adresse de M. Amira. 
 
 TENEUOS, en 6 jours, tzer. ott. du cap. G. Michali, avec 
 14000 ocques charbon. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, en 15 jours, bomb. ott. Arghino 
 cap. Nicolas Sotiri, de 38 ton, avec 1000 pieces peaux, 20 b. 
 chiffons et 27 id laines. 
 
 SALONIQUE, en 10 jours, goel. ott. A. Gheorghios, cap. 
 S..Christodhoulo, de 50 ton. avec 6500 pieces bois de construc- 
 tion. 
 
 DIKILI, tzer. ott. du cap. Hassan, avec 1000 pieces bois 
 de construction. 
 
 AIVALI, en 4 jours, tzer. ott. du cap. N. Triandafllo, avec 
 140 quint, valonee, ajTadr. de M. Hadji Elia. 
 
 DARDANELLES, en 2 jours, goel. hell. Panaghia, cap. 
 N. G. Manoli, de 33 ton. sur lest. 
 
 DARDANELLES, en 2 jours, goel. hell. A. Athanassis, 
 cap. D. Stamati, de 42 ton. sur lest. 
 
 STANCHIO, tzer. ott. du cap. Ali Hassan, avec 8000 
 citrons. 
 
 MARSEILLE, en 39 jours, brick hell. Evanghelistra, 
 cap. Andreas Marco, de 148 ton. sur lest, a ordre. 
 
 TENEDOS, en 7 jours, bomb. ott. Munissi Bahri. cap. 
 Oeini Etem, de 113 ton. avec 1100 quint, valonee a 1'adr. de 
 M. Balassanoglu. 
 
 Du 17. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bat. a vap. du Lloyd autr. Adria, 
 cap. Benich, avec march, div. groups et passagers. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bat. a vap. des M. Imp. Caire, cap. 
 de Sommer, avec march, div. groups et passagers. 
 
 Arrivdes par les bateaux de Cabotage : de Ourlac, 686 sacs 
 raisin, de Carabournou, 30 id. id. 
 
 DEPARTS. 
 Du 15 Novembre. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, brick hell. A. Nicolaos, cap. A. 
 Petroyani, avec 1000 sacs biscuits. 
 
 SATALIE, goel. franc. Jean-d'Acre, cap. Bonot, allant 
 prendre un chargement de graine ole"agineuse pour Mar- 
 seille. 
 
 ECHELLE-NEUVE,trois-mats franc. Trois-So2urs,cap. 
 J. Pailloux, allant prendre un chargement de graine oleagi- 
 neuse pour Marseille. 
 
 SCODRA, goel. ott. Stella Diana, cap. Veli Mehemet, avec 
 raisin, figues et galles. 
 
 SALONIQUE, goel. ott. Eftichia, cap. I. Dhimitri, avec 
 500 k. sesame, 3 bar. cire, 150 quint, flgues, 100 id. fer, et 132 
 pieces marbres. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bat. a vap. des M. Imp. Carmel, 
 ap. Saffrey, avec march, diverges groups et passagers. 
 
 Du 16. 
 
 LONDRES, trois-mats aheliceangl. Arcadia, cap.Corbeth, 
 avec 2077 sacs valonee, 1532 quint, id. 570 b. alizaris, 100 id. 
 -chiffons, 93 sacs galles, 2039 bustes eultanine, 837 c. raisin 
 
 rouge, 3244 bustes figues, 1929 boites id, 21 skelettes id. 18 c. 
 fruits, 6c. gommes, 2 id. opium, 6 boites scamone'e et 2b. 
 peaux. 
 
 BOSTON, bark amer. Speedwell, cap. E. H. Hews, avec 
 537 b. laines, 14 id . tabac et 10 c. opium. 
 
 TCHAM- ALTI, brick ott. Bahri Human Teki Hane", cap. 
 Halil Hamet, allant prendre un chargement du sel pour 
 Consple. 
 
 ALEXANDRIE, troU-mats hanov. Rapid, cap. Pike, sur 
 lest. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bat. a vap. du Lloyd autr. Austria, 
 cap. Demattei, avec march, div. groups et pass. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bomb. ott. A. Nicolas, cap. D. 
 Perlorenzo, avec 450 k. haricot, 440 id feves, 108 quint, raisin 
 noir et 25 id miel. 
 
 SALONIQUE, brick ott. Possidhon, cap. G. Pupuri, avec 
 600 b. peaux, 1300 pieces id. 260 sacs hene, 203 id. tumbeki, 
 18 id. cafe, 49 id. girofle et 70 id. encens. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, scho. angl. Zephyr, cap. Kelso, 
 avec paille. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE, bat. a vap. des M. Imp. Leonidas, 
 cap. Keraval, avec march, div. groups et passag. 
 
 TCHESME, tzer. ott. du cap. Mehemet, avec 250 quint, 
 fer. 13 collis tabac et 18 id. manufactures. 
 
 TCHESME, tzer. ott. du cap. Belali, avec 40 k. orge. 
 
 TENEDOS, tzer. ott. du cap. Mehemet, avec 10 colis 
 manufactures. 
 
 CH^ 
 
 Londres 
 Paris 
 Marseille 
 Vienne 
 Trieste 
 Livourne 
 Livre Turque 
 
 LNGES 
 14 
 
 DE CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 NOVEMBBE 1855. 
 
 3/m 145 
 .. 230 
 
 <Z99 
 
 d K3 
 d230J 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 516 
 .. 516 
 .. 199 
 
 CHANGES DE SMYRNE. 17 NOVEMBKE. 
 
 (En livres turques a piastres 108.) 
 Londres 115J d 116 
 
 Marseille 
 Trieste .. 
 Constantinople Ca'imte . . 
 
 183 d 183i 
 400 d 406 
 m a 21 p. o/o 
 
 COURS DES MONNAIES. 
 (En livres turques a piastres 108.) 
 
 Livre Sterling . . 
 
 Louis d'or 
 
 Ptice de 5 francs 
 
 Paul Imperial 
 
 Carbovantz 
 
 Pitce de 5 drachmes 
 
 Ducats de Venise 
 de Hongrie 
 de Holland* 
 
 Quadruple d'Espag 
 
 Piastre forte d'JEsp, 
 
 Tallari de la Seine 
 
 Zvantzic 
 
 Bavarois 
 
 Livre Turque 
 
 Mahmoudid 
 
 Piece de 20 pic 
 
 Agio sur les JBeshliks 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 93- 
 
 ' 
 
 '8 
 
 
 
 
 23- 
 94 
 
 
 
 \rnes 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 KJ* 
 
 21 
 
 rie 
 
 
 
 OD 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 nde 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 pagne 
 
 
 
 392 
 
 Espagne 
 
 
 27 
 
 line 
 
 
 24f - 
 
 
 
 23? - 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 108 
 
 . . . * 
 
 
 90 91 
 
 tres ancie:ine . 
 
 
 25J 
 
 nouveau 
 hliks . . 
 
 
 
 21J 
 11 p- 0/0 
 
Ill 
 
 SPECIMENS FROM THE GREEK NEWSPAPER. 
 
 We here affix some specimens of the articles contained in 
 the Greek Journal published in Smyrna. One of them will 
 be observed to bear the title Mlgo? Ejtwrogixo'v. An article of 
 this name appears weekly, and contains all the current com- 
 mercial intelligence. The other extracts give useful infor- 
 mation on other points, and all serve to illustrate the 
 character of the paper in question. 
 
 MEPO2 EMFIOPIKON. 
 
 Ala TO.C, TTPQTs^slg eograj rou Hac^a, oA ra sT)j rrjj elcrayooyyjj Commercial 
 si$ aSgaveiav. Mo'vov oil ^oi^a^sn; avsn/t^>j<rav coj ex T>j intelligence, 
 
 rwv xa) l7rcoA)j0>jo~av a|U,e^<xvxa TT^OJ yg. 320 xai 
 i ITTI TrgocrSox/a TT^OJ yg. 280. 
 
 A4>IONIA. 'Emo^yjo-av oX/ya TT^OJ yg. 116. 
 PIZAPIA. Mwax/gia yg. 302-303 ft6 oX/yaj wgatgei s . 
 FPANAI. M*xgai Trgafsjj eyevav TT^O^ y^. 6-6 20. 
 BAAANIAIA. EI ? aSgavsiav. Tijx^ yg. 60-70. 
 KHPIA. Ka^^o-^sva yg. 950. 
 
 2ITHPA. 'ExTreo-fteva. ^Troj yg. 25-32' xg<0ij 14-12' 
 a 50-110. 
 
 2TNAAAAFMATA 
 
 Ms 'Odcoju-av<xj A/gaj Trgof 108. 
 AONAINOT ...... 118 
 
 MA22AAIA2 ...... 186 
 
 464467. 
 
 EMHOP1ON THS TPAHEZOTNTO^ 
 KATA TO 1855. 
 
 Ta aTr<a o(T xara TO 1854 e7rgv^y))<rav elj T^V auf>j(r<v TOU 
 
 ou T^J Teair5?oOvTOj, Si^oxs<rav xai 81' oXow TOU STOW^ 1855. 
 v \ \ * ~ t\ > \ 
 
 KaTa TO TO TOUTO xTe7rXsyo"v sjj TYJV 
 
 .- EeturnofCom- 
 merceofTre- 
 Disond for 1855. 
 
 xeva. 
 
 'AyyXixa 
 FaAAixa 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 73 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 129 
 
 73 
 
 15 
 
 34 
 
 122 
 
112 
 
 'H 6A<x>) /a TWV el<rot^QevTcav xara TO STO$ roDro avs/3>) el 
 gnrou 60 exaro^au^ja <ygocna;v, cwv. 
 
 A/' auVT<axwv aTftOTrAo/wv Tre^/Troy 180,000,000 y 
 
 ayyAixav 135,000,000 
 
 aOffT^jaxttV TfAo/av 480,000 
 
 2,160,000 
 
 IAA>JV<XV 2,470,000 
 
 8,000,000 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EMHOPION THS AMI^OT S 
 
 Return of Com- Avj/xoo-jsyou-sy eVraySa TttvaiKct TOV e&Trogiov T^C 'Aft.iO'OU (^ 
 
 merceofSam- rJ/oCvroc) xard TO sroj 1855. 'O w/vaf ouroj elva; a 
 soun for 1855. ''/5>\~p/ not 
 
 <7VV:TCK.^f}Y) STTt TYj 6aO~Sl pS^OilMV 7T Arj^O^O^<COV. 
 
 Kara TO 1855 Iroj eysivs TroXv |U,syaA^T=^ov s^ogiov y xaTa TO 
 1854, $|OTI xai >) eJcraywyi) xa rj 
 /c TOU 
 
 7r^>o^ TO 
 
 TWV 65;v Ssv eTTirgsTtsi TXyV Td%elctv xat 
 v TCUV ^rouftfva>y TrgxypciTcHuv. Xa^ic ojaajc sij TX/V 
 svvy]aaT;v, TO SCTCOTS^JXOV exjv^r^ 07ra;<7ouv. OI 
 i sAaoov ex TWV psgwv Tourcav jasyaAvjv ro<TOT)jTa 
 xal TO etiroiov TOVTO >'5:A= 
 
 15,000 ?wa. 
 
 Twv u^ao-jU,aTcov lrsgtff(rOTeg6i sio-^fivjo-av xTa TO 1855 ? xaTa TO 
 1854* 7ravT 8s sTrcyArj^crav &<a TO'JJ g^j Ao /r youj' -TT^WTOV SioVt ol 
 l YjUTTogovv, xafio Aa^oWsc ^gYjpoiTa ex T^J 7rcoA>j0"ea> TOJV y=v- 
 ctvTcov bsvTegw 85 exa^trav 700 Sju,ara sij T^V i/Airo^xJjv 
 v TOU ZiAs. Ata TauTa xa* 8<a T^V 7raoouo"/y TroAAciov 
 
 TOV 
 
 ' E ^ a y co y TJ. 
 27,867 go's? Af/aj y ? . 8,362,800 
 
 31,094 vgofaTet 2,238,768 
 
 3J547 alysj xa agvia 255,384 
 
 1,897 T^nroi 1,709,100 
 
 ]96 WIOVQI 70,560 
 
 1,000 xafMjXoi 11,440,000 
 
 4,605 XVT^ TT i v / y o 5 * 221,040 
 
 1,735 gooTwgov 916,080 
 
 4,480 av^axs; 161,280 
 
 6,000 xoAa pa>pj 108,000 
 
 687,758 O-ITO; 33,012,384 
 
 88 ; 612 aguGoa-iTOs Xeuxoj 2,126,904 
 
113 
 
 400 X/TPIVOJ 
 
 512,000 KM 
 
 50,162 xavra^ia aAsupov 
 
 20,772 }> ^ogro^ xa a%U 
 22,324 
 65,100 
 
 5,892 /SaAAa* v^>oi(r^otTOi xat 
 
 48,000 
 
 21,504,204 
 
 4,414,568 
 
 1,096,592 
 
 650,400 
 
 1,562,400 
 
 5,656,520 
 
 4,176,000 
 
 62,880 
 
 12,512,330 
 
 725,040 
 
 1,426,000 
 
 375,480 
 
 11,995,200 
 
 1,718,400 
 
 E 1 <r a y 
 
 T g T cr i a 
 
 29,000 xavra^a 
 
 1,048 
 16,043 
 
 1,007 
 
 8,500 
 894 
 24,990 /SaAAat 
 
 179 
 
 44 xicwna 
 
 5,312 xavraoja 
 
 665 
 
 418 
 
 596 
 
 622 
 
 3,623 
 
 16,769 
 
 330 
 
 7,784 
 
 215 
 
 715 
 
 4,595 
 
 To; 1855 eIcr^A5ov ei TOV AjW,sW 'Aj,t(7oD 446 TrAoTa, wv 56 
 a (45 arjoiox/vrjTa xai 11 icrTiox/yijra), 42 ^yaAAixa (23 ar- 
 xa) 19 f<mox/vr]Ta), 169 ay^Aixa (70 ar/AOx/v^ra xa 
 99 *o"T<oxiv>]Ta), 150 o0cojw,av*xa (18 arjaox/yyjra xai 132 io~ro- 
 x/vrjra), 25 o~^S<xa (2 aTjW/oxwjra xa< 23 iimoxivrjTa), 5 ve7ro- 
 Aravixa (2 ar^ox/y>]Ta xai 3 <Vnox/vjTa)j xai 2 
 
 xai 
 
 TnJAiva ayysTa, xrA. 
 
 To oXov y<>. 119,887,714 
 
 21,120 
 
 1,912,320 
 
 635,900 
 
 50,160 
 1,072,808 
 1,126,800 
 1,079,116 
 
 16,095,560 
 
 67,200 
 
 470,400 
 
 387,000 
 
 256,400 
 
 2,203,600 
 
 To oAov ?> 25,578,184 
 
 H 
 
114 
 
 "Leader" on 
 Eastern ques- 
 tion, Jan. 24, 
 1856. 
 
 "Warlike tone 
 of English 
 Press. 
 
 The " Times.' 
 
 *' oA/ycov rr t v xara.vTa(nv rcuv 
 
 Tr)V TT^O TOOV Trctoo&ofcow ayyAicov l cuv 6 xo'crjaoj vea? criiveAa/3ev 
 lATr/Saj. 'H xaTa(7Ta(rjc aurrj slvai a<oo~y]|&/;TOc xai <a T' aAAa 
 xal jW,aAjo~Ta xa0' oVov a<popa rijv o^ayccyyjv TOL) ayyAtxou TyVoy. 
 
 f/ OA>) rj erratic aurou ^rov ecrp^aTcoj TroAejOuxcoTaTyj. Ms ap*/x,a- 
 viov ^Aeja/jta xaT~o~xo'7Ty = <ryjU,7racrav TX/V paJO"(7<xrjv eTri/cpxreixv ctTro 
 TrsptxTWV 5W$ Trsparcov, ava^Twv ra jU-aAAov euTrpoVira xa 
 jCtffo>j aurrj;* a7rrjc/OjU, T 7raAa< xa) vsa TrAoTa xai (rrpaTs 
 rrjj 5Aao-(7oxpaTOpo^ 'AyyA/aj, x) ctvstpsps Tracraj raj 
 
 oVac >j ayyAix^ etJ^vt'a TrapsG'xsua^s *a TJJV Trpocrs^ xara 
 exdrparc/av, TJ^V xpiVi^ov* ti^e5=<xvyV <f TCU 
 xal vauap^oy; T^ <iv^poi^ioi$ TTOU xa) TTO;; w^siAov v 
 xuipiwg T>JV ^Q^spav Apxrov* ore 85 QihavQpcoTro; TI$ 
 
 crujx/3ouA=you(ra va 
 sjxovoov, o Xpovof eAsy 
 
 TTJV 8ia<popav eij eryvoSov Iv ^ r; 'Paxrcr/a eA= e(raj TTCCVTO- 
 Sia T^J rj/^ou ritJv uTTOTsAcov xa 
 
 va pv 
 aAAa Travrore 
 
 Aev 
 
 fisAo/xsv i 
 
 aWf, 
 xat 
 
 The " Morning 
 Post." 
 
 ayvooyvTej T* a7raiTi, xai 
 yyyrj<7cov 
 
 yjj EypcoTnjj." 'Ex TWV Aoycov 
 
 oySgjj fiSyyaTO va eixao~>j OTI lyy<op/v ij TJJV elpiijvyjv 
 AA 7Tpio~TaTixa rjcrav oyp^ T^TTOV 7r/<po/3a. 
 
 'H rip;o"<7/a V ^EArjcrc va TrapaBc^flrj aTroAyTcoj xa va y 
 p/rj Iv HeTpoyTro'Ajt Taj TrpOTacrejj TOU xo'arjToj 'EcrT=p^a^yj* 6 Ss 
 OpcoVvo? Tap^ySpOftoc, TO opyavov Toy TrpcoflyTroypyoy TW j 
 'AyyA/ac Aop^ou rTaAjaspaToov, ftr; 7ro"Tya;v OT< ^ *PJO~(7/a ScAsi 
 TrapaSgp^^ Taj 7rpoTo-j X/vaj, aAA* yTroOsVwv OTI 7raAv fifiAf* 
 aya/3aA=< T^V xpicriv TWV Trpay^aTwy Sja |5aSioyp'yiaJV, yTrgSs/xvygy 
 coj <^0|Srpaj Topyovaj Taf vauTxao" xa* <7TpaTia)T*xaj yvajU,ij Trjj 
 Aycrscoc, xai jU<aA<o~Ta yj7riA=i civwc TJJV Upwcrcriav, Aya)v OT* 
 gyxoAa)T5pa T>]J Trpoj Tr)v Mocrp^av <vai r^ Trpoj TO BgpoATvov ayoycra 
 
 <^ayepa TCO 6Tpw TCOV Siajxap^o^svcoy jU-spwv. EJc TayTa a7TxpJVTOj 
 TpoTiov Tiva. TO opyavov Toy TrpawuTroypyoD Trj Hpwo~o~/aj OTI >j 
 
 T^r / " 
 
 llpcoo-o-ia, e 
 
 Attitude ot 
 Sweden and 
 Denmark. 
 
 va Trgp^povijar;, xa* OT< oA)j 
 
 o-up,<Z>wvoL><ra pera Tr}$ 
 
 7ipo$ Taj aa~ei$ TOU 'AvaToAixoy ^r y Tr;/xaTOj, etvaj 
 r /y,o~'y oAa*j SuvajO-scriv slj T>JV aTroxaTacTTacriV T 
 8*xa/cov xat jCteTp/wv. 
 
 'H ^oyrjbYa elp^s o-yvo/j(,oAoy)i(7 Trpoj Taj SyTixaj Ayva/Xij 
 , TTJV OTro/av xoivcoj I3jcop>jo~av a>j /Sfibaiov 
 ep) o~y/jt.jaap^/aj xai 7n/x,a^<aj xaTa T^ 
 lxcrTpaT/av, xa) oA/ycv |x=Ta TayTa ayrjyyc'A\TO OTI xa< y; Aav/a 
 
115 
 
 aurrj e\/U(T>j u<rTepov, xa* a>f Trpoj T>JV 
 
 xai a> 7rpo T jU-sAXovra /SouAeujxara at)i%* aXAa Sev 
 aju,<*/3oAa or* a TIJV |,Ta<rTa<nv rrjj Auvajotecoj rauryjj xare/3aA 
 AOVTO TroAAai 
 
 TRANSLATION OF SPECIMENS FROM GREEK NEWSPAPER, 
 " THE AMALTHEA/' PUBLISHED AT SMYRNA. 
 
 i. Commercial Intelligence. 
 COMMERCIAL PART. 
 
 n 
 
 account of the nearness of the Easter holidays little 
 business is being transacted in any of our various kinds of 
 imports. In sugars alone, on account of the shortness of the 
 supply, is a rise of prices to be noted, and American sugars 
 went off at pi. 320 and French at 280 on account. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Opium. A few sales were effected at pias. 116. 
 Madders. At 302-303, with little doing. 
 Grains (Dye). A little business transacted at 6-6, 20 
 piastres. 
 
 Valonia. Inactivity. Prices, piastres 60-70. 
 Waxes. Purified. Pias. 950. 
 
 Cereals. A fall. Wheat, pias. 25-32. Barley, U-12. 
 Flour, 50-110. 
 
 Exchange of Smyrna. 
 With the Turkish pound at 108 piastres. 
 London ...... 118. 
 
 Marseilles ...... 186. 
 
 Trieste ...... 464467. 
 
 ii. Return of Commerce of Trelisondfor 1855. 
 
 The influence of the causes which contributed in the year 
 1854? to augment the commerce of Trebisond continued to 
 to operate throughout the year 1855 also. 
 
 In this year 1855, the entries inwards at Trebisond 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Steamers. Bailing vessels Sailing vessels , p } 
 
 with cargo. without cargo. 
 
 Austrian .45 2 47 
 
 English. .28 8 36 
 
 French 2 2 
 
 Greek 2 2 
 
 Norwegian .02 2 
 
 Turk . . 36 4 40 
 
 73 50 6 
 
 The outward bound 73 15 34 122 
 
116 
 
 The total value of the imports of this year amounted to 
 about 600 millions of piastres of which : 
 
 Austrian steamers imported about 180,000,000 paistres value. 
 
 English 135,000,000 
 
 Austrian sailing vessels 480,000 
 
 English 2,460,000 
 
 Greek 2,470,000 
 
 Norwegian 8,000,000 
 
 Turk 12,000,000 
 
 iii. Return of Commerce of Sams oun for 1855. 
 
 We here publish a return of the commerce of Samsoun 
 fbr t"he 1855. This return is trustworthy, as it was compiled 
 from sources of undoubted authority. 
 
 In the year 1855 much more business was transacted than 
 in 1854, so much so that the amount of exports and imports 
 was doubled. Speaking generally, the movements of the 
 market were active, and would have been more so, had the 
 means of communication with the interior been on a better 
 footing. Unfortunately, the dangerous state of the roads 
 does not allow of a speedy and regular transport of goods as 
 required. Thanks, however, to the excessive prices offered for 
 cereals, one was enabled to act upon the resources of the inte- 
 rior to a certain extent. The allied armies drew from these 
 parts a large quantity of beeves and other horned cattle, and 
 this branch of commerce would have received a great develop- 
 ment if the epidemic had not broken out and destroyed above 
 15,000 head of cattle. 
 
 More woven stuffs were imported in 1855 than in 1854, 
 and the whole quantity was disposed of owing to the opera- 
 tion of the following causes : First, the abundance of money 
 circulating among the natives who received it in exchange 
 for the sale of their produce. Secondly, the destruction of 
 700 bales of stuffs by a fire at the commercial meeting at 
 Zile. By these causes and by the presence of many buyers, 
 prices were kept up. 
 
 Here follows the table of exports and imports : 
 
 Exports. 
 
 27,867 beeves value in piastres 8,362,800 
 
 31,094 sheep 2,238,768 
 
 3,547 goats and lambs 255,384 
 
 1,897 horses 1,709,100 
 
 196 mules 70,560 
 
 1,000 camels 11,440,000 
 
 4,605 quintals of iriviyoup 221,040 
 
 1,735 butter 916,080 
 
 4,480 coals 161,280 
 
117 
 
 6,000 kilos, of oats 
 
 687,758 corn 
 
 88,612 white wheat 
 
 400 red wheat 
 
 512,000 barley 
 
 50,162 quintals of flour 
 
 20,772 hay and straw 
 
 22,324 fs/3/0ia 
 
 65,100 charcoal 
 
 5,892 bales, stuff, &c. 
 
 29,000 quintals of biscuit 
 
 1,048 ' ^Tracrroup/xa 
 
 16,043 plates of un wrought copper 
 
 1,007 chests of wrought copper 
 
 8,504 quintals of rice 
 
 894 suet 
 
 24,990 bales of tobacco 
 179 silk 
 
 value in piastres 
 
 108,000 
 
 33,012,384 
 
 2,126,904 
 
 48,000 
 
 21,504,204 
 
 4,414,568 
 
 1,096,592 
 
 650,400 
 
 1,562,400 
 
 5,656,520 
 
 4,176,000 
 
 62,880 
 
 12,512,330 
 
 725,040 
 
 1,426,000 
 
 375,480 
 
 11,995,200 
 
 1,718,404 
 
 Total in piastres, 119,887,714 
 Imports 
 
 value in piastres 
 
 44 chests of steel 
 5,312 quintals coffee 
 
 665 chests of paper 
 
 418 iron ware 
 
 596 bales of hides (leather?) 
 
 622 thread 
 3,623 quintals of iron 
 16,769 bales of woven stuffs, &c. 
 
 330 quintals of pepper 
 7,784 chests of soap 
 
 215 earthenware vessels, &c. 
 
 715 bales of canvas 
 4,595 quintals of sugar 
 
 Total in piastres 25,378,184 
 
 In 1855 there entered inwards at the Port of Samsoun, 
 449 vessels ; viz. 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 21,120 
 1,912,320 
 635,900 
 50,163 
 1,072,808 
 1,126,800 
 1,079,116 
 16,095,360 
 67,200 
 470,400 
 387,000 
 256,400 
 2,203,600 
 
 English 
 Turk - 
 Austrian 
 French 
 Sardinian - 
 Neapolitan - 
 Tuscan 
 
 - 70 
 - 18 
 - 45 
 - 23 
 - 2 
 - 55 
 - 2 
 
 ig Vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 99 
 
 169 
 
 132 
 
 150 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Total 449 
 
118 
 
 Warlike tone 
 of English 
 press. 
 
 " The Times.' 
 
 " The Morning 
 Post." 
 
 iv. " Leader " on " Eastern Question" Jan. 24, 1856. 
 
 Let us take a short review of the condition of affairs 
 which prevailed previously to the announcement of the 
 unexpected intelligence from which the world has drawn 
 fresh hopes. This condition was a remarkable one on many 
 accounts, and especially so with reference to the tone and 
 position assumed by the English press. 
 
 Its whole bearing was to the last degree warlike. With 
 the angry eye of an assailant, it surveyed the whole 
 Russian empire from one end of the earth to the other, 
 searching out its more accessible and vulnerable points. It 
 kept reckoning over and over again the old and new 
 ships and armies of maritime England, and recounting 
 all the marvellous inventions which English ingenuity 
 was preparing for the approaching, the decisive, campaign 
 against Russia ; it pointed out to the Generals and Admirals 
 of the allied forces where and how they were to inflict the 
 fatal stroke on the formidable power of the north. But 
 when any voice was heard to recommend in the interests 
 of humanity that an end should be put to the great 
 struggle by means of a Congress of the Powers, " The 
 Times " said with warmth, " Rather than refer the decision 
 of our differences to a Congress in which Russia will be 
 all-powerful by means of the votes of her retainers and 
 hirelings, we choose that the sword decide between us ; it 
 is, it is true, an undiscriminating, but it is ever an impar- 
 tial judge. We did not draw it without knowing what 
 sacrifices it would demand, and we will not sheathe it 
 without surer guarantees than such as the wisdom or sin- 
 cerity of a Congress of European Princes can furnish." 
 Certainly from language such as this no one could conjecture 
 that we were on the eve of a peace ; and, besides these, 
 there were other circumstances complicating the affair, 
 which wore an equally threatening aspect. 
 
 Prussia would not accept and support in St. Petersburg!! 
 absolutely and without condition the propositions of Count 
 Esterhazy, and " The Morning Post/' the organ of the Prime 
 Minister of England, Lord Palmerston, not believing that 
 Russia would accept those propositions, but supposing that 
 she would again defer the settlement of the matter by her 
 intrigues, held up in terrorem the naval and military forces 
 of the Western Powers, and particularly threw out some 
 threatening hints to Prussia, saying, that that power might 
 one day learn that the road to Berlin was easier than that 
 to Moscow, if it did not at last determine to range itself 
 openly with one or other of the contending parties. The 
 of the Prussian Prime Minister made some sort of 
 
119 
 
 reply to this, saying, that Prussia remained true to the 
 principles she had already once proclaimed, and that she 
 had, in support of them, such a military force in readiness 
 to take the field as no power could afford to despise ; and 
 that the whole of Germany, not excepting Austria, was 
 agreed with Prussia as to the basis of the Eastern question, 
 and was ready to co-operate with all its forces towards the 
 re-establishment of peace on a just and equitable basis. 
 
 Sweden had concluded the celebrated treaty with the Attitude of 
 Western Powers, which was commonly regarded as a 
 rtain forerunner of another treaty for an offensive and de- 
 nsive alliance, to be made in anticipation of the coming 
 campaign ; and, shortly after this, it was announced, that 
 Denmark proposed following Sweden's example. The truth 
 of this announcement was subsequently denied, both with 
 reference to the present views and future intentions of 
 Denmark ; but there is no doubt that much exertion had 
 been used to bring over this power to the side of the allies. 
 
 BOTANICAL NOTES.* 
 
 1 . Since the general distribution of plants is as greatly 
 affected by the character of the soil as by climate, light, 
 heat, moisture, and other physical agents, it should be stated 
 that the neighbourhood of Smyrna is characterized by three 
 principal geological formations, viz. : 1, porphyritic rock ; 
 2, limestone ; 3, alluvial deposit. There are, however, not 
 wanting examples of volcanic formations, and especially of 
 a coarse conglomerate rock. 
 
 2. The higher ranges of hills which surround the Bay of 
 Smyrna, and bound the fertile plains to the eastward, are 
 all of limestone, a hard gritty limestone, containing organic 
 remains sparingly. These hills, with their characteristic 
 outline, form the principal feature in the landscape of the 
 country. 
 
 3. But here and there, especially on the south side of the 
 bay, the porphyry crops out, and takes an important part 
 both in the geology and botany of the district. At the 
 back of the city, to the S.S.E., and bearing part of the city 
 on its foot, rises " Mount Pagus" to some 600 feet. This is 
 a bold rocky height, almost isolated from the other hills, 
 but sending out two great spurs to the west and south. 
 The external characters as well as the vegetation of this 
 tract of igneous rock contrast strongly with those of the 
 limestone. 
 
 * Communicated by Edward Atkinson, Esq., late assistant 
 surgeon to tlie Hospital at Smyrna. 
 
120 
 
 4. The alluvial soil of the plains would not require 
 special notice were we speaking of the geology of the dis- 
 trict alone ; but when regarded in connexion with its 
 vegetation, it of course acquires a right to be considered 
 par excellence. There are several extensive plains in the 
 vicinity ; of these the two principal are those of Boudjah 
 and Hadjilar. The former is elevated on a table of lime- 
 stone hills, has but a shallow soil, which partakes much of 
 the character of the rock, and its flora is determined accord- 
 ingly. The latter is scarcely above the level of the sea, and 
 seems to have been formed by the deposit of rivers, though 
 there is now no stream traversing it of sufficient size to add 
 materially to its present extent. It is covered with a deep 
 and rich soil, whose produce is luxuriant in the extreme. 
 
 5. To attribute to each part of a district where the nature 
 of the soil chanced to differ an entirely distinct flora, would 
 undoubtedly be incorrect, but it is very true (and nowhere 
 more strikingly than here) that those plants and shrubs 
 which have the most decided elective property (if I may use 
 the expression) almost invariably form the most prominent 
 objects that meet the eye, and so characterize the spot at 
 the first glance. 
 
 6. The granite or porphyry tract is much less clothed 
 with shrubs than the limestone, and seldom produces any 
 but a few stunted bushes of cratsegus oxycantha, pyrus 
 communis, amygdalus communis (wild almond), and other 
 rosaceous plants. 
 
 In June and July, however, when almost all around is 
 either fading or already destroyed by the voracious locusts, 
 the shadier nooks of these rocks shelter the bright green of 
 a beautiful asclepiad (schubertia multiflora}, whose sweet- 
 scented flowers are well protected by their poisonous quality. 
 This formation, however, though lacking plants of larger 
 growth, is in no want of floral beauty. The delightful 
 spring, which commences about the 15th of March, and lasts 
 till the end of May, clothes the hill sides with hundreds of 
 brilliant flowers among which the scarlet and blue ane- 
 mones of our gardens, and some half dozen species of scilla, 
 are the most conspicuous. 
 
 7. The flora of the limestone tract is much more varied 
 and striking. In the lower parts of the hills, and in the 
 valleys, there is abundance of evergreen oak (quercus ilex), 
 and several members of the N.O. anacardiacese or terebinth 
 family e. g., the pistacia terebinthus (yielding the famous 
 Chian turpentine), the P. lentiscus, which, under favourable 
 circumstances, yields the mastic of commerce. [The only 
 place where it is now cultivated for this purpose is in a 
 small part of the Isle of Scio. Numbers of similar localities 
 
121 
 
 might perhaps be made available in the different islands of 
 the Archipelago.] The Rhus cotinus also grows here to a 
 height of eighteen or twenty feet. The barer parts of the 
 hills have large tracts of low brushwood formed of the ilex, 
 P. lentiscus, poterium spinosum, and other thorny or 
 aromatic shrubs. Lavender, origanum, and many other 
 dwarf woody herbs of the mint tribe are common. On 
 the higher plains the wild olive, the myrtle, and the stone 
 pine predominate while the still higher uplands and 
 ridges are clad with a perfect thicket of arbutus unedo, A. 
 andrachne quercus infectoria several ericee, &c. The 
 course of the mountain streams is always indicated by a 
 fringe of oleanders, as the salt marshes on the south side 
 of the bay are invariably bordered by the feathery tama- 
 risk. As might have been expected, the limestone district 
 abounds in orchids and ophryds, some of which aie exceed- 
 ingly singular. The high plains, too, are remarkable for 
 their composite plants. 
 
 8. The flora of the alluvial plains is of course far more 
 extensive, and embraces representatives of many more 
 natural orders than the other two together. The hedges 
 that bound the green lanes are composed chiefly of myrtle, 
 yellow jasmine, laburnum, and ilex, overrun with clematis 
 and honeysuckle. Here and there occur fine bushes of the 
 paliurus australis or Christ's thorn, or else the rose-coloured 
 masses of the circsea judaica or Judas tree. These plains 
 abound chiefly in leguminous and solanaceous plants. To 
 which I may add cruciferse and labiatse. 
 
 The umbelliferous plants of this district are not numerous, 
 though perhaps the frequency of some few species might 
 mislead a superficial observer as to the number of species. 
 The commonest of all is the Smyrnium olusatrum, which 
 probably takes its name from the city. It overruns all 
 the cemeteries, and seems to thrive best in the cypress 
 shade. 
 
 The momordica elaterium, or squirting cucumber, is a 
 weed everywhere, but especially on the rocky hill used as a 
 burial ground by the Jews. 
 
 9. As to timber, there is scarcely any but pine grown in 
 the country, all other is imported from the Black Sea or 
 elsewhere. There are, however, some large plane trees to 
 be found in the neighbourhood, but not sufficient for build- 
 ing purposes. There is no forest, properly so called, in the 
 district. 
 
 Native walnut and olive wood are used for cabinet-making, 
 and the saplings of lemon, cherry, bay, apricot, hazel, jasmine, 
 and wild-rose, are all used for the manufacture of pipe stems 
 staple article of produce. Cypresses afford the tallest 
 
 I 
 
122 
 
 timber of any grown in the country ; but these do not appear 
 to be ever planted out of the cemeteries, where they some- 
 times attain a height of 120 feet, with a girth of 8 or 10 feet 
 or more. I have, nevertheless, seen them occasionally felled 
 and turned to account. In some places a tall poplar is cul- 
 tivated for scaffolding poles, but they do not reach a great 
 height near Smyrna. 
 
 10. In almost all countries there are some wild plants 
 used as common food by the lower classes. So here the 
 people eat the malva sylvestris, sinapis arvensis, taraxacum, 
 and cichorium, &c. &c. But their greatest delicacy is a dish 
 of the young shoots of tamus communis (the black briony)^ 
 which they eat boiled, very much after the fashion of aspa- 
 ragus. The young plant of papaver dubium is also eaten, 
 uncooked, as a salad, and I have been told by several people 
 that in the winter the Greeks of Smyrna boil and eat as a 
 luxury the corms of the muscari glutinosum (a grape hya- 
 cinth). Besides these the Turks, but more especially the 
 Greeks, use a variety of seeds, roots, and leaves for food ; 
 parched maize is a common article of diet among the poor 
 Jews. I have tried, but without success, to discover from 
 what species of orchids the salep of commerce is derived. It 
 is brought from some miles inland, and may, therefore, belong 
 to a plant I never met with. The leaves of Smyrnium 
 olusatrum (alexanders) are stewed and eaten commonly, and 
 the seeds are also used in condiments. The most ordinary 
 vegetables which the Smyrna market supplies, are all of the 
 solanaceous family [e. g., tomatoes (lycopersicum esculentum), 
 brinjols (solanum melongena), capsicums], or of the cucur- 
 bitaceous order, as all manner of gourds, pumpkins, and 
 melons. The potato is not much cultivated near Smyrna, 
 but is very largely imported. 
 
 1 ] . Medicinally there are many plants made use of, and 
 indeed the people are, like all Orientals, most faithful 
 herbalists ; but little comparatively can be known of their 
 system, so long as the herb-doctors' craft is in vogue and 
 their secrets therefore worth keeping. A few herbs, how- 
 ever, I learned the use of. The marrubium vulgare, for 
 instance, (the horehound,) is in great requisition for diarrhoea, 
 and the plantago coronopus or buckshorn plantain for 
 haemorrhoids ; Thalictrum vulgare (rue) for melancholia, or 
 to avert an evil omen ; and aristolochia longa for uterine 
 diseases and infantile convulsions. The vitex-castus was 
 said formerly by Forskahl to be used in Smyrna for colic ; 
 but though that aromatic shrub is exceedingly common 
 there, I could not learn that it was a remedy in general 
 use. This vitex is especially frequent on the plains of 
 
123 
 
 Bondjah, Sedikioi, and the R. Cayster, and sometimes 
 assumes the importance of a tree. 
 
 12. Among the many medicinal plants indigenous to this 
 locality may be enumerated, momordica elaterium, cotyle- 
 don umbilicus, carum carui, coriandrum sativum, sambucus 
 nigra, anthemis nobilis, olea Europsea, erythrea centaurium, 
 convolvulus scammonia, inula Helenium, valeriana officinalis, 
 mentha viridis, &c. ; origanum, marrubium, lavandula, &c. ; 
 ruta (thalictrum) graveolens, scilla maritima, laurus nobilis, 
 pistacia terebinthus, and P. lentiscus ; foeniculum offic., 
 amygdalus comm., solanum dulcamara, and datura stramo- 
 nium. 
 
 All the gum scammony exported from Smyrna, its only 
 habitat as far as we are concerned, is collected from wild 
 plants, which grow in thickets and hedge bottoms. There 
 seems no sufficient reason why the cultivation of this ex- 
 ceedingly costly drug should not be successful elsewhere ; it 
 needs shade, support, a dryish light sandy soil, pure air, 
 and little interference. But surely this would be worth an 
 attempt, considering its present value. The mandragora 
 officinalis or mandrake is said to be found near Smyrna, 
 and is the subject there, as elsewhere, of all the old super- 
 stitions. 
 
 The sesamum orientale or sesame and the capparis spinosa 
 or caper plant are both worthy of notice as common plants 
 in the vicinity. 
 
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