! B \\ A K Y I 
 
 NiVERStTY OF 
 CALIFORNIA/ 
 
 cadence* Natural 
 ^sources Ubr&.y 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE SPECIMENS OF 
 
 MAMMALIA 
 
 THE COLLECTION 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 PART III. 
 UNGULATA FURCIPEDA. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
 1852. 
 
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
 RKD LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 1HE chief object in preparing the present Synopsis has 
 been, to give at one view a complete Catalogue of all the 
 specimens of Mammalia, and their Osteological remains, at 
 present in the British Museum Collection, and an account 
 of the species known to exist in other collections, but which 
 are at present desiderata in the British Museum, so as to 
 enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in com- 
 pleting the National Collection. For this purpose, a short 
 description has been given of all the genera and species at 
 present known to exist in the different museums and private 
 collections, and at the end of each description is added an 
 enumeration, stating the state, age, country, and other pecu- 
 liarities of each specimen of the kind in the Museum Collec - 
 tion ; or when the species is not at present in that Collection, 
 the museum, in which it has been observed, is added after 
 the general habitat of the species. 
 
 The different individuals of each species contained in the 
 British Museum Collection are indicated by the letters a, b, 
 c, &c. When the age of the specimen is not stated, it is to 
 be understood that it is full-grown, or nearly so ; when other- 
 
 a2 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 wise, its state is marked immediately after the letter by 
 which it is distinguished ; and if the sexes are known, it is 
 stated to be male or female. These particulars are followed 
 by the habitat, which is given as particularly as the mate- 
 rials possessed by the Museum permit. Those specimens 
 which have been presented to the Museum have the name 
 of the donor marked immediately after the habitat. When 
 there is no such indication, the specimens have been either 
 purchased or procured in exchange ; and in this case, when- 
 ever the place or person from whence they have been re- 
 ceived gives authenticity to the specimen, or adds anything 
 to their history, they are noted as being from such or such 
 a collection. 
 
 The various synonyms have been given to the different 
 divisions of the class, and to the genera and subgenera and 
 species, and a reference made to the works in which they 
 have been characterized or described. 
 
 In the adoption of the names for these divisions and for 
 the names of the genera and species, it has been thought 
 right to use, whenever it was possible, that which was first 
 used for the purpose. As far as regards the specific name, 
 there is comparatively little difficulty in the application of 
 this simple rule ; but ordinal, and especially generic names, 
 have been used by different authors in senses so widely dif- 
 ferent, and the groups which they are intended to designate 
 have been so variously extended and restricted, that it is no 
 easy matter to determine, where several names have been 
 used, which of them ought to be preferred. As every ori- 
 ginal observer will constantly make use of characters which 
 others may have overlooked, or not thought of so much 
 importance as further researches have shown to belong to 
 it, even when a generic name is used, it will of necessity be 
 often employed in a different sense, or with a more restricted 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 or very rarely a more extended meaning than its original 
 proposer applied to it. If this was not allowed, many new 
 names must be added to the list of genera, which is already 
 so overburdened with synonyma. In those cases where the 
 two sexes of the same species, or any particular individual 
 state or variety belonging to it, have been differently named, 
 the names belonging exclusively to the state or individual 
 described are placed after the reference to the specimens to 
 which they apply. To determine with accuracy the names 
 and synonyma of the species, the various specimens, skele- 
 tons and other remains of Hoofed animals in the Museums 
 of the Zoological Society, of the East India Company, of the 
 Naval Hospital at Haslar, and of the different local Societies, 
 especially those of Liverpool, Bristol, &c., and the various 
 continental Museums of Paris, Ley den, Berlin, Vienna, 
 and Frankfort, have been personally examined, and in 
 many cases the specimens contained in those Museums have 
 been sent to the Museum, so that they could be actually 
 compared with specimens in the Museum Collection. 
 
 JOHN EDWARD GRAY. 
 
 British Museum, 
 
 1st December, 1852. 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Order V. UNGULATA 1 
 
 1. Fnrcipeda 8 
 
 Fam. 1. BOVID.E 8 
 
 I. Tribe 1. Bovina 12 
 
 A. Levicornia 15 
 
 I. BovecR 15 
 
 A. 1. Bos 16 
 
 1. B. Taurus 17 
 
 2. B. Indicus 21 
 
 3. B.Dante 22 
 
 2. BUBALUS 23 
 
 1. B. brachycerus 24 
 
 2. B. Buffelus 25 
 
 3. B. Caffer 28 
 
 3. ANOA 29 
 
 1. A. depressicornis .... 29 
 
 4. BIBOS 30 
 
 1. B. frontalis 31 
 
 2. B. Gaums 32v 
 
 3. B. Banting 35 
 
 5. BISON 35 
 
 1. B. Bonassus 36 
 
 2. B. Americanus 38 
 
 B. 6. POEPHAGUS 39 
 
 1. P. grunniens 40 
 
 7. OVIBOS 42 
 
 1. 0. moschatus '43 
 
 8. BUDORCAS 44 
 
 1. B. taxicola 45 
 
 II. Antilopea 45 
 
 A. 1. SAIGA 51 
 
 1. S. Tartarica 51 
 
 Page 
 
 2. PANTHOLOPS 52 
 
 1. P. Hodgsonii 53 
 
 3. PROCAPRA 54 
 
 1. P. gutturosa 54 
 
 2. P. picticauda 55 
 
 4. GAZELLA 55 
 
 1. G. Dorcas 55 
 
 2. G. Isabella 57 
 
 3. G. subgutturosa 58 
 
 4. G. Soemmeringii ... 59 
 
 5. G. Mohr 59 
 
 6. G. ruficollis 60 
 
 7. G. rufifrons 60 
 
 5. TRAGOPS 61 
 
 1. T. Bennettii 62 
 
 6. ANTIDORCAS 63 
 
 1. A. Euchore 63 
 
 7. /EPYCEROS 64 
 
 1. JE. Melampus 65 
 
 8. ANTILOPE 66 
 
 1. A. bezoartica 66 
 
 9. TETRACERUS 67 
 
 1. T. quadricornis 68 
 
 2. T. lodes 69 
 
 3. T. paccervis 69 
 
 4. T. subquadricornutus 70 
 
 10. CALOTRAGUS 70 
 
 1. C. campestris 71 
 
 2. C. melanotis 72 
 
 11. SCOPOPHORUS 73 
 
 1. S. Ourebi 73 
 
 2. S. montanus 74 
 
 12. OREOTRAGUS 74 
 
 1. 0. saltatrix 74 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 13. NESOTRAGUS 75 
 
 1. N. moschatus 75 
 
 14. NEOTRAGUS 76 
 
 1. N. Saltianus 76 
 
 15. CEPHALOPHUS 76 
 
 1. C. quadriscopa 77 
 
 2. C. Grimmia 78 
 
 3. C. Campbellise 80 
 
 4. C. Burchellii 81 
 
 5. C. Madoqua 82 
 
 6. C. coronatus 82 
 
 7. C. sylvicultrix 83 
 
 8. C. Ogilbii 83 
 
 9. C. badius 84 
 
 10. C. dorsalis 84 
 
 11. C. niger , 84 
 
 12. C. Natalensis 85 
 
 13. C. rufilatus 85 
 
 14. C. Maxwellii 86 
 
 15. C. pygraea 87 
 
 16. C. melanorheus 88 
 
 17. C. punctulatus 88 
 
 18. C. Whitfieldii 88 
 
 16. NANOTRAGUS 89 
 
 1. N. perpusillus 89 
 
 17. PELEA 90 
 
 1. P. Capreola 90 
 
 18. ELEOTRAGUS 91 
 
 1. E. aruudinaceus 91 
 
 2. E. reduncus 94 
 
 ? RAPHICERUS 95 
 
 c. 19. ADENOTA 96 
 
 1. A. Kob 96 
 
 2. A. Lechee 98 
 
 20. KOBUS 99 
 
 1. K. ellipsiprymnus ... 99 
 
 2. K. Sing-Sing 99 
 
 21. HIPPOTRAGUS 102 
 
 1. H. leucophaeus 102 
 
 2. H. niger 104 
 
 22. ORYX 105 
 
 1. 0. Gazella 105 
 
 2. O. Beisa 106 
 
 3. 0. Leucoryx 107 
 
 Page 
 
 23. ADDAX 108 
 
 1. A. nasomaculatus ... 108 
 
 24. CAPRICORNIS 110 
 
 1. C. Sumatrensis 110 
 
 2. C. Bubalina Ill 
 
 3. C.Pcrispa 112 
 
 25. NEMORHEDUS 112 
 
 1. N. Goral 112 
 
 26. MAZAMA 114 
 
 1. M. Americana 114 
 
 27. RUPICAPRA 115 
 
 1. R. Tragus 115 
 
 28. ANTILOCAPRA 116 
 
 1. A. Americana 117 
 
 29 & 30. CONNOCHETES .... 119 
 
 1. C. Gnu 119 
 
 2. C. Gorgon 121 
 
 31. ALCELAPHUS 122 
 
 1. A. Bubalis 123 
 
 2. A. Caama 124 
 
 32. DAMALIS 125 
 
 1. D. lunatus 125 
 
 2. D. Senegalensis 126 
 
 3. D. Pygarga 127 
 
 4. D. albifrons 129 
 
 5. D.? Zebra 129 
 
 B. Angulicornia 131 
 
 III. Strepsicerea 131 
 
 1. STREPSICEROS 132 
 
 1. S. Kudu 133 
 
 2. OREAS 134 - 
 
 1. 0. Canna 134 
 
 2. 0. Derbianus 135 
 
 3. TRAGELAPHUS 136 
 
 1. T. Eurycerus 136 
 
 2. T. Angasii 137 
 
 3. T. scripta 138 
 
 4. T. Decula 139 
 
 5. T. sylvatica .. 139 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 4. PORTAX 
 
 1. P. Tragocamelus 
 
 Page 
 , 140 
 , 141 
 
 IV. Caprea 142 
 
 1. HEMITRAGUS 144 
 
 1. H. Jemlaicus 144 
 
 2. KEMAS 146 
 
 1. K. Warryato 146 
 
 3. ^GOCEROS 147 
 
 1. M. Pyrenaica 147 
 
 2. JE>. Caucasica 148 
 
 4. CAPRA 149 
 
 1. C. Ibex 149 
 
 2. C. Sibirica 150 
 
 3. C. Himalayana 150 
 
 4. C. laevicornis 151 
 
 5. C. Nubiana 151 
 
 6. C. Valie 152 
 
 5. HIRCUS 152 
 
 1. H. j^Egagrus 153 
 
 V. Ovea 160 
 
 1. Ovis 161 
 
 1. O.Aries 161 
 
 2. CAPROVIS 171 
 
 1. C. Vignei 172 
 
 2. C. Orientalis 172 
 
 3. C. Musimon 173 
 
 4. C. Argali 174 
 
 5. C. Canadensis 176 
 
 3. PSEUDOIS 177 
 
 1. P. Nahoor 177 
 
 4. AMMOTRAGUS 179 
 
 1. A. Tragelaphus 179 
 
 Tribe 2. Giraffina 180 
 
 1. GlRAFFA 180 
 
 I. G. Camelopardalis... 181 
 
 II. Tribe 3. Cervina.,.. 182 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Alcea 186 
 
 1. ALCES 186 
 
 1. A. Malchis 187 
 
 2. Rangerince 188 
 
 1. TARANDUS 188 
 
 1. T. rangifer 189 
 
 3. Elaphina 193 
 
 1. CERVUS 193 
 
 1. C. Canadensis 193 
 
 2. C. Elaphus 195 
 
 3. C. Barbarus 197 
 
 4. C. Wallichii 197 
 
 5. C. affinis 199 
 
 6. C. Sika 200 
 
 2. DAMA 200 
 
 1. D. vulgaris 200 
 
 4. RusincB 201 
 
 1. PANOLIA 202 
 
 1. P. Eldii 202 
 
 2. RUCERVUS 203 
 
 1. R. Duvaucellii 203 
 
 3. RUSA 205 
 
 1. R. Aristotelis 205 
 
 2. R. Dimorphe 209 
 
 3. H. hippelaphus 209 
 
 4. R. Equinus 210 
 
 5. R. Peronii 211 
 
 6. R. Philippinus 211 
 
 7. R. lepida? 212 
 
 4. Axis 212 
 
 1. A. maculata 212 
 
 2. A. pseudaxis 215 
 
 5. HYELAPHUS 215 
 
 1. H, porcinus 215 
 
 6. CERVULUS 217 
 
 1. C. vaginalis 217 
 
 2. C. inoscbatus 218 
 
 3. C. Reevesii 220 
 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 5. Capreolina 221 
 
 1. CAPREOLUS 221 
 
 1. C. Capraea 222 
 
 2. C. pygargus 223 
 
 2. BLASTOCERUS 223 
 
 1. B. paludosus 224 
 
 2. B. campestris 224 
 
 3. FURCIFER 226 
 
 1. F. Antisiensis 226 
 
 2. F. Huarael 227 
 
 4. CARIACUS 228 
 
 1. C. Virginianus 228 
 
 2. C. Mexicanus 230 
 
 3. C. leucurus 230 
 
 4. C.? nemoralis 232 
 
 5. C. punctulatus 232 
 
 6. C. Lewisii 233 
 
 7. C. macrotis 234 
 
 5. COASSUS 236 
 
 1. C. nemorivagus 237 
 
 2. C. rufus 238 
 
 3. C. superciliaris 239 
 
 4. C. auritus 239 
 
 6. PUDU 240 
 
 1. P. humilis 240 
 
 Tribe 4. Moschina 241 
 
 1, MOSCHUS 242 
 
 1. M. Sibiricus 243 
 
 2. M. moschiferus 244 
 
 Page 
 
 3. M. leucogaster 245 
 
 4. M. chrysogaster 245 
 
 2. MEMINNA .,, 246 
 
 1. M, indica 246 
 
 3. HYEMOSCHUS 247 
 
 1. H. aquaticus 248 
 
 4. TRAGULTJS 248 
 
 1. T. Stanleyanus 249 
 
 2. T. Javanicus 249 
 
 3. T. pygmseus 250 
 
 TribeS. Camelina 251 
 
 1. CAMELUS 252 
 
 1. C. Arabicus 252 
 
 2. C. Bactrianus 253 
 
 2. LAMA 254 
 
 1. L. Vicugna '. 256 
 
 2. L. Guanacus 257 
 
 3. L. Glama 260 
 
 4. L. Pacos 260 
 
 Fam. 2. EQUID.E 262 
 
 1. EQUUS 262 
 
 1. E. Caballus 263 
 
 2. ASINUS 268 
 
 1. A. vulgaris 268 
 
 2. A. Onager 269 
 
 3. A. Hemionus 272 
 
 4. A. Equuleus 275 
 
 5. A. Quagga 275 
 
 6. A. Burchellii 276 
 
 7. A. Zebra 277 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Page 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 indicus. Domesticated 21 
 
 Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated 25 
 
 Bison Bonassus. Poland 36 
 
 Rupicapra Tragus 115 
 
 ^Egoceros Pyrenaica 147 
 
 Caucasica 148 
 
 Capralbex 149 
 
 Hircus ^Egagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Caprovis Musimon. Sardinia 173 
 
 Alces Malchis 187 
 
 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic Circle 189 
 
 Cervus Elaplms 195 
 
 Dama vulgaris. Domesticated 200 
 
 Capreolus Capraea 222 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Bubalus Gaffer 28 
 
 Antidorcas Euchore 63 
 
 ^Epyceros Melampus 65 
 
 Calotragus campestris 71 
 
 melanotis..... 72 
 
 Scopophorus Ourebi 73 
 
 Oreotragus saltatrix 74 
 
 Cephalophus Grimmia 78 
 
 Campbelliae 80 
 
 Burchellii 81 
 
 Natalensis. Port Natal 85 
 
 pygmea 87 
 
 Pelea Capreola 90 
 
 Eleotragus arundinaceus 91 
 
 Adenota Lechee. Tropics 98 
 
 Kobus ellipsiprymnus 99 
 
 Hippotragus leucophaeus 102 
 
 niger 104 
 
 OryxGazella 105 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Connochetes Gnu 119 
 
 - Gorgon 121 
 
 Alcelaphus Caama 124 
 
 Damalis lunatus 125 
 
 Pygarga 127 
 
 albifrons 129 
 
 Strepsiceros Kudu 133 
 
 Oreas Canna 134 
 
 Tragelaphus Angasii 137 
 
 sylvatica . 138 
 
 Hircus ^Egagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Giraffa Camelopardalis 181 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 Quagga 275 
 
 Burchellii 276 
 
 Zebra 277 
 
 North Africa. 
 
 Bos Taurus Domesticated 17 
 
 Dante. Domesticated 22 
 
 Bubalus Buffdus. Domesticated 25 
 
 Gazella Dorcas 56 
 
 Oryx Leucoryx... s 107 
 
 Addax nasomaculatus 108 
 
 Alcelaphus Bubalis 123 
 
 Capra Nubiana 152 
 
 Hircus jEgagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Ammotragus Tragelaphus 179 
 
 Giraffa Camelopardalis 181 
 
 Cervus Elaphus, var. Algeria 197 
 
 Barbarus. Barbary 197 
 
 Camelus Arabicus 252 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 26 
 
 West Africa. 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Bos Dante. Domesticated , 22 
 
 Bubalus brachycer us .... 24 
 
 Gazella Mohr ,,. 59 
 
 rufifrons. Gambia 60 
 
 Scopophorus montanus 73 
 
 ? Cephalophus quadriscopa 77 
 
 Campbelliae 80 
 
 coronatus. Gambia 82 
 
 sylvicultrix. Sierra Leone 81 
 
 Ogilbii. Fernando Po 83 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 ? Cephalophus badius. Sierra Leone 84 
 
 dorsalis. Sierra Leone 84 
 
 niger. Guinea 85 
 
 rufilatus. Gambia 86 
 
 Maxwellii 86 
 
 melanorheus. Fernando Po 88 
 
 punctulatus. Sierra Leone 88 
 
 Whitfieldii. Gambia 88 
 
 Nanotragus perpusillus. Guinea 89 
 
 Eleotragus reduncus. Gambia 94 
 
 Adenota Kob. Gambia 96 
 
 Kobus Sing-Sing. Gambia 99 
 
 Oryx Leucoryx. Gambia 107 
 
 Damalis Senegalensis. Gambia 126 
 
 Zebra. Sierra Leone 129 
 
 Oreas Derbianus. Gambia 135 
 
 Tragelaphus Eurycerus 136 
 
 scripta .~ 138 
 
 Hircus jEgagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Hyemoschus aquaticus 248 
 
 Camelus Arabicus. Domesticated 253 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 East Africa. 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 ? Bubalus brachycerus 24 
 
 Gazella Dorcas, var 56 
 
 Isabella , 57 
 
 Soemmeringii 59 
 
 ruficollis. Kordofan 60 
 
 Scopophorus montanus 73 
 
 Oreotragus saltatrix 74 
 
 Nesotragus moschatus. Zanzibar 75 
 
 Neotragus Saltiana. Abyssinia 76 
 
 Cephalophus Madoqua. Abyssinia 82 
 
 ? Adenota Koba 97 
 
 OryxBeisa 106 
 
 Strepsiceros Kudu, var 133 
 
 Tragelaphus Decula 139 
 
 ? Capra Nubiana 151 
 
 Valie. Abyssinia 152 
 
 Hircus ^Egagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Hircus yEgagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 b 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 ? Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Indicus. Domesticated 21 
 
 Bubalus Buffelus. Domesticated 25 
 
 Anoa depressicornis. Celebes 29 
 
 Bibos frontalis. India 31 
 
 Gaurus. India 33 
 
 Banting. Java, Borneo 35 
 
 Poephagus grunniens. Thibet 40 
 
 Budorcas taxicola. Thibet 45 
 
 Saiga Tartarica. Tartary 51 
 
 Pantholops Hodgsonii. Thibet 53 
 
 Procapra gutturosa. Tartary 54 
 
 picticauda. Thibet 55 
 
 ? Gazella Dorcas, var. India 57 
 
 subgutturosa. Tartary 58 
 
 Tragops Bennettii. India, plains 62 
 
 Antilope Bezoartica. India, plains 66 
 
 Tetracerus quadricornis 68 
 
 lodes 69 
 
 paccervis 69 
 
 subquadricornutus 70 
 
 Capricornis Sumatrensis. Sumatra 110 
 
 Bubalina. India, mountains Ill 
 
 crispa. Japan 112 
 
 ? Nemorhedus Goral. India 112 
 
 Portax Tragocamelus. India 141 
 
 Hemitragus Jemlaicus. India 144 
 
 Kemas Warryato. Western India 146 
 
 Capra Sibirica 150 
 
 Himalayana 150 
 
 Hircus ^Egagrus- Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Caprovis Vignei. Thibet 172 
 
 Argali. Siberia and Tartary 174 
 
 Pseudois Nahoor. North India 177 
 
 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regions 183 
 
 Cervus Wallichii. India 197 
 
 affinis. Thibet 199 
 
 Sika. Japan 200 
 
 Dama vulgaris. Persia 201 
 
 Panolia Eldii. India 202 
 
 Rucervus Duvaucellii. India 203 
 
 Rusa Aristotelis. India 205 
 
 Dimorphe. India 209 
 
 Hippelaphus. Java 209 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Rusa Equinus. Sumatra 210 
 
 Peronii. Timor 211 
 
 Philippinus. Philippines 211 
 
 lepidus. Java 212 
 
 Axis maculatus. India, plains 212 
 
 pseudaxis. India 215 
 
 Hyelaphus porcinus. India, plains 215 
 
 Cervulus vaginalis. Sumatra. Java 217 
 
 moschatus. India 218 
 
 Reevesii. China 220 
 
 Capreolus pygargus. Siberia 223 
 
 Moschus Sibiricus 243 
 
 moschiferus 244 
 
 leucogaster 245 
 
 chrysogaster 245 
 
 Meminna indica 246 
 
 Tragulus Stanleyanus. Ceylon 249 
 
 Javanicus. Java, &c 249 
 
 pygmaeus. Java, &c 250 
 
 Camelus Arabicus 252 
 
 Bactrianus. Domesticated 253 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 Onager. India, plains 269 
 
 Hemionus. Tartary 272 
 
 North America. 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Bison Americanus 36 
 
 Ovibos moschatus. Arctic regions 43 
 
 Mazama Americana. Arctic regions 114 
 
 Antilocapra Americana 117 
 
 Hircus ./Egagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated 161 
 
 Caprovis orientalis. Tunis 172 
 
 Caprovis Canadensis. Arctic regions 176 
 
 Alces Malchis 187 
 
 Tarandus rangifer. Arctic regions 189 
 
 Cervus Canadensis 193 
 
 Cariacus Virginianus 228 
 
 Mexicanus 230 
 
 leucurus 230 
 
 Cariacus nemoralis 232 
 
 punctulatus 232 
 
 Lewisii 233 
 
 macrotis 234 
 
 Equus Caballus. Domesticated 263 
 
 Asinus vulgaris. Domesticated 268 
 
 b2 
 
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 
 
 South America. 
 
 Page 
 
 Bos Taurus. Domesticated 17 
 
 Hircus ^Egagrus. Domesticated 153 
 
 Ovis Aries. Domesticated., 161 
 
 Blastocerus paludosus. Brazil 224 
 
 campestris. Patagonia 224 
 
 Furcifer Antisiensis. Bolivia 227 
 
 Huamel. Chili 227 
 
 Coassus nemorivagus. Brazil 237 
 
 rufus. Brazil 238 
 
 superciliaris. Brazil 239 
 
 auritus. Brazil? 239 
 
 Pudu humilis. Chili 240 
 
 Lama Vicugna. Bolivia 256 
 
 Guanacus. Chili. Patagonia 257 
 
 Lama Glama. Domesticated 260 
 
 Pacos. Domesticated 260 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OP 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Order V. UNGULATA. 
 
 Teeth irregular. Cutting and canine teeth often wanting in 
 one or both jaws. Grinders all similar, sometimes even wanting. 
 Toes large, covered with broad hoofs or large conical claws. 
 
 Ungulata, Ray, Syn. 60, 1693 ; Link, Eeytr. 1795 ; Gray, Lond. 
 
 Med. Rep. xv. 305, Ann. Phil. 1825 ; Latr. Fam. Nat. 60, 
 
 1825; Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 181. 
 Multungula, Solidungula et Bisulca, Illiger, Prod. 94, 101, 103, 
 
 1811. 
 Mam. 2. Bruta, 5. Pecora, and 6. Belluse, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 
 
 12. i. 26, 1766. 
 
 Gravigrades or Onguligrades normaux, Blainv. 1816. 
 Les Edentes, Les Pachydermes, et Les Ruminans, Cuvier, R. A. 
 
 i. 215, 227, 246, 1817; ed. 2. i. 223, 1829. 
 Edentata et Ungulata, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825. 
 M. ungulatorum, Storr. Prod. Mam. 47, 1780. 
 Q. Proboscidise, Tesserachenae, Trichaenae, Monochsense, Hydro- 
 
 phorae, et Ruminantes, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 307, 1821. 
 Belluse, Pecora, et Bruta, Selys Long champs. 
 Mam. Stereoplia, Pachydermia, et Anodonea, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 
 
 54-57, 1815. 
 
 These animals have been arranged by various scientific authors 
 in the following manner : 
 
 Ray, in the Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum, 
 1693, 60, divides the viviparous, hairy animals or quadrupeds, 
 thus : 
 
 A. UNGULATA. I. Solidipeda. Equus, Asinus, Zebra. 
 
 II. Bisulca. \.Ruminantia. a. Bos, Ovis, Capra. b. Cervus. 
 2. Non-ruminantia. Sus. 
 
2 MAMMALIA. 
 
 III. Quadrisulca. Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, &c. 
 
 B. UNGUICULATA. 1. Bifido. Camelus. 2. Multifido. 
 a. Digitis indivisis. Elephas. 3. Anomala. Tatou sive Arma- 
 dillo, Tamandua, and Ai sive Ignavus. 
 
 Linnaeus (Sy sterna Natures, ed. 12, 1766) divides the Hoofed 
 animals into three orders, and arranges the genera thus : 
 
 Order II. BRUTA. 5. Elephas. 7- Bradypus. 8. Myrmeco- 
 phaga. 9. Manis. 10. Dasypus. 
 
 Order V. PECORAI 27. Camelus. 28. Moschus. 29. Cervus. 
 30. Capra. 31. Ovis. 32. Bos. 
 
 Order VI. BELLU^E. 33. Equus. 34. Hippopotamus. 35. Sus. 
 36. Rhinoceros. 
 
 Thomas Pennant, in the Synopsis of Quadrupeds, 1771 5 8vo, 
 divides these animals thus : 
 
 I. HOOFED QUADRUPEDS. 1. Whole-hoofed. Horse. 2. 
 Cloven-hoofed. Ox, Sheep, Goat, Giraffe, Antelope, Deer, Musk, 
 Camel, Hog, Rhinoceros, Hippopotame, Tapir, Elephant. 
 
 II. DIGITATED QUADRUPEDS. 4. Without cutting teeth. 
 Sloth and Armadillo. 5. Without teeth. Manis, Ant-eater. 
 
 Professor Charles Illiger (Prodromus Systematis Mammalium 
 et Avium, 1811) arranged the Hoofed quadrupeds as follows : 
 Order V. MULTUNGULA. Fam. 16. Lamnunguia. 55. Li- 
 pura. 56. Hyrax. 17. Proboscidea. 57. Elephas. 18. Nasi- 
 cornia. 58. Rhinoceros. 19. Obesa. 59. Hippopotamus. 20. 
 Nasuta. 60. Tapirus. 21. Setigera. 61. Sus. 
 
 Order VI. SOLIDUNGULA. 22. Solidungula. 62. Equus. 
 
 Order VII. BISULCA. 23. Tylopoda. 63. Camelus. 64. 
 Auchenia. 24. Devexa. 65. Camelopardalis. 25. Capreoli. 
 66. Cervus. 67. Moschus. 26. Cavicornia. 68. Antilope. 69. 
 Capra. 70. Bos. 
 
 Order VIII. TARDIGRADA. 27. Tardigrada. 71. Bradypus. 
 72. Cholcepus. 73. Prochilus. 
 
 Order IX. EFFODIENTIA. 28. Cingulata. 74. Tolypeutes. 
 75. Dasypus. 29. Vermilingua. 76. Orycteropus. 77. Myrme- 
 cophaga. 78. Manis. 
 
 Order X. REPTANTIA. 30. Reptantia. 79. Tachyglossus. 
 80. Ornithorhynchus. 80 b. Pamphractus. 
 
 C. S. Rafinesque (in his Analyse de la Nature, 12mo, 1815) 
 divides the Hoofed quadrupeds into orders, thus : 
 
 Order IV. STEREOPLIA. \.Stereopodia. Fam. 8. Solipedia. 
 Caballus. 2. Eisulcia. Fam. 9. Camelinia. Camelus, Mos- 
 chus. Fam. 10. Ruminalia. 1. Stereoceria, Cervus, Munt- 
 jacus, Giraffa. 2. Cerynxia. Taurus, Aries, Hircus, Antilope, &c. 
 
 Order V. PACHYDERMIA. Fam. 11. Eellua. \.Rhinoceria. 
 
MAMMALIA. O 
 
 Rhinoceros and Unicornus. 2. Rhineteria. Elephas, Tapirus, 
 Aper, Tagassus, Babirussa, Pachurus. Fam. 12. Brutia. 1. Hy- 
 raxia. Hippotamus, Hyrax. 
 
 Order VI. ANODONEA. 1. Eradypia. Fam. 13. Tardigradia. 
 Bradypus, Unaus. 14. Dasypia. Dasypus, Matacus, Oryctopus. 
 4. Stomalia. 15. Manisia. 1. Perilepia, Pangolinus, Phataginus. 
 2. Tamandania, Myrmecophaga, Tamandua. 16. Monotremia. 
 Echidna and Ornithorinchus. 
 
 Cuvier (Reg. Animal, i. 215, 1817) places the Hoofed quadru- 
 peds in three orders, thus : 
 
 Order I. EDENTES. a. Tardigrades. 1. Paresseux (Brady- 
 pus). 2. Megatherium, b. Edentes ordinaires. 3. Tatous. 4. 
 Orycteropes. 5. Fourmiliers. 6. Pangolins, c. Monotremes. 
 7. Echidnes. 8. Ornithorinque. 
 
 Order II. PACHYDERMES. a. Proboscidiens. 1. Elephans. 
 2. Mastodontes. b. P achy derm es ordinaires. 3. Hippopotames. 
 4. Cochons. 5. Anoplotherium. 6. Rhinoceros. 7 ' Damans 
 (Hyrax). 8. Palseotherium. 9. Tapirs, c. Solidipedes. Che- 
 vaux (Equus). 
 
 Order III. RUMINANS. a. Sans comes. 1. Chameux (Ca- 
 melus). 2. Chevrotains (Moschus). b. Avec comes. 3. Cerfs 
 (Cervus). 4. Girafes. 5. Antelopes. 6. Chevres (Capra). 7- 
 Moutons (Ovis). 8. Boeufs (Bos). 
 
 The same arrangement, with rather more detail, is used in the 
 second edition, published in 1829. 
 
 Mr. J. E. Gray, in the Natural Arrangement of Vertebrose Ani- 
 mals (Medical Repository, 1821, 304), arranged the Ungulated 
 Mammalia into order thus : 
 
 Order VI. TARDIGRADA. 1. Bradypidce. Bradypus, Unaus. 
 
 Order VII. OLIGODONT^E. 2. Dasipida. Dasypus. 3. Ory- 
 cteropida. Orycteropus. 
 
 Order VIII. EDENTUL^E. 1. Manidce. 1. Myrmecophaga. 
 2. Tamandua. 3. Cyclopes. 4. Manis. 
 
 Order IX. PROBOSCIDI^E. 1. Elephantidce. Elephas. 
 
 Order X. TESSERACHEN^E. 1. Hippopot amides. Hippo- 
 potamus. 2. SuidcK. Sus, Phacochseres, Dicotyles, Babi- 
 roussa. 
 
 Order XI. TRICHENA. 1. Rhinocerid(e. Rhinoceros, Mono- 
 ceros. 2. Hyracidae. Hyrax. 3. Tapiridce. Tapirus, Hydro- 
 chorus (sumatranus). 
 
 Order XII. MONOCH^ENA. 1. Equida. Equus. 
 
 Order XIII. HYDROPHORA. 1. Camelidce. 
 
 Order XIV. RUMINANTIA. 1. Moschidce. Moschus, Me- 
 mina. 2. Cervidce. Alces, Cervus, Capreolus. 3. Girqfidce. 
 Camelopardalis. 4. Antilopidce. Dorcas, Caama, Oryx, Tseeran, 
 
 A2 
 
4 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Canna, Nylgau, Catablepas. 5. Caprida. Capra, Ovis. 6. Bo- 
 vid(B. Bos. 
 
 Mr. Gray, in the " Outline of the Distribution of Mammalia " 
 (Annals of Philosophy, 1825), proposes to divide the Order 
 UNGULATA thus : 
 
 I. Middle toes large, equal. Fam. 1 . Bovidae. 2. Equidae. 
 
 II. Toes 3, 4, 5, subequal. Fam. 3. Elephantidse. 4. Dasy- 
 pidae. 5. Bradypidae. 
 
 This arrangement is followed in the List of Mammalia in the 
 Collection of the British Museum, 1843 ; the List of Osteological 
 Specimens in the British Museum, 1847 ; the List of Mammalia 
 and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the 
 British Museum ; and in this work. 
 
 Dr. J. B. Fischer (in the Synopsis Mammalium, 8vo, 1828) 
 combines together the Linnaean and Cuvierian arrangement, and 
 arranges the Hoofed Mammalia thus : 
 
 Order VI. BRUTA. a. 102. Bradypus. 104. Dasypus. 105. 
 Orycteropus. 106. Myrmecophaga. 107. Manis. b. 108. Echid- 
 na. 109. Ornithorhynchus. 
 
 Order VII. BELLUA. 110. Elephas. 112. Tapirus. 115. 
 Rhinoceros. 117. Hyrax. 118. Dicotyles. 119. Sus. 120. Pha- 
 cochcerus. 121. Hippopotamus. 126. Equus. 
 
 Order VIII. PECORA. 127. Camelus. 128. Lama. 129. Mos- 
 chus. 130. Cervus. 131. Camelopardalis. 132. Antilope. 
 133. Capra. 134. Bos. 
 
 Wagler, in the Naturl. System Amphibien, 1830, divides the 
 Hoofed animals thus : 
 
 Order VI. SCROF.E. 1. Dycotyles. 2. Sus. 3. Porcus. 
 4. Phacochaerus. 5. Rhinochaerus. 6. Elephas. 1 . Hippopo- 
 tamus. 8. Rhinoceros. 
 
 Order VII. HYRACES. 1. Hyrax. 
 
 Order XIII. CAMELI. 1. Camelus and Dromedarius. 2. Ca- 
 melopardalis. 
 
 Order XIV. PECORA. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus. 3. Bos. 
 
 Order XV. Eaui. 1. Equus. 
 
 Order XVII. ORYCTEROPODES. 1. Chlamydophorus. 2. Che- 
 loniscus. 3. Xenurus. 4. Euphractus. 5. Dasypus. 6. Toly- 
 peutes. 7- Orycteropus. 
 
 Order XVIII. GLOTTIDES. 1. Manis. 2. Uroleptes. 3. Myr- 
 mydon. 4. Myrmecophaga. 
 
 He forms a new class called GRYPHI, containing 
 
 Order I. ORNITHORHYNCHI. Fam. 1. Glossilepti. 1. Tachy- 
 glossus. Fam. 2. Autarchoglossi. 1. Ornithorhynchus, arranged 
 with the fossil Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus and Ornitho- 
 cephalus. 
 
MAMMALIA. O 
 
 Latreille (Fam. Nat. Reg. Anim. 596. in 1830) divides the 
 Hoofed quadrupeds (UNGULATA) thus : 
 
 Order IX. PACHYDERM A. Fam. 1. Pentadactyla. Elephas. 
 2. Tridactyla. Tapirus, Rhinoceros. 3. Fissipedes. Hyrax, 
 Dicotyles, Sus, Hippopotamus. 4. Solipedes. Equus. 
 
 Order X. PECORA. Fam. 1. Inermia. Camelus, Moschus. 
 2. Plenicornia. Cervus and Giraffa. 3. Tiibicornia. Antilope, 
 Bos, Capra, Ovis. 
 
 M. Lesson (Nouveau Tabl. du Regne Animal, 1842) arranges 
 the Hoofed quadrupeds in the following orders : 
 
 Suborder III. HETERODONTA. Cutting teeth none ; teeth 
 sometimes quite wanting. 
 
 Suborder IV. EDENTATA, a. Terrestria. Fam. 41. Dasypo- 
 dincB. 206. Dasypus. 1. Dasypus. 2. Tatusia. 3. Priodontes. 
 4. Chlamyphorus. 42. Myrmecophaginece. 207. Myrmeco- 
 phaga. 1. Myrmecophaga. 2. Tamandua. 3. Cyclothurus. 
 43. Orycteropidece. 208. Orycteropus. 44. Manisidce. 209. 
 Manis. 1. Pangolinus. 2. Phataginus. 
 
 Tribe 5. UNGULIGRADA. 1. Pachydermata. 1. Gravigrada. 
 Fam. 46. Elephasidce. 212. Elephas. 47. Hippopotamisidece. 
 213. Hippopotamus. 48. Rhinocerosidece. 214. Rhinoceros- 
 2. Fissipeda. 49. Susidecs. 215. Tapirus. 216. Phacochcerus. 
 217. Babirusa. 218. Sus. 219. Dicotyles. 50. Hyraxinea. 
 220. Hyrax. 3. Solidungula. 52. Equidece. 221. Equus. 
 a. Equus. b. Asinus. 11. Pecora. 53. Camelesidece. 222. La- 
 ma. 223. Camelus, 54. Camelopardinece. 224. Camelopardalis. 
 55. Cervisidece. 225. Cervus. 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Dama. 
 4. Elaphus. 5. Rusa. 6. Axis. 7. Capreolus. 8. Cariacus. 
 9. Cervequus. 10. Subula. 11. Stylocerus. 56. Moschesidece. 
 226. Moschus. 1. Moschus. 2. Memina. 3. Napu. 57. An- 
 tilopece. 227. Antilope. 1. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Dama. 
 4. Redunca. 5. Tragulus. 6. Raphicerus. 7- Tetracerus. 8. 
 Cephalophus. 9. Spinigera. 10. Neotragus. 11. Nemorhedus. 
 12. Rupicapra. 13. Capricornis. 14. Dicranocerus. 15. Pan- 
 tholops. 16. Anoa, I/. ^Egocerus. 18. Oryx. 19. Alcelaphus. 
 20. Tragelaphus. 21. Boselaphus. 22. Orcas. 58. Ovesidece. 
 228. Kemas, 229. Antilocapra. 230. Capra. 231. Ovis. 
 232. Ovibos. 59. Bovesidea. 233. Catoblepas. 234. Bibos. 
 235. Bos. 1. Bison. 2. Bubalus. 3. Taurus. 
 
 Order III. ORNITHODEPHIE. 1. Insectivora. Fam. 69. 
 Echidnece. 260. Echidna. 2. Vermivora. Fam. 70. Para- 
 doxidecs. 261. Ornithorhynchus. 
 
 Mr. Richard Owen ( Odont ograpky, 1840-1845) divides the 
 UNGULATA thus : 
 
 I. Isodactyle. " Hoofed quadrupeds with toes in even number, 
 
6 MAMMALIA. 
 
 as two or four, and which have a more or less complicated stomach 
 with a moderate-sized simple caecum, as Ox, Hog, Peccary, and 
 Hippopotamus. 
 
 II. Anisodactyle. " Hoofed quadrupeds with toes (on the hind 
 feet at least) in uneven number, as one, or three, or five, the latter 
 number being manifest in the Proboscidians. All these have a 
 simple stomach and an enormous caecum, as Horse, Tapir, Rhi- 
 noceros. 
 
 III. Proboscidians. " Resembling the preceding in having toes 
 in uneven number, in having a comparatively simple stomach and 
 an enormous caecum, but combining with a long proboscis so 
 many other peculiarities of structure as to merit the rank of a 
 distinct group of Ungulata." 
 
 In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1848, 
 p. 131, with his usual fondness of renaming old groups, Mr. Owen 
 proposes to change the name he has given to the above group 
 to 1. Artiodactyla, 2. Perissodactyla, and 3. Proboscidia. 
 In this paper the recent genera are arranged in the following 
 order : 
 
 I. ARTIODACTYLA. * Ruminantia. 1. Moschus. 2. Antilope. 
 3. Ovis. 4. Bos. 5. Cervus. 6. Camelopardalis. 7- Camelus. 
 ** Non- Ruminantia. 1. Hippopotamus. 9. Dicotyles. 10. Pha- 
 eochaerus. 11. Sus. 
 
 II. PERISSODACTYLA. 12. Tapirus. 13. Equus. 14. Hy- 
 rax. 15. Rhinoceros. 
 
 III. PROBOSCIDIA. 16. Elephas. 
 
 This arrangement is only founded on the consideration of the 
 osteological conformation of the foot, and has the disadvantage of 
 most artificially separating a very natural group recognized by 
 Aristotle, Ray, Linnaeus, Illiger, Cuvier, and all recent authors, 
 between two divisions of the order. Cuvier, Fleming, Blainville 
 and others properly used the character here adopted to the whole 
 group for the division of the Pachydermata into subdivisions. 
 
 Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte (in his Prodromus Systematis 
 Mastozoologice, 1847) arranges these animals in four orders, 
 thus : 
 
 Subclass I. EDUCABILIA. Ord. V. BELLU^E. Fam. 13. Ele- 
 phantidcB. Subfam. 23. Elephantina. 24. Rhinocerotina. 25. Hip- 
 popotamina. Fam. 14. Suidce. 26. Tapirina. 27. Suina. 28. 
 Anoplotherina. Fam. 15. Hyracidce. 29. Hyracina. Fam. 16. 
 Equidce. 30. Equina. 
 
 Order VI. PECORA. Fam. 1?. Camelida. 31. Camelina. 
 Fam. 18. Cervidce. 32. Moschina. 33. Cervina. Fam. 19. Came- 
 lopardalidcB. 34. Camelopardalina. Fam. 20. Bovid<e. 35. An- 
 tilopina. 36. Bovina. 
 
MAMMALIA. / 
 
 Subclass II. INEDUCABILIA. Ord. VII. BRUTA. Fam. 21. 
 Myrmecophagida. 37. Manidina. 38. Myrmecophagina. Fam. 22. 
 Dasypodida. 39. Dasypodina. 40. Orycteropodina. Fam. 23. 
 Bradypodidce. 41. Bradypodina. 
 
 Series II. OVOVIPARA. Order XII. MONOTREMATA. Fam. 
 40. Echidnidce. 74. Echidnina. J?&m.4l. Ornithorhynchinidce. 
 75. Ornithorhynchina. 
 
 Mr. Turner, in his paper on the Skulls of Ungulated Mam- 
 malia (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 158), adopts Mr. Owen's names for 
 his orders, and arranges the genera as follows : 
 
 I. ARTIODACTYLA. A. Ruminantia. 1. Bovida. Bos, Ovis, 
 Capra, Antilope. 2. Cervidcs. Cervus and Camelopardalina. 
 3. Moschida. Moschina, Dichobudina. 4. Camelidce. Ano- 
 plotheriana and Camelina. B. Non- Ruminantia. 5. Hippopota- 
 midce. Hippopotamina, Dicotylina. 6. Suidcs. 
 
 II. PERISSODACTYLA. A. Typica. 1. Rhinocerotidae, Equina, 
 Rhinocerina. B. Aberrantia. 8. Elephantidse. 9. Toxodontidse. 
 10. Manatidae. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES. 
 
 I. Two middle toes large, equal. Bones of the metacarpus and 
 
 metatarsus united. 
 
 1. BOVID^E. Two middle toes separate; cutting teeth f or f ; 
 
 grinders f- ; frontal bones generally horned ; gullet with two 
 pouches. 
 
 2. EQUID^E. Two middle toes soldered into one; cutting teeth 
 
 f ; gullet and stomach simple. 
 
 II. Toes 3, 4, 5 to each foot, nearly equal. Teeth nearly in one 
 
 series. 
 
 3. ELEPHANTID^E. Grinders rooted, transversely ridged ; toes 
 
 3*3, 3'4 or 5'5, last joint covered with a hoof; skin thick, 
 nearly naked ; hairs large, rigid ; gullet simple. 
 
 4. DASYPID^E. Grinders rootless ; crown flat, sometimes want- 
 
 ing; face long, acute; body armed with scales or rigid 
 hairs. 
 
 5 . BRADYPID^E. Grinders rootless ; crown when young conical ; 
 
 face round ; limbs elongate ; hair dry, crisp ; stomach two- 
 or three-celled. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 Or the Families may be arranged according to their teeth, 
 thus : 
 
 I. Teeth well-developed, rooted. Fore-arm constantly prone. 
 
 Toes hoofed. 
 
 Bovida. Stomach for ruminating ; toes 4, middle large. 
 Equida. Stomach not ruminating ; toes 3, middle large. 
 Elephantida. Stomach not ruminating ; toes subequal. 
 
 II. Teeth wanting, or imperfect, rootless. Toes longly clawed. 
 Dasypida. Face elongate. 
 
 Bradypidida. Face short. 
 
 Section 1. FURCIPEDA. 
 
 Two middle toes large, equal ; bones of the metacarpus and 
 metatarsus united. 
 
 Ungulata, Sect. 1, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825. 
 
 Isodactyle, part., and Anisodactyle, part., Owen, Odontography, 
 
 1841. 
 Artiodactyla, part., and Perissodactyla, part., Owen, Quart. Journ. 
 
 Geol Soc. 1848, 131 ; Turner, Proc. Zool Soc. 1849, 158. 
 Stereoplia Bisulcia, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1815. 
 Pecora, Sundevall, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Hand. 1844 ; Pecora, 1848. 
 
 Fam. 1. BOVIDJB. 
 
 Two middle toes separate. Cutting teeth eight below ; upper 
 jaw callous ; grinders 6*6 in each jaw. Frontal bones produced, 
 generally bearing horns, especially in the males. Gullet with two 
 long pouches just before the stomach, used for holding and 
 soaking the food before it is chewed. Using their head and 
 horns in defence. 
 
 Ruminantia, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 192; Bronn, Ind. 
 
 Paleont. ii. 708. 
 
 Q. Ruminantia et Q. Camelinum, Ray, Syn. 60. 1693. 
 Bovidse, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mam. B. Mus. xxvi. ; 
 
 Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780 ; Lesson in Tab. R. A.16J-, Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 1828. 
 Mam. Pecora, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 90 ; Latr. Fam. Nat. 62. 
 
 1825; Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 431. 1830; Eichwald, Zool. 
 
 Sjwc.iii.341. 1831. 
 Les Ruminans (Ruminantia), Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 1798; Dum. 
 
 Z. A. 1806; Cuvier, R. A. i. 246. 1817, ed. 2.i.254; Desm. 
 
 N. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; F. Cuvier, 1829; Dent. Mam. 
 
 227; Diet. Sci.Nat.lix. 511. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 Bisulca, Illiger,Prod. 102. 1811. 
 
 Cameli et Pecora, Wagler, Amph. 1831. 
 
 Gravigrades normaux, Elainv. 
 
 Q. Hydrophorse et Ruminantes, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307. 1821. 
 
 M. Callodactyles, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 283. 
 
 Ruminalia (Stereoceria et Cerynxia), Rqfin. Anal. Nat. 55. 1815. 
 
 Ruminantia et Coelocerata, Bronn, Index Palceont. ii. 788. 
 
 Cerophorus, Elainv. Bull. Soc. Philom, 1816, 74; Gervais, Supp. 
 
 N. Diet. ScL Nat. i. 
 
 Pecora unguligrada et digitigrada, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Isodactyla, part., Owen, Odontography, 1845. 
 Artiodactyla Ruminantia, Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1848, 
 
 31 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Desmarest in his Tableau Method, des Mammiferes (N. Diet. 
 Hist, Nat. xxiv. 33. 1804) divides the Ruminants (Pecora) into 
 the following sections : 
 
 1. Camel and Musk. 2. Stags. 3. Giraffes. 4. Antelopes, 
 Goats, Sheep and Oxen. 
 
 M. de Blainville in his Notes on Ruminants (Bull. Soc. Philom. 
 1816, 76) divides them thus : 
 
 No horns 1. Chameaux. 2. Cerfs. Including Cervulus and 
 Moschus. 
 
 With horns 3. Giraffe, and 4. Cerophorus. Including An- 
 tilope, Capra, Ovis vel Ammon, Ovibos and Bos. 
 
 Mr. Gray, in the " Outline of the Distribution of Mammalia " 
 (Ann. Phil. 1825), proposed to divide the Bovida thus : 
 
 I. Horns persistent. 1. Bovina. 2. Camelopardina. 
 
 II. Horns none or deciduous. 3. Camelina. 4. Moschina. 
 5. Cervina. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith (Griffith, A.. Kingd. v. .1827; 
 Fischer, Syn. 609. 1830) proposed to divide them thus : 
 
 I. CAMELID^E, containing 1. Camelus. 2. Auchenia. 
 
 II. CERVID^E. 1. Moschus. 2. Cervus. 
 
 III. GIRAFFID^E. 1. Camelopardalis. 
 
 IV. CAPRID^E. 1. Antilope. 2. Capra. 3. Ovis. 4. Damalis. 
 
 V. BOVID.E. 1. Catoblepas. 2. Ovibos. 3. Bos. 
 
 Mr. Ogilby, in a paper on the genera of Ruminantia (Proc. 
 Zool. Soc. 1836, 133), proposed to divide them thus : 
 
 I. CAMELID^E. 1. Camelus. 2. Auchenia. 
 
 II. CERVID^S. 1. Camelopardalis. 2. Tarandus. 3. Alces. 
 4. Cervus, Capraea (Capreolus), Prox (Muntjac). 
 
 III. MOSCHID^B. 1. Moschus. 2. Ixalus. 3. Hinnulus and 
 Capreolus. 
 
 IV. CAPRID.E. (Muffle none, browsers.) L Mazama. 2. Ma- 
 
 A5 
 
10 MAMMALIA. 
 
 doqua. 3. Antilope. 4. Gazella. 5. Ovis. 6. Capra. 7 
 Ovibos. 
 
 V. BOVID^E. (Muffle naked, grazers.) 1. Tragulus (Ant. pyg- 
 meus). 2. Sylvicapra (A. Mergens). 3. Tragelaphus (A. picta). 
 4. Calliope (A. Strepsiceros). 5. Kemas (A. Goral). 6. Capri- 
 oornis (A. Thar). 7. Bubalus (A. Bubalus). 8. Oryx (A. Oryx). 
 9. Bos. 
 
 Lesson (Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 167. 1842) divides them into 
 1. Camelisidae. 2. Camelopardinae. 3. Cervisidae. 4. Mos- 
 chisidae. 5. Antilopeae. 6. Ovesideae. 7- Bovesideae. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson, in an Essay on various genera of Ruminants 
 (Journ. Acad. N. S. Calcut. 1847; Mission Press, 1847), proposes 
 to divide them into 1. Cervidce orHaranadi; 2. Mosckiaa or 
 Mushkadi ; 3. the Cavicornice minor es or Flocks, as Antilopidce 
 or Sasinadi; 4. Cavicornice majores or Herds, as Bovidceo? Gau- 
 drisha. 
 
 Professor Carl Sundevall in his Essay on Pecora (Kongl. 
 Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1844, 1846 ; and Hornschuch, Archiv, 
 ii. 1848) proposes the following arrangement : 
 
 A. UNGULIGRADA. a. Cervicornia. I. Camelopardalina. 
 
 I. Camelopardalis. II. Cervina. 2. Alces. 3. Rangifer. 4. Cer- 
 vus. 5. Caprcolus. 6. Prox. 7 '. Moschus. 8. Tragulus. b. Bovi- 
 cornia. III. Sylvicaprina. a. 9. Tetraceras. 10. Tragelaphus. 
 
 II. Sylvicapra. 12. Neotragus. 13. Nanotragus. 14. Callo- 
 tragus. b. 15. Cervicapra. 16. Strepsiceros. 17. Hippotragus. 
 IV. Bovina. a. 18. Portax. 19. Damalis. 20. Anoa. 21. Bos. 
 b. 22. Ovibos. 23. Catoblepas. 24. Oryx. V. Antilopina. 
 25. Bubalis. 26. Antilope. 27. Dicranoceras. VI. Caprina. 
 28. Ovis. 29. Capra. 29 b. Rupicapra. 29 c. Hemitragus. 
 30. Nemorhedus. 31. Oreotragus. 
 
 B. DIGITIGRADA. VI. Camelma. 32. Camelus. 33. Au- 
 chenia, 
 
 M. Pucheran (Compt. Rendus Acad. Scien. 1849, 775) divides 
 the Ruminantes into three families : 1. Les Camelides. 2. Les 
 Tragulides (Moschus). 3. Les Cervides. The latter is divided 
 into two tribes : 1. Les Cerviens. 2. Les Boviens. 
 
 M. F. Cuvier observes : " Mais tous ces essais ne sont point 
 encore de nature a satisfaire la methode naturelle, et lesnaturalistes 
 doivent encore chercher a decouvrir quelles sont les parties qui, 
 chez ces animaux, sont propres a caracteriser les genres."- 
 Dict. Set. Nat. lix. 514. 1829. 
 
 Mr. Ogilby remarks (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 133) : " The 
 presence or absence of horns in one or both sexes ; the substance 
 and nature of these organs, whether solid or concave, permanent 
 
MAMMALIA. 11 
 
 or deciduous ; the form of the upper lip, whether thin and at- 
 tenuated as in the Goaty or terminating in a broad heavy naked 
 muzzle as in the Ox, and the existence of lachrymal sinuses and 
 interdigital pores, are the characters which really influence the 
 habits and ceconomy of Ruminating animals, and upon which 
 their generic distinction mainly depends." 
 
 He continues : " That the presence or absence of horns in 
 the female regulates in a great measure the social intercourse 
 of the sexes ; that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the 
 only organs of touch and prehension among the Ruminantia, de- 
 pends the nature of the food and habitat, making the animal a 
 grazer or a browser, as the case may be ; and that the existence 
 or non-existence of the interdigital glands, the uses of which 
 appear to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very extensive in- 
 fluence upon the geographical distribution of the species, con- 
 fining them to the rich savannah and moist forest, or enabling 
 them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and 
 the burning desert." 
 
 Mr. H. N. Turner observes : " It is certainly remarkable, that 
 while the teeth have contributed so important a share in the 
 characters by which the Mammalia have been arranged by va- 
 rious authors, they should have been so entirely overlooked in 
 the members of the present division; for notwithstanding the 
 great uniformity and strongly-marked character pervading the 
 Ruminant dentition, very decided characters may frequently be 
 found in the form and direction of the incisors, and in the pre- 
 sence or absence of the supplemental lobe in the molars ; and it 
 is the more to be wondered at when we consider that the incisors, 
 from their position, may often easily be seen in dried specimens, 
 and that the character alluded to in the molars has been found 
 of considerable value in the interpretation of fossil remains." 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES. 
 
 I. Horns permanent, covered with a permanent horny coat or 
 hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw. 
 
 1. BOVINA. Horns covered with horny sheaths. 
 
 2. GIRAFFINA. Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft 
 
 of hair at the tip. 
 
 IT. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous 
 hairy skin, or entirely wanting. 
 
 3. CERVINA. Cutting teeth none above. Horns deciduous. 
 
 Back of tarsus hairy. 
 
12 MAMMALIA. 
 
 4, MOSCHINA. Cutting teeth none above. Horns none. Back 
 
 of tarsus bald. 
 
 5. CAMELINA. Cutting teeth 8 above and below. Horns none. 
 
 Hoofs small, compressed. 
 
 Subfamily I. Horns permanent, covered with a permanent 
 horny coat or hairy skin. Cutting teeth only in lower jaw ; front 
 edge of upper jaw callous. Hoofs triangular. 
 
 Tribe 1. BOVINA. 
 
 Horns expanded from a smooth horny rudiment into a perma- 
 nent horny sheath to the conical process of the frontal bone. 
 
 Bos, Linn, S. N. 
 
 Capra, Ovis et Bos, Linn. S. N. 
 
 Bovidse, Selys Long champs, 1842. 
 
 Bovina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; List Mam. B. M. xxvi. 
 
 Q. Bovinum, Q. Ovinum, et Q. Caprinum, Ray, Syn. 60, 1693. 
 
 Cavicornia, Illiger, Prod. 106, 184. 
 
 Tubicornia, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825. 
 
 Capridce et Bovidse, H. Smith, Griffith, A. K. iv. 182. 
 
 Antilopidae, Caprid et Bovidae, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 
 308, 1821. 
 
 Les Kinoceres ou Ruminants a comes osseuses (Bos, &c.), Du- 
 vernoy, Tab. Anim. Vert. 
 
 Les Ruminans a cornes osseusse, F< Cuv. 1829. 
 
 Antilopiens, Pomet, I. c. 184. 
 
 Ruminalia Cerynxia, Rajin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 Pecora Unguligrada Bovicornia, Sundevall, Pecora, 64. 
 
 Fam. Sylvicaprina, Bovina, Antilopina et Caprina, Sundevall, Pe- 
 cora, 64. 
 
 Mr. Gray, in his paper " On the Arrangement of the Hollow - 
 horned Ruminants (Bovidce)" (Annals fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, 
 xviii. 229), observes, " The systematic arrangement of these 
 animals has been one of the most difficult subjects for the stu- 
 dent of mammalia. 
 
 "Linnaeus (Syst.Nat. i. 27), in his last edition of the Sy- 
 stema Nature, divides them into three genera according to the 
 direction of the horn, which he describes as erect in Capra, re- 
 clinate in Ovis, and porrect in Bos, and separates these from 
 Cervus because they have tubular, while that genus has solid 
 branched and deciduous horns. 
 
 " Gmelin in his edition adds to these the genus Antilope, which 
 had been established by Pallas, and characterizes that genus as 
 having solid horns like the Cervi, but simple and persistent. 
 Now I need scarcely observe that these characters will not define 
 
MAMMALIA. 13 
 
 the genera, for all Goats have not erect horns, if any have, and 
 it is the same with the other genera; and we all know that 
 the Antelopes have tubular horns, in the sense that word is used 
 by Linnaeus, as much as the Oxen, Sheep and Goats ; but this 
 error of Gmelin has had its influence up to this time, for the 
 horns of Antelopes in Cuvier' s first and last edition of Le Regne 
 Animal are described as having ' the nucleus of the horn solid, 
 and without pores or sinuses, like the horns of the Stags/ 
 
 " M. Geoffroy, perceiving that the characters furnished by Lin- 
 naeus were not sufficient to separate the Antelopes from the 
 other genera, examined the structure of the prominences of the 
 frontal bones which form the core or support of the horns of the 
 Antelopes, and he describes the core of the horns of the Ante- 
 lopes to be solid and without sinuses, while he characterizes the 
 cores of the horns of the Goats, Sheep and Oxen as in great part 
 occupied with cells which communicate with the frontal sinus, 
 and Cuvier, Latreille and most authors have without re-exami- 
 nation adopted these characters. 
 
 " Some years ago I examined the cores of the horns of many 
 species of Antelopes for Colonel H. Smith, and found they were 
 all more or less cellular within, and these cells had a communi- 
 cation with the frontal sinus ; certainly the cells are not so nu- 
 merous as in the thick horns of some Oxen, but they are quite 
 as numerous for the thickness of the core ; but it is to be remem- 
 bered that the general character of the horns of Antelopes is to 
 be slender and elongated, and consequently there is not so much 
 room for cells, as their presence would destroy the strength of 
 the core, so as not to form a fit support for the horns ; and thus 
 this character is merely reduced to one dependent on the small 
 size or slenderness of the horns, which, though usual, is not uni- 
 versal in the genus, for example in the A. Oreas and others. 
 
 " Colonel Smith, aware of this difficulty, divided these animals 
 into two families : Capridee, characterized by having the horns 
 ' vaginating upon an osseous nucleus totally or nearly solid,' 
 containing the genera Antilope, Capra, Ovis, and a new genus 
 which he called Damalis for the Antelopes with high withers ; 
 and second, the family Bovidce, with horns * vaginating upon a 
 bony nucleus not solid, but more or less porous and cellular,' 
 including the genera Catoblepas or Gnu, Ovibos or Musk Ox, 
 and Bos*. 
 
 " This arrangement shows that much reliance is certainly not 
 to be placed on M. Geoffrey's character for the genus Antilope, 
 
 * I may remark that Cuvier says that the genus Bos has a large naked 
 muffle, yet two species which he refers to it have a hairy muzzle like 
 the Sheep, viz. B. moschatus. 
 
14 MAMMALIA. 
 
 for here the Goat and Sheep are said to have the same peculiarity 
 as he gives to separate the Antelopes from them. 
 
 " Several authors after this period considered the subgenera 
 proposed by De Blainville and Colonel H. Smith as genera, and 
 grouped them into families. 
 
 " Mr. Ogilby, in a theoretical arrangement of Ruminants, pub- 
 lished in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836, 
 divides these animals into two families, characterized thus : Ca- 
 pridce, ' muffle none ;' Bovida, ' muffle distinct, naked.' Of this 
 arrangement I need only remark, that he places Ovibos in Ca- 
 pridce and Bos in Bovidce, Kemas or the Jemla Goat in Bovida, 
 and Capra in Capridce, thus separating into distinct families 
 most nearly allied species ; while the genus Ixalus, which is a 
 sheep or antelope with rudimentary horns, is referred to the fa- 
 mily Moschidce, and the Gnu is entirely overlooked. I am satis- 
 fied, if Mr. Ogilby had attempted to arrange a collection by this 
 system, he must have soon abandoned it. 
 
 " Within the last few years Professor Sundevall of Stockholm 
 has proposed to arrange these animals according to the form of 
 their hoofs, and he has regarded the subgenera of preceding 
 authors as genera, and divided them into four families, thus : 
 
 1. Caprina, containing Ovis, Capra, Nemorhedus and Oreotragus. 
 
 2. Antilopina : Antilope, Dicranoceras and Bubalus. 3. Bovina : 
 Oryx, Catoblepas, Ovibos, Bos, Anoa, Portax, Damalis. 4. Syl- 
 vicaprina : Hippotragus, Strepsiceros, Cervicapra, Calotragus, 
 Nanotragus, Neotragus, Sylvicapra, Tragelaphus and Tetracerus. 
 In this arrangement he appears to have overlooked the fact, 
 that the hoofs of these animals are modified according to the 
 kind of country which the animal is destined to inhabit, and 
 therefore this arrangement is dependent on that single circum- 
 stance, and not on the considerations of all the peculiarities of 
 the species ; hence the species which inhabit rocky pinnacles, as 
 the Thar and Ghoral (Nemorhedus) and Klipspringer (Oreotra- 
 gus}, are separated from the other Antelopes and placed with the 
 Goats, and the large and heavy Antelopes which inhabit the plains, 
 as the Oryx, Portax and Damalis, are placed with the Oxen. 
 
 " If this system is fully carried out, the Rein Deer should be 
 separated from its allies and placed with the Musk Ox ; and I am 
 not certain that the Addax Antelope should not be arranged in 
 the same group, for it has the same shaped hoofs, the sands of 
 the Desert probably requiring the same structure for progression 
 as the snow. 
 
 " After examining all these arrangements, and after repeated 
 examinations of the animals, I believe that the form of the horns 
 affords the most natural character for subdividing them into 
 groups ; and I think that if the Antelopes are divided into two 
 
MAMMALIA. 15 
 
 groups, which appear to me natural, then there is no difficulty in 
 finding neat characters for the definitions of the families." 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBTRIBES. 
 
 I. The horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on 
 the inner front angle. 
 
 1. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindrical 
 or depressed at the base, the knee (or wrist) below the middle of 
 the fore-leg Bovece. 
 
 2. The horns conical, bent back, cylindrical or compressed, 
 and ringed at the base, the knee (or wrist) in the middle of the 
 fore-leg Antilopece. 
 
 II. The horns subangular with a more or less distinct ridge 
 on the front angle, the knee in the middle of the fore-leg. 
 
 3. The horns subspiral, erect; crumen distinct; forehead 
 Hat ; male not bearded. Strepsicerece. 
 
 4. The horns recurved, compressed; crumen none; forehead 
 concave; male bearded Caprece. 
 
 5. The horns spiral, bent out on the sides; crumen none; 
 forehead convex ; male not bearded Ovece. 
 
 The position of the knee is the external mark of the shortness 
 of the cannon bone, compared with the length of the ulna or 
 fore-arm bone. 
 
 Section 1. The horns round or compressed, without any 
 raised keel on the inner front angle Levicornia. 
 
 Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1847, 230. 
 
 Subtribe I. Bovece. The horns smoothish, spread out on the 
 sides, cylindrical or depressed at the base ; situated on the frontal 
 ridge and bent laterally outward, and recurved at the tip. The 
 nose is broad, with the nostrils on the side. The skull has no 
 suborbital pit or fissure ; the cutting- teeth are nearly equal- sized, 
 and slightly shelving outwards. The knee (or wrist) below the 
 middle of the fore -leg, the cannon bone being shorter than the 
 fore-arm bone 
 
 Bovese, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847,230; Gleanings Known- 
 ley Menag. 
 
 Bos, Linn. S. N. i. ; Gmelin,S. N. i. 202; Illiger, Prod. 107; 
 Cuv. R. A. i. 278; Blainv. B. S. Philom. 1816, 76; Turner, 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Bovidse, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138 ; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 
 1847. 
 
 Bovina and Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 Taurus, Rajinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
16 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith divides the Bovece into three tribes, 
 thus: l.Bubalus. 2. Bison. 3. Taurus. Griffith, A. K.\. 1827; 
 Fischer, Syn. ii. 651. 
 
 Professor Sundevall arranges the genera of this subtribe thus : 
 A. 1 . Anoa. 2. Bos. Subdivided thus : a. Bos. /3. Poephagus 
 and Bubalus. y. Bison. B. 3. Ovibos. Kongl. Vet. Akad. 
 Handl. 1846, and in Hornschuch Arch. 1848. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson, in his f Illustrations of the genera of Bovida,' 
 divides the species into the genera 1. Bos (domesticus). 2. Bibos 
 (cavifrons and gaveus). 3. Bison or Bisonius (Americanus and 
 poephagus). 4. Bubalus (Arna) from the character of the skull 
 and other parts of the skeleton. See Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. 
 449, 1847. 
 
 Mr. Gray, in the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 229, 
 observes, " The Bovece consist of the genera Bos, Bibos, Bison, 
 Bubalus and Anoa, with a naked moist muffle, and Poephagus 
 and Ovibos with a hairy ovine muzzle. 
 
 " These genera are well distinguished by the form of the inter- 
 maxillaries. In Poephagus (grunniens), Bibos (frontatus and 
 Gour), and in Bison ( Urus), they are short, triangular, acute be- 
 hind, and not reaching to the nasal, being gradually shorter in 
 proportion from Poephagus to Bison. In Bos (Taurus) and 
 Bubalus (Buffelus and Coffer) they are elongate, reaching to the 
 suture between the nasal and cheek-bone, and extending furthest 
 up in B. Buffelus.' 9 
 
 A. Muffle broad, moist at the end of the nose. Hair short, rigid, 
 adpressed, or short, crisp and woolly. The grinder with a 
 well-developed supplementary lobe. The bony part of the 
 tail produced, elongated, reaching to the hocks. Living on 
 the plains of warm or temperate regions. 
 
 The Oxen of the Plains, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849 ; Ann. & 
 Mag. N. H. 1848, 229. 
 
 a. True Oxen. Bodies covered with rather stiff hair. Shoulder 
 proportionate to the haunches ; the cannon bone of the hind- 
 and fore-legs of equal length. 
 
 True Oxen, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. 
 
 * Intermaxillaries elongate, and produced behind and between 
 the nasal and cheek bones ; the upper lip bald, callous and 
 moist, as wide as the outer edge of the nostrils. 
 
 1. Bos. 
 
 Horns cylindrical, conical, nearly circular at the base, curved 
 upwards and outwards, far apart at the base, on the sides of the 
 
MAMMALIA. 17 
 
 upper part of the ridge at the hinder end of the occipital plane. 
 
 The facial and frontal portion of the skull equal. Dorsal ridge 
 
 distinct, sometimes produced into a dorsal hump. 
 
 Bos, sp., Linn. ; Desm. 1804 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Taurus, Storr. Prod. Mam. 17; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. 
 
 Bos (and Boves), Sundevall, Pecora, 75. 
 
 Bos, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. 
 
 1. Bos TAURUS. The BULL. 
 Forehead flat ; withers not humped. 
 
 Bos Taurus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 45, 46 ; Gesner, Quad. 24- 
 
 103, fig.; Aldrov. Bisulc. 13. fig. p. 36; Jonston, Quad. t. 15. 
 Taurus castratus, Jonston, Quad. t. 15. 
 Vacca, Gesner, Quad. 25. fig. 
 Vitutus, Jonston, Quad. t. 15. 
 Bos domesticus, Jonst. Quad. 36. t. 14 ; Linn. Mus. Adolph. 
 
 Frid. i. 12 ; Brisson, Reg. An. 78. 
 Bos Taurus, Linn. Fn. Suec. 15 ; Syst. Nat. i. 98 ; Gmelin, S. N. 
 
 i. 202; Cuvier in Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 19; Desm. Nov. Diet. H. 
 
 N. iii. 536 ; Mamm. 499 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 370 ; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. Mam. 499 ; Gray, List Mam. Brit. Mus. 151 ; 
 
 List Osteol. sp. B. M. 53; List of Mr. Hodgson's Collection, 24. 
 Bos (Taurus) taurus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 185. 
 Bull, Penn. Syn. 4. 
 Ox, Penn. Brit. Zool. 1 . 
 Common Ox, Shaw, Zool. ii. 2. 397. t. 208. 
 Stier and Ochs, Meyer, Thiere, t. 41, 42 ; Schrank, Fn. Boic. i. 47. 
 Bceuf, Buffon, H. N. iv. 437- t. 14. 
 Oxe, Koe, Pontopp. Dan. i. 597. 
 Hob. Europe. Always in a domesticated state. 
 
 1. W nite Scotch Bull, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 151. 
 
 Bisontes jubati, Boethius, Reg. Scot. ; Gesner, App. 4, fig. imag. 
 White Urus (Urus Scoticus), H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 41?. 
 Bos Urus Scoticus, Wagner, Schreb. S. 1568. 
 Chillingham Bull, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii. 284 ; Knight, Mus. 
 
 Animated Nature, f. 695, 696. 
 Bos Scoticus, Swainson. 
 Bos Taurus Scoticus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 376; 
 
 Fischer, Mam. 654. 
 Wild or White Forest Cow and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. 
 
 t. 1 9 , fy Supp. t. 1 <? . 
 
 Wild Cattle, Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 38. fig. 
 Hob. Scotland. 
 
 a. Bull. Chillingham Park. Presented by the Earl of Tan- 
 kerville. 
 
18 MAMMALIA. 
 
 2. The Pembroke Bull and Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 2. 
 
 3. The West Highland Bull, Heifer and Cow. Low. Dom. Anim. 
 
 B. 1. 1. 3, 4 
 
 4. West Highland Ox, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1274. fig. 
 Kyloe Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 36. fig. 
 
 5. The Zetland Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 5. 
 
 6. The Kerry Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6. 
 
 7. The Polled Angus Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 7. 
 
 8. Alderney Cow and Calf, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 14. 
 
 9. Fifeshire Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 15. 
 
 10. Sheeted Somersetshire Cow (horned and polled), Low, Dom. 
 
 Anim. B. I. t. 16. 
 
 11. Herefordshire Cow and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 17; 
 
 t. 2, Supp. 
 Hereford Ox, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1274. fig. 
 
 12. Long-horned or Lancashire Bull and Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 
 
 33. fig. 35. fig. 
 
 Long-horned Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 18 ; Stephens, 
 Book of the Farm, 1273. fig. 
 
 13. The Teeswater Short-horned Bull and Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. 
 
 B. I. t. 19, 20. 
 
 English Short-horn Cattle, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 701. 
 Short-horn Ox, Bull and Cows, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 
 
 1270. figs. t. 32. 
 
 14. The Galloway Heifer and Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8. 
 
 15. The Polled Suffolk Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 9. 
 
 16. The Devon Bull, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 10. 
 17- The Sussex Oxen, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 11. 
 
 18. The Glamorgan Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 12. 
 
 19. The Ayrshire Cow, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 13. 
 
 20. The Yorkshire Cow, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 698. 
 
 21. Holstein or Dutch Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 29. fig. 
 Improved Holstein or Dutch Bull and Cow, Bewick, Hist. 
 
 Quad. 30. fig. 
 Bos Taurus frisius, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1569, t. 297 B. 
 
 22. French Cattle. Desmarest, Mammalia, 499, described the 
 
 various breeds of French domestic cattle, but he does not 
 refer to any figures of them. 
 
MAMMALIA. 19 
 
 23. Polish Bull, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 Bos Taurus Po&olicus, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1569,t.297A. 
 Hab. Poland. 
 
 ot,. Bull. Poland. From the Vienna Market. 
 
 24. Hungarian Bull, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; Knowsley Men. 
 Wild Cattle of Marema, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 703, 704. 
 Bos Taurus Hungaricus, Desm. Mam. 499. 
 Ungarischer vieh, BecJcberlin, Abbild. der Rindv. 15. t. 25, 26. 
 Hab. Hungary. 
 
 Bull. Hungary. From the Vienna Market. 
 
 25. South African Long-horned Cattle, Knight, M. A. N. f. 710. 
 Hab. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Pair of horns. Cape of Good Hope. 
 Two separate horns, very large, used as a powder-flask. 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 25*. Swiss Cattle. Bos Taurus hyselurus, Wagner, Schreb. 
 
 Saugth. 1570, t. 297 c. 
 
 Freiburg Cattle, Witte, Rindv. Rassen, ii. t. ; Beck- 
 berlin, Abbild. ii. ; Pabst, Anleit. 42. t. 3. 
 
 25**. Alpine Cattle. 
 
 Halsi Cattle, Witte, Rindv. Rassen, iii. t. 
 Schwyz. Rindv., Michel fy Ithens, Manathsch. 59. t, 1, 2. 
 Gebirgsvieh, Beckberlin, Abbild. 9. t. ; Pabst, Anleit. 42. 
 Bos Taurus alpestris, Wagner, Schreb. Saugth. 1570, 
 t. 297 D. 
 
 26. Syrian Ox, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 726, 728. 
 
 27. Moldavian Cattle, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 709. 
 
 28. Italian Campagna Bull, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 705. 
 Boeuf de la Romagne, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. 
 
 29. Spanish Bulls, Knight, Mus. A. Nat. f. 706-708. 
 
 30. Egyptian Cattle, Long, Egyptian Antiquities in Brit. Mus. 
 
 ii. 57. fig. 169, lower animals. 
 
 31. Bos Madagascariensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. 
 
 32. Bos Tinianensis niveus, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. 
 Rindvieh de Insel Tinian, Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 83 ; Anson, 
 
 Voy. 285. 
 
 Bos Taurus Tinianensis, Gmelin, S. N. i. 202 ; Fischer, Syn. 
 M. 500. 
 
 33. Lant, Lampt oderDant, Dapper, Africke,24 ; Leon,Afrikan. 
 
 751 ; Eberl. Naturlehre, i. 287. 
 Bos humilis, Frisch. Natursys. i. n. 5. 
 Bos Africanus niveus celer, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 693. 
 
20 MAMMALIA. 
 
 34. Der Wilde Ochse von Gebirge Nerever, Donnd. Beytr. Zoo/. 
 
 704; Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93; Thevenot, Voy. iii. 113. 
 
 35. Die braunen Wilden Ochsen von Duguela, Donnd. Eeytr. 
 
 Zool. 705 ; Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93 ; Marmol. Afrique, 
 iii. 66-157. 
 
 36. Galla Ox, Salt, Travels. 
 The Beuraye or Beurie. 
 
 ? Bos Cafer, Des Mur. fy Flor. Prevost, Voy. en Abyss, vi. 40. 
 Bos abessinicus, Donnd. Zool. Eeytr. 693, 1792; Zimmer. 
 
 Geog. Zool. i. 157, ii. 94 ; Dapper, Afrik. Ins. 31 ; Lobo, 
 
 Voy. Abess. 70, 1728. 
 Bos Taurus Abyssynicus, Gmelin, S. N. 294 ; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 Mam. 500. 
 Hob. Abyssinia. 
 
 Pair of very thick, light horns. Central Africa. Presented 
 by Captain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. Fi- 
 gured in Griffith, A. K. iv. t. 201. f. 4. 
 
 37. Cattle of Peauhy, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 278. Horns 
 
 very long, wide-spreading ; colour brown. 
 Hab. North Brazil. 
 
 38 Cattle of Brazils, Gardiner, Trav. Brazils, 167, 173. Used 
 
 to carry loads on their back. 
 Hab. N. Brazils. 
 
 39. Cattle of Chili, Darwin, Journal, 130, 145. 
 Hab. Chili and South America generally. 
 
 40. Nata or Niata, Darwin, Journal, 145, 146. With a pug- 
 
 nose like a pug or bull dog. 
 Hab. Buenos Ayres. Skull in Mus. Coll. Surg. 
 
 41. Falkland Island Wild Cattle, Darwin, Journal, 190, 192. 
 
 Three varieties : 1. dark brown; 2. white with black head 
 and feet; 3. mouse colour. 
 Hab. Falkland Islands. Introduced from France 1764. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Taureau, Daubenton, Buff. H. N. iv. t. 23. 
 
 Boeuf sans cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Bceuf dela Romagne a grandes cornes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. 
 
 t. 9. f. 7, 8. 
 Petit boeuf d'Ecosse a cornes descendantes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 iv. 109. t. 9. f. 9, 10. 
 Bull, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1286. f. 598. 
 
 Skeleton. England. 
 
 Skull. England. 
 
MAMMALIA. 21 
 
 2. Bos INDICUS. The ZEBU. 
 
 Forehead convex; withers with a more or less large fleshy 
 hump ; dewlap deep, waved ; the upper part of the rump shelving 
 very much. 
 
 Bos Scythicus gibbosus, Charlet. Exerc. 8. 
 
 Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. 99 ; Erxleb. Syst. 240. 
 
 Bos domesticus, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. 1841, x. 907 ; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 289. 
 Bos Taurus indicus, Fischer, Syn. 499 ; Hodgson, Proc. Z. Soc. 
 
 1834, 99; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. 
 Bos Zebu, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65, 1825. 
 Bos pusio, Swains. Hist. Quad. 283. f. 1 13. 
 Bos Taurus Zebu, Wagner, Schreb. 15?0, t. 298, 298 A. 
 Bos Taurus var., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. 
 
 B. M. 53 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. 24. 
 
 Domesticated Cows, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 348, 382. 
 Hab. India. Always in a domestic state. 
 
 1. Little Indian Buffalo, Edw. Birds, vi. t. 200. 
 Indian Bull, Penn. Syn. 6. t. 1. f. 2. 
 
 Zebu, Buff* on, H. N. xi. 439. t. 42 ; Bewick, Hist. Quad. 44. fig. 
 Bos Indicus, Linn. S. N. i. 99. 
 
 Male and female. Grey. India. Presented by Lady Whit- 
 shed. 
 
 2. Great Indian Ox, Pennant, Quad. t. 16. f. 2, lower figure. 
 Bos Taurus indicus, a. major, Fischer, Syn. 499. 
 
 Zebu grande race, Desm. Mam. 499. 
 
 Indian Ox, Bos Taurus indicus, Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 
 
 i. 65. fig. 
 A Guzzarah Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. 
 
 t. 180, 199. 
 Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. t. 183, 
 
 185, 186, 187, head, t. 188, skull. 
 
 The head and horns of a larger Zebu. India. Presented 
 by Jacob Bell, Esq. 
 
 3. Bos Taurus indicus, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. $ , grey. 
 Bos taurus indicus minor, Fischer, Syn. 499. 
 
 Petit Zebu, Desm. Mam. 499. 
 
 A Shaurr or Sacred Bull, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. 
 
 n. 10,975. t. 179. 
 
 Horns project forwards, and form a considerable angle with 
 the forehead. 
 
 4. Zebus, Knight, M. A. N. f. 730-733. 
 
 Horns placed nearly on the same line as the forehead ; pre- 
 puce large, often visible in the females. 
 
22 MAMMALIA. 
 
 5. Madras Ox, Buchanan, Mysore, ii. 8. t. 13. f. 34. 
 
 6. Madhu Givi Oxen, Buchan. I. c. ii. 8. 1. 13. f. 35, 1. 14. f. 36,3?. 
 
 7. Seringapatam Oxen, Buchan. I. c. ii. 8. t. 15. f. 38, 39. 
 Hob. India, Mysore. 
 
 8. Two-humped Zebu. 
 
 Zebu a deux bosses, Desm. Mam. 499. 
 
 Bos Indicus ditophus, Fischer, Syn. 499. 
 
 Hornless Zebu, Zebu sans comes, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 
 
 Hob. India. 
 
 9. Bucharian Ox. 
 
 Rindviech, Pallas, N. Nord. Beytr. iv. t. 3. 
 Hob. Bucharia, from Arabia. 
 
 10. Nepal Ox, Hodgson; Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. 
 
 11. A Javanese Cow, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,974. 
 
 t. 103. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Zebu a comes, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 5, 6. 
 
 Gun Bullock, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,9?5. t. 188. 
 
 Skull, young (lower jaw wanting). 
 
 Two skulls of domesticated cattle of Nepal, male and female. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Bones of body. Nepal. Presented by H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 3. Bos DANTE. The DANTE. 
 
 Face rather narrow ; forehead very flat, with the horns on the 
 side of the high occipital ridge ; withers with a small but distinct 
 hump. 
 
 Bos elegans et parvus africanus, Bellon. Obs. 119. fig. 
 
 Juvenca sylvestris, Alpin. JEg. i. 233. t. 14. f. 2. 
 
 Dante, Purchas, Pilgrim, ii. 1002 ; Gunner, Geog. Zool. ii. 92 ; 
 
 Marmol. Afrique, i. 52. 
 Afrikanische Zivergochs, BorowsJcy, Thier. i. 42 ; Halle vierfuss. 
 
 278. 
 
 Kleiner Afrikanischer Ochs, Klein, Thier e, 12. 35. 
 Afrikanische BuiFel, Fisch. Natursys. i. 
 Bos Cafer, /3. Bubalus africanus, Der Dante, Donnd. Beytr. Zool. 
 
 703. 
 Bos Dante, Link, Beytr. Nat. ii. 95, 1795; Meyer, Zool Arch. 
 
 188, 1796. 
 
 Bos Bubalus africanus, Brisson, R. A. 79. 
 Bos Taurus africanus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 500. 
 Salam Buffalo, WTiitfteld. 
 Dwarf Bull, Penn. Syn. 9. t. 1. f. I, 2, 3. 
 
MAMMALIA. 23 
 
 ? Egyptian Zebu, Knight, Mm. Anim. Nat. f. 723, 724 ; Long, 
 
 Egypt. Antiq. Brit. Mus. ii. 57. f. 169, lower figures. 
 Hab. Africa. West Africa; Salam; Whitfield. 
 
 Skin in a bad state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Two skulls. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 This animal agrees better than the Zebus with the figure of the 
 Humped Cattle on the ancient Egyptian tombs. Long's Egypt, 
 p. 57. f. 169. 
 
 Mr. Whitfield brought a pair of these animals. The male 
 (now in the Zoological Gardens, 1850) is white, with a few brown 
 specks on the head ; the female yellow-brown, the head even 
 narrower than that of the male. Purchas describes them as 
 yellow. 
 
 Hybrids with wild species. 
 
 1. Between Bos Indicus and Bibos front alis. Blackish, fore-legs 
 
 white, face and withers brown. 
 Gyale at Barracpore, Hardw. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. n. 10,975. 
 
 't. 169, 170, copied. 
 Jungly gau, Bos Sylhetanus, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. , $ 
 
 2; H. Smith, Griffith, A. Kingd. iv. 406. 
 Domestic Gyal, Colebrook, Asiat. Research, viii. 511 ; Lesson, 
 
 Compt. Buffon, x. 317- 
 Hab. India. 
 
 2. Hybrid between a Yak bull and a Zebu cow. 
 
 Tail elongate, bushy nearly to the base ; withers highly crested. 
 Black, with a white spot on withers ; in winter covered with long 
 silky hair, in summer with shorter hair, having a crest of long 
 hair on the dewlap, and a tuft of elongated hair on the upper 
 part of each leg. Muffle smooth. 
 
 Hybrid Bull, Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 172. t. 15. 
 
 This animal was imported as a Yak ; it was for some time at 
 the Gardens of the Zoological Society, but has been lately trans- 
 ferred to Knowsley. 
 
 The travellers in Tibet state that half-bred Yak are common 
 as domestic cattle. 
 
 2. BUBALUS. 
 
 Horns depressed or subtrigonal at the base, inclining upwards 
 and backwards, conical, and bending upwards at the tip, on a 
 plane rather in front of the occipital ridge ; forehead rather 
 transverse, convex, shelving before and behind ; the intermaxil- 
 
24 MAMMALIA. 
 
 laries elongate, extending back and between the nasal and cheek 
 bones ; teats in a cross series, the outer one rather before the 
 others. 
 
 Bubalus, H. Smith in Griff. A. K. v. 182 ; in Fischer, Syn. 681. 
 Bos (bubali), Sundevall, Pecora, 77- 
 Bubalus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Syncerus, Hodgson, 1847. 
 
 * Horns separate, not dilated at the base, directed backwards and 
 incurved at the tip. Bubalus, Hodgson. 
 
 1. BUBALUS BRACHYCERUS. The ZAMOUSE. 
 
 Forehead flat ; horns short, thick, depressed at the base ; ears 
 very large, strongly fringed on the edge, and with two diverging 
 longly fringed lines within ; fur short, close, brown. Male adult 
 with tuft of long hair on legs. 
 
 Bos brachyceros, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, t. 589 ; Ann. Nat. 
 
 Hist. ii. 284. t. 13, young female; List Mam. B.M. 153; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. Sp. B. M. 54; Roulin, D'Orb. Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat. 
 
 (Bcwf) ii. 
 Bubalus brachycerus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Bosbubalus, Children in Denham fy Clapperton's Trav. in Africa. 
 Zamouse, Denham and Clapperton's Trav. Cent. Africa. 
 Bos Gaffer, Ruppell, Abyssinia, spec, in Mus. Frankfort. 
 Bos Caifer junior ?, Sundevall, Pecora, 202. 
 Hob. West Africa, Sierra Leone, Abyssinia. 
 
 Two heads of adult covered with the skin. Central Africa. 
 Presented by Capt. Clapperton, R.N. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skeleton of female. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Mr. Blyth has noticed two species of Wild Ox found in North- 
 west Africa : 
 
 1. Sherif al Wady (Bos Atlanticus, Blyth), from Mount Atlas. 
 One lived some months at Tangiers. 
 
 2. Wadan? or Pecasse?, with a flowing nuchal mane; found 
 in large herds at Rabat and Salee, on the Barbary Coast. Ann. 
 N. H. ix. 62. This is no doubt the 
 
 Bos Pegassus, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 386. t. v. 890 ; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. Mam. 652 ; Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 288. 
 Pegassus, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. 21. Wadan, Lyon's Travels. 
 
MAMMALIA. 25 
 
 2. BUBALUS BUFFELUS. The BUFFALO. 
 
 Forehead convex, rounded ; horns large, flattened at the base, 
 black, on the plane of the face, bent down and recurved at the 
 tip ; ears not quite half the length of the head, slightly ciliated ; 
 fur rough, irregular, bristly, often very far apart, on the face be- 
 fore the eyes two-rowed. 
 
 Bos bubalus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 81 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 206 ; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. t. 300 A ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch. i. 298 ; 
 
 Klein, Annot. Bovis Bubali, t. ; Cuvier, D. Sci. Nat. v. 25 ; 
 
 Reg. Anim. i. 270 ; Desm. Nouv. Diet. H. N. iii. 531 ; Mamm. 
 k 494 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 366 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 
 
 495. 652; H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 392. t. .v. 892; Sun- 
 
 devall, Pecora, 203; Pallas, Zool. R. A. i. 247- 
 Bos bubalis, Linn. S. N. i. 99 ; Erxl. Syst. 238 ; Hodgson, Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1834, 99. 
 Bos buffelus, Blumenb. Handb. 121. 
 Bubalus buffelus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 152; Cat. Hodgson 
 
 Coll. B. M. 25; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 54 ; Turner, Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1849 ; Bonap. Ind. Mamm. Eur. 36. 1845. 
 B. Bubalus Bubalus, H. Smith. 
 
 Bubalus ferus Indicus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. in B. Mus.t. 139. 
 Bos kerabau, Milller, Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 41. 
 Buffelus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 365. fig. 366. 
 Buffle, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 284. t. 25 ; Bailly, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
 
 ii. 369. t. 16 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Biiffel, Meyer, Thier. ii. t. 45. 
 Buffalo, Penn. Syn. 7 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 401. t. 211. 
 Wild Buffalo, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. B. i. 348. 
 Arnee, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 747- 
 Hob. South Europe; North Africa; India; and Indian Islands. 
 
 Var. 1 . Body nearly naked. 
 
 Naked Buffalo, Penn. Syn. Quad. i. 8. t. 2. f. 1. 
 
 Bos bubalus minor, Fischer, Syn. 495. 
 
 Hab. Java. 
 
 A young specimen. Manilla. From the Gardens of the 
 Zoological Society. 
 
 Var. 2. Horns very much elongated, nearly smooth, curved at 
 
 the tips. 
 Sukotyro or Buffalo, Sloane, Phil. Trans. 26, 1727, n. 39?. p. 222. 
 
 f. 2, 3 ; Pennant, Quad. 25. 
 
 Arnee, Anderson, The Bee, 1792, xii. 105. fig. 267. t. . f. c. D. 
 Bos Arnee, Shaw, Zool. iv. 400. t. 210; Kerr, Anim. Kingd. 336. 
 
 t. 295 ; Blumenb. Abbild. t. 63 ; Handb. 122 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. 
 
 Nat. v. 27. 
 Bubalus Arna (var. Macrocerus et Spirocerus), Hodgson, J. A. 
 
26 MAMMALIA. 
 
 S. B. 1841, x. 912; Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 279; Icon. ined. B. 
 
 M. t. 138. 
 
 BQS bubalus, arnee, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653. 
 Bos Bubalus ami, Sundevall, Pecora, 202. 
 Hab. India. 
 
 Var. 3. Domestic Buffalo of the Island of the Sondes. 
 
 Bos Bubalus, var. domest. Sonda, Muller, Verh. Ind. Arch. t. 41. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Bos bubalus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 122. t. 9. f. 11, 12, 13, t. 10. 
 
 f. 7, 8, 9, 10; Daub, in Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 28. t. 41. f. 1, 2, 
 
 3 ; Blumenb. AbUld. t. 63. 
 
 Horns, separate, thick, 48 inches long, 18 inches in circum- 
 ference at base. India. 
 
 Skull and horns. India. 
 
 Horns, very long, separate, 78 inches. 
 
 Skull and horns. Figured Griffith, A. K. t. 201. f. 23. 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
 Horns, separate, slender. India. 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns, short. 
 
 Skull, with horns, polished. Neilgheries. Presented by Ge- 
 neral Hardwicke. 
 
 Skull, with horns, domestic variety. India. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls with horns, wild variety. India. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 B. B. macrocerus, Hodgson, I. c. 912. 
 
 A pair of broad elongated horns. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 A pair of horns, very slender. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns, tame variety. India. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 B. B. spirocerus, Hodgson, I. c. 912. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of a male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 1, 
 copied. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of four specimens. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 139, 
 oopied t. 141. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of four specimens. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.M.t. 140. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of a male, three years old, with details of head. 
 Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 142. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns of wild. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 145. 
 f. I, a. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 Drawing of horns of tame. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M.t. 145. 
 3. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of two horns of Indian Buffalo sent to Zool. Soc. 
 Hardwicke, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 173, 174. 
 
 Drawing of horns of Indian Buffalo. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 
 10,975. t. 175, 177- 
 
 Drawing of horns of domesticated Buffalo of Prince of Wales' 
 Island. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 1?6. 
 
 Domestic Buffalo of Polu Penang. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 
 10,974. t. 108. 
 
 j, Common domesticated Buffalo of Bengal. Hardw. Icon. ined. 
 B. M. 10,974. t. 105. 
 
 Drawing of Indian Buffalo. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. 
 t. 172, 178. 
 
 " The Bhainsa or Tame Buffalo are universal in India. The 
 Arna or Wild Buffalo inhabits the margins rather than the inte- 
 rior of primaeval forests. They never ascend the mountains, and 
 adhere, like the Rhinoceros, to the most swampy sites of the district 
 they inhabit. There is no animal upon which ages of domesticity 
 have made so small an impression as upon the Buffalo, the tame 
 being still most clearly referable to the wild ones at present fre- 
 quenting all the great sw r ampy jungles of India." Hodgson. 
 
 " In the wilderness, as in the cow-house, there is a marked 
 distinction between the long- (Macrocerus) and curved-horned 
 (Spirocerus) Buffaloes. 
 
 " The Arna ruts in autumn, gestating ten months, and pro- 
 duces one or two young in summer. It lives in large herds, 
 but in the season of love the most lusty males lead off and ap- 
 propriate several females, with which they form small herds for 
 the time. The wild Buffalo is fully one-third larger than the 
 largest tame breeds, measuring 10^ feet from snout to vent, and 
 6 or 6 feet high at the shoulders, and is of such power and 
 vigour, as by his charge frequently to prostrate a well-sized ele- 
 phant. It is remarkable for the uniform shortness of the tail, 
 which does not extend lower than the hock, for the tufts which 
 cover the forehead and knees, and lastly, for the great size of its 
 horns ; they are uniformly in high condition, so unlike the lean- 
 ness and angularity of the domestic Buffalo even at its best." 
 Hodgson. 
 
 ** Horns much enlarged and close together at the base, spreading 
 out on the side of the head and recurved at the tip ; ribs very 
 wide, t. 2. 
 
 Syncerus (Gaffer), Hodgson, Various gen. Ruminants,lS47,25,note. 
 Bubalus, sp., Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K. 
 
 B2 
 
28 MAMMALIA. 
 
 3. BUBALUS CAFFER. The CAPE BUFFALO. 
 
 Forehead broad. Horns roundish at the end, depressed, and 
 very rugose at the base ; near the base becoming dilated, at length 
 very broad, rugose, very convex, and close together over the 
 forehead. Ears veiy large, half as large as the head, broad, 
 acute, ciliated. Skin bluish purple or black, nearly naked, with 
 some two-rowed diverging bristles on the middle of the back. 
 
 Bos caffer, Sparm. K. S. Veter. Akad. 1774-79, t. 3; Griffith, 
 A. K. iv. 384. t. . young, v. 889 ; Harris, Wild Animals 
 Africa, 1. 13, and head; Zimmerm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. 90; Gmelin, 
 S. N. i. 207 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 301 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. 
 v. 28; Reg. Anim. i. 271 ; Desm. Nouv. Diet. H. N. iii. 527 ; 
 Mam. 494 ; Ency. Meth. t. 45. f. 5 ; Thunb. Mem. Act. Pe- 
 tersb. iii. 318; Vollborth, Comm. Anat. Eerol. 1826; Desmoul. 
 Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 367 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494, 652. 
 
 Bubalus caffer, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. 
 M. 54 ; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Cape Ox, Pennant-, Shaw, Zool. ii. 416; Harris, W. Anim. Afr. 
 t. 13. 
 
 Buffel, Sparm. Reise, 297, 379, &c. t. 2. 
 
 Dawf Ox, Pennant, Syn. Quad. i. 9. t. 2. f. 3, young horns. 
 
 Wilde Buffel, Dutch at Cape-, Forster, Reise die Weld, i. 85. 
 
 Qu'araho, Hottentots. 
 
 Cape Buffalo, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 751, 753. 
 
 Buffalo, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 47. 
 
 Hob. S. Africa, in the Deserts, near Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 A male, not in a good state. South Africa. Presented by W. 
 Burchell, LL.D. 
 
 A male. South Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skulls, adult and young, t. 2. f. 1, 2, 3. 
 Buffle de Cap, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xi. 416. t. 41; Cuvier, Oss. 
 Foss. iv. 132. t. 9. f. 14, 15 ; Vollborth, de Bobus, fyc. 1826, t. 3. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns, young. South Africa. From Mus. 
 Royal Society. 
 
 Skull and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Skull and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Skeleton of male. South Africa. From the Gardens of the 
 Zoological Society. 
 
 The horns of the young specimen are depressed and rugose, 
 and very different from those of B. brachyceros, which Prof. 
 Sundevall considers as the young of this species. The pair of 
 young horns which was in the Museum of the Royal Society 
 (Grew, Rar. 26), figured by Pennant (Syn. t. 2. f. 3), is now in 
 
MAMMALIA. 29 
 
 the British Museum, and at once shows the distinctness of these 
 two species. 
 
 3. ANOA. 
 
 Horns subtrigonal, nearly parallel, round at the tip, depressed 
 at the base, and slightly keeled on the inner edge, straight, nearly 
 on the plane of the face on the hinder edge of the frontal ridge. 
 Intermaxillary elongate, high up between the maxillae and the 
 nasal. Muffle large, rather narrow below. Hoofs very broad. 
 Ears small, narrow, short. Tail elongate, tufted at the end. Hair 
 of the back, from the nape to the pelvis, reversed. Skull, t. 3. 
 f.1,2. 
 
 Anoa, Leach-, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Sundevall, Pe- 
 
 cora, 74. 
 
 Antilope, Anoa, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 647. 
 Bubalus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Bos, sp., Meyen; Gray, Spic. Zool. 
 
 Mr. Turner observes : " Although Major Smith was deceived 
 as to the affinities of the Anoa, later as well as earlier naturalists 
 have assigned it to its true place, and a glance at the stuffed spe- 
 cimen in the British Museum leaves the matter beyond a doubt. 
 I have examined the skull in the Museum of the College of Sur- 
 geons, and cannot see that it has even a title to generic distinc- 
 tion. Naturalists seem at all times to have been prone to assign 
 generic rank to whatever was mysterious or difficult to classify, 
 and I can in no other way account for this species being made a 
 genus." Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Mr. Turner must have ob- 
 served the skull very superficially, for it offers many characters, 
 especially in the palate, which separate it from the Buffaloes and 
 all the other Bovea, t. 3. f. 1, 2. 
 
 1. ANOA DEPRESSICORNIS. The ANOA. 
 
 Reddish brown, with three small white spots on the cheek. 
 Male black, spot on cheek white. Female and young brownish 
 black. 
 
 Antilope (Anoa) depressicornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 293. t. . 
 
 v. 867; Gray, Spicil. Zool. t. 11. f. 23; Fischer, Syn. 647. 
 Antilope depressicornis, Quoy et Gaim. Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 623. 
 
 t. 20 ; Voy. Astrol Zool. i. 136. t. 26 ; Ferussac, Bull. Sci. 
 
 xix. 108 ; Lesson, comp. Bujfon, x. 299. t. 65. f. 2. 
 ? Anoa compressicornis, Leach, MSS. 
 Antilope depressicornis, Leach ; Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 1 1 . f. 23 ; 
 
 H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 867. t. 181. f. 4, head. 
 Antilope platyceros et Antilope Celebica, Temm. Mus. Ley den. 
 Bos bubalis ft. Anoa, Penn. Quad.26; Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796. 
 
30 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Bubalus depressicornis, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Anoa, Loten MSS. in Brit. Mus.- 9 Penn. Syn. 6; Quad. 26; 
 
 Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 746. 
 Anoa depressicornis, Sundevall, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, 199; 
 
 Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153; List Osteol. B. M. 54; Gray, 
 
 Knowsley Menag. t. 
 Hab. Celebes. 
 
 Male and female. Celebes. From the Leyden Museum. 
 
 OSTEOL. Skull, t. 3. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Skull and horns. Celebes. Presented by General Hardwicke, 
 Skull and horns. Mauritius? 
 Skull and horns. Mauritius ? 
 
 This animal was first noticed by Governor Loten. It was 
 afterwards described by Colonel Hamilton Smith from a head with 
 horns in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. A similar 
 head was received by General Hardwicke (which was given by 
 him to the British Museum), accompanied by a sketch of the 
 head and front part of the body of the animal, which is copied 
 in Gray's Spicilegia. MM. Quoy and Gaimard afterwards pub- 
 lished a figure of the animal, and took two male specimens with 
 them to Paris, one of which was transmitted to Knowsley, in ex- 
 change for the specimen of Oreas Canna sent to Paris by the Earl 
 of Derby : this specimen is figured in the Knowsley Menagerie. 
 
 * Intermaxillaries short, triangular, not reaching to the edge of 
 the nasal bone; the upper lip bald, callous and moist, only as 
 wide as the inner edge of the nostrils. 
 
 Mr. Turner observes : " I fear that Mr. Gray's distinction in 
 the extent of the intermaxillary bones upon the sides of the nasal 
 aperture will not always hold good." Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Since this remark was penned, I have re-examined many speci- 
 mens of the skull of this genus and of other oxen, and do not 
 find any reason to doubt the validity of the distinction ; I have 
 not found a single Bison's skull with an elongated intermaxillary, 
 nor an Ox or Buffalo with a short one. It would have been 
 better if Mr. Turner had cited the example which made him 
 doubt ; when I applied to him on the subject, he owned that he 
 could not refer me to a specimen to verify his remarks. 
 
 4. BIBOS. 
 
 Horns depressed at the base, directed outwards, posterior on 
 the hinder ridge of the frontal bone, which is often very promi- 
 nent, recurved at the tip. Withers high, keeled, supported by the 
 spinous processes of the dorsal vertebra, and suddenly lower be- 
 
MAMMALIA. 31 
 
 hind. The intermaxillaries are short and triangular, and do not 
 reach to the nasals. Brown or black (adult males). Legs be- 
 neath the knees (and sometimes the rump) white. The baldness 
 of the upper lip converging beneath from the inner edge of the 
 nostrils. Skull, t. 3. f. 3. 
 Bibos, Hodgson ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Bison, sp., Ham. Smith in Griffith A. K.v. 371; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 Mam. 651. 
 
 Gareus, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 21. 
 Bos (Boves proprie), part., Sundevall, Pecora, 200, 1844. 
 Bos, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Professor Sundevall regards the three species of this genus as 
 sub varieties of a variety of the Common Bull, Bos Taurus (Pe- 
 cora, 200, 1844). 
 
 t Forehead flat. Horns broad, depressed, black. Front half of 
 back with an elongated keel, t. 3. f. 3. Probos, Hodgson. 
 
 1. BIBOS FRONTALIS. The GAYAL. 
 
 Black; lips, forehead and legs grey; inside of ears white; 
 forehead flat, very broad. Horns depressed, broad at the base, 
 conical, black. 
 
 Bos bubalus var. c. Guavera, Penn. Quad. i. 27. 
 
 " Bos Guavera, Penn." Buchanan, Icon. ined. Mus. Ind. Comp.t. 7. 
 
 Bos bubalis y. Guavera, Meyer, Zool. Arch. 184, 1796. 
 
 Bos frontalis, Lambert, Linn. Trans, vii. t. 4, young c? ; Gray, 
 
 List Mam. B. M. 151; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24; Deles- 
 
 sert, Souvenir Ind. t. , not good. 
 Bos Gayeus (Assel Gayal), Colebrook, Asiatic Research, vii. 511. 
 
 t. 8; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. 233. t. 7- f. 1; Lesson, Compl. 
 
 Buffon, x. 317. 
 Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. frontalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 200, 
 
 1844. 
 Bos (Bison) Gaveus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 406. t. , 
 
 v. 897; Fischer, Syn. 651, 654; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 
 
 Beng. 1841, x. 912. 470. t. 1. f. 1. 
 Bibos frontalis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 151 ; List Osteol. Sp. 
 
 B. M. 24; Knowsley Menag. ; Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim.\#4. 
 Gayal, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 741, 742?, 743, 744. 
 Hob. India, Chittagong. 
 
 Male. India. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOL. Skull, t. 3. f. 3. 
 
 Gyal of Sylhet (Bos gaveus), Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 
 'x. 470. t. 1. f. 1 ; Hardw. Zool. Journ. iii. t. 7. f. 1. 
 
32 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Two skulls of the adult male. The Tarai. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, half-grown, male. The Tarai. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and some bones of foetal specimen. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Assal Gyal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 168. 
 
 True Asseel Gayal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,794. 1. 106, 
 head copied from former. 
 
 Drawing of two males. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of two males. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 136. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of two males. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 137. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of a male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 138. f. 2. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 145. f. 5, 6. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton Buchanan's figure in the Library of the India 
 House (marked Bos Guavera, Penn. t. 7) was the first and is the 
 best. 
 
 The Gavi or Gobi is more than half redeemed from the wild 
 state, like the Yak of Tibet. Hodgson, I. c. 22. 
 
 The Jungly Gau (Bos Sylhetanus] of M. F. Cuvier's Mamma- 
 lia is from a tracing made by M. Duvaucelle from a drawing in 
 General Hardwicke's collection (marked " Gyale at Barrackpoor," 
 Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 169, 170), taken from a hybrid 
 specimen bred between a Domestic Gyal and a Zebu. It has 
 a larger, deeper and more waved dewlap than the wild species, 
 and differently shaped horns. It was never alive in Paris, nor 
 even seen alive by M. Duvaucelle. 
 
 ft Forehead concave. Horns pale, rather depressed at the base. 
 Back with a prominent keel over the shoulder, and another 
 on the middle of the back. Bibos, Hodgson. 
 
 2. BIBOS GAURUS. The GOUR or GAUR. 
 
 Hind hoof only half the size of the front. Brown ; legs 
 white. 
 
MAMMALIA. 33 
 
 Bos Gour, Trail, Edinb. Phil Journ. 1824, 334 ; Hardw. ZooL 
 
 Journ. in. 232. t. 7- f. 2 ; Mem. Mus. ix. 71 ; Ferussac, Bull Sci. 
 
 xiv. 252; Lesson, Compl. Bujfon, x. 316; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 
 
 497. 
 
 Bos Gaur, Evans. 
 Bos (Bison) Gaurus (Gour), Hamilton Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 
 
 373 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 653 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840, 
 
 t. 5. adult, t. 6. f. 1 <? . f. 2 $ . skull. 
 
 Bos Taurus, var. 3, subvar. 2. Gaur, Sundevall, Pecora, 201. 
 Bos (Bibos) cavifrons, Hodgson, Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1837, 
 
 vi. 223, 299, 745. t. 39, x. 911; Elliot, Madras Journ. Sci. 1840, 
 
 37. 
 
 Bos Hardwickii (Gour), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65 (1825). 
 Bos Silhetanus, Delessert, Rev. Zool. 1839, 129. 
 Bos aculeatus, Schinz. ; Cuvier, Thierr. iv. 492. 
 Bisonius subhaemachalensis, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 135 ; 
 
 Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289. 
 Bos (Bison) Gour, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 184. 
 Bibos gaurus, Hodgson, Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. t. 137 ; Gray, Cat. 
 
 Hodgson Coll. B. M. 24. 
 Gaour, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. H. N. ix. 71. 
 Gaur, Johnston, Sketch Indian Sports, t. 
 Gour, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 746. 
 Gauri Gau, of the Tarai. 
 
 Inhab. India. Mountain district, Nepal. The male is called 
 Gour, and the young Pararah-, the female Gouvin, and the 
 young Pareeah, in Malacca. Called Gamy a by the Mahrattas. 
 
 Male, stuffed. 
 
 OSTEOL. Elliot, Madras Journ. N. H. x. 227. t. . f . , skull. 
 Gouri Gau of Nepal (Bibos cavifrons), Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, 
 x. 1841, 470. t. 1. f. 2, t. 2, 3, skulls. 
 
 Two skeletons. Nepal. 
 
 Skeleton, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H, Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns of female. Nepal. Presented by B. IF. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns. India. 
 
 Skull and horns, with skin on face. India. Presented by 
 General Hardwicke. 
 
 Horns, separate, polished. India. 
 
 Horns, separate. India. 
 
 Horns, separate, young. India. 
 
34 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Horns, single horn. India. 
 
 Horns, single horn. India. 
 
 Horns, single horn. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Bos Gour, Hardwicke, Icon. ined. B. M. 10,974. t. 107. 
 
 The Gours inhabit the primitive forests of India, under the 
 great ranges of mountains ; they rut in winter, procreate in au- 
 tumn, producing one at a birth. The herds are ordinarily rather 
 numerous, twenty, thirty, forty, and sometimes even double that 
 number being found together ; but in the breeding season not 
 above ten or fifteen cows, with a single mature, vigorous bull, 
 who jealously expels every young or old male from his harem. 
 They entirely avoid the open Tarai on the one hand, and the hill 
 on the other, adhering to the most solitary part of the Saul 
 forest, close to and between the salient spurs of the hills, where 
 the periodical firing of the undergrowth of the forest never 
 reaches. They feed early and late in the more open glades of 
 the forest, posting sentinels the while, and manifesting in their 
 whole demeanour a degree of shyness unparalleled among the 
 Bovines. They never venture even in the rains, when there 
 is abundance of rank vegetation to cover their approaches, into 
 the open Tarai, to depredate on the crops, as the Wild Buffaloes 
 constantly do ; nor do they ever associate or have sexual com- 
 merce with the tame cattle, though immense numbers of the 
 latter every spring are driven into their retreats, to feed and re- 
 main there in a half-wild condition for three or four months, 
 when the Wild Buffaloes frequently have sexual intercourse with 
 the tame ones of their kind, of which likewise vast numbers are 
 despatched there. 
 
 Old males of the Gour are often found solitary, wandering in 
 the forests they frequent, especially in winter; but these have 
 probably been recently expelled the herd by their more vigorous 
 juniors, and reunite themselves with some herd after the season 
 of love and contention has passed. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to rear the Gour in confinement. 
 Nor did I ever know a successful experiment, though the attempt 
 has been for fifty years constantly made by the Court of Nepal, 
 which finds no difficulty in rearing Wild Buffaloes and causing 
 them to breed in confinement with the domestic species, which is 
 thus greatly improved in size and other qualities. 
 
 The Gours are exceedingly shy, and when approached they 
 retreat as long as they can ; but if compelled to stand and de- 
 fend themselves, they do so with a courage and determination 
 not to be surpassed. 
 
MAMMALIA. 35 
 
 The beef of the Gour is unequalled for flavour and tenderness ; 
 but to the Aborigines only is it illicit food, and not to all tribes 
 of them; nor are any of them allowed to kill it in Hindu kingdoms. 
 
 Capt. Tickell, a good observer, believes there are two species 
 of Bibos in the Chola Nagpoor territories alone. Hodgson, I. c. 
 24. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson appears to think the Bibos found beyond the 
 Brahmaputra is a different species. 
 
 Mr. Elliot's account of the habit of those found in the Deccan 
 differs in several particulars from that given by Mr. Hodgson. 
 
 3. BIBOS BANTING. The BANTING. 
 
 Black, distinct large spot on rump and legs white. Calf pale 
 brown, with a dorsal streak, widest behind, and tip of tail black ; 
 rump and legs like back, not white, as in the adult. 
 
 Bos Banting, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 
 
 Bos Taurus var. 3, subvar. 1. Banting, Sundevall, Pecora, 201. 
 
 Bos leucoprymnus, Quoy fy Gaim. Zool. Astrol. i. 140, 1830 ; 
 
 Lesson, Compl. Bujfbn, x. 319. 
 
 Bos (Taurus) leucoprymnus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 185. 
 Bos frontalis, part., Fischer, Syn. Mam. 550. 
 Bos bantiger, Temm. Mus. Leyden. 
 
 Bos Sondaicus, Muller, Nederl. Verhand. i. 45. t. 35, 39. 
 Sumatran Ox. Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. ; Lesson, Compl. 
 
 Buffon, x. 315. 
 Hob. Java. Borneo. Bali. 
 
 Stuffed male. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 
 Skin of female. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Bos Sondaicus, Nederl. Verhand. i. t. 36, 39. 
 Skeleton of male and female. Java. From the Leyden Museum. 
 
 ANAT. Muller, Verhand. Ind. Arch. t. 37, 38, 39. 
 
 b. Bisons. Covered with short, crisp wool ; shoulder higher than 
 the haunches; cannon-bone of the hind-leg longer than the 
 fore. Ribs fourteen or ff teen pairs. 
 
 Bison, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1849. 
 
 5. BISON. 
 
 Muffle short and scarcely reaching the hinder edge of the nos- 
 trils, as wide as the space behind the inner edge of the nostrils. 
 Horns round, rather depressed at the base, lateral, coming out 
 before the ridge of the occiput, curved upwards and outwards. 
 
36 MAMMALIA. 
 
 In the skull the frontals are broader than long. The intermaxillae 
 are very short, triangular, not reaching nearly to the nasal bones. 
 The head, crown and shoulders covered with longer curled hair ; 
 dewlap none; teats four in a square. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2. 
 
 The flesh smells of musk, hence called Bisam, which has been 
 changed into Bison. See Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 247. 
 
 Bison, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 182; Fischer, Syn. 651. 
 Bison, Bojanus, N. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. ; Owen, Brit. Foss. 
 
 Mam. 491, 1846. 
 
 Bison, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Urus, sp., Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 232. 
 Aurochs, sp., Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. 379 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 
 Bonassus, sp., Wagner. 
 Bos y. Bison, Sundevall, Pecora, 78. 
 
 t Tarsi elongate, fore and hind quarters subequal. 
 
 1. BISON BONASSUS. The BISON. 
 
 Fur blackish brown, short ; of neck and shoulders longer, of 
 chin and throat, elongate, forming a dependent mane ; fore and 
 hind legs subequal ; tarsi elongate. Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. xii. 
 
 Bos (Bison) Bison, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 893; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 654 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 203 ; Baer. Bull. Petersb. i. 53. 
 Bos urus, Bodd. Elench. 1788 ; L. H. Bojanus, Comm. Nov. Act. 
 
 Acad. Nat. Our. xiii. 414. t. 20, 28; Schreb. Saugth. t. 295; 
 
 Desm. Mamm. 498; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 497; Eichw. Zool. 
 
 Spec. iii. 342. t. ; Vollborth, Dissert. 1. fig. 
 Bos Bison Aurochs, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 184. 
 Bos Taurus Urus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 202; Pallas, Zool. Ross. 
 
 Asiat. i. 242. 
 
 Bos Bonassus, Brisson, Reg. A. 84; Linn. S. N. xiii. 99; Gme- 
 lin, S. N. i. 99; Erxl. Syst. 235. 
 Bison Europseus, Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 126. 
 Bos Taurus c. Bison (Der Europaische Bison), Donnd. Zool. 
 
 Beytr. 687. 
 
 Bos Bison seu Bonassus, Wagner, Schreb. 1481, t. 295, 295 B. 
 Bison Urus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 55 ; Turner, Proc. 
 
 Z. Soc. 1848. 
 
 Bison jubatus, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. c. 15. 
 Bison, Gesner, Quad. 31; Aldrov. Bisulc. 353. f. 355, 356; Jon- 
 
 ston, Quad. t. 17. 16; Me. Hussoviani de Bisontis Cracov. 
 
 1525, 12 ; Herberstein, Rer. Moscow. Comm. Basil. 1556, 109. 
 
 fig. ; Gilibert de Bove Lituano, 1781, 30. fig. ; Zimmer. Geog. 
 
 Zool. ii. 84. 
 
MAMMALIA. 3? 
 
 Uri, Cces. Gall. vi. c. 28. 
 
 Urus jubatus, Jonst. Quad. t. 19. 
 
 Aurochs, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 207 ; Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. xii. 
 
 379; Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 21. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 269; Oss. 
 
 Foss. iv. 109. t. 9, 10, 12; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 
 
 364. 
 Afrikanischer Wilder Ochs, Mutter, Naturs. i. 43; Borowsky, 
 
 Thier. i. 40; Gatterer, Schaden der Thiere, i. 128; Batsch, 
 
 Thiere, i. 141 ; Graumann, Int. H. N. 44. 
 Buckelochs, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 67- 
 Bonassus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 15 ; Gesner, Quad. 145. fig. ; 
 
 Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii. 93 ; Onomat. H. N. ii. 262 ; Brisson, 
 
 Reg. Anim. 84; Klein, Quad. 13; Buffon, H. IV.; Severin, 
 
 Zool. Hungar. 35 ; Raii Syn. Quad. 7 1 . 
 Munistier or Manestier, Gesner, Thier. 297. fig- 
 Bos Munistier, Jonst. Quad. t. 18, 19. 
 Urochs or Auer Ochse or Auer Ochs, Waldochse, Wilder Ochs 
 
 or Bergochs, Mutter, Natursys. i. 436 ; Henneberger, Preuss. 
 
 251. fig. ; Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ii. 82 ; Borowsky, Thier. i. 39 ; 
 
 Funke, Naturg. i. 34 ; Ebert, Naturl. i. 284 ; Halle Vierfuss. 
 
 280 ; Gatterer, Schad. der Thiere, i. 107 ; Beckmann, Naturh. 
 
 10; Klein, Thiere, 12; Martini, Naturlex. iii. 693; Batsch, i. 
 
 141 ; Boch, Nat. Preuss. iv. 191 ; Hartknoch, Preuss. Hist. i. 
 
 13; Dobel, Jagerprak. i. 20; Jablonsky, Allgem. Lex. 82; 
 
 Severin, Zool. Hung. 36. 
 Preussische und Lithauische Auerochs, Pallas, Nord. Beytr. 
 
 i. 6. 
 Urus de Prusse et de Lithuanie, Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 
 
 ii. 1777, 236. 
 
 Zurb, oder der Lithauische Auerochs, Jarocki, 1830, t. 1 9 2 <J . 
 Hob. Poland. Caucasus. 
 
 Male, stuffed in Russia. Presented by the Emperor of Russia 
 through Sir Roderick Murchison. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Bos urus, Bojanus, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiii. 414. t. 20-23 ; 
 
 Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 109. t. 9. f. 1, 2, 1. 10. f. 1, 2, t. 12. f. 6, 
 
 7 ; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 8, skull ; Owen, Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1848, 132. fig. bones of fore and hind feet ; Vollborth, 
 
 Dissert, t. 
 
 Buffalus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiii. t. 11, 12. 
 Aurochs foss., Cuvier, Oss. Foss.iv. 140. t. 12. f. 1, 2, 4, 11, 1. 11. 
 
 f. 5, fossil. 
 
 Skeleton. Lithuania. Presented by the Emperor of Russia. 
 
38 MAMMALIA. 
 
 tt Tarsi short, hinder quarters very low. 
 
 2. BISON AMERICANUS. The AMERICAN BISON. 
 
 Crown with long, crisp hair (in all seasons). The fur dark 
 brown ; hair of head and shoulders elongate, crisp. Tarsus short, 
 hinder quarters very low. Body and tarsus in winter covered 
 with long hair, in summer nearly naked, except in front of body 
 and head. 
 
 Bos Bison, Linn. S. N. i. 99 ; Erxl. Syst. 233 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 t. 299; Blumb. Handb. 121. 
 Bos Bison Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 895; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 653; Sundevall, Pecora, 203; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat, 
 
 Soc. Eeng. x. 1841, 912. 
 Bos Americanus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 204 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. 
 
 v. 24; Reg. Anim. i. 270 ; Ossem. Foss. iv. 117. t. 11; Desm. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. H. N. iii. 531; Mamm. 496; Ency. Meth. t. 55. 
 
 f. 3 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 495, 653 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. 
 
 N. ii. 365 ; Cuvier fy Geoff. Mam. Lith. t. ; Richardson, Fauna 
 
 Bor. Amer. i. 279; Sabine, Frank. Journey, 668; H. Smith, 
 
 Griffith A. K. iv. 401. t. , v. 895 ; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 
 
 i. 242; Owen, Brit. Fossil Mam. 
 Bison Americanus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 49; Turner, Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Taurus Mexicanus, Hernand. Mex. 587- fig. (1651). 
 Taureau Sauvage, Hennipen, Nouv. Decouv. i. 186. fig. (1699). 
 Taurus Ouivirensis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 181. fig. from Hernand. 
 Tauri vaccseque Quivirae, Fernand. Anim. 10. 
 Tauri novi or bis, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182. 
 Armenta, Lact. Amer. 303. fig. from Hernand. 
 Urus Bison /3. indicus, Bison Catesbeji, Klein, Quad. 13. 
 Bison, Ray, Syn. Quad. 71 ; Pennant, Arct. Zool. i. 1; Long, 
 
 Exped. iii. 68. 
 
 BuiFelo, Laws. Carol. 115. fig. ; Brick. North Carol. 107. fig. 
 Buffalo, Catesby, Carol. App. 27. fig. App. t. 20; Harmon. 
 
 Journey, 415; Franklin, First Journey, 113 (110. fig. of Buf- 
 falo Pound). 
 
 Bceuf du Canada, Charlev. Nouv. Fr. iii. 131. 
 American Oxen, Dobb's Hudson's Bay, 41. 
 American Bison, Shaw, Zool. ii. 394. t. 206, 207 ; Knight, Mus. 
 
 Anim. Nat. f. 759-762. 
 American Bull, Penn. Syn. 8. t. 2. f. 2. 
 
 American Wild Ox or Bison, Warden's United States, i. 248. 
 Bison (d'Amerique), Buff on, H. N. Supp. iii. 64. t. 5; F. Cuvier, 
 
 Mam. Lithog. t. , adult, young, and very young. 
 Bison, Mutter, Magaz. i. 186 ; Bewick, Hist. Quad. 43. fig. 
 
MAMMALIA. 39 
 
 Wilde Ochsen und Kuhe, Kalm, Amer. ii. 350, 425, iii. 351. 
 Amerikanische Bison, Zimmer. Geog. Zool. ii. 89 ; Schoepf. Reise 
 
 Nordamer. ii. 167 ; Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 5. 
 Bison d'Amerique, Pallas, Act. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1777? ii. 238. 
 Buklel, Ochse, Bison, Wisent, Borowsky, Thier. i. 42; Blumenb. 
 
 Handb. 111. 
 Nordamerikanischer Bisam Ochs. 
 
 Var. White. Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 283. 
 Hab. N. America. 
 
 Male, stuffed in America. Bank of Yellow River. From M. 
 Audubon's Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 4. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Bos Americanus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 117- t. 10. f. 3, 6. 
 
 Skeleton of male. North America. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Skeleton of female. N. America. From the Collection of the 
 Zoological Society. 
 
 Hybrid with Bos Taurus. 
 Naals Buffalo, Americans; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 496. 
 
 B. Nose ovine, covered with hair, or with a small naked space be- 
 tween the rather close converging nostrils. Tail short. Hair 
 during the cold season very long, pendent. Living in the 
 Mountains or Snowy regions. 
 
 Oxen of the Mountains or Snowy regions, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 6. POEPHAGUS. 
 
 Horns subcylindrical, curved outward on the front of the occi- 
 pital ridge. Nose hairy, with a narrow bald muffle between the 
 nostrils. Hoofs moderately thick, not dilated or expanded on 
 the outer side, square, and straight in front. Tail moderate, not 
 reaching to the hocks, and covered with long hair ; teats 4, nar- 
 rowing behind. Perineum, scrotum, and inside of the thighs and 
 armpits naked. Skull: intermaxillaries short, triangular and 
 acute behind, not reaching to the nasal bones. 
 
 Poephagus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 153. 
 
 Bison, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. ; Fischer, Syn. 651 ; 
 
 Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Bos poephagus (part.), Sundevall, Pecora, 202. 
 
 Professor Sundevall observes, " Inter tres divisiones generis et 
 
40 MAMMALIA. 
 
 prsesertim inter Bos Bubalum et bisontes medius videtur.'' Pe- 
 cora, 202. 
 
 Mr. Turner doubts its distinctness from Bison. Proc. Zool. 
 SGC. 1849. 
 
 1. POEPHAGUS GRUNNIENS. The YAC Or SARLYK. 
 
 Black ; back and tail often white. 
 
 Bos grunniens, Linn. S. N. i. 99 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 205 ; Erxl. 
 
 Syst. 237 j Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 38 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 t. 299 A, B ; Blumb. Abbild. t. 22 ; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 30 ; 
 
 Reg. Anim. i. 270 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14 ; Desm. 
 
 Nov. Diet. H. N. iii. 528; Mamm. 496; Ency. Meth. t. 45. 
 
 f. 3; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 368, 11; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 Mam. 496, 653 ; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 348 ; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1834, 99. 
 Bos (Bison) Poephagus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. \. 896; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 658; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, x. 912, xi. 282. 
 Bos (Poephagus) grunniens, Sundevall, Pecora, 202. 
 Bison Poephagus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 25 ; Turner, 
 
 Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. 
 Poephagus grunniens, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 Sp. B. M. 55 ; Knowsley Menag. 49. 
 Bisonius Poephagus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, x. 912. 4/0. 
 
 t. 1. f. 3; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 289. 
 Bos Poephagus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 249 ; Nov. Comm. 
 
 Petrop. i. 2. 332 ; Nord Beytr. i. t. 1. 
 Poephagus, ^Elian de Animal, lib. xv. cap. 14, lib. xvi. cap. 11; 
 
 Marco Polo de Region. Orient, lib. i. cap. 62; Rubruquis, 
 
 Hist. General des Voy. vii. 
 
 Buoi e la codo di cavallo, N. Conti, Collect, de Ramusio, i. 340. b. 
 Oxen (used for riding), Ysbr ant's Travels Muscow, 50. tab. ; 
 
 Grew, Mus. Reg. Soc. 26. 
 Vacca grunniens, or Buffle mid dem Pferde schweif, J. G. Gmelin, 
 
 Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 339. t. 7- 
 Tangutischen Biiffel, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. t. 1. 1780. 
 Bubuls, Bell, Travels, i. 212. 
 Bcebceli, Witsen, N. en 0. Tart. i. 66. 
 Bubalus cauda equina, Buffle a queue de cheval, Pallas, Act. 
 
 Acad. Petrop. 1777, ii. 232. 
 Vache de Tartarie, Buffon, H. N. xv. 136. 
 Grunting Ox, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 46. 
 Grunting Bull, Penn. Syn. 5. 
 Yac of Tartary, Turner, Account, 186. 1. 10 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 411. 
 
 t. 213. 
 Svora-Goy or Yak of Tartary, Asiat. Research, iv. 349. t. 
 
MAMMALIA. 41 
 
 Kalmiikische kuhe, Georgi Russland, i. 208. 
 Tangutesche kiihe, Pallas, Reise Aus. iii. 126. 
 Bceuf velu, Bruyn. Her Mosc. 120. t. 129. 
 Yack, Desmoul. Diet. Cl. H. N. ii. 368. 
 
 Var. 1 . Noble Yak. Head erect ; hump large ; fur very long, 
 
 nearly reaching the ground ; tail bushy. 
 The Riding Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, <^c., 443. 
 
 Var. 2. Plough Yak. Head dependent ; legs short ; hair short ; 
 
 tail often cut off. 
 The Plough Yak, Hoffmeister, Travels Ceylon, fyc., 441. 
 
 Female, stuffed. Black; tail and middle of back whitish. 
 Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Var. 3. Hornless Yak. Both sexes without horns. 
 Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 250. t. 10; Nord. Beytr. f. 1. 
 t. 1 ; cop. Schreb. Saugth. t. 299 B. 
 
 Var. 4. Ghainorik. Larger. 
 
 Ghainorik of the Mongolians and Calmucks, Gmelin; Pallas, 
 
 Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 255. 
 Yac, Stewart, Phil. Trans. 1777, Ixvii. 478. 
 
 Var. 5. The Wild Yak. Much larger; the withers of the bulls 
 
 high. 
 Hab. Thibet. Mr. Winterbottom. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 4. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Yac of Thibet, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 470. t. 1. f. 3, 
 
 skull. 
 Bos grunniens, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 129. t. 10. f. 13, 14. 
 
 Skeleton. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
 Two skulls of male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of the female, with the horns bent forward at the tip. 
 Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of the female. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Pair of horns of the male, of large size. Thibet. Presented 
 by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Pair of horns of the female, slender, and bent horizontally. 
 Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of a group of the domestic variety. Hodgson, Icon, 
 ined. B. M. t. 143, copied, with front figure left out, t. 144. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B, M. t. 145. f. 4. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
42 MAMMALIA.. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 100. f. 1, 2. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 The Yaks dislike the warmth of summer, and hide themselves 
 in the shade and water ; they swim well ; both sexes grunt like 
 a pig. The calves are covered with rough, black, curled hair, like 
 a curled haired dog ; when of three months old they obtain the 
 long hair on the body and tail. They willingly live with the 
 common cows, and breed with them. The long white hairs of 
 the tail are dyed red to form the tufts of hair on the caps of the 
 Chinese. Pallas, Act. Acad. Petrop. 1777, 250. 
 
 The Yak used for the plough are ugly and short-legged, and 
 hold their heads very low ; the beautiful long silky hair, hanging 
 from below the belly, is almost, if not entirely, wanting in them, 
 no less than the bushy tail, which their avaricious owners com- 
 monly cut off as an article of trade ; they are guided by the nose. 
 Hoffmeister, Travels in Ceylon, fyc., 441. 
 
 The Yak Ox used in riding is an infinitely handsomer animal ; 
 it has a stately hump, a rich silky hanging nearly reaching the 
 ground, twisted horns, a noble bearing, and an erect head 
 (p. 441). They are very shy, and kick with their hind-feet, turn- 
 ing their head round perpetually, as if about to gore their riders 
 (p. 443). 
 
 Our broad-footed Yak Ox is the beast with the thick, silky, 
 white fringe under the body, and the bushy tail, both of which 
 sweep the ground ; .... as the steepness increased, these poor 
 animals began to moan, or rather grunt, in the most melancholy 
 manner, and this unearthly music gradually rose to such a violent 
 rattle, that driven rather by its irksome sound than by the dis- 
 comfort of our saddleless seat, we dismounted at the end of the 
 first half-hour (p. 443). 
 
 The Yak or Chauri Gau inhabits all the loftiest plateaux of 
 High Asia, between the Altai and the Himalaya, the Belut Jag 
 and the Peling mountains, and is found tame as well as wild. It 
 cannot live on the south side of the Himalaya beyond the imme- 
 diate vicinity of the snows, where the tribes of the Cachars or 
 Juxtanivean regions of the sub-Himalayas rear large herds of it, 
 and cross-breeds with the Common Ox. They rut in winter, 
 and produce young in autumn. Caecum simple, not sacked nor 
 banded, 4 inches long ; ribs fourteen or fifteen pair ; true dorsal 
 ridge confined to the withers; dewlap none. Hodgson. 
 
 7. OVIBOS. 
 
 Nose ovine, hairy, without any naked muffle ; inner edge of 
 the nostril with a bald margin. Horns of the male very broad 
 at the base, nearly united together, tapering, pressed downwards 
 
MAMMALIA. 43 
 
 against the sides of the head, and bent up at the tips ; of the 
 female subcylindrical, curved, far apart on the sides of the fore- 
 head. Tail rudimentary, very short, entirely hidden by the fur 
 of the haunches. Hoofs broad; apices inflexed. Skull: the 
 intermaxillaries short, not reaching the nasal ; a small depres- 
 sion in front of the orbit, but no fissure ; the grinders are with- 
 out supplemental lobes. The tail very short, not produced be- 
 yond the edge of the pelvis; caudal vertebra thin, flattened, 
 expanded. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2. 
 N. America. 
 
 Ovibos, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 76 (character) ; 
 Desm. Mam. 492. 181 ; H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 182 ; Gray, 
 List Mam. B. M. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 79 ; Turner, Proc. Zool. 
 Soc. 1849. 
 
 Bos, 3 (Farren, part.), Wagner I 
 
 1. OVIBOS MOSCHATUS. The MUSK Ox. 
 
 Bos moschatus, Zimm. Geog. Zool. ii. 86 ; Herm. Naturforsch. 
 
 xix. t. 5; Schreb. v. t. 202 a, b ; Blumb. Hand. 122; Donnd. 
 
 Beytr. Zool. 697 ; E. Sabine, Parry's First Voy. Supp. t. 189; 
 
 J. Sabine, Franklin Journ. 668 ; Richardson, Parry's Second 
 
 Voy. App. 331 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 205 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 407. 
 
 t. 11; Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. v. 29; Reg. Anim. i. 271 ; Oss. 
 
 Foss. iv. 133. t. 10 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 367. 
 Bos grunniens, 0. Fab. Faun. Green. 28. 
 Amerikanischer Bisam Ochse, Pallas, Nord Beytr. i. 340 ; Nov. 
 
 Comm. Petrop. xviii. 601. 
 
 Bisam Ochse, Herm. Naturf. xiv. 91. t. 5, head. 
 Bceuf Musque, Jeremie, Voy. au Nord, iii. 314; Charlevoix, N. 
 
 France, v. 194; Buffon, H. Nat. Supp. vi. t.-3; Pallas, Act. 
 
 Acad. Sci. Petrop. 1777, ii. 238. 
 Musk Ox, Drage, Voy. ii. 260; Dobb's Hudson's Bay, 19, 25; 
 
 Ellis, Voy. 232; Pennant, Arctic Zool. 269. fig.; Quad. 131; 
 
 Hearne, Journey, 137 ; Parry, First Voy. 257. t. ; Second Voy. 
 
 497, 503, 512 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 767. 
 Ovibos moschatus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. N. 
 
 Diet. H. N. xxiv. 300 ; Mam. 492 ; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 65, 
 
 1825 ; Gray, List Mam. B. M. 153 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 
 
 55; Knowsley Menag.49-, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i.2?5. 
 Musk Bull, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 49. fig. 
 
 American Ox, Penn. Syn. i. 8. t. 2. f. 2, good cop. ; Ency. Meth. t. 
 Hob. North America. On the Barren Land, in lat. 60" North. 
 
 Male, stuffed. N. America. Presented by the Lords of the 
 Admiralty, from Capt. Parry's first Voyage. 
 Specimen figured Parry's First Voyage, t. 189. 
 
44 MAMMALIA. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 5. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Bos moschatus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 10. f. 15-17, t. 13. f. 3, 
 
 8, t. 11. f. 1, 4; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvii. t. 17; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. t. 302 B ; Hermann, Naturf. xix. t. 5. 
 Boeuf Musque, Bujfon, H. N. Supp. vi. t. 3. 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
 Skull and horns, imperfect. 
 
 Var. 1 . Subfossil. North-west Coast, America. 
 
 Bos Pallasii, Dekay, Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. 6 ; Siebel, Fauna 
 
 der Vorwelt, i. 164. 
 Bos canaliculatus, Fischer, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Nat. Moscou, 1834, 
 
 iii. 287; Oryct. Moscou, 116. 
 Bos moschatus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xvii. t. 17; Eze- 
 
 retskowsky, Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 215. t. 6; Cuvier, Oss. 
 
 Foss. iv. 150. t. 3. f. 3, 8, t. 11. f. 1, 4. 
 B. moschatus j3. fossilis, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 494. 
 
 8. BUDORCAS. 
 
 Muzzle hairy, with a small naked muffle only edging the nos- 
 trils ; ears narrow, pointed. The fur (in summer at least) con- 
 sists of short, harsh, adpressed hair. The tail is short, very de- 
 pressed and hairy, like the tail of a goat. The head is large and 
 heavy. The lips taper, and are clad with hair, like sheep. The 
 nostrils are wide and terminal. The horns are round, smooth, 
 lunate ; they are nearly in contact on the top of the head ; their 
 direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally outwards or to 
 the sides, and then almost as horizontally backwards. The limbs 
 short and straight; the hoofs broad. Skull, t. 5. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Budorcas, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850; Gray, 
 
 Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Nemorhaedus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson observes, " The Takin is the nearest ally to the 
 Grt.oos, but has various points of stronger connection with Musk 
 Oxen. Horns are on the highest part of the forehead, as in the 
 Ox and Sheep, though not, as in them, at the posteal termina- 
 tion of the head, for the encephalon of our animal is spread be- 
 hind its horns, in the manner of the Deer and Antelopes, but 
 more restrictedly. The horns are attached, not to the lateral 
 margins of the frontal crest, as in the Ox, but to its superior 
 surface, as in the Antelopes, Goats, and Sheep. The horns are 
 nearly in contact on the top of the head, but without actual 
 touching ; their direction is vertically upwards, then horizontally 
 outwards or to the sides, then almost as horizontally backwards. 
 Lips are both taper and clad with hair, almost as much as in 
 
MAMMALIA. 45 
 
 the Goat and Sheep : the animal is consequently a browser and 
 not a grazer. Nevertheless the mere nostrils, which are wide 
 and terminal, have a decided Bovine character both as to form 
 and position, and, as it were to remind us of the true Bovine 
 muzzle, there is a clear broad margin round the nostril which is 
 quite nude and moist." 
 
 Mr. Turner (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849) thinks " this genus is 
 closely allied to Nemorhcedus, and has no relationship with the 
 Gnu or the Musk Ox ;" indeed he appears to consider it as a 
 species of that genus ! 
 
 Mr. Blyth " believes its affinity to be strictly Caprine, with little 
 relation either to the Bovine or to the Gnous (Catoblepas), not- 
 withstanding the very remarkable form of the horns." Journ. 
 Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1850, 348. 
 
 1. BUDORCAS TAXICOLA, The TAKIN. 
 
 Yellowish grey. Hairs yellow, black tipped. The head, neck, 
 dorsal streak, belly, limbs and tail black; they are sometimes 
 entirely black. 
 Budorcas taxicola (Takin), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 
 
 1850, 65. t. 1; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie. 
 Nemorhsedus (taxicola), Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Hob. Eastern Himalaya. The Mishmi Mountains. Called Takin 
 
 by the Mishmis, and Ken by the Khamtis. 
 
 Female. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta. 
 
 OSTEOL. Hodgson, I. c. t. 2, skull, copied, t. 5. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Subtribe II. Antilopece. The horns conical, bent back, cylin- 
 drical or compressed, and ringed at the base. The knee (or 
 wrist) in the middle of the fore-leg. 
 
 " Occipital plane of skull forming an obtuse angle with the 
 frontal plane. Core of the horns thin, consisting of dense bone, 
 often with a clear sinus at the base within. Horns seated on the 
 upper surface, below the crest of the frontals, and apart at the 
 base. Teats 2 or 4. Feet-pits in hind feet, and generally also 
 in the fore ones." Hodgson. 
 Antilopea;, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, 230; Glean. Knows. 
 
 Menag. 
 Antilopese (gen. Antilope), part., Ovesidese, part., Lesson, Nov. 
 
 Tab. Reg. Anim. 1?5. 
 Antilopidse, Tetracerocidse, Rupicapradse, et Damalidae, Brookes, 
 
 Cat. Mus. 63. 1828. 
 
 Bovidse et Caprida3, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 13?. 
 Antilope?, Gazella?, Dryxis?, Bubalis?, Enagrus, Eafinesque, 
 
 Anal. Nat. 56. 1815. 
 
46 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Antilope, Pallas, Spicil. i. 1, 1767; Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. i. 
 
 249. 
 Sylvicaprina, Bovina, Antilopina, et Caprina, part., Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 51. 
 
 Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. 
 Cerophorus, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. 
 
 The Antelopes have been divided into various subgenera by 
 different authors. 
 
 Lichtenstein, " Die Gattung Antilope," divides the genus into 
 four tribes. 1. Bubalides. 2. Connochaetes. 3. Antilopae Ge- 
 nuinae. 4. Gazellse. Berl. Mag. 1814, vi. p. 153. 
 
 De Blainville divides the genus Cerophorus thus: 1. Anti- 
 lope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra. 4. Alcelaphus. 5. Trage- 
 laphus. 6. Boselaphus. 7- Oryx. 8. Rupicapra. Bull. Soc. 
 Philom. 1816, 175. 
 
 M. Desmarest, in his Species of Mammalia, adopted M. De 
 Blainville' s arrangement, separating Oreas from Boselaphus, and 
 Antilocapra from Rupicapra. Mamm. 4to, 1820. 
 
 Fischer, in his Synopsis Mammalium, also follows De Blain- 
 ville' s divisions. 8vo, 1829. 
 
 M. Gervais, in his article " Antilope," regards the subgenera 
 of De Blainville as genera, and uses the divisions of H. Smith 
 and Ogilby to divide them into sections. It appears to be a mere 
 compilation, thus: 1. Antilope. 2. Gazella. 3. Cervicapra. 
 a. Dama. b. Redunca. c. Tragulus. d. Raphicerus. e. Te- 
 tracerus. /. Cephalophus. g. Neotragus. h. Nemorhedus. 
 i. Kemas. 4. Rupicapra. a. Capricornis. b. Dicranocerus. 
 c. Rupicapra. d. Pantholops. e. Antilocapra. f. Anoa. 5. Oryx, 
 a. JEgocerus. b. Oryx. 6. Alcelaphus. 7- Tragelaphus. 8. Bos- 
 elaphus. Supp. N. Diet. Sci. Nat. i. 260, 1840. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith, in Griffith A. K. v., divides the An- 
 telopes of Pallas into three genera : 
 
 I. ANTILOPE. Subdivided into 1. Dicranocerus. 2. ^Ego- 
 cerus. 3. Oryx. 4. Gazella. 5. Antilope. 6. Redunca. 7- 
 Tragulus. 8. Raphicerus. 9. Tetracerus. 10. Cephalophus. 
 11. Neotragus. 12. Tragelaphus. 13. Nemorhedus. 14. Ru- 
 picapra. 15. Aplocerus. 16. Anoa. 
 
 II. DAMALIS. Divided into 1. Acronotus. 2. Boselaphus. 
 3. Strepsiceros. 4. Portax. 
 
 III. CATOBLEPAS. Translated in Fischer, Synopsis Mam- 
 malia, ii. 623, and in Lesson, Complet. Buffon, x. 278, 300, 314, 
 1836. 
 
MAMMALIA. 4? 
 
 Mr. Ogilby ("On the Generic Character of Ruminants") di- 
 vides them into two families, on the form of the muzzle : 
 
 I. CAPRID^E. 1. Mazama (furcifer). 2. Madoqua (Saltiana). 
 3. Antilope (cervicapra). 4. Gazella (dorcas). 
 
 II. BOVID^E. 1. Tragulus (pygmeus). 2. Sylvicapra (mer- 
 gens). 3. Tragelaphus (picta). 4. Calliope (strepsiceros). 5. 
 Kemas (goral). 6. Capricornis (Thar). 7- Bubalus (mauritani- 
 cus). 8. Oryx (capensis). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 131. 
 
 Professor Carl Sundevall (" On the Pecora of Linnaeus/' in 
 Swedish, in Kongl. Veten. Akad. Handl. 1844, published sepa- 
 rate in German in 1848) divides the Antelopes into four families, 
 according to the form of the hoofs. 
 
 I. CAPRINE. 1. Nemorhedus. 2. Oreotragus. 
 
 II. ANTILOPINA. 1. Antilopse Gazellae. 2. Dicranoceras. 
 3. Bubalus. 
 
 III. BOVINA. 1. Oryx. 2. Catoblepas. 3. Anoa. 4. Por- 
 tax. 5. Damalis. 
 
 IV. SYLVICAPRINA. 1. Hippotragus. 2. Strepsiceros. 3. 
 Cervicapra. 4. Calotragus. 5. Nanotragus. 6. Neotragus. 
 7. Sylvicapra. 8. Tragelaphus. 9. Tetraceras. 
 
 Rafinesque names, but does not define, the following genera, 
 which appear to belong to this tribe : Antilope, Gazella, Strep- 
 siceros, Dryxis, Addax, Bubalis, and Enagrus. Anal. Nat. 56, 
 1815. 
 
 In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1847, 
 Gleanings of Knowsley Menagerie, vol. ii. 1850, and Proc. Zool. 
 Soc. 1851, 111, I proposed to divide them as they are arranged 
 in this work. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF ANTILOPE^E. 
 I. Nostrils bald within. Antelopes of the Fields. 
 
 A. Body light, elegant. Limbs slender. Hoofs small. Tail 
 short, or moderate, covered with elongated hairs at the base. 
 Horns lyrate or conical, placed over the eye-brows. True 
 Antelopes. 
 
 a. Horns moderate, lyrate. Nose ovine, hairy. 
 * Nose very high; nose-hole of skull very large. 
 
 1. SAIGA. Nose very high, compressed, truncated. Horns 
 white, lyrate. 
 
48 MAMMALIA. 
 
 ** Nose conical, tapering. Horns black. 
 
 2. PANTHOLOPS. Horns elongate,, compressed, sublyrate. Nose 
 
 of male with a dilatation on each side ; nose-hole large. 
 
 3. PROCAPRA. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females hornless. Cru- 
 
 men none. Nose-hole large. 
 
 4. GAZELLA. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cru- 
 
 men distinct. 
 
 5. TRAGOPS. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. Cru- 
 
 men none. Back simple. 
 
 6. ANTIDORCAS. Horns moderate, lyrate. Females horned. 
 
 Crumen small. Back with expansile white streak. 
 
 7. ./EPYCEROS. Horns elongate, wide, spreading, lyrate. Pas- 
 
 tern with tuft of black hair. 
 
 8. ANTILOPE. Horns elongate, erect, subspiral. Crumen large. 
 
 b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical. 
 t Crumen large. Muffle generally large. 
 
 9. TETRACERUS. Horns 2 pair. Muffle large. Crumen lon- 
 
 gitudinal. Females hornless. 
 
 10. CALLOTRAGUS. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen 
 
 arched. Hoofs triangular ; knees not tufted. 
 
 11. SCOPOPHORUS. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen 
 
 transverse. Knees largely tufted. 
 
 12. OREOTRAGUS. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen 
 
 transverse. Hoofs square, high, contracted. 
 
 13. NESOTRAGUS. Horns 2, subulate. Muffle large. Crumen 
 
 large. Tail very short. 
 
 ft Crumen large. Nose ovine. Muffle none. 
 
 14. NEOTRAGUS. Crown crested. 
 
 tft Crumen a glandular line on side of face. Muffle large. 
 
 15. CEPHALOPHUS. Crown crested. 
 
 tttt Crumen none. Muffle large. Crown not crested. 
 
 16. NANOTRAGUS. Horns very short, erect. Nose tapering. 
 
MAMMALIA. 49 
 
 17. PELEA. Horns conical, slender, erect. Nose swollen. 
 
 18. ELEOTRAGUS. Horns conical, diverging, bent forward at 
 
 the tip. Nose tapering. 
 
 B. Body large, rather heavy. Limbs slender, strong. Tail 
 elongate, cylindrical at the base, and with longer hair at 
 the end, of ten forming a compressed ridge. Muffle cervine. 
 Cervine Antelopes. 
 
 a. Neck not maned. 
 
 19. ADENOTA. Horns sublyrate, tip rather recurved. Hair of 
 
 back whorled. 
 
 b. Neck maned on the sides. 
 
 20. KOBUS. Horns elongate, sublyrate. 
 
 c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed, recurved mane. 
 
 21. AIGOCERUS. Horns moderate, recurved. 
 
 22. ORYX. Horns elongate, straight, or slightly recurved. 
 
 d. Neck simple. Throat slightly maned. 
 
 23. ADDAX. Horns elongate, slender, subspiral. 
 
 c. Body heavy. Legs strong. Hoofs and false hoofs large. 
 Tail very short, flat, hairy above. Horns conical, recurved. 
 Goat-like Antelopes. 
 
 a. Nose cervine. Muffle moderate. Horns short, conical. 
 
 24. CAPRICORNIS. 
 
 b. Nose ovine, hairy. 
 
 25. NEMORHEDUS. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen 
 
 distinct. 
 
 26. MAZAMA. Horns short, conical, recurved. Crumen none. 
 
 27. RUPICAPRA. Horns slender, erect, bent forward at the tip. 
 
 28. ANTILOCAPRA. Horns compressed, with a process in front, 
 
 conical, and recurved at the tip. 
 
50 MAMMALIA. 
 
 TL Nostrils bearded within, beneath, operculated, far apart. 
 Horns on frontal ridge. Legs rather stout. Tail elongate, 
 The Antelopes of the Desert. 
 
 D. Muzzle very depressed, spongy and bristly. The Equine 
 
 Antelopes. 
 
 29. CATOBLEPAS. Horns bent down on the sides, recurved at 
 
 the tip. Nose with crest of recurved hair. Chest maned. 
 
 30. GORGON. Horns like former. Nose smooth. Chest not 
 
 maned. 
 
 E. Muzzle moderately broad, with a small moist muffle. Bovine 
 
 Antelopes. 
 
 31. BOSELAPHUS. Horns on upper edge of frontal bone, sud- 
 
 denly curved back. 
 
 32. DAMALIS. Horns on front of frontal bone, regularly lyrate. 
 
 " The genera of the Antilopece being more numerous are worthy 
 of a more minute examination, considering as I do that it is im- 
 portant to divide these numerous genera into natural groups, 
 more especially as there appears to be a character afforded by 
 the nostrils which has been hitherto overlooked, and which se- 
 parates them into two very distinct and easily recognised sec- 
 tions. This character shows the real position of the Gnu, and at 
 the same time proves that Colonel Hamilton Smith was correct 
 in forming his genus Damalis, though he did not discover the 
 character by which it was best to be denned, and hence placed 
 with it some species that were not truly allied to it ; and it leaves 
 the other Antelopes easily reducible into small groups." Gray, 
 Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1849, 231. 
 
 1 . Antelopes of the Fields. Nostrils bald within. 
 
 Antelope of the Fields, A. campestris, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 
 1847, 231; Knowsley Menag. -, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. 
 
 A. The True Antelopes. Body light. Limbs slender. Hoof small. 
 Tail short or moderately elongate, and covered with elongated 
 hairs to the base. Horns lyrate or conical. 
 
 True Antelopes (Antilopese verge), Gray, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H. 
 
 1847, 231; Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 111. 
 Antilopina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
MAMMALIA. 51 
 
 a. Horns lyrate, (or rarely cylindrical subspiral,) strongly ringed 
 at the base. Nose ovine, without any naked muffle; inguinal 
 pores deep. Crumen generally distinct. 
 
 a. Nose high, compressed; nose-hole of skull very large. 
 
 1. SAIGA. 
 
 Horns short, strong, lyrate, annulated, white. Nose compressed, 
 very high, rounded. Nostrils very close together. Crumen di- 
 stinct. Fur soft. Skull : nose-opening very large, extended back 
 to over the eyes, t. 6. f. 1. 2. Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. t. 3. f. 9, 10. 
 
 Saiga, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Glean. Knows. 
 
 Menag. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112. 
 Antilope (Gazellse), sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172, 1814; Sun- 
 
 devall, Pecora, 86. 
 
 Cerophorus (Antilope vera), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Antilope (vera), H. Smith, G. A. K.v. 1827; Gervais, Supp. N. 
 
 D. Sci. Nat. i. 260. 
 Gazella, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Colus, " Wagner." 
 
 Mr. Turner observes, "This genus (Gazella) seems prone to 
 exhibit in certain species inhabiting more temperate regions, en- 
 largements of, or appendages to, the respiratory passages ; for 
 example, the enlarged larynx of G. gutturosa, the elevated nose 
 of G. Coins, and the appendages to its sides in the Chiru (G. 
 Kemas) ; these seem to be physiological adaptations, in no case 
 marking a group, and therefore insufficient to warrant generic 
 distinction, which has been made in the two latter instances. 
 However, not having as yet seen entire skulls of these species, I 
 retain them provisionally in this genus, judging by the horns. I 
 think few naturalists will set forth, with Mr. Gray, the colour of 
 the horns of the Saiga as a generic character." If Mr. Turner 
 had consulted Pallas' s description and figure of the skull of the 
 Saiga, or Hodgson's figure of the skull of the Chiru, I think he 
 would have been satisfied they were good genera. 
 
 1. SAIGA TARTARICA. The COLUS and SAIGA. 
 
 Pale yellowish; crown and back greyish washed. Young: 
 crown greyer. 
 
 Antilope Saiga, Pallas, Misc. 6; Spic. xii. 14. 21. 1. 1, t. 3. f. 6, 
 9, 10, 11 ; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 252; Gmelin, S. N. i. 185. 
 
 A. (Gazella) Saiga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 1216. t. 276; Desm. Mam. 452; E. M. t. 52. f. 1 ; Fischer, 
 Syn. 458. 
 
 c2 
 
52 MAMMALIA. 
 
 A. (vera) Saiga, Blainv. B. S. Phil 1816, 75. 
 
 Antilope Scythica, Pallas, Spic. i. 9; Penn. Quad. 86. 
 
 Capra Tatarica, Linn. S. N. i. 97, from Aldrov. 
 
 Capra Sayga, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ivii. 344; G. G. Gmelin, 
 
 Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 512. 
 A. (Antilopa) Coins, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 829. 
 Saiga Tartarica, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. Spec. 
 
 B. M. 55 ; Knowsley Menag. ii. 3 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 1 12. 
 Saiga Coins, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231. 
 Colus Tartarica, Wagner. 
 Gazella Colus, Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Colus, Strabo, Geog. vii. 
 
 Colus Strabonis, Gesner, Quad. 893 ; Jonst. Quad. t. 27- 
 Suhac, Aldrov. Bisulc. 763; Rzacz. Polon. 224. 
 Ibex imberbis, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 345 ; Summ. 
 
 vii. 39. 1. 19. 
 Saiga, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. i. 212; Buffon, H. N. xii. 198. t. 22. 
 
 f. 2, horns; Shaw, Zool. ii. 339. 
 Saigaki, S. G. Gmelin, Reis. ii. 174. t. 12. 
 Scythian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35 ; Quad. i. 98. 
 Margatsch, Russians. 
 Hob. Siberia. 
 
 Adult male. Siberia. Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 Young . Siberia. Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 
 ANAT., t. 6. f. 1, 2. Pallas, Spicil. Zool. xii. 41. t. 3. f. 9 & 10 y 
 skull, f. 6, 11, stomach; Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. t. 22. f. 2. 
 
 Horns, separate. Russia. 
 Two horns, separate. 
 
 t 
 
 ft Nose appendaged. Nose-hole of skull rather large. 
 
 2. PANTHOLOPS. 
 
 Horns elongate, lyrate. Nose (of the males ?) with a dilated 
 pouch on each side. Crumen distinct. Hair close, erect, spread- 
 ing. Skull : nose-hole large. Females hornless, t. 6. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Kemas, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; not Ogilby. 
 
 Pantholops, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi. 282; Wagner. 
 Antilope (Gazellse), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86. 
 Oryx, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K.; Fischer, Syn. 624; Lesson, 
 
 Comp. Buffon, x. 283. 
 
 Cervicapra a. Pantholops, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 264. 
 Gazella, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 
MAMMALIA. 53 
 
 1. PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII. The CHIRU. 
 
 Pale brown ; chest and inside of the limbs white ; front of face 
 and front of fore-legs blackish. 
 
 Antilope Hodgsoni, Abel, Edin. Journ. Sci. 1827, 163; Ferussac, 
 Bull. xv. 141 ; Fischer, Syn. 462; Hodgson, P. Z. Soc. 1831, 
 i. 52; 1832, ii. 15; 1833, 110; 1834,80; 1835,3; 1836, 39. 
 
 Antilope Chiru, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 371 ; Comp. Buffon, x. 
 285. 
 
 Antilope (Oryx) Kemas, H. Smith, Griff, A. K. iv. 197. t., v. 
 819. 
 
 A. Komas, Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 285. 
 
 Chirsu, Ann. Philos. 40. n. 59. 
 
 Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; 
 List Mam. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 55 ; Cat. Hodg- 
 son Coll. B. M. 26; Knowsley Menag. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc 
 1850, 112. 
 
 Pantholops Hodgsonii, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xi. 282; Calcutta 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 290. 
 
 Gazella Kemas, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 
 The Chiru, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1832, i. 59. t. 340; 1834, iii. 
 134, x. 913. 
 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 Male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 6. f. 3, 4. Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 
 
 Horns, separate. Himalaya. Presented by Major Honeywood. 
 
 Skull of male, with horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A single slender horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of male, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of male and female, t. 146. Lithograph proof by Mr. 
 F. Howard, t. 147. 
 
 Drawing of male and female, t. 148. 
 
 Drawing of male without inguinal gland, t. 149. 
 
 Drawing of horns, 1. 150. 
 
 Drawing of skull and details of head, 1. 151. 
 
 Drawing of skull of male, t. 186. f. 7, 8. 
 
 The Chiru inhabits the open plains of Thibet. They are gre- 
 garious, rutting in winter, gestating six months, having one at a 
 birth in summer. They are very pugnacious and jealous, and in 
 their contests often break off one of their long horns, hence the 
 rumour of Unicorns in Thibet. Hodgson, 1. c. 12; Journ. Asiat. 
 Soc. nos. 2 & 27. 
 
54 MAMMALIA. 
 
 ttt Nose tapering. Nose-hole of skull moderate. 
 
 3. PROCAPRA. 
 
 Horns lyrate, strong, black. Tail tapering. Nose simple, ovine. 
 Muffle none. Crumen none. Feet with small feet-pits. Post- 
 corneal sinus large. Inguinal pores none. Hair elongated, espe- 
 cially above the head and neck ; knees not tufted. Females horn- 
 less. Teats 2. Skull with rather large nose-hole ; no suborbital 
 pits, but very large slits. Intermaxillary rather short, not reach- 
 ing to the small nasal bone, t. 7. f. 2. 
 
 Procapra, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. n. 173; on Var. Gen. 
 Ruminants, 13, 1847. 
 
 Inhab. ravines in open plains of Thibet, in small herds or fami- 
 lies. 
 
 1. PROCAPRA GUTTUROSA. The DSEREN. 
 Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft. 
 
 Antilope gutturosa, Pallas, Spic. vii. 14, 49. t. 2, t. 3. f. 14-17 ; 
 
 Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171 ; Desm. Mam. 452 (E. M. t. 52. f. 4) ; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 458. 627 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 830. 
 A. (Gazella) gutturosa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 186 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1221. t. 275. 
 A. (vera) gutturosa, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 7; Gervais, I. c. 
 
 260. 
 Gazella gutturosa, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xviii. 231 ; List 
 
 Osteol. Spec. B. M. 56 ; Knowsley Menag. 3. 
 Procapra gutturosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115. 
 Antilope orientalis, Erxl. Syst. 288. 
 Antilope, Bellon. i. 311. 
 
 Capra gutturosa a, Messerschm. Mus. Petrop. i. 356. 
 Capra campestris gutturosa, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. 
 
 v. 347. t. 9, 10. 
 
 Capra flava, Du Halde Gesch. v. China, ii. 280. 
 Tzeeran Dscheren, Buff. H. N. Supp. vi. 170. 
 Chinese Antelope, Penn. Syn. 35; Quad. i. 96; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 342. 
 Hob. Mongolia. Siberia. Thibet. 
 
 Male and female, stuffed. Thibet. 
 
 ANAT. Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 52. t. 3. f. 13, horns; f. 14, sto- 
 mach; f. 15, ; f. 16, 17, larynx. 
 
 Skull, female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 
MAMMALIA. OO 
 
 2. PROCAPRA PICTICAUDA. The RAGOA or GOA. 
 
 Hair sordid brown, with rufous tips. Underside, inside of the 
 ears and limbs, and anal disk white. Tail black. 
 
 Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calc. 1846, 
 (n. 173) 384 ; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. ; Gray, Knowsley Menac/. ; 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116, 
 
 Hab. Thibet. B. H. Hodgson. 
 
 Perhaps the same as the former in summer coat. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 7. f- 2. 
 
 Three skulls, male. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 4. GAZELLA. 
 
 Horns lyrate, strong, black. Face tapering. Nose simple. 
 Crumen distinct. Fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller 
 horns. Teats 4. Skull with a suborbital fissure, and a moderate, 
 or very slight fossa, suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the 
 masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large 
 and prominent ; the basioccipital bone having its tubercles but 
 little or not developed ; the median incisors expanded at their 
 summits; the molars without supplemental lobes, t. 6. f. 5. 
 
 Gazella, sect. 2, Gray, Ann. # Mag. N. H. 1847, 231 ; Knows- 
 ley Menag. 3. 
 
 Gazella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 
 1836, 137; Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 260; H. Smith, Griffith 
 A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624. 
 
 Antilope Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171. 
 
 Antilope vera, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75 ; Gervais, 
 
 Supp. D. S. N. i. 260. 
 Cervicapra, a. Dama, Gervais, Supp. Diet. Sci. Nat. i. 261, 1840. 
 
 * Knee with tufts. Back and rump brown. Vent white. 
 
 t Lower part of the sides with a dark oblique streak. Feet with 
 a tuft of black hair. 
 
 1. GAZELLA DORCAS. The GAZELLE. 
 
 Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown. Outside of fore- 
 legs broad, oblique streak along the side. Edge of anal disk, 
 front of face, and face-streak dark brown. Face-streak, throat, 
 chest, belly, insides of thighs, and anal disk, white. Tuft at 
 
56 MAMMALIA. 
 
 underside of feet and end of tail black. Knee-tufts blackish. 
 Young : back and side-streak rather paler. 
 
 Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Spic. i. 11, xii. 15. 
 
 A. (vera) Dorcas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 168; Berlin AJcad. 1824, 
 
 231. t. 5; Saugth. t. 5; Schreb. Saugth. 1193. t. 269; Gmelin, 
 
 S. N. i. 187 (E. M. t. 53. f. 2). 
 A. Gazella Dorcas, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. 
 
 A. K. v. 825 ; Fischer, Syn. 459. 628 ; Desm. Mam. 453. 
 Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Misc. 7- 
 
 Capra Dorcas, Linn. S. N. i. 96. 
 
 Gazella Dorcas, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137; Gray, List Mam. 
 
 B. M. 160 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. 56 ; Knowsley Menag. ii. 4. t. ; 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 112; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 
 Algazel ex Africa, Hernand. Mex. 893. fig. 
 
 Gazella Africana, &c., Rail Syn. 80 ; Brisson, R. A. 69. 
 
 FEM. 
 
 Antilope Corinna, Pallas, Misc. 7 ; Spic. Zool. i. 12, xii. 16 ; 
 
 Gmelin, S. N. i. 188; Schreb. t. 271. 
 A. Gazella Corinna, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. 
 
 A. K. v. 333. 
 
 Antilope Dorcas ? , Fischer, Syn. 259. 628. 
 Corinne, Buff. H. N. xii. 261. t. 27, t. 31. f. 3, 4, horns (not F. 
 
 Cuvier) ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 
 Corine, Adanson. 
 Spotted Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37. 
 Corine Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 101 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 193. 1. 194. 
 
 JUN. 
 
 Antilope Kevella, Pallas, Misc. i. 7; Spic. i. 12, xii. 15; Gmelin, 
 
 S. N. i. 187. 
 A. Gazella Kevella, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75 ; H. Smith, G. A. 
 
 K. v. 322. 
 
 A. Dorcas jun., Fischer, Syn. 260. f. 28. 
 Kevel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 204. 258. t. 26, t. 31. f. 2; not F. 
 
 Cuvier. 
 Flat-horned Antelope, Penn. Syn. 34 ; Quad. i. 92 ; Shaw, ZooL 
 
 ii. 351. 1. 194. 
 
 Var. 1. 
 
 Antilope Arabica, Hempr. fy Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licht. 
 
 Saugth. t. 6 ; Fischer, Syn. 460. 
 Antilope Dorcas var., Ruppell. 
 Antilope Gazella Cora, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 338. 
 A. Dorcas var. Cora, Fischer, Syst. 628. 
 A. Dorcas var., Ruppell. 
 
MAMMALIA. 57 
 
 Female. Shores of the Red Sea. Presented by Edward Cross, 
 Esq. 
 
 Male. Shores of the Red Sea ? 
 
 Male. Shores of the Red Sea ? 
 
 Male, rather small. Shores of the Red Sea ? Presented by 
 the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Male, adult. Egypt. Presented by Sir John G. Wilkinson. 
 
 Male, young, horns short. Egypt. 
 
 Female. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, jun., Esq. 
 
 Three young kids. Egypt. 
 
 Male, adult. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Male. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Female, young. Presented by W. Tyler, Esq. 
 
 Var. 2. Nose with a dark spot or streak. 
 
 Var. 3. Larger. Legs thicker. 
 
 G. Dorcas Cuvieri, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3. f. 2. 
 
 Antilope Cuvieri, Ogilby ; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. 
 
 Kevel Gris, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 3. 
 
 Hab. Mogadore. 
 
 Var. 4. Horns elongate. 
 
 Antilope leptoceros, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 8 ? . 
 
 Hab. Senaar. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 6. f. 5. 
 
 Gazelle, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 25. t. 31. f. 1? 
 Kevel, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 3L f. 2? 
 Corinne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 30. t. 31. f. 4? 
 
 Skull of female. North Africa. Presented by Sir John Gard- 
 ner Wilkinson. 
 
 Four pair. Horns of males. N. Africa. 
 Two. Single horn of males. N. Africa. 
 Three pair. Horns of females. N. Africa- 
 Bones of the body. 
 Skull. 
 
 Skull. India. From Capt. Boys' Collection. 
 Skeleton. India. From the Zoological Society. 
 
 ft Upper part of the sides with a pale streak, 
 
 3. GAZELLA ISABELLA. The ISABELLA GAZELLE. 
 
 Fur short, very soft, pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather 
 paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side. Knee-tuft, 
 front of face, and lower face-streak, darker yellow-brown ; upper 
 face-streak, chest, hinder edge of tarsus, underside of feet, inside 
 
58 MAMMALIA. 
 
 of limbs, belly and vent, white. Tail black. Female : horns very 
 slender, longer than the head. Young paler, the lower part of 
 the sides rather darker. 
 
 Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846; Ann. $ Mag. 
 
 N. H. xviii. 331; Knowsley Menag. ii. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1850. 
 
 A. Isidis (Die Isis Antelope), Licht. Darstel. 
 A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstel. t. 5. 
 A. Dorcas var. a, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. 
 Hob. N. Africa. Egypt. Kordofan. 
 
 Male. Abyssinia. 
 
 Female? Kordofan. From Mr. Parrey's Collection. 
 Two females : " Antilope montana," Parrey's MSS. ; " Anti- 
 lope megalotis," Parrey's MSS. Kordofan. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 A skull. Abyssinia. 
 
 This species is easily known from the foregoing by the soft- 
 ness and fineness of the fur, and the lower side- streak being of 
 the same colour as the back, and from it and the following by 
 having no dark edge to the anal disk. 
 
 4. GAZELLA SUBGUTTUROSA. The JAIROU. 
 
 Pale brown; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler 
 streak. Crown and knee-tuft greyer. Face-streak indistinct. 
 Nose, lower part of sides, belly, hinder side of fore, and front 
 side of hinder limbs, and anal disk, white. Streak on haunches 
 dark brown. End of tail black. 
 
 Antilope subgutturosa, Gulderst. Act. Acad. Petrop. 1778, i- 
 
 251. t. 9-12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 186; Schreb. Saugth. 1196. 
 
 t. 270 B. 
 A. Gazella subgutturosa, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 271, 1814 ; Blainv. 
 
 B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 454; H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 iv. 210. t. skull, v. 824 ; Fischer, Syn. 460. 629. 
 Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Ann. 8f Mag. 
 
 N. H. xviii. 1847, 331 ; Knowsley Menag. 4;P.Z. Soc. 1850,* 
 
 113. 
 
 A. Dorcas var. Persica, Ruppell. 
 Capra Ahu, Kampf. Exol. 403. fig. 40?. 
 Dsheren, J. G. Gmelin, Sibir. ii. 103. 
 
 Guldensted's Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 97 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 343. 
 Hob. Siberia ? Tartary. Armenia and North Persia. 
 
 A female. Siberia. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 
MAMMALIA. 5.9 
 
 *** ] neS w ith tufts (rump-mark and throat-spot white). Side- 
 streak none. Tail slender, compressed, only hairy above. 
 
 Dama, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. 
 Cervicapra (Dama), Gervais, I. c. 1840. 
 
 5. GAZELLA SCEMMERINGII. The ABYSSINIAN MOHR. 
 
 Pale brown. Nose, forehead, lower edge of face-streak, and 
 end of tail, blackish. Chest, belly, angular mark on rump 
 above tail, face-streak, and spot on throat, white. Limbs pale. 
 Female : forehead paler in centre. 
 
 Antilope Scemmeringii, Cretzschm. in Rupp. Zool. 49. t. 19. 
 
 A. Gazella Soemmeringii, Fischer, Syn. 462. 
 
 Gazella (Dama) Sremmeringii, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 161; Ann. 
 
 fy Mag. N. H. xviii. 1847, 331 ; Knowsley Menag. 5; Turner. 
 
 P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Hob. Lower Abyssinia. Senaar. 
 
 Male, adult, from Abyssinia. From Dr. RiippelPs Collection. 
 Female. Senaar. From Dr. Riippell's Collection. 
 
 6. GAZELLA MOHR. The MOHR. 
 
 Bay. Chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of 
 limbs, and angular spot on rump above the tail, white. Spot on 
 side of face and end of tail black. 
 
 Antilope (Dama) Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8; Knight 
 
 Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 
 Gazella (Dama) Mohr, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850. 
 
 Cervicapra (Dama) Mohr, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261. 
 Gazella Mohr, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, 114. 
 Hab. West Africa. 
 
 Stuffed : not good state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Var. ? Bay. Chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides. 
 
 hinder part of the back, and inside of the limbs, white. No 
 
 spot on side of the face. 
 Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 359. t. 197. 
 Antilope Dama, Pallas, Misc. 5 ; Spic. Zool. i. 8 (from Nangeur, 
 
 Buffon}, xii. 22; Gmelin, S. N. i. 183 ; Schreb. Saugth. fl99. 
 
 t. 264, from Buffon. 
 
 Gazella Dama, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xviii. 1847, 231. 
 Antilope (Dama) nangeur, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 2. 
 Antilope rubra, Afzelius. 
 
60 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Antilope (Cervicapra) Dama, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Gazella (Dama) Dama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 5 ; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850. 
 
 Swift Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30; Quad. i. 84. 
 Hab. West Africa. Senegal. Buffon. 
 
 Not seen since Buffon's time ; perhaps a bad figure of former. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Nangeur, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. 
 
 /. GAZELLA RUFICOLLIS. The ANDRA. 
 
 Whitish. Neck and front part of the middle of the back 
 reddish. Face-streak none. 
 
 Antilope (vera) Dama, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 170; Berl. Akad. 
 
 Abh. 1824, 251. t. 5; Saugth. t. 3, 4; Ruppell, Atlas Zool. 
 
 39. 42. t. 14, 16; Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 6. 
 A. Gazella Dama, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 822. 
 A. Cervicapra Dama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75, part.; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 458; Fischer, Syn. 464. 
 
 Antilope (Dama) Addra, Bennett, Proc. Z. S. 1833, 2. 
 Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 205. 355. t. 
 Gazella ruficollis, Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 114. 
 Cervicapra (Dama) ruficollis, Gervais, I. c. 261. 
 A. Dama var. orientalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 82. 
 Dama, Plinii H. N. viii. 53 ; Aldrov. Bisulc. 729. fig. 
 
 Female, stuffed. Kordofan. Senaar. 
 
 Var. or youngl with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the 
 outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer 
 hair at the base of the horns. Horns small. Mus. Frankfort. 
 
 Hab. North Africa. Kordofan. 
 
 These species differ in size as well as markings. The Mohr 
 and Andra differ from G. Scummeringii in being of much larger 
 size, and in wanting the black face and streaks. Bennett's Mohr 
 has only an angular white spot on the rump, like G. Scemme- 
 ringii ; Buffon's Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the 
 rump, thighs and sides ; and the Andra, which agrees with the 
 figures cited, is almost all white, with a reddish neck and withers. 
 
 *** Knees without tvfts (but with rather longer hair, forming 
 a linear keel in front). Back and rump brown. Sides with 
 dark streak. 
 
 8. GAZELLA RUFIFRONS. The KORIN. 
 
 Bay brown ; sides above paler, with a broad, dark streak below. 
 
MAMMALIA. 61 
 
 Chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and underside 
 of feet and anal disk, white. Face bright bay, with a broad white 
 side-streak. 
 
 Adult female : nose blackish above. Young pale yellowish. 
 Side-streak brownish. 
 
 Gazella rufifrons, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846 ; 1847, xviii. 
 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 5. t. 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 115. 
 
 Antilope (Gazella) Isevipes, Sundevall, Pecora, 82. 
 
 Kevel (male), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3 ; not Buffon. 
 
 Corinne, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., young and female; not 
 Buffon. 
 
 Hab. W.Africa; Senegal. Gambia, called Seni. Senaar (Sun- 
 devall). 
 
 Two males, stuffed. Senegal. 
 Two females, stuffed. Senegal. 
 Two young, stuffed. 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 Skull, adult female. 
 Skull, young. 
 
 Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says 
 it is smaller than the Kevel, and Daubenton says that it has 
 knee-tufts, so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle, 
 Corine, and Kevel of Buffon are clearly all A. Dorcas of this 
 Catalogue. 
 
 The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this spe- 
 cies. He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not 
 knee-tufts, for they are not indicated in the figure, or mentioned 
 in the text ; like other descriptions of this author, though it oc- 
 cupies more than two pages, all the peculiarities of the species 
 are left out. The Corine of the same author, also from Senegal, 
 well represents the young. M. Cuvier considers the Kevel and 
 Corine and A. Dorcas form one species, but afterwards, under 
 Kevel gris, he appears to change his mind and thinks they may 
 be two. 
 
 5. TRAGOPS. 
 
 Horns lyrate, short, black : in both sexes. Face tapering. Nose 
 ovine. Muffle none. Crumen none. Fur short, adpressed; 
 sides without any dark streak. Knees tufted. Feet with large 
 feet-pits. Inguinal pits distinct. Female with slender horns. 
 Teats 2. Head, t. 7. f. 1. 
 
 Hab. India. Not gregarious. 
 
 Tragops, Hodgson, Var. Genera Ruminants, 1847, 11; Gray, 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
62 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Gazella, sp.. Gray, List Mam. B. M. 161 ; Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 
 1847, xviii. 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 The Chikara are not gregarious. They have lyrate horns, 
 common to both sexes, knee-tuft, line along the flanks, and ovins 
 nose of the Gazelles of Africa, but they are wholly destitute of 
 the eye-pits ; they have the large, dark-lustred eyes of the An- 
 telopes, very unlike the small, pale-eyed Goats. Hodgson. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson separates this genus from Gazella, because he 
 declares it has no crumen ; but Mr. Turner, who says he has seen 
 a skull, describes it as being a typical Gazella ; and Colonel Sykes 
 described the suborbital sinuses as very small, not observable in 
 dried skins, nor does the animal dilate them unless very much 
 alarmed. P. Z. S. 1831, 106. 
 
 1. TRAGOPS BENNETTII. The CHIKARA or RAVINE DEER. 
 
 Bay brown. Knee-tuft, end of nose and tail black. Streak 
 on haunches blackish. Face-streak, chest, belly and inside of 
 limbs white. Feet black or brown. 
 
 Antilope Bennettii, Sykes, Proc.Zool. Soc. 1831, 140; Hodgson, 
 
 Journ. Asiat. S. B. x. 913; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290. 
 Gazella Bennettii, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, xviii. 231 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 4 ; List Mam. B. M. 161 ; Cat. Osteol. Spec. 
 
 B. M. 56 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll, B. M. 27 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Antilope Christii, Gray, B. M. 
 Antilope Bharatensis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. Beng. x. 913; 
 
 Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 290; Zool. Nepal, MSS. t. 
 Antilope Hazenna, I. Geoff. Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad. 
 Antilope Dorcas var. e, Sundevall, Pecora, 85. 
 Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1847, 
 
 11; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. 
 
 Chouka or Ravine Deer, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 347 & 913. 
 The Kalsiepie or Black tail, Mahrattas. 
 Goat Antelope, Europeans in Deccan. 
 
 Var. Feet brown, like back. Gray, P. Z. S. 1850, 116. 
 Hab. India; Madras. Nepal; Tarai. 
 
 Male. Plains of the Seramic Country, Madras. Presented by 
 Walter Elliot, Esq. 
 
 Male and female. Madras. Presented by Col. Sykes. 
 
 Skin of male, with head and horns, very imperfect. Nepal. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson. 
 
 Skin of young male, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 63 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Head, t. J.f.l. 
 
 Horns of male. Presented by Dr. Turnbull Christie. 
 
 Antilope Christii, Gray, MSS. EM. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of male and female, t. 156. 
 
 The Chikara carries its tail erect when in rapid motion. Sykes. 
 An albino of this species now living in the Zoological Gar- 
 dens has white horns. 
 
 6. ANTIDORCAS. 
 
 Horns lyrate, short, black. Face tapering. Nose simple. Cru- 
 men moderate, distinct. Back with an expansile white fold or 
 streak. Hair close-pressed. Knees not tufted. Female with 
 small horns. Teats . 
 
 South Africa. Living in large herds, migrating. 
 
 Antidorcas, Sundevall, Pecora, 87 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 
 
 116. 
 Gazella, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160 ; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B.M.- 9 
 
 Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847. xviii. 231 ; Turner, Proc. Zool, Soc. 
 
 1849. 
 Gazella, 5, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 1. ANTIDORCAS EUCHORE. The TSEBE or SPRING BOC. 
 
 Pale brown. Face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak 
 on back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs, white. 
 Face-streak and middle of forehead pale brown. Side-streak 
 oblique, dark brown. Young paler. Side-streak paler. Back- 
 streak distinct. 
 
 Antilope Euchore, Forster in Itin. ; Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, 275. 
 
 A. vera Euchore, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 169 ; Saugth. t. 7 ; Schreb. 
 Saugth. 1189. t. 272; Harris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 3, a head; 
 Burchell, Trav. i. 290, ii. 109. 
 
 A. Gazella Euchore, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mamm. 
 455; Desm. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 441. t. . f . 1 ; Fischer, 
 Syn. 461. 629; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 823. 
 
 Gazella Euchore, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 160; Cat. Osteol. B. 
 M. 56; Knowsley Menag.; Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849. 
 
 Antilope Dorcas, Gervais, I. c. 261. 
 
 A. Dorcas var. pygargus, Forster, in MSS. 62. 
 
 Antidorcas Euchore, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. 
 
 Antilope Marsupialis, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. 111. 427; Bur- 
 chell, Trav. i. 290. 
 
 Antilope pygarga, Blumenb. Handb. 119. 
 
64 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Antilope dorsata, Lacep. in Buff. ; Burchell, Trav. i. 290. 
 
 Antilope saliens, Lacep. in Buff. ; Burchell, Trav. i. 290. 
 
 Antilope saltatrix, Link, Beytr. 99, from Buffon. 
 
 Pronkbock, Vosmaer. Beschr. 1784, t. 
 
 Gazelle a bourse, &c., Allam, Buffon Supp. iv. 142. t. 60. 
 
 Gazelle de parade, Vosmaer. 
 
 Gazelle sautante, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 183. t. 21. 
 
 Springer Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 94 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 344. 1. 192. 
 
 Springbock, Licht. Reise, i. 525, 564, 580. 
 
 Tzebi, Shaw, Reise, 151. 
 
 Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 23, t. 31. f. 1, skull. 
 
 Barbary Antelope, Penn. Syn. 33. fig. ; Quad. i. 42 ; Shaw, ZooL 
 
 ii. 350. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 A male, in a bad state. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, 
 Esq., LL.D. 
 
 A male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. 
 A male. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 A young female. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOL. Buffon, H. N. xii. 201. t. 31. f. 1, skull. 
 
 Skull and horns. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, 
 Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. 
 
 Skull, young. S. Africa. 
 
 The Spring Bok is found throughout the whole of South 
 Africa, but in no part so numerously as in the colony, the north- 
 eastern division of which they traverse in herds of thousands, 
 devouring everything they meet with in their course. They re- 
 main only a portion of the year, and it is during that season the 
 Lion is most frequently found there. Vast numbers are killed, 
 and the flesh dried against a season of scarcity. A. Smith. 
 
 The Sprinabock at certain periods make a trak bokJcen or 
 grand migration. They march slowly and steadily along, like the 
 flood of a river, about half a mile in width. These vast legions 
 will continue streaming along in an unbroken, compact phalanx 
 for two or more hours. R. G. Gumming, Hunter's Life, i. 122. 
 
 7. JEPYCEROS. 
 
 Horns lyrate, elongate, wide-spreading, black, curved outwards 
 from the base, then backwards and upwards at the tip. Face 
 tapering. Nose simple. Crumen none. Knees not tufted. Feet 
 with tuft of (black) hair near pasterns. Female hornless ?, teats 2. 
 
MAMMALIA. 65 
 
 Skull with " no suborbital fissure nor fossa, but a wide opening 
 on the side of the muzzle, between the maxillary and intermax- 
 illary bones ; the masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the 
 auditory bulla large and prominent, with only a small groove on 
 its outer side to receive the attachment of the stylohyal bone ; 
 the occiput broad, somewhat produced downwards; its basal 
 portion with the posterior pair of tubercles broad, the anterior 
 ones small. Molars without the supplemental lobe." Turner. 
 Skull, t. 7. f. 3. 
 
 Antilope vera, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 1814. 
 
 A. (Ceratophorus) Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sci. Phil. 1816. 
 
 Gazella, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261, 1840. 
 
 Antilope, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847 ; Knowsley Menag. 6 ; 
 
 Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849. 
 -ZEpyceros, Sundevall, Pecora, 87. 
 
 Major H. Smith erroneously assigns a suborbital sinus to this 
 animal. 
 
 1. ^EPYCEROS MELAMPUS. PALLAH or ROOYE Boc. 
 
 Bay; sides and beneath paler. Belly, anal disk, and lower 
 side of tail white. Crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish. 
 Tuft above feet, and back of feet black. 
 
 Antilope (vera) Melampus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 167, 1814 ; 
 
 Burch. Trav. ii. 301 ; Reise, ii. 544. t. 4 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1224. t. 274; Harris, Wild Anim. Africa, t. 15. 
 A. (Gazella) Euchore, Desm. Mamm. 456; H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 iv. 198. t., v. 828; Fischer, Syn. 463. 630; Burchell, Trav. ii. 
 
 301. 
 Antilope Melampus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162; Cat. OsteoL 
 
 B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Gazella melampus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261. 
 JSpyceros melampus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 116. 
 Pallah, S. Daniel, Afric. Seen. n. 9. 
 Betjuan, Coffers. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 Adult male. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut's Collection. 
 Adult female. From Dr. Smut's Collection. 
 Young male. From the South African Museum. 
 Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 7. f. 3. Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1849, skull. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., 
 LL.D. 
 
 Two pairs of horns. S. Africa. 
 
 Tw;o pairs of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
66 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Pallah is common in the wooded country north of the 
 Kurrichane, where it occurs in herds equally as large as those of 
 the Spring Bok are more to the southward. It feeds on grass or 
 the more delicate twigs of the brushwood. When startled, they 
 generally move off in perfect files, and will not diverge far from 
 the course they first adopt, even to avoid a man, which renders 
 them an easy prey to the hunter who carries fire-arms. Where 
 not disturbed by hunters, they are less shy than the Spring Bok. 
 The flesh is esteemed. A. Smith. 
 
 8. ANTILOPE. 
 
 Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging. Face tapering. 
 Nose simple. Crumen large. Skull with a small suborbital fis- 
 sure and a very large suborbital pit. The tubercles and median 
 grooves of the basioccipital bone well developed, t. 8. f. 1. 3. 
 
 Hab. India. Gregarious. 
 
 Cervicapra, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 231, not Blainv. 
 
 nor Sundevall; Knowsley Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Antilope (Cervicapra), sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 457; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827 ; Gervais, Supp. 
 
 D. S. N. i. 260; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117. 
 Antilope (Gazellse), sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 86. 
 Strepsiceros, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845. 
 
 1 . ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. The ANTELOPE or SASIN. 
 
 Grey brown or black. Lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides, 
 belly, edge and inside of limbs, white. Nose, front of shoulder 
 and outside of thighs, end of tail and front of feet, blackish. 
 Neck redder. Young with a narrow pale streak on the upper 
 part of sides. 
 
 Antilope Cervicapra, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 9; Spic. i. 18. t. 1, 2. 
 xii. 19; Gmelin, S. N. i. 192. 
 
 A. Gazella Cervicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb. Saugth. 
 1214. t. 268. from Pallas. 
 
 A. (vera) Cervicapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 
 451; Fischer, Syn. 457. 626; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.; Ger- 
 vais, I. c. 260; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 831 ; Gray, Illust. Ind. 
 Zool. t.; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 913; Calcutta Journ. 
 N. H. iv. 290; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 99. 
 
 Capra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N. i. 96. 
 
 Strepsiceros Cervicapra, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 183, 1845. 
 
 Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 Spec. B. M. 56 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26 ; Ann. fy Mag. 
 N. H. 1847, 230; Turner, Proc. Z. Soc. 1849. 
 
MAMMALIA. 67 
 
 Antilope bilineata, Temm. Mus. Ley den (young). 
 
 Damalis Cervicapra (Ledmee), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 Capra Bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisulc. 256. 
 
 Gazella, Jonston, Quad. t. 29; Brisson, R. A. 68. 
 
 Gazella Africana, Raii Syn. 79. 
 
 Tragus Strepsiceros, Klein, Quad. 18. 
 
 Gazelle, Perr. Anim. i. 93. 1. 11. 
 
 Lidmee, Shaw, Trav. 243? 
 
 Antelope and Antelope des Indes, Buffon, H. N. xii. 215, 217- 
 
 t. 35. t. 36. f. 1, 2 ; Suppl. vi. 1. 18, 19 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 
 Common Antelope, Penn. Syn. 32; Quad. i. 89. t. 15; Shaw, 
 
 Zool. ii. 336. t. 191. 
 Bahmunnee Hurn, SyJces. 
 Hob. India, in the dry, open plains, in flocks of scores. 
 
 A male. Madras, India. Presented by Walter Elliot, Esq. 
 A male. India. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 8. f. 1-3. 
 
 Antelope, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. 273. t. 35. t. 36. f. 1-3. 
 
 Three bases of skulls and horns. India. 
 Skull and horn. India. 
 Skull and horn. India. 
 Skull and horn. India. 
 
 Skull, with horns, of adult male. India. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 One odd deformed horn. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 Two pairs of horns. India. Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of a skull of a male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 186. f. 9, 10. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of old male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 155. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 The Black Antelopes are very gregarious on the open, dry 
 plains of India. Hodgson. 
 
 b. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, more or less 
 diverging, and often bent forward at the tip. Muffle gene- 
 rally large and moist. 
 
 a. Crumen large. Muffle large. 
 
 9. TETRACERUS. 
 Muffle large. Crumen large, longitudinal. Horns 4 ; front 
 
68 MAMMALIA. 
 
 pair very short, placed over the orbits ; hinder on hack edge of 
 frontal, conical, straight. Skull like Cephalophus, with nasal 
 bones not expanded. Suborbital fossae large, shallow, occupying 
 nearly the whole of the cheek. Knee-tufts none. Females horn- 
 less. Skull, t. 9. 
 
 Tetracerus, Leach-, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 1827; Fischer, 
 Syn. Mam. ii. 624; Gray, Ann. <$ Mag. N. H. 1847, 231; 
 Proc. Zool Soc. 1850, 117 ; Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z. 
 S. 1850. 
 
 Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 
 Cervicapra e. tetracerus, Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 262. 
 
 Tetraceros, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 Tetracerocidae, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 1. TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS. The CHOUSINGHA. 
 Front pair of horns conical, distinct. 
 
 Antilope (Cervicapra) quadricornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 
 
 1816, 75, 78; Journ. Phys. 1816, t. . f. ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. 
 
 f. 3, skull; Desm. Mamm. 466; Fischer, Syn. 471. 639. 
 A. Tetracerus quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 256. t. 181. 
 
 f. 3. t. 186, v. 845. 
 Antilope Chickara, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiv. 520. t. 15, 16; 
 
 Hodgson, Proc. Z. S. 1834, 99; Zool. Nep. ined. t.; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 471. 639. 
 A. Tetracerus Chickara, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 844; R. Hill, 
 
 Linn. Trans, xv. 501. t. 20. 
 A. Chicara, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 346, 347. 
 Tetracerus Chicara, F. Cuv. Mam. t. $ . 
 Tetracerus striaticornis, Leach, MSS. 
 Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 26; Ann. 
 
 fy Mag. N. H. 1847; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 117; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 6; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 
 Tschikkara, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. , from Hardwicke, Icon. 
 Tetracerus Chickara, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 413; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 291. 
 
 Antilope tetracornis, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. iv. 542, v. 242. 
 Tetraceros striaticornis (Chickara), Leach in Brookes' Cat. Mus. 
 
 64, 1828. 
 
 Cervus albipes, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ? . 
 " Cervus labipes, F. Cuvier," Lesson, Sundevall. 
 Cervus (Stylocerus) labipes, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 174. 
 Chousingha, Hindoos. 
 Hob. India. Nepal. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Cow/?. 
 
 A male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 69 
 
 Two males ; front of fore legs dark. Nepal. Presented by 
 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A female; rufous, without any dorsal streak, and with the 
 front of the fore legs pale. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 The imperfect skin of a male, with two horns. Nepal. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 
 
 Horns. North India. 
 
 Frontal bone, with horns. 
 
 Skull, with lower jaw. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Skull. India. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 152. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male, copied from Hamilton Smith, with details of 
 head added. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 153. Presented by 
 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male, with details of head. Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 154. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 M. De Blainville, in describing this animal, from Dr. Bucha- 
 nan Hamilton's drawing in the India House Library, read Moor- 
 shadabad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the 
 name of the animal. 
 
 The Chouka inhabits the forests of India, avoiding the moun- 
 tains and open plains. They are not gregarious ; rutting in sum- 
 mer, and gestating six months, the young mostly born in January 
 or February. They are very shy, and when hunted lie close or 
 go oif far ahead, bounding like the common Antelope, and hence 
 one of their names from Chouk, a leap. Hodgson. 
 
 2. TETRACERUS IODES. The RUSTY-RED CHOUSINGHA. 
 
 Tetracerus lodes, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. 1847, t. 4. f. 3. 
 Hob. India. Nepal. 
 
 OSTEOL. Hodgson, 1. c. t. 4. f. 3, skull. 
 
 3. TETRACERUS PACCERVIS. The FULL-HORNED CHOU- 
 
 SINGHA. 
 Tetracerus paccervis, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. 1847, t. 4. 
 
 f. 1, 2. 
 Hab. India. Nepal. 
 
 OSTEOL. Hodgson, 1. c. t. 4. f. 1, 2, skull. 
 
70 MAMMALIA. 
 
 4. TETRACERUS SUBQUADRICORNUTUS. The JUNGLIBURKA. 
 
 Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular ; hinder conical, 
 subcylindrical. Pale brown, sides rather paler. Chest, belly, 
 inside and front of legs whitish. Feet paler, varied. Female : 
 front of legs blackish. 
 
 Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4. 
 
 f. 2. 
 Tetracerus subquadricornutus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159; 
 
 Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847; Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1850, 11? i Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Antelope (brown), Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 105. 
 Hob. India. Bombay. 
 
 A male and female, stuffed. Bombay. Presented by Walter 
 Elliot, Esq. 
 
 Male and female. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, female. Madras. Presented by J. C. Jerdon, Esq. 
 
 10. CALOTRAGUS. 
 
 Muffle large. Crumen arched, transverse. Horns subulate, 
 elongate, erect. Hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute in 
 front ; false hoofs small or none. Crown of head smooth. Tail 
 very short. Groin and orbits nakedish. Knees not tufted ; in- 
 guinal pores none. Ears elongate. Females hornless. Teats 4. 
 Skull with " a small suborbital fissure, with a large deep fossa 
 suddenly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising 
 a little before the orbit ; the auditory bulla rather large and pro- 
 minent ; the basioccipital bone flat and smooth ; the median in- 
 cisors expanded at their summits, and the molars without sup- 
 plemental lobes." Skull, t. 8. f. 4, 5. 
 
 Calotragus, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 68. 
 
 Calotragus (grisea), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118. 
 Tragulus (grisea), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; not Brisson 
 
 nor Ogilby. 
 
 Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. 1814. 
 Oreotragus, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P. Z. S. 
 
 1850. 
 
 Redunca, sp., H. Smith. 
 Cervicapra c. Tragulus, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. 262. 
 
MAMMALIA. /I 
 
 * False hoofs none. 
 
 1. CALOTRAGUS CAMPESTRIS. The STEINBOC. 
 
 Fulvous ash. Hair uniform. Small spot on nose and two di- 
 verging streaks on crown to nape blacker. Upper part of throat, 
 chest and abdomen white. Ears three-fourths the length of head. 
 False hoofs none. 
 
 Var. 1 . Glaucous, hair white-tipped. 
 
 Var. 2. Crown without black streak. Throat whiter. 
 
 Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus, Forster, MSS. 52; Licht. Berl. 
 
 Mag. vi. 176, 1814; Saugth. t. 19 <? ?; Goldfuss in Schreb. 
 
 Saugth. 1254; Desm. Mamm. 458; Fischer, Syn. 464. 631. 
 Calotragus Tragulus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 184?; Knows- 
 
 ley Menag. 1 . 
 
 A. Cervicapra Stenbock, Blainv. B. S. Phil 1816, 75. 
 Antilope Ibex, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 254. 
 Oreotragus Tragulus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P. 
 
 Z. S. 1849. 
 
 Antilope campestris, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 313, 1811. 
 Antilope capensis, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 260, 1815. 
 Antilope fulvo-rubescens, Desmoul. D. Class. H. N. i. 446. 
 Antilope (Tragulus) rupestris, Burchell, Trav. i. 202. 281, ii. 15 ; 
 
 H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 838; Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 25. f. 2. 
 Steinbock, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 185. 
 Tragelaphus Tragulus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Three males. S. Africa. 
 Three females. S. Africa. 
 Four young. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, t. 8. f. 4, 5. 
 Two skulls, males. 
 One skull, female. 
 Two skulls, young. 
 
 Far.? Paler. 
 
 Antilope pediotragus, Afzel. Nov. Act. Ups. vii. 260. 
 
 Antilope pallida, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 841. 
 
 Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus pallida, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 176; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 464. 632. 
 
 Bleekbock, Forster, MSS.-, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 186. 
 A. Tragulus pallida, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 
 Vlacksteenbock, Sparrm. Reise, 630. 
 Antilope rufescens, Burchell. 
 A. Tragulus rufescens, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 248. t., v. 839, 
 
72 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Var.1 
 
 Antilope traguloides (Ogilby's Steinbok), Ogilby, MSS. ; Wa- 
 
 terhouse, Supp. Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. n. 385 B. & 385 B. a. 
 
 1839. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 This species varies much in colour, perhaps according to the 
 season ; sometimes the hairs are whitish at the tip, giving the fur 
 a glaceous appearance ; the black streaks are as distinct in the 
 young as in the adult. 
 
 A. rupestris (the Steinbok) has favourite feeding- and resting- 
 places, to which it returns as speedily as possible if driven from 
 them. It occasionally crosses pools and streams, and even lies 
 down in them, to avoid leaving its scent, when hunted by dogs. 
 A. Smith. 
 
 ** False hoofs small. 
 2. CALOTRAGUS MELANOTIS. The GRYS Boc. 
 
 Red bay, with intermixed white hairs. Crown with two dark 
 streaks. Ears two-thirds the length of head. False hoofs small. 
 
 Antilope melanotis, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Peter sb. iii. 312, 1811 ; 
 
 Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 257, 1815; Goldf. Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1235 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 12 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 840 ; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 459; Fischer, Syn. 465. 632; Harris, W. A. Anim. 
 
 t. 26. 
 
 Tragelaphus melanotis, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181, 1845. 
 Antilope grisea, Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xi. 244, 1816. 
 A. Tragulus grisea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 840. 
 A. Cervicapra grisea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Antilope (Gazella) Tragulus var. melanotis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 
 
 176. 
 
 Cervicapra (Tragulus) grisea, Gervais. 
 Oreotragus melanotis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Antilope rubro-albescens, Desm. Diet. Class. H. N. ii. 446. 
 Oreotragus griseus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164. 
 Calotragus melanotis, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 217; 
 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Knowsley Menag. 
 Grysbock, Forster, MSS. ; Buffon, Supp. vi. 183. 
 
 Var. pallida. Pale ashy white. Hairs some white, others lead- 
 coloured with grey tips. 
 
 Calotragus melanotis pallida, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 7 ; Proc. 
 Zool. Soc. 1850, 118. 
 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Male. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
MAMMALIA. 73 
 
 Female. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by William Bur- 
 chell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Young, with two large black oblong spots on each side of the 
 back of the forehead and the tip of the nose. Cape of Good 
 Hope. From M. Verreaux' Collection. 
 
 Yellowish grey, with two black oblong spots on back of fore- 
 head. FronTM. Verreaux' Collection. 
 
 11. SCOPOPHORUS. 
 
 Muffle small, bald. Tear-bag transverse. Horns subulate, 
 elongate, acute, slightly recurved at the tips. Knees largely 
 tufted. Inguinal pores distinct and bearded. Ears moderate, 
 with a naked spot on the outside of their base. Hoofs triangu- 
 lar ; false hoofs distinct. Skull like Callotragus. 
 
 Scopophorus (Ourebi), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118. 
 Calotragus, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 68. 
 Cervicapra c. redunca, sp., Gervais, I. c. 261, 1840. 
 Oreotragus, sp., Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner, P. Z. 
 
 Soc. 1847. 
 
 1. SCOPOPHORUS OUREBI. The OUREBI. 
 
 Temple spot small, indistinct. Fur red brown. Cheek paler. 
 Crown darker red brown. Orbit, chest, belly and middle of 
 upper part of inner side of legs, white. End of tail, arched line 
 before the eyes, and spot between the ears, black. 
 
 Var. End of nose blackish. 
 
 Antilope Scoparia, Schreb. Saugth. t. 261 ; Desm. Mam. 464 ; 
 
 Licht. Saugth. t. 13; Fischer, Syn. 468. 658. 
 A. redunca scoparia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 836. 
 Cervicapra Redunca scoparia, Gervais, I. c. 261. 
 Antilope melanura, Bechst. 
 
 Antilope Ourebi, Shaw, Zool. ii. 320; Lesson, Man. 
 Ourebi, Allam, Buffon H. N. Supp. v. 33. t. 12. 
 Scopophorus Ourebi, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 7; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 118. 
 Ourebi Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 79. 
 Oreotragus Scoparius, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 164; Turner , 
 
 P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Male, female and young. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope. 
 From the South African Museum. 
 Two females. S. Africa. 
 
74 MAMMALIA. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 Two skulls. S. Africa. 
 
 The Ourebi live in the continuous swards of tall grass near the 
 sea-coast, but they are nearly exterminated near the colony, and 
 now chiefly confined to the country between the Uuzimvooboo 
 River and Port Natal. A. Smith. 
 
 2. SCOPOPHORUS MONTANUS. The GlBARI. 
 
 Temple spot large, deep (more than half an inch over), naked. 
 Fur greyish brown. Cheeks paler. Crown red brown. Orbits, 
 chest, belly, under side of tail, and middle of the inner side of 
 the upper part of the legs, white. End of tail and arched line 
 before the eyes black. 
 
 Antilope montana, Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, t. 3; Fischer, Syn. 
 469. 
 
 Tragelaphus montanus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 
 Scopophorus montanus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; 
 Knowsley Menag. 7. t. 5; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 119. 
 
 Hab. Eastern Africa ; Abyssinia ; Ruppell. West Africa ; Gam- 
 bia; Earl of Derby. Mus. Earl of Derby. 
 
 Very like the former, but grey brown, and the temporal spot 
 much larger, deeper, more distinct and bald, both when alive and 
 in the skin, so that it does not depend on the stuffing. 
 
 12. OREOTRAGUS. 
 
 Muffle large. Crumen arched, transverse. Horns subulate, 
 elongate. Hoofs squarish, high, compressed, much contracted, 
 concave beneath. False hoofs large, blunt. Crown of head 
 smooth. Tail very short. Hair thick, goat-like, spread out. 
 Female hornless. Teats 2. 
 
 Oreotragus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 231 ; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850, 119; Knowsley Menag. t. ; Sundevall, Pecora; 
 
 Harris, W. Anim. Afr. 
 Tragulus, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 1827; Fischer, ii. 424, not 
 
 Pallas. 
 A. cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam. 
 
 460. 
 Cervicapra c. Tragulus, sp., Gervais, I. c. 262, 1840. 
 
 1. OREOTRAGUS SALTATRIX. TheKAiNSior KLIPPSPRINGER. 
 
 Dark, brown yellow, grisled. Hair grey, brown at the end, with 
 a short yellow tip, beneath whitish. Edge of ears and feet above 
 the hoofs black. 
 
MAMMALIA. 75 
 
 Antilope Oreotragus, Forster, MSS. 58 ; Schreb. Saugth. 1228. 
 
 t. 259. 
 A. (Gazella) Oreotragus, Licht. Eerl. Mag. vi. 175 ; Saugth. 1. 15 ; 
 
 Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. in. 511 5 Desm. Mam. 460; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 466. 634. 
 
 A. Tragulus oreotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 837. 
 Oreotragus Saltatrix, Harris, W. Anim. Afr. t. 24. f. 2. 
 Cervicapra Tragulus oreotragus, Gervais. 
 A. (Cervicapra) oreotragus, Desm. Mam. 460. 
 Antilope Saltatrix, Bodd. Elench. 141 ; 0. Des Mur. fy F. Pre- 
 
 vost, Voy. en Abyssinie, vi. 33. t. 4. 
 
 Tragelaphus oreotragus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. SammL 181, 1845. 
 Gazelle, Le Vaillant, Deuz. Voy. d'Afrique, i. 162. 
 Klippspringer, Buff. H. N. Supp. vi. 183. t. 29, cop. E. M. t. 54. 
 
 f. 3; Penn. Quad. i. 80; Shaw, Zool. ii. 321. 
 Kainsi, Hottentots. 
 Sessa in Amareen. 
 Sessah in Tigren. 
 Hob. Africa. S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. East Africa; 
 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Male and female, stuffed. S. Africa. 
 
 Varies in brightness and depth of colour according to the 
 season. 
 
 13. NESOTRAGUS. 
 
 Muffle large, bald. Crumen large, deep, arched. Face and 
 forehead not crested. Ears large. Horns nearly straight, elon- 
 gate, strong, many-ringed, incumbent, in the direction of the 
 facial line nearly parallel. False hoofs none. Tail very short. 
 Females hornless. 
 
 Very like Neotragus in form and character. 
 
 Nesotragus, Von Duben, Vet. Ac. Oefvers. 1846, 221 ; Sundevall, 
 Pecora, 134; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 1850, 119. 
 
 1. NESOTRAGUS MOSCHATUS. 
 
 Reddish grey. Belly white. Legs pale reddish. Hair of back 
 brown, reddish above the middle, with an obscure pale dot and 
 blackish tip. 
 
 Nesotragus moschatus, V. Duben, I. c. ; Sundev. Vet. Acad. 
 Oefversigt, 1846, 221 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 134; Gray, Knows- 
 ley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, 119. 
 
 Hob. E. Africa; Island of Zanzibar. Male and female in Stock- 
 holm Museum. 
 
76 MAMMALIA.. 
 
 /3. Crumen large. Nose ovine. Muffle none. 
 
 14. NEOTRAGUS. 
 
 Muffle none. Nose ovine. Nostrils close together. Crumen 
 roundish. Horns short, conical, recumbent. Tail very short, 
 crown crested. Female hornless. 
 
 Neotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. 1827; Fischer, Syn. ii. 624; 
 Wagner; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. JV. H. 1846, 231; Knowsley 
 Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 120; Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 
 
 Madoqua, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 137. 
 
 Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Butt. Soc. Phil. 1816, 73. 
 
 Cervicapra, g. Neotragus, Gervais, I. c. 263. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith did not observe the crumen. 
 
 1. NEOTRAGUS SALTIANA. The MADOQUA. 
 
 Antilope Cervicapra Saltiana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 
 75. 79; Journ. Phys. 1818. t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. f. 5, 
 9, skull; Desm. Mamm. 465; Fischer, Syn. 470. 638; Licht. 
 Saugth. t. 16; Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 55. t. 21; Ehrenberg, 
 Symb. Phys. t. 
 
 Neotragus Saltiana, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 561 ; Ann. Sf Mag. 
 N. H. 1846, 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 
 120. 
 
 Antilope Neotragus Madoka, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 857. 
 
 Tragelaphus Hemprichii, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 
 Antilope Hemprichianus, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 7- 
 
 Antilope Grimmia, Ruppell. 
 
 Antilope Hemprichii, Ruppell, Abyss, t. 5. 
 
 Cervicapra Neotragus Saltiana, Gervais, I. c. 263. 
 
 Madoqua Saltiana, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. 
 
 Neotragus Hemprichianus, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 
 
 Madoka Saltiana, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 164. 
 
 Hab. Abyssinia. 
 
 Male and female. Abyssinia. From the Frankfort Museum. 
 
 ANAT. Journ. Phys. t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. f. 5, 9. 
 Frontal bone with horns. Abyssinia. 
 The specimen described by M. De Blainville. 
 
 y. Tear-bag replaced by a glandular line across the face. Muffle 
 large, bald. Africa. 
 
 15. CEPHALOPHUS. 
 
 Muffle large. Crumen none, but a naked glandular line, 
 formed of two series of pores, on the side of the cheek. Crown 
 
MAMMALIA. 77 
 
 crested, forming a tuft between the horns. Horns short, conical, 
 far back on the hinder edge of the frontal bone, and inclined 
 backwards. Skull without any suborbital fissure, a large sub- 
 orbital pit occupying the whole side of the cheek; the nasal 
 bones expanded behind, reaching over on the sides into the sub- 
 orbital pit ; in other respects like Oreotragus. 
 Hob. Africa. 
 
 Cephalophus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. . 1827 ; Fischer, 
 Syn. 624 ; Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, xviii. 162 & 231 ; 
 Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Z. Soc. 1850, 120; Turner, P. Z. 
 S. 1850 (not Cephalopus, as quoted by Sundevall, Pecora, 66). 
 
 Cephalolophus, Wagler. 
 
 Cephalophorus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162. 
 
 Cervicapra, sp., Blainv. Butt. Soc. Phil. 1816; De5m.Mam.458. 
 
 Cervicapra, /. Cephalophus, Gervais, I. c. 261, 1840. 
 
 Tragulus (pygmseus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138. 
 
 Sylvicapra (mergens), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138. 
 
 Sylvicapra, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 
 
 Tragelaphus, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181, 1845. 
 
 Orimmia, Laurillard. 
 
 Professor Sundevall adopts Mr. Ogilby's name for the genus. 
 Cephalophus was first used ; but he rejects it, because it is badly 
 formed. Wagler has emendated Colonel H. Smith's name by 
 changing it to Cephalolophus. Pecora, 66. 
 
 Professor Sundevall has in his specific characters laid some 
 stress on the direction of the lachrymal streak. I find, on com- 
 paring different specimens of the same species, that little reliance 
 can be placed on this character, in stuffed specimens at least, for 
 the direction of the streak is altered according as the skin of the 
 face is more or less stretched. Gray, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H. xviii. 
 163. 
 
 " * Knees and hind legs tufted. Ears and horns elongate. Cru- 
 men under the eyes, and a narrow naked streak on cheeks." 
 
 1. CEPHALOPHUS? QUADRISCOPA. FOUR-TUFTED ANTELOPE. 
 
 " Buff; paler on the sides. Tail, knee-tuft, front of nose, 
 narrow inferior lateral and anal streak, and streak across legs, 
 blackish. Lips, breast, inside of limbs, vent and houghs, white." 
 
 Antilope Cephalophus quadriscopa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 261. 
 
 t. 188, v. 847 ; Fischer, Syn. 634. 
 Cephalophus? quadriscopa, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 164; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 8; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 120. 
 Hab. Senegal. 
 
78 MAMMALIA. 
 
 This specimen is only known from Colonel Hamilton Smith's 
 description and figure, who informs me that the specimen was 
 not preserved after its death. 
 
 ** Knees not tufted. Ears elongate, acute. Horns slender, elon- 
 gate, subangular in front. 
 
 2. CEPHALOPHUS GRIMMIA. The IMPOON or DUYKER. 
 
 Yellowish brown (greyish in winter). Hair yellowish, with 
 black tips. Forehead yellowish bay. Inside of ears, chin, throat, 
 abdomen, inside of fore and hind legs, and under side of tail, 
 white. Feet, streak on the nose and up the legs, and upper part 
 of the tail, black. Ears elongate, nearly as long as the head, 
 acute. Horns black, elongate, slender ; base rugose and suban- 
 gular in front. Skull small, short. Suborbital pit large, deeply 
 concave. The intermaxilla (in three specimens) reaching just 
 up to the edge of the nasals. Nasal hole moderate, sides nearly 
 parallel. 
 
 ?Capra sylvestris Africana, N. Grimm, Mis. Cur. Norimb. 1705, 
 
 t. 13. 
 
 Capra Grimmii, Raii Syn. 80. 
 Moschus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. i. 92, from Grimm. 
 Capra Grimmia, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. i. 70, from Grimm. 
 Antilope (Gazella) Grimmia, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 177 (1814). 
 Antilope Cervicapra Grimmia, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 
 
 75. 
 Cephalophus Grimmia, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 163; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 8. t. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f. 1, 2; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1850, 120. 
 Antilope (Cervicapra) mergens, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 181 /; 
 
 Desm. Mam. 463 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 1 1 ; Burchell, Trav. ii. 
 
 187; Fischer, Syn. 468. 635. 
 
 A. Cephalophus mergens, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 849. 
 Cervicapra (Cephalophus) mergens, Gervais, 1. c. 262. 
 Antilope nictitans, Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 312, 1811. 
 Cephalophorus mergens, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162. 
 Sylvicapra mergens, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 66. 133. 
 Cephalophus mergens (Duiker), Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57 ; 
 
 Harris, W. A. S. A. t. 15. f. 2. 
 Tragelaphus mergens, Ruppell, Verz. SencJc. 181. 
 Cephalophorus Burchellii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162. 
 Duyker or Duykerbok, Dutch at Cape. 
 Hob. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope, 
 
MAMMALIA. 79 
 
 Far.? 
 
 Antilope Cephalophus Platous, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t., v. 846. 
 
 Antilope (Sylvicultrix) |3. platyotis, Fischer, Syn. 634. 
 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Far.? 
 
 Ptoox, LicR BerZ. Ma^r. vi. 177. 
 
 Antilope Cephalophus Ptoox, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 850 (young?); 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 635. 
 Hab. S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Adult male and female. South Africa. S. African Museum. 
 Cephalophorus Burchelli (a. & b.), Gray, List Mam. B. M. 162. 
 
 An adult male. S. Africa. 
 Two young females. S. Africa. 
 
 Far. 1 . Back brighter red. Black streak on face from nose to 
 base of horns. Orbits white. The hairs with short black tips, 
 and a narrow subapical whitish ring. Shanks whitish. 
 Hab. Angola. St. Paul de Lolanda. 
 
 A male. St. Paul de Lolanda. Presented by Edmund Ga- 
 briel, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, young male. South Africa. 
 
 Skull and horns. South Africa. 
 
 *Skull. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 The specimen in the Museum of the London Missionary So- 
 ciety (No. 8 Blomfield Street, Moorfields, formerly in Austin 
 Friars), Case 5, described by Colonel H. Smith under the name 
 of A. Platous, is the size and has the horns and ears of an adult 
 C. Grimmia, but differs in being paler, and having no dark co- 
 lour on the nose or feet ; but it is evidently much bleached. It 
 has certainly no relation to the C. sylvicultrix, with which Co- 
 lonel Smith was afterwards inclined to place it as a variety 
 (see Griff. A. K. Syn. v. 344). 
 
 There are three species which have been called Antilope 
 Grimmia : 
 
 1. The Capra sylvestris africana of N. Grimm, Misc. Cur. 
 Norimb. 1705, 131. t. 13, the authority for Capra Grimmii, Ray, 
 Syn. 80, and Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 70. Moschus Grimmia, Linn. 
 S. N. ed. 12, from the Cape, of a dull grey colour. Probably 
 the Duyker. 
 
 2. Le Grimme of Buifon, H. N. xii. 307. 329. t. 41. f. 2, 3, 
 from a head sent from Senegal by Adanson ; the Antilope Grim- 
 mia of Desmarest, F. Cuvier, and H. Smith, &c. ; the Cephalo- 
 phus rufilatus. 
 
80 -MAMMALIA. 
 
 3. The A. Grimmia of Pallas, with large ears and a black streak 
 to the horns, like C. Campbellice, but is from Guinea. I know 
 of no species common to the W. and S. coast of Africa, so that 
 it is probably yet to be distinguished. 
 
 The " Fitomba" or " Philantomba" appears to be the generic 
 name of all the W. African Cephalophi or Bush Antelopes. 
 
 3. CEPHALOPHUS CAMPBELLI^S. The BLACK-FACED PHI- 
 LANTOMBA. 
 
 Grey and black grisled, beneath white. Cheeks, neck and 
 chest yellowish. Forehead yellow, with a black streak on the 
 nose, widening on the forehead, and ending in a tuft of hair be- 
 hind the horns. Feet and front of the fore legs reddish black. 
 Fur soft. Hair grey, with a black ring and tips. Ears elongate, 
 acute. 
 
 Cephalophus Campbellise, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 164 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 9 ; Proc. Zool Soc. 1850, 121 ; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 133. 
 
 .Sylvicapra mergens var., Sundevall, Pecora, 133. 
 Cephalophus Burchellii var. (C. Campbellise), Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
 
 B. M. 162. 
 ?Antilope Grimmia, Pallas, Misc. i. t. 1 ; Spic. Zool. i. 38. t. 3. 
 
 t. 4. f. 3, xii. 18; Fischer, Syn. 468? 
 ?Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 14, from Pallas. 
 Antilope mergens var. Burchellii, part., Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Hab. W. Africa. 
 
 Adult female. S. Africa. Stockholm Museum. 
 
 A young specimen, with the streak up the face to the back of 
 the forehead. Sierra Leone. Presented by Mrs. A. George 
 Campbell. 
 
 Antilope Carnpbelliae, Gray, MSS. in List Mamm. B. M. 162. 
 Cephalophorus Burchellii, jun., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162. 
 
 This species differs from the Duyker by being much darker, 
 and more distinctly grisled or dotted, and the under side being 
 much whiter. It may be only a darker variety of that species. 
 
 The adult female was sent as A. mergens, var. Burchellii, by 
 M. Sundevall (the other specimen of the same name being a true 
 Duyker). The young specimen, which has been in the British 
 Museum for several years, was sent from Africa, under the ge- 
 neric name of Philantomba, by Mrs. Ambrose George Campbell. 
 
 The A. Grimmia of Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 18. t. 3, which he 
 describes as grey grisled, becoming brownish ash on the but- 
 tocks ; throat, chest and beneath the body white ; head and neck 
 yellowish grey; a black streak between the horns, forming a 
 
MAMMALIA. 81 
 
 fascia on the forehead and broader on the nose ; fur softer than 
 the Deer, but rough, of lower part of the neck rougher and more 
 lax ; feet and line on fore-legs blackish ; tail black above ; ears 
 rather acute : inhabits Guinea ; agrees in most respects with this 
 species, but most probably is yet to be procured from W. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 *A skull. South Africa ; Port Natal. From Stockholm Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 4. CEPHALOPHUS BURCHELLII. BURCHELL'S BUSH Boc. 
 
 Fur reddish brown, very slightly black punctated. Face 
 redder. Throat, chest, legs and belly rather greyer brown. Mid- 
 dle of the chin, inner side of the thighs, and under side of the 
 end of the tail, whitish. Short streak up the nose and the front 
 of the legs black. Skull large, elongate. The intermaxillary not 
 reaching to the nasal. The suborbital pit very large, rather 
 shallow. Nasal hole large, swelling out on the side. 
 
 Antilope (Cephalophus) Burchellii, A. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. , 
 
 v. 844 ? ; Fischer, Syn. 635. 
 
 Cephalophorus mergens, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 162. 
 Cephalophus grimmia var., Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 164 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Hab. S.Africa. 
 
 A small male (wants cover of horns ; hair of body rather elon- 
 gate). South Africa. 
 
 Young. South Africa. From M. Verreaux' Collection. 
 A large female (hair shorter, adpressed). S. Africa. 
 
 Inhabiting the district more or less densely covered with un- 
 derwood in Caffreland and the country north of the Orange 
 River. When interrupted in feeding, or pursued by dogs, it 
 springs with considerable activity over such bushes as may stand 
 in its course, and endeavours to plunge into the closest thickets 
 for concealment ; hence they are called Duiker bok. A. Smith. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 *Skull of female. Port Natal. From Stockholm Museum. 
 
 ? Skull and horns. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., 
 LL.D. 
 
 Skull of specimen described Burchell, Travels, ii. 337, and A. 
 Smith, G. A. K. iv., as A. Burchellii. 
 
 This species is easily known from either C. Grimmia or C. 
 Campbellice by its darker colour, and by the under sides and in- 
 side of the legs being nearly of the same colour as the back, and 
 not white, as in those species, and also by the shortness of the in- 
 
 D 5 
 
82 MAMMALIA. 
 
 termaxillary and the width of the nose-hole. There has been a 
 great difficulty about the determination of the species which 
 Col. Hamilton Smith intended under the above name. The 
 imperfect skin which Col. Smith described having lost its hair, 
 has perished, and the skull alone has been preserved. This skull 
 exactly agrees with the skull of the species above described in 
 all its more important characters, but is rather smaller in size ; 
 and the colour of the fur best agrees with Col. Smith's descrip- 
 tion, for he observes that the animal is more ashy beneath, while 
 A. Platous, A. Ptoon and A. mergens are described as white or 
 whitish beneath. 
 
 *** Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, acute. Horns short, 
 conical, thick. 
 
 5. CEPHALOPHUS MADOQUA. The ABYSSINIAN BUSH GOAT. 
 
 Yellowish brown, slightly punctulated with black. Neck yel- 
 lowish. Limbs blacker. Face-streak and feet black. Hair rather 
 rigid, close-pressed, reddish grey at the base; upper part po- 
 lished, yellow brown with dark tips. Forehead reddish. 
 
 Antilope Madoqua, Ruppell, Faun. Abyss, t. 7- f- 2. 
 Cephalophus coronatus, part., Gray, Ann. fyMag. N. H. 1846, 164. 
 Cephalophus Madoqua, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 9 ; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850, 121. 
 
 Madoqua, Bruce, Travels, vii. 360. t. 56. 
 Tragelaphus Madoqua, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 Sylvicapra Madoqua, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 
 Hob. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. 
 
 This species is very distinct from C. coronatus, being darker, 
 and the fur more rigid and close-pressed. 
 
 6. CEPHALOPHUS CORONATUS. The COQUETOON or RED- 
 
 CROWNED BUSH BUCK. 
 
 Pale yellowish brown. Middle of the back and front of fore 
 legs varied, with a few scattered black hairs. Crown light bay. 
 Crest blackish brown, bay in front. Feet and streak up the nose 
 blackish. Inside of ears, chin, throat, chest, belly, and inner 
 side of the legs, whitish. Tip of tail black. Horns short, coni- 
 cal. Ears acute, about half as long as the head. 
 
 Cephalophorus coronatus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. x. 1842, 266 ; 
 
 Sundevall, Pecora, 67; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, 164; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 6. f. 12; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 122. 
 Sylvicapra coronata, Sundevall, Pecora, 133. 
 Hob. W. Africa; Gambia; Macarthy's Island : called Coquetoon. 
 
MAMMALIA. 83 
 
 Adult, stuffed. West Africa. Gambia. Presented by the Earl 
 of Derby. 
 
 Female, adult. 
 
 Young : brighter coloured ; streak on nape more distinct ; tip 
 of tail black. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, adult male. West Africa. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Skull, young male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Two skulls, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 **** j nees no t tufted. Ears moderate, rounded. Horns conical, 
 thick, without any streak over the eye. 
 
 7. CEPHALOPHUS SYLVICULTRIX. The WHITE-BACKED 
 
 BUSH BUCK. 
 
 Blackish brown, minutely grey grisled. Hair brown, with 
 whitish tips. Back with a large yellowish white spot, narrow in 
 front. Throat, chest and belly redder. Crown, nape and legs 
 darker. Horns ? Varies in the size of the dorsal spots. 
 
 Antilope sylvicultrix, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 265. t. 8, 1811. 
 A. Cervicapra sylvicultrix, Desm. Mam. 462; Fischer, Syn. 467. 
 
 654. 
 A. Cephalophus sylvicultrix, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 258. 
 
 t. 187, v. 846. 
 
 Cephalophorus sylvicultrix, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 165. 
 Cephalophus sylvicultrix, Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 23. f. 3, t. 8. 
 
 f. 1 ; Proc. Zool Soc. 1850, 120. 
 Sylvicapra sylvicultrix, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 
 Bush Goat, Colonists, Sierra Leone. 
 Hob. Sierra Leone, in swampy places. 
 
 A young male. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 8. CEPHALOPHUS OGILBII. TheBLACK-sTRiPED BUSH BUCK. 
 
 Pale bay brown, with a deep black dorsal streak, beneath pale. 
 Crown and haunches brighter bay. Neck, withers and side of 
 the dorsal line varied with deep brown hairs. Streak up the 
 fore-legs, upper part of hock, feet above the hoofs, and end of 
 tail, black. Horns short, thick, conical, very rugose on the inner 
 front edge of the base. 
 
 Antilope Ogilbii, Waterhouse, Proc. Z. S. 1838, 60; 1842, 129. 
 Cephalophorus Ogilbyi, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 Cephalophus Ogilbii, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1842, x. 267 ; 
 
84 MAMMALIA. 
 
 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 8. f. 2; Proc. Zool Soc. 
 
 1850, 120; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. 
 A. Tragelaphus Ogilbyi, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 181. 
 Sylvicapra Ogilbii, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 
 Hob. Fernando Po. 
 
 A male (one horn wanting). Fernando Po. Presented bv 
 Thomas Thomson, Esq., R.N. 
 
 9. CEPHALOPHUS BADIUS. The BAY BUSH BUCK. 
 
 Bright yellowish brown. Hair adpressed, flattened. Crown, 
 nape, bro(l well-defined dorsal streak, and upper part of tail, 
 black. Legs blackish grey. Spot over orbits, lips, chin and 
 gullet, whitish. Head very large. Skull broad. Forehead rounded. 
 
 Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 7- f. I, not de- 
 scription. 
 Hab. Sierra Leone. 
 
 Young male. Sierra Leone; Waterloo. Presented by the 
 Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Very like C. Ogilbii, but darker bay ; the legs are blackish ; 
 and the neck bright bay and not blackish grey, as in that species. 
 
 10. CEPHALOPHUS DORSALIS. The BAY BUSH GOAT. 
 
 Dark bay ; shoulders and legs darker. Hair brown ; a* few on 
 the haunches white-tipped. Crown and nape, a broad dorsal 
 streak to tail, black. A spot over each eye, the lips, sides of 
 chin, front of chest, under side of tail, and inside of the thighs, 
 pale brown. 
 
 Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 10 (not fig. t. 7. f. 1); Proc. Z. Soc. 1850, 
 
 123; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. 
 Bush Goat, Colonists. 
 Hab. Sierra Leone. 
 
 A young male. Sierra Leone. From Surrey Zool. Gardens. 
 
 11. CEPHALOPHUS NIGER. The BLACK BUSH BUCK. 
 
 Sooty black ; greyer in front half of body. Chin, throat, ab- 
 domen, and inside of the thighs, grey. Forehead and crown dark 
 bay and black mixed. Cheek pale brown, black varied. Tail, 
 end whitish. 
 
 Cephalophus niger, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; List 
 
MAMMALIA. 85 
 
 Osteol. Spec. 57; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7- f. 2; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850, 123; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. 
 Antilope niger, Temm. Mus. Leyden. 
 Hob. Guinea. 
 
 A male, half-grown. Coast of Guinea. From Leyden Museum. 
 OSTEOLOGY. Leg-bones, imperfect. 
 
 12. CEPHALOPHUS NATALENSIS. The NATAL BUSH BUCK 
 
 or RHOODE BOK. 
 
 Bright red bay. Nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey 
 hairs. Nose-streak short, blackish. Lips, chin, upper part of 
 throat, and end of tail, whitish. Lower part of cheek, throat and 
 abdomen, pale yellowish. Crown and tuft bright red. Horns 
 short, conical. 
 
 Antilope Natalensis, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. 217; 
 
 Illust. Zool. S. Africa, t. 32. 
 
 Cephalophorus Natalensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167. 
 Cephalophus Natalensis, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 165; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 10. 
 
 Sylvicapra Natalensis, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 
 Hab. S.Africa; Port Natal. 
 
 Male and two females. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss' Col- 
 lection. 
 
 Female. Port Natal. From the South African Museum. 
 Male. Port Natal. From Mr. Williams's Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skulls. Port Natal. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 A. Natalensis inhabits the forests about Port Natal and coun- 
 try more to the eastward, living in thick brushwood which blocks 
 up the intervals between the larger trees; they feed on grass, 
 the young shoots of trees, and the more delicate twigs of the 
 smaller shrubs. They take the place the Little Blue Antelope 
 occupies at the Cape. A. Smith. 
 
 13. CEPHALOPHUS RUFILATUS. The COQUETOON. 
 
 Deep reddish bay. Legs, nape, streak on the nose to the 
 crown, and broad streak on back, blackish grey. Ears blackish. 
 Crest and upper part of tail black. Cheeks rather paler. Chin 
 and abdomen pale yellowish. Inside of ears whitish, with a brown 
 spot on the outer side. Horns conical, rather elongate, obscure 
 annulated, slightly recurved. 
 
 Antilope (Cephalophus) Grimmia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 266. 
 
86 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; 
 
 List Osteol B. M. 56; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9; Proc.Zool 
 
 Soc. 1850, 123. 
 Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3. 
 
 Var. 1. Sides paler, greyish red; forehead rough. 
 
 Le Grimme (Antilope Grimmia), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. , 
 
 not good (not separate head). 
 Cephalophus rufilatus var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1850, 124. 
 Hob. Sierra Leone. 
 
 Two females, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 ? Grimme, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3. 
 
 * Skull. West Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 *Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey, 
 with a blackish tip. 
 
 M. F. Cuvier's (Mamm. Lithog. t. ) figure is the pale variety, 
 which Mr. Whitfield regards as distinct; he says it is called 
 Grimme by the natives : the separate head of Cuvier's plate ap- 
 pears to have been taken from the Guevei. 
 
 ***** Knees not tufted. Ears moderate, rounded. Head with a 
 pale streak on each side over the eyes to the base of the horns. 
 Horns short, thick, conical. Guevei. 
 
 14. CEPHALOPHUS MAXWELLII. The GUEVEI. 
 
 Grey brown or sooty black. Sides of the head and body greyer. 
 Chin, throat, chest and belly whitish grey. Abdomen and front 
 of thighs white. Feet and end of nose rather darker. Fur rather 
 rigid. Hair uniform. Broad streak over each eye to the base of 
 the horns yellowish white. 
 
 Antilope (Cephalophus) Maxwellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 852; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 637. 
 
 Cervicapra Cephalophus Maxwellii, Gervais. 
 Cephalophus Maxwellii, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 166; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 11. 
 
 Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18 ? 
 Cephalophorus cseruleus, part., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 Guevei, Buffon, H. N. 
 
 Guevei (Antilope pygmea), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., good. 
 La Grimme (separate head), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Antilope Fredericei, Laur. 
 
MAMMALIA. 8? 
 
 Sylvicapra Frederic!, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 133. 
 
 A. monticola var., Thunb. Stockh. N. H. xxxii. 
 
 Antilope Philantomba, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 121; 1839, 27. 
 
 Chevrotain du Senegal, Buffon, H. N. xii. 315. t. 43. f. 2, horns. 
 
 Petite bisches, Adans. Seneg. 114. 
 
 Royal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 28 ; Quad. i. 82. 
 
 Pygmy Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 326. t. 188. 
 
 Guevei, Guinea. 
 
 Hab. West Africa ; Senegal ; Gambia. 
 
 Males (horns large). W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Half-grown, bright. Sierra Leone. Presented by Col. Edward 
 Sabine, R.E. 
 
 A. Maxwellii, H, Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 852? 
 Cephalophorus cseruleus, part., Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 
 15. CEPHALOPHUS PYGMEA. The NOUMETZI or CAPE 
 GUEVEI. 
 
 Grey brown. Streak over the eye, legs, and outer part of 
 thighs, rufous. Feet grey brown. Chin, chest, abdomen and 
 under side of tail, and inside of ears, white. Fur soft, grey, with 
 intermixed rather rigid black hairs. 
 
 Antilope monticola, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 315, 1811 ; 
 
 Stockh. N. H. xxii. t. 5, 1811. 
 Antilope Cephalophus caerulea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 853; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 637 ; Harris, Wild Anim. Afr. t. 26. 
 Blauwbokje, Dutch at Cape of Good Hope-, Daniel, Scenery S. 
 
 Africa, t. 
 Antilope (Cephalophus) perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854 ; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 637. 
 
 Cephalophorus cseruleus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 Capra pygmea, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 
 Antilope pygmea, Schreb. Saugth. 1237. t. 260 B. 
 A. Gazella pygmea, part., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178; Saugth. 
 
 t. 16, not Pallas-, Desm. Mam. 465; Fischer, Syn. 469. 638. 
 A. Cephalophus pygmea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 856. 
 A. Cervicapra pygmea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Tragulus pygmeus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138. 
 Sylvicapra pygmea, Sundevall, Pecora, 66. 122. 
 ? Antilope minuta, Forster, MSS. 
 Cephalophus monticolus, Gray, List Skelet. B. M. 57. 
 Tragelaphus pygmeus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 Cervus juvencus perpusillus, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 5. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 A male. South Africa. 
 
 A young male, brighter. South Africa. From M. Verreaux' 
 Collection. 
 
 A female (one horn deficient), larger. South Africa. 
 
 ANAT. Skeleton. 
 
 16. CEPHALOPHUS MELANORHEUS. The BLACK-RUMPED 
 GUEVEI. 
 
 Grey brown. Throat and sides paler. Rump and upper part 
 of tail black. Chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of 
 thighs, and under part of tail, white. Narrow streak over the 
 eyes whitish. Feet like back. Fur soft, pale grey, with inter- 
 mixed rather rigid black hairs. 
 
 Cephalophus melanorheus, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1846, 
 166; Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10; Sundevall, Pecora, 134. 
 
 Cephalophorus Philantomba (The Guevi), Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 
 163, not H. Smith. 
 
 Hab. Fernando Po. 
 
 Male and two females. Fernando Po. Presented by Thomas 
 Thomson, Esq., R.N. 
 
 Note. Antilope (Cephalophus) Philantomba, H. Smith, G.A. 
 K. v. 855 ; Fischer, Syn. 637 appears to be a doubtful species. 
 
 17- CEPHALOPHUS PUNCTULATUS. The GRISLED GUEVEI. 
 
 Dark fulvous brown ; sides and legs rather paler. Narrow 
 streak over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown. Chin, throat, 
 chest, belly, front of thighs, and under part of tail, white. Hair 
 grey at the base, with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings. 
 Crown and upper part of tail darker. Feet pale varied. 
 
 Cephalophus punctulatus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 166 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. t. 11. f. 1; not t. 8. f. 1, as quoted. 
 Hab. Sierra Leone. 
 
 A young specimen (female?). Sierra Leone. Presented by 
 Capt. Sabine. 
 
 18. CEPHALOPHUS WHITFIELDII. The WHITE-FOOTED 
 GUEVEI. 
 
 Yellowish ash. Shoulders, outside of limbs, and hinder part 
 of back, rather darker. Ears and crown pale yellowish brown. 
 Streak over the eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the limbs, 
 and ring round the feet above the hoofs, ashy white. Hair ashy 
 grey ; of the back brown at the end, with a yellow tip. 
 
MAMMALIA. 89 
 
 Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2. 
 Hab. W. Africa; Gambia. 
 
 A young specimen. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 8. Crumen none, no glandular streak on face. Muffle large, moist. 
 Crown smooth. 
 
 16. NANOTRAGUS. 
 
 Horns very short, conical. Crown not crested. Ears small, 
 rounded. Tear-bag none. Legs slender. Tail subpectinate. 
 Hoofs small, triangular. False hoofs none. 
 
 Antilope subgen. Spinigera, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178, 1842, 
 
 not described. 
 Nanotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 67. 134 ; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. 
 
 N. H. 1846, 231 ; Knowsley Menag. 12. 
 Neotragus, sp., Wagner. 
 
 Cephalophorus, sp. ?, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 Tragulus, sp., Klein, Quad. 22; Brisson, R. A. i. 65; not Gray, 
 
 Ant. spinigera. 
 Antilope, sp., Pallas. 
 Capra, sp., Linn. 
 
 Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 92, 1766; Erxleb. 1788. 
 Neotragus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. 
 
 1. NANOTRAGUS PERPUSILLUS. The ROYAL ANTELOPE. 
 Fulvous. Throat, belly, edge of thigh and tip of tail, white. 
 
 Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Adolph. Fred. i. 12, fide spec. Linn. 
 Cervus Guinensis, Linn. Mus. Adolph. 12; 8. N. (from Seba, 
 
 t. 45. f. 1). 
 
 Cervus stylocerus Guinensis, Lesson, Mamm. x. 276. 
 Cephalophorus? pygmeus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 163. 
 Antilope regia, Erocleb. Syst. 278, from Buffon. 
 Antilope spinigera, Temm. Menag. Mamm. i. xxx. 1827 ; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 469 ; Wagner, Sup. 457. 
 Nanotragus regius, Sundevall, Pecora, 67 ; Gray, Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 12. 
 
 Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18, from Buffon. 
 Nanotragus spiniger, Sundevall, Pecora, 67, 121. 
 Moschus pygmeus, Linn. S. N. i. 92 (see Sundevall, Pecora 
 
 116); Schreb. Saugth. 956. t. 244. 
 Antilope Gazella pygmea, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 178. 
 Tragulus Guinensis, Brisson, from Seba, t. 45. f. 1; Klein. 
 Cerva parvula africana, &c., Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 1-3 A, B. 
 
90 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Hinnulus s. Cervus pergracilis, Seba, Thes. i. 70. t. 43. f. 2. 
 
 Cervus africanus pilo rubro, Seba, Thes. i. 73. t. 45. f. 1. 
 
 ? Klein Hirschen, &c., Mus. Bareuth. 5. t. 5. 
 
 Chevrotain d'Afrique, Bufon, H. N. xii. 310-341. t. 42. f. 2, 
 
 horn, f. 3-6, feet. 
 Royal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 
 Guinea Musk, Penn. Syn. 59 ; Quad. i. 127- 
 Pygmy Musk, Shaw, Zool. ii. 254. 
 
 Antilope (Spinigera) spinigera, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178. 
 Hob. W. Africa; Guinea. 
 
 A young specimen, stuffed, formerly in spirits, discoloured. 
 W. Africa; Guinea. 
 
 17. PELEA. 
 
 Horns conical, erect, slender, scarcely diverging, bent for- 
 ward at the tip. Face narrow, elongate. Nose swollen. Muffle 
 large, extended far behind the nostrils. Crumen none. Fur soft, 
 woolly. Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores di- 
 stinct. Teats four. 
 
 Hob. Africa. 
 
 Eleotragus, 1. Pelea, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 126. 
 
 Tragelaphus, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 Eleotragus, sp., Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Turner, 
 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848. 
 A. Gazella, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 247, 1814. 
 
 1. PELEA CAPREOLA. The REHBOCK or PEELE. 
 
 Head slender, compressed. Temple-spot none. Horns erect, 
 scarcely diverging, very slender. Fur short, soft, woolly, grey 
 brown. Back redder. Throat and beneath whiter. End of nose 
 and chin blackish. Feet darker. 
 
 Antilope (Gazella) Capreolus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 147, 1814; 
 
 Saugth. t.8; Thunb. Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 25?, 1816; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1230; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 312; Harris, 
 
 W. A. Africa, t. 28. f. 1 ; Desm. Mam. 461 ; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 467. 
 Eleotragus (Pelea) Capreolus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 
 
 232; Knowsley Menag. t. 12; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 126. 
 Antilope lanata, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 445. t. 
 Antilope villosa, Burchell, Travels, ii. 302, 1822. 
 A. redunca villosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 835. 
 Rehbock, Dutch; Sparrm. Reise, 517. 
 Eleotragus villosus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 165. 
 
MAMMALIA, 91 
 
 Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 57. 
 Tragelaphus Capreolus, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 181. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 Male. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 Female. S. Africa. 
 Young. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 Head and horns. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell. 
 
 18. ELEOTRAGUS. 
 
 Horns conical, thick, diverging, bent back and then bent for- 
 wards at the tip. Face broad. Nose not swollen. Muffle rather 
 large. Crumen none. Fur harsh, of back more or less whorled. 
 Hoofs and false hoofs rather large. Inguinal pores distinct. 
 Teats four. Skull : " Nasal opening rather lengthened, the nasal 
 processes of the intermaxillary bones long, yet not always reach- 
 ing the nasal bones ; a large infraorbital fissure, but no fossa ; 
 the masseteric ridge ascending rather high ; the auditory bulla 
 large and swollen ; the basioccipital bone with its median groove 
 and tubercles well developed ; the median incisors expanded at 
 their summits ; a well- developed supplemental lobe in the first 
 true molar of each jaw, and usually more or less appearance of 
 it in those behind." Turner. 
 
 Hab. Africa, in marshy places. 
 
 Redunca, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 1827 ; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 624. 
 Eleotragus 1, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 12. 
 
 Eleotragus, sp., Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Cervicapra, sp., Blainville, Butt. Soc. Phil. 1816. 
 Cervicapra, a and /3, Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 
 Cervicapra b. Redunca, sp., Gervais, Supp. D. S. N. i. 261, 
 
 1840. 
 
 Nagor, Laurillard. 
 Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836. 
 
 f Fur grisled, harsh, straight, with a subterminal pale band, 
 and often whorled. Head broad. Temple with a naked spot. 
 Muffle large, flat, extending behind the nostrils. S. Africa. 
 
 1. ELEOTRAGUS ARUNDINACEUS. INGHALLA or RIETBOCK. 
 
 Head broad. Temple-spot naked. Horns divergent, conical, 
 
 tapering. Fur brown yellow, grisled. Hair pale brown, with a 
 
92 MAMMALIA. 
 
 subterminal yellow band. Cheeks and neck yellower. Base of 
 ears, chest, belly, inside of the legs, and under side of the bushy 
 tail, white. Front of legs black. Hair of back forms a round 
 or elongate whorl. 
 
 Antilope arundinacea, Shaw, Zool. ii. 347 . t. 193, lower fig.; 
 
 Bechst. 
 
 Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. Saugth. 1225. t. 266. 
 A. gazella Eleotragus, Licht. Bert. Mag. vi. 173; Saugth. t. 9; 
 
 Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 314; Desm. Mam. 459; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 465. 633. 
 A. redunca Eleotragus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 832 ; Harris, W. 
 
 A. Africa, t. 26. 
 
 A. Cervicapra Eleotragus, Blainv. B. S. Phil 1816, 75. 
 Eleotragus arundinacea, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57- 
 Antilope redunca, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 833. 
 Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165. 
 Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 12; P. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127; Turner, P. 
 
 Z. S. 1848. 
 
 Antilope cinerea, Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1815. 
 Ritbock, Allam. Buff. H. N. Supp. v. 34. t. 13, 14 ; vi. t. 31, 32 ; 
 
 Penn. Quad. i. 81. 
 
 Redunca Eleotragus, Euppell, Verz. Senck. 182, 1845. 
 Cinereous Antelope, Penn. Syn. 86. 
 9 Antilope Lalandia, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. i. 445. 
 Antilope Lalandiana, Desmar. Mam. 462. 
 Antilope Lalandii, Fischer, Syn. 467. 
 Hab. South Africa; Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Female (hair in the front of the dorsal line twisted, face rather 
 darker). S. Africa. 
 
 Female (hair of the dorsal line to the loins twisted). S. 
 Africa. 
 
 Male and female, adult, stuffed. S. Africa. 
 
 Skull. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 * Skull, female. South Africa. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Two skulls. S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Var. 1. Larger. 
 
 Antilope Isabellina, Afzel. Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 244, 1815; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 27 ; Licht. Saugth. t. 10. 
 A. redunca Isabellina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 832. 
 
MAMMALIA. 93 
 
 Cervicapra Isabellina, Sundevall, Pecora, 70. 
 
 Antilope Eleotragus y. Isabellina, Fischer, Syn. 435. 465. 
 
 Var. 2. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the head 
 behind the ears; female. Gray in Knowsley Menag. 13. 
 
 Afzelius, Lichtenstein, H. Smith and Sundevall have described 
 two species of this genus as coming from South Africa; the 1 
 smaller they call A. Eleotragus, and the larger A. Isabellina. 
 The latter author has given a comparative character between the 
 two kinds, but he has only seen two specimens of the former (a 
 male at Berlin and a female at Stockholm), and several speci- 
 mens of the larger kind. I have examined with care a series 
 consisting of four males and five females from different parts of 
 South Africa, and can find no distinction between them, except 
 a slight difference in the length of the fur and in its colour. Two 
 specimens in the British Museum are larger than the rest, and 
 have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others ; they have a 
 shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front of 
 the leg is blacker ; but the fur and colour probably depend on 
 the season when they were killed. In these respects they agree 
 with Sundevall's description of A. Isabellina, but they both have 
 the temporal spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall 
 described the spot on this species as pubescent. The female 
 of the larger specimen has the black spot on the back of the 
 head; some of the smaller ones have the temple-spot much 
 smaller and less naked than the others. The two larger speci- 
 mens have a single whorl of hair in the middle of the back ; the 
 others, with longer hair, show the whorls more distinctly, and 
 have the hair from the central whorls to the shoulders forming a 
 more or less diverging line. After examining these specimens 
 and those in other colfections, I conclude that they form only a 
 single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received, observes, 
 " Mr. Wahlberg considers A. Isabellina and A. Eleotragus as 
 very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference, 
 though not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mis- 
 take, for the young female described in my Synopsis as y. under 
 A. Isabellina\$ really A. Eleotragus." 
 
 Riet or Reed Bok (Eleotragus) lives in reedy marshes, and in 
 the grass of damp flats, in which it lies close until actually put 
 up by the hunter or his dogs, and even then rarely running be- 
 yond musket range ; hence it has been nearly exterminated near 
 the colony. 
 
 The Rooye Rhee Bok inhabits the rugged slopes of high moun- 
 tains, and the summits of those of less elevation, from the east- 
 ern district of the Cape colony to the Tropic of Capricorn, living 
 in small herds. Andrew Smith. 
 
94 MAMMALIA. 
 
 tf Fur not grisled. Hair grey, yellow tipped. Head broad. 
 Muffle small, scarcely extending beyond the nostril behind. 
 Tail only slightly bushy. N. and W. Africa. 
 
 2. ELEOTRAGUS REDUNCUS. The WONTO or NAGOR. 
 
 Head broad. Horns conical, thick at the base, diverging. 
 Fulvous brown, rather pale on the sides. Hair soft, grey, yellow 
 tipped, all in regular order. Chin, throat, spot under the ear and 
 over the eye, inside of limbs, under side of tail and lower side 
 of the body, white. Front of legs sometimes blackish. 
 
 Antilope redunca, Pallas, Spic. i. 8 (horn Buffon, Nagor, xii. 13); 
 
 Gmelin, S. N. i. 184. 
 A. vera redunca, Licht. Eerl. Mag. vi. 170; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1200. t. 265. 
 A. Cervicapra redunca, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 458 ; Fischer, Syn. 464. 631 ; Ruppell, Abyss, t. 7, good. 
 A. rufa, Afzelius, Act. Holm. 1815, 250, from Buffon. 
 Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 127 ; Knows- 
 
 ley Menag. 13. t. 13. 
 Antilope reversa, Pallas, Misc. 5. 
 
 Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. 
 Eleotragus isabellinus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 165. 
 Nagor, Buffon, H. N. xii. 326. t. 46? cop. E. M. t. 51. f. 2. 
 Redunca Nagor, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. 
 Red Antelope, Penn. Syn. 30 ; Quad. i. 86 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 360. 
 9 Oureby, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Hob. W.Africa; Senegal; Gambia; called Wonto. 
 
 Var. 1. Larger, brighter coloured. 
 
 Antilope Bohor, Ruppell, Faun. Abyss, t. 7 ; Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 Eleotragus reduncus var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 13; Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1849, 128. 
 
 Redunca Bohor, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml 182, 1845. 
 Hob. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. 
 
 A male. W. Africa. 
 
 A male. W. Africa ; Gambia. 
 
 A fawn. W. Africa ; Gambia. 
 
 Pallas and Afzelius's account of this species is derived from 
 Buffon' s description ; both he and Adanson (Hist. Nat. xii. 326) 
 say that it is " all pale red," and Buffon further observes that it 
 has not the white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not 
 agree with our animal, which is white in several parts, but cer- 
 tainly not so white as the Gazelle, and has black on the legs ; 
 but as yet no other animal has been brought from West Africa 
 which better agrees with their account or figure. 
 
MAMMALIA. 95 
 
 M. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nagor of Senegal 
 and the Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Museum, as di- 
 stinct, the former having the hair of the back whorled, the fore- 
 leg with a dark stripe, and the latter having the hair not whorled 
 and the legs pale. Our specimens, from Gambia, have the hair 
 not whorled, and more or less distinct streaks on the fore-legs ; 
 hence I am inclined to believe the Nagor and the Bohor to be 
 alike. Sundevall' s animal may be the Kob, but that has only 
 one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly cervine muffle, and 
 the end of the tail black. 
 
 When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor, 
 from Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of "A. redunca" 
 from Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the 
 horns more slender ; the female was darker and browner than 
 the male ; both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus 
 than the specimen of A. redunca in the same Museum. 
 
 Note. Antilope fulvo-rufula, Afzel. N. Act. Upsal. vii. 289 ; 
 A. Eleotragus var. fulvo-rufula, Fischer, Syn. 465; Ritbock 
 var., Allam. Buffon H. N. Supp. v. 34; Braunroth Antelope, 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1226 is a very doubtful species, if not the 
 same as the former. 
 
 RAPHICERUS. 
 
 Raphicerus (acuticornis), H . Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 842, 1822 ; 
 Fischer, Syn. ii. 624. 
 
 Is a very doubtful genus. Colonel Hamilton Smith formed it 
 for two pairs of horns on part of the frontal bones in the College 
 of Surgeons, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R. sub- 
 ulata (Griffith, A. K. 1. 181. f. 2. 1). The figures are not suffi- 
 cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of 
 the same species differ greatly in individuals of the same species, 
 and during the growth of the same specimen. R. acuticornis 
 may be the horns of the Duyker Boc, Ceph. Grimmia ? 
 
 1. Antilope Cervicapra acuticornis, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 
 
 75-78; Journ. Phys. 1818, t. . f. ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. 
 
 f. 3. 
 A. Raphicerus acuticornis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 198. t., 
 
 v. 842; Desm. Mam. 460; Fischer, Syn. 466. 633. 
 Cephalophus Grimmia? 
 Hab. . Skull Mus. Coll. Surg. 
 
 2. Antilope (Raphicerus) subulata, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. 
 
 1. 181. f. 1, 2, skull; v. 843; Fischer, Syn. 633. 
 Hab. . Skull. 
 
96 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cervine Antelopes. Body rather heavy. Tail elongated, with 
 short hair at the base, and a tuft of longer hair at the tip. 
 Horns elongate. Generally of a large size. 
 
 Cervine Antelopes (Antilopese Cervinae), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool Soc. 1849, 
 128. 
 
 a. Neck not maned. 
 
 19. ADENOTA. 
 
 Muffle cervine, cordate, moderate. Nose hairy between and 
 over the nostrils. Horns sublyrate, ringed ; when young recurved. 
 Tear-bag none, or covered by a tuft of hair. Hair of back 
 whorled, of dorsal line and back of head reversed. Tail elon- 
 gate, hairy. 
 
 A. Gazella, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 
 Antilope (Antilope), sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. v. ; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 624. 
 Adenota, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14, 1849; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 129. 
 
 This genus is very like Eleotragus, but has a smaller, more 
 cervine muzzle and lyrated horns ; it differs from Kobus in the 
 form of the tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having 
 a tuft of hair in the front of the orbit. 
 
 * Horns short. Tail short, hairy. 
 
 1. ADENOTA KOB. The ^EQUITOON. 
 
 Pale brown. End of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside 
 of legs and thighs, tip of tail, end band above hoofs, white. 
 Front of fore and hind legs, and end of ears and tail, black. 
 Hair of dorsal line reversed, with a whorl on the shoulder and 
 loins. 
 
 Antilope Kob, Erxl. Syst. 293, from Buffon ; Desm. Mamm. 457; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 463; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836. 
 A. Gazella Kob, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 A. Antilope adenota, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 224. t. 184, t. 183. 
 
 f. 3, 4, horns? v. 828; Fischer, Syn. 626, not Syn. 
 Antilope defassa jun., Ruppell. 
 Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 1, skull. 
 Gambian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 39; Shaw, Zool. ii. 338, from 
 
 Buffon. 
 Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. , 
 
 from Buffon. 
 
MAMMALIA. 97 
 
 Antilope annulipes, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, x. 267- 
 
 Antelope Kob, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 103. 
 
 Adenota Kob, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14. 1. 14, 15; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1849, 129. 
 
 Petit Vache brune, Adanson, MSS. 
 Kob, Mandingoes. 
 ^Equitoon, loliffs. 
 Hab. West Africa ; Gambia. 
 
 Far.? Hair longer; sides of face whitish. A female. 
 Kolus Sing-Sing, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159 (not Bennett). 
 Adenota Kob, var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 14; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 129. 
 
 Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. fig. 
 Hab. E. Africa. 
 
 Female. E. Africa. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. (Fi- 
 gured by Mr. Ogilby in the Penny Ency. as A. Koba.) 
 
 Half-grown male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Female and young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, male. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Skull, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Kob, Daub. H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1. 
 
 Mr. Gray observes, " A fine pair has been at Knowsley some 
 years. Thinking them new, I described them as A. annulipes. 
 Mr. Ogilby has called it the Nagor, but it is scarcely the Nagor 
 of Buffon. An adult male noticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kob is 
 now in the Museum of the Zoological Society ; its horns, like 
 the male at Knowsley, are much worn down. They whistle like a 
 stag. 
 
 " Buffon (H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with 
 horns, brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of 
 Kob, which is also called the Petit Vache brune. Erxleben gave 
 this figure the name of A . Kob, and Pennant called it the Gam- 
 bian Antelope, Syn. i. 39. The figures somewhat resemble the 
 head of a half-grown male of this species, but the horns are 
 longer, and have more rings than the specimen in the British 
 Museum; but I am inclined to agree with Mr. Ogilby in be- 
 lieving that it was intended for this species. In the Jardin des 
 Plantes they called the Sing- Sing the Kob of Senegal; this may 
 be a mistake for the Koba. I may remark that the horns of the 
 Koba in the same plate of Buffon are represented with more 
 rings than are mentioned in the description. 
 
 " Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and 
 female specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures 
 
 E 
 
98 MAMMALIA. 
 
 the male and its skull and horns under the name of A . adenota, 
 which well agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distri- 
 bution of its hair ; hence its name : but he says, it has ( a long 
 open suborbital slit, and small black brushes on the knees ;' but 
 this I suspect must be a mistake, as he himself observes that no 
 lacrymal cavity was found in the skull. He might have mistaken 
 the tuft of hair for the gland at the distance at which he saw the 
 specimens. He also (G. A. K. iv. 221) described a specimen 
 which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded as the Gambian 
 Antelope of Pennant, and calls A. forfex. His characters agree 
 in most particulars with this species, but he says it had ' a long 
 lacrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.' If there 
 was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both 
 these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any 
 which agreed with them. 
 
 " The young male in the British Museum shows the develop- 
 ment of the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the 
 growing horn fall off in large thick flakes as the horn increases 
 in size beneath : this explains how the extent of the smooth ta- 
 pering part of the horns increases in length as the horn grows, 
 and how the number of rings are found to be nearly the same in 
 the various ages, and different individuals of the various species. 
 Mr. Whitfield informs me that the scrotum is rarely developed 
 or dependent externally in different kinds of Antelopes before 
 they have completed their first year." 
 
 The Antilope (Antilope) forfex, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 
 221, v. 827; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 627 ; which has been compared 
 with this species, is perhaps a young Gazella. 
 
 ** Horns elongate, recurved at the tip. Tail slender, tufted at 
 the end. 
 
 2. ADENOTA LECHEE. The LECHEE. 
 
 Pale brown. Orbit and lower part of body whitish. Front of 
 legs dark brown. Horns elongated, strongly nodose in front. 
 Withers with a small roundish whorl of hair. 
 
 Lechee, Qswell, Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xx. 150, 1850. 
 Eleotragus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848. 
 Kobus Lechee, Knowsley Menag. 23, 1849. 
 Adenota Lechee, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. 
 Hab. South Africa ; banks of river Zouga, lat. 22 S. 
 
 A male. S. Africa; banks of the river Zouga, lat. 21. Pre- 
 sented by Capt. Frank Vardon, Madras Army. 
 
 This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns 
 
MAMMALIA. 99 
 
 are very like those of that animal; the neck is covered with 
 short adpressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane. 
 
 b. Neck maned on the sides. 
 
 20. KOBUS. 
 
 Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forwards at the 
 tip. Muffle cervine. Tear-bag none. Inguinal pores none. Hair 
 rough, elongate. Neck covered with longer diverging and droop- 
 ing hair. Tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides 
 and below. Females hornless. Teats 4. 
 
 Kobus, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. ; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 H. 1 846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 15 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. 
 Kolus, A. Smith, III. Zool. S. Africa-, Gray. 
 Cervicapra, sp., Sundevall. 
 Eleotragus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848. 
 J3gocerus, sp., Harris, Wild Animals Africa ; Lesson. 
 (Egocerus, sp., et Neotragus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178. 
 
 1. KOBUS ELLIPSIPRYMNUS. PnoTOMOK or WATER BUCK. 
 
 Brownish. Rump with a whitish elliptical ring near the base 
 of the tail. Horns converging at the tip. 
 
 Antilope ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1833, 47 ; Harris, W. 
 
 Anim. Africa, t. 14. 
 
 Kolus ellipsiprymnos, A. Smith, Illust, Zool. S. A. t. 28, 29. 
 Kolus ellipsiprymnus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 159. 
 Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Gray, Ann. <^ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 15; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 130. 
 A. (Egocerus ellipsiprymnus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 179. 
 Antilope Kemas?, H." Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 1. 181. f. 6, horns. 
 Hob. South Africa. 
 
 Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. 
 Female. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull and horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 The Water Buck lives in small herds on the banks of rivers, 
 and has not occurred south of 26. It is very timid, rushing into 
 and crossing rapid rivers when alarmed. The flesh is not esteemed 
 as food, having a rank, pungent smell, but the taste is less so. 
 
 2. KOBUS SING-SING. The SING-SING. 
 
 Rump without any pale ring. Reddish or yellowish grey 
 
 E2 
 
100 MAMMALIA. 
 
 brown, rather greyer on the shoulders. Nose, lips, hinder parts 
 of the thighs, under the neck, from the ears to the gullet, 
 a streak over each eye, and ring above the hoofs and false hoofs, 
 white. Belly and legs blacker. End of tail and legs, from 
 shoulder to hough, black. Females greyer. Belly and upper part 
 of legs paler. 
 
 Antilope Sing-Sing, Bennett, Rep. Zool. Soc. ; Waterhouse, Cat. 
 
 Zpol. Soc. Mus. 41. n. 378. 
 Antilope defassa, Ruppell, Faun. Abyss, t. 3. 
 Redunca defassa, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 1822, 1845. 
 Antilope unctuosa, Laurillard, D'Orb. Diet. Univ. H. N. i. 
 
 t. 622 <?, good. 
 
 A. Neotragus unctuosa, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 178, 1842. 
 Antilope Koba, Ogilby, Penny Ency. ii. 79 f. $; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1836, not Erxl 
 ?Koba, Buffon, H. N. xii. 210. 267. t. 32. f. 2, horn? (more 
 
 probably Damalis py gar gal). 
 ? Senegal Antelope (part.), Pennant, Syn. 38, part, from Buffon 
 
 only. 
 Hab.' W.Africa. 
 
 Female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Male, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skeleton, male, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Skull, female, adult. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Skull, female, young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in 
 the length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they 
 are covered with very short, elosely pressed fur, letting the skin 
 be seen between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England, 
 the fur is longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and 
 neck is long and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young ani- 
 mals. The tail of the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly 
 bald, ending in a tuft of black hair ; in the young specimens, 
 especially in the winter fur, the base of the tail is fringed with 
 hair on each side. The male is much brighter-coloured, and the 
 chest and belly are nearly black, like the legs. The hinder parts 
 of the rump of the young animals are greyish white ; in the older 
 specimens it becomes pure white and broader in extent. 
 
 This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do 
 not think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless 
 they have one of the Sing-Sings accompanying them, as some 
 persons think a Goat necessary to be in a stable in England. 
 The English on the Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its ap- 
 
MAMMALIA. 101 
 
 pearance, and it is called Koba and Kassimause by the negroes 
 at Macarthy's Island. Its flesh is very strong, unpleasant, and 
 scarcely palatable. 
 
 As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the 
 adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female 
 in the British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and 
 the adult male in the Paris menageries, are the same species. 
 
 Buffon figured (Hist. Nat. 210, 267. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the 
 name of Koba a pair of horns which were in the library of St. 
 Victor at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved 
 above than those of the Kob, eighteen inches long, and five inches 
 in circumference at the base, and he refers them to an animal 
 which Adanson says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great 
 Brown Cow by the French colonists. Pallas refers these horns 
 to A. Pygargus, and the figures and description agree in many 
 particulars with the horns of that species ; but they are rather 
 longer, and have more rings. Pennant (Syn. Mam. 38) gave 
 the name of Senegal Antelope to Buifon's short account and 
 figure, but has added to it the description and the figure of the 
 head of a skin which came from Amsterdam, and appears to be 
 A. Caama of South Africa. Cuvier (Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 235) only 
 translated Pennant's name to A. Senegalensis. Erxleben (Syn. 
 293) and Zimmerman (Zool. 345) have translated Pennant's de- 
 scription of his skin from Amsterdam of A . Caama, and called it 
 A. Koba, referring to Buifon's description and Daubenton's figure. 
 Fischer, Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koba of 
 Buffon the same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton, 
 but the horns of that species are considerably longer and much 
 thicker at the base than those described by Daubenton, and the 
 annulations of the horns are higher and more regular. It should 
 be remarked that Buffon describes his horns as having eleven or 
 twelve rings, but figures them as having seventeen or eighteen. 
 Mr. Ogilby (Penny Cyclopedia and the Proceedings of the Zoolo- 
 gical Society] considers Buffon's Koba to be the Sing - Sing ; 
 in the length of the horns, and in the number, disposition and 
 form of the rings, his figure more nearly agrees with the horns 
 of that species than of that of the A. Pygarga, to which Pallas 
 first referred it ; but the horns are represented much more lyrated 
 than any horns of the Sing -Sing I have seen ; indeed, not one of 
 the specimens which have come under my observation have had 
 any inclination to assume that form: but as this is the only 
 Western- African species which in any way agrees with Buffon's 
 figure, perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby's suggestion. The 
 name of Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species. 
 Schinz erroneously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope 
 adenota and A.forfex (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species. 
 
102 MAMMALIA. 
 
 c. Nape with an erect, recurved mane. 
 
 21. ^EGOCERUS. 
 
 Horns conical, elongate, recurved, rather compressed, ringed, 
 arising immediately above the orbits. Nape with a linear, erect, 
 reversed mane. Tear- bag covered with a tuft of hair. Female 
 horned. Teats 2. Skull with " a small suborbital fissure, but 
 no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; 
 the auditory bulla moderate ; the occipital portion of the skull 
 much prolonged ; the basioccipital portion widened, its two pairs 
 of tubercles much developed, with a deep groove between them ; 
 the incisors gradually increasing in size to the median pair, which 
 are not expanded at their summits; the molars with largely- 
 developed supplemental lobes." 
 
 ^Egocerus, sp., If. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 1827; Fischer, 
 Syn. 623; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850, not Pallas. 
 
 Aigoceros, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley 
 Menag. 16; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 132. 
 
 Egocerus, Desmar. Mamm. 475. 
 
 Oryx, sp., Blainv. Bull. Sci. Phil. 1816; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 
 139. 
 
 Hippotragus, Sundevall, Pecora, 72. 
 
 Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 159, 1814. 
 
 1. EGOCERUS LEUCOPH^US. The ETAAC or BLAUBOC. 
 Glaucous grey. 
 
 Capra caerulea, Kolbe, Cap. i. 141. 
 
 Antilope Leucophea, Pallas, Misc. 4 ; Spic. Z. i. 6, xii, 1 ; Erxl. 
 
 Syst. 271 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182 ; Schreb. Saugth. i. 183. t. 278. 
 A. Bubalides Leucophea, Licht. Berl. Mag.\i. 159; Thunb. Act. 
 
 Petersb. iii. 314. 
 A. Oryx Leucophea, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 
 
 475. 
 
 A. ^Egocerus Leucophaea, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 510; Fischer, 
 Syn. 480, 646. 
 
 ^Egocerus leucophseus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. Spec. B. M. 58 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Antilope Equina, Geoff. Cat. Mus. Par. in Cuvier R. A. i. 263; 
 
 Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 446. t. . f . . 
 
 B. Oryx Equina, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. Mam. 
 4?6; Desmoulin, Diet. Class. H. N. vi. 446. t., head ; Fischer, 
 Syn. 480, 645. 
 
 A. ^Egocerus Equina, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 177- t., v. 811. 
 Aigocerus Equina, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16. 
 Antilope aurita, Burchell, MSS., fide H. Smith. 
 
MAMMALIA. 103 
 
 Antilope Osanne, I. Geoff. Diet. Sci. Nat. t. 
 
 Antilope glauca, Forster, MSS. 
 
 Oryx Leucophea, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137- 
 
 Blau bock, Licht. Reise, ii. 121. 
 
 Blaue bocke, Kolbe, Vorgeb. 141. 
 
 Blue Antelope, Penn. Syn. 24. fig. head, 29 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 355. 
 
 t. 193. 
 Tzeiran, Buff. H. N. xiii. 271. t. 31. f. 6, horn; Supp. vi. 168. 
 
 t. 20. 
 
 Blauw Bock, Dutch at Cape. 
 Antilope Truteri, Fischer, Syn. 478, 644. 
 Antilope (^Egocerus) barbata, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 813. 
 Capra .ZEthiopica, Schinz ; Cuvier, Thier. i. 403. 
 Bouquetin a criniere d'Afrique, Cuvier, R. A. i. 266. 
 Takhitse, Truter $ Somm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 274. 
 Takhaize, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, xxiv. t. 
 ? Bastard Eland, Licht. Reise, ii. 462. 
 Hob. South Africa. 
 
 Male. Cape of Good Hope. From the South African Museum. 
 
 Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Skull and horns (of female?), horns slender. 
 
 Base of skull and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Horns (separate), short, thick. South Africa. 
 
 Horns, separate. S. Africa. Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Var. ? Docoi or White Mouth, Mandingoes. 
 
 Kob or Koba of the loliffs. 
 
 Vache brune, French in Senegal. 
 
 Aigocerus equinus var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 16. 
 
 Hab. West Africa, Whitfield. 
 
 Two pair of horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 The Docoi is pale reddish brown. Hair pale at base, with a 
 minute black tip. Front of fore-legs and line on centre of tail 
 blackish. Belly and inside of legs white. Face black brown. 
 Crown and temple browner. Nose, lips, eyebrows, tuft of hair 
 before eyes, white. 
 
 The head of the female covered with skin from Macarthy's 
 Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought 
 home, did not appear to differ from the specimen from the 
 Cape in the British Museum. The species does not appear 
 to be uncommon in the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over 
 several pairs of horns. He informs me the flesh is very good 
 venison. " It is called Docoi or White Mouth by the Mandin- 
 
104 MAMM.VLIA. 
 
 goes, Kob and Koba by the loliffs, and Vache brune by the French 
 at Senegal." This is certainly not the Kob of Buffon (xii. t. 32. 
 f. 1, 2). The negroes at the Gambia declare that this animal 
 never bears more than one fawn ; for after that period, the horns 
 increase in length, and enter the loins and destroy the animals ! 
 
 The small variety in the Paris, Upsal and Stockholm Museums, 
 described as A. Leucophaeus by Pallas and Sundevall, which was 
 formerly found at the Cape, but is now said to be extinct, is the 
 size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus. M. Sundevall ob- 
 serves that it is as different from A. Equina, as the species of 
 Eleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another ; and he observes, 
 in a letter I have just received, " I must tell you, that after the in- 
 spection of a whole series of A. Equina, which Wahlberg brought 
 home, I am convinced that the A. leucophcea of Pallas is a very 
 distinct race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult, 
 has much smaller hoofs than the very young A. Equina, male as 
 well as female, amongst Wahlberg's, and the tuft over the la- 
 chrymal sinus, as I have shortly expressed in the printed survey." 
 
 Mr. Gray observes, " When I examined the specimen at Paris, 
 I regarded it as a young or rather dwarf specimen of A. Equina, 
 and the absence of the nuchal crest led to this belief; and I am 
 not satisfied that the number of rings on the horns is a suffi- 
 cient proof of its being adult." 
 
 The Blaubok lives in herds of six to twelve, on the slopes and 
 summits of small hills. They are most abundant north of the 
 Kurrichane. They are exceedingly swift. Their flesh is used as 
 food, but has a rank flavour, and is inferior to most of the 
 South African Antelopes. A. Smith. 
 
 2. -ZEoocERUS NIGER. The BLACK Boc. 
 
 Black. Face white, with a dark streak. Female and young 
 brown. 
 
 Antilope niger, Harris, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 213. t. 29; Gervais, 
 
 Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267. 
 Antilope Harrisii, Harris, Narrative. 
 JSgocerus niger, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158. 
 Aigocerus niger (Sable Antelope), Harris, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, 
 
 2; W. A. S. Africa, t. 23, and head; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. Nat. 
 
 H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menaa. 17; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 
 
 133; Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 A male. S. Africa. Major Harris's Collection. The specimen 
 described by Capt. Harris. 
 
 Male. S. Africa. From M. SundevalPs Collection. 
 Female. S. Africa. From M. SundevalPs Collection. 
 
MAMMALIA. 105 
 
 22. ORYX. 
 
 Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight or 
 slightly arched, placed on a line with the face. Neck maned 
 above and below. Tear-bag none. Nose subcervine. Muffle 
 only margining the nostrils. Hoofs narrow in front ; false 
 
 hoofs large. Female . Teats 2 or 4. Skull: a suborbital 
 
 lissure, but no fossa, the masseteric ridge not extending high ; 
 the auditory bulla large and compressed ; the basioccipital bone 
 with a raised eminence on each side ; molars with supplemental 
 lobes. 
 
 Oryx, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 624; Gray, 
 Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846,232; Knowsley Menag. 17; Turner, 
 P. Z. S. 1848. 
 
 Bubalides, sp., Licht. Eerl. Mag. vi. 155, 1816. 
 
 Oryx, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139. 
 
 A. Oryx, sp., Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816. 
 
 A. Orix, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180, 1842. 
 
 * Horns straight. 
 
 1. ORYX GAZELLA. The KOOKAAM or GEMSBOC. 
 
 Horns straight, shelving backwards. Throat with a bunch of 
 black hairs. Grey. Rump, face, spinal line, lateral streak, and 
 a very broad band on the thigh and cubitus, black in summer. 
 Black streak on the face conjoined under the chin. Young pale 
 brown. Hair blackish at the base. 
 
 Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. i. 96. 
 
 Antilope Oryx, Pallas, Spic. Z. i. 14, xii. 16. 65; Gmelin, S. N. 
 
 i. 189. 
 A. Bubalides Oryx, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 155 ; Reise, ii. 3S ; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1177. t. 257. t. 257 A. f. 1 ; Desm. Mamm. 473. 
 A. Oryx oryx, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 v. 814; Fischer, Syn. 478, 644; Burchell, Trav. ii. 23. 
 Oryx Gazella, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp. 
 
 B. M. 58; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 17. t. 16. f. 2, young; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 124; Turner, 
 
 P.Z. S. 1848. 
 
 A. bezoartica, Pallas, Misc. 8. 
 A. Gazella, Forster, MSS. 56. 
 A. Recticornis, part., Erxl. Syst. 272 ; Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 78 ; 
 
 Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. t. 10. f. 6. 
 Oryx or Gemsbok, Harris, W. A. S. A. t. 9, and head. 
 Oryx capensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139; Harris, W. An. 
 
 "Africa, t. 9. 
 
106 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Oryx, Cuvier, R. A. i. 262. 
 
 Passan, Buff. H. N. xii. 212. 272. t. 33. f. 3; Supp. v. 157. 1. 1/. 
 
 Egyptian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25; Quad. i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 312. t. 183. 
 
 Gems bock, Dutch at the Cape. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 Female, adult. S. Africa. 
 
 Young. Presented by the Zoological Society. 
 
 Adult. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Passan, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 33. 
 
 Single horn. South Africa. 
 
 Horns on base. South Africa. 
 
 Horns on head. South Africa. 
 
 Horns on head. South Africa. 
 
 Skull and horns. S. Africa. Mr. Stevens's Collection. 
 
 The GemsbocJc eat the bulb of the water-root, a liliaceous 
 plant. G. Cumina, Hunter's Life, i. 118. 
 
 2. ORYX BEISA. The BEISA. 
 
 Horns straight. Throat without any bunch of hair. Pale grey. 
 Face, belly and limbs white. Front of face, two streaks on 
 cheek* (not united under the throat), narrow line along throat, 
 dorsal streak, streak on each side of abdomen, band round upper 
 part, and streak in front of lower part, of fore-leg, and end of tail, 
 black. 
 
 Antilope Beisa, Ruppell, Atlas, t. 5. 
 
 Oryx Beisa, Sundevall; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. Z. Soc. 1849, 134. 
 Hab. Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Antilope beisa, Rupp. Faun. Abyss, t. 5. 
 
 The male and female in the Frankfort Museum are smaller 
 than A. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks se- 
 parate; there is a black streak on the throat, as in A. Gazella, 
 but no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of A. 
 Gazella ; the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct, 
 continued behind in a broader dark streak to the middle of the 
 loins. In the male the mane is blackish, in the female like the 
 back. They have no dark mark on the rump, found in A. Ga- 
 zella. 
 
MAMMALIA. 107 
 
 ** Horns arched, recurved. 
 
 3. ORYX LEUCORYX. The ORYX. 
 
 Horns slender, slightly arched, white, reddish varied ; in winter 
 grey. 
 
 Antilope Leucoryx, Pallas, Spic. i. 14; xii. 17. t. 3. f. 1. 61. 
 A. Bubalides leucoryx, Licht. Berl. Mao. vi. 156 ; Akad. Abh. 
 
 1824, 200. t. 1 ; Saugth. t. 1 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190; Schreber, 
 
 Saugth. 1180. t. 256; Ehrenberg, Sym. Phys. t. 3. 
 O. (Oryx) leucoryx, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, /5; Desm. Mamm. 
 
 474. 
 A. Oryx leucoryx, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 815; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 479. 645. 
 
 Antilope Algazella, Ruppell ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 
 Antilope ensicornis, Ehrenb. 
 Oryx leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139. 
 Gazella recticornis, Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xiii. 468. 1. 10. f. 5. 
 Oryx, Plin. Hist. Nat. ii. 40, viii. 55 ; Oppian. Cyneg. iii. ver. 445 ; 
 
 Gesner, Quad. i. 870; Descrip. Egypt, v. 1. 18. f. 9, 10; Bull. 
 
 Soc. Philom. 1816, 80; Oriental Misc. i. 127. 
 Oryx Leucoryx, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 139 ; Gray, List Mamm. 
 
 B. M. 156; Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 56; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 
 
 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 1. 1. 17; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1849, 134; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Antilope Eleotragus, Schreb. t. , not description. 
 Milk-white Antelope, Penn. Syn. 25 ; Quad. i. 76. t. 12. 
 White Antelope, Shaw, Zool. ii. 315. t. 184. 
 El Walrugh el Bukras, Persians. 
 Abu-hard, Jachmur and Yazmur, Arabs. 
 Antilope Gazella, Pallas, Spic. Z. xii. 17; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1182. t. 257 A. f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. 479, 
 
 645. 
 
 A. Oryx Gazella, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 ? Antilope bezoardica, Erxl. Syst. 274 ? 
 A. Bubalides bezoartica, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 158. 
 A. (Oryx) bezoartica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 817. 
 Capra Gazella, Linn. S. N. i. 97? 
 Gazella Indica, Brisson, Reg. A. 67. 
 Gazella, Alpin, Mgypt. 232. t. 14. f. 1. 
 Capra s. Hircus bezoartica, Aldrov. Bisulc. 755 fig. 
 Algazel, Buffon, H. N. xii. 211. t. 33. f. 1, 2; Penn. Quad. i. 77 ; 
 
 Shaw, Zool. ii. 216; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Hab. N. or W. Africa; Nubia; Senaar; Senegal. 
 
 Female. Senaar. 
 Young. Senaar. 
 
108 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 There is no appreciable difference between the Nubian and 
 Senegal specimens. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Algazel, Daub. Euffon H. N. xii. t. 32. f. I, 2. 
 
 Skull and horns. North Africa. 
 
 Single horn of young. North Africa. 
 
 Single horn. North Africa. 
 
 Skull, young. Senaar. 
 
 Note, 
 
 1. Antilope Chora, Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 22. 
 A. (Alcelaphus) Chora, Fischer, Syn. 475. 
 Hab. N.Africa. " Very doubtful ;" Ruppell. 
 
 2. Antilope Dainmah, Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 22. 
 A. (Alcelaphus) Dammah, Fischer, Syn. 475. 
 
 Hab. N.Africa; desert of Haraga. "Very doubtful;" Ruppell. 
 
 d. Throat slightly maned. Nape not maned. 
 
 23. ADDAX. 
 
 Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted, 
 sloping nearly in a line with the face. Forehead with long hair. 
 Neck with a slight gular mane, but no nuchal mane. Nose ovine, 
 hairy. Hoofs semicircular, thin-edged. Tear-bag marked with 
 a tuft of hair. 
 
 Addax, Rafinesq. Anal. Nat, 56, 1815?; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 
 H. 1846, 232; Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Addax, sp., Laurill. 
 
 Oryx, sp., H. Smith; Fischer, Syn. 624. 
 Strepsiceros, sp., Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. 
 Gazella, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 Damalis Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 A. Alcelaphus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 180. 
 
 L ADDAX NASOMACULATUS. The ADDAX. 
 
 White ; forehead and front of face darker ; in winter grey. 
 
 Capra Cervicapra, Linn. S. N., fide Ogilby. 
 
 Antilope Cervicapra, Children, Denham's Travels. 
 
 Antilope Addax, Licht. Berl. Abhand. 1824, 215. t. 2; Saugth. 
 
 t. 2, fern, and young; Ruppell, Zool. Atl. 19. t. 7; F. Cuv. 
 
 Mam. Lithog. 
 
 A. Oryx Addax, H. Smith, G, A. K. iv. 193. t. ; v. 818. 
 A. Alcelaphus Addax, Fischer, Syn. 47 4, 641. 
 
MAMMALIA. 109 
 
 Antilope gibbosa, Savi, Mem. Fig.; Feruss. Butt. Sci. xx. 163. 
 Antilope Gazella mytilopes, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 182. 
 
 t. 183. f. 6, head; v. 821 ; Fischer, Syn. 636. 
 Antilope suturosa, Otto, Nova Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 521 . t. 48 ; 
 
 Griffith A.K.t. 180. 
 
 A. (Alcelaphus) suturosa, Fischer, Syn. 475, 641. 
 Damalis Acronotus suturosa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 350. t. ; 
 
 v. 878. 
 
 Strepsiceros quern Addacem, &c., Plinii H. N. xi. 3?. 
 Strepsiceros addax, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 183. 
 Strepsiceros, Caji, Opusc. 56 ; Gesner, Quad. 323. 
 Addax, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., winter and summer ; Ehren- 
 
 berg, Symb. Phys. t. 4. 
 
 JUNIOR. 
 
 Ant. Gazella nasomaculata (A. Bleue), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 
 
 1816, 75-78. t.; Journ. Phys. t. . f . ; Isis, 1819, t. 12. 
 
 f. 4-7 ; Desm. Mam. 456 ; Fischer, Syn. 462, 630. 
 A. Oryx addax, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 204. t. 210. t. head; 
 
 v. 821, jun. 
 Addax nasomaculatus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; 
 
 Cat. Osteol Spec. B. M. 58; Knowsley Menag. 17; Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1849; Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Orvx nasomaculata, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 156. 
 Antilope (Oryx) Tao, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 816. 
 
 A young female. N. Africa. From Mr. Bullock's Museum. 
 (The specimen described as Antilope mytilopes, H. Smith, 1. 182, 
 and A. nasomaculatus, Blainv.) 
 
 Female and young. N. Africa. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns (not united). North Africa. Presented by Captain 
 Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham. 
 
 * Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 The Caprine Antelopes. Body heavy. Legs and hoofs large. 
 Tail very short, depressed, covered with hair to the base. 
 Horns conical, rarely with a fiat process in front. 
 
 Caprine Antelopes (Antilopese Caprinae), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 
 H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. 18. 
 Goat-like Antelopes, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135. 
 Ovine and Caprine Antelopes, Turner, P. F. S. 1850. 
 
110 MAMMALIA. 
 
 a. Nose cervine, with a moderate muffle. Horns short, inclined, 
 recurved. 
 
 24. CAPRICORNIS. 
 Nemorhgedus, H. Smith; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 
 Horns short, strong, conical, inclined, recurved, arising behind 
 the orbit. Nose cervine. Muffle moderate. Tear-bag and inter- 
 digital pores large. Skull with " no suborbital fissure ; the fossa 
 rounded, shallow, very variable in size, sometimes very minute ; 
 the nasal bones rather short and broad, joining the maxillaries 
 only by the interposition of some imperfect ossifications, or se- 
 parated from them altogether; the masseteric ridge extending 
 high before the orbit ; the auditory bullse very small ; the basi- 
 occipital bone broad, with moderately developed eminences ; the 
 middle incisors slightly expanded at their summits ; the molars 
 without supplemental lobes." 
 
 Hab. Asia. 
 
 Capricornis (Sumatranus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 138; Gray, 
 Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 57; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. ZooL Soc. 1849, 135. 
 
 Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith-, Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848. 
 
 Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115. 
 
 Oryx, sp., Ruppell, Verz. i. 80. 
 
 1. CAPRICORNIS SUMATRENSIS. The CAMBING OUTAN. 
 
 Black. Chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near 
 the withers. Inside of the ears white. Young like adult. 
 
 Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw, ZooL ii. 354; Desm. Mam. 465; 
 Fischer, Syn. 470, 639 ; Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 266 ; F. 
 Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 
 A. Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, H. Smith, G.A. K. iv.277- 1.; v. 861 . 
 
 Antilope Bubalides interscapularis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 115, 
 1814; Schreb. Saugth. 1158. 
 
 Capricornis Sumatrensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139 ; Gray, Cat. 
 Osteol. Sp. B. M. 57 ; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knows- 
 ley Menag. 18 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 135. 
 
 Cambing Outan, Marsd. Sumatr. 93. t. 
 
 Nemorhedus Sumatrensis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166 ; Turner, 
 P. Z. S. 1848. 
 
 Sumatran Antelope, Penn. Quad. ii. 321. 
 
 Oryx Sumatrensis, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. i. 80. 
 
 Hab. Sumatra. Mus. Ley den. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 ? Frontal bone, with horns. 
 
MAMMALIA. Ill 
 
 2. CAPRICORNIS BUBALINA. The THAAR or THAR. 
 
 Grey brown, blackish washed. Crown and dorsal streak black. 
 Thighs and outside of legs rufous. Nose, chin, inside of ears, 
 lower part of mane, and legs below the hocks, whitish. 
 
 Capricornis Thar, Ogilby, Proc. Zool Soc. 1836, 139. 
 Antilope Bubalina, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, ii. 12. 
 Kemas proclivis vel Thar, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 913 ; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 291. 
 Antilope Thar, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, iii. 105; 1834, 99; 
 
 Journ. Asiat. Soc. Eeng. i. 346; iv. 1835, 889. 
 Oryx? Thar, Riippell, Verz. Senck. 180. 
 Nsemorhedus Thar, Hodgson, Proc. Z. Soc. 1834, 36; Journ. A. 
 
 S. B. iv. 1835, 489. 
 Kemas Thar, Hodgson. 
 
 Nsemorhedus proclivis, Hodgson, Zool. Nepal ined. B. M. t. 
 Capricornis bubalina, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 Sp. B. M. 57; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27; Ann. fy Mag. 
 
 N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 135. 
 
 Nemorhsedus Bubalina, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Hab. India; Nepal. 
 
 Male and female. Nepal. 
 
 Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. Nepal. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. Nepal. 
 
 Skull, male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns. Nepal. Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 160. f. 1. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 161. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of head. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 163, 164. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of skull. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187- f. 5, 6. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A head was sent to the United Service Museum by Lieut. - 
 Colonel Childers, of the llth Dragoons, in 1820, under the name 
 of Serow or Imo. " It is not speedy, as might be inferred from 
 its make. Its flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed 
 with poisoned arrows." Hodgson, I. c. 14. 
 
112 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Thar or Suraw inhabits the sub-Himalaya as far north as 
 the forest extends. They are not gregarious, and they rush with 
 fearful precipitancy down the steep mountain. They rut in Fe- 
 bruary or March, gestate eight months, and have one young in 
 September or October. They always have a gall-bladder. Hodg- 
 son, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1835, Sept. 
 
 The Gorals and Thars differ from the Antelope in being stout, 
 clambering animals, but they are not, as some have supposed, 
 allied to the Bovines. Hodgson. 
 
 3. CAPRICORNIS? CRISPA. The JAPANESE GOAT ANTELOPE. 
 
 Fur harsh, crisp, brown or brownish. Sides whitish. Cheeks 
 white. Legs black brown. 
 
 Antilope crispa, Temm. Fauna Japon. t. , 1819. 
 
 Capricornis crispa, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knows- 
 
 ley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 136. 
 Hob. Japan. Mus. Leyden. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Temm. Fauna Japon. t. 
 
 b. Nose ovine, without any muffle. Horns short, conical, recurved, 
 ringed. 
 
 25. NEMORHEDUS. 
 
 Horns short, conical, inclined, recurved, arising from behind 
 the orbits. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none ? 
 Inter digital pores none. Fur short. 
 
 Nemorhedus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 182 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 
 
 1850 ; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 18. 
 
 Kemas (Goral), Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138 (not Lesson). 
 Kemas, sp., Hodgson-, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182, 1842. 
 Damalis, sp., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 Mr. Turner observes, "Although the 'tear-bag' is said to 
 be wanting in the Goral, there is certainly a slight depression 
 upon the lacrymal bone,, and the pore with which the gland opens 
 may be so small in this species as to escape detection in dried 
 specimens." Turner. 
 
 1. NEMORHEDUS GORAL. The GORAL. 
 
 Grey brown, minutely black-dotted. Streak on lower part of 
 neck blackish. Cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white. 
 Front of fore-legs blackish. Feet rufous. Young paler. Dorsal 
 line rather darker. 
 
MAMMALIA. 113 
 
 Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans, xiv. 518. t. 14; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. i. t. 12. f. 2, 3; Fischer, Syn. 471, 639. 
 A. Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 862; Hodgson, J. 
 
 Asiat. Soc. Eeng. i. 346; Proc. Zoo/. Soc. 1833, 105; 1834, 
 
 99. 
 Kemas Goral, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138 ; Hodgson, Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 291. 
 
 Kemas ghoral, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 Bouquetin de Nepaul, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t., copy of Hard- 
 
 wicke. 
 
 Antilope Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Eeng. 1835, 418. 
 Nemorhedus Goral, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 166; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 Sp. B. M. 37 ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 27 ; Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 
 H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 18; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. 
 Suja? et Goomast?, Afghanistan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta. 
 A. Duvaucellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 277, v. 861. 
 A. Sumatrensis /3. Duvaucelli, Fischer, Syn. 639. 
 Damalis Hardwickii, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 Naemorhedus Goural, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. B. iv. 1835, 488. 
 N. Goral vel Hardwickii, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 88 ; 
 
 Journ. Asiat. Soc. B. x. 913. 
 Hab. India; Sub- Himalayas. 
 
 Hunter's skin, without feet. Nepal. Presented by General 
 Hardwicke. 
 
 Male and female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 Male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 Young, half-grown. Nepal. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns (of female ?), very thin, far apart at the base. 
 
 Two skulls of males. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Three imperfect skulls of females. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton, imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. 
 M. t. 157 ; male copied t. 160. f. 2. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 158. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of head of male and female in detail. Hodgson, Icon, 
 ined. B. M. t. 159. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of skull. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 7, 8. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
114 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Goral inhabits the Sub-Himalayas as far towards the snows 
 as the great forest extends, to which exclusively they adhere, 
 living in families of four or six. Breeding amid the crags and 
 rocky recesses : rutting in January : gestate six months : the 
 young born in May or June. 
 
 Note. Antilope Nemorhaedus Duvaucellii, H. Smith, G.A.K. 
 iv. 277> v. 861 ; Antilope Sumatrensis /3 ? Duvaucellii, Fischer, 
 Syn. 639 was described from a drawing sent to Paris by M. 
 Duvaucel without any notes, as were most of his drawings. It 
 is only a badly coloured tracing of a drawing of the Goral in 
 General Hardwicke's Collection. It has no connection with C. 
 Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have referred it. 
 
 In the Bengal Journal, two Antelopes, said to resemble the 
 Goral, are mentioned as found in Affghanistan, one called Suja 
 and the other Goomast. 
 
 26. MAZAMA. 
 
 Horns small, conical, round, nearly erect, slightly inclined 
 backwards, and recurved at the tip, ringed at the base. Nose 
 ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. Fur double ; outer 
 very long, hairy, dependent ; under fur short, woolly. 
 
 Aplocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 1827; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Mazama, Rafinesque; Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 19 ; not H. Smith, nor Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836. 
 Rupicapra, sp., Blainv. Butt. Soc. Phil. 1816. 
 Capra, sp., Desmoulin, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. Ill ; Ogilby, Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1836, 137. 
 Ovis, sp., Ord, Bull. Soc. Phil 1817. 
 Antilocapra, sp., Lesson. 
 
 1. MAZAMA AMERICANA. The MAZAME or SPRING-BUCK. 
 White. Horns and edge of the nostrils black. 
 
 Capra? Columbiana, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 580; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 487. 
 
 Capra Americana, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 268. t. 22. 
 Capra montana, Harlan, Fauna Amer. 
 Capra lanigera aut Americana, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137- 
 Ovis montana, Ord, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817, 175; Journ. de 
 
 Phys. Ixxxv. 333. 
 
 Antilocapra montana, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 A. (Rupicapra) Americana, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 73-80. 
 Antilope lanata (Mountain Sheep Antelope), Bennett, Cat. Mam. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1828, 14 fig., & 1829, 18 fig. 
 
MAMMALIA. 115 
 
 Antilope Americana, Desm. Mam. 478. 
 
 Antilope Aplocerus lanigera, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 38. t. 4 ; 
 
 G. A. K. v. 865. 
 Mazama dorsata, Raftnesque. 
 Mazama sericea, Rajinesque. 
 Antilope (Aplocerus) Mazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 33 ; 
 
 Griffith, A. K. v. 865; Fischer, Syn. 482. 64?. 
 Aplocerus Americanus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Mazama seu Cervus cornutus, Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42. f. 3. 
 Rocky Mountain Sheep, Jameson, Wern. Mem. iii. 306. 
 Hob. N. America; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn. Soc. Mus. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 
 
 27. RUPICAPRA. 
 
 Horns elongate, slender, round, nearly erect from above the 
 orbit, suddenly hooked backward at the tip. Nose ovine, hairy. 
 Muffle none. Fur soft. Skull with " a minute suborbital fissure, 
 but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the 
 orbit ; the auditory bulla very small and compressed ; the basi- 
 occipital bone flat ; the incisors equal-sized, vertical ; the molars 
 without supplemental lobes." Turner. 
 
 Antilope, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. 7-17. 
 
 A. Rupicapra, Erxleb. S. A. 268, 1777; Desm. 1804; Illiger, 
 
 1811. 
 
 Capra, sp., Linn. ed. 6. 14. 1?. 
 Rupicapra, Fleming, Phil. Zool. 198, 1822; H. Smith, Griffith 
 
 A.K.v. 182; Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. 
 Rupicapradae, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 1. RUPICAPRA TRAGUS. The CHAMOISE or GEMS. 
 
 Yellowish brown, with a dark dorsal streak ; in winter blackish. 
 
 Antilope Rupicapra, Pallas, Misc. 4; Spic. i. 7, xii. 12; Gmelin, 
 
 S. N. i. 182. 
 A. (vera) rupicapra, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 171 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1200. t. 279 ; Burchell, Trav. ii. 23 ; Desm. Mam. 477. 
 A. Rupicapra Rupicapra, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 76. 
 A. (Rupicapra) Rupicapra, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 281 1., v. 863; 
 
 Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 249 t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 264 ; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 481, 646. 
 
 A. Rupicapra Persica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 863. 
 Rupicapra pyrenaica, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 863; Bonap. Fauna 
 
 Ital. 
 
 Rupicapra Europsea, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 Rupicapra (hsemulicornis), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
116 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Capra Rupicapra, Linn. S. N. i. 95. 
 
 Rupicapra tragus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 167; Cat. OsteoL 
 
 B. M. 57; Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Rupicapra, Plinii H. N. viii. 53; Gesner, Quad. 321. fig. 329. 
 Rupicapra Tragus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Rupicapra capella, Bonap. Fauna Ital. 
 Tragus seu Dorcas, Klein, Quad. 17. 
 'Ai aypios, Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 338. 
 Chamois, Perrault, Anim. i. 201. t. 29; Buffon, H. N. xii. 136, 
 
 177. t. 16; Penn. Syn. 17; Quad. i. 72; Shaw, Zool. ii. 361. 
 
 t. 187. 
 Gems, Riding Jagdb. Th. t. 12; Kleine, Th. t. 72; Wilde, Thier. 
 
 t. 25; Meyer, Thier. i. t. 66; Lewenwald. Damegraph. 1793; 
 
 Allisser. v. Salins Marschlin Hopfn. Mag. i. 111. 
 Hob. South Europe ; Switzerland ; Pyrenees and Pindarus. 
 
 In summer coat, yellowish. Alps, Europe. 
 
 In change (nose imperfect). Alps, Europe. 
 
 In winter coat, blackish. Alps, Europe. 
 
 Two skins. Mount Pindus. Presented by S. S. Saunders, Esq. 
 
 Young. Alps, Europe. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Chamoise, Daub, in Buffon Hist. Nat. xii. t. 17. 
 
 Two skulls and horns. Alps. Presented by General Hard- 
 wicke. 
 
 Three horns. Alps. 
 
 Skull, with horns. Alps. Presented by John Gould, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton. Alps. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 
 Three pair of horns of different ages. Alps. Presented bv 
 J. E. Gray, Esq. 
 
 I have compared specimens from Switzerland, the Pyrenees 
 and Mont Pilatus, and cannot discover any difference between 
 them. 
 
 28. ANTILOCAPRA. 
 
 Horns erect, arising directly over the orbit, compressed at the 
 base, with a flattened process in front, and ending in a conical 
 recurved tip. Nose ovine, hairy. Muffle none. Tear-bag none. 
 Fur very close. Hair stiff, coarse, flattened, wavy. Tail very 
 short. False hoofs none. Inguinal pores none. Legs rather 
 slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes. Female horned. Skull 
 with " no suborbital depression ; the fissure lengthened ; the 
 nasal bones widest posteriorly ; the orbit a little elevated above 
 the line of the face, and the masseteric ridge not rising before 
 
MAMMALIA. 117 
 
 it ; the auditory bulla moderate, compressed and angular ; the 
 incisors equal-sized, sloping; the molars without supplemental 
 lobes. " Turner. 
 
 Dicranocerus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 623 ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Antilocapra (Americana), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 19. 
 
 Antilopecapra, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 Oreammos, Rafin. 
 
 Mazama, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. 
 Cervus, sp., Blainville. 
 Antilopecapradae or falcicornis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 1. ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA. The CABRIT or PRONG-HORN. 
 Pale brown ; beneath and caudal disk white. 
 
 Antilope (Dicranocerus) furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 28. 
 
 t. 2; Griffith, A. K. iv. 1/0 t., 352 t., v. 808. 
 A. rupicapra furcifer, Desm. Mamm. 479; Fischer, Syn. 481. 
 
 646. 
 Antilocapra furcifer, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. t. 21; Gray, 
 
 List Mamm. B. M. 170. 
 Cervus bifurcatus, Rafinesque. 
 Antilope (Dicranocerus) palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. 31. 
 
 t. 3, horns; Griffith A. K. iv. 352 t., v. 809; Desm. Mamm. 
 
 479; Fischer, Syn. 481. 647; Coulter, P. Z. S. 1826, 121. 
 Antilopecapra furcifer, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 Antilocapra americaiia, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 58 ; Ann. fy 
 
 Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 137. 
 
 Cervus hamatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 73. 
 Antilocapra Americana, Ord fy Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818, 
 
 146 ; Journ. Phys. Ixxxviii. 314. 
 Mazama furcifer, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. 
 Prong-horned Antelope, Lewis * Clark, Travels. 
 Springbock, Anglo-Americans. 
 Cabrit, Canadian Hunters. 
 Kistu-he, IV. Amer. Indians. 
 
 Hob. N. America ; in the plains in summer, and in the moun- 
 tains in winter. Called the Goat. Mexico (Coulter}. 
 
 A fawn, just born. N. America. Presented by Sir John 
 Richardson, M.D. 
 
 Male and female. Rocky Mountains. Presented by the 
 son's Bay Company. 
 
 Male, adult, and young. Rocky Mountains. 
 
118 MAMMALIA. 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 Antilope furcifer, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. t. 2. 
 
 A. palmata, H. Smith, Linn. Trans, xiii. t. 3, horns only. 
 
 * Skull, female. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. 
 
 Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face 
 dark brown, and the horns large, wide-spreading and much 
 hooked at the tip, like the A. palmata of H. Smith (Proc. Zool. 
 Soc. 1826, 121). This is probably only a larger variety in the 
 summer fur. 
 
 II. The Antelopes of the Desert. Nose broad; nostrils subval- 
 vular, and lined with bristles within. 
 
 Antelopes of the Desert (Antilopeae desertorum), Gray, Ann. fy 
 Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 1849, 138. 
 
 Damalidae, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 I am not aware that this division was ever hinted at until pub- 
 lished in the Ann. fy Mag. N. H. for 1846. Mr. Turner observes : 
 " I will now proceed to the ' Antelopes of the Desert' of Mr. Gray, 
 a very well-marked natural group, consisting of two distinct ge- 
 nera, which have usually been widely separated. Mr. Blyth, 
 however, in the translation of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, hints at 
 their affinity, and Mr. Waterhouse informs me that he has long 
 held that opinion. Indeed he has placed the species next each 
 other in the Catalogue of the Society's Museum/' And again : 
 " A. pygargus has usually been placed among the Gazelles, where 
 it was left by Mr. Blyth, who speaks of it as leading f through 
 A. Caama, Bubalis, &c. to the Gnus.' Mr. Waterhouse, who in 
 the Catalogue of the Society's Museum uses the generic name 
 Antilope throughout, places this species between the Gazelles 
 and the others of its natural genus, to which the Gnu follows. 
 Mr. Gray, who had left it with the Gazelles in the List of Mam- 
 malia in the British Museum, has removed it to its true place in 
 his paper in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History." 
 
 The reference to the Catalogue of the Zoological Society's 
 Museum does not justify these observations. In the edition 
 for 1839 I find the species placed in the middle of the genus 
 Antilope, intermixed with other subgenera, thus : 272. A. Dama ; 
 273. A, Pygarga; 274. A. Caama', 275. A. Gnu-, 276. A. Oryx; 
 277. A. leucoryx; 278. A. Sing-Sing (p. 41). 
 
 The only observation I can find in Blyth respecting the sub- 
 ject is as follows: "A. pygargus, which seems to tend through 
 
MAMMALIA. 119 
 
 A. Caama and bubalus, &c., to the Gnus 2 ' (p. 139); but in neither 
 is there the slightest idea of the character which unites them to- 
 gether as a natural group. 
 
 A. Equine Antelopes. Muzzle broad, depressed, spongy, bristly j 
 nostrils large, covered with a large spongy valve. 
 
 Equine Antelopes (Antilopese Equinae), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 
 H. 1846, 232-, Knowsley Menag. 19; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 
 
 138. 
 
 Catoblepas et Damalis (et acronotus), H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 Damalidse, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 
 
 29. CONNOCHETES. 
 
 Horns bent down and outwards on the sides, broad at the 
 base, bent up at the tip. Nose broad, dilated, spongy, bristly. 
 Nostrils large, operculated. Tail elongate, bushy, hairy from the 
 base. Hoofs compressed in front. Intermaxillaries elongate, 
 extending to the nasal, the front half expanded and flattened, 
 the front part much dilated, flattened and sharp edged. Nose- 
 hole rather large. Frontal bone much produced behind. Fe- 
 males : teats 4. Skull : " the general characters the same as in 
 Alcelaphus ; but the depression before the orbit less marked ; 
 the occiput rather less prolonged, and its base, together with the 
 auditory bulla, broader." Turner. 
 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Connochetes, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi., 1814. 
 
 Catoblepas, Plin. ; Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821 ; H. Smith, 
 Griffith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. ii. 625; Gray, Ann. Sf 
 Mag. N. H. 1847, 232; Knowsley Menag. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 
 1850; Cuvier, Reg. Anim. ed. 2. i. 2/4. 
 
 Catablepas, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 
 
 Boselaphus (type), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 75. 
 
 Bos, sp., Forster MSS. 
 
 This genus, which has all the characters of the true Antelopes, 
 
 in the slenderness and proportion of the leg-bones, has been 
 
 placed with the Oxen by Forster, and in the Bovine section by 
 
 Professor Sundevall. Lichtenstein's name has undoubted priority 
 
 of publication. 
 
 a. Nose with a crest of reversed hair. Chest maned. Catoblepas. 
 
 1. CONNOCHETES GNU. The GNU or KOKOON. 
 Nose with a tuft of reversed hair. Chest maned. Brown or 
 
120 MAMMALIA. 
 
 blackish; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or 
 whitish. Young pale fulvous. Nasal, gular and nuchal mane 
 black. 
 
 Antilope Gnou, Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 102; Gmelin, S. N. 
 
 i. 189. 
 A. Connochsetes Gnu, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 165; Reise, ii. 66 ; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1165. t. 280; Cuvier, Diet. S. N. ii. 247. t. ; 
 
 Harris, W. A. Anim. t. 1, and heads; Burchell, Trav. i. 24, 
 
 431, 432, ii. 278 ; Desm. Mam. 472. 
 A. Boselaphus Gnu, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 475, 642. 
 
 A. Capensis, Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 80. 
 Catablepas operculatus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 
 Bos Connochaetes, Forster, MSS. 66. 
 Bos Gnu, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 339. 
 Catoblepas Gnu, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 885; Gray, List Mamm, 
 
 B. M. 154 ; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232. 
 Catoblepas Gnou, Gray, List Osteol. Sp. B. M. 59. 
 Antilope Boselaphus Taurina, Fischer, Syn. 476. 
 Antilope Taurina, Burch. Travels, ii. 277- fig. 
 Antilope Gnu var. grisea, Goldfuss. 
 Catoblepas Taurina, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 886; Gray, List 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 154, not A. Smith. 
 Katoblepas, dElian, Anim. vii. 5 ; Plinii H. N. viii. 39. 
 T'Gnu, Hottentots, Sparrm. K. Svensk. V. Hand. 1779, 76. t. 3. 
 Gnou or Niou, Bujfon, H. N. Supp. vi. 39. t. 8; Cuvier, R. A. 
 
 i. 264 ; Daniel, African Scenery, t. 3. 
 BoschbufFell, Vosmaer, Besch. 1784, t. 
 Gnou Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 70; Shaw, Zool. i. 319; Barrow, 
 
 Travels; Burchell, Trav. 
 
 ?Koknu, Truter fy Somm. Geog. Ephem. 1807, 273. 
 Wildebeest, Dutch at Cape. 
 Kokong, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 S. Africa. Presented by William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Half-grown. S. Africa. 
 
 Young? S. Africa. 
 
 Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum. 
 
 Young. S. Africa. 
 
 Three parts grown. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. Presented by J. 
 Hillier, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
MAMMALIA. 12{ 
 
 Skeleton. S. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 Skull, with horns. S. Africa. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of the head in colours by Rymsdyk, 1775. Bank. 
 Icon. ined. B. M. t. 56. 
 
 Bos Connochsetus. G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. i. 1. 19, 19 a, 
 20-28. 
 
 The Antilope Gnu of Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Harris, 
 " and the Kokong of Lichtenstein," has a white tail and mane. 
 Burchell and H. Smith have given the name of A. taurina to the 
 specimens which have those parts black. When young they are 
 fulvous, and become black as they reach maturity. The speci- 
 men of the Kokoon in the Museum of the London Missionary 
 Society (Blomfield Street, Moorfields), named by Colonel H. 
 Smith Kokoon (Cat. taurina, Griff. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an 
 adult common Gnu, C. Gnu ( Var. mane and tail white ; Kokona, 
 Licht. Trav. Cape), and his description of Dr. Burchell' s speci- 
 men in the British Museum agrees with the Gnu in having the 
 ridge of hair on the face. Indeed, Dr. Burchell (Travels, ii. 278) 
 appears to consider the difference between the Gnu and A. tau- 
 rina, that the former has a white and the latter a black tail. 
 Dr. Andrew Smith (Illust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded the C. tau- 
 rina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall, in his 
 Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the 
 Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu (C. Gorgon, H. Smith). 
 
 b. Nose with smooth hair. Chest not maned. 30. Gorgon. 
 
 2. CONNOCHETES GORGON. The GORGON or BRINDLED GNU. 
 
 Face convex, smooth, covered with hair lying towards the 
 nose. Chest not maned. Black, varied and striped with grey. 
 Half-grown blackish; crown grey. Young dark grey; face, 
 gular and nuchal mane, and end of tail, black. 
 
 Catoblepas Gorgon, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 371. t., v. 887 ; Gray, 
 List Mamm. B. M. 154; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 232; 
 Knowsley Menag. 20. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 13.9. 
 
 Antilope Boselaphi Gorgon, Fischer, Syn. 643. 
 
 Antilope Gnu var., Smut, Mam. Cap. 94. 
 
 Gorgon fasciatus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 
 
 Bastard Wilde Beest, Dutch at Cape. 
 
 Kokoon or Brindled Gnoo, Harris, S. Africa, t. 4, and head. 
 
 Catoblepas Taurina, Sundevall, Pecor a', not Burchellnor H. Smith. 
 
 Hob. S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Male. From the South African Museum. 
 
122 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Female. S. Africa. 
 
 Young. S. Africa. From the S. African Museum. 
 
 Half-grown. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull. S. Africa. 
 
 The Brindled Gnu lives to the north of the Black River or 
 Nugariep, and though herds feed almost on its banks, yet it is 
 not known to cross it. It occurs in large herds on the plains 
 north of the Orange River, and when alarmed each herd de- 
 camps in long regular files. The flesh is much sought after. The 
 Bechuana use the skins for their cloaks or mantles. And. Smith. 
 
 Note. Catoblepas Brooksii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 366. t. . 
 f. , from horn only, is a very doubtful species. 
 
 E. The Bovine Antelopes. Nose moderately broad, with a moderate 
 or small, bald, moist muffle. Horn high on the frontal ridge. 
 Grinders rather small, without supplemental lobes. The cen- 
 tral cutting-teeth enlarged at the end. Skull with " a large 
 deep impression before the orbit, but no fissure ; the masse- 
 teric ridge not extending high the bones of the face length- 
 ened downwards and forwards, and the occiput also pro- 
 longed and drawn downwards j the process upon the alisphe- 
 noid bone, which terminates the pterygoid ridge, prolonged 
 and ensiform ; the auditory bulla large and prominent, en- 
 closing a large rounded space for the attachment of the sty- 
 lohyal bone ; the basioccipital tubercles high and sharp, the 
 groove between them narrow in front, wide behind, with aflat 
 space between the occipital condyles the median incisors 
 expanded at their summits; the molars rather small, narrow, 
 and without supplemental lobes, showing, when somewhat 
 worn, a pit in the middle." Turner. 
 
 Bovine Antelopes, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 20. 
 
 Damalis acronotus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.-v. 
 Alcelaphus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Damalidse, part., J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 
 
 31. ALCELAPHUS. 
 
 Horns lyrate, on the upper edge of the rather produced frontal 
 bones, thick at the base, end suddenly curved at a nearly right 
 angle. Nose moderately broad, cervine. Muffle moderate, bald, 
 moist. Crumen covered with a tuft of hair. Female : teats 2. 
 
 Alcelaphus (Bubalis), Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816. 
 Acronotus, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182 ; Fischer, Syn. 625. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 123 
 
 Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 20; Proc. Zool Soc. 1849, 139; not Elainv. 
 Alcelaphus, sp., Turner, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Buselaphus, Rail Syn. 
 Gazella, sp., Elainv. Butt. Soc. Phil 1816. 
 ?Bubalis, Rafinesque, Anal Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 1. ALCELAPHUS BUBALIS. The BUBALE. 
 
 Pale brown, nearly uniform. Rump like back. 
 Antilope Bubalis (part.), Pallas, Misc. 7; Spic. Z. xii. 16 (not 
 
 syn.). 
 Antilope Bubalis, Goldfuss, Schreb. Saugth.\\7l. t. 277 ; GmeKn, 
 
 S. N. i. 288; Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 241. t.; F. Cuvier, 
 
 Mam. Lithog. t.; Fisch. Syn. 473, 641. 
 A. Bubalides Bubalis, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163; Burchell, Trav. 
 
 i. 420, ii. 82, 334. 
 A. (Alcelaphus) Bubalis, Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 466. 
 
 Damalis (acronotus) bubalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 8?6. 
 Damalis bubalis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64. 
 Bubalis Mauritanicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 139. 
 Alcelaphus Bubalis, Turner, P. Z. Soc. 1848. 
 EovjSaXos, Oppian, Cyneget. ii. 300. 
 
 Bubalus, Plin. H. Nat. viii. 15; Aldrov. Bisulc. 363. fig. 365. 
 Buselaphus Cagii, Raii Quad. 81. 
 Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 1 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 139. 
 Acronotus Bubalis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 58. 
 
 Vache de Barbaric, Perrault, Mem. Hist. Anim. i. 203, ii. 24. t. 39. 
 Bekker el Wash, Yachmur bilicus, Shaw, Reise, 151, 358. 
 Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xii. 294. t. 3?. t. 38. f. 1; Supp. vi. 133. 
 
 t. 14 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 
 Bubale des Anciens, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. 161. 
 Cervine Antelope, Penn. Syn. 37 ; Quad. i. 102 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 331. t. 184. 
 Hab. North Africa. 
 
 Young. N. Africa. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Bubale, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. t. 37, t. 38. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Skull and horns, one deformed. North Africa ? 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. North Africa? 
 
 Var. 1.? Tunisianus. Uniform pale brown; with a dark brown 
 streak down the outer side of the front of the fore-legs, like 
 
 F2 
 
124 MAMMALIA. 
 
 the streak on the leg of the Lecama or Harte beest from South 
 Africa, which is not generally found in this species. 
 
 Boselaphus Bubalis var. 1, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zoo/. 
 
 Soc. 1849, 139. 
 Hab. Tunis. 
 
 A skin, without a head or hoofs, brought by Mr. Fraser from 
 Tunis ; it probably indicates a third species, or perhaps the dark 
 streak is only marked in the very adult or fully-coloured specimens. 
 
 2. ALCELAPHUS CAAMA. The LECAMA or HARTE BEEST. 
 
 Grey brown. Dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs, 
 black. Large triangular spot on the haunches whitish. 
 
 Antilope Caama, Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 242, 1816. 
 
 A. (Alcelaphus) Caama, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 467; Fischer, Syn. 474, 841; Burchell, Trav. i. 420. 
 Antilope (Bubalides) Bubalis (part.), Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 163; 
 
 Schreb. t. 277- 
 Acronotus Caama, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 58. 
 Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1847, 233; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young; P. Z. Soc. 1849, 140. 
 Antilope Dorcas, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 316. 
 Damalis acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G.A.K. iv.338.t.l97,v.877* 
 Bubale, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 38. f. 2 ; Suppl. vi. 135. t. 15. 
 Harte beesten eller Dorcas, Sparrm. in K. V. Handl. 1779, 151. 
 
 t. 5, bad. 
 Caama, Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 261 ; Pallas, Misc. 
 
 7; Spicil. i. 12 (not syn.). 
 
 Antilope Senegalensis, Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat., from Pennant. 
 Antilope Koba, Erxleb. Syn. 293, from Pennant. 
 ? Senegal Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 103. t. 50. vig. 40, head. 
 Harte beest, Dutch at Cape. 
 Kaama, Hottentots. 
 Licama, Coffers. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 (Not in good state.) S. Africa. Part of Sir Hans Sloane's 
 Museum. 
 
 Male. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. 
 Adult male. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Male, young. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns, wide apart, very rough. South Africa. 
 
 Horns, with the head stuffed. South Africa. 
 
MAMMALIA. 125 
 
 Frontal bone, with the skin on. South Africa. 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Two pair of horns. S. Africa. Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 Skull, without lower jaw. S. Africa. 
 
 Nine pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Antilope Bubalis, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 1. 164, 165. 
 
 Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the 
 name of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon's 
 figures of the horns of the Koba as representing the species, which 
 has occasioned some confusion; for the A. Senegalensis (Cuvier, 
 Diet. Sci. Nat. ii. 235) is an abbreviation, and A. Koba (Erxle- 
 ben, Syn. 293) is a translation, of Pennant's description of this 
 species. Pennant's specimen is said to come from Senegal, but 
 he describes the nuchal line and the knees as black, and the 
 figure indicates the dark colour on the face of the Cape species. 
 
 The Hartebeest has an extensive range ; it is found everywhere 
 in the flat and w r ooded districts between the Cape of Good Hope 
 and the Tropic of Capricorn. Its movements are ungraceful, and 
 give a notion of great exertion, but when urged by danger it 
 shows no want of either agility or endurance. The flesh is 
 esteemed. A. Smith. 
 
 32. DAMALIS, H. Smith. 
 
 Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical. Nose moderately 
 broad, cervine, with a small bald moist muifle between and be- 
 low the nostrils ; an exposed tear-bag. Female : two teats. 
 
 Damalis acronotus, sp. (Koba), H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 182. 
 Damalis, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. \ 
 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140. 
 
 Alcelaphus, sp., Fischer, Syn. ; Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Bubalis, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 83. 
 Gazella, sp. (pygarga), Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816; H. Smith, G. 
 
 A. K. v. ; Fischer, Syn. 642. 
 
 * Horns recurved above, diverging from the base. Face dark in 
 front. 
 
 1. DAMALIS LUNATUS. The SASSAYBY. 
 Rufous, glaucous. Outer side of limbs dark. 
 
 Antilope lunata, Burchell, Trav. ii. 334, 591. fig. 
 
 Damalis acronotus lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 352. t. 198, 
 
 v. 880. 
 A. Alcelaphus lunata, Fischer, Syn. 642. 
 
126 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Acronotus lunatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 157. 
 
 Alcelaphus lunatus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 
 Damalis lunatus, A. Smith, Zool. S. Africa, t. 31; Harris, W. 
 
 A. Africa, t. 8, and head; Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 57; Ann. 
 
 Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1849, 140. 
 
 Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. 
 Sassaybi, Daniel, Afric. Scenery, t. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Female. S. Africa. From the South African Museum. 
 Male. S. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Burchell, Trav. ii. 591. fig. 
 
 Horns and skin of legs. South Africa. Presented by W. Bur- 
 chell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 Two pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 The Bastard Hartebeest inhabits between Latikoo and the 
 Tropic of Capricorn. It lives in herds of six or ten in the flat or 
 wooded districts. Its flesh is esteemed. Where not disturbed it 
 is confiding and curious, but where hunted it becomes vigilant 
 and shy. A. Smith. 
 
 ** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, and then 
 diverging and approaching at the tips. Face black marked. 
 Crumen moderate. 
 
 2. DAMALIS SENEGALENSIS. The KORRIGUM. 
 
 Reddish grey. Front of face from nose to occiput, a small 
 spot behind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the 
 mouth, and streak on outside of the limbs above the knees, and 
 tuft of the tail, black. Very young : uniform pale brown, with- 
 out any dark marks. 
 
 Damalis (Acronotus) Senegalensis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.\. 
 
 t. 199. f. 3. 
 Antilope Koba, Children in Denham fy Clapperton 9 s Travels (not 
 
 Erxleben). 
 
 Bubalis Koba, Sundevall, Pecora, 83. 
 Bubalis lunata, Sundevall, Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243 (not 
 
 Burchell). 
 Damalis Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 59 ; Ann. fy Mag. 
 
 N. H. 1846, 233; Knowsley Menag. 21. t. 21. 
 Damalis Korrigum, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 158. 
 Antilope Corrigum, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 103; Gray, List 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 158. 
 
MAMMALIA. 127 
 
 A. Gazella Korrigum, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 176. 
 Alcelaphus Senegalensis, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Hob. West Africa; Gambia River, Macarthy's Island, Mr. 
 Whitfield, called Tonga ; Senegal ; Senaar. Mus. Stockholm. 
 
 Young. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull and horns. Bornou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, 
 R.N., and Major Denham. (The specimen figured by Col. H. 
 Smith, and noticed by Mr. Children.) 
 
 Skull and horns. Bornou. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, 
 R.N., and Major Denham. 
 
 Skull. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Mr. Whitfield informs me this species is found on Macarthy's 
 Island, on the Gambia; they afford very good venison; are 
 called Yonga or Yongah by the loliffs, and Tan Hong by the 
 Mandingoes. 
 
 In Denham <^r Clapperton's Travels I regarded this species as 
 the Koba of Buff on, and Colonel H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall 
 are of the same opinion : but on comparing the six pairs of horns 
 of this species which I have been able to examine with Buffon' s 
 figure and descriptions, I find them all longer and much thicker 
 at the base than Buffon describes them ; the thinner specimen (a 
 female?) being 7 and the others 9 or !) inches in circumference, 
 while that Buffon described is only 5 inches. The rings are also 
 more elevated, and reach nearer to the top than in Buffon' s 
 figure. All the characters lead me to believe that the horns figured 
 as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Damalis Pygarga. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith, in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, de- 
 scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham 
 and Clapperton as Antilope Senegalensis, but they are different 
 from the one so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the Proceed- 
 ings of the Zoological Society (1826, 103), proposed to call these 
 heads A. Corrigum. 
 
 Under the name of Antilope Koba, Schinz (Syn. Mam. ii. 407) 
 combines the A. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and 
 Antilope adenota, H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Anti- 
 lope Koba or Caama of Erxleben. 
 
 *** Horns regularly lyrate, parallel at the base. Face of the 
 adult white. 
 
 3. DAMALIS PYGARGA. The NUNNI or BONTE HOC. 
 
 Purple red. Outer, side of the limbs darker. Streak between 
 horns, face, and rump above the tail, white. Temple and upper 
 
128 MAMMALIA. 
 
 part of throat whitish. Legs whitish, upper and lower part brown 
 varied. Female : throat and under part of body white. Fawn 
 pale yellowish brown. 
 
 Antilope Pygarga, Pallas, Spic. xii. 15 (not syn.); Sparrm. Act. 
 
 Holm. 1780, 3. 
 A. (vera) Pygarga, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 166; Gmelin, S. N. i. 
 
 189; Schreb. Saugth. 1187. t. 273; Desm. Mam. 456; Bur- 
 
 chell, Trav. i. 290, ii. 335. 
 A. Gazella Pygarga, Blainv. E. S. Phil. 1816, 75; H. Smith, G. 
 
 A. K. v. 820; Fischer, Syn. 461, 629. 
 Alcelaphus Pygargus, Turner, P. Z. S. 1848. 
 Antilope pygargus, Pallas, Spic. i. 10. 
 Gazella Pygarga, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 161. 
 Bubalis pygarga, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Antilope Dorcas, Pallas, Misc. 6 not Spicil. i. 11. 
 Damalis Pygarga, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. t. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 140. 
 White-faced Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 93 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 352. 
 Bonte bok or Pied Antelope, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 17. 
 Antilope personata (Bonte bok), H. Woods, Zool. Journ. iv. 524, 
 
 v. 2. t. 1, young, not arrived at its colour; P. Z. S. iii. 45. 
 Nunni, Bushmen. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Horns, long and slender. Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Koba, Daub, in Buffon H. N. xii. 268. t. 32. f. 2. 
 
 Skull. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by William Burchell, 
 Esq., LLD. " 
 
 Horns. South Africa. 
 
 Two pair of horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 Horns, ten pair. S. Africa. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Male and female. S. Africa. From Dr. Smut's Collection. 
 
 Young, pale brown. S. Africa. 
 
 Very young. S. Africa. From M. Verreaux's Collection. 
 
 Male, adult. S. Africa. 
 
 These animals are often brought to the Cape market for food. 
 
 The names Kob and Koba appear to be generic among the 
 negroes for Antelopes. Colonel Smith, Professor Sundevall, and 
 Mr. Children in Clapperton's Travels, have considered the horns 
 figured by Buffon under the name of Koba the same as Damalis 
 Senegalensis of this work. The comparison of six pairs of horns 
 of that animal with Buffon's figure and description has Jed me 
 to doubt the identification. I believe they are the horns of the 
 
MAMMALIA. 129 
 
 Bontebok, D. Pygarga; if so, all the following names which 
 have been given to these horns must be regarded as synonyma 
 of this species. 
 
 A. Tragelaphus Senegalensis, Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 181. 
 Koba, Bufon, H. N. xii. 210, 268. t. 32. f. 2, horns cop. E. M. 
 
 t 53 f 2 
 
 Damalis Koba, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 ? Senegal Antelope, Penn. Syn. 38. fig. at 39, head. 
 Antilope Koba, Erxl. Syst. 293; Desm. Diet. H. N. ii. 187; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 463, 630. 
 
 A. Gazella Koba, Blainv. B. S. Phil 1816, 75. 
 Antilope Senegalensis, Cuvier, Diet. Sc. Nat. ii. 235 ; Desm. 
 
 Mamm. 457. 
 
 4. DAMALIS ALBIFRONS. The BLESS BOCK. 
 
 Purple red. Front of face, spot between horns and on tem- 
 ples, the hinder edge of rump below the tail, white. Throat, 
 stripe down the outer side of front of legs, brown. 
 
 Antilope albifrons (Bless bok), Burchell, Travels, ii. 335?; Har- 
 ris, W. Anim. Africa, t. 21, and head. 
 
 Bubalis albifrons, Sundevall, Pecora, 
 
 Damalis albifrons. Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. 1846, 233; 
 Knowsley Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 1849, 141. 
 
 A. Pygarga, part., Mus. Paris, 1851. 
 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
 Dr. Burchell, when speaking of the Bless bock, proposed to 
 call it A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both 
 the Springer and the Bless bock ; but it is not certain if he in- 
 tended by Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain 
 Harris's figure shows the distinction of the two species, and he 
 applies Dr. Burchell's name to the one now described. 
 
 A half-grown specimen of this species, when compared with a 
 similar-sized specimen of D. Pygarga in the same paddock, was 
 darker, with a pale spot between the horns, separated by a dark 
 spot from the white on the face ; the temple was white, with a 
 white spot; the legs had a brown stripe down the outer si,de of 
 the front ; and the throat and rump brown, the latter without 
 any white spot. 
 
 **** }j orns unknown. 
 
 5. DAMALIS? ZEBRA. The DORIA. 
 
 Bright golden brown, with several black cross-bands narrow- 
 ing at the end. Outside of the fore- and hind-legs dark brown. 
 
 F5 
 
130 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Antilope, n. s., Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, 122. 
 Antilope Zebra, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 27, 1836. 
 Cephalophorus ? Zebra, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 154. 
 Antilope (Calliope) Doria, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 121 
 
 (not described) ; Frazer, Zool. Typica, t. 
 Antilope Zebrata, Robert, Echo du Monde Savante, 1836; Ger- 
 
 vais, Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 267. 
 Damalis ? Zebra, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Canis or Viverra Zebra, Whitfield, MSS. 
 Antilope fasciata?, Geof. D. H. N. 53. 
 Hab. W. Africa. 
 
 Flat skin, without limbs. Sierra Leone. 
 
 Skins without head and feet are alone known ; they are brought 
 down the river by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mam- 
 malia in the British Museum, I have referred this species with 
 doubt to Cephalophus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks 
 it should be referred with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I 
 am inclined, on account of the dark mark on the outside of the 
 limb, to think it belongs to the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield 
 believes it, on the authority of the negroes, to be a species of 
 Viverra. 
 
 The specific name is supposed to be commemorative of Mrs. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Skull of Ekotragus arundinacea. Female (see p. 92). 
 
MAMMALIA. 131 
 
 Ogilby, whose Christian name was Doria. In the Catalogue of 
 the Zoological Society it is called the Gilded Antelope. 
 
 Section 2. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct 
 ridge on the front angle. Knee in the middle of the fore-leg 
 Angulicornia. 
 
 Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 Subtribe III. Strepsicerece. Horns subspiral, inclined back- 
 wards. Crumen distinct. Nostrils near together in front. Fore- 
 head flat. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white banded 
 or spotted. Females : teats 4, in a small udder. 
 
 Antilope, C. spiralibus, Gray in J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63, 
 
 1828. 
 
 Strepsicerese, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 Strepsiceres, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, 142; Knowsley Menay. 
 Antilope, part. (Tragelaphus), et Damalis, part. (Boselaphus. 
 
 Strepsiceros et Portax), H. Smith, G. A. K. v. ; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 625. 
 
 Strepsiceros et Portax, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Bovina, part. (Portax), Sylvicaprina, part., Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Addax, sp., Laurill. 
 Bos, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 32, 1830. 
 
 The animals of this subtribe are peculiar as being the only hol- 
 low-horned or Bovine Ruminants which are marked with white 
 stripes and spots. The bands are not very distinct in the 1m- 
 poofo or Eland, but they are easily to be observed in the female, 
 if it is looked at obliquely, which was brought home by Burke, 
 and presented to the British Museum by the Earl of Derby. 
 The skull, which somewhat resembles that of the Deer, has a 
 rather small nasal opening, no suborbital pit, and only a small 
 suborbital fissure. 
 
 Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four 
 subgenera of Damalis : he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus 
 (Tragelaphus) of Antelopes. 
 
 Prof. Sundevall placed the genera here brought together in 
 two different families; the genus Portax with the Bovina, and 
 the others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes. 
 
 M. Agassiz has observed, that the horns of the Strepsiceres and 
 the Sheep are twisted in the contrary direction. Mr. Ogilby has 
 justly observed, that the right horn of the Strepsiceres is twisted 
 in the same direction as the left horn of the Sheep, and vice versa. 
 Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. 57. 
 
132 MAMMALIA. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF STREPSICER^. 
 
 I. Limbs equal. African. 
 
 a. Nose cervine. Neck with a linear mane. 
 
 1. STREPSICEROS. Horns spiral, keeled. 
 
 2. OREAS. Horns straight, with a spiral keel. 
 
 b. Nose bovine. Neck with long hair. 
 
 3. TRAGELAPHUS. Horns subtriangular, subspiral. 
 
 II. Hinder legs short. Asiatic. 
 
 4. PORTAX. Horns short, subtriangular. 
 
 I. The African Genera have large heavy horns, only the rudi- 
 ment of a tear-bag, and the limbs nearly equal. Skull with 
 " the nasal opening of moderate size ; a suborbital fissure, but 
 no fossa ; the masseteric ridge not extending high ; the auditory 
 bulla swollen and prominent ; the basioccipital bone with its an- 
 terior and posterior pairs of tubercles well developed, the former 
 separated by a deep median groove; the median incisors ex- 
 panded at their summits; the molars without supplemental 
 lobes." Turner. 
 
 Strepsiceros, Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Antilope et Damalis, part., H. Smith. 
 Sylvicaprina, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 A. Horns with strong spiral keel. Nose cervine, hairy. Muffle 
 small, between and under the front half of the nostrils. Body 
 large, heavy. Neck maned. 
 
 1. STREPSICEROS. 
 
 Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, with a distinct, raised, 
 rounded keel in front. Tear-bag a naked space. Throat with a 
 central linear mane. Females hornless. (Skull, t. 17. f. 1, 2.) 
 
 Damalis Strepsiceros, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. , 182. 
 Strepsiceros, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Turner, P. 
 
 Z. S. 1850. 
 
 Boselaphus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 181, 1842. 
 Risia, Laurill. 
 Calliope, sp., Ogitby. 
 
MAMMALIA. 133 
 
 1. STREPSICEROS KUDU. The EECHLONGOLE or KOODOO. 
 
 (t. 17. f. 1, 2.) 
 
 Grey, white striped. Face with a broad, white, lunate cross 
 band. 
 
 Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas, Misc. 9; Spic. i. 17, xii. 19; 
 
 Gmelin, S. N. i. 192. 
 A. (gazella) Strepsiceros, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 172; Schreb. 
 
 Sauath. 1207. t. 267; Burchell, Trav. i. 267, 337, 374. 
 A. (Tragelaphus) Strepsiceros, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; 
 
 Desm. Mam. 468 ; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640. 
 Strepsiceros Capensis or Koodoo, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 20, 
 
 and head. 
 Damalis (Strepsiceros) Strepsiceros, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 
 
 883. 
 
 Calliope Strepsiceros, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 138. 
 Strepsiceros excelsus, Sundevall, Pecora, 71. 
 Bos Strepsiceros, Aldrov. Bisulc. 368. fig. 369. 
 Capra Strepsiceros, Jonst. Quad. t. 24; Houtt. Nat. Hist. iii. 
 
 t. 26. f. 1, 2. 
 Strepsiceros kudu, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; OsteoL B. M. 
 
 59. 
 Condoma, Buffon, H. N. xii. 301. t. 39. f. 1, 2 (cop. E. M. t. 56. 
 
 f. 2); Supp.vi. t. 13. 
 Coudu, Vosmaer, Besch. 1783, t. 
 
 Cerf du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Colini, Comm. Palat. i. 487. t. 
 Afrikanischer Kutu, Knorr, Delic. iii. t. K. 
 Striped Antelope, Penn. Syn. 31. Quad. i. 88. t. 14 ; Shaw, Zool. 
 
 ii. 324. t. 185 ; Daniel, African Scenery, t. 
 Knorr, Delices, i. t. K. 1. f. 1, t. K. v. f. 1, t. K. xi. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 In bad state. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the College 
 of Surgeons. 
 
 Male. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, Skull, 1. 17. f. 1, 2. 
 Condoma, Daub. Buffon H. N. xii. t. 39. 
 
 Three pairs of horns. South Africa. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Two skulls and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Head and horns. Presented by the Trustees of the Hunterian 
 Collection. 
 
 Single horn of young. South Africa. 
 
 *Skull, female. S. Africa. 
 
 Skull, with horns, male. S. Africa. From Mr. Argent's Col- 
 lection. 
 
134 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Var. 1. Smaller. Mus. Ind. Comp. Lond. and Frankfort. 
 Antilope Tendall, Ruppell, Abyssinia, 22-, Fischer, Syn. 475. 
 Antilope chora, Ruppell, Abyssinia, 22; Fischer, Syn. 475. 
 Hob. Abyssinia. 
 
 Var. 2. Lighter and smaller. 
 
 Koodoo var., Oswell, Journ. Geog. Soc. xx. 150. 
 
 Hob. Banks of River Zonga, Oswell. 
 
 2. OREAS. 
 
 Horns large, straight or slightly curved, bent back from the 
 forehead, with a strong, raised, rounded spiral keel. Throat with 
 
 a longitudinal crested dewlap. Crumen . Females with 
 
 smaller, thinner, less keeled horns. Skull, t. 17. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Oreas (Oreades), Desm. Mam. 471 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. 
 
 Boselaphus, sp., Blainv. Bull. S. Phil. 1816; Desm. Mam. 
 
 Damalis (Boselaphus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182. 
 
 Boselaphus, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 Damalis, Sundevall, Pecora, 74. 
 
 Bubalides, sp., Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153, 1814. 
 
 1, OREAS CANNA. The IMPOOFO or ELAND. 
 
 Pale brown, nearly uniform, with very indistinct, narrow white 
 stripes on the sides. 
 
 Antilope oreas, Pallas, Spic. Z. xii. 17; Gmelin, S. N. i. 190. 
 A. Bubalides oreas, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 153; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1153. t. 256. 
 
 A. Oreas oreas, Desm. Mam. 471 ; Burchell, Trav. i. 248. 
 A. Boselaphus oreas, Blainv. B. S. P. 1816, 75; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 477- 644. 
 Boselaphus Oreas, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 59; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846. 
 Boselaphus Canna, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 155, female. 
 Antilope Oryx, Pallas, Misc. Z. 9 ; Spic. Z. i. 15 ; Forster, MSS. 
 
 55 ; Erxleb. Mam. 
 Damalis Boselaphus Canna, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 198. t. 181. 
 
 f. 5, horn ? ; v. 882. 
 Antilope Canna, Fischer, Syn. 644. 
 
 Afrikanisches Elend thier, Kolbe, Vorgeb. Hoffn. i. 145. t. 3. f. 1 . 
 Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. 357. t. 46 b, horn. 
 Canna, Buffon, Suppl. vi. t. 12 c? adult; CUD. R. A. i. 263. 
 Eland, Sparrm. Kongl. V. Handl. 1779, 155. t. 5; Harris, W. A. 
 
 A. t. 6 and head; Vosmaer, Besch. 1785, t. 
 Cape Elk, var., Daniel, African Scenery, t. 
 
MAMMALIA. 135 
 
 Indian Antelope, Penn. Syn. 26 ; Quad. i. 78 ; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 319. t. 183; Barrow, Travels; Licht. Reise, i. 155, ii. 39.462; 
 
 Burchell, Travels. 
 Elandt, Dutch at Cape G. H. 
 Canna t'Gann or Y'gann, Hottentots. 
 Impophos or Poffo, Caffers. 
 
 Empophos, Zimmerm. Geog. Zool. ii. 109 ; Lobo, Abyss, i. 293. 
 Bastard Eland, Dutch at Cape G. H. 
 Hab. S. Africa. 
 
 Skin and horns, in bad state. S. Africa. Presented by Wil- 
 liam Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Female. S. Africa. 
 
 Male and female. South Africa. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, 1. 17. f. 3, 4. 
 Coudou, Daub, in Euffon H. N. xii. t. 46. f. 
 
 Three pairs of horns, separate. South Africa. 
 
 Frontal bone and horns. South Africa. 
 
 Skeleton. S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Horns on base of skull. S. Africa. 
 
 Horns and skin of nape. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by 
 William Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Separate horn of an adult. (Antilope Canna of Col. H. Smith, 
 and figured by Griffith, A. K. 1. 181. f. 5.) 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Horns. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 166. 
 A. Orix. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. i. t. 30. 
 
 Mr. Livingston observes, " It is a well-ascertained fact, that 
 the Eland, Gemsbock, Duiker, Steinbock, &c., can live for months 
 together without water. The Eland becomes enormously fat 
 during the driest season, viz. the winter, when all the herbage is 
 withered and so dry that it crumbles to powder in the hand ; and 
 yet the stomach of all these animals, when opened, contained a 
 good deal of moisture. Our party was well supplied with Eland 
 flesh during our passage through the desert ; and it being supe- 
 rior to beef, and the animal as large as an ox, it seems strange 
 it has not yet been introduced into England." Journ. Geog. Soc. 
 xx. 139, 1850. 
 
 They have bred at Knowsley, but are ravenous feeders, and 
 liable to an epidemic. 
 
 2. OREAS DERBIANUS. The GINGI JONGA. 
 
 Pale reddish brown. Front of the face, the neck, the front 
 part of the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the 
 
136 MAMMALIA. 
 
 upper part of the fore-leg, and the dorsal streak, dark black. The 
 belly, the front and back edge of the upper part of the legs, and 
 under side of tail, whitish. A broad half-collar in front of the 
 
 shoulder, narrowed above. Fourteen or fifteen narrow, waved, 
 perpendicular streaks on each side of the body white. Withers 
 with intermixed black hairs. Throat of female dark brown ; 
 crown reddish brown. 
 
 Boselaphus Derbianus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286 ; 
 
 Silliman, Amer. Journ. v. 279. 
 
 Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3 and 9 . 
 Hab. Western Africa ; River Cassaman. 
 
 Horns. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Horns. Gambia. 
 
 B. Horns subangular, obscurely keeled. Nose bovine. Muffle 
 rather large, bald between and beneath the nostrils, and on a 
 narrow band up the middle of the hairy upper lip. Neck 
 with longer hair, forming a mane. Body high. Legs slender. 
 Hoofs and false hoofs small. 
 
 3. TRAGELAPHUS. 
 
 Horns conical, tapering, with only one spiral turn, subangular, 
 very obscurely angular in front at the base, with a keel above 
 arising from the hinder part of the base. Tear-bag distinct. 
 Neck and throat with longer hair. Nape and back with a more 
 or less distinct mane. Legs slender. Hoofs and false hoofs 
 small. Females hornless. Skull, t. 18. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Antilope (Tragelaphus), sp., A. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; 
 
 Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. 
 
 Tragelaphus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 Calliope, Ogilby, Proc. Z. Soc. 1836; Ruppell, Verz. Senck. 
 
 Samml. 1845, not of Swainson. 
 
 a. Horns large, elongate. Face with an arched band between the 
 eyes. Back cross-banded. Euryceros. 
 
 Strepsiceros, sp., Ogilby. 
 Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 1. TRAGELAPHUS EURYCERUS. The BROAD-HORNED ANTE- 
 LOPE. 
 
 Head pale brown. Broad band before the eyes, and two large 
 spots on cheeks, chin, and front of upper lip, white. Horns 
 
MAMMALIA. 13J 
 
 elongate, thick, scarcely bent forward at the tip. Throat with 
 long black hairs. 
 
 Antilope, sp., Afzelius, Nov. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f. 3 ; H. 
 
 Smith, G.A.K. v. 361. 
 Antilope Eurycerus, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 120; Waterhouse, 
 
 Cat. Mam'Zool. Soc. 391. 
 Tragelaphus (Euryceros) Eurycerus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. , 
 
 head. 
 
 A. Tragelaphus Eurycerus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 181. 
 Hab. W. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 The horns are very similar to those of T. Angasii, but the 
 head is considerably larger, nearly as large as that of the Kudu, 
 and the horns are thicker and larger ; they are 27 inches long in 
 a straight line from base to tip, and 9 inches in circumference at 
 the base. The hair of the head is also paler and more uniformly 
 coloured, and with very large white spots on the cheek, much 
 larger than those of the Kudu or of T. Angasii. The throat has 
 a distinct mane of blackish rigid hairs. The muffle is very like 
 that of T. Angasii, and larger than that of the Kudu. The skull 
 is imperfect; it has no appearance of any suborbital pit or slit. 
 
 Var. 1. Skull about two-thirds the size of the former. 
 
 Antilope from Bight of Biafra, Allen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 88; 
 
 Turner, P. Z. S. 1850. 
 Hab. Bight of Biafra. 
 
 A skull, with horns. Bight of Biafra. Presented by Capt. 
 Allen, R.N. (The specimen noticed in P. Z. S. 1848, 88.) 
 
 2. TRAGELAPHUS ANGASII. The INYALA. 
 
 Black. Back with a vertebral streak and four or five bands on 
 each side. Head blackish. Narrow band before eyes and small 
 spot on cheeks, front of upper lip and chin, white. Forehead 
 and feet bay. Throat with a mane of long, rigid, blackish hair. 
 Horns rather slender, elongate, rather bent forward at the tip. 
 Female bay. with many white bands. Muffle band small, only 
 extending half-way up between the nostrils and about one-third 
 the length beneath them, and entirely separated from the edge 
 of the upper lip by a broad, hairy band (with a slight central 
 groove). The horns are 8 inches in diameter at base, rather 
 slender, elongate, black with white tips, rounded in front, with 
 a very obscure indication of a keel, and with a keel arising from 
 the back edge of the horns, on the inner side of the upper part, 
 rather bent forwards in front. 
 
138 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 89. t. 4, 5. 
 Hob. S. Africa ; Port Natal ; Angas, Proudfoot. 
 
 A skin of male and female without feet. S. Africa; Port 
 Natal. Mr. Proudfoot's Collection. 
 
 The slenderness of the horns and smaller size of the head, and 
 the dark colour and small size of the bands and spots on the head, 
 chiefly distinguish the head of this species from T. Euryceros. 
 
 b. Horns moderate, rather short. Face without any cross band. 
 Tragelaphus. 
 
 f Back with cross bands and lateral streaks. 
 
 3. TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTA. 
 
 Pale bay. Back with four cross bands and a central white 
 streak. Haunches white spotted. Cheek with two white spots. 
 Spot on chest, nose, feet, and spots on the legs, blackish. Dor- 
 sal streak and end of tail black. Adult : chest, outside of 
 shoulder, and haunches and legs, black. 
 
 The adult males (four years old) have a high ridge of long, 
 coarse, white hair extending the whole length of the back to the 
 tail. Diet. Sci. Nat. t. ; Knowsley Menag. t. 
 
 Antilope scripta, Pallas, Misc. 8 ; Spic. i. 15, xii. 18. 
 
 A. vera scripta, Licht. B. M. vi. 169; Gmelin, S. N. i. 191; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1212. t. 258. 
 A. (tragelaphus) scripta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 470; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 859; Fischer, Syn. 473. 
 
 640. 
 Tragelaphus scriptus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. B. M.; Knowsley Menag. t. $ ?; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 
 
 x. 267, 1843. 
 
 Antilope maculata, Thunb. Mem. A. Petersb. iii. 313. 
 Antilope (Tragelaphus) phalerata, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 860; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 640. 
 
 Calliope scripta, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. 
 Guib, Negro at Senegal-, Buffon, H. N. xii. 305, 307. t. 40, jun., 
 
 41. f. 1, horn; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Diet. Sci. Nat. 
 
 t. $ adult. 
 Harness Antelope, Penn. Syn. 27; Quad. i. 81; Shaw, Zool. ii. 
 
 322. t. 186. 
 
 Bontebock, Dutch in Africa. 
 Oualofes or Zalofes, Negro in Gambia. 
 Hab. West Africa; Senegal and Gambia. 
 
 Female. W. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
MAMMALIA. 139 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Guib, Daub, in Buffon Hist. Nat. xii. t. 41. f. 1. 
 
 Skull of female with the intermaxillaries reaching to the nasal. 
 Suborbital pit none. Nasals, slit up each side in front. 
 
 Varies, some having seven, and others nine white cross bands, 
 and some are spotted and others not. They breed together at 
 Knowsley, and produce specimens different in these respects 
 from their parents. 
 
 4. TRAGELAPHUS DECULA. The DECULA. 
 
 Grey brown. Back with three or four indistinct cross bands. 
 Arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch 
 on the haunches, dorsal line, streak on nose and on front of fore 
 legs, blackish. 
 
 Antilope Decula, Ruppell, Fauna Abyss, t. 4. 
 Calliope Decula, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. 
 Tragelaphus Decula, Gray, Cat. M. B. M. 160; Knows. Menag. 
 Hab. Africa; Abyssinia. 
 
 Male. Abyssinia. From the Frankfort Museum. 
 
 Var. Back without the cross bands. 
 Hab. Africa; Abyssinia; Ruppell. 
 
 ft Back without any cross bands or lateral streaks. 
 
 5. TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICA. The BOSCH Boc. 
 
 Blackish brown. Head pale brown. Band across forehead 
 black. Small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs 
 and on feet white. Dorsal line longly crested, black, white va- 
 ried. Female paler brown. Young pale bay. 
 
 Antilope sylvatica, Sparrm. Act. Holm. 1780, iii. 197. t. 7; Gme- 
 
 lin, S. N. i. 192. 
 A. (Gazella) sylvatica, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 173; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1209. t. 257; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 315; H. Smith, G. A. 
 
 K. v. 858. 
 A. Tragelaphus sylvatica, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 469 ; Fischer, Syn. 472. 640; Harris, W. A. Afr. t. 26. 
 Tragelaphus sylvaticus, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 160; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. B. M. 59 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 Calliope sylvatica, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 182, 1845. 
 Bosbok, Allam, Buff. H. N. v. 35. t. 15 ; Supp. vi. t. 25 ; Shaw, 
 
 Zool. ii. 348. 
 
 Forest Antelope, Penn. Quad. i. 86. 
 Bosch bock, Dutch at Cape. 
 Hab. South Africa. 
 
140 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Skin (bad state). S. Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., 
 LL.D. 
 
 Female and males. S. Africa. 
 
 Young. From M. Verreaux's Collection. 
 
 Half-grown female. S. Africa. 
 
 Var. 1. Smaller. Horns shorter, less diverging and more 
 
 ascending. 
 Serolomootlooque (Antilopus Roualeynei), Roualeyn Gordon 
 
 Gumming, Hunter's Life S. A. ii. 168, 178, 179. 
 Hob. Limpopo. Head Mus. Gumming. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Base of skull, with horns. 
 
 Pair of horns, separate. 
 
 Horns. S. Africa. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H. Smith Bosela- 
 phus canna (a, b, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155) ; one, 
 presented by Dr. W. Burchell, is certainly the horns of this spe- 
 cies, and the other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsi- 
 ceros Kudu. 
 
 II. In the Asiatic Strepsiceres the horns are short, conical, an- 
 gular, subspiral, with an obscure oblique ridge. Tear-bag deep, 
 longitudinal. The hind leg much shorter than the fore ; shoulder 
 higher than rump. The nose bovine, with a large moist muffle. 
 Skull with " the nasal opening rather small, with the nasal bones 
 small and narrow ; a minute suborbital fissure ; no fossa, but a 
 smooth line upon the lacrymal bone; the masseteric ridge not 
 extending high; the auditory bulla moderate, bulbous, com- 
 pressed ; the basioccipital bone with the posterior tubercles mo- 
 derately developed, the anterior ones scarcely at all ; the molars 
 with supplemental lobes. The smooth line upon the lacrymal 
 bone terminates in a small foramen, but one side is continued for 
 some distance forwards upon the maxillary bone, where it ter- 
 minates in the same way." Turner. 
 Asiatic Strepsiceres, Gray, Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1850, 146. 
 
 4. PORTAX. 
 
 The Character of Section. 
 
 Damalis (Portax), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 625; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 Portax, Gray, Ann. % Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 Antilope Boselaphus, sp., Blainville, Butt. Soc. Phil. 1816. 
 
MAMMALIA. 141 
 
 Antilope Bubalides, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164. 
 Tragelaphus, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Skull of Portax Tragocamelus. 
 
 1. PORTAX TRAGOCAMELUS. The NILGHAU. 
 
 Grey. Rhombic spot on the forehead and above the hoofs 
 black, and white ringed; tail end black. Female browner. Young 
 dull reddish fawn. Lower part of legs brighter. Under lip, 
 spot on jaw, and line along the belly, on outside of leg, and fore 
 part of hock, white. Tip of tail, line on back, of nose, and on 
 front of legs, black. 
 
 Antilope Tragocamelus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 5 ; Spic. Zool. i. 9, 
 
 xii. 13; Gmelin, S. N. i. 184. 
 Antilope picta, Pallas, Spic. xii. 14; Gmelin, S. N. i. 184; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1159. t. 262, 263 A, 263 B ; Desm. Mam. 471 ; 
 
 Wolf. Abbild. ii. 57. t. 16; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 476. 645; Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, 37. 
 A. Boselaphus picta, Blainv. B. S. Phil. 1816, 75. 
 Antilope albipes, Erxl. Mam. 280 ; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 113. 
 A. Bubalides Tragocamelus, Licht. Berl. Mag. vi. 164. 
 Portax Tragocamelus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28. t. 29. 
 
142 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Damalis picta (Nylgau), J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 64, 1828. 
 
 Antilope leucopus, Forst. MSS.; Zimmerm. Zool. 541. 
 
 Portax Tragelaphus, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 Damalis (Portax) Risia, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 884. 
 
 Portax picta, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 154; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 
 
 59. 
 
 Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 138. 
 The Nyl ghau, Hunter, Phil. Trans. Ixi. 170. t. 5 <J, cop. Naturf. 
 
 vii. 236. t. 2. 
 
 Neelghau, Antilope Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. 
 Hippelaphus, Aristotle, Hist. Anim. ii. c. 5. 
 Nilghau, Shaw, Zool. ii. 32?. t. 189. 
 Neel ghae, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 338. 
 Nilghaut, Buffon, H. N. Supp. vi. 101. t. 10 <?, t. 11 $, jun. ; 
 
 Cuvier, R. A. i. 264; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 White-footed Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29. t. 6. f. 1, 2; Quad. i. 83. 
 
 t. 13. 
 
 Biggel, Mandelslo Itin. i. 122, 1658. 
 Tragelaphus Caii, Ray, Quad. 82? 
 Quadruped from Bengal, Parson, Phil. Trans, xliii. 465. t. 3. 
 
 f. 9. 
 Hindostan Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29 ; Quad. i. 83 ; Shaw, Zool. 
 
 ii. 329. t. 190. 
 Hob. India. 
 
 Young. India. Presented by the Zoological Society. 
 Skin of head. India. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Skull, fig. 2. p. 141. 
 Skull. India. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Neelghau, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 1. 149 ? , n. 10,974. 
 t. 90, 96. 
 
 Subtribe IV. Caprece. Forehead convex, elevated behind. 
 Chin of males bearded. Suborbital sinus none. Horns erect, 
 compressed, curved backwards and rather outwards, and fur- 
 nished with a longitudinal keel in front, deeper than wide at the 
 base, and with transverse ridges in front. Hoofs four -sided, 
 scarcely higher before than behind. The skull has " a small 
 suborbital fissure, no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending high 
 before the orbit ; the auditory bulla prominent and compressed ; 
 the basioccipital flat, with its processes developed ; the middle 
 incisors not expanded ; the molars without supplemental lobes." 
 Turner. 
 
 " The occipital plane of skull forms an acute angle with fron- 
 
MAMMALIA. 143 
 
 tal plane. Cores of horns thick, porous, cellular. Horns seated 
 superiorly on the crest of the forehead, and by their union co- 
 vering the top of the head. Canines wanting. Teats 2, rarely 4." 
 Hodgson. 
 
 The males have a strong stench ; they butt first raising them- 
 selves on their hind-legs and then coming down sideways against 
 their enemies. 
 
 Caprese, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 Capridse et Bovidse, part., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836. 
 
 Ovesidese, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 
 Hircidaj, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 72, 1828. 
 
 Hircus, Rqfin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 Capra. Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76; Sundevall, Pecora,90. 
 
 Bos, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amp. 32, 1830. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson, in his remarks on the Craniological character 
 of Oms and its allies, observes, " That the great depth or extent 
 of the posteal plane of the skull (comprehending half the frontal 
 and all the parietal bones), and the acute angle it forms with the 
 anteal plane in the genus Ovis, will be found to be characters of 
 more permanence and moment in separating this genus and Capra 
 from the nearest adjacent groups of Ruminants, than most of the 
 diagnostics now employed. I subjoin an outline of the typical 
 Antilopine and Cervine form of skull on one hand, and that of 
 the normal form of Ovis and Capra. Of these forms, Cervus and 
 Ovis represent the extremes, and Antilope and Capra the means ; 
 but there is a regular gradation from Cervus to Antilope, from it 
 to Capra, and from it again to Ovis." J. A. S. B. x. 234. t. 2. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson, in his remarks on the genera Capra and Oms, 
 observes, " The males not being odorous is one of the best cha- 
 racters to separate the Sheep from the male Goats, which are 
 always odorous." J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1835 ; x. 234, 1841. 
 
 The horns of some domestic varieties have an inclination to 
 twist more or less spirally, like some varieties of Sheep and Strep- 
 siceres. 
 
 The keel of the horns of the Sheep, and especially of the 
 Goats, is on the inner part of the front edge of the horns ; but in 
 the Marbur or Snake-eater of Afghanistan the strongest keel 
 which forms the spiral ridge arises from the hinder part of the 
 inner side of the horns, the front one being obscure. 
 
 The hybrid produce of the Sheep and Goat are fertile, black- 
 faced, and differ little in form from the black-faced Sheep, The 
 intercourse is stated to be common. $uirhead, Statistical Ace. 
 Parish of Urr. xi. 66; Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 198; see also 
 Cuvier, R. A. i. 267. 
 
144 MAMMALIA. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF CAPRE.E. 
 
 A. Muffle naked. 
 
 1. HEMITRAGUS. Horns trigonal, compressed, and knotted in 
 
 front. 
 
 2. KEMAS. Horns square, flat, and cross-ridged in front. 
 
 B. Muffle hairy. 
 
 3. JEcocEROS. Horns roundish, conical. 
 
 4. CAPRA. Horns square, flat, and nodose in front. 
 
 5. HIRCUS. Horns trigonal, compressed, sharp-edged, and 
 
 knotted in front. 
 
 A. Muffle naked. 
 
 1. HEMITRAGUS. 
 
 Nose cervine. Muffle small, moist between the nostrils. Horns 
 short, recurved, compressed, triangular, shelving on the outer 
 side, and nodose in front. Intel-digital and suborbital pores none. 
 Tail very short. Female : horns smaller. Teats 4. Male not 
 bearded, neck maned ; odour like the Goats. 
 
 Hemitragus, sp., Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230 ; Knows- 
 
 ley Menag.; Sundevall, Pecora, 101. 
 Kemas, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1836. 
 Kemas, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 Hemitragus, b, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 31 . 
 
 1. HEMITRAGUS JEMLAICUS. The JHARAL or TEHR. 
 Brown or ashy. Dorsal streak and feet black. 
 
 Capra Jemlaica, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. . t. ; Gray, Cat. 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 168. 
 Capra Jemlahica, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 308. t. , v. 8?2; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 649. 
 Capra Jharal, Hodgson, Asiat. Res. 1833, t. c?; Journ. Asiat. 
 
 Soc. Beng. i. 347; iv. 1835, 491; v. 259; P. Z. S. 1834, 99- 
 
 106; Schinz, Verz.il 462. 
 Capra quadrimammis vel Jharal, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Beng. 1836, 
 
 254. x. 913; Calcut. Journ. N. H. iv. 291. 
 Hemitragus Jemlaicius, Hodgson, Zool. Nep. ined.; Gray, Knows. 
 
 Menag. 32; Cat. Osteol B. M. 60; Hodgson, Coll. B. M. 28. 
 Hemitragus iharal, Sundevall, Pecora, 101. 
 Hemicapra Jemlaicus, Hodgson, Zool. Nep. ined. t. 
 
MAMMALIA. 145 
 
 Semicapra Jemlaicus, Hodgson. 
 
 Kemas Jemlaica, Waterh. Cat. Mm. Z. S. 43, 1838, 
 
 Kemas Jemlaicus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 259, note. 
 
 Kemas iharal, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 
 Capra ^Egagrus var., Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1833, 105. 
 
 Capra ^Egagrus tubericorms (part.), Schinz. Verz. ii. 4(>7; Wagn. 
 
 Supp. 
 
 Thar, Ogilby in Royle's Flora, i. 73. 
 Hob. India; Nepal, the Kachar, or northern hilly region. 
 
 An adult specimen, blackish. 
 
 An adult specimen, reddish brown, long hair of neck and back 
 whitish. 
 
 A half-grown specimen, pale brown. 
 
 A young specimen. 
 
 Male, in winter fur. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Head and horns. Nepal. 
 
 Base of skull, with horns. Nepal. 
 
 Skull and horns. Nepal. 
 
 Basal part of skull, and horns of female. Nepal. 
 
 Skull of a young female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Broken skull of a young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Bones of body. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Bones of body, young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. 
 M. t. 165. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 166. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 167. 
 
 Drawing of male, with details of head. Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 168; copied with more details of head, t. 1/0. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. JB, M. t. 169. 
 
 Drawing of skull of young female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 187. f. 1, 2. 
 
 " The Jharals inhabit the loftiest mountains of India, in the 
 most inaccessible bare crags beyond the forest, close to the per- 
 petual snows. They feed in the open glades below such crags at 
 early morning and evening, returning in the day to their awful 
 fastnesses. They are gregarious, in flocks of twenty or thirty, 
 
146 MAMMALIA. 
 
 but sometimes of forty or fifty. If alarmed when feeding, they 
 go off at speed with a noise like thunder, but anon halt to gaze 
 on the intruder, whose shot sends them off again under the gui- 
 dance of an old male, whom they follow blindly. They rut in 
 winter, and the female gestates six months, producing one young 
 in June or July. They are more dauntless and skilful climbers 
 than the Wild Sheep. If they can but touch a rough edge or 
 crevice now and then, they will run up nearly perpendicular pre- 
 cipices of many feet elevation, and they will stand on a bit of 
 rock not larger than one's palm, looking confidently down over 
 sheer space, with not a shrub to break the awful absence of rest 
 for the foot. 
 
 "The Jharal breeds with the domestic Goat, and perhaps 
 more nearly resembles the ordinary model of the tame than any 
 wild species yet known." Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1839. 
 
 " I never could get any progeny from the Goats by the Jharal, 
 though my male had commerce with Goats of several breeds re- 
 peatedly during the six years he lived with me, quite tame and 
 going abroad with the Sheep and Goats." Hodgson. 
 
 " In February 1842, a male Jharal in possession of the Court 
 of Nepal had intercourse with a female Cervus Axis, which in 
 July produced a young hybrid of mixed appearance, but more 
 like the mother than the father, which lived and grew up a fine 
 animal; I saw it last in October 1843. I note the circumstance 
 as a strong corroboration of the affinity of the Hemitragus to the 
 Deer, which is indicated by the four teats and moist muzzle." - 
 Hodgson. 
 
 2. KEMAS. 
 
 Nose cervine. Muffle small, moist between the nostrils. 
 Horns short, recurved, thick, subquadrangular, flat in front, and 
 rounded on the outer side, closely ringed. Interdigital pores and 
 
 suborbital pores none. Hair short, adpressed. Tail . Male 
 
 bearded. Odour like Goats. Female : horns smaller, very like 
 male. 
 
 Hemitragus (part.), Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230; Sun- 
 
 devall, Pecora, 101. 
 
 Hemitragus, a, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 31. 
 Kemas, part., Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 81. 
 
 1. KEMAS WARRYATO. The WARRYATO or JUNGLE KEMAS. 
 
 Brown, yellow grisled. Male: back with a dirty white patch. 
 Female paler. Young ashy grey. 
 
 Capra (Ibex) Warryato, Gray, Mag. N. H. x. 267, 1843, 3 and . 
 Capra Warryato, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 168. 
 
MAMMALIA. 147 
 
 Kemas hylocrius, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1837, 81 (female only); 
 
 Waterh. Cat. Mus. Z. S. 43; Blyth, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. vii. 
 
 259, note ; Wagner, Supp. 503 ; Lesson, Nov. Tab. Reg. A. 182. 
 Capra hylocria, Schinz, Verz. 
 
 Hemitragus Warryato, Gray, List Osteol. E. M. 60. 
 Warryato, Hardw. MSS. 
 Hemitragus hylocrius, Sundevall, Pecora, 101; Gray, Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 
 
 Wild Sheep of Tenasserim, Low, Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1836, 50. 
 Hob. India; Neilgherries. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Head and horns of male and female. Neilgherries. Presented 
 by Richard Partridge, Esq. 
 
 Head of female, without the sheath to the horns. Nepal ? 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Warryato or Hill Goat of the Tamooleans, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. 
 
 M. n. 10,9/5. t. 192 (sketch improved from former by Col. 
 
 H. Smith, t. 193). 
 
 B. Muffle hairy, ovine. 
 
 Hircus, Brisson, R. A. i. 38, 1762. 
 
 Capra, sp., Pallas ; Illiger, 1811; Linn. S. N.; Desm. N. D. H. 
 
 N. 1804. 
 Capra, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 3. ^EGOCEROS. 
 
 Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle. Horns (of male) very 
 large, spirally curved, flat, and with nodose tubercles in front ; 
 base very thick, roundish, then conical, attenuated, with sharp 
 and strongly converging tips ; of females smaller. Tear-bag and 
 inguinal pores none. Ears densely pilose. Hair of forehead 
 simple. Tail very short, flattened. Chin bearded. 
 
 JEgoceros, sp., Pallas, Act. Petrop. 1779; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i 
 
 224. 
 
 Capra, a, Sundevall, Pecora, 91. 
 Capra (sect. Turs), Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 * Horns keeled behind. 
 
 1. ^EGOCEROS PYRENAICA. The PYRENEAN TUR. 
 
 Face black in front, paler on the sides. Horns keeled behi 
 flat on the inner side. 
 
148 MAMMALIA. 
 
 ?Capra Ibex, Linn. S. N. i. 95, part, (see Sundevall, Pecora, 
 
 115). 
 Capra Pyrenaica, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. 1. 1. 
 
 f. 1, 2, skull; 1836, t. 2, animal and horns; t. 3, skull; t. 4, 
 
 young ; Verz. Syst. ii. 457 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 91 ; Brehm, Isis, 
 
 1844, 481; Wiegmann, Arch. 1845, ii. 41. 
 Hab. Pyrenees. 
 
 Male and female. Pyrenees. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 * Skull, female. Pyrenees. 
 
 Var. 1. Legs paler, only black up the centre of the front. 
 
 Adult. Spain. Presented by R. Owen, Esq., from Professor 
 Grael's Collection- 
 
 ** Horns not keeled behind. 
 
 2. JEoocERos CAUCASICA. The TUR or ZACK. 
 
 Wool chestnut-brown. Beard of male long. Horns black, 
 wrinkled, moderately thick, semicircular behind and descending 
 externally, the tip turning upwards and inwards ; the base almost 
 triangular ; middle roundish and compressed. Female with no 
 beard. Horns small, with a slight curve. 
 
 Capra Caucasica, Guldenstddt in Pallas, Act. Petrop. 1/79, ii. 273. 
 t. 17 a, female, b, head, male; cop. Schreb. v. t. 281 B; 
 Gmelin, S. N. i. 197 ; Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 398 ; Desm. Mamm. 
 487 ; Keyserling et Blasius, Wirbelth. Europas, 28 ; Nord- 
 mann, Iter Demidojf, in. 58 ; Fischer, Syn. 485, 648 ; H. 
 Smith, G.A.K.v.871. 
 
 ^Egoceros ammon, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 229. 1. 17, 1. 18. f. 6. 
 
 ^Egoceros Pallasii, Rouillier, Bull. Moscou, 1841, 110; Wagner, 
 Supp. 497 ; Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. t. 1, 
 animal ; Verz. ii. 459 ; Ray Soc. i. 64. 
 
 Ovis Cylindricornis (Caucasian Argali), Blyth, P. Z. Soc. 1840, 
 68. 
 
 ?Ovis ammon var., H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 317; Ainsworth, Tra- 
 vels Assyria, 42. 
 
 Caucasian Ibex, Shaw, Zool. ii. 367. 
 
 Bouquetin du Caucase, Cuv. R. A. i. 266. 
 
 Hab. Caucasus. 
 
 Male and female. Aladagh. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 " They live in droves of five or six females and their young, 
 under the care of an old male." 
 
MAMMALIA. 149 
 
 4. CAPRA. 
 
 Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle. Horns (of male) very 
 large, elongate, recurved, curved nearly on the same plane ; base 
 subquadrangular, broad, flattened, and with broad cross ribs in 
 front ; outer side rather compressed and rounded ; tip com- 
 pressed, broad; of female smaller. Hair of forehead elongate, 
 whorled. Crumen and inguinal pore none. Chin bearded. 
 
 Ibex, Gray, Ann. & Mao. N. H. 1846, 230; List Osteol. B. M. 
 
 59. 
 
 Capra, 1. Ibex, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 ^Egoceros, sp., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 228. 
 Capra, sect, ft Sundevall, Pecora, 93. 
 
 * Ears densely villose. 
 
 1. CAPRA IBEX. The IBEX or STEINBOCK. 
 
 Ears small, acute, not one-fourth the length of the head. 
 " Horns of the male very strong, thick, subquadrangular, trans- 
 versely rugose, flattish and nodose in front; of female small, 
 compressed, slightly nodose. Fur in summer short, adpressed, 
 without any under coat, ashy grey. In winter, elongate, fulvous 
 brown, with long, dense, intermixed under-fur. Beard short, 
 brown, in summer wanting." Schinz. 
 
 Capra Ibex (part.), Linn. S. N. i. 95; Gmelin, S. N. i. 19G ; 
 
 Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 397; Desm. Mam. 480; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 483, 647 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 300. t., v. 868 ; Griffith, A. 
 
 K. v. t. ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 167; Schinz, Nov. Mem. 
 
 Soc. Helv. ii. t. 2, horns, 1838. 
 Capra alpina, Girtanner, Journ. Phys. xxviii. 224. 
 Ibex alpinus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 59. 
 Ibex, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 53; Gesner, Quad. 351, fig.; Brisson, 
 
 R. A. 64; Shaw, Mus. Lever, iii. 105. t. 2; Zool. ii. 364. 
 
 t. 198 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 667, 668, 669, bad. 
 Wild Goat, Penn. Syn. 13. 
 Bouquetin, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 13, 14; Cuvier, R. A. i. 266; 
 
 Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Knorr, Delic. ii. t. K. 5. f. 2. 
 Capricornis, Gesner, Quad. 1099. fig. 
 Hab. Europe, Alps, 
 
 Male. Europe, Alps. Presented by Mrs. A. G. Campbell. 
 Male. Europe, Alps. Presented by Messrs Murray and Brocke- 
 don. 
 
 Male. Europe, Alps, 
 
150 MAMMALIA. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Bouquetin, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 14. 
 
 C. Ibex, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. N. S. ii. t. 2, horns. 
 
 Base of skull and horns, very large. 
 
 Two skulls and horns. 
 
 Single horn, rather compressed. 
 
 2. CAPRA SIBIRICA. The TEK or TAKIGA. 
 
 Pale grey. Ears oblong. Beard of both sexes dependent. 
 Lower maxilla of male, and spot on each side of the jaw in the 
 female, black brown. 
 
 Ibex Sibiricarum (Der Sibirische Steinbok), Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 
 
 32, 53. t. 3. t. 5. f. 4, horns. 
 Capra Sibirica, Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 397. 4 ; Schinz, Nov. Mem. 
 
 Soc. Helv. ii. t. 2, horns, 1838; Sundevall, Pecora, 94; Gray, 
 
 List Mamm.B. M. 16?. 
 
 Capra Ibex, Schreb. Saugth. t. 281, from Pallas. 
 Capra Pallasii, Sehinz in Cuvier, Thierr. iv. 511. 
 ^Egoceros Ibex, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 224. 
 Capra Ibex /3. Sibiricus, Fischer, Syn. 485. 
 Hob. Siberia. 
 
 Male and female. Siberia. From the St. Petersburg Academy. 
 
 3. CAPRA HIMALAYANA. The SAKEEN or SKYN. 
 
 Brownish grey. Tail, beard, dorsal stripe, band on shoulders, 
 anterior part of limbs, black or dark brown. 
 
 Capra Ibex, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. Beng. x. 913, xi. 183. 
 
 Capra Sakeen, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. 283, not described. 
 
 Capra Ibex Himalayanus, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 
 414, iv. 291. 
 
 Himalayan Ibex or Skeen, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 542 ; 
 Kennedy, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 242. 
 
 Himalaya Ibex, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 81. 
 
 Capra himalayanus, Schinz, Syn. 463 ? 
 
 Skyn, Skeen, Saken, Sikeen, or Kyi, Vigne, Travels, i. 311. 
 
 Skin, Herbert, Asiat. Res. xv. 397. 
 
 Skvn $ , Damma $, Moorcroft, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1839, 
 928. 
 
 Capra (^Egoceros) Skyn, Wagner; Sundevall, Pecora, 94. 
 
 Capra JEgagrus, Hutton, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 521. t. 19. 
 
 Ibex (from Simla), Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 
 Hob. Himalaya; Little Thibet; Mountain districts of Afghan- 
 istan, called Borz by the Afghans. 
 
 Probably not distinct from Ibex Sibirica. 
 
MAMMALIA. 151 
 
 " The Tekr or Wild Goats of the Himalaya (of Simla and Mus- 
 euri) have the anterior edge of the horns decidedly nodose, though 
 less so than the Jharal" Hodgson, J. A. S. B. iv. 491, 1835. 
 
 " Horns of the Ibex are attached to the Zearuts and places of 
 sacred note in Afghanistan." Bengal Journ. 1841, 978. 
 
 " The Ibex is so abundant in Thibet, as to be killed for their 
 potham or fine wool, which is used to make shawls. They sur- 
 round them when the mountains are covered with snow. The 
 horns are slit down longitudinally, and formed into bows for 
 archery." Lord A. Hay. 
 
 In the Collection from Thibet in the India House Museum 
 there are the skins and skulls of what appear to be two species 
 of Capra, but the skulls and skins are not attached together, and 
 the horns of both are very similar. One has short hair and a 
 black beard, and the skull has an elongated face. The other has 
 a black, abundant beard, and very elongated soft fur, like Capra 
 Sibirica, and the skull which appears to belong to it has a short 
 face, very broad at the orbits. 
 
 4. CAPRA? L^EVICORNIS. The SMOOTH-HORNED IBEX. 
 
 Grey brown. Feet, head, large beard, dorsal and posterior 
 ventral line, black. Nose pale. Anal disk small, white. Lateral 
 streak none. Horns very long, curved, smooth ; base rounded, 
 three-sided. 
 
 Capra Ia3vicornis, Sundevall, Pecora, 95. 
 
 Hab. ? Menagerie of the French Museum. Two males. 
 
 The horns are intermediate between C. Ibex and C. hircus; 
 they are probably hybrids. The smoothness of the horns of the 
 specimens in the Paris Museum (1851) appears to arise from the 
 animal having rubbed them against the wall and bars of his pad- 
 dock. 
 
 ** Ears very shortly pilose. 
 
 5. CAPRA NUBIANA. The BEDEN or JAELA. 
 
 Fulvous grey (in winter brown). Dorsal line and sides of tail 
 blackish, beneath white. Feet black and white spotted. Ears 
 three-streaked. Male bearded, beard black. Horns very long, 
 subtriangular above, knotted, reclinate on the base. Female 
 beardless. Horns slender, smooth, rather compressed, apex 
 slightly inclined. 
 
 Capra Ibex (Baeden), Forsk. Faun. Arab. iv. 
 
 Capra Nubiana (Boue de la Haute Egypte), F. Cuvier, Mam. 
 
 Lithog. 1825 ; Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 9 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 168: 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 483, 648, 
 
152 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Ibex Nubiana, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60. 
 
 Capra arabica, Mus. Vindob. 
 
 Capra Jaela, H. Smith in G. A. K. v. n. 869 (not figure at iv. 
 
 301). 
 Capra Sinaitica (Sinaica), Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. 1. 18; Gene, Mem. 
 
 Turino, xxxvii. t. ? . 
 
 "Capra Beden, Forsk." Wagner; Sundevall, Pecora, 95. 
 Cretan Wild Goat, Belon, fig. 
 Hab. Egypt; Arabia; Crete. 
 
 Young female. Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 6. f. 1. N. Africa. Pre- 
 sented by James Burton, jun., Esq. 
 
 Adult male, young male, and younger male. N. Africa. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Five pairs of horns. Egypt. Presented by James Burton, 
 jun., Esq. 
 
 Pair of horns, separate. North Africa. 
 
 Pair of horns, half- grown. 
 
 Skull and horns. Mount Sinai. 
 
 Skull. N. Africa. Presented by Major Macdonald. 
 
 Far. 1. Legs less black. 
 Hab. Senegal. Mus. Paris. 
 
 6. CAPRA VALIE. The WALIE. 
 
 Brown, beneath whitish. Feet white. Legs and feet with a 
 black mark in front. Beard moderate. Horns thick, nodose, 
 subrhomboidal at the base. Forehead with a protuberance in 
 front. 
 
 Capra Walie, Riippell, Fauna Abyss, t. 6. 
 
 Capra Valie, Sundevall, Pecora, 95. 
 
 Hab. Abyssinia. Male, Mus. Frankfort. Female unknown. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Ruppell, Abyss. Fauna, t. , skull. 
 
 5. HIRCUS. 
 
 Horns compressed, with a narrow, thin, nodose or torn keel 
 in front ; outer side convex, rounded behind. Ears covered 
 with short, adpressed hairs. Hair of forehead like back, rather 
 whorled. 
 
 Hircus, Wagner, Supp. 
 
 Hircus, sp., Brisson; Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 Capra ., Sundevall, Pecora, 96. 
 
 JEgoceros, sp., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 224. 
 
 Tragus, Klein, Quad. 15 ; Schrank, Fauna Boic. i, 45. 
 
MAMMALIA. IpO 
 
 ** Goats are distinguished by the horns being inclined very ob- 
 liquely, not angular, compressed, and presenting a sharp keeled 
 edge to the front, whereby they may be distinguished at once 
 from all kinds of Sheep and Ibexes. They have usually a true 
 beard, common to both sexes, not present in the Sheep. They 
 have callosities on the knees, and sometimes also on the chest." 
 Hodgson. 
 
 1. HIRCUS ^EGAGRUS. The GOAT. 
 
 Capra Hircus, Linn. Faun. Suec. 15; S. N. i. 94; Gray, List 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 168 ; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60; List Hodgson 
 
 Coll. B. M. 28 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 96 ; Fischer, Syn. 484. 648. 
 Capra caucasica, H. Smith in G. A. K. ; Gray, List Mamm. B. 
 
 M. 168. 
 
 -^Egoceros Capra, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. ; Wagner, Supp. 
 Capra ^Egagrus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 193 ; Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. 396; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. t. 282; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. R. A. i. 267; 
 
 Desm. Mam. 483; Fischer, Syn. 484. 646; F. Cuvier, Mam. 
 
 Lithog..t.; Sundevall, Pecora, 97- 
 ^Egagrus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 45. t. 5. f. 2, 3. 
 Ziege, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. 493. 
 Capra Hircus vulgaris, Schreb. t. 283. 
 
 C. ^Egagrus /3. Hircus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 193; Desm. Mamm. 483. 
 C. Capricornus, Meyer, Zool. Ann. 39. 
 Tragus JEgagrus, Schrank, Fauna Boic. i. 45. 
 Capra, Plinii H. N. vi. 50 ; Gesner, Quad. 270. fig. ; Hodgson, 
 
 J. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1847,1017. 
 Hircus, Gesner, Quad. 301. fig. 
 Hircus vel Capra domestica, Brisson, R. A. 62. 
 Tragus domesticus, Klein, Quad. 15. 
 Pasen, K'dmpf. Amosn. Exot. 398. fig. at p. 407. n. 2. 
 Capra bezoartica, Linn. S. N. i. 96, part, from K'dmpf er. 
 Gazella bezoartica, Brisson, R. A. 69, part, from Kdmpfer. 
 Goat, Penn. Brit. Zool. 13. 
 Domestic Goat, Penn. Syn. 14. 
 Common Goat, Shaw, Zool. ii. 369. t. 199. 
 Capricorne Goat, Penn. Syn. 16; Shaw, Zool. ii. 377. 
 Bouc et Chevre, Buffon, H. N. v. 59. t. 8, 9. 
 Capricorne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 146. t. 15, skeleton. 
 Hab. Domesticated. 
 
 Stuffed, ears pendent. 
 
 Stuffed. (Africa.) Presented by Miss Inglis. 
 Adult, stuffed. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 Half-grown male. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 Cashmere Goat. India. From Capt. Boys's Collection. 
 
 G 5 
 
154 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Hybrid Goat, male and female, between Common Goat and 
 European Ibex ; bred in the Zoological Society's Gardens. 
 Young. From Riddle Museum. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Chevre, Daub. Buffon H. N. v. t. 13. 
 
 Capricorne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 15. 
 
 Capra hircus, Schinz, Nov. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat. ii. 1. 1, skull. 
 
 Bouc de Juda, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 22. 
 
 Skull. England. 
 
 Skull, with horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns, elongate, erect. 
 
 Horns, expanded on the side. 
 
 Three skulls, var. Sinai, with the horns regularly bent back. 
 Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns, var. Changra or Shawl Goat. Thibet. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 S' 11 and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ^ 11, with horns, var. Chappoo, Capra Chungra. Thibet. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A young skull of same. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 A pair of separate horn-sheaths. Thibet. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls and horns. (The specimens described (Capra Cau- 
 casica) by Col. H. Smith.) 
 
 Single horns, in bad state, with only three very distant knots 
 on front keel. Specimen described as Capra Caucasica by Col. H. 
 Smith. 
 
 Capra Caucasica, H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v.; Gray, List Mamm. 
 B. M. 167; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 60, not Guldenst. 
 
 DOMESTIC VARIETIES. 
 
 1. The Maykay or Maycay, Buchanan, Mysore, i. 120. t. 5. f. 10. 
 Hob. India; Mysore; kept with sheep. 
 
 2. The Sircenagur Goat, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,974. 
 
 t. 110,112, 113. 
 Hob. India. 
 
 3. Jamnapari, C. JEg. Arietinus, Desm. Mam. 
 Bouc de Nepaul, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. c? ? . 
 
 Goat of the country west of the River Jumna, Hardw. Icon. 
 
 ined.B.M. 10,974. t. 111. 
 
 Jamnapari, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1847, 1024, note. 
 Hab. India, bred in Nepal. 
 
MAMMALIA. 155 
 
 4. The Bukee, or Goat of the Dukhun, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. 
 Hab. Dukhun. 
 
 5. Egyptian Goat, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 307. 
 Capra J3g. Thebaica, Desm. Mam. 848. 
 
 C. JEg. Thebaicus, Fischer, Syn. 493. 
 
 C. Indica, Gesner, Jonst. Quad. t. 26. 
 
 Bouc de la Haute Egypte, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 
 
 Adimain, Nieremb. H. N. 183. fig. 
 
 C. zEg. JSgyptiacus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 649. 
 
 Hab. N. Africa. 
 
 6. TheDoogoo,iM#sow,J.^.S.B.x.913; Icon.ined. t.ljl. ?_. 
 Capra hircus var. Doogoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll.B. M. 27 . 
 Capra Dugu, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1024. 
 
 Hab. Central Hill, Nepal ; common, domesticated. 
 
 7. The Sinai, Hodgson. 
 
 C. hircus var. Sinai, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 28; 
 
 Hodgson, Icon. ined. 1/2; J. A. S. B. i. 347, xvi. 1022. t., 
 
 xx. 913. 
 Hab. Nepal; Central Mountain region; domesticated, with 
 
 hair and shorn. 
 
 Three skulls, with the horns regularly bent back. 
 
 A skin, with skull and horns. 
 
 Drawing of varieties. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 172. 
 
 " A tall, largish species, with ordinary horns, long, flowing, 
 straight hair, drooping, longish ears, and semi-erect short tail."- 
 Hodgs. I. c. i. 347. 
 
 8. The Cossia Goat. White. Feet pale brown. Horns short, 
 
 recurved. 
 
 Capra ^Eg. Cossia, Buchanan,Hamilton,MSS. ii. 9, and horn,t. 
 C. JEg. Cossus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 21. 
 C. Aries Cossus, Fischer, Syn. 493. 
 C. tubericornis, part., Schinz, Verz. 467. 
 Hab. High Mountain districts; called Cossea in the East of 
 
 Sylhet. 
 
 They are bred by the middling and lower classes of the inha- 
 bitants of the highest Cossia mountains. Neither the skin nor 
 hair is applied to any use. The hair is coarse and straight, long 
 and pendulous, and has no wool mixed with it, by which it is 
 easily distinguished from the Shawl Goat. Ears spread, covered, 
 like the legs, with short hair. Tail small and short. 
 
 " The female long-haired Goat is said sometimes to produce 
 at a birth one kid like itself, and another short-haired, like the 
 Common Goat of Bengal/' Buchanan, Hamilton, MSS. 
 
156 MAMMALIA. 
 
 9. Greater Shawl Goat or Changra. 
 
 Capra JEgagrus Changra, Buchanan, MSS. Icon. ined. 1. 11; 
 Hodgson, Icon. ined. t. 173. f. 1, t. 174. f. 1; Journ. Asiat. 
 Eeng. xvi. 1017. 
 
 Changra, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 
 Changra or Shawl Goat, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 347, x. 913, 
 xi. 283. 
 
 Hab. Nepal and Thibet. 
 
 A skull with horns. 
 
 An adult skull with horns. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 173. f. 1, and 
 t. 174. f. 2. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 175. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Chungra, Paruttes-, Cholay, Newars; Camgoo, Thibetians-, 
 Shawl Goat, English. 
 
 " Domesticated in Thibet ; wool exported to Cashmere, where 
 it is manufactured into cloth and felts. Many castrated speci- 
 mens are brought to Nepal for food. Manners exactly like com- 
 mon Goat, and thrive best in a very cold climate." 
 
 " Hair of body, neck, and upper part of head remarkably long, 
 especially that arising from the spine, pendulous, straight and 
 rather harsh, and intermixed with remarkably fine and soft short 
 wool, which alone is used by the manufacturer ; hair on legs and 
 face rather short, and not mixed with wool. Ears very short. 
 Nose straight. Horns longer than the head, much compressed, 
 inner edge sharpest, approach at the base and diverge at the 
 summit with a twist round ; they are nearly straight, and stand 
 on the plane of the forehead. Tail short." 
 
 " The drawing from a castrated male (made by Mr. Burton).'" 
 Buchanan, Hamilton MSS. 
 
 10. Lesser Shawl Goat, Capra ^Egagrus Chapu, Buchanan, Icon. 
 
 ined. t. ; Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Beng. xvi. 1020. t. 
 
 Capra Hircus Chappoo, Gray, Cat. Hodgson B. M. 28. 
 
 Chappoo, Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. x. 913. 
 
 Bouc de Cachemire, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 
 
 Cashmir Goat, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 664, 665. 
 
 White, black varied. Horns suberect, subspiral. 
 
 Hab. Cashmere; Buck. Tibet; Hodgson. 
 Stuffea. India. From Capt, Boys's Collection. 
 A skull with horns. 
 A young skull. 
 
 A pair of separate horn-sheaths. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 173. f. 2, and 
 t. 174. f. 1. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 1/5. f. 3, 4. 
 
MAMMALIA. 157 
 
 11. Khassia Hill Goat, Robinson, Assam, 99. 
 Hair long, rather coarse, white. 
 
 Hab. Assam. 
 
 12. Berbura Goat. 
 
 Capra imberbis Berbura, Hamilton, MSS. ii. 10, and Icon. t. 
 
 C. Mg. imberbis Barbara, Blainv. Butt. Soc. Philom.1816, 61. 
 
 C. Aries Barbarus, Fischer, Syn. 493. 
 
 C. Jemlaica var., H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 Hab. India; West of the Jumna; called Berbura <J , Berburi 9 , 
 
 and Ram Sagul, Eengalese. 
 
 The horns of the male hear the ear at the base, inclining a 
 little back and spread out laterally near the tip, much com- 
 pressed at the root, convex before, concave behind, and having 
 a spiral turn, not remarkably wrinkled. Ears short. Forehead 
 prominent, covered with longish hair. No beard. Throat of 
 males with a deep dewlap. Fur smooth. Hair harsh, of the 
 spine forming an erect mane, and on fore-part of hind thighs 
 long. Male : scrotum divided into two distinct bags. Female : 
 want the long hair on spine, thighs, and the dewlap. 
 
 They differ from the common Indian Goat by the want of the 
 beard and the length of the legs ; and from the May cay of My- 
 sore by the shortness of the ears. They are white, variegated 
 with black and reddish brown. Length from nose to horns 9 in. ; 
 from horns to tail 3 ft. 4 in. ; height at shoulders 2 ft. 9 in. 
 
 " They are said by Mr. Fleming to have been introduced from 
 Abyssinia by an ambassador from that country." Hamilton, I. c. 
 
 13. Naga Goat. 
 
 " Body marked with beautiful streaks." Robinson, Assam, 99. 
 Hab. Assam. 
 
 14. Whidaw Goat, Penn. Syn. 16. 
 Capra reversa, Linn. S. N. 95. 
 C. /Eg. reversa, Gmelin, Desm. 
 
 C. H. reversus, Schreb. S. t. 206 a; Buffon, H. N. xii. 154. 
 Bouc de Juda, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 20, 21, 22 ; Suppl. iii. 1. 13. 
 Hab. Whidaw. 
 
 15. African Goat, Penn. Syn. 16. 
 Capra depressa, Linn. 
 
 C. H. depressa, Schreb. t. 287. 
 
 Bouc d'Afrique, Buffon, H. N. xii. 154. t. 18. 
 
 Chevre nain, Buffon, H. N. xii. 154. 1. 19; F. Cuv.Mam. Lith.t. 
 
 Hab. Africa. 
 
 16. Common Goat, Shaw. 
 Capra hircus, Linn. 
 
 Capricorne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 146. t. 15, skeleton. 
 
158 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Capra capricornus, Meyer, Ann. 39. 
 
 C. J^gagrus capricornus, Gmelin, S. N. i. ; ErxL 364. 
 
 C. Hircus capricornus, Fischer, Syn. 486. 
 
 Capricorne Goat, Penn. 
 
 Goat, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. 73. 
 
 Bouc et Chevre, Euffon, H. N. v. t. 8, 9. 
 
 Hab. Europe. 
 
 17. Thibet Goat, C. H. Thibetanus, Desm. 484. 
 Chevre de Thibet, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. 
 Bouc de Cachemere, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 18. Angora Goat, Penn. Syn. 15; Shaw, Zool. ii. 275. t. 200. 
 C. Angorensis, Linn. 
 
 C. Hircus Angorensis, Erscleb.: Schreb. Saugth, t. 234 A, B. 
 
 C. ^Eg. Angorensis, Gmelin, Desm. 
 
 C. Angolensis, Hasselq. N. Palcest. 285. 
 
 Chevre d' Angora, Tour. Voy. ii. 185. fig.; Buffon, H. A T . v. 
 
 71. t. 10, 11 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 Hab. Angora. 
 
 19. Syrian Goat, Penn. Syn. 15. t. 5. f. 1, 2. 
 Capra Mambrica, Linn. 
 
 C. Hircus Mambrica, Schreb. t. 285; Desm. 
 
 C. Mambrine ou de Levant, Buffon, H. N. xii. 152. t. 10. 
 
 C. auribus demissis, Aldrov. Bisulc. 769. fig. 
 
 C. Syriaca, Brisson. 
 
 Long-eared Syrian Goats, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 661, 
 
 662, 663. 
 Hab. Syria. 
 
 20. Persian Goat, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 306. 
 C. Mg. Persicus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 648. 
 Hab. Persia. 
 
 21. Indian Goat, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 307. 
 C. JEg. Indicus, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 649. 
 
 Indian Goats (various), Capra JSgagras var., Hardw. Icon. 
 
 ined. B.M. n. 10,974. t. 114, 115. t. 189, 190, 191. 
 Hab. India. 
 
 22. Spanish or Hornless Goat, C. Hircus ecornis, Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 i. t. 287 B. 
 C. ^E. acera, Desm. 
 
 Chevre sans comes, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. 
 Hab. Spain. 
 
 23. Caschmere Goat, C. JEg. lanigera, Desm. Mam. 
 
MAMMALIA. 159 
 
 Chevre de Cachemere, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. ; Desmoul. Did. 
 
 Class. H. N. in. 578. 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 24. Jamaica Goat, C. Hircus Jamaicensis, Fischer, Syn. 486. 
 Hab. Jamaica. , 
 
 25. South American Goat, Capra ^Egagrus, Renger, 366. 
 Hab. S. America. 
 
 Dr. Gardiner observes, " Goats in Brazil lose the long hair 
 natural to them in cold countries, which proves how much the 
 ceconomy of animals can suit itself to change nf circumstances." 
 Travels, 163. 
 
 Var. 1 . Horns very large, more or less twisted, varying from the 
 curvature of those of the Koodoo (A. Strepsiceros), only in an 
 opposite direction, to the straight with spiral keel of the 1m- 
 poofo (Antilope Oreas). Size large. Brown, like Domestic Goat. 
 
 Aigoceros Falconeri, Wagner, Murch. Gel. Anzeig. 1839, ix. 430; 
 Wiegm. Arch. 1841, 54. 
 
 Capra Falconeri, Hugel; Wagner in Hugel Kaschmir, iv. 579. 
 tab. , 1844; in Wiegmann, Arch. 1845, ii. 7- 
 
 Markhur, Vigne, Ghuzni, Kabul, Afghanistan, 1840, p. 86; Tra- 
 vels in Kashmir, 279; Lord in Burns' Cabool (1842), p. 386. 
 
 Wild Goat, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. viii. 88. 
 
 Capra magoceros, Huffon, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 521. t. 20. 
 
 Markbur, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 196, note. 
 
 Capra ^Egagrus, var., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 80. 
 
 Markhor, Ray Soc. i. 65. 
 
 Capra hircus y. asiatica, Sundevall, Pecora, 97. 
 
 Hab. India; Mountains of Cashmere; Dr. Falconer. Called 
 MarJchore or Snake-Eater by the Afghans, and " Marbul at 
 Cabul," Blyth. Rewachi of Little Thibet. 
 
 Mr. Blyth justly observes, that the horns of all domestic Goats 
 have a tendency to assume the spiral form, especially at the tip, 
 and he has never observed this in the wild kinds. He further 
 remarks, that he has never seen two specimens of the Markbur 
 with the horns alike. 
 
 Mr. Blyth says, " I consider the Markbur to be a feral race 
 of domestic Goats of remarkable large size, but otherwise not 
 essentially different from the Shawl Goats of the same countries." 
 Ann. N. H. vii. 196, note. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, with horns. India. Presented by the E. I. Company. 
 Single horn. India. Presented by H. Falconer, M.D. 
 
160 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Doubtful species. 
 
 1. Capra? 
 
 Antilope torticornis, Herm. Obs. Zool. i. 87. 
 A. (Tragelaphus) torticornis, Fischer, Syn. 4/3. 
 
 2. Antilope? grandicornis, Herm. Obs. Zool. 87; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 466. 633. 
 A. ^Egocerus grandicornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 812. 
 
 Subtribe V. Ovece. Forehead flat or concave. The horns are 
 more or less spiral, wider than deep at the base, and slightly aii- 
 nulated in front. The females are often hornless. The skull has 
 a more or less deep rounded suborbital pit, without any fissure ; 
 the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the audi- 
 tory bulla small; the basioccipital flat, more or less expanded 
 anteriorly by the extension of the anterior pair of tubercles, the 
 posterior ones small; the cutting-teeth are nearly equal- sized 
 and shelving ; and there are no supplemental lobes to the grind- 
 ers. The hoofs are triangular, and being shallow behind, they 
 have distinct interdigital fossae. Males emitting no stench. 
 
 Ovis, Linn. S. N. ; Desm. 1804. 
 
 Aries, Brisson, R. Anim. i. 48, 1/62. 
 
 Capra, sp., Illiger, 107, 1811. 
 
 Ovis, Raii Syn. Quad. 73; Gray, Ann. fyMag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 Ovis, part., Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 32, 1830. 
 
 Ovejfi, Gray, Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 1846, 230. 
 
 Ovidze, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 72, 1828. 
 
 Capridse, part., Oailby, P. Z. S. 1836, 137. 
 
 Ovesidese, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 
 Sheep, Penn. Hist. Quad. i. 32. 
 
 Ovis v. Ammon, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76. 
 
 Aries, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 In fighting they run a- tilt, adding hither the force of impulse 
 to that of weight; incurious and timid; rarely bark trees. 
 
 Pallas, and more lately Gene, Hodgson, Blasius, and Blyth, 
 have pointed out the characters that define the limits of this genus, 
 which Desmarest, Fischer, and several other authors are inclined 
 to place with the Goat. 
 
 The females are sometimes hornless. Gmelin noticed this with 
 respect to O. Ammon, Blyth. 0. Nahor and the female Corsi- 
 can O. Musimon are generally hornless. 
 
 Blasius has remarked that the right horn of 0. Argali, 0. mon- 
 tana, O. Nahor, O. Aries, O. Musimon and 0. Vignei, winds to 
 the left, but in the two latter species only slightly, while in O. 
 Tragelaphus, 0. orientalis, O. Burhel and 0. Cyprius, the right 
 horn winds to the right. 
 
MAMMALIA. 161 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF OVE^E. 
 
 1. Ovis. Crumen distinct. Tail elongated. Skin covered with 
 
 wool or adpressed hair. 
 
 2. CAPROVIS. Crumen distinct. Tail very short. Skin covered 
 
 with thick hair, covering the wool. 
 
 3. PSEUDOIS. Crumen none. Tail rather elongated. Forehead 
 
 convex. Skin covered with thick hair. 
 
 4. AMMOTRAGUS. Crumeu none. Tail rather elongated. Fore- 
 
 head concave. Skin covered with short hair, and elongated 
 tuft of hair. 
 
 a. Crumen distinct. Infraorbital pit distinct. 
 
 1. Ovis. 
 
 Forehead convex. Horns more or less spiral, bent inwards at 
 the tips, varying greatly in size and form. Crumen distinct. 
 Tail more or less elongated. Body covered with wool or close- 
 pressed hair. Skull with a more or less deep suborbital pit, but 
 no fissure. 
 
 Ovis, sp., Linn. 
 Capra, sp., Elumenb. ; Fischer. 
 Musmon, Schrank, Fauna Boica. 
 Aries, Rqfin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 1. Ovis (ARIES) ARIES. The SHEEP. 
 
 JEgoceros Aries, Pallas ; Wagner. 
 
 Ovis Aries, Linn. S. N. i. 97; Gmelin, S. N. i. 197; Erxl. 242; 
 
 Desm. Mam. 488 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169 ; List, Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 61 ; List Hodgson Mam. fy Birds B. M. ; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 89. 
 
 Ovis domestica, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 74. 
 Capra Ovis, Elumenb. Naturg. x. 116. 
 Capra Aries, Fischer, Syn. 489. 649. 
 Musmon Aries, Schrank, Faun. Boic. i. 46. 
 Pecus, Aries, Ovis, Plin. H. N, viii. 47, 48. 
 Ovis Aries, &c., Gesner, Quad. 872. f. 8/3, 925, 926; Jonst. 
 
 Quad. 54. t. 22; Linn. Am&n. Acad. iv. 169. 
 Sheep, Penn. B. Z. 10; Youatt, Sheep, their breeds, fyc.; Low, 
 
 Dom. Anim. Brit. Islands. 
 Ram, Penn. Syn. 10. 
 Belier et Brebis, Buffon, H. N. v. 1 . 1. 1, 2 ; Schdf. Meyer Thiere, 
 
 i. t. 51 ; Walther, Wetterau Ann. i. 283. 
 Hab. Domesticated, 
 
162 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Female Turkish Sheep, brown and white varied ; tail slender ; 
 with two throat-beards. 
 
 O. Aries Africanus, Linn. 
 
 O. Aries longicaudatus, Brisson ? 
 
 Male,, many-horned, white and black varied. 
 
 O. Aries polyceratus, Linn.-, Buffon, H. N. xi. 354. t. 31, 32; 
 Penn. B. Quad. t. 3. f. 2, 3. 
 
 Young. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Mouton, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 1. f. 1-4, skull. 
 
 Brebis, Daub. H. N.v. I. 
 
 Horns of many-horned variety. 
 
 Horns of many-horned variety. 
 
 Horns, small. 
 
 Skull and horns of spiral-] lorned variety. 
 
 Skull and horns of spiral-horned variety. 
 
 Horns of spiral-horned variety. 
 
 Horns of spiral-horned variety. 
 
 Skull, with the horns united together at the Kase. 
 
 Var. Huniah Sheep. 
 
 Skull of adult male, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of young, without the cases of the horns. Nepal. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of young, without the cases of the horns. Nepal. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls of many-horned variety, horns of each side arising 
 from the same base, showing that they are produced by the divi- 
 sion of the core. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls of four-horned varieties, with horns separate from 
 one another at the base (each wanting one sheath). Nepal. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Var. Dumba. Skull of a " Cabul Dumba Sheep." Presented 
 by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Var. Cago. Skull of adult (without the sheath of the horns), 
 imperfect. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of the young, hornless. 
 
 Var. Horns united at the base. Skull, with the horns cut off 
 near the base. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull. England. 
 
 Skull. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Skull. Fat-tailed variety. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns, separate. 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
MAMMALIA. 163 
 
 Skull and horns. 
 
 Skull and horns. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 The Domestic Sheep offer many varieties in the form and even 
 the number of the horns, and especially in the texture of their 
 fur. Many in cold and temperate climates, which are covered 
 with wool, when they are moved to a warmer climate become 
 permanently covered with short hair. 
 
 Dr. Gardiner in his journey from Pernambuco to Crato passed 
 through a flock of several hundred sheep. " The excessive heat 
 of the climate had wrought a remarkable change in their appear- 
 ance, their skin being wholly destitute of wool, and replaced by 
 a short hair not unlike that of a cow." Trav. 163. 
 
 But some kinds even in England, which are covered with wool 
 in the winter, are covered with short adpressed hair in the sum- 
 mer. This is the case with the West India Sheep, noticed by 
 Mr. Blyth (Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. 255). They also present several 
 varieties in the form of the tail. 
 
 Pallas divides the Russian Sheep into four varieties, according 
 to the shape of the tail, thus : 
 
 a. O. dolichura occidentalis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 60; Zoo/. 
 
 Ross. Asiat. 233. 
 
 b. O. platyura media, Pallas, S. Z. xi. 78; Itin. poster, ii. ; 
 
 Zool. Ross. Asiat. 233. 
 
 c. O. Steatopyga orientalis, Pallas, S. Z. xi. 63. 80. t. 4 ; Nov. 
 
 Comm. Petrop. v. 31. 343. t. 8; Zool. Ross. Asiat. 233. 
 
 d. O. brachyura borealis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 61 ; Zool. Ross. 
 
 Asiat. 233. 
 
 DOMESTIC VARIETIES. 
 
 1 . Spanish Sheep, Shaw, Zool. 
 
 uvis Hispanicus, Linn. Amain. Acad. iv. 174. 
 
 Merino, Desm. N. Diet. H. N. t. 918. f. 1, 2. 
 
 Merino Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 682. 
 
 British Middle-wooled Sheep, Knight, Mus. An. Nat. f. 684. 
 
 Merino Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. Brit. Islands, ii. 1. 12, 
 
 2. Common Sheep, Penn. Syn. ; Hist. Quad. i. 33. 
 Ovis rusticus, Linn. Amcen. Acad. iv. 174. 
 
 O. Gallica, Desm. 
 
 O. brachyura, Pallas, Spic. Zool. 
 
 O. leptura, Schreb. Saugth. t. 290 A. B. 
 
 a. Hornless Sheep, O. Anglicana, Linn. Am&n. Acad. iv. 1/4. 
 Ovis A. Anglicus, Erxleb. 
 Lincolnshire Sheep. 
 
164 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 b. Muggs Sheep and Shetland Sheep, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 25. 
 Shetland Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 68. 
 
 Soft-wooled Highland Sheep, Low, Dom. Anim. B. Islands. 
 
 c. Ry eland Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 13. 
 
 d. Southdown Ram, Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. 
 
 t. 14, 15. 
 
 e. Old Lincoln Ram, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 16. 
 
 /. Romney Marsh Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. 1. 1 7- 
 g. Cobwold Ewe and Lamb, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 18. 
 
 h. New Leicester Ram and Wether, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii.t.iy. 
 Leicester Ewe and Lambs, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1278. 
 
 fig. & t. 33. 
 Improved Leicestershire Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 63. 
 
 i. Cheviot Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 58. fig. 
 
 k. Old Teeswater Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 60. fig. 
 
 /. Improved Teeswater Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 61. fig. 
 
 m. Mr. Culley's Wedder, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 66. fig. 
 
 n. The Dunky or Dwarf Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 70. fig. 
 
 o. Zetland and Orkney Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. 
 ii. t. 1. 
 
 p. Higher Welsh Mountain Ewes, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 2. 
 
 q. Soft-wooled Sheep of Wales (Ewes), Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. 
 ii. t. 3. 
 
 r. Wicklow Mountain Sheep (Ram and Ewe), Low, Dom. Anim. 
 B. I. ii. t. 4. 
 
 s. The Kerry Sheep (Wethers), Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 5. 
 t. Exmoor Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 6. 
 
 u. Black-faced Sheep, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 25. 
 Ovis collaris, Walker, Essays, 522. 
 Black-faced Heath Sheep (Ewe and Lamb), Low, Dom. Anim. 
 
 B. I. ii. t. 7. Ram, t. 3, Supp. 
 
 Black-faced or Heath Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 56. fig. 
 Improved Heath Ram, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 57. fig. 
 Black-faced Ram and Ewe, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1281. 
 
 v. Cheviot Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 8. 
 Cheviot-tup, Stephens, Book of the Farm, 1279. 
 
 w. Old Norfolk Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 9. 
 
MAMMALIA. 165 
 
 x. Old Wiltshire Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. 1. 10, 
 y. Dorset Ram and Ewe, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. ii. t. 11. 
 
 z. The Rass or Roosh, Ovis Polii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 62; Ann. 
 
 $ Mag. N. H. vii. 195. t. 5. f. 1, 2, horns ; Gray, List Os- 
 
 teol. B. M. 61. 
 Ovis Sculptoram, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 63; Ann. fy Mag. N. 
 
 H. vii. 196. t. 5. f. 3, 4. 
 Wild Sheep, Marco Polo, Travels, 142. 
 Rasse, Burnes, Travels Bokhara, ii. 208. 
 Hab. India; Plains of Pamer, east of Bokhara, 16,000 feet 
 
 above the sea level. Blyth. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns, separate. Bokhara. Presented by the East India Com- 
 pany. 
 
 The skull named Ovis Polii in the Museum of the India Com- 
 pany, Leadenhall Street, which was sent from the Asiatic Society 
 of Bengal, agrees with Blyth's figure, and is probably one of the 
 heads he describes as being in that Collection ; the facial line is 
 very convex. 
 
 The India Company received from Capt. Strachan (Dec. 1850) 
 the skin, with head and horns, which exactly resembles the pair 
 of horns and skull from the Bengal Society, and with Blyth's 
 figures ; but it is evidently a variety of the Domestic Sheep co- 
 vered with wool. 
 
 The animal does not agree with the Katchgar or Wild Sheep 
 of Wood's Sources of the Oxus, 368, quoted by Mr. Blyth in the 
 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 
 
 3. Barwall Sheep, Ovis (Aries) Barwal, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. 
 
 Beng. x. 913. 
 Ovis Barual, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xvi. 1010. t. , & t. . f . 3, 
 
 head. 
 
 Kachar or Barwal Sheep, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 347- 
 O. Ammonoides var. 1, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 29. 
 Barwall, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 Hab. Nepal. 
 
 Skin, with head and horns, imperfect. Nepal. Presented by 
 J. B. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull, with horns, half-grown, imperfect. Nepal. 
 Two pair of horns of different ages. Nepal. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of adult. Hodgson, MSS.ined. B.M. 1. 179, 1. 181. f, 2. 
 
166 MAMMALIA. 
 
 4. Huniah Sheep, Ovis hunia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 348, xvi. 
 
 1847, 1005-1 ; P. Z. S. 1834, 99. 
 The Hoonia or Black-faced Sheep of Tibet, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 
 
 xi. 284. t. , young male. 
 Hoaniah Sheep, Oyilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 Hab. Nepal, Northern hilly region. 
 
 " Large tall breed, with slender, compressed, spirally twisted 
 horns, and short narrow tails ; wool white, superb ; individuals 
 have often three, four, and even five horns." Hodgson. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 A skull of adult male, with horns. 
 
 Two skulls of young, without the cases of the horns. 
 
 Two skulls of many-horned variety, horns of each side arising 
 from the same base, showing they are produced by the division 
 of the core. 
 
 Two skulls of four-horned varieties, with horns separate from 
 one another at the base (each wanting one sheath). 
 
 ICON. - 
 
 Drawing of Hoonia Sheep, two varieties. Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 180, one copied 1. 181. f. 1. 
 
 " Barwall and Hoaniah Sheep are used as beasts of burden for 
 carrying grain and other produce across the mountains." Ogilby, 
 I. c/74. 
 
 5. Cago, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 913. 
 
 Ovis Cagia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xvi. 1013. 
 
 The Kago, or Tame Sheep of Cabul region, Hodgs. J.A.S.B. 
 
 i. 348. 
 
 Cago Sheep, Gray, List Hodgson Mam. fy Birds B. M. 
 Hab. Nepal, Central hilly region. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 A skull of adult (without the sheath of the horns), imperfect. 
 A skull of the young, hornless. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male Cago or Cajia Bhira, female and young. 
 Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 182. 
 
 6. Seling Ovis Silingia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 913, xvi. 1008. 
 
 t. , & t. . f. 4. 
 
 Hab. Nepal, Central hilly region ; Tibet, eastern. 
 A specimen with head and horns. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of Silingia Sheep, male and female. Hodgson, Icon, 
 ined. B. M. t. 183. 
 
MAMMALIA. 167 
 
 . uY}im)MQe]),ucanan,Mysore,ii.277>t.l7 <$ 9.f.42,43. 
 Wool thick, curly, with little or no hair. Ears small. 
 Hob. India; Mysore. 
 
 8. The Sheep called Garar, Buchanan Hamilton 1 *, Icon. ined. Mus. 
 
 Ind. Company, t. # ? . 
 
 Black. Wool short. Tail very long, slender. Horns short, 
 close-pressed on side of head. Face arched. Ears large, de- 
 pendent. 
 
 Hab. India. 
 
 9. The Dukhun Sheep, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. 
 
 Legs short. Body throughout short, chaffron arched. Wool 
 short, crisp and coarse, nine-tenths black, with a white streak 
 from angle of the eyes to the mouth, and a white patch on crown. 
 They are extensively bred; as many as 20,000 or 30,000 Sheep 
 and Goats may be seen together in the uncultivated tracts of 
 the Dukhun. 
 
 Hab. Dukhun. 
 
 10. West-Indian Sheep, Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 255, note. 
 Hab. West Indies. Mus. Zool. Soc. 
 
 11. Brazilian Sheep, Gardiner, Travels Brazils, 163. 
 Hab. Brazils. 
 
 12. Demerara Sheep. Brown. Horned. Ears small, erect, co- 
 
 vered with long, harsh hair, much longer on the sides ; of 
 face short, adpressed. Tail elongate, slender. In summer, 
 hair short and adpressed. 
 Hab. W. Africa. 
 A male. From the Gardens of the Zoological Society. 
 
 13. South American Sheep, Ovis Aries, Renger, 366. 
 
 14. Smooth-haired Sheep, Ovis Africanus, Raii Syn. 75; Linn. 
 
 AmoKn. Acad. vi. 173. 
 O. jEthiopica, Charlet. Exerc. 9. 
 O. Africana a, Sloane, Jam. ii. 328. 
 Hab. Africa. 
 
 15. African Sheep, Penn. Syn. 12. 
 
 Ovis Guineensis, Raii Syn. 75; Linn. S. N. 98 ; /. Geoff. Diet. 
 
 Class. H. N. xi. 268. 
 A. longipes, Desm. Mam. 489. 
 A. Guineensis seu Angolensis, Mara. Bras. 234. fig. 
 Caper Mambrinus, Charlet. Exerc. 10. 
 Adimmayn, Marmol. Afric. i. 39. 
 Mouton, Adans. Seneg. 37. 
 
168 MAMMALIA, 
 
 Mouton a longe jambes, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 Belier du Senegal, Buff on, H. N* xi. 359. 
 Sheep of Sahara, Shaw, Travels, 241. 
 Ha b. Africa. 
 
 16. Guinea Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 676. 
 
 Belier et Brebis des Indes, Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 35, 36 ; cop. 
 
 O. A. Guineensis, Schreb. Saugth. t. 294 a, b, c. 
 Hab. Guinea. 
 
 17- Morvant de la Chine, Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 10. 
 Hab. China? 
 
 18. Shaymbliar (Sheep), Buchanan, Mysore, ii. 277. t. 18. f. 44, 
 
 45 <? 9- 
 
 Wool very scanty, principally covered with reddish brown or 
 black hair. 
 
 Hab. India; Mysore. 
 
 19. Sheep of Zeyla, Buckingham, Trav. Arab Tribes, 93. 
 White. Head and neck black or brown, covered with hair. 
 
 Tail slender at the tip, short, broad, and fat at the base. 
 
 Hab. Zeyla ; entrance of Red Sea. Domestic at Mokha ; Buck- 
 ingham. 
 
 20. Fezzan Sheep, Bennett, List Anim. Gard. Zool. Soc. 1830, 
 
 12. 474. 
 Hab. Tripoli. Presented by Hanmer Warrington, Esq. 
 
 21. St. Helena Sheep. Covered with short smooth hair. White, 
 
 black spotted. Tail subcvlindrical. 
 Hab. St. Helena. 
 
 A lamb born in Enfield, from one of Mr. Warren's flocks at 
 Enfield. Purchased of Mr. Argent, 1850. A true Sheep, very 
 like a Goat, with a cylindrical tail. 
 
 22. Marocco Sheep, Ovis Ar. Numidae, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 
 
 326. 
 Hab. Marocco. 
 
 23. Congo Sheep, Ovis Aries Congensis, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. iv. 
 
 326. 
 Hab. Congo. 
 
 24 . Angola Sheep, Ovis Aries Angolensis, H. Smith, Griff. A , K. iv. 
 
 326. 
 Hab.. Angola. 
 
 25. Zenu or Goitred Sheep, Ovis Aries Steatinion, H. Smith, 
 
 Griff. A. K. iv. 327. t. 196. 
 Hab. Angola. 
 
MAMMALIA. 169 
 
 26. The Ixalus, Ixalus probaton, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 183G, 
 
 119, 135. 
 
 Ovis , sp., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 12; 1843, 73; Ann. $ 
 
 Mag. N. H. vii. 255. 
 Ovis ixalon, Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 
 Ovis Aries var., Gray, Knowsley Menag. 40. 
 
 Hab. . Mus. Zool. Soc. 
 
 Mr. Ogilby made a genus of this skin, but it appears to be 
 only a short-haired Sheep with rudimentary horns. 
 
 27. Cretan Sheep, Perm. Syn. 1 1 . t. 3. f. 1 ; Hist. Quad. 33; Shaw, 
 
 Zool. ii. t. 203. 
 Ovis Strepsiceros, Raii Syn. 75; Linn. Syst.Nat. i. 98; Belon. 
 
 Obs. 20. fig. 
 
 O. A. Strepsiceros, Schreb. Sauath. t. 291 a. b. 
 O. Cretensis, Jonst. Quad. t. 45. 
 Capra Cretensis, Brisson. 
 
 Strepsiceros Cretica, Besch. Naturf. Freund. iv. 624. t. 20, 
 Cretensis Aries, Aldrov. Bisulc. 406. fig. 
 Strepsiceros, Buff on, H. N. xi. 358. 
 
 Belier et Brebis de Valachie, Buff on, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 7, 8. 
 Zackl, Austrians. 
 
 Wallachian Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 73. fig. 
 Chevre de Crete, Buffon, H. N. 
 Hab. Island of Crete. 
 
 28. Long-tailed Sheep, Ovis longicaudatus, Brisson, R. A. 76. 
 O. dolichura seu tscherkessica, Pallas, Spic. xi. 60. 
 
 Ovis dolichura occidentalis, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 233. 
 
 O. Arabica, Jonston, Quad. t. 23. 
 
 Arabiae Oves, Aldrov. Bisulc. 404. 
 
 Arabisch Schaf, Gesn. Thierb. 326. fig. 
 
 Mouton a long queue, Munk. Palestine, t. 3. 
 
 Hab. Russia. 
 
 29. Broad-tailed Sheep, Shaw, Travels, 241 ; Penn. Syn. 4. t. 1. 
 Ovis laticaudatus, ErxL, Geoff. Mem. Egypt, t. ; Lesson, 
 
 Comp. Buffon, x. 312. 
 O. laticauda platyceros s. arabica, Linn. Am&n. Acad. iv. 173 ; 
 
 J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Com. Petrop. v. 343. t. 8. 
 O. Turcica, Charlet. Exerc. 9. 
 O. cauda obesa, Ludolf, ^Eth. 146. fig. 
 Arabiae Oves, Aldrov. Bisulc. 404. fig. 
 Mouton de Barbaric, Buffon, H. N. xi. 355. t. 33. 
 Sheep, Russel, Aleppo, 51. 
 Belier de Tunis, Ency. MeU. t. 47. f. 2. 
 Hab. Barbary. 
 
170 MAMMALIA. 
 
 a. Fat-rumped Sheep, Penn. Quad. ; Shaw. 
 
 O. Steatopyga, Pallas, Spic. 55. t. 4. f. 1, 2; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 t. 292. 
 Ovis steatopyga orientalis, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. v. 3L 
 
 343. t. 8 ; Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 233. 
 O. Aries Kurgiesia, Gene, I. c. 
 Tartarian Sheep, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 71. fig. 
 
 b. Persian Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 677. 
 
 Ovis A. ecaudatus, I. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. xi. 268. 
 O. Aries recurvicauda, Gene, Mem. Acad. Torino, xxxvii. 286. 
 t. 1 & 2. 
 
 c Fat-tailed Sheep, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 6/8, 679. 
 O. A. macrocercus, Schreb. Saugth. t. 295 ; Gene, Mem. Acad, 
 
 Torino, xxxvji. 285. 
 Mouton a grosse queue, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. 
 
 d. The Aora fiyel, or Abyssinian Sheep. 
 
 Ovis steatopygus, Des Mur. et Flor. Prevost, Voy. en Abys- 
 
 sinie, vi. 36. t. 6. 1851. 
 Hob. Abyssinia. 
 
 e. Bucharian Sheep, Ovis Bucharica, Pallas, Spic. xi. 78. 
 Mouton d'Astrachan, Desm. 
 
 Ovis Aries Astrachanica, Gene, Mem. Acad. Torino, xxxvii. 
 Ovis platura media, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 233. 
 Hob. Bucharia, Caucasus, and Persia. 
 
 The skin of the unborn lambs with grey curled hair is much 
 prized as a fur. 
 
 /. Thibetan Sheep, O. Thibetanus, Fischer, Syn. 491. 
 Cachemerisches und Thibetanisches Schaf, Walth. 
 Tus Aessel, Thibetian. 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 g. Cape Sheep, Penn. Syn. t. 4. f. 2. 
 
 Ovis Capensis, Erxleb. 250; Thunb. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. 
 
 318. 
 Hab. Cape. 
 
 h. Ovis Aries appendiculata, Gene, Mem. Acad. Torino, xxxvii. 
 
 285. 
 
 i. Sheep of Belkah, Buckingham, Trav. Arab. Tribes, 93. 
 
 Body white. Head and neck black or brown. Covered with 
 thick wool. Tail short, fat, broad, with a thin excrescence at. 
 the end like a pig-tail, about an inch long. 
 Hab. Palestine ; Plains of Belkah. 
 
MAMMALIA. 171 
 
 30. Many-horned Sheep, Penn. Syn. t. 3. f. 2, 3 ; Bewick, Hist. 
 
 Quad. 72. fig. 
 Ovis polyceratus, Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv. 174 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 t. 289. 
 
 O. sexcornis et O. tricornis, Aldrov Eisulc. 397. fig. 
 Brebis a plusieurs comes, Buff on, H. N. xi. 354. 
 Belier et Brebis d'Island, Buffan, H. N. xi. t. 31, 32. 
 Four-horned Ram, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 680. 
 Dumba Sheep, Gray, List Hodgson Mam. fy Birds B. M. 
 Hob. India; Nepal. 
 
 31. The Puchia or Hindostan Dumba. 
 
 Ovis puchia or O. pucchia, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. B. xvi. 
 
 1016. t. 
 Cabul Dumba, Hodgson, I. c. ii. 390, iv. 330. 
 
 Skull of a " Cabul Dumba" Sheep. 
 
 Drawing of " Indian Doomba Sheep." Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 184. f. 1, copied t. 185. f. 1. 
 
 Drawing of " Cabool Doomba Sheep." Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 184. f. 2, copied t. 185. f. 2. 
 
 Four-horned Sheep, with long mane on neck below. Drawing 
 in India ink, with a pencil sketch on the back. Bank. Icon. 
 Mam. t. 
 
 Drawing in colours, by S. Parkinson, after nature. Bank. 
 Icon. Mam. t., copied Pennant, Quad. i. t. 3. f. 2. 
 
 Drawing in colours, by F. Masson^ in lat. 50, long. 115. 
 Bank. Icon. Mam. t. 
 
 Hob. India. 
 
 32. The Short-tailed Sheep. 
 
 Ovis brachyura borealis, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 61 ; Zool. 
 
 Ross. Asiat. i. 233. 
 Hob. Northern Russia. 
 
 33. Sheep of Tartary, Moorcroft; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 313. 
 Hab. Tartary. 
 
 " Eat bones like a dog." 
 
 2. CAPROVIS. MOUFFLONS or WILD SHEEP. 
 
 Horns (in male only) bent in a half circle over the back, heavy, 
 wrinkled, angular and compressed. Muifle none. Nose ovine. 
 Eye-pits small, indistinct. Tail short, deer-like, without any 
 tail-disc. Hair thick, entirely concealing the woolly under-coat. 
 Beard none. Caprine odour none. Skull with small deep pit 
 in front of orbit. 
 
 Caprovis, Hodgson, Var. Gen. Ruminants, 1847, 18. 
 Ovis Musimon, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 H2 
 
172 MAMMALIA. 
 
 A. Musimon. Tail very short. Horns with the outer edge not 
 prominent and rounded. Throat and sides with a dark streak. 
 
 1. CAPROVIS (MUSIMON) VIGNEI. The SHA or KOCH. 
 
 Throat with a fringe of black hairs. Fur rufous brown. La- 
 teral streak, rings on lower part of feet, blackish. Belly and 
 back of shanks, and ring above hoofs, white. Skull : suborbital 
 pit deep and rounded. 
 
 Ovis Vignei, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. vii. 251. 
 
 t. 5. f. 9, horns; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169; List Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 61. 
 ? Mountain Sheep, Lord in Burnes' Cabool, 384; Ray Soc. Rep. 
 
 i. 64. 
 
 Ovis Musimon Vignei, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Wild Sheep of Hindu Koosh, Vigne, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 
 
 1840, 440; Ray Soc. Rep. i. 64. 
 
 Ovis cycloceros, Hutton in M'Clelland, Calc. Journ. N. H. iii. 1. 19. 
 Sha (not Sna), in Little Thibet. 
 Koch, at Suliman's Range. 
 Koh i poombar, by the Afghans. 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 Male. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. 
 Horns, with skin of forehead. Thibet ? 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 71. 
 
 Skull and horns. North India. Presented by the East India 
 Company. 
 
 Horns, separate. North India. Presented by the East India 
 Company. 
 
 Horn, single. North India. Presented by the E. India Company, 
 
 Skull. Thibet. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Skull. Thibet. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns. Thibet. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns, separate. Thibet. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Two skulls. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. 
 
 2. CAPROVIS (MUSIMON) ORIENTALIS. The ARMENIAN 
 SHEEP. 
 
 Fulvous chestnut, darker on the back. Limbs and under parts 
 whitish. Tuft of black and white hair above the wrist. Males 
 with a dark line of more or less elongated hair on front of neck, 
 widening into a patch on the chest. " Horns of male subtrigo- 
 nal, compressed and very deep, with strongly-marked angles, 
 and cross striae, diverging backwards, with slight arcuation near 
 the tips, which incline inwards." Blyth. 
 
MAMMALIA. 173 
 
 Ovis orientalis, Gmelin, Reise Russland, iii. 486. t. 55; Pallas, 
 Spic. Zool. xii. 15. t. 5. f. 1, horns; Keyselin. Europ. Wirb. 
 
 Ovis Gmelinii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 69; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 
 vii. 250. t. 5. f. 8, horns. 
 
 JEgoceros Musimon, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 360. 
 
 Ovis Musimon, Brandt Sf Ratz. Zool. Med. t. 
 
 Ovis (Musimon) orientalis, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 Hob. Armenia; Erzeroom. 
 
 Half- grown male. Armenia. Presented by the Hon. R. Curzon. 
 Skull. Tunis. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. 
 
 3. CAPROVIS MUSIMON. The MOUFFLON. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Hircus Capra orientalis, Brisson, R. A. 71 (not Gmelin). 
 Capra Ammon (part.), Linn. S. N. i. 47. 
 Capra Ammon, Blumenb. Naturg. x. 117. 
 Ovis Ammon (part.), Erxl. Syst. 250 ; Gmelin, S, N. i. 200. 
 Ovis Musimon, Schreb. Saugth. viii. 242. t. 286 ; Blyth, P.Z. S. 
 
 1840, 72; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. vii. 
 Ovis Musimon, Musimon, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Ovis aries fera, Desm. Mamm. 488. 
 jEgionomus Ammon (part.), Ranz. Elem. Zool. ii. 652. 
 Ovis Musmon, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 875; Bonap. Faun. 
 
 Ital. i. 
 Capra Musmon, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 488 ; Bonap. Fauna Ital. 
 
 45. t. 1 3. 
 
 Mouflon or Musmon, Bewick, Quad. 74. fig. 
 Siberian Goat (part. Corsican var.), Penn. Syn. i. 18. 
 Wild Sheep (part. Corsican var.), Penn. Hist. i. 39. 
 Ophion, Plin. Hist. Nat. xxviii.-xxx. 
 Musmon, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 
 Musmon or Musimon, Gesner, Quad. i. 823. fig. 
 Musimon, Raii Quad. 75. 
 
 Muflone, Cette H. Sard. Quad. i. 111. t. 2 <J . t. 3 9 . 
 Mouflon, Buffon, H. N. xi. 352. t. 29 ; Cuvier, R. A. i. 262, ed. 2. 
 
 i. 277; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t.; Knight, Mus. A. Nat. 
 
 f. 673, 674. 
 
 Wildes Scharf, Gesner, Thierb. 155. fig. 
 Muffione in Sardinia = Murvoni <J, Murva 9, Blyth. 
 Muffolo in Corsica = Mufro $ , Mufra ? , Blyth. 
 Hab. Sardinia and Corsica. 
 
 Var. ? Horns more like 0. orientalis, Blyth. 
 Moufflon (from Cyprus), Brandt fy Ratz. Med. Zool. 
 Ovis Ophion, Blyth, P. Z. Soc. 1840, 73; Ann. $ Mag. N. H. 
 vii. 250, from Brandt. 
 
174 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Ovis Cyprius, Blasius, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1841, 568, from Brandt. 
 
 Tragelaphus, Bellon. 
 
 Hab. Cyprus, Mus. Berlin ; Candia, Bellon ; Corsica. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Moufflon, Daub. Buff. H. N. xi. t. 30. 
 
 B. Argali. Tail very short. Horns long, heavy, with the tips 
 bent inwards, and with the two edges equally prominent. 
 Throat and side without any dark streak. The suborbital 
 pit in the skull is moderately broad and concave. " Tear- 
 bag and inter digital pores distinct." Hodgson, J. A, Soc. 
 Calcutta, 1846, 308. 
 
 4. CAPROVIS (ARGALI) ARGALI. The ARGALI. 
 
 ^Egoceros Argali, Pallas, Zool Ross. Asiat. i. 231. t. 20, 21 ; 
 
 Tilesius, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 279. t. 23, head; Bo- 
 
 janus, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 291. t. 24, 25, skull. 
 Ovis fera Sibirica, Argali dicta, Pallas, Spic. xi. 3. t. 1, 2. 
 Ovis Argali, Bodd. 
 
 Capra Ammon, part., Linn. S. N. i. 97. 
 Capra Ammon, Fischer, Syn. 487; Cuvier, R. A. 
 Ovis Ammon, part., Erxleb. Syst. 250; Schreb. Saugth. t. 288. 
 Acriodorcas pygargus seu Ovicapra rupestris, S. Gmelin, 337. 
 
 n. 14, cited by Pallas-, Steller, Besch. Kamtsch. 127. 
 Rupicapra cornubus arietinis, J. G. Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. 
 
 iv. 388. 53. t. 8 b. f. 2, 3. 
 
 Siberian Goat (part.), Penn. Syn. i. 18 (Synonyma). 
 Wild Sheep (Siberian), Penn. Quad. i. 38; Arctic Zool. i. 12. 
 Argali, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 101. 
 Argali de Siberie, Cuvier, Reg. Anim. i. 267. 
 Hab. Siberia. 
 
 Male and female. Siberia. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Tilesius, I. c. xii. t. 23 ; Bojanus, I. c. xii. t. 24, 25. 
 
 Var. 1. Musimon, Steller, Kamtsch. 127. 
 
 Ovis Nivicola, Eschsch. Zool. Atlas, t. ; Lesson, Comp. Buffon, 
 
 x. 313. 
 
 Argali seu Belier sauvage, Wangl. Nord Siberie, ii. 158, 168. 
 Hab. Kamtschatka. 
 
 Var. 2. Ovis Argali, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 347. 
 
 Ovis Ammon var., Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, 105; 1834, 
 
 99; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 283; Institute, n. 101, 102; 
 
 Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. x. 863; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 313. 
 Ovis Bambhera, Hodgson, Cat. MSS. ; Institute, n. 101, 102. 
 
MAMMALIA. 175 
 
 Nahoor Sheep (young male), Hodgson, Asiat. Research, xviii. t. 
 Ovis Ammonoides, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 1841, 236. t. 1. 
 
 f. 1, skull; x. 913, xi. 283; Calcutta Journ. N. Hist. iv. 291; 
 
 Gray, Hodgson Coll. B. M. 29. 
 Ovis Hodgsonii, Blyth, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1840, 65 ; Ann. fy Mag. 
 
 N. H. xii. 199. t. 5. f. 9; Journ. A. S. Beng. x. 284. 863. 
 Bambhera (or Ovis Ammon), Ogilby in Royle's Himal. 75. 
 Bambhera or Bhaaral, Hodgson, MSS. 
 Hob. Himalaya; Nepal. 
 
 Fragments of the skin of a male. 
 A flat skin of a young male. 
 A flat skin of a female. 
 
 Skin of young, without head. Northern hill region of Nepal. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Male. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, x. 1. 1. f. 1; Blyth, Ann. 
 
 $ Mag. N. H. xii. t. 5. f. 9. 
 
 Pair of horns of adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Pair of horns, adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Pair of horns of young ram. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horn of a half-grown ram. Nepal. Presented by 
 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 The Bhaaral. Drawing of skull of young male. Hodgson, 
 Icon. ined. B. M. t. 186. f. 1, 1. 187- f. 9, 10. 
 
 Drawing of male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. 
 M. 1. 176, with details of the head, t. 177- 
 
 Drawing of head of adult. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 178. 
 
 Drawing of skull of old male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 1. 186. f. 3, 4. 
 
 Drawing of skull of female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 187. f. 3, 4. 
 
 " The Wild Sheep inhabit the snowy barriers of High Asia, 
 Ammon of Siberia being confined to the remoter, and Ammo- 
 noides of Thibet to the nearer ranges. They are distinguished by 
 their angular, compressed, nearly wrinkled horns, turned almost 
 into a perfect circle, and their flat points directed forwards and out- 
 wards, the short-disked tail, and absence of a beard." Hodgson. 
 
 The Wild Sheep proper, or Nyens of the Thibetans, never mix 
 with the Nahoors. They are far more hardy, active and inde- 
 
176 MAMMALIA. 
 
 pendent than any tame breeds of their kind, as may well be sup- 
 posed from their terrific abode amid the snowy peaks of He- 
 machal. They are gregarious, feed in the glens, seek refuge on 
 the tops, and leap and run with deer-like power, though as climb- 
 ers inferior to the Jharal (Hemitragus), or as leapers to the Musk. 
 They are often snowed up for days without perishing, unless 
 their breathing-holes betray them to man, a more terrible foe 
 than the direst inclemency of the season. They rut in winter, 
 gestate about 160 days, or perhaps six months, and breed early 
 in summer. 
 
 The Nyens or Bambheras, or Wild Sheep, seldom or never 
 cross the Hemachal, the Indian side of which range is the spe- 
 cial habitat of the Nahoors, while to the north and west beyond 
 Thibet our animal is replaced by other species, so that Thibet 
 may be considered as the special habitat of one species (O. Am- 
 monides), and the plateaux north of Thibet as far as the Altai 
 of another (0. Ammon), cited as types of the true ovine form; 
 and it may be added, that the six sorts of tame Sheep of Thibet 
 and the sub-Himalayas, all without exception exhibit the essen- 
 tial characters of that form. 
 
 There are several species that may be confounded under this 
 head ; the Siberian Argali is found in the most northern part 
 of that country, and it is probably different from the Himalayan 
 animal ; but I have not been able to discover any difference be- 
 tween the specimen received from Mr. Hodgson and those which 
 were sent from Siberia by the Russian naturalist. 
 
 Pallas regards this and the next as one species, and observes : 
 " Nobilissimum et statura et agilitate animal ab Altaico et Me- 
 dio Asiss alpestri jugo ; per omnem orientalem montium tractum 
 usque in Peninsulam Camtschatcam imo verosimillime in Conti- 
 nente Americae locis maxime desertis vagatur, parvis gregibus 
 hominis frequentiam fugiens, frigoris patiens, montibus apricis 
 gaudens et asperrima loca frequentans. In occidentem vix pro- 
 cessit, ubi prsecedenti speciei (Caprovis orientalis), australiores 
 situs amanti, locum concessit." Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. 232. 
 
 5. CAPROVIS (ARGALI) CANADENSIS. The TAYE or BIG 
 
 HORN. 
 
 Grey-brown. Hair thin (in summer). Rump with a very large 
 white disk, with a narrow vertical line to the base of the tail, it 
 and the very short tail grey-brown like the back. Horns of male 
 very large, subtrigonal at the base, ringed, nearly equilaterally 
 triangular, bulging a little between the angles ; the inner front 
 angle obtusely prominent, the hinder double, forming a second 
 plane at a slight angle with the superior one, and the inferior 
 angle much rounded off. 
 
MAMMALIA. 177 
 
 Ovis montana, Geoff. Ann. Mus. ii. 351. t. 60; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 t. 294 B., cop. Desm. E. M. t. . f . ; Desm. Mamm. 486 ; 
 
 Richardson, Fauna Amer. Bor. ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 169. 
 Ovis Ammon, Harlan, Fauna Amer. 259. 
 Ovis Pygarga, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. 
 Ovis cervina, Desm. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxi. 553. 
 Big-homed Sheep, Ord in Blainv. Journ. Phys. 1817, 146. 
 Ovis Canadensis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xv. t. 610, cop. E. M. t. 14. 
 
 f. 4; Schreb. Saugth. t. 214; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 
 
 t. 23; Lesson, Compl. Buffon, x. 311. 
 The Argali, Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 329. t. 1 ; Cook, Voy. 
 Rocky Mountain Sheep, Richardson. 
 White Buffalo, Mackenzie. 
 Big Horn, Lewis fy Clerk, Travels. 
 
 Var. 2. Ovis Californiana, Douglas, Zool. Journ. iv. 332; Blyth, 
 P. Z. S. 1840, 65 ; Ann. $ Mag. N. H. vii. 199. t. 5. f. b, 
 horns; Feruss. Bull. Sci. Nat. xviii. 447; Lesson, Compl. 
 Buffon, x. 213. 
 
 Berindo, Forbes, California. 
 
 Wild Sheep, Venegos, California. 
 
 Missiliones, M. A. Pigafette in Ramusium, i. 354 b, iii. 361 b. 
 
 Hob. N. America ; California. 
 
 Male. California. Presented by Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. 
 Male and female. California. Presented by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. 
 
 Probably the same as the Ammon of Northern Siberia. 
 
 b. Crumen none. Skull without infraorbital pit. Tail moderate. 
 
 3. PSEUDOIS. 
 
 Horns smooth, subcylindrical, directed towards the sides 
 (nearly at right angles with the axis of the body), and recurved 
 backwards at the tip, with a distinct longitudinal ridge on inner ? 
 side. Forehead convex. Neck not maned. Tear-bag none. Inter- 
 digital pores distinct. Body covered with hair, dark lateral streak 
 distinct. Tail well developed, not tufted at the end. Skull with- 
 out any infraorbital pit or fissure. Females sometimes hornless. 
 
 Pseudois, sp., Hodgson, Var. Gen. Ruminants, 1846; Journ. 
 
 Asiat. Soc. n. 173. 
 Ovis ft Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 
 
 1. PSEUDOIS NAHOOR. The NAHOOR or NERVATE or SNA. 
 Ovis Nahura, Hodgs.; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 170. 
 O. Nayaur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 347. 
 
 H 5 
 
178 MAMMALIA. 
 
 O. Nahoor, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 107; J. A. S. B. iv, 1835, 
 
 492; x. 1840, 231. t. 1. f. 2, t. 2; Blyth, Proc. Zool Soc. 
 
 1840, 66 ; Ann. N. H. vii. t. 5. f. 6, 7, x. 913, xi. 283; J. A. 
 
 S. B. x. 867; Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 
 O. Nahur, Hodgs. Calc. J. N. H. iv. 291. 
 O. Thur, non var., Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1833, 105; 1834, 99? 
 Nepal Ram or Nervate, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 10,975. t. 194, 
 
 horns. 
 
 Ovis Ammon (part.), Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 274. 
 Ovis Bun-hell, part., Blyth, P. Z. S. 1838, 79. 
 Burrhal or Nahoor, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 The Nahur or Nahoor, Gray, List Hodgson Mamm. fyc. B. M. 
 Hob. Nepal, Northern hilly region. 
 
 Female. Nepal. 
 
 Female, horns directed on one side. Nepal. 
 
 Horns of male on base. Nepal. 
 > Horns of male on base. Nepal. 
 
 Male, skin in fragments. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Male. Ladank. Presented by the East India Company. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Base of skull of male, with horns. Nepal. 
 
 Skull of a young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Various separate bones of body and limbs. Nepal. Presented 
 by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns. 
 
 Skull. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Two single horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Var. 1. Smaller, more robust, with shorter ears and very dark 
 
 horns, without white. 
 Burul, Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1839, 994 ; 1840, 568 ; 
 
 Bengal Sporting Mag. 1839, 295. 
 Ovis Bhurrel (Bhurrell Sheep), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, 79 ; Wa- 
 
 terhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. Supp. 9. n. 406, 1839. 
 Ovis Burrhel, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, 67; Ann^fy Mag. N. H. vii. 
 
 248. t. 5. f. 7, horns; Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 
 Pseudois Burhal, Hodgson, J. A. S. Bengal, 1846, 308. 
 Hob. Barenda Pass. 
 
 The Nahoor inhabit the Himalayas; they are distinguished 
 from the Sheep by the want of the eye-pits ; the rounded, uncom- 
 
MAMMALIA. 179 
 
 pressed, smooth horns, directed upwards and backwards with 
 great divergency, and with their round points again hent inwards; 
 by their short, deer-like tail, which is rather longer than that of 
 the Wild Sheep and not disked. They rut in winter, gestate 5 
 months, and breed in the summer. 
 
 Their habits resemble those of the Nyens or Wild Sheep, but 
 the two never commingle nor approach each other, nor will the 
 male, however long and completely they are tamed, have sexual 
 commerce with domestic Sheep. Ribs 13 pair. Hodgson. 
 
 The Nahoor is much less easily acclimatized in foreign parts 
 than the Jharal, in confinement more resigned and apathetic. 
 I have tried in vain to make the Nahoor breed with tame Sheep, 
 because he will not copulate with them. Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 
 iv. 493. 
 
 4. AMMOTRAGTJS. 
 
 Forehead concave. Crumen none. Horns subcylindrical, 
 turning outward backward, with the tips inward towards each 
 other. Chin not bearded. Neck maned beneath. Tail rather 
 elongate, tufted at the end. Skull with no suborbital pit nor 
 fissure. 
 
 Pseudois, sp., Hodgson. 
 
 Ammotragus, Blyth ; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 Ovis y, Sundevall, Pecora, 90. 
 
 1. AMMOTRAGUS TRAGELAPHUS. 
 
 Ovis Tragelaphus, Desm. Mamm. 480. 1 ; Blyth, Ann. N. H. vii. 
 
 258.261; Gray, List Mamm. B.M.169; List Osteol. B.M. 61. 
 Ovis ornata, Geoff. Egypt, t. ; I. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. xi. 
 
 264; Lesson, Comp. Buffon, x. 312. 
 Capra Jaela, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. t. 192, not text. 
 Ammotragus Tragelaphus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 40. 
 Mouflon d'Afrique, Cuv. R. A. i. 268 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Mouflon a manchettes, Explor. Sci. Alger. Mam. t. 7- 
 Bearded Sheep, Penn. Quad. i. 46. 
 Siberian Goat, Penn. Syn. Quad. i. 18 (the skin described as 
 
 from India, nofsynon.). 
 Tragelaphus seu Hircocervus, Can Opusc. 59. 
 Aoudad, Jackson, Morocco; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 671. 
 Fichtall or Lerwea, Shaw, Trav. 243. 
 Antilope Lervia, Pallas, Spic. xii. 12; Gmelin, S. N. i. 182; 
 
 Fischer, Syn. 480. 
 Hab. N. Africa. 
 
 Bad state. North Africa. 
 Male, adult. North Africa. 
 
180 MAMMALIA. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns. North Africa. 
 Horns. North Africa. 
 Horns. North Africa. 
 Horns. 
 
 Pennant, in his Synopsis, i. 18, confounded this animal with 
 the Musimon ; and Pallas (Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 230) on his au- 
 thority gave India as the habitat of the latter, hut the subgenus 
 was not known to inhabit the Himalaya at that period. 
 
 Tribe 2. GIRAFFINA. 
 Horns covered with a hairy skin, with a tuft of hair at the tip. 
 
 Camelopardina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B.M. xxvi. 
 
 Camelopardalis, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798. 
 
 Giraffidse, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307, 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith 
 
 A. K. v.; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 63, 1828. 
 Devexa, Illiger, Prod. 104, 1811. 
 Plenicornia b, Latr. Fam. Nat. 1821. 
 Camelopardalidas, Selys Long champs, 1842. 
 Elaphiens, part., Pomet. I. c. 184. 
 
 Ruminalia stereoceria, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index Pal&ont. ii. 709. 
 Cameli /3, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 4-31, 1830. 
 Cervidse (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. 
 Cervicornia , Sundevall, Pecora, 52. 
 Unguligrada, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 52. 
 Ossicomia, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 Camelopardalina, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. 
 Cainelopardinese, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168, 1842. 
 Les Girafes, F. Cuvier, D. Sci. Nat. lix. 513. 
 
 1. GlRAFFA. 
 
 Lip not grooved, entirely covered with hair, much produced 
 before the nostril. Tongue very extensile. Neck very long. Body 
 short. Hinder legs short. False hoof none. Tail elongate, with 
 a tuft of thick hair at the end. Africa. Living in families on 
 the leaves of trees and shrubs. 
 Giraffa, Brisson, R. A. i. 37, 1763; Storr, 1780; Scopoli; Ra- 
 
 finesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 
 Cervus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 92; Erxleb. S. A. 294, 1777. 
 Camelopardalis, Ray, Syn. 90; Aldrov.-, Cuvier, Tab. Elem. 
 
 1798; Schreb. Saugth.-, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 168; Desm. 
 
 1804; Illiger, 1811; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134; J. Brookes, 
 
 Cat. Mus. 63 ; F. Cuvier, D. S. N. lix. 513 ; Fischer, Syn. 455. 
 
MAMMALIA. 181 
 
 Camelopardalus, Charlet. 
 Giraffe, Penn. Hist. Quad. i. 58. 
 
 1. GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS. The GIRAFFE or CAMEL- 
 LEOPARD. 
 
 Cervus Camelopardalis, Linn. S. N. i. 92 ; Erxleb. Syst. 294. 
 C. Capensis, Geoff. ; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134 ; Lesson, N. Tab. 
 
 R. A. 168. 
 
 Camelopardalis Giraffa a, Sundevall, Pecora, 52. 
 Giraffa Camelopardalis, Brisson, R. A. 61 ; Zimm. Geog. Gesch. 
 
 ii. 125. 
 Camelopardalis Girafa, Gmelin, S. N. i. 181 ; Schreb. Saugth. 
 
 1140. t. 255-255*; Desm. N. Diet. xiii. 165. t. B. 6; Mamm. 
 
 449 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. xviii. 555 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 
 
 168; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 170; List Osteol. B. M. 62; 
 
 Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40; Thunb. Mem. Petersb. iii. 
 
 311; J. Geoff. Diet. Class. H. N. vii. 354; Cretzschm. in 
 
 Ruppell, Zool. Atlas, 23. t. 8, 9; Fischer, Syn. 455. 623; H. 
 
 Smith, G. A. K. v. 80?. 
 
 Var. 1. Paler. 
 
 Camelopardalis Girafa |3. JSthiopica, Sundevall, Pecora, 52; Act. 
 
 Stockh. 1842, 244. 
 Camelopardalis Sennaarensis, Geoff. 
 Camelopardalis ^thiopicus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. 
 Camelopardalis, Plin. H. IV.viii.; Gesner, Quad. 160. fig.; Alpin. 
 
 Mg. i. 236. t. 14. f. 4. 
 Camelo-pardalus, Jonst. Quad. t. 39 ; Cateret, Phil. Trans. Ix. 
 
 27. t. 1. 
 
 Camelus Indicus, Jonst. Quad. t. 40. 
 Gyraife, Belon. Obs. 118. fig. 119. 
 Tragus Giraffa, Klein, Quad. 22. 
 Camelopard, Penn. Syn. 10; Quad. i. 65. f. 11. 
 Kamel paard, Vosmaer. Besch. t. , 1787. 
 Giraffe, Thevet. Cosmogr. i. 388. fig. 389; Buffon, H. N. xiii. 1; 
 
 Supp. iii. 320. t. 64, 65; vii. 345. t. 81; Levaill. Trav. t ; 
 
 Shaw, Zool. ii. 303. 1. 181, 182; Lichtenst. Reise, ii. 451,463; 
 
 Clot Bey, Acad. Sci. Petersb. vi. 6 (anat.). 
 Giraffe or Cameleopard, Harris, W. A. S. A. t. 11, and head; 
 
 Thibaut, Proc. Z. S. 1836. 
 Hab. Africa ; Cape of Good Hope ; ^Ethiopia ; Sennaar. West 
 
 Africa; Senegal and Bornou. 
 
 Male (16 feet high) and female. S. Africa. Presented by W. 
 Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 Male (in bad state). S. Africa. Presented by the College of 
 Surgeons. Col. Paterson's specimen. 
 
182 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Young male. Central Africa. Presented by Capt. Clapperton, 
 R.N., and Col. Denham. 
 
 Male (18 feet high). S. Africa. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Male. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Alton, Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xii. 332. t. 36 ; Owen, 
 
 Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40 ; Ruppell, Zool Atlas, t. 9 ; Geoff. 
 
 Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. 210; Salze, Mem. Mus. xiv. 68; Owen, 
 
 Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. t. 40. 
 
 Skull of male. South Africa. Presented by Dr. Burchell. 
 
 Skull of male. Presented by Dr. Burchell. 
 
 *Skeleton. N. Africa. From the Zoological Society's Col- 
 lection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Cervus camelopardalis, Linn. G. Forster, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 15, from a painting of Baron de Flettenberg, improved from a 
 dry head; t. 16, a head. 
 
 " Mr. Wahlenberg has seen the dark and light coloured varie- 
 ties mixed together in the same herd in tropical parts of Africa. 
 The males are generally dark and the females pale, but this is 
 not always the case. He has sent to Stockholm the skin of a 
 female from Caffreland, which is as pale as the specimens from 
 Sennaar." Sundevall in a Letter, 1850. 
 
 Subfamily II. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a 
 deciduous hairy skin, or entirely wanting. 
 
 Tribe 3. CERVINA. 
 
 Cutting-teeth none in upper jaws. Horns deciduous, often 
 wanting in the females. Tarsus hairy on the hinder side. False 
 hoofs distinct. 
 
 Cervus, Linn.; Cuv. T. E. 1798. 
 
 Cervidae, Gray, Lond. Med. Rep. xv. 307 ; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. 
 
 Soc. Beng. 1850. 
 
 Cervina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. 
 Plenicornia a, Latr. Fam. Nat. 63, 1825. 
 
 Cervidje, H. Smith, Griff. A.K.v. 182 ; Selys Longchamps, 1842. 
 Cervina, Selys Long champs, 1842 ; Wiegm. ; Cabals in R. Schom- 
 
 burgle, Reisen in British Guiana, iii. 784. 
 Elaphiens, Pomet. I. c. 184. 
 Les Chevrotains et Les Cerfs, F. Cuv. 1829. 
 Ruminantia B. Pygnocerate, part., Bronn, Index Palceon. ii. 709. 
 Capreoli, Illiger, Prod. 104, 1811; Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 
 
 183, 1845. 
 
MAMMALIA. 183 
 
 Les Cerfs (Cervus), F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829. 
 Cervidae seu Ceratoenta, /. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 Les Cerfs, Lesson, Mamm. i. 259. 
 
 Blainville proposed to divide the species thus : A. Horns 
 sessile, a. Horns divided. 1. Elans. 2. Rennes. 3. Daims. 
 
 4. Cerfs. 5. Axis. 6. Chevreuils. b. Horns simple. 7- Da- 
 guets. B. Horns pedicelled. 8. Cervules. In the same note 
 he divides the species according to their geographic distribution. 
 Desm. Mamm. 449, 1822. 
 
 M. Bravard divides the Fossil Deer of Puy du Dome into two 
 subgenera, thus: 1. Catoglochis, with the lower anterior snag 
 on the crown. 2. Anoalochis, with it above the crown. Fide 
 Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. 1836, p. 259. 
 
 Lesson, in the Manuel de Mammalogie, 1827, p. 355, thus 
 arranges the species of the genus Cervus : A. 1 . Elans. 
 B. 1. Rennes. 2. Daims. 3. Cerfs propr. dit. 4. Axis * ta- 
 chetees, ** sans taches. 5. Chevreuils * ancient continent, 
 ** nouveau continent. 6. Daguets. 7- Cervules. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith has adopted the section proposed by 
 De Blainville ; he regarded them as sections or subgenera, and 
 gave them the following Latin names : 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 
 3. Dama. 4. Elaphus. 5. Rusa. 6. Axis. 7- Capreolus. 8. 
 Mazama. 9. Subulo. 10. Stylocerus. Griffith, A. K. v. 1827; 
 translated Fischer, Syn. Mam. ii. 612, 1830; and Lesson, Compl. 
 Buffon Mamm. x. 259, 1836. 
 
 Professor Sundevall proposed the following genera and sub- 
 genera: 1. Alces. 2. Rangifer. 3. Cervus. A. a. Cervus. 
 . Hippelaphi. y. Hyelaphus. d. Dama. B. a. Mazama. 
 /3. Blastoceri. y. Furciferes. S. Subulones. 4. Capreolus. 
 
 5. Prox. (6. Moschus. 7. Tragulus.) 
 
 Mr. Gray, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1836, 
 67), proposed to arrange the species of Deer into three sections, 
 according to the position of certain tufts of hair on the hind-legs, 
 thus : 1. A tuft of hair below the middle of the outside of the 
 metatarsus. 2. Above the middle of the outside of the meta- 
 tarsus ; and 3. With a tuft of hair on the inside of the hock. 
 Dr. Sundevall in his Pecora has adopted these divisions. These 
 tufts have the advantage of being found in all ages and in both 
 sexes, so that they can be consulted when the horns are deficient. 
 
 M. Pucheran (Diet. Univer. Hist. Nat. iii. 314, 1843) divides 
 the Deer as follows: A. With flat horns. 1. C. Dama (and 
 var. mauricus). B. With round horns, a. With more than two 
 andouilleres. 1. C. Virginianus. 2. C. Duvaucellii. 3. C. Wal- 
 lichii. 4. C. Elaphus. 5. C. Wapiti. 6. C. macrotis. 7. C. 
 macrurus. 8. C. occidentalis. 9. C. Elaphoides. b. With only 
 two andouilleres. 10. C. Hippelaphus. 11. C. Aristotelis. 12. 
 
184 MAMMALIA, 
 
 C. equinus. 13. C. marianus. 14. C. Peronii. 15. C. uni- 
 color. 16. C. Axis. 17. C. porcinus. 18. C. nudipalpebra. 
 19. C. Leschenaultii. 20. C. Capreolus. 21. C. Mexicanus. 
 22. C. paludosus. 23. C. campestris. c. Cerfs daguets. 24. 
 C. Nemorivagus. 25. C. rufus. This essay is a mere compila- 
 tion without any examination. 
 
 M. Pucheran, in his " Monographic des especes du Genre 
 Cerf " (Comptes Eendus Acad. Sci. 1849, ii. 775), divides the 
 tribe Cerviens into four genera: 1. Alces. 2. Tarandus. 3. 
 Cervulus; and 4. Cervus. 
 
 Since the publication of Cuvier's Essay on Deer (Ossemens 
 Fossiles, iv.), where he exhibited the development of the horns 
 of several species, and in which he described several species from 
 the study of the horns alone, many zoologists have almost entirely 
 depended on the horns for the character of the species ; and Mr. 
 Hamilton Smith has been induced to separate some species on 
 the study of a single horn. But the facilities which menageries 
 have afforded of studying these animals, and watching the va- 
 riations which the horns of the species present, have shown that 
 several most distinct but allied species, as the Stag of Canada 
 and India, have horns so similar, that it is impossible to distin- 
 guish them by their horns. On the other hand, it has shown 
 that animals of the same herd, or even family, and sometimes 
 even the same specimen, under different circumstances, in suc- 
 ceeding years have produced horns so unlike one another in size 
 and form, that they might have been considered, if their history 
 was not known, as horns of very different species. These obser- 
 vations, and the examination of the different cargoes of foreign 
 horn which are imported for the uses of the cutler, each cargo 
 of which is generally collected in a single locality, and therefore 
 would most probably belong to a single species peculiar to the 
 district, have proved to me that the horns afford a much better 
 character to separate the species into groups than to distinguish 
 the allied species from one another. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith, in his Monograph of the Genus, se- 
 parated them into genera according to the form of the horns. 
 
 In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836 I drew 
 attention to the glands on the hind-legs, as affording very good 
 character to arrange the genera proposed by Colonel Smith into 
 natural groups, which in most particulars agreed with the geo- 
 graphical distribution of the species. 
 
 Dr. Sundevall, in his Essay on Pecora, has availed himself of 
 the characters suggested in my paper, and has also pointed out 
 some other external characters, such as the form and extent of 
 the muffle, which afford good characters for the distinction of 
 these animals, characters which, I firmly believe, are much more 
 
MAMMALIA. 185 
 
 important for the distinction of the genera and species than those 
 derived from the form of the skull or the modifications of the 
 teeth, or the form and size of the horns, as they are not, like 
 those parts, so liable to alteration from age, local circumstances, 
 and other changes during the growth of the animal; and the 
 characters derived from these parts can be seen in the females as 
 well as the males, which is not the case with the horns, as they 
 can only be observed in the male sex. 
 
 These examinations have shown that the form and extent of 
 the muffle, the position and presence of glands on the hind- 
 legs, the general form of the horns, and the kind of hair which 
 forms the fur, taken together, afford the best characters for the 
 arrangement of the species into natural genera, and these genera 
 into groups. And I believe that the progress of zoology, and 
 the natural arrangement and affinities of animals, are best pro- 
 moted by the general study of all the parts of the animal taken 
 together, rather than confining one's attention to any set of charac- 
 ters, and believing them as much more important than the others. 
 
 The Deer may be thus divided : 
 
 A. The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad muzzle en- 
 
 tirely covered with hair. The horns are expanded and pal- 
 mate ; and the fawns are not spotted. 
 
 a. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, 
 
 and a small bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus 
 Aids. 
 
 b. The Rangerine Deer have a large, basal anterior snag to the 
 
 horns, close on the crown or bur, and no muffle, as Tarandus. 
 
 B. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions have a tapering 
 
 muzzle ending in a bald muffle. The fawns, and sometimes 
 the adults, are spotted. 
 
 c. The Elaphine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the 
 
 horns, the muffle broad and separated from the lip by a 
 hairy band, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind 
 leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama. 
 
 d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct, anterior basal snag to the 
 
 horns, the muffle very high and not separate from the edge 
 of the lips, and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind 
 leg above the middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Pa- 
 nolia, Rusa, Axis, HyelapJius, Cervulus. 
 
 e. The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, 
 
 the first branch being some distance above the bur, the cru- 
 men (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus> 
 Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer, Coassus, and Pudu. 
 
186 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the northern 
 part of both continents ; the Elaphine and Rusine Deer to the 
 Eastern World (the latter almost exclusive to the warmer part 
 of Asia). All the Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The 
 only exceptions to these rules are, the Wapity Deer of the Ela- 
 phine group is found in Northern America, and the Roebuck and 
 Ahu of the Capreoline group are found in Europe and North 
 Asia. 
 
 I. The Deer of the Snowy Regions. Muzzle very broad, entirely 
 covered with hair. Fawns not spotted. Horns expanded and 
 palmated. Tail short. Skull : nose-cavity very large. In- 
 termaxillaries not reaching to the nasals. 
 
 Deer of the Snowy Region, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850; 
 
 Gleanings Knowsl. Menag. 
 Cervus 1, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 74, note. 
 
 1. Alcine Deer (Alcece}. Horns without any basal snag near the 
 crown. Muzzle with a small bald muffle between the nos- 
 trils. 
 
 Alcine Deer, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850 ; Knowsl. Menag. 
 
 Anoglochis, sp., Bravard. 
 
 Alcedze, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 
 1. ALCES. 
 Alee, H. Smith. 
 
 Muzzle very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but there 
 is a small, moist, naked spot in front of the nostrils. Neck 
 short and thick. Hair thick and brittle. Throat rather maned 
 in both sexes. Hind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above the 
 middle of the metatarsus. Males have palmated horns, subcy- 
 lindrical at the base, expanded and palmated above, without any 
 basal snag. The nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching 
 behind to a line over the front of the grinders. The intermax- 
 illaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal. The nasals 
 are very short. See Cuv. Oss. Foss. iv. t. 9. f. 49. 
 
 They live in woods in the northern parts of both continents. 
 
 Cervus 1. Alces, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. , 1827. 
 Alces, Gray, L. Med. Repos. 1821 ; List Mamm. B. M. ; Lesson, 
 
 Mamm. i. 259; N. Tab. R. A. 269, 1842; Ogilby, P. Z. S. 
 
 1836, 135; Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 
 Elans, Blainv. in Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822. 
 Cervus, sp., Fischer, Syn. 441. 
 
MAMMALIA. 187 
 
 I. ALCES MALCHIS. The ELK or MOOSE. 
 Dark brown. Legs yellower. 
 
 Alces antiquorum, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 Cervus Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Gmelin, S. N. i. 175; Brisson, 
 
 R. A. 93; Pallas, Zool R. A. i. 201; Zimm. Geog. Gesch.ii. 
 
 127 ; Schreb. Saugth. 968. t. 246 a, b, c, d; Desm. N. Diet. 
 
 H. N. v. 519; Mamm. 430; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 
 
 461 ; Davelli, K. Sv. Vet. Handl. 1819, 207; Desmoul D. Class. 
 
 H. N. iii. 374; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 441. 613; Richardson, 
 
 Fauna Bor. Amer. 232. 
 
 Cervus Alces Alces, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 771. 
 Alces (Cervus) Alces, Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 
 Alces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. 
 Alces palmatus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 182; Cat. Osteol. B. 
 
 M. 70. 
 
 Alces Europeus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61. 
 Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans, n. 368. 165 ; Dale, Phil. Trans. 
 
 n. 444. 384. 
 
 Moose or Elk, Catesby, Carol. App. 27. 
 Elk, Laws. Carol. 123 ; Penn. Syn. 40. t. 7 ; Quad. i. 105. 1. 17; 
 
 Shaw, Mus. Lever, i. 33. t. 8; Gen. Zool. ii. 261. t. 174, 175; 
 
 Knight, Mus. A.N.L 585, 586, 605. 
 Elan, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. t. 7 ; Supp. vii. 318. t. 80 ; Perrault, 
 
 Anim.i. 179. t. 25; Cuvier, R. A. i. 254; Oss. Foss. iv. 64. 
 Orignal, Lu. Houtan, Voy. 72; Charlev. Nouv. France, iii. 126; 
 
 Dierville, Acad. 122; Allam, Buff. H. N. xv. 50. t. 2; Buffon, 
 
 Supp. iii. 133; Fischer, Syn. 441. 613. 
 
 American Black Elk(C. Alces ft.), Ham. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 771. 
 Elch, Wangenheim, Neu. Schrift. Berl. Naturf. Fr. i. 1. t. 1. 
 Loss, Russians in Siberia. 
 Flat-horned Elk, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 49. 
 Cervus palmatus Alee, Klein, Quad. 577- t. 28 $ . 
 Alces, Caesar, Bell. Gall. vi. c. 27 ; Gesner, Quad. i. fig. 2. fig. ; 
 
 Jonston, Quad. 92. t. 30, 31. 
 
 Alee, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 15; Heinsii Dissert, de Alee, 1767. 
 Hab. The Northern Regions of America and Europe. 
 
 Female, adult. N. Europe. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 Head, stuffed, with horns. Russia. Presented by Edward 
 Cayley, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Elan, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 8, 9; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 64. 
 
 t. 4. f. 22-29, t. 6. f. 8, t. 5. f. 49, th. 
 Moose Deer, Dale, Phil. Trans, n. 444. 384. fig. 
 C. alces, Schreb. Saugth. t. 246. f. b. 
 
188 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Horns. Sweden. Presented by the College of Surgeons. From 
 the Leverian Museum. Fig. Shaw, Mus. Lev. t. 8. 
 
 Skeletons of male and female. From the Zoological Society's 
 Collection. 
 
 Two skulls. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 
 Several pair of horns. 
 
 Two single horns of young. 
 
 Single horn. Udoholm, Sweden. Presented by the Earl of 
 Selkirk. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 American Moose Deer, drawing of horns in India ink, by S. 
 Parkinson. Bank. Icon. ined. B. M. Mammalia, t. 
 
 Several naturalists, especially Colonel Hamilton Smith, thought 
 they had observed a difference in the horns of the Russian and 
 American Elks ; I "have compared numerous specimens from both 
 countries, but can discover no appreciable distinction between 
 them. 
 
 The Elks, like most of the other Deer, and especially of the 
 animals which inhabit the cold and mountain regions, present a 
 very considerable difference in size, according to the scarcity or 
 abundance of the food which the locality they inhabit affords; 
 and the development of the horns appears to be greatly influ- 
 enced by this cause, so that the horns of the animal inhabiting 
 the more barren districts are much less developed than those 
 found in more fertile situations, and I think I have observed this 
 to be the case with both the Russian and the American horns ; 
 but on this head naturalists are likely to be much misled, as the 
 horns which are imported are generally chosen for their size and 
 perfect development, and the small and less-developed speci- 
 mens are only to be observed in the cargoes of horns which are 
 imported for economic purposes. 
 
 These observations are equally applicable to the Rein Deer, 
 
 2. Rangerine Deer or Reins. Horns with a large, basal, ante- 
 rior branch on the crown. Muzzle entirely hairy, without 
 any naked muffle. 
 
 The Rangerine Deer, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows- 
 
 ley Menag. 
 
 Catoglochis, sp., Bravard. 
 Rangiferinidse, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 
 1. TARANDUS. 
 The muzzle is entirely covered with hair. Crumen small, co- 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 ift 
 
 vered with a pencil of hairs. The fur brittle, in summer short, 
 in winter longer, whiter ; of the throat longest. The hoofs are 
 broad, depressed, and bent in at the tip. The external metatarsal 
 gland above the middle of the leg. Horns in both sexes, elon- 
 gate, subcylindrical, with the basal branches and tip dilated and 
 palmated ; of the females smaller. Skull with rather large nose- 
 cavity, at least half as long as the distance to the first grinder ; 
 the intermaxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal; a 
 small, very shallow suborbital pit; a very large, oblong, deep 
 fissure. They live in the arctic regions in both hemispheres, 
 migrating in flocks, and eating lichens. 
 
 Cervus 2. Rangifer, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. ,1827; in 
 
 Fischer, Syn. ii. 612. 
 Rangifer, Lesson, Mamm. i. 260 ; N. Tab. R. A. 169, 1842 ; Gray, 
 
 List Mamm. B. M. 181 ; Cat. Osteol. B. M. 69 ; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 64, 113, 131. 
 Tarandus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 134. 
 Rennes, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822. 
 
 1. TARANDUS RANGIFER. The CARIBOU REIN DEER. 
 
 Dark brown in summer ; grey in winter. Young, brown yel- 
 low varied. 
 
 Cervus Tarandus, Linn. S. N. i. 93 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 177 ; Am&n. 
 
 Acad. iv. 144. t. 1; ErxL Syst. 305; Retz. Fn. Suec. i. 42; 
 
 Fab. Faun. Grcenl.16', Schreb. Saugth.lS2S, t.248 A,B,C,D,E; 
 
 Desm. N. Diet. H. N. ii. 521 ; Mamm. 431 ; Ency. Meth. t. 58. 
 
 f. 3, 4 ; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. 463. fig. ; Mam. Lithog. 
 
 t. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 375 ; Fischer, Syn. 443. 
 
 631; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106; Eversmann, Bull. Soc. 
 
 Imp. Nat. Mosq. 1?40, 59 ; Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Bennett, 
 
 Gard. Z. S, 241. fig.; Richardson, F. Bor. Amer. 238. 
 C. Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Rich. F. B. A. 
 
 250. 
 
 Tarandus rangifer, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845. 
 Cervus rangifer, Rail Syn. 88 ; Klein, Quad. 23. t. 1 ; Brisson, 
 
 R. A. 92. 
 
 Caprsea Grrenlandica, Raii Syn. 90. 
 Cervus Grcenlandicus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 88. 
 Cervus platyrhynchos, Vrolich, Rendier, t. 2, 1828. 
 Cervus coronatus, Geoff. MSS. in Schreb. Saugth. 1135; Desm. 
 
 Mamm. 439; Fischer, Syn. 613; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 
 
 772; iv. 95. t. .f. 4. 
 Rangifer Tarandus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 69 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 
 Cervus mirabilis, Jonston, Quad. t. 36. 
 
iO MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cervus palmatus, Jonston, Quad. t. 37. 
 
 Cervus cornibus rectis, &c., Caribou, Brisson, R. A. 91. 
 
 Tarandus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 34 ; Aldrov. Eisulc. 859. fig. 
 
 861 ; Scheff. Lapp. 321. fig. p. 327. 
 Rangifer, Gesner, Quad. 950. fig. ; Hulden. Util. Rangifer Jena, 
 
 1694. 
 Renthier, Strals. Magaz. i. 394. t. 1; Wildung, Taschenb. f. 
 
 1805. 
 Renhirsch, Mellin, Schrift. Berlin Naturf, Fr. i. 1. 1. 2; iv. 128. 
 
 t. 5. 
 
 Rendier, Camp. Natursk. Verhand. 193. t. 1. 
 Tarandus borealis, Ruppell, Verz. SencJc. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 Tarandus Rangifer, T. Spitzbergensis, T. Norvegicus, T. Grcen- 
 
 landicus, T. Sibiricus, T. nodosus, et T. Canadensis, J. Brookes, 
 
 Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 Rein Deer, Penn. Syn. 46. 36. t. 8. f. 1 ; Quad. i. 99. 1. 10. f. 2 ; 
 
 Knight, M. A. N. f.. 587-590; Shaw, Zool ii. 269. t, 176; 
 
 Brooke, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1827, 30. 
 Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751 ; Buffon, H. N. xv. 50. t. 3. 
 Renne, Buffon, H. N. xii. 79. 1. 10, 11, 12; Supp. iii. t. 18*. 
 Renn Thier, Eversmann, Bull, de Moscou, 1840, 58. 
 Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A. i. 254; Oss. Foss. iv. 61. t. 4. f. 1-18, 
 
 t. 5. f. 47. 
 
 Ren, Hollstein, K. Svensk. Vet. Handl. xxxv. 124. 
 Caribou or Carreboeuf, French Canadians. 
 Oleen, Russians in Siberia. 
 
 Greenland Buck, Edwards, Birds, i. t. 51, young. 
 Hirsch, Martin, Spitzb. 72. t. O. f. 2, young, 
 
 Var. Smaller. Horns more slender, less palmated. Hair short, 
 smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white ; in summer 
 hair very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect, and white in 
 winter. 
 
 Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 773? ; 
 Fischer, Syn. 615 ? 
 
 Cervus Tarandus a. Arctica, Barren Ground Caribou, Richard- 
 son, Fauna Bor. Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns. 
 
 Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 208. 
 
 1. "Woodland Caribou, Richardson. 
 Caribou des Bois, H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 Tarandus nemoralis, Ruppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 
 2. Great Caribou of the Rocky Mountains, H. Smith. 
 
 3. Labrador or Polar Caribou, H. Smith. 
 
 4. Siberian Rein Deer (ridden by the Tungusians). 
 
MAMMALIA. 191 
 
 5. Newfoundland Caribou. 
 
 Hob. Arctic Circle, America and Europe. 
 
 Male, horns half grown. North Europe. Presented by the 
 Earl of Derby. 
 
 Foetus, in spirit. Greenland. From Dr. Holler's Collection. 
 
 Adult, white (no skull nor horns). Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Adult male, dark brown, Hudson's Bay. Presented by the 
 Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 Male, nearly white. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. 
 
 Female, dark brown. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. 
 
 Female, nearly white. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. 
 
 Two, very young. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. 
 
 Female, dark brown. Sweden. Presented by Sir T. Wilson. 
 
 Young. Bred at Charlton. Presented by Sir T. Wilson. 
 
 Young. Bred at the Zoological Gardens. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Renne, Daub. Buff. H. N. xii. t. 10, 11, 12; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 iv. 61. t. 4. f. 1-18, t. 5. f. 47, skull . 
 C. Tarandus, Schreb. SaugtJi. t. 248 A, c, D. 
 C. rangifera, Klein, Quad. t. 1. fig. 
 
 Skeleton. Norway. Presented by Sir T. M. Wilson, Bart. 
 
 a. Skull, large ; horns small, slender branches small subulate, 
 middle branch largest. 
 
 b. Skull and horns large, long, slender (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. 
 f. 20) ; no basal branch to right horn. 
 
 c. Skull and horns; horns large, long, slender, apex broad, 
 branched behind, no basal branch to right horn. 
 
 d. Horns, middle-sized, the lower branch of left elongate, 
 forked; of right horn very broad, palmated. North America. 
 Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. 
 
 e. Horns, small ; the lower and middle branch of right horn 
 confluent, palmated. North America. Presented by Captain 
 Sir John Franklin, R.N. 
 
 /. Horns, large (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 17); basal branch of 
 left horn large, palmated ; of right smaller, lobed. 
 
 g. Horns, large (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 9); basal branch of 
 left horn very large, palmated ; of right simple, subulate. Siberia? 
 
 h. Horns, long, elongated, slender, erect ; lower branches elon- 
 gate, lobed, top broad, lobed. 
 
192 MAMMALIA. 
 
 i. Horn, middle-sized (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 8) ; lower branch 
 of left horn simple ; of right broad, palmated. North America. 
 Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. 
 
 j. Horns, large, long, slender, upper back branches recurved. 
 North America. Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. 
 
 k. Horns, large, long, slender (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 13). 
 Presented by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. 
 
 /. Horns, very small, basal branch subulate, upper and medial 
 branch bifid. 
 
 m. Horns, large, with the basal branch of each horn dilated, 
 palmated (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 17). From Mr. Brookes's Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 n. Horns of the year (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 4. f. 1). Knowsley. 
 Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Horns of the year. 
 
 Horns, very large, with the head stuffed. Newfoundland. 
 
 Five pairs of horns. N.W. Coast of America. Presented by 
 Lieut. Wood and Capt. Kellett, R.N. 
 
 Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are 
 specimens varying from 41 to 50 inches high at the withers. 
 
 Dr. Richardson observes, " There are two well-marked and 
 permanent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries : 
 one of them (Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and 
 more southern district ; and the other (Barren Ground Caribou) 
 retiring to the woods only in the winter, but passing the summer 
 on the coast of the Arctic Seas, or on the Barren Grounds so often 
 mentioned in this work." Faun. Bor. Amer. 299. 
 
 The large Siberian variety is ridden on by the Tungusians; 
 they also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller 
 variety. 
 
 They have a large variety in Newfoundland nearly as large as 
 an heifer. They have very large and heavy horns. There are 
 some horns of this variety in the British Museum. Dr. Midden- 
 dorf informed me that the horns of the large Siberian variety 
 were as large and greatly resembled the horns from Newfound- 
 land (Nova Scotia) in the Museum Collection. 
 
 Pallas observes, " Americae forte continua, gregatim verno tern- 
 pore per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberise inquilinis et 
 verosimillime Americani." Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208. 
 
 In winter the hair of the Rein Deer is long, thick, grey-brown ; 
 neck, rump, belly, ring round the hoof, and end of nose, white. In 
 summer the same animal has short, dark sooty-brown hair, with 
 the parts which are white in winter being rather paler grey- 
 brown. 
 
MAMMALIA. 193 
 
 U. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions. Muzzle ta- 
 pering, ending in a bald, moist muffle. Fawn (and sometimes 
 the adult) spotted. Skull with a moderate nose-hole. Inter- 
 maxillaries reaching to the nasal. Tail well developed. Cru- 
 men and suborbital pit in skull distinct. The spots of the 
 young generally disappear in the adult, or are only to be 
 seen when the animals are in high condition. The fur is 
 shorter and brighter in summer, and greyer in winter. 
 
 Deer of Temperate and Warm Regions, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. 2V. 
 
 H. 1850; Knowsley Menag. 
 Cervus, Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 
 
 3. The Elaphine Deer. Horns with a distinct anterior basal 
 snag close on the crown. Muffle broad, shallow, separated 
 from the upper lip by a hairy band, with only a narrow in- 
 terruption in front. External metatarsal gland above the 
 middle of the bone. Skull with a large, deep suborbital pit. 
 
 Elaphine Deer, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows. Menag. 
 Catoglochis (part.), Bravo -d, Foss. du Dome. 
 Cervus 1. (C. Veteris orbis), Sundevall, Pecora, 54. 
 Elaphida?, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 
 1. CERVUS. 
 
 Horns round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a medial an- 
 terior snag, with the apex divided into one or more branches, 
 according to the age of the animal. Crumen well- developed. 
 Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with brittle, opake 
 hair. The rump is generally ornamented with a pale mark. Skull 
 with a large, deep suborbital pit. Horns with one or two branches 
 on the middle of the front of the beam. 
 
 Cervus ( 4. Elaphus), H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. . 1827 ; in 
 Fischer, Syn. 612; Lesson, Mamm. i. 262; N. Tab. R.A. 169. 
 Cervus (Elaphus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. 
 Cervus 1. a. (C. nobilis), Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 Cerfs, Blainv. Desm. Mamm. ii. 448, 1822. 
 Elaphus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61. 
 
 a. Hoofs rather broad, semicircular. Tail very short. Hair in 
 winter soft. America. STRONGYLOCEROS. 
 
 1. CERVUS CANADENSIS. The WAPITI. 
 
 Red brown. Rump with a very large, pale disk extending far 
 above the base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side 
 
194 MAMMALIA. 
 
 of it. Male with hair of throat elongated, black, with reddish 
 tips. 
 
 Stag, Dale, Phil. Trans, n. 444. 384. 
 
 Cerf de Canada, Perr. Anim. ii. 55. t. 45? (no rump disk); Cu- 
 
 vier, R. A. i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 26. t. 3. f. 13-22. 
 Cervus Canadensis, Brisson, R. A. 88; Schreb. Saugth. 990. 
 
 t. 246 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 177 ; Cat . Osteol B. M. 65 ; 
 
 Desm. Nouv. D. H. N. v. 546 ; Mam. 433 ; Ency. Meth. t. 58. 
 
 f. 2 ; F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. 
 
 iii. 377 ; Fischer, Syn. 442. 
 Elaphus Canadensis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62. 
 Cervus Elaphus var. Canadensis, Erxl. Syst. 305 ; Gmelin, S. N. 
 
 i. 176. 
 Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreb. t. 247; Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 
 
 251 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 C. Major, Ord in Desm. Mam. 432. 
 Cervus Wapiti, Leach,Journ. Phys. Ixxxv. 66 ; Mitchell, Mam. N. 
 
 York; Barton, Journ. ii. Supp. 36; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. 
 
 t. ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 377 ; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. 
 
 Beng. x. 750. t. . f. 1-6, horns. 
 American Elk, Bewick, Quad. 
 North-western Stag, C. occidentalis, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 101. 
 
 t. . f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 614, not Syn. 
 Wapiti, Warden, Etats Unis, v. 638; Wied, Voy. Amer. Sept. iii. 
 
 302; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 607, 611, 580. 
 Stag of Carolina, Lawson, Carol. 123. 
 Stag of America, Catesby, Carol. App. 28. 
 Alces Amer. corn, teretibus, Jeffers. Notes Virginia, 57, 1788. 
 
 Far.? Smaller. 
 
 Red Deer (or Canadian Stag), Warden, Etats Unis, v. 637. 
 
 Elk, Lewis fy Clerk. 
 
 Stag, Penn. Act. Zool. i. 27. 
 
 Wewaskiss, Hearne, Journ. 360. 
 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 Young. N. America. Born at the Surrey Zoological Gardens. 
 
 Male, adult. N. America. Born at Windsor Park. Presented 
 by Edward Cross, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cerf du Canada, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 26 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 iv. t. 3. f. 13, 17-20, 22. 
 Cerf, Perrault, Anim. ii. 65. f. 45. 
 C. Strongyloceros, Schreb. Saugth. t. 247 G. 
 
 Horns, large. St. Diego. California. Presented by C. Pent- 
 land, Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 195 
 
 Horns, long, two lower branches near together. North Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 Horns, small, two lower branches rather near. North America. 
 
 Horns, large, beams without the upper frontal branches, the 
 tip of right horn subpalmate (perhaps a different species). 
 
 The American Elk still exists on the upper branches of the 
 Susquehanna River, and thence westward may occasionally be 
 found in all favourable situations to the Pacific Ocean. Those 
 observed on the mountains south of the Columbia River were of 
 unusual size. Peale. 
 
 Var. Smaller. 
 
 Hab. Plains of California and the upper parts of the Missouri 
 River, in large herd* 
 
 The Elks in California are very abundant ; they are not gene- 
 rally so large as those inhabiting the mountain districts, but we 
 can find no specific character to separate one from the other. 
 Peale. 
 
 b. Hoofs narrow, triangular. Tail moderate. Covered with harsh 
 hair. Western World. CERVUS. 
 
 2. CERVUS ELAPHUS. The STAG. 
 
 Brown. Rump with a pale spot extending rather above the 
 upper surface of the base of the tail. 
 
 Cervus Elaphus, Linn. S. N. i. 93; Gmelin, S. N. i. 176; Erxl. 
 
 Syst. 301 ; Schreb. Saugth. 996. t. 247 A, B, c, D, E ; Desm. 
 
 Mam. 434 ; Ency. Meth. t. 57. f. 3, 4 ; F. Cuvier, Mam. Li- 
 
 thog. t. ; Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. 750. t. . f. 10, 1 1 (12?); 
 
 Sundevall, Pecora, 55; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 177; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus vulgaris, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. i. 11. 
 Elaphus communis, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828. 
 Cervus nobilis, Klein, Quad. 23. 
 Cervus, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. c. 32; Gesner, Quad. 354. fig.; 
 
 Agricola, des Hirchen, fyc. 1603; Aldrov. Bisulc. 769. fig. 774 ; 
 
 GrabcR ElaphographicB, 1667; Hill, Animal. 577- t. 28; Bris- 
 
 son, JR. A. 86. 
 *E\a(f)os, Aristot. Hist. Anim. ii. c. 7. n. 37 ; ^Elian, Anim. vi. 
 
 c. 11, 15; Oppian, Cyneg. ii. 176. 
 Stag or Red Deer, Penn. Brit. Zool. i, 34 ; Syn. 49 ; Quad. i. 
 
 114; Shaw, Zool. ii. 276. t. 117. 
 Biche, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 10. 
 Faon du Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 12. 
 Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. 65. t. 9. 
 
 i2 
 
196 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cerf commun, Cuvier, E. A. i. 255 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 24. t. 3. f. 1- 
 
 12; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 Hirsch, Riding, Jagdb. Th. t. 4, 5 ; Meyer, Thiere, i. t. 22; Wil- 
 
 dunger, Taschenb. 1794, i. t. 1. f. 2, 3 ; Schrank, Faun. Boic. 
 
 i. 41. 
 
 Rothhirsch, Bechstein, Naturg. DeutsM. 453. 
 Cervus Elephas Hippelaphus, Erxl. Syst. 304 ; Fischer, Syn. 447 
 
 (Old male. Neck rather maned). 
 C. Elaphus ft Gmelin, S. N. i. 176. 
 Cervus Germanicus, Brisson, R. A. 87. 
 Tragelaphus, Gesner, Quad. 296 c. fig. 
 Hippelaphus, Jonston, Quad. t. 35. 
 Brandhirsch, Gesner, Thier. 119. fig. 
 Pferdhirsch, Gesner, Thier. 210. fig. 
 Cerf d'Ardenne, French Authors. 
 Hab. Europe. 
 
 Male (not good state). Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 Adult female. France. 
 Fawn. France. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cerf, Buffon, H. N. vi. t. 13, 14, 18-25 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 
 t. 2.f. ll-20,t. 3. f.1-12. 
 
 Horns, with two frontal antlers. England. 
 
 Horns ; left divided into four long cylindrical branches ; right 
 with two frontal antlers, tip subpalmate ; perhaps of C. Cana- 
 densis ? 
 
 Horns, deformed. Germany. 
 
 Horns, deformed. Germany. 
 
 Horns, with a third horn on the right side. Germany. 
 
 Single horns, apex much branched. Germany. 
 
 Single horn, adult. Germany. 
 
 Single horn, adult. Germany. 
 
 Single horn, deformed, with only three branches. Germany. 
 
 Single horn, simple, compressed, notched at the tip. Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Single deformed stunted horn. Germany. 
 
 Skull and horns. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Skeleton. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 
 Two pairs of horns. From Mr. Leadbeater's Collection. 
 
 Horns. From a bog. Presented by Jabez Allies, Esq. 
 
 Horns. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Var.1 Hungarian Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 
 750. t. . f. 11, horns. 
 
MAMMALIA. 19? 
 
 Var. ? Horns very large, larger than those of the Wapiti. 
 Hob. Assyrian Mountains ; Lord Arthur Hay. 
 
 Var. ? Half-fed specimens. 
 
 Cerf de Corse, Buffon, H. N. vi. 95. 1. 11; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 
 
 53. 
 
 Cervus Elaphus Corsicanus, Erxl., from Buffon. 
 Elaphus Corsicanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61. 
 Cervus Mediterraneus, " Blainv."; Pucheran, Comptes Rendus, 
 
 1849, 779. 
 
 Cervus Corsicus, Bonaparte-, Gervais. 
 Hab. Corsica. 
 
 Buifon observes, of the Cerf de Corse, which has been regarded 
 as a variety to be distinguished by the smallness of its size, that 
 he " believes the size to depend on the scarcity of nourishment ; 
 for when moved to better pastures, in four years they become 
 higher, larger, and stouter than the Common Stag." Buffon, 
 Hist. Nat. vi. 95. 
 
 Var. Algeria. Caudal disc to base of the tail pale brown. Horns 
 
 large. 
 Cerf commune d'Algerie, Geoffroy in Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 
 
 1851. 
 Hab. Algeria. Living in Garden of Plants, Paris. 
 
 3. CERVUS BARBARUS. The BARBARY DEER. 
 
 Dark brown, obscurely white spotted, with a very indistinct, 
 greyish brown, broad dorsal line; with a pale yellow spot ex- 
 tended considerably above the base of the tail. Back of haunches 
 white, with a dark stripe on each side. 
 
 Cervus Barbarus, Bennett, Catal. Gardens Zool. Soc. 
 
 Bush Goat (Al Wassai), Moors, see Griffith A.K.v. 775; Fra- 
 
 zer, Zool. Typica, t. ; Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850. 
 Hab. Coast of Barbary ; Tunis. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Horns (of animal in Zool. Soc. Gardens). Tunis. 
 
 Chiefly distinguished from the common Stag, or the Algerian 
 variety of it, by its smaller size, stouter form, and more perma- 
 nently spotted fur. 
 
 4. CERVUS WALLICHII. The BARA SINGA or MORL. 
 
 Brown, with a very large white spot on the rump, extending 
 on back of the haunches, and far above the base of the tail. The 
 horns with two basal and one or two apical branches. 
 
198 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cervus Pygargus, Hard. Linn. Trans., not Pallas. 
 
 Barah Singha, Waller, Asiat. Res. xvii. 499. 
 
 Cervus Wallichii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 50 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Li- 
 
 thog., from Hardw. Icon, in B. M. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 55 ; 
 
 H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 103. 1. 166, v. 788 (from Indian draw- 
 ing) ; Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. 
 Jaareal Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t . 
 
 f. 1, young horn, f. 8, 9, horns adult. 
 Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914, xi. 284 ; 
 
 Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180. 
 Cervus Wallichii, or the Gyana, Hodgson, Icon. Mamm. ined. 
 
 198. 
 Cervus, n. s., Falconer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iv. 710; Ogilby in 
 
 Royle's Himal. 73. 
 ?Cervus Casperianus, or Hangool, Falconer, MSS. ; Gray, Cat. 
 
 Osteol. Sp. B. M. 147. 
 
 ? Cervus Cashmerensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65. 
 Kashmir Stag?, Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 72; J. Asiat. Soc. 
 
 Bengal, 1841, 750. t. . f. 8, 9. 
 Persian Deer, Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, MacNeil, Proc. 
 
 Zool. Soc. 1840, 11 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. 
 
 t. . f. 10. 
 Hab. Cachir, Hodgson; Persia, MacNeil. 
 
 The skull of Dr. Falconer's Cashmeer Stag is 15 inches long; 
 the suborbital pit is oblong, triangular, and rather deep ; the 
 skull and horns are very like Mr. Hodgson's specimen of Cervus 
 affinis, but considerably smaller. 
 
 Sir John MacNeil informs us, they are called by the Persians 
 Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, and are frequently noticed in their 
 literature. They are found in all the wooded mountain districts 
 of Persia, but apparently do not occur in the central parts of 
 the country, and rarely descend into the plains. During the 
 summer they are found in the highest wooded parts of the 
 mountains, and during the winter in the lower ravines near their 
 bases, where they are frequently tracked in the snow. 
 
 The horns of the adult males closely resemble those of the 
 Red Deer of this country, insomuch that I doubt whether an un- 
 scientific observer could distinguish them, except by the superior 
 size of those of the Marti. P. Z. S. 11. 
 
 Lesson confounds C. Wallichii and |C. Duvaucellii as the same 
 species. Nouv. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842. 
 
 Flat skin. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. 
 Hunter's skin. Nepal. Presented by Gen. Thomas Hardwicke. 
 
 " The Nepal Deer, Cervus , Hardw. MSS." Gray, List 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 180. 
 
MAMMALIA. 199 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cervus Cashmerensis, (Falconer. MSS.) ; Gray, Osteol. Cat. B. 
 
 M. 65. 
 Cervus Casperianus, Falconer, MSS. ; Gray, Osteol. Cat. B. M. 
 
 147. 
 
 Skull and horns of male. Cashmere. Presented by H. Fal- 
 coner, M.D. 
 
 Skull of female. Cashmere. Presented by H. Falconer, M.D. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Jerrael or Tailless Deer of Nepal, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 
 
 n. 10,975. t. 128. 
 The Red Deer of India, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 
 
 t. 143, copied by Colonel Hamilton Smith, and called by him 
 
 C. HardwicJcii. 
 
 5. CERVUS AFFINIS. The SAUL FOREST STAG. 
 
 Pale brown. ? Horns very large, as large and heavy as 
 
 those of the Wapiti. 
 
 Cervus affinis (Mool Barasingha or Royal Stag of the Morung), 
 
 Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, x. 721. t. . f. 1. 914; 
 
 Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 291; Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. 
 
 n. 197; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 79; Sundevall, Pecora, 131. 
 Cervus (Wallichii?) affinis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65. 
 Shoa or Tibetan Stag (Cervus affinis), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 
 
 Beng. 1850, 518. t. 
 Cervus Tibetanus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466. 
 
 t., horns. 
 Cervus Elaphus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. iv. 1835, 648. t. 53. 
 
 f. 3; x. 914. 
 
 Cervus Wallichii, part., Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 32. 
 Cervus Wallichii var., Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1841, 747- 
 Bara Singha, Hindoos ; Hodgson. 
 
 Barah Singa or var. of Stag, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 346. 
 Hob. Tibet in Dingeham ; Hodgson. 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 Pair of horns, very large size. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of a male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 197. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 198. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 11. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
200 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Indian species of Cervus are confined to the vast primitive 
 forests in the plains. Tail very short; a large disc or pale space 
 round the tail, and no proper mane. Hodgson. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson, in his figure of C. affinis, does not represent 
 the pale space round the tail, but it is evident by this observa- 
 tion that it is present. Probably C. Wallichii, C. Casperianus, 
 C. qffinis and C. Tibet anus, are only one species. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson observes, " The horns of C. affinis, which I re- 
 ceived from the Morung or Eastern Taria, most probably were 
 brought from Thibet." Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 466. 
 
 The latter observation induces me to place all the above syno- 
 nyma to one species. 
 
 6. CERVUS SIKA. The SIKA. 
 
 Dark brown. Cheeks and throat rather paler. Rump brown, 
 without any pale spot. Tail pale, white beneath. Hair harsh. 
 Horns rather slender, with a basal and medial snag, and a sub- 
 apical internal one. 
 
 Cervus Sika, Schlegel, Fauna Japon. 1. 17; Sundevall, Pecora, 131 . 
 
 C. Sitza, Temm. Mus. Leyden. 
 
 Cervus (Hippelaphi, no. 4), Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 
 Hab. Japan. Mus. Leyden. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Schlegel, Fauna Japon. 1. 17, skull and horns. 
 
 2. DAMA, H. Smith. 
 
 Horns round below, expanded above, smooth, and branched 
 on the hinder edge. Tail rather elongated. Crumen well-deve- 
 loped. Hoofs narrow, triangular, compressed, covered with thin, 
 rather adpressed hairs, reversed on the nape. The fur is spotted 
 in summer. The skull with a short, broad face, an oblong, rather 
 shallow, infraorbital pit, and short, broad nasals. 
 
 Dama, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821, 4; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, not 
 
 Bennett; J. Brooke, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. 
 Cervus, Dama, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182 ; Lesson, Mamm. 
 
 i. 261; N. Tab. R. A. 169; Sundevall, Pecora, 58. 
 Daims, Blainville, Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822. 
 Platycerinidffi, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 61, 1828. 
 Tarandus, sp., Ruppell, Verz. 183. 
 
 1. DAMA VULGARIS. The FALLOW DEER. 
 
 Fulvous. White spotted, a longitudinal line on the lower part 
 of the side, and a line across the haunches, white. 
 Var. Nearly black to nearly pure white. 
 
MAMMALIA. 201 
 
 Platyceros, Pliny. 
 
 Cervus platyceros, Raii Quad. 85. 
 
 Cervus dama, Linn. S. N. i. 93 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 58 ; Schreb. 
 Saugth. t. 249 A, B. 
 
 Dama vulgaris, Gesner, Quad. 335. f. 1; J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 
 62; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181; Cat. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 
 65 ; Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850 ; Bonap. Fauna 
 Ital. t. 
 
 Dama platyceros, Bonap. Index Mamm. Europ. 35, 1845. 
 
 Tarandus Dama, Rilppell, Verz. Senck. Samml. 183, 1845. 
 
 Fallow Deer and Buck, Pennant ; Knight, Mus. A. N. f. 581, 
 597, 599. 
 
 Daim et Daime, Buffon, Hist. Nat. vi. 
 
 Daim fauve, F. Cuvier, Hist. N. vi. 167. f. 27, 28. 
 
 Dama maculata, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 61, 1828. 
 
 Cervus coronatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. . f. 4, from mon- 
 strous horns. 
 
 Var. Blackish. 
 
 Cervus mauricus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. i. 1816, 72. 
 
 C. Dama rnaura, Fischer, Syn. Mam. 448. 
 
 Daime noire, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 
 
 Hob. Persia. Domesticated in Europe. 
 
 This species is represented in sculpture from Nineveh. See 
 Vaux, Nineveh, fig. at p. 233 ; Bonomi, Nineveh, p. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Head and horns, dark variety. 
 
 Cervus mauricus, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Adult male in winter. Italy. 
 Young female in winter. France. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Daim, Daub. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 29-31 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 29. 
 t. 5. f. 23-31, 32-35 ; Mellin, Berlin Naturf. ii. t. 6, 7. 
 
 Horns. 
 
 Horns, a distorted variety. 
 
 Horns, adult. 
 
 Horns, adult, a distorted variety. 
 
 Horns, adult. 
 
 Horns, adult. 
 
 4. The Rusine Deer or Samboo. Horns subcylindrical, with a 
 distinct, anterior basal branch close on the burr or crown, 
 without any medial branch, and with a rather elongated pe- 
 duncle. Muffle large, high, not separated from the upper lip 
 
 i 5 
 
202 MAMMALIA. 
 
 by a hairy band. External metatarsal gland above the mid- 
 dle of the bcne. Ears broad, short. Skull with a very deep 
 suborbital pit. Fur hard) rather shining. No pale mark on 
 rump. South-eastern Asia and its islands. 
 
 Rusine Deer, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850; Knows. Menag. ; 
 
 Proc. Zpol. Soc. 1850. 
 Catoglochis, part., Bravard. 
 Cervus /3. Hippelaphi, Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 Prox, Sundevall, Pecora, 57. 
 Rusadse et Axidse, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 
 Dr. Sundevall observes, <e The young of the typical Rusce are 
 not spotted." Pecora, 130. But according to the observations 
 and figures of Mr. Hodgson and other Indian zoologists, they are 
 pale spotted, but not so distinctly as several other genera of Deer. 
 Some few specimens retain the spots through life. 
 
 * The upper part of the horns variously branched. 
 1. PANOLIA, Gray. 
 
 Horns round, curved backwards and outwards, with a large 
 anterior basal snag close on the burr, the upper part bent in, 
 forked, becoming rather expanded, and branched on the inner or 
 hinder edge. The fur formed of rather rigid, flattened hair. 
 Muffle large. Skull with a narrow face, a large, oblong, very 
 deep suborbital pit, and the nasals short, broad, and dilated be- 
 hind. The frontal snag of the horns often has a tubercle or 
 branch at the base. 
 
 Panolia, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. xxvii. ; Knowsley Menag. ; 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 1. PANOLIA ELDII. The SUNGNAI. 
 
 Nondescript Deer, P. Eld, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 1842, 
 
 415. t. 12. 
 
 Panolia acuticornis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 180. 
 Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181, adult; Cat. 
 
 Osteol. B. M. 66. 
 Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. N. H. i. 
 
 t. 12. f. 1, ii. 539; Sundevall, Pecora, 132. 
 
 Cervus Eldii ?, Calcutta Journ. N. Hist. ii. 417, 1842. 
 
 Panolia Eldii (The Sungnai), Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 
 
 34; Osteol. B. M. 66; Knowsley Menag. (P. Eedii, misprint). 
 Cervus lyratus, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 395. 
 Cervus Smithii, Gray, /roc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45? 
 Hob. India. 
 
MAMMALIA. 203 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. India. 
 
 Panolia acuticornis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 180. 
 
 A large pair of horns, cylindrical, and with two small snags 
 near the tip. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Panolia Eedii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181 ; Cat. Osteol. B. 
 M. 66 (misprint for P. Eldii). 
 
 A smaller pair of horns, rather compressed, and with one large 
 and two short snags near the tip. India. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns, with one large and one small snag near the 
 tip. India. 
 
 Skull and horns, with one large and two small snags near the 
 tip. India. 
 
 Skull and horns, with one small snag near the tip. India. 
 
 Horn. India. 
 
 Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 181. 
 
 Cervus, n. s., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 45 ; Calcut. Journ. 
 N. H. 1842, t. 12. f. . 
 
 Horns. India. From Mr. Warwick's Collection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 ?Bara Singha. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 130, 
 the original, copied and altered by Colonel Hamilton Smith, t.131. 
 The C. Smithii of Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1837, 48. It may be only a 
 bad figure of C. Duvaucellii. 
 
 2. RUCERVUS, Hodgson. 
 
 Horns cylindrical, with an anterior basal branch, and repeat- 
 edly forked at the tip. Muffle large, high, continued to the edge 
 of the upper lip below. Tail rather short, thick. Face shortish. 
 Crumen well-developed. Ears broad, rounded, covered with hair. 
 Hoofs narrow, compressed. The fur is formed of rather soft, 
 adpressed hairs, without any pale mark on the rump, and only 
 slightly spotted. Skull with an elongate face, a large nose-open- 
 ing, and an oblong, rather shallow, suborbital pit. 
 
 Rucervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5. 
 Recervus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Spec. ; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. ; 
 
 Knowsley Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Elaphus, sp., Lesson, Mamm. i. 263. 
 Cervus, Hippelaphus, sp., Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 
 1. RUCERVUS DUVAUCELLII. The BAHRAINGA. 
 
 Yellowish brown, without any rump spot. Dorsal streak in- 
 distinct, dark, with a row of white spots on each side ; sides not 
 
204 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 spotted. Hair black, with yellow tips. Neck with rather longer 
 hair. Throat, chest and belly with longer, scattered, greyish white 
 hairs. Muzzle and front of legs dark. Chin white. Winter : 
 Brown; tips of hair yellowish. Crown yellow. Dorsal line 
 blackish, narrow. Muzzle black ; chin white. 
 
 Cervus Duvaucellii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 29. f. 6-8 ; Griffith, 
 
 A. K. iv. 116, note-, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1836, 240. t. 66- 
 
 68; Ogilby in Royle's Himal. 72. 
 Recervus Duvaucellii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33 ; Cat . 
 
 Osteal. B. M. 65. 
 
 Rucervus Duvaucelli, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Rucervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. 1835, 
 
 648. t. 53. f. 4; x. 914; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 47; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 292. 
 
 Cervus Bahrainga, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1834, 99. 
 Cervus enclodocerus, Hodgson. 
 Cervus Bahraiya, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1836, 46. 
 Axis? Duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 178. 
 Cervus Euryceros, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 
 Cervus Elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. S. Beng. 1835, 648. 
 
 t. 78. 
 
 The Bahraiya, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 345. 
 Cervus Wallichii, part., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 171, 1842. 
 Hob. India; Nepal. 
 
 An imperfect skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Male. India ; Nepal. From Gardens of Zoological Society. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 505. t. 39. f. 6, 7, 8, horns. 
 
 Skull and horns of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns of male. Nepal. 
 
 Skull of a female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns of adult. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Separate horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Separate horns. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Barara Singha. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 132, 
 134 (see also t. 131). 
 
 Spotted Deer of the Sunderbands. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 
 n. 10,975. t. 133, 135. 
 
 Cervus Elaphoides. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 199, male 
 and female, and one male copied t. 200. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 
 
 205 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 210. f. 66. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 The Bahraiya inhabits reedy marshes and islands of great 
 rivers ; never enters the mountains or forests. Tail short, with 
 no caudal disk, and no heavy mane. Hodgson. 
 
 ** The upper part of the horns simply forked. 
 
 3. RUSA. 
 
 Horns placed on a moderately long peduncle, with an anterior 
 frontal snag close on the crown, and simply forked at the tip. 
 Fur formed of hard, rigid, very thick hair, not, or only obscurely, 
 spotted. 
 Cervus Rusa, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. ; Lesson, Mamm. i. 
 
 264; N. Tab. R. A. 171. 
 Rusa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 6; Gray, Knows. 
 
 Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus, sp., Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus * *, Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 Axis d'une seule couleur, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448. 182. 
 Procervus (Dimorpha), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5. 
 
 * Hair of the neck elongated, forming a kind of mane, at least in 
 the males ; size large. 
 
 1. RUSA ARISTOTELIS. The SAMBOO. 
 
 Tail not floccose, brown, rather darker at the end. Fur black- 
 ish brown, with the feet, the regions of the vent, and a spot over 
 the eyes fulvous. Male maned. Young obscurely white spotted 
 (Hodgson). Skull : suborbital pit very large, broad, deep, ob- 
 long, subtrigonal. 
 
 Gona Rusa, Daniel, Ceylon, t. 
 
 Cervus Aristotelis, .Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 502. t. 39. f. 10 ; F. Cuv. 
 
 Mam. Lith. t. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 55. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus, C. Aristotelis et C. heteroceros, Hodgson, 
 
 Icon. ined. 
 Rusa Aristotelis, H. Smith ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. ; Cat. 
 
 Hodgson Coll. B. M. 67; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 67. 
 Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, List Mamm. B.M. 179; Cat. Hodgson 
 
 Coll. B. M. 33. 
 
 Rusa equinus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 179. 
 Cervus unicolor, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 780. 
 Cerf de Coromandel, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 41. t. 5. f. 32, horns. 
 
206 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cervus Bengalensis, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 390. 
 
 Daim noir de Bengal, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 157. 
 
 Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Menag. Lith. t. 
 
 Cervus equinus (Samboo Deer), Bennett, Tower Menag. 185. fig. 
 
 Cerf Mulct ?, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43. t. 5. f. 38, horn. 
 
 Elk, Indian Sportsmen ; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 ?Rusa Nepalensis, Hodgson, J. A. Soc. Eeng. x. 914; Calcutta 
 
 Journ. N. H. iv. 292. 
 
 Cervus heterocerus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Eeng. 1841, 722. t. 
 C. Hippelaphus, Duvaucell, Asiat. Res. xv. 174. 
 Biche de Malacca, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 41 ; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. 
 Cervus Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn. 
 Cervus Saumer, Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 75. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson notices the following varieties : 
 Var. 1 . Brown ; the frontal branch short. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus, or Phursa Jarai, Hodgs. Icon., not Cuv. 
 C. Saumur, Ogilby ; Royle, Illustr. 
 Phursa Jarai, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 1132. 66. t. 5. f. 1-3, 346. 
 
 Var. 2. The hinder part of the beam produced, longer than the 
 
 upper prong. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus var., Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 5. f. 34. 
 
 Var. 3. Rump rufous ; the frontal branch of horn elongate. 
 Cervus Aristotelis (or Rato Jarai), Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1834, 98 ; 
 
 1836, 39. 
 The Rato Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 66. f. 4, 346. 
 
 Var. 4. The upper part of the beam simple. 
 
 Cervus heterocerus, or Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 1841, 
 
 727. t. . f. 2, x. 914; Calc. J. N. H. iv. 292; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 Spec. B. M. 68. 
 Kalo Jarai, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. i. 1832, 66. t. 5. f. 5, 346. 
 
 India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 A young male, with simple horns. Deccan. Presented by 
 Colonel Sykes. Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831. 
 
 There is only one species of Rusa found in the western forests* 
 which is common also to all the heavy jungles of Southern India. 
 
 The horns of different individuals present great diversity of 
 forms. I have met with instances of medial antlers, of trifurcated 
 extremities, and in one case with the extremity showing a four- 
 fold division (see t. 4. f. 1). Elliot, Madras Journ. 1840, 30. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 509. t. 39. f. 10, horns. 
 
 Sambur Horns (gigantic), weight 25 Ibs., circumference above 
 
 burr 10i inches, in middle of beam 8 inches. Zoophilus, India 
 
MAMMALIA. 207 
 
 Sporting Review, Calcutta, 1849, x. 256. t., from Cuttack 
 coast, or Madras. 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 Single horn. India. Exeter Change Menagerie. Presented 
 by Edward Cross, Esq. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. India. 
 
 Two single horns, upper branches more equal. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but thicker, heavier and 
 more granular. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but the left horn has a 
 large posterior branch at the fork. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, like the last, but rather smaller, hinder 
 branch of fork longest, the left one with a posterior branch in the 
 middle. India. Presented by Mrs. Wright. 
 
 Horns of frontal bone, like the last, but larger and without 
 posterior branch. 
 
 Horns of frontal bone, one-third smaller. 
 
 Single horn, simple, from a castrated animal ? 
 
 Skull of young male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Skull of adult female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Skull of young female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 
 Brocket horns on frontal. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 Three pairs of horns, second year. Nepal. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Single horn of the first year. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, hinder upper branch turned back. 
 
 Horns, very long, thick, with veiy short, thick frontal and 
 submedial branch on one. 
 
 Horns, apex forked. Himalaya. Presented by the Rev. R. 
 Everest. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, apex simple. India. 
 
 A pair of horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of very large thick horns, with rather long frontal snag, 
 the left with a large posterior process. India. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of very large, thick horns, with rather long frontal snag. 
 India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Three pairs of large horns, with moderate frontal snag, the 
 hinder upper snag rather the longest. India. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of similar, but rather slenderer and more elongate 
 horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
208 MAMMALIA. 
 
 A pair of large horns, with rather elongated front snag, the 
 front upper snag rather longest, the horns rather close together. 
 India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of large horns, with very long frontal snags, the upper 
 snag rather the longest. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 A pair of horns, the right like the former, the left quite sim- 
 ple, subulate. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of horns, one with a moderate, and the other with a 
 long frontal snag, the upper snag nearly equal. India. Presented 
 by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of rather slender, more elongate horns, with moderate 
 frontal and short upper snags. India. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of horns, the beam not branched. 
 
 Head of a female. India ; Himalaya. 
 
 Head and horns, with skin. India. Presented by Edward 
 Cross, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton. India. From Mr. Bartlet's Collection. 
 
 A pair of the horns. India. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 206. f. 1. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of skull. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 187- f. 11,12. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. 
 M. t. 207. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of males. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 208. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 209. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Gouse or Indian Black Deer. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 
 10,975. 1. 139 ? . 
 
 Walawah Tinkee. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,775. 1. 140 
 9, t. 141 (? 9 (this figure altered by Colonel Hamilton Smith), 
 /. c. n. 10,975. 1. 142. 
 
 Shabur or Saubur. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 
 t. 136 <?, t. 137 9, copied t. 138 ?; n. 10,974. t. 92 9, 
 t. 93 ? . 
 
 The Samburs or Jerrows inhabit the great forests and the 
 mountains above them ; are not gregarious ; have a long, bluff 
 tail, like a docked horse, no disk round it ; and a heavy mane 
 over the whole neck. They rut in spring, then drop their horns. 
 The female gestates eight months and produces young in winter. 
 
MAMMALIA. 209 
 
 The horns take six months for their perfect replacement, and are 
 not complete in form until the fourth year, nor in size till the 
 eighth year. Hodgson. 
 
 Colonel Sykes believes the Sambur of the Mahrattas to be the 
 C. equinus of H. Smith; he observes, "it wants the size and is 
 not so dark as the Sambur of Bengal." P. Z. S. 1831. 
 
 2. RUSA DIMORPHE. The SPOTTED RUSA or GERVER. 
 
 Red brown. Back with distinct series of small white spots- 
 Sides indistinctly white spotted. Limbs paler. Neck and belly 
 blackish. Chin white. The horns (deformed?). Young bright 
 fawn red, white spotted. 
 Cervus dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1844, t. ; 
 
 Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 74; Wiegm. Arch. 1845, ii. 40; 
 
 Sundevall, Pecora, 132. 
 
 Rusa Dimorpha (Hodgson's Rusa), Hodgson in Gray Cat. Hodg- 
 son Coll. in B. M. 33. 
 
 Procervus dimorpha, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 5. 
 Hob. India ; Saul Forest ; Morang. 
 
 Stuffed, not good state. India. The specimen described and 
 figured by Mr. Hodgson. 
 
 It is very doubtful if the above specimen is more than an ac- 
 cidental variety, with distorted horns, of the Sambur. 
 
 The Gowers are not gregarious, confined to the Saul Forest. 
 Hodgson. 
 
 3. RUSA HIPPELAPHUS. The MIJANGAN BANJOE. 
 
 Greyish brown. Tail not floccose, brownish at the tip. Anal 
 region not pale. Cheeks and upper part of the neck of the males 
 maned. Young : hair smooth. 
 
 Rusa ubi, R. saput et R. Tunjuc, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 
 
 268. 
 Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 31, 34, 42; F. 
 
 Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Raffles, Mem. 645. 
 Cervus Tunjuc, Vigors in Raffles Memoir, 645 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 
 
 1836, 67. 
 Greater Muntjac, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. 1828, 13. 
 
 n. 302, 303 <? ?; 1839,39. 
 Cervus Rusa, S. Mutter, Nederl Verh. 45. t. 43. 
 Cerf Noir de Bengal, F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. 2, in summer. 
 Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 62 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1850. 
 Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 508. t. 39. f. 9, from 
 
 horns only. 
 
210 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Far. Smaller. 
 
 Cervus Molluccensis, Quoy fy Gaim. ; Eydoux, Guerin Mag. Zool. 
 
 1836, 26; Sundevall, Pecora, 56. 
 Cervus Rusa Molluccensis, S. Muller, Nederl. Verh. t. 43 $ , t. 35. 
 
 f. 1-4 ; Mus. Leyden, 1845. 
 Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Mus. Leyden, 1845. 
 Hob. Java. 
 
 Female. Java. From Gardens Zool. Soc. 
 
 This species was living some time at Knowsley and bred there. 
 In all its states was very distinct from the Samboor of continental 
 India. 
 
 The horns are similar to those of R. equina, but the body and 
 horns are smaller, and the hair of the young is smoother. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cervus Hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 40. t. 5. f. 31, 34, 35 
 
 (C. auritust), t. 5. f. 42. 
 Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 508. t. 39. f. 9, horns 
 
 only. 
 
 Cervus Rusa, Mutter, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 1, 4. 
 Cervus (Rusa) Molluccensis, Muller, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 5. 
 Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Muller, Verh. I. A. t. 43. f. 6. 
 
 The specimen at Knowsley, received from Amsterdam, in sum- 
 mer had the fur formed of thick, rigid, waved quills. The fur 
 is reddish brown, minutely punctated ; on the head, neck, dorsal 
 line and shoulders blacker ; the orbits yellowish ; the lips, chin, 
 gullet, edge of nose, whiskers, and inside of the ears, white, 
 without any black spot on the side of the lower lip. 
 
 4. RUSA EQUINUS. The SAMBOE. 
 
 Brown, not spotted. Tail rounded, floccose, black at the tip. 
 Young very obscurely spotted. Hair rigid and rough. Skull : 
 suborbital pit moderate, oblong, narrow. 
 
 Rusa, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 263. 
 
 Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 44. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38. 
 
 f. 42; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 112. t.; Sundevall, Pecora, 
 
 55 ; S. Muller, Nederl. Verh. 
 Eland or Elk, of the Dutch Sportsmen. 
 Hob. Sumatra; Borneo. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 C. equinus, Cuv. 0. F. v. t. 5. f. 30, 42. 
 
 The specimens received from Amsterdam in the Knowsley Me- 
 nagerie had the hair short, rigid, close-pressed, not waved ; dull 
 blackish brown ; the lips, chin, and spot above each eye, white ; 
 
MAMMALIA. 211 
 
 lower lip with a black spot in the middle of each side ; whisker 
 black; ears nearly naked; inside and large spot at the upper 
 inner part of the base whitish. 
 
 Size smaller. Mane none. The peduncle of the horns rather 
 elongated^ and covered with hair. 
 
 5. RUSA PERONII. The SMALLER RUSA. 
 
 Brown, pale beneath. Hair rigid, thick, ringed. Muzzle dark. 
 Tail brown, floccose. Anal disk white. The hind part of the 
 feet hairy. The horns are thick and heavy. Skull : suborbital 
 pit large and deep. Cuvier, fig. 
 
 Cervus Peronii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f. 41, horns, f. 45, 
 
 skull ; Sundevall, Pecora, 56. 
 Cervus Kuhlii, S. Mutter, Nederl Verh. 45. t. 44 ; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 56. 
 Rusa Kuhlii, Gray, List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 68; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Hob. Timor and Luboc ; Bavian and Ternate. 
 
 Male. Timor. From the Ley den Museum. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f. 41-45 ; S. Muller, 
 Nederl. Verh. t. 43. f. 12, 14. 
 
 Femur and tibia. Timor. 
 
 6. RUSA PHILIPPINUS. PHILIPPINE RUSA. 
 
 Forehead brown. End of nose and eyebrows brownish. Hair 
 rigid, rather short. Neck not maned. Feet naked behind. 
 
 Cerf de Philippine, Desm. Mam. 442. 
 
 Cervus (Muntjac) Philippinus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 147. 
 
 t. 164. f. 5 (head), v. 803; Fischer, Syn. 622. 
 C. (Hippelaphus) Philippinus, Sundevall, Pecora, 56. 
 Cerf de Manille, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. 
 Rusa Philippinus, Knowsley Menag. 63 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Var. ? Tail black, dependent. Front of face dark. 
 
 Cervus Marianus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38, 46 ; 
 
 H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 115. t., from Mus. Paris; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 453 ; Sundevall, Pecora, 57. 
 Hab. Philippines. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 39, 40, f. 46, skull. 
 
 Horns. Philippines. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, 
 K.C.B. &c. 
 
212 MAMMALIA. 
 
 This species has the horns or elongated peduncles like the 
 Muntjacs, but it is easily distinguished from them by the absence 
 of the ridge, and of the grooves on the face. 
 
 7- RUSA LEPIDA. SUNDEVALL RuSA. 
 
 Reddish brown. Back and sides varied, with pale spotted hair. 
 Vent disk small, white, black edged above. Tail longly hairy, 
 white, above black. Face brown, with a roundish white spot in 
 front of the usual oral black spot. Horns smooth, slender, nearly 
 straight, elongate, the basal snag bent down on the forehead. 
 
 Cervus (Hippelaphus) lepida, Sundevall, Pecora, 57. 
 
 Rusa lepida, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 63; Proc. ZooL Soc. 1850. 
 
 Hob. Java ? Young male specimen in Mus. Frankfort. 
 
 Scarcely as large as a Roebuck. 
 
 4. Axis. 
 
 Fur formed of thick polished hairs, fulvous, and beautifully 
 white spotted at all seasons. Face elongate, narrow. Ears large, 
 rather elongate and acute. Tail rather elongate. Legs nearly 
 equally long slender. The horns are placed on moderately long 
 peduncles. The skull is elongate, narrow, with an oblong, rather 
 small, deep suborbital pit. 
 
 Axis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1850, 7 ; Gray, Knows- 
 ley Menag. 64 ; Proc. ZooL Soc. 1850. 
 
 Cervus Axis, H. Smith, Griffith A.K.v. 182? ; Lesson, Mamm. 
 i. 267; N. Tab. R. A. 1?2, 1842. 
 
 Cervus Hippelaphus * * *, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 Axis tachetee, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822. 
 
 1. Axis MACULATA. The Axis or CHITTRA. 
 
 Fulvous, with a black dorsal streak ornamented, and two series 
 of white spots. Sides with many white spots in oblique curved 
 lines, and with a short white streak obliquely across the haunches. 
 Young fawn spotted exactly like the adult. 
 Axis, Pliny ; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 38, 39; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; 
 
 Oss. Foss. iv. 38. t. 5. f. 24, 29. 
 
 Cervus Axis, Erxl. Syst. 312; Schreb. t. 250; H. Smith, Griff. 
 A. K. v. 786; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 39. t. 5. f. 29, horns; 
 Ogilby in Royle's Himal. 73 ; Bennett, Gard. Z. S. 253 ; Sun- 
 devall, Pecora, 57- 
 
 Axis maculata, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828; Gray, List 
 Mamm. B. M. 178; Cat. Osteol. Coll. B. M. 178; Cat. Hodg- 
 son Coll. B. M. 32; Knowsley Menag. 63; Proc. ZooL Soc. 1850. 
 
MAMMALIA. 213 
 
 Axis major, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. 
 
 iv. 292. 
 
 Axis minor, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914. 
 Axis medius, Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 Cerf Cochon, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Supp. iii. 122. t. 18. 
 C. axis Ceylonensis, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. 
 Spotted Axis or Chittra, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. 346. 
 The Chittra or Axis, Hodgson, Mam. Icon. ined. n. 204. 1. 
 Langna, or Pada, or Spotted Porcine Deer, Hodgson, J.A. S.B. 
 
 i. 346. 
 The Thou or Spotted Porcine Axis, Hodgson, Mam. Icon. ined. 
 
 n. 204. 2 (horn smaller). 
 Axis medius, or Spotted Hog Deer, or Thou Langna of the Tarai, 
 
 Hodgson, I. c. 205, horns smaller. 
 Axis Deer, Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. f. 614. 
 Hob. India; Ceylon. 
 
 Male. India. Presented by P. Ducane, Esq. 
 
 Var. 1. Blackish. 
 
 Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, 136; 1839, 
 150; Sundevall, Pecora, 57. 131. 
 
 Female. India. Presented by Edward Cross, Esq. 
 
 Male and female. India. 
 
 Young. India. 
 
 Young? (yellow). India. 
 
 Foetus from spirits ? India. 
 
 Var. Smaller. Fulvous ; spots and a streak across the haunch 
 
 and along the lower part of side, white. 
 
 Axis minor, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. 914; Calc. J. N. H. iv. 292. 
 Axis medius, Hodgs. Icon. ined. 205. 
 Lesser Spotted Deer, Hodgs. 
 ? Langna, or Puda, or Spotted Porcine Deer, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 
 
 i. 346. 
 Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Axis, Daub. Buff. H. N. xi. t. 40; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 38. t. 5. 
 f. 24-29. 
 
 Cerf Cochon, Buffon, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 18 (not Pennant) ; Cu- 
 vier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 29. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate, warty. India. 
 Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate. India. 
 Horns on frontal bone, slender, elongate, simple. India. 
 Skull and horns of the normal state. Nepal. Presented by 
 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
214 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Horns of the usual form, with two snags near the base of the 
 right, and one on the left side. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns, with three small snags near the base, and a short ter- 
 minal beam. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, elongate, and very warty. Nepal. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull and horns. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal, India. 
 
 Horns on frontal, smooth. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal, very warty. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone, with two snags near the base of the 
 left, and one on the right side. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. 
 
 Skull of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. India. 
 
 Horns, very long, thick, with very short, thick frontal and 
 submedial branch on one. 
 
 Axis Pennantii.- Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 180. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 204. f. L 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 22. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 204. f. 2. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 205. 
 
 Drawing of horns. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 33? 
 
 Large Axis. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t.126, t.127, 
 horns. 
 
 The horns of this species vary greatly in size. 
 Pennant describes two Deer, under the names of 
 
 1. Greater Axis, Penn. Syn. 52; Quad. 106=C. Axis y. Gmelin; 
 
 2. Middle-sized Axis, Penn. Quad. 106 = C. Axis /3. Gmelin; 
 
 from the horns alone. These are probably only large-horned 
 examples of the common species. 
 
 The Chitals inhabit the plains of India ; gregarious, the herds 
 being often very large. Tail elongate, reaching to the hocks, 
 ending in a point. The fur smooth and spotted, without any 
 mane. They rut in December and breed in May, and gestate 
 six months. 
 
MAMMALIA. 215 
 
 3. Axis PSEUDAXIS. The SPOTTED Axis. 
 
 Fulvous, white spotted, a series of spots on the lower part of 
 each side, and an oblique series of spots on the haunches. 
 
 Cervus pseudaxis, Gervais, Voy. Bonite, 64. 1. 12; Institute, 1841, 
 
 419; Sundevall, Pecora, 57. 
 Hob. . Mus. Paris. 
 
 This species chiefly differs from Axis maculata in having a se- 
 ries of spots in the place of the oblique streak on the haunches. 
 
 Mule between Cervus Axis and C. pseudaxis, Pucker an, Compt. 
 Rendus Acad. Sci. 1849, 774. 
 
 M. Pucheran considers these two species to belong to differ- 
 ent sections of the genus! Compt. Rendus, 1849, 77. 
 
 5. HYELAPHUS, Sundevall. 
 
 Fur of moderately thick, palish hair, fulvous, and spotted in 
 the summer. Tail rather elongate. Legs rather short, the front 
 being rather the shortest. Face short, broad, and arched in front. 
 Ears short and rounded. Horns placed on moderately elongated 
 peduncles. 
 
 Hyelaphus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 67; Knowsley Menag. 64; 
 
 Proc. Zoo/. Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus Hyelaphus, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Axis, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 448, 1822 ; Lesson, Mamm. i. 
 
 268; H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 1. HYELAPHUS PORCINUS. The LUGNA PARA or SHGORIAH. 
 
 Brown or yellowish brown, with an indistinct, darker dorsal 
 streak, and with obscure whitish spots, but without any white 
 streak on the sides or haunches ; in the winter brown and spot- 
 less. Forehead, face and front of legs darker. Line down the 
 front of and the inside of the thighs white. 
 
 Porcine Deer, Penn. 42. t. 8. f. 2. 
 
 Cervus Hippelaphus var., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43. t. 5. f. 31, 
 
 horns. 
 Cervus porcinus, Zimmer. Schreb. t. 251 ; Horsf. Proc. Z. Soc. 
 
 1839, 150; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t.; Ogilby in Royle's 
 
 Himal. 72; Proc. Z. Soc. 1839, 150. 
 Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Sundevall, Pecora, 58. 
 Axis porcinus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828 ; Hodgson, J. A. 
 
 S. B. x. 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 292; Gray, Cat. 
 
 Hodgson Coll. B. M. 33. 
 Cervus niger, Hamilton, Icon. ined. ; Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 
 
 1816, 76; Fischer, Syn. 454; Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 132. 
 
216 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Brown Porcine Axis, Hodgson, Journ. A. Soc. Eeng. i. 346. 
 Hyelaphus porcinus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. E. M. 67 ; Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 64. t. 42; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus Hippelaphus, var. 3, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 43 (for C. niger}. 
 
 Var. Albino, McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, 150. 
 Hob. India; Plains of Hindostan; Ceylon; Assam and Tarai 
 of the Kemaon Mountains; McClelland. 
 
 Male. India. 
 
 A flat, imperfect skin of young, with horns. Nepal. Presented 
 by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ? A flat skin of female, greyish, with broad dorsal streak ; fur 
 rough; head imperfect. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A flat skin of female, reddish, with narrow dorsal streak. Ne- 
 pal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Porcine Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 19. n. 59, not Buffon, Supp. 
 
 Cervus niger, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76. fig. 
 
 Skull of the female. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Horns, separate. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, with horns. 
 
 Skull, with horns. India. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. India. 
 
 Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 
 
 Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 
 
 Horns, separate. India. Presented by General Hardwicke. 
 
 Two horns, single, not forked at the tip. 
 
 Skull and horns, var. frontal snag elongated and thick. 
 
 Four pair of horns. India. From Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Hog Deer, Cervus porcinus (head of female). Forster, Icon, 
 ined. B. M. 1. 14, from India. 
 
 Porcine Deer. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. 1. 121 <?, 
 1. 122, head <?, t. 123 ?; n. 10,974 (t. 84). t. 99. 
 
 Drawing of male in winter, and female in summer. Hodgson, 
 Icon. ined. B. M. t. 201. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of female in young and adult age. Hodgson, Icon, 
 ined. B. M. t. 202. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 The tail bushy and often carried erect. The males and females 
 in summer are reddish brown, with numerous white spots ; the 
 middle of the back rather darker. In winter the whole fur be- 
 comes blackish brown, and the spots disappear. 
 
 The Para live in families or small herds on the plains. They 
 
MAMMALIA. 217 
 
 rut in December or January and breed in May, whence they 
 gestate six months. Hodgson. 
 
 Do not ascend the mountains. Ogilby. 
 
 Easily known from the Axis by being lower on its legs, and 
 there is no distinct black dorsal streak, nor white streak on 
 haunches. The horns are generally short, with only short snags 
 or branches, but they are sometimes as large as those of the Axis 
 Deer. 
 
 The Cervus Dodur, Royle, HimaL t. 5. f. 1, and Ogilby in 
 Royle, i. 73, of the Himalayas, " of an ashy grey colour, the size 
 of the female Antilope Cervicapra, and more graceful than the 
 Hog Deer," is only known from the above description and figure 
 of a female. As Hog Deer are said not to ascend the mountains, 
 it is probably a distinct species. 
 
 Cervus Pumilio, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. n. 788; McClel- 
 land, P. Z. Soc. 1839, 150, is perhaps only a variety of the Hog 
 Deer. 
 
 6. CERVULUS. 
 
 Horns on elongated pedicels, supported by longitudinal ridges 
 on the face, which have a naked moist groove on their side. 
 Canine teeth exserted. Crumen large and deep. Tail elongate 
 and tufted. Hoofs triangular and partly united in front by a 
 web; the false hoofs are small and transverse. Fur of thin, 
 shining hair, and not spotted. They have no tuft of hair on the 
 outside of the hind legs. Skull with a very large, deep, nearly 
 hemispherical suborbital pit. The young, before the horns ap- 
 pear, have a bald groove on the head. 
 
 Muntjacus, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821 ; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 
 
 xxvii. 
 
 Muntiacus, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 56, 1815. 
 Stylocerus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 182; Lesson, Mamm. i. 273; 
 
 Nov. Tab. Reg. Anim. 174. 
 Prox (Moschatus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135; Sundevall, Pe- 
 
 cor a, 61. 
 
 Cervulus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus Cervulus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil ,1816, 74. 
 Cerf, Les Cervules, Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 44 9, 1822; Lesson, 
 
 Mam. 368. 
 
 Cerf a longues canines, Lesson. 
 Stylocerinidte, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62. 
 Dioplon, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62. 
 
 1. CERVULUS VAGINALIS. The KIJANG or MUNTJAC. 
 
 Dark reddish brown. Narrow streak on the front edge of the 
 thigh white. 
 
218 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Kijang, Marsden, Sumatra, 94. 
 
 Cervus Muntjac, Zimm. Schreb. t. 254 ; Horsf. Java, vi. t. 1 ; 
 
 Raffles, Mem. 645. 
 
 Dioplon Muntjak, /. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 Prox muntjac, Sundevall, Pecora, 61. 
 Cervus vaginalis, Bodd. Elenc. i. 136. 
 
 Cervus (Cervulus) subcornutus, Blainv. Schreb. t. 254 B. f. 2. 
 Cervus plicatus, Forster, MSS. Icon. ined. Mus. Banks.; H. 
 
 Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 147. 
 
 Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 173. 
 ? Cervus (Muntjac) aureus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 148. 
 
 t. 176 ?,v. 805. 
 Ribbed-face Deer,, Penn. 
 Chevreuil des Indes, Allam, Buff. Supp. v. 41. 1. 17, vi. 195. t. 26; 
 
 Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 48, t. 3. f. 49, 54. 
 Cervulus vaginalis, Gray, Knows. Men. 65; Proc. ZooL Soc. 
 
 1850. 
 Hab. Sumatra; Java. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Cervus Muntjack, Horsf. Java, t. ; Anat. 6. f. A, B. 
 
 Muntjak of Sumatra, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. 1. 164. f. 7, jun., 
 
 1. 175, adult <*. 
 Muntjak of Java, H. Smith in G. A. K. iv. 1. 164. f. 9 < . 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Cervus Muntjac, Desch. MSS. Icon. ined. B. M. t. 35. 
 
 This chiefly differs from the following in being darker-coloured. 
 
 2. CERVULUS MOSCHATUS. The KEGAN or KAKER. 
 
 Bright reddish yellow. Streak on front of the thigh and under 
 part of the tail white. Chin and gullet whitish. Hair not ringed. 
 Var. With a triangular white spot on each side of the chest. 
 
 Musk Deer of Nepal, Ousley, Orient. Collect, ii. t., 1798. 
 Cervus Cervulus moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77 ; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. t. 254 B. f. 1. 
 Cervus Moschus, Desm. Mam. 441. 
 Cervus Ratwa, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. i. 346. t., head; P. Z. S. 
 
 1834. 
 Cervus Rutwa, Royle, Himal. t. 5. f. 2 ; Ogilby in Royle's Himal. 
 
 73. 
 Cervus moschatus, Nepal Muntjak, H. Smith f G. A. K. iv. 149. 
 
 t. 177, v. 806; Hodgson, Journ. A. S. B. i. 346. 
 Stylocerus Ratwah, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. x. 914 ; Calcutta Journ. 
 
 N. Hist. iv. 292. 
 Cervus Muntjac (Kacher), Ogilby in Royle's Himal. i. 73. 
 
MAMMALIA. 219 
 
 Muntjacus vaginalis, part., Gray, List Hodgson Coll. B. M. 173; 
 
 Cat. Osteol. B. M. 68; Cat. Hodgson Coll. B. M. 31. 
 Prox Ratwa, Sundevall, Pecora, 62. 
 Prox albipes, Wagner, Suppl. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 62. 
 Prox stylocerus, Wagner, Suppl. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 62, 64. 
 Cervulus moschatus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65; Proc. Zool. 
 
 Soc. 1850. 
 
 Jungle Sheep, India. 
 Hob. India. 
 
 Deep chestnut, becoming browner as the animal grows. Elliot. 
 
 Far.? " Entirely black." 
 
 Cervus melas, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. ; in Royle's HimaL 73. 
 
 Prox melas (Ogilby), Sundevall, Pecora, 62. 
 
 Hob. Continental India; Ogilby. 
 
 Male. India. 
 
 Female. India. 
 
 Head of male, with horns. India ; Northern Circars. 
 
 Head and horns of male. India ; Deccan. Presented by Colonel 
 Sykes, F.R.S. &c. Deccan. 
 
 A male. Nepal. 
 
 An adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A female ; dorsal streak none. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A foetal specimen, with an obscure, dark dorsal streak. Nepal. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 32. f. 2. 
 
 Chevreuil des Indes, Bujfon, Supp. iii. t. 36 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 iv. t. 3. f. 49-53, t. 5. f. 48. 
 Cervus moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77; Schreb. 
 
 Mam. t. 254 B. f. 1. 
 
 Two skulls, half-grown, and young. Nepal. Presented by 
 B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 *Skull. 
 
 Head of male and horns. Northern Circars. 
 
 Head and horns of male. Deccan. Presented by Colonel 
 Sykes, F.R.S. 
 
 Skull and horns. Nepal. Northern Circars. 
 
 Skull and horns. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 Base of skull and horns. Nepal. 
 
 Skull. 
 
 Two skulls of a male, with horns, differently developed. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull, female. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 K2 
 
220 MAMMALIA. 
 
 A pair of large horns on shortish peduncles. Nepal. Pre- 
 sented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A pair of small horns on very long, slender peduncles. Nepal. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Vertebra, pelvis, and leg bones. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of skull. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 187. f. 14. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 193, 194. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of head of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 195. 
 Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of horns of different ages. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. 
 M. t. 196. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Drawing of head in pencil, Cervus plicatus, Bank. Icon. ined. 
 B. M. i. t. 6. 
 
 Drawing of Kaleeatoo or Stag Deer of the Tamouleans. 
 Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,975. t. 145, copied n. 10,9/4. 
 t. 88; n. 10,975. 1. 146, 147, copied n. 10,974. t. 87. 
 
 Drawing of Chickera or Mountain Deer. Hardw. Icon. ined. 
 B. M. n. 10,975. t. 144, copied n. 10,974. t. 89 ; n. 10,975. 1. 162, 
 163. 
 
 The Ratwa live in the mountains, or the forests at their bases ; 
 they live six or eight together, preferring dell and close cover. 
 They bark all the year, but particularly in winter, when the males 
 are wanton. The horns fall in May, and are perfect again in 
 August. They rut in January or February and breed in June or 
 July, gestating six months. The females have bristly tufts, end- 
 ing in a knob, instead of a horn. The fascial creases are large, 
 mobile, glandular, placed above the inner side of the horn pedicels. 
 
 See also 
 
 1. Muntjak of Ceylon, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 1. 164. f . 8 ? . 
 
 2. ? Muntjak, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. 164, f. 10 9 . 
 
 3. CERVULUS REEVESII. The CHINESE MUNTJAC. 
 Greyish brown. Hair short, pale, ringed. 
 
 Cervus Reevesii, Ogilby, P. Z. Soc. 1838, 105. 
 
 Prox Reevesii, Wagner ; Sundevall, Pecora, 62. 
 
 Cervulus Reevesii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 65 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1850. 
 Hob. China. 
 
 Mr. Ogilby observes, " This species has a longer head and tail 
 than the common Indian Muntjac, also has less red and more 
 
MAMMALIA. 221 
 
 blue in the general shades of colouring, and is readily distin- 
 guished by the want of the white over the hoofs, which is so ap- 
 parent in its congeners. The fawn is spotted." 
 
 The Earl of Derby has these three kinds at Knowsley, but 
 they breed together, and it has hence become impossible to dis- 
 criminate the mules from the original species. 
 
 5. The Capreoline Deer. Horns without any anterior, basal snag, 
 the first branch being considerably above the burr, very 
 shortly peduncled. Crumen very small. Muffle broad and 
 naked. Suborbital gland and pit in the skull generally small 
 and shallow, except in the genus Pudu. The tuft of hair on 
 the inside of the hock distinct. The tuft on the outer side 
 of the tarsus sometimes present. 
 
 Capreoline Deer, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. 1850 ; Knows. Menag. 
 Anoglochis, Bravard, Foss. Puy du Dome ; Lesson, Mam. 259. 
 Cerfs (Les Chevreuils et Les Daguets), Blainv. ; Lesson, Mam. 
 
 365, 367. 
 Capreolidie, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 
 A. Horns branched. 
 a. Tarsal tuft above middle of bone. Old Continent. 
 
 Caprsea, Ogilby. 
 
 Les Chevreuils, Blainv. in Desm. Mam. 
 
 Capreolidse, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. 
 
 1. CAPREOLUS. 
 
 Horns nearly erect, small, cylindrical, slightly branched, with 
 a very short peduncle. Tail none, but a large, white anal disk. 
 Crumen very indistinct. Hoofs narrow, triangular. The tuft on 
 the hind-legs rather above the middle of the metatarsus. Fur 
 of thick, brittle hair in winter, and thinner and more flexible hair 
 in the summer. The adults are not spotted, and have a black 
 spot at the angle of the mouth. The skull has a very small, 
 shallow, suborbital pit. Intermaxillary nearly to the nasal. In- 
 fraorbital impression very slight, rather deeper in the middle. 
 Nasal not dilated behind. Two central lower cutting-teeth di- 
 lated above, outermost very narrow. 
 
 Found in Europe and North Asia. 
 
 Caprea (capreolus), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. 
 
 Capreolus, Gray, Lond. Med. Repos. 1821 ; Ann. fy Mag. N.H. 
 
 1850; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Lesson, 
 
 Mamm. i. 269; N. Tab. R. A. 172. 
 
222 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Cervus, Capreolus, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. iv. 1827. 
 Cerf Chevreuil (de Pancien Continent), Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 
 448, 1822 ; Lesson, Man. Mamm. 365. 
 
 1. CAPREOLUS CAPR^EA. The ROEBUCK, t. 33. f. 1, t. 34. f. 4. 
 
 Inside of the ears fulvous. Chin white, with a black spot 
 below the angle of the mouth. 
 
 Capraea, Plinii Hist. Nat. viii. c. 55 ; Gesner, Quad. 324. fig. ; 
 
 Jonston, Quad. 77. t. 31, 35. 
 C. Plinii, Ray, Syn. Quad. 89. 
 Capreolus, Brisson, R. A. 89. 
 Cervus minimus, Klein, Quad. 24. 
 Cervus capreolus, Linn. S. N. i. 94; Gmelin, S. N. i. 180; ErxL 
 
 Syst. 313; Schreb. Saugth. 1104. t. 212 A, B; Pallas, Zool. 
 
 Ross. A. i. 219; Brandt, Bull. Acad. Petersb. iii. 280; Desm. 
 
 Mamm. 439; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t.; Fischer, Sun. 450, 619; 
 
 H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 124. t., v. 790. 
 Capreolus Capraea, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; Cat. OsteoL 
 
 B. M. 64. 
 Capreolus europeus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 61. 184. 
 
 Roe, Penn. Syn. Quad. 53; Quad. 108; Shaw, Zool. ii. 291. 
 Roebuck, Penn. Brit. Zool. 18. t.; Knight, M. A. N. f. 615; 
 
 Bell, Brit. Quad. fig. 
 
 Chevreuil et Chevrette, Buffon, H. N. vi. 198. t. 32, 33. 
 Chevreuil d'Europe, Cuvier t Reg. Anim. i. 257 ; Oss. Foss. iv. 47. 
 
 t. 1. f. 37-40. 
 Rehbock, Riding, Jagd. Th. t. 9; Meyer, Thier. ii. 677- 74; 
 
 Wildung, Taschenb. 1797, i. t. 1, 2. 
 Hob. Europe. 
 
 Female. Scotland. 
 
 Male (bad condition). Scotland. 
 
 Male, new horns, with fur coat. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Adult male in winter. France. 
 
 Adult female in summer. France. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 33. f. 1. t. 34. f. 5. Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. 
 
 t. 11. f. 3, t. 12. f. 4 ; Kaup, Allc/. Zool. t. . f. 13. 
 Chevreuil, Daub. Bvff. H. N. vi. t. 35. f. 36 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 iv. 47. t. 3. f. 37, 40 ; Gay $ Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 93. 
 
 Horns, adult. Scotland. 
 Horns, second year. Scotland. 
 Single horns. Scotland. 
 
 Base of skull of adult, with horns. Scotland. Presented by 
 General Hardwicke. 
 
MAMMALIA. 223 
 
 Horns on skull (diseased), very warty. Scotland. Presented 
 by Lord Willoughby d'Eresby. 
 
 Two skulls, female. Mr. Argent's Collection. 
 
 Var. Horns divided into several short branches at the top. 
 Roe Buck in Berlin Mus., H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 1. 164. f. 6. 
 Cervus from Brazils (?), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 48. 
 
 2. CAPREOLUS PYGARGUS. The AHU. 
 
 Interior of the ears fulvous. Chin pale, blackish behind, nearly 
 to the angle of the mouth. 
 
 Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Reise, i. 97, 198, 433; ii. 159; Spic. 
 
 xii. 7 ; Erxl. Syst. 317 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 175 (not Hardwicke) ; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. 1118. t. 253; Desm. Mamm. 440; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 450, 619; Brandt, Bull Acad. Petersb. iii. 280; Wiegm. 
 
 Arch. 1845, ii. 40. 
 
 C. capreolus /3, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 219. 
 Cervus Ahu, Griffith, A. K. iv. 122. t., v. 789. 
 Ami, S. G. Gmelin, Reise, iii. 496. t. 56. 
 Capreolus pygargus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828; Sundevall, 
 
 Pecora, 61 ; Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 
 1849, 64. 
 
 Tailless Deer, Penn. Quad. i. 121. 
 Tailless Roe, Shaw, Zool. ii. 287. 
 Chevreuil de Tartarie, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 257. 
 Ahu, Persians. 
 Siaga, Tartars. 
 Dikaja Kosa, Russians. 
 Hob. Central Asia. 
 
 A male and female. Siberia. From M. Brandt's Collection. 
 
 b. Tarsal tuft absent or below middle of bone. New Continent. 
 Mazamadse, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 
 
 2. BLASTOCERUS. 
 
 Horns straight, erect, three-branched, without any basal snag. 
 Tail very short. Ears rather large. Fur consisting of very thin, 
 soft hair. They have a distinct pencil of hairs on the inside of 
 the hock, but none on the outside of the metatarsus. Skull with 
 oblong suborbital pit, rather deep. Confined to South America. 
 The young are described by Azara as not spotted ! 
 
 Blastocerus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Blastocerus, sp., Wagler ; Sundevall, Pecora, 59 ; Gray, Knowsley 
 
224 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Furcifer, part., Wagler; Sundevatt, Pecora, 59; Gray,Knowsley 
 
 Menag. 
 
 Mazama, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K.v. 
 Cariacus, sp., Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842. 
 Chevreuils du Nouveau Continent (part.), Blainv. Desm. Mamm. 
 
 ii. 448, 1822. 
 
 1. BLASTOCERUS PALUDOSUS. The GUAZUPUCO. 
 
 Fulvous. Orbit, sides, muzzle, belly, and under side of tail, 
 white. Face-marks and feet blackish. 
 
 C. Mazama paludosus (Guazupuco Deer), H. Smith, G. A. K. iv, 
 
 134. t. 169, v. 796. 
 Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mamm. 443; H. Smith; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 444, 616; Licht. Darst. t. 17; Renger, 344. 
 Cervus Blastocerus paludosus, Sundevall, Pecora, 59. 
 C. palustris, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 379. 
 Cervus dichotomus (Guatzupucu), Illiger, Abhand. AJcad. d. W. 
 
 1804-1811, 117; Pr. Max. Nieuw. Ins. 1821, 650. t. 6. 
 Cervus mexicanus, Goldfuss in Schreb. Saugth. 1124; Gmelin, 
 
 S. N. i. 179; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 483. 
 Gouazoopoucou, D'Azara, Essai, i. 45, 70, 73 ; Apuntamientos, 
 
 i. 35. 
 
 Guazu-ete, Brazilians. 
 Guazu pucu, Renger, 344. 
 ? Mazama (or Cervus) furcata, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; 
 
 Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64. 
 Hab. South America. 
 
 AN AT. 
 
 Horns. S. America? 
 
 The Thick-horned Guazuti, Mazama ? furcata, Cervus furca- 
 tus, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith's figures, from life, represent the tail 
 erect, showing a great quantity of white hair; and the face is 
 dark in front, with a dark ring round the gape, which are not 
 indicated in Lichtenstein's figure. 
 
 2. BLASTOCERUS CAMPESTRIS. The MAZAME or GUAZUTI. 
 
 Fulvous brown. The hairs of the lower part of the nape and 
 front of the back reversed. The hoofs narrow. Young : middle 
 of back not spotted. Sides with small white spots, the upper 
 series forming a regular line. 
 
 Mazame, Hernandez, Mex. ix. c. 14. 324 ; Bujfon, H. N. xii. 317. 
 Veado branco, V. do campo, Anchieta, Notic. i. 127. 
 Cervus bezoarticus, Linn. S. N. ed. 10. 67 ; Zimm< Geog. Gesch* 
 ii. 132. 
 
MAMMALIA. 225 
 
 Cervus campestris, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 484 ? ; Desm. 
 
 Man.; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 51. t. 5. f. 46, 47; Pr. Max. 
 
 Beitr. ii. 583; Abbild. t. ; Water house in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 
 
 29. fig. horns; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 136. t., v. 797; Ren- 
 
 ger, 350; Licht. Darst. t. 19. $ $ and jun. 
 Cervus leucogaster, Goldf. Schreb. Saugth. 1127. 
 Cervus (Mazama) campestris (Guazuti Deer), H. Smith, Griffith 
 
 A. K. iv. 136. t. 1/0, v. 797. 
 
 Mazama campestris, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 64. 
 
 Blastocerus campestris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 58. 
 
 Cervus (furcifer) campestris, Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 
 
 Cuquacu apara, Marcgr. Bras. vi. 235. 
 
 Biche de Pampas, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 52. 
 
 Biche de Savanne, De la Borde, Buff. Supp. iii. 126. 
 
 Gouazou-ti, Azara, Essai, i. 77. 
 
 Guazu-y, Renger, 350. 
 
 Guazu'ti, in Paragua. 
 
 Guazu para, in Brazils. 
 
 Hab. South America ; North Patagonia. 
 
 Male, female and young. Northern Patagonia. Presented by 
 Sir William Burnett and Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. (Specimens de- 
 scribed by Darwin and Waterhouse.) 
 
 OSTEOL. t. 35. f. 1-3. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 46 (scarcely 
 
 f. 47 or 48) ; Pr. Max. Abbild. t. 
 
 Horns on frontal bone. Northern Patagonia. From Haslar 
 Hospital Museum. (Capt. Fitzroy's Expedition.) 
 
 Skull with horns. " Columbia." The Parzudaki Collection. 
 
 Cervus campestris is exceedingly abundant, often in small 
 herds, throughout the countries bordering the Plata and in North- 
 ern Patagonia. If a person crawling close along the ground 
 slowly advances towards a herd, the deer, frequently out of cu- 
 riosity, approach to reconnoitre him. I have by this means killed 
 from one spot three out of the same herd. Although so tame 
 and inquisitive, yet when approached on horseback they are ex- 
 ceedingly wary. At Bahia Blanca, a recent establishment in 
 Northern Patagonia, I was surprised to find how little the deer 
 care for the noise of a gun. An overpoweringly strong and of- 
 fensive odour proceeds from the buck ; it is quite indescribable ; 
 several times while skinning a specimen I was almost overcome 
 by nausea. I tied up the skin in a silk pocket-handkerchief and 
 so carried it home. This handkerchief, after being well washed, 
 I continually used, and it was of course as repeatedly washed, yet 
 
 K 5 
 
226 MAMMALIA. 
 
 every time, for a space of one year and seven months, when first 
 unfolded I distinctly perceived the odour. Frequently when 
 passing at the distance of half a mile to the leeward of a herd, I 
 have perceived the whole air tainted with the effluvium. I be- 
 lieve the smell from the buck is most powerful at the period 
 when its horns are perfect and free from the hairy skin ; when 
 in this state the meat is of course quite uneatable, but the Gau- 
 chos assert, that if buried for some time in fresh earth the taint 
 is removed. Darwin, Journal, 49. 
 
 A skull at Haslar has the horns of one side normal, on the 
 other (the left one) with the front lower branch elongated and 
 forked. 
 
 The figures of C. campestris in F. Cuvier, Man. Lithog., is 
 evidently a Cariacus, and not of this genus. 
 
 3. FURCIFER. 
 
 Horns erect, forked, without any basal snag. Ears narrow, 
 acute. Tail short. Fur consisting of thick, rather brittle, waved 
 hairs. Skull with a moderate suborbital pit. There is a distinct 
 parcel of hairs on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer 
 side of the metatarsus. Confined to South America. 
 
 They differ from Capreolus in wanting the tuft of hair on the 
 outer side of the hind tarsus. 
 
 Cervus, Furcifer, part., Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 
 
 Furcifer, part., Gray, Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Cervus Mazama, sp., H. Smith, G. A. K. 
 
 Mazama, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii., not Rqfinesque. 
 
 Cariacus, sp., Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173. 
 
 Chevreuil du nouveau continent (sp.), Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 
 
 448, 1822. 
 
 Cervus, sp., D'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. 
 Hippocamelus, LeucJcart, de Equo Bisulco, 1816. 
 Camelus, sp., Leuckart. 
 Cervequus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 
 Capreolus, sp., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
 Equus, sp., Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn. 430; Shaw, 
 
 Zool. 
 Auchenia, sp., H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 764. 
 
 1. FURCIFER ANTISIENSIS. The TARUSH or TARUGA. 
 
 Yellow grey. Hairs rigid, quilled, brown, with a yellow sub- 
 terminal ring. Edge of muffle and throat white. Face with a 
 brown longitudinal streak and a lunate band between the eyes. 
 The hoofs rather broad, worn in front. 
 
MAMMALIA. 22? 
 
 Cervus Antisiensis, D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me'rid.; Diet. Univ. 
 
 H. N. iii. 328; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, t. 18. 
 Cervus (furcifer) Antisiensis, Sundevall, Pecora, 60. 
 Hab. S. America ; Bolivian Alps. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. D'Orb. Voy. Amfr. Merid. t. 20. f. 22. 
 
 Fur rigid, quilled, grey. Hair brown, with yellow tips. Throat 
 and edge of the muffle white. Female : face with a brown lon- 
 gitudinal streak and a lunate band between the eyes. Crumen 
 large. Hock with a large tuft on the inner side. Tail with white 
 soft hair beneath. Mus. Paris. 
 
 2. FURCIFER HUAMEL. The GUEMUL. 
 
 Brown, minutely yellow dotted. Hair long, brittle, waved. 
 
 Guemul seu Heumul, Vidaure, Gesch. ; Konig, Chili in Neue 
 
 Samml. von Reiseb. Hamb. 1782, iv. 87, 88; Ray, Zool. Univ. 
 
 fy Portat. iv. 255, 1788. 
 Gemul or Equus bisulcus, Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 Mamm. 430. 
 
 Auchenia Huamel, H. Smith in Griffith A. K. v. 764. 
 Camelus Equinus, Leuckart', Treviranus, Biologie, ii. 179, 252, 
 
 1803. 
 
 Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart, de Equo Bisulco, 24, 1816. 
 Un nouveau genre, Gay, Echo du Monde Savant, 1835, June 19 ; 
 
 Lesson, Mamm. i. 249. 
 
 Cervequus andicus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 1?3. 
 Cervus chilensis (Guamul), Gay Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 
 
 91. 
 
 Capreolus leucotis, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1849, 64. t. 12. 
 Capreolus ? Huamel, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 66. 
 Furcifer Huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cloven-footed Horse, Shaw, Zool. ii. 441. 
 Guemul, Chilians. 
 Hab. East coast of S. America ; Cordillera ; Patagonia. 
 
 Female, imperfect skin. Chili. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 AN AT. Gay fy Gervais, I. c. 
 
 " Skull the size of that of C. campestris, but the forehead is 
 flattened; interocular region is squarer. The pit of the tear- 
 bag is more considerable, and the naso-maxillary foramen is 
 smaller." 
 
228 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 4. CARIACUS. 
 
 Horns cylindrical, arched, with a central internal snag, the tip 
 bent forward, and with the lower branches on the hinder edge. 
 Fur soft, of thin hair. Tail moderate, furnished with long hair 
 on the under side, anal disk white. Ears rather elongated, large, 
 rounded. They generally have a tuft of white hair on the outer 
 side of the hind legs, rather below the middle of the metacarpus, 
 hut it is sometimes not to be seen. The skull has a very small, 
 shallow, suborbital pit, and the nasal bones are broad and sub- 
 triangular behind. The tail is elongate, slender, pale, with the 
 lower part dark, and reaching nearly to the hocks in summer ; 
 much shorter and broader, and all dark olive, in the winter. 
 Confined to Northern America. 
 
 Mazama, sp., H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 182; Lesson, Mamm. 
 
 i.270. 
 
 Mazama, Sundevall, Pecora, 50. 
 Cariacus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 Cariacus, sp., Gray, Med. Eepos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. ; 
 
 Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842. 
 Chevreuils du nouveau continent (part.), Elainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 
 
 448, 1822. 
 
 Mazamadae, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 Elephalcedse, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 
 * Hoofs narrow, elongate, Tail hairy beneath. 
 
 1. CARIACUS VIRGINIANUS. The AMERICAN DEER. 
 
 Bright fulvous in summer, greyer in winter. Tail fulvous, 
 above the tip black, beneath white, carried erect when running. 
 Metatarsal tuft large, white, round. Nose brown. Side of mouth 
 white, with an oblique black band from the nostrils. Hoofs nar- 
 row, elongate. 
 
 Dama virginiana, Raii Syn. 86. 
 
 Fallow Deer, Lawson, Carol. 23 ; Catesby, Carol. App. 28. 
 
 Cervus Dama americanus, Erxl. Syst. 312. 
 
 Cervus Strongyloceros, part., Schreb. Saugth. 1074, not figure. 
 
 C. Mangivorus, Schrank, Ann. Wetter, i. 327, 1819. 
 
 Cervus Virginianus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 179 ; Desm. Mamm. 442; F. 
 
 Cuvier, Man. Lithog. t. ; Bennett, Gard. Z. S. 205 ; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 449; Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39. 
 C. (Mazama) Virginiana, Sundevall, Pecora, 58. 
 Cariacus virginianus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 175 ; Cat. Osteol. 
 
 B. M. 63, 64. 
 
MAMMALIA. 229 
 
 Mazama Virginiana, J. Brookes, Cat. 62, 1828. 
 
 Virginian Deer, Penn. Syn. 51. t. 9. f. 2; Quad. i. 104. t. 11. 
 
 Cerf de la Louisiane, Cuvier, R. A. i. 256; Oss. Foss. iv. 33. 
 
 t. 5. f. 1-5. 
 
 Cariacou, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 347. t. 44. 
 Mexican Deer, Penn. Syn. 110. t. 9. f. 1, horns. 
 Hob. N. America. 
 
 Female, imperfect, white gland on tarsus very distinct. N. 
 America. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 33. f. 2, 3. 
 
 Chevreuil d'Amerique, Daub. Buff. H. N. vi. t. 37 ; Cuvier, Oss. 
 
 Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 19-22. 
 Cariacou, Daub. B. H. N. xii. t. 45. 
 Cerf de la Louisiane, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 33. t. 5. f. 1-16; 
 
 Dale, Phil Trans, n. 444. fig., 1735. 
 Virginian Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 20. f. 2. 
 Var. Mexican Deer, Penn. Hist. Quad. t. 20. f. 1 . 
 
 Horns of young, simple. North America. 
 
 Horns of adults, moderate-sized, with two branches on upper 
 edge of beam. North America. 
 
 Horns of adult, large, with three branches on upper edge of 
 beam. 
 
 Horns, larger and thicker, with five branches on upper edge of 
 beam, inner basal branch very long and forked. 
 
 Horns, very large, with many branches on upper edge of beam, 
 inner basal branch thick and forked. Mexico. From the Royal 
 Society's Museum. (Cervus mexicanus.) 
 
 Single horn, like the preceding one, but anterior basal branch 
 very long, produced, and an additional elongate branch from the 
 lower edge of the middle of the beam. (Cervus mexicanus, Mexi- 
 can Deer, Penn. Syn. 110. t. 9. f. 1 ; H. Smith, Griffith A. K. 
 iv. t. 163. f. 3.) 
 
 Single horn, with the upper branches on the beam rather irre- 
 gular, and three produced and elongate, forked branches from 
 the lower edge of the upper part of the beam. (Cervus clavatus, 
 H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. t. 163. f. 4?) 
 
 Skeleton. Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Skull, male. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. 
 
 Skull, female. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. 
 
 Horns. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay 
 Company. 
 
 Seven pairs of horns. N> America. 
 
230 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Two skeletons. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 
 Skull. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Skull. Hudson's Bay. Presented by the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany. 
 
 * Skull. South America. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 The White-tailed Deer inhabit the Oregon, and they were 
 found to be most numerous near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. 
 Their range on that coast is up to the fifteenth degree of latitude, 
 and probably much further north. At the Umpqua River, in 
 lat. 43, they give place to the Black-tailed Deer, C. Lewisii, 
 which occupy the country south of that parallel to the almost 
 entire exclusion of these. T. Peak, U. S. Explor. Exped. 38. 
 
 We believe that the same species of Deer inhabits all the tim- 
 bered or partially timbered country between the coast of the At- 
 lantic and Pacific Oceans. They vary in size, as all the animals 
 of this genus do, in different feeding-grounds, but they are spe- 
 cifically the same. When alarmed, this species always erects its 
 tail, which being white beneath, is a conspicuous object, and 
 when running the tail is kept erect and wagged from side to side. 
 T. Peak, ibid. 38. 
 
 2. ?CARIACUS MEXICANUS. The MEXICAN DEER. 
 
 Fulvous grey; in winter ? Tail fulvous grey (without 
 
 hair), half as long as the head. Muzzle fulvous grey, scarcely 
 spotted. Metatarsal tuft evident, brown. Horns broad. 
 
 Aculliame, Hernand. Hist. Nov. Hisp. 324. 
 
 Cervus mexicanus, Gmelin, S. N. ; Licht. Darst. t. 18, <? ? & 
 
 jun. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 59; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 37. t. 5. 
 
 f. 23, horns? 
 
 Elephalces mexicanus, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62. 
 Hab. Mexico. Mus. Berlin. 
 
 3. CARIACUS LEUCURUS. The LONG-TAILED DEER. 
 
 Fur brownish fulvous : does not change in winter or age. Tail 
 yellow above, elongate. Metatarsal tuft small. Nose brown, side 
 of muzzle white, with an oblique black band from the nose to 
 the mouth. 
 
 Roebuck, Dobbs, Hudson's Bay, 41, 1744. 
 
 Fallow or Virginian Deer, Cook's Third Voyage, ii. 292, 1778. 
 
 Long-tailed Jumping Deer, Umfreville, Hudson's Bay, 190, 
 
 1790. 
 
 Deer with small horns and long tail, Gass. Journ. 55, 1808. 
 Long-tailed Red Deer, Lewis fy Clark, Travels, ii. 41. 
 Small Deer of Pacific, Lewis Sf Clark, Travels, ii. 342. 
 
MAMMALIA. 231 
 
 Common Red Deer, Lewis fy Clark, Travels, iii. 26. 
 
 Common Fallow Deer with long tails, Lewis 8f Clark, Travels, 
 
 iii. 85. 
 Cervus leucurus (Long-tailed Deer), Douglas, Zool. Journ. iv. 
 
 330; Richardson, Northern Zoology, Mam. 258; Wagler; 
 
 Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Cervus campestris (Mazame), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t., not 
 
 Desmarest. 
 
 Jumping Deer, Hudson's Bay Traders. 
 Chevreuil, Canadian Voyagers. 
 Mowitch, Indians west of Rocky Mountains. 
 Apeesee-mongsoos, Cree Indians. 
 Hab. N. America ; Hudson's Bay ; Columbia River. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, a, b. Skull, male and female. Columbia River. 
 Presented by Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 This species does not, on the east side of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, range further north than latitude 54, nor is it found in 
 trfat parallel to the eastward of the 1 05th degree of longitude. 
 Mr. Douglas states, " It is the most common Deer in the di- 
 strict adjoining the River Columbia, more especially on the 
 fertile prairies of the Cowalidske and Multnornah rivers, within 
 100 miles of the Pacific Ocean." 
 
 In running the tail is erect, wagging from side to side. Its 
 gait is two ambling steps and a bound exceeding double the di- 
 stance of the steps. Richardson. 
 
 Dr. Richardson described a female killed in February as fawn- 
 coloured, mixed with black ; tail fawn-coloured, white at the tip 
 and beneath. Mr. Douglas, however, described the upper part 
 of the animal as reddish brown in summer, and changing to light 
 grey in winter ; so his animal may be a different species. 
 
 Skull elongate, narrow. Face rather produced, tapering, flat- 
 tened on the sides. Intermaxillars rather broad, not reaching to 
 the nasal bones, and fitting into a notch in the front upper edge of 
 the maxilla. Infraorbital pit moderate ; fissure very large, trian- 
 gular, open. Nasals, each notched in the middle of the fronts. 
 
 Male : length entire 1 1 inches ; from front of orbit to nose 6 ; 
 width at lower edge of orbit 4f ; of nose just before first grinder 
 1; of skull 3. 
 
 Female : length entire 9f inches; from front of orbit to nose 5|; 
 width at lower edge of orbit 3 T \; upper side of orbit 3^; of 
 nose just before first grinder 1 T 8 ; of skull 2 T \ ; suborbital pit 
 rather smaller than in the male. 
 
 A male and female in winter dress, from Fort Colville on the 
 Columbia River, were sent by the Hudson's Bay Company to the 
 Museum May 26, 1843 : they arrived without hair or skin. 
 
232 MAMMALIA, 
 
 4. CARIACUS? NEMORALIS. The CARIACOU DEER. 
 
 Fulvous grey in winter. Tail above blackish (without the hair), 
 half as long as the head. Nose brown. Muzzle white, with a 
 black oblique streak from nose to mouth. Metatarsal tuft mi- 
 nute, obsolete. Ears covered externally with very short greyish 
 hair. 
 
 C. Nemoralis (H. Smith!), Sundevall, Pecora, 59. 
 
 Cerf blanc ou Cerf des Paletuviers, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 36. t. 5. 
 
 f. 22 a. 
 Chevreuils d'Amerique, Daubent. Buffon H. N. vi. t. 37 ; Cuvier, 
 
 Oss. Foss. iv. 36. t. 5. f. 19-22. 
 
 Cervus mexicanus, part., Pennant, Quad., from Buffon. 
 Biche des Savannes, La Borde, Buffon H. N. Supp. iii. 126 ; 
 
 " young in winter," Cuvier, I. c. 
 Biche des Paletuviers, La Borde, Buff. H. N. Supp. iii. 126; 
 
 " adult male," Cuvier, I. c. 
 Hob. Shores of Mexican Gulf; Guiana; Mexico. Cayenne; M. 
 
 Poiteau. Surinam; M. Baillon. 
 
 5. CARIACUS PUNCTULATUS. The CALIFORNIAN ROE. 
 
 Dark reddish brown (in summer), minutely punctulated by the 
 yellow tips of the hair ; in winter greyish brown. Chin-mark 
 distinct. Ears elongated, nakedish. Base of the ears, orbits, 
 round the muzzle, underside of tail, and the upper part of the 
 inside of the legs, white. Forehead, line down the face, and 
 narrow streak on upper part of the nape, black. Legs brown. A 
 very narrow, indistinct streak on the middle line of the rump 
 yellowish. Metatarsal tuft none. Tail like back, with a black- 
 ish tip. 
 
 Cariacus punctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. 
 Hab. California. Lieut. Jones of H.M.S. ' Samson.' 
 
 There is a female of this species in the Zoological Gardens ; it 
 is much smaller and darker than C. Virginianus, and it differs in 
 the hair being dark, with a distinct, yellow, subterminal band. 
 
 Cervus gymnotis is described as very like C. nemoralis, only 
 differing in the tail being rather longer and pale above; the 
 outer surface of the ears brown and nakedish. Metatarsal tufts 
 none. 
 
 Cervus Gymnotis, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833; Wagner, Supp.; Sun- 
 
 devall, Pecora, 39. 
 Hab. Columbia. Mus. Berlin. Doubtful if distinct from the 
 
 former or C. nemoralis. 
 
MAMMALIA. 233 
 
 6. CARIACUS LEWISII. The BLACK-TAILED DEER. 
 
 The tail black above towards the extremity, yellowish white 
 beneath, covered with hair at all seasons, and not carried erect 
 when running. Fulvous (in summer). Hair very soft, not rigid. 
 Forehead and upper part of face before the eyes blackish. (In 
 winter, fur very thick, quilled, waved, brittle.) Inside of the legs 
 and belly white. Chin-band distinct, black. Front hoofs nar- 
 row, elongate. Horns like C. Virginianus, but generally more 
 slender, and commonly without the basal antler. 
 Black-tailed Deer, Anglo-American in Oregon. 
 Black-tailed Fallow Deer, Lewis fy Clark, Travels to the Pacific, 
 
 iii. 26. 125 (London edit. 1807). 
 Cervus Macrotis /3. Colombiana, Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 
 
 i. 257. 
 Long-tailed Deer (Cervus macrourus), H. Smith, Griffith A. K. 
 
 iv. 134, v. 7^5, part. ; Fischer, Syn. 615 ; Blyth in Cuvier 
 
 Animal Kingd. 138. f. 56. 
 Cervus Lewisii, T. Peale, U. States Explor. Exped. 39. t. 9, 
 
 ined. fig. at p. 43, fore-foot. 
 Hab. California, between Columbia River and Umpqua River ; 
 
 seldom seen east of the Cascade range of mountains. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, a, b. Skull, male and female. Columbia River. 
 
 Presented by the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 The Short or Black-tailed Deer in the winter is covered with 
 very thick, waved, tubular, brittle quills or hair, of a grey colour, 
 with a rather darker subterminal band. The legs are yellow 
 brown. The tuft on the inside of the hock very large. The tuft 
 on the outside of the tarsus large, covering an oblong, bald, cal- 
 lous spot, about an inch or an inch and a half long, which is hard 
 and horny in the dry specimen. T. Peale. 
 
 Skull rather broad. Forehead concave. Face rounded on the 
 sides. Intermaxillars broad, not reaching to the nasal. Nasal 
 dilated and bent down on the side behind, with a deep central 
 notch. Suborbital pit large, deep, triangular. Suborbital slit 
 large, triangular, open. 
 
 Skull of Male : Larger. Suborbital pit very large, triangular, 
 deep. Intermaxillar not reaching near the nasal. Length entire 
 12f inches ; from front of orbit 6^ ; width at lower side of orbit 
 5| ; upper side of orbit 5f ; of nose just before first grinder 2 T \ ; 
 of skull 3 f . 
 
 Skull of Female : Smaller. Suborbital pit smaller, narrower, 
 oblong, linear, rather deep. Intermaxillar reaching nearly to the 
 nasal. Length entire 1 1 inches ; from orbit 6^ inches ; width at 
 lower side of orbit 4^f ; at upper side 3-}-f ; of nose just in front 
 of first grinder 2 T \ ; of skull 2|. 
 
234 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Length 6' 1J" ; tail 10"; height at shoulders 3' 2"; glandular 
 sac on tarsus 1 inch long. 
 
 Male and female winter dress was sent from Fort Colville, 
 Columbia River, May 26, 1843, by A. Macdonald, Esq., and pre- 
 sented by the Hudson's Bay Company, but arrived without hair. 
 
 The Black -tail Deer never carries its tail erect when running, 
 and viewed from behind shows two narrow white lines of hah-, 
 instead of the large, white, and elevated tail of the Virginian 
 Deer. 
 
 Var. 1. With a basal antler on the inner side of the horn, which 
 
 was directed upwards and backwards. 
 Hob. Oregon; T. Peak, Lc.4l. 
 
 Var. 2. No internal basal antler. 
 Hab. California; T. Peale, I. c. 41. 
 
 There is a skull of a young male American Deer which was in 
 the Zoological Gardens, the skin of which has not been preserved. 
 It is intermediate in character between the other species ; it has 
 the rather slender face of the Virginian Deer ; but it has a much 
 larger, subtrianglar, suborbital pit, of the same form, but only 
 about two-thirds the size of the pit in the skull of the broad- 
 faced Long-tailed Deer. It indicates the existence of another 
 species, that may be characterized by the skull. Nasals : each 
 bifid in front. Intermaxillar nearly reaching to the nasals. The 
 length entire 9 T 8 T in. ; of face from orbits 5 T \ in. ; width of lower 
 edge of orbit 4 T \ in. ; of upper edge of orbit 3 T \ in. ; of face in 
 front of the first grinder Ijf in. ; .of skull 2\% in. 
 
 ** Front hoof broad, cordate. Tail not hairy beneath. 
 7. CARIACUS MACROTIS. The MULE DEER. 
 
 Brownish fulvous. Chin without any, or only an indistinct 
 band. Tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end, and 
 without any hair beneath. Ears very large. Hoofs of the fore 
 feet broad, cordate, nearly as broad as long, flattened and con- 
 cave beneath. Horns larger and more spreading than in C. Vir- 
 ginianus. 
 
 Far.? Jumping Deer, Umfreville, Hudson 9 s Bay, 164. 
 
 Black-tailed or Mule Deer, Gass. Journ. 55 ; Lewis fy Clark, i. 
 91, 92, 106, 152, 239, 264, 328, ii. 152, iii. 27, 125; James, 
 Long's Exped. ii. 276 ; Godman, Nat. Hist. ii. 305. 
 
 Mule Deer, Warden, United States, i. 245. 
 
 Cerf Mulct, Desm. Mamm. 443, notes. 
 
 Le Daume fauve a queue noire, Warden,Etats Unis,ed. Gall.640. 
 
 Mule Deer, Anglo-Americans of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
MAMMALIA. 235 
 
 ?Mule or Black-tailed Deer, Le Raye; Lewis fy Clark, Travels; 
 Wied, Voy. Amer. Merid. iii. 273, & vig. A, B. 
 
 Cervus macrotis, Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mount, ii. 88. 254 ; 
 H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 794 ; Fischer, Syn. 444. 615 ; Sun- 
 devall, Pecora, 59 ; Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer. 254. t. 20 ; 
 Peak, U. St. Expl. Exped. 41. t. 10. ined. fig. at p. 43, fore- 
 feet; Sabine, Franklin Journ. 667 ; Harlan, Fauna, 243 (Great- 
 eared Deer); H. Smith in Griffith A. K. iv. 133, v. 794 (Black- 
 tailed Deer). 
 
 C. auritus, Warden, Etats Unis, ed. Gall. v. 640; Desmoul. Diet. 
 Class. H. N. iii. 379. 
 
 Hab. Arkansas ; Rocky Mountains ; on rocky hills covered with 
 trees. 
 
 Rather larger than Cervus Virginianus, and having more the 
 general aspect of the Wapiti ; destitute of the black submaxil- 
 lary marks which are always present on C. Lewisii and C. Vir- 
 ginianus. Horns larger and more spreading. Hoofs rounded, 
 the under surface concave. Tail pale ferruginous, destitute of 
 hair beneath, and having a tuft of black hair at the extremity. 
 In summer pale ferruginous, darkest on back. Chin, throat, and 
 inside of thighs and belly, white. Hair flattened and undulated. 
 Total length 67 in. ; tail 7 in. ; height at shoulders 36 in. T. 
 Peale. 
 
 This species is most abundant on the eastern slope of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and delights in rocky hills covered with cedars 
 and pine-trees. By the flattened and concave formation of the 
 hoofs, they are enabled to climb the rocky steeps with much 
 greater facility than other species of Deer, and for the same rea- 
 son we infer that they are more at ease in the snowy regions of 
 the mountains. T. Peale, I. c. 43. 
 
 Mules between Cervus Virginianus and C. gymnotis have been 
 described. Pucheran, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sci. 1849, 774. 
 
 According to M. Pucheran, the chief difference between C. 
 Virginianus and C. gymnotis is, that the former has the chest 
 and belly white, and C. gymnotis the belly white and the chest 
 brown. 
 
 Doubtful Species. 
 
 1 . The Cariacou Deer, Cervus nemoralis, H. Smith in Griffith 
 A. K. iv. 137. t. . & v. 798 ; Fischer, Syn. 617, described and 
 figured from a pair said to come from Virginia, and is also said 
 to inhabit Honduras (see p. 138). It appears by the figure of 
 the horns rather to belong to this genus than to Coassus. It 
 is a species yet to be identified. Professor Sundevall regards it 
 as a species of Cariacus. 
 
236 MAMMALIA. 
 
 2. Cervus spinosus, Gay fy Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94, 
 
 from horn of M. Poiteau, figured Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. 
 
 f. 22 a. 
 
 C. virginianus var., G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 Hob. Cayenne; M. Poiteau. 
 
 Only described from a single horn from Cayenne. 
 
 3. Cervus Savannarum, Cabanis fy Schomburgk, Reisen in Bri- 
 
 tisch Guiana, iii. 785. 
 
 4. OrenoJca Deer. There is imported into London under the 
 above name, from Central America, the flat skins of a large spe- 
 cies of Deer, of a bright dark red brown colour, with the chin 
 and under part of the body white, and a blackish tail. The hair 
 of the back is short and rather adpressed. The animal appears 
 to be about the size of a small Stag, C. Elaphus. These skins 
 are imported by the North- West American Fur Company to be 
 tanned into leather. 
 
 5. The Yutacan Deer. The North-West American Fur Com- 
 pany import, under the above name and from Yutacan, the skin 
 of a smaller Deer, about the size of the Virginian Deer. The fur 
 of the back is very short, of a red brown colour with blackish 
 tips. They differ from the skins of the Virginian Deer, im- 
 ported by the same Company from different parts of America, in 
 the shortness and greater stiffness of the hair. 
 
 6. Cervus affinis, Pucheran, Compt. Rendus, Acad. Sci. 1849, 
 
 777, not Hodgson. 
 
 Hair very short, close-pressed, grey, minutely white grisled. 
 Hab. . Mus. Paris. 
 
 7. Cervus Guidotii, Gay fy Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 94. 
 
 Horns lyrate, half the size of those of C. axis, and with only 
 a single basal posterior snag. 
 
 Hab. New Grenada; M. Justin Guidot. Horns in Mus. Paris. 
 These two species are only known from the above descriptions. 
 
 B. Horns simple. 
 
 Subulidje, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 62, 1828. 
 Les Daguets, Blainv. ; Lesson, Man. Mam. 
 
 5. COASSUS. 
 
 Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving back. Ears short, broad, 
 rounded, nakedish. Tail short. The facial line rather convex. The 
 fur short, of the forehead (in both sexes) elongate, forming a 
 
MAMMALIA. 237 
 
 rhombic tuft between the horn and face. Legs without any tuft 
 on the outer sides of the metatarsus, but with a pencil on the 
 inside of the hocks. Skull with a very small, shallow, suborbital 
 pit, and supraorbital foramen in a groove. Confined to South 
 America. 
 
 They all emit a strong odour like porcupines. They cast their 
 horns like the other Deer. 
 
 Coassus, 1. Coassus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850. 
 
 Subulo, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. . 1827. 
 
 Subula, Lesson, Mamm. i. 2/3; Nov. Tab. R. A. 174. 
 
 Subulus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. 
 
 Coassus, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. 
 
 Daguets, sp., Blainv. Desm. Mam. ii. 449, 1822. 
 
 Cervus, sp., Renger, 343. 
 
 * Skull face rather elongate. Suborbital pit large. 
 
 1. COASSUS NEMORIVAGUS. The GAUZU-VIVA. 
 
 Pale brown. The hair dirt-coloured brown, with a yellow 
 subterminal band which wears off; a paler spot over the eye. 
 Young : Brown, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape dark. 
 
 Skull elongate. Suborbital pit broad, subtrigonal, shallow. 
 Grinders moderate. Infraorbital ridge very distinct, sharp-edged. 
 Intermaxillars not reaching to the nasal, but fit into a notch in 
 the maxilla. 
 Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuv. 
 
 Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50 ; Fischer, Syn. 446. 618 ; H. Smith, 
 
 G. A. K. iv. 142. t. ; Sundevall, Pecora, 60 ; Licht. Dargst. t.21. 
 Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, 
 
 t. 1, t. 2. f. 1 ; List Mamm. B. M. 174 ; Cat. Ost. B. M. 64. 
 Cervus nemorum, Desm. Mamm. 446. 
 Cervus simplicicornis, Illiger, Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; H. Smith, 
 
 G.A.K. v. 800. t. ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, 
 
 iii. 785 ; Renger, 269. 
 
 Cervus mangivorus, SchranJc, Wett. Trans, iv. 326. 
 Cuguacu-Apara, Mar eg. Bras. vi. 235. 
 Young ! Moschus delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever, t. 36. 
 Guazu-viva, Renger, 369. 
 Hob. Brazils. 
 
 a, b. Females. Brazils. 
 
 c. Young, with a distinct line of white spots on middle of the 
 back ; sides spotted. Brazils. 
 
 Tragulus Surinamensis, Klein. Moschus Americanus, Erxl. 
 M. delicatulus, Shaw, Mus. Lever, t. 36; Seba, i. t. 44. f. 2. 
 
 d. Male, adult. Brazils. 
 
238 MAMMALIA. 
 
 ANAT. 
 
 C. nemorivagus, Cuvier, Oss, Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50. 
 <?,/. Skull. Brazils. 
 
 Var. 1. Dark brown. Streak on each side of the forehead, upper 
 part of the legs, and spot on the angle of the lower lip, black- 
 ish ; streak over the eye yellowish. Under lip, a spot on upper 
 lip near muzzle, under side of tail, and inner side of the upper 
 part of the thighs, white. Muffle smooth, black, with the 
 upper edge slightly arched. Ears small, lower half of the inner 
 side black. Size of a full-grown Roebuck. 
 
 Coassus nemorivagus, var. a, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. , 
 male. 
 
 Hab. Brazil; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 Var. 2. Female. " Dark grey, tinged with brown, greyer on the 
 head and neck; the lower part, and the inside of legs, the 
 belly, and round the eyes, rust- coloured ; the purple brown 
 patch in the ears smaller and less distinct than in C. rufus. A 
 small white stripe in front of the eyes, and the under surface 
 of the tail white. From the eyes to the nose short and thick 
 compared with the other specimens. A female." Frazer, MSS. 
 
 Coassus nemorivagus var., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, t. , & 
 t. . f. . 
 
 ** Skull face short, broad. Suborbital pit small. 
 
 2. COASSUS RUFUS. The CUGUACU-ETE or PITA. 
 
 The fur bright shining red. Crown and neck, sides of face and 
 chest, paler. Muffle carunculated, rather angularly produced 
 above. 
 
 Skull: infraorbital pit triangular, small, slightly impressed. 
 Intermaxillary scarcely reaching to the skull, elongate. Nasal 
 bone only slightly dilated behind. Supraorbital foramen large, 
 in a deep groove. Grinders moderate. Cutting-teeth very nar- 
 row, two central much dilated. 
 
 Young : Reddish, white spotted, spots of sides unequal. Nape 
 with a distinct, white-edged, dark central streak. 
 
 Var. with white rings above the hoofs. 
 
 Cervus rufus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier, Oss. 
 
 Foss. iv. 53. t. 3. f. 41, 42, t. 5. f. 44 ; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 
 
 140. t.; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; Licht. Darst. t. 20; Sunde- 
 
 vall, Pecora, 60 ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, 
 
 784; Pr. Max. Abbild. t.; Renger, 356. 
 Coassus rufus, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 174; Cat. Osteol. Sp. 
 
MAMMALIA. 239 
 
 64; Knowsley Menag.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, 
 
 t. 2, t. . f. 2. 
 Cervus simplicicornis (Apara /3.), H. Smith) Griffith A. K. iv. 
 
 141. t. 
 
 Cervus dolichurus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 389. 
 Subulus americanus, J. Brookes, Cat. Mus. 62, 1828. 
 Cariacou de la Guyane, Buff. ix. 90. 
 Biche rouge, Buff on, Supp. iii. 126. 
 Gouazou-pita, Azara. 
 Guazu-pyta, Renger, 356. 
 Hob. South America. 
 
 Young, in spirits? S. America. 
 Male and female. S. America. 
 
 ANAT. t. 35. f. 4. 
 
 Cervus rufus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 41, 42, horns ; t. 5. 
 
 f. 44, skull. 
 
 Skeleton, male. From Mr. Brandt's Collection. 
 
 Skull. Para, South America. Presented by R. Graham, Esq. 
 
 Skull of young. S. America. 
 
 3. COASSUS SUPERCILIARIS. The EYE-BROWED BROCKET. 
 
 Bright shining red, with neck and head grey, forehead darker. 
 Hocks and front of fore legs grey. Stripe in front of the eye, 
 and under surface of the tail, white. Muffle slightly arched above. 
 Ears moderate. 
 
 Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Gleanings Knowsley Menag. t. 48*; 
 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t. , t. . 45. 
 Hob. Brazils. 
 
 This species chiefly differs from the former in the form of the 
 muffle, and in the presence of the white streak over the eyes. 
 There is a male at Knowsley, t. , t. ; and a pair in the Gar- 
 dens of the Zoological Society, t. . f. 5. 
 
 4. COASSUS AURITUS. The LARGE-EARED BROCKET. 
 
 Bright pale red brown. Head and neck grey. Orbits pale 
 brownish. Spot on side of upper lip, chin, belly, hinder side of 
 fore, and front side of hinder thighs, and under side of tail, white. 
 Crown dark grey brown. Ears very large, broad, acute, more 
 than half the length of the head, with two lines of hairs within. 
 
 Coassus auritus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850; Mammalia, t 
 
 t. . f. 6. 
 Hob. Brazils?; Knowsley and Gard. Zool. Soc. 
 
240 MAMMALIA. 
 
 There is a female of this species in the Gardens of the So- 
 ciety ; it greatly resembles the Indian Muntjac in the distribu- 
 tion of its colour. 
 
 In the British Museum there are two skulls which belong to 
 the species of this division. They have the face shorter and 
 thicker than the skull of C. nemorivagus, and the nasals are wider 
 behind; the suborbital pit small or less compressed, and the 
 grinders larger. The first belongs to a young specimen in the 
 Museum Collection apparently of C. rufus-, it has a small, slightly 
 impressed pit just in front of the edge of the orbit. The second 
 belongs to a more adult female, without any skin, sent from Para 
 by Mr. Reginald Graham ; it is considerably larger than the pre- 
 ceding, and there is scarcely any visible impression in front of 
 the orbit, only a slight concavity of the general surface. 
 
 Cervus nanus, Lund; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 173, 1842 (not 
 
 described?). 
 Hob. Brazils. May be one of the preceding. 
 
 6. PUDU. 
 
 Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving backwards. Ears rounded, 
 thickly covered with short hair. Head short ; facial line convex. 
 The crown with a tuft of long hair. Crumen distinct. Fur short. 
 Legs with a tuft of hair on the inside of the hocks, without any 
 tuft on the outer side of the tarsus. Tail short. Skull short, 
 high. Infraorbital impression oblong, very deep. Nasal bones 
 much dilated behind on side of nose. Intermaxillary short, not 
 reaching near to the nasal. Cutting-teeth rather narrow, two 
 central rather dilated. Grinders very large. Supraorbital fora- 
 men small, scarcely forming a groove. Confined to the west 
 coast of America. 
 
 Coassus, 2. Pudu, Gray, Proc. Zool Soc. 1850. 
 Cervus, sp., Bennett. 
 C. Capreolus, sp., Lesson. 
 Capra, sp., Molina. 
 Antilope, sp., Blainville. 
 Antilocapra, sp., Lesson. 
 
 1. PUDU HUMILIS. The VENADA. 
 
 Brown black and pale grisled. Neck blackish brown, punctu- 
 lated with white. Lips, orbit, ears, legs, and under part of body, 
 bright pale bay. Throat and inner side of thighs paler. Hair of 
 back with a broad, blackish, subterminal band and pale brown 
 
MAMMALIA. 241 
 
 tips. Tail very short. Ears moderate, covered with short, close- 
 set hair. Face dark. Crown dark red brown. 
 
 Cervus humilis, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831,, 27, fern.; Sunde- 
 
 vall, Pecora, 60 ; R. Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch Guiana, 
 
 iii. 786. 
 
 Cervus (Capreolus?) humilis, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 172, 1842. 
 C. rufus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 
 Capra Pudu, Molina. 
 Chevreuil (de Chili), Poppig, Froriep's Notiz. 1829 ; Fe'russac, 
 
 Bull. Univ. xix. .95, 1829. 
 
 Cervus Pudu, Gay fy Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90. 
 Antilope (Rupicapra) Pudu, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 76; 
 
 Gervais, Diet. Sci. Nat. Supp. i. 264. 
 Antilocapra Pudu, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 182. 
 Antilope Dicranocerus Temamazama, H. Smith, Linn. Trans. 
 
 xiii. 36; Griffith, A. K. ii. 866; Fischer, Syn. 482, 647. 
 Mazame, Hernand. Mex. ix. 14, 324 ; Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42. f. 3. 
 Cervus Macatlchicheltic, Seba, Thes. i. 69. t. 42. f. 4. 
 Hab. Chili, Conception and Chiloe ; King. 
 
 A male. Chili. From the Zoological Society. (The specimen 
 described by Mr. Bennett.) 
 
 ANAT. Gay fy Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90. 
 
 Skull. Chili. (The specimen described by Mr. Bennett.) 
 
 Tribe 4. MOSCHINA. 
 
 Cutting-teeth none above. Horns none. The hinder edge of 
 the metatarsus more or less naked. False hoofs distinct. 
 
 Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Cuvier, Regn. Anim. ; F. Cuv. Diet. 
 
 Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829. 
 Camelinia, part., Rafin. Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. 
 Moschida3 seu Ecornis, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 60, 1828. 
 Moschidse (part.), Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135. 
 Inermia, part., Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A. 62, 1825. 
 Moschina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii, 
 
 172, 1843; Selys Long champs, 1842. 
 
 Ruminantia c. acerata, part., Bronn, Index Palaont. ii. 710. 
 Les Chevrotains, F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 513, 1829; Dent. 
 
 Mam. 230. t. 93*. 
 Moschisideae, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. 
 
 The only character by which the Musks, as established by 
 Linnaeus and others, differ from the genus Cervus, consists in 
 the absence of horns, for the elongated canines are common to 
 it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the Cer- 
 vus Muntjac. 
 
l2 MAMMALIA. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 I. Fur erect, elastic, thick. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus 
 
 hairy. Males with an odoriferous gland. Young spotted. 
 
 1. MOSCHUS. Canines of males very long. 
 
 II. Fur close-pressed. Throat and hinder edge of tarsus bald. 
 
 Males without any odoriferous gland. Young coloured 
 like the adult. Throat white streaked. 
 
 "2. MEMIXNA. Throat hairy. Hinder edge of metatarsus covered 
 with hair, naked on the outer side near the heel. Body 
 spotted. Intermaxilla elongate. 
 
 3. HYEMOSCHUS. Chin and lips nakedish. Hinder edge of me- 
 
 tatarsus hairy, naked on the outer side near the heel. In- 
 termaxilla very short. 
 
 4. TRAGULUS. Throat and chin nakedish. Hinder edge of the 
 
 metatarsus naked, callous. Fur soft. Intermaxilla elongate. 
 
 I. Fur elastic, thick, brittle. Throat and hinder edge of the tar- 
 sus covered with hair. Males with an odoriferous gland. 
 
 1. MOSCHUS. 
 
 Muffle naked. Crumen none. Throat covered with hair. Fur 
 very elastic, formed of erect, spreading, closely-packed, elastic, 
 brittle, tubular, waved hair. Hinder edge of the tarsus covered 
 with hair. Hoofs small, compressed, narrow, triangular, acute ; 
 false hoofs elongated, well-developed. Tail very short, rudiment- 
 ary. Males with a large pouch, secreting musk, in the middle 
 of the abdomen, and with a celluliferous and netted gland on the 
 outer side of the thighs, secreting a serous fluid (see Brandt, 
 Act. Acad. Petersb. 1836; Ann. Anat. fy Phys. 1837, 283). 
 Young spotted, which are often obliterated in the adult. 
 
 Moschus, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1846 ; Knowsley Menag. ; List Mamm, 
 
 B.M. 
 Moschus, sp., Linn. S. N. ed. 6. 13. 1748, ed. 10. 66. 1/58, ed. 12, 
 
 91. 1766; Erxleb. S. A. 319, 1777; Storr, 1780. 
 M. Mosehiferus, Illiger, 1811; Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. 
 Tragulus, sp., Brisson, Reg. Anim. i. 67, 1762. 
 
 The Musk are confined to the snowy regions, amid the 
 glassy precipices of which they leap with a power and security 
 far more than Caprine, though, owing to the unequal length of 
 their legs, they can descend slopes only with difficulty, and fall- 
 ing are caught ; they cannot climb at all as Goats do, and are 
 solitary. They rut in winter, and produce young in May or June, 
 
MAMMALIA. 243 
 
 Restating 160 days. In six weeks the young can shift for them- 
 selves, and the mother drives them off. They can procreate ere 
 they are a year old, and live ten or fifteen years. One is usually 
 produced at a birth, in cavities of the rocks. Gall-bladder con- 
 stant. 
 
 The tail-gland of the Musk is very large, and covers the whole 
 tail nearly, and has a linear, longitudinal pore on each side, and 
 an abundant secretion. 
 
 The preputial gland of the Musk is analogous to that of the 
 Civets and the Screw-tail (Paradoxurus)-, it is placed on the 
 prepuce, the penis opening in the midst of it : this organ is 
 clearly subservient to sexual purposes, and so probably are seve- 
 ral others, though the eye-pits have been variously referred to 
 the facilitation of breathing and of smelling. The supposed end 
 of the interdigital glands and pores, or feet-pits, viz. the lubrica- 
 tion of the feet and preservation of the hoofs in hot sandy de- 
 serts, is clearly erroneous, since the Thar has these organs of 
 enormous size in all the four extremities, though it be the tenant 
 of moist, cool mountain forests. It is probable that the secre- 
 tion from the foot-pores enables these animals to find one an- 
 other in those wildernesses of vast forest-trees and dense under- 
 growth which constitute their range. Hodgson. 
 
 The Musk is said to derive its peculiar odoriferous secretion 
 from feeding on the Kastooree plant, a kind of ground-nut which 
 is strongly impregnated with the same pungent scent, and which 
 the animal digs up with its long tusk. Ogilby in Royle, Himal. 
 i. Ixxi. 
 
 1. MOSCHUS SIBIRICUS. The KUBARGA. 
 
 Ash brown, beneath paler. Throat black or ashy, with a de- 
 finite white streak on each side. 
 
 Animal Moschiferum Kubarga dicta, /. G. Gmelin, Nov. Com. 
 Petrop. iv. 393. 
 
 Moschus Sibiricus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiii. 29. t. 4, 5, 6; Grc-y, 
 Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172; List Osteol. Spec. 63; KnowsUy 
 Menag. 
 
 Moschus moschiferus, Schreb. Saugth. 944. t. 242, 242 a; Shaw, 
 Lever. Mus. i. t. 3?; Wrangle's Siberia, 374. 
 
 Moschus moschiferus var. Altaici, Sundevall. 
 
 Moschus Altaicus, Eschsch. Jobst. Isis, 1830, 606 ; Per. Bull. 
 Sci. xxii. 46. 
 
 Hab. Siberia ; Altai Mountains ; Lake Baikal ; Gmelin. Bor- 
 ders of Arctic Ocean ; Wrangle. Mongolia, Eschsch. 
 
 Male and female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal 
 Academy of Petersburg. 
 
244 MAMMALIA. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull of male. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal 
 Academy of St. Petersburgh. 
 
 Skull of female. Siberia. From the Museum of the Royal 
 Academy of St. Petersburgh. 
 
 The Musk Deer are found nearly to the arctic circle ; they are 
 abundant near Verkhoiansk in North Siberia (Lat. 67 7 f , E. 
 Long. 134), and called Kabarga. A pound of musk is com- 
 monly sold from 10 to 15 roubles. Wrangle's Siberia and Po- 
 lar Sea, by Sabine, 374, 1844. 
 
 2. MOSCHUS MOSCH1FKRUS. The MUSK. 
 
 Dark brown, chest ami belly rather paler. Throat and chest 
 with indistinct, pale cross bands. 
 
 Moschus moschiferus, Linn. S. IV. i. 91; Gray, List Mamm. B. 
 
 M. 172; List Osteol. Sp. B. M. 62, 63; List Hodgson Col- 
 lection, 30. 
 
 Animal moschiferum, Raii Quad. 124; Caleot. Mus. 661. t. 666. 
 Capreolus Moschus, Gesner, Quad. 695 ; Jonston, Quad. 55. t. 39. 
 Capra moschus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 743. 
 Muskus, &c., Ysbr. Reis. 45. fig. 
 Musk, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii. 361, Supp. vi. 221. t. 29. 
 Moschus, Schr&k. Monag. t. 44. 
 Canrea moschifera, Seger. Misc. Acad. Nat. Cur. i. 169. Obs. 
 
 128. t. 11. 
 
 Tragulns moschiferus, Klein. 
 
 Tibet Musk, Penn. Syn. 56. t. 10. f. 1; Quad. i. 112. 1. 12. f. 1. 
 Moschus saturatus, Hodgson, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, viii. 203, x. 
 
 795. t. , xi. 285. 
 
 Moschus Kacharensis, Hodgson, Cat. MSS. v. t. 3. 
 Moschus Moschus var., Ogilby in Royle, Himal. i. LXXI. 
 Musk?, Falconer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. iv. 710. 
 Hob. Thibet; Nepal. 
 
 Male (in bad state). India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. 
 
 A flat hunter's skin. India. Presented by Gen. Hardwicke. 
 
 Male (in bad state). India. 
 
 Female. Nepal. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. 
 
 Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two specimens from Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
 A male, brownish and dark. Nepal. Presented by B. H. 
 Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 A male, with a dark streak on the nape, and a large dark spot 
 between the shoulders. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. 
 
MAMMALIA. 245 
 
 A flat skin without skull, blackish, with rows of pale spots. 
 Nepal. Presented by B. II . Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. 795. t. 
 
 Skull of male. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull of female. Nepal. Presented by B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B. 
 H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skeleton, wanting bones of feet. Nepal. Presented by B. 
 II . Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Skulls of male and female. Nepal. 
 
 Two skeletons, wanting bones of the feet. Nepal. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of skull of male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 186. 
 f. 5, 6. 
 
 Drawing of young male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 188. f. 1 . 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.M. t.18.9. 
 
 Drawing of female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 192. f. 1. 
 
 Musk. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,974. t. 82, t. S3, skull. 
 
 3. MOSCHUS LEUCOGASTER. The WHITE-BELLIED MUSK. 
 
 Dark brown. Throat, chest, belly, and inside of the ears, pure 
 white. 
 
 Moschus leucogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, viii. 
 
 203, x. 914, xi. 285; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 1/2; Cat. 
 
 Hodgson Collection in B. M. 31. 
 
 Moschus niveiventer, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. n. 188, 190, 193. 
 Hab. Nepal. 
 
 Nepal. Presented by B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
 A male and female. 
 
 An imperfect flat skin of a female, rather darker (like a 
 bleached specimen of M. saturatus). 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of young male. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 1. 188. f. 2. 
 
 Drawing of male, female and young. Hodgson, Icon. ined. 
 B. M. t. 190. 
 
 Drawing of female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 193. f. 3. 
 
 4. MOSCHUS CHRYSOGASTER. The GOLDEN-EYED MUSK. 
 
 Grey brown. The ears, orbits, throat, chest, abdomen, and 
 inner sides of the legs, brilliant yellow. 
 
246 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Moschus chrysogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, viii. 
 
 203 (1839), x. 914, xi. 285; Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 172; 
 
 Cat. Hodgson Collection in B. M. 31 ; List Osteol B. M. 63. 
 Moschus moschiferus var., Sundevall, Pecora, 118. 
 Hob. Nepal. 
 
 Two specimens. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 25. f. 1. 
 
 Skull. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 Skull. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of male and female. Hodgson, Icon . ined. B. M. 1. 1 91 . 
 Drawing of female. Hodgson, Icon. ined. B.M. t. 192. f. 2. 
 
 II. Fur close-pressed. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus more 
 or less naked. Males without any peculiar odoriferous 
 gland. Throat white streaked . Young coloured like the 
 adult. Pigmy Musks. 
 
 Pigmy Musks, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 
 2. MEMINNA, Gray. 
 
 Throat entirely covered with hair. Fur white, striped and 
 spotted. The legs are short and rather stout. The hinder edge 
 of the metatarsus covered with hair, but on its outer side, a little 
 below the hock, a rather large, smooth, naked prominence, red 
 when alive. 
 
 Meminna, Knox-, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. ; Lesson. Nov. 
 
 Tab. R. A. 175. 
 
 Moschus, sp., Erxleb. S. A. 322, 1/77; Zimn*.; Desm. 1804. 
 Musk, sp., Penn. 
 
 Moschiola, Hodgson, Calcutta J. N. H. iv. 292. 
 Tragulus, sp., Brisson, R. A. 95, 1756. 
 Tragulus, Sundevall, Pecora, 118, 119. 
 
 .The Pisora inhabit the forests of India, near to, but without 
 the various ranges of hills. Hodgson. 
 
 The flesh is excellent; it lives in the dense woods of the 
 Dukhun, not in the plains. Sfyfas, P. Z. S. 1831. 
 
 1. MEMINNA INDICA. The MEMINNA or PISORA. 
 
 Moschus Meminna, Erxl. Syst. 322; Schreb. Saugth. 960. t. 243; 
 
 Gatterer, Brev. Zool. i. 92; TicMl, Calcutta Journ. N. H. i. 
 
 1840, 420. 
 
MAMMALIA. 247 
 
 Chevrotain, &c., Buff on, H. A r . xiii. 315. 
 
 Memina ou Chevrotain de Ceylon, Buffon, Supp. in. 102.315. 1. 15. 
 
 Meminna, Knox, Ceylon, 21 ; Shaw, ZooL ii. 256. t. 
 
 Indian Musk, Penn. Syn. 59. t. 10. f. 2; Quad. i. 127. t. 127; 
 
 Knight, M. Anim. Nat. f. 5/2, 5/4. 
 Pissay, Hamilton, Voy. E. Ind. i. 261. 
 Mingee, Tickell, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 420. 
 Tragulus Memina, Sundevall, Pecora, 63. 
 Meminna Indica, M. Malaccensis, Gray, Cat.Mamm. B.M. 172; 
 
 List Osteol. B. M. 63. 
 Tragulus mininoides (or Bijay), Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Sec. 
 
 Bengal, x. 914. 
 
 Moschiola Minimoides, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. II. iv. 292. 
 Hab. India; Madras; Ceylon. 
 
 Half-grown (not in good state). Madras. Presented by Wal- 
 ter Elliot, Esq. 
 Young. India. 
 Adult. India. 
 Young. India. 
 Meminna Malaccensis. Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 172. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 24. f. 3. 
 Skull of adult. India. 
 * Skull and hones of body. India. 
 
 ICON. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,9/5. t. 117 a, b, c. 
 
 3. HYEMOSCHUS. 
 
 Underlip and chin rather nakedish, with scattered hairs. The 
 hinder edge of the metatarsus hairy, with a large callosity on the 
 outer side near the heel. Two lateral toes elongate, with large 
 tapering hoofs. The intermaxillary is very short, oblong, trun- 
 cated behind, and placed on the front end of the truncated max- 
 illa. The sides are spotted (like the Meminna). 
 
 These animals have much the habit of pigs. They take their 
 food in the water ; are called Deer Pigs by the French colonists 
 in West Africa. 
 
 Dr. Hugh Falconer (Proc. ZooL Soc. 1843) gave some account 
 of the osteology of the foot of this animal; and in his MSS. he 
 informs me he has proposed to call the genus Amphimoschits. 
 M. de Blainville has regarded it as the recent type of Anoplothe- 
 rium. In the form of the feet it is very nearly allied to a fossil 
 genus found in Auvergne, which M. A. Bravard has described 
 under the name of Cainotherium (1835). 
 
 The metacarps of Moschus aquaticus are distinct along their 
 whole length ; its fore-leg, from the carpus downwards, is un- 
 
248 MAMMALIA. 
 
 distinguishable from that of the Pecary and its succentorial 
 toes are as much developed as in the last-mentioned animal. 
 
 As Dorcatherium of Kaup breaks down the empirical distinc- 
 tion between the Ruminants and Pachyderms as regards the 
 number of the teeth, so does the Moschus aquations as regards 
 the structure of the feet. Falconer fy Cautley, Proc. Geol. Sac. 
 1843, 240. 
 
 Hyemoschus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. ; Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xvi. 
 
 *350; List Osteol. B. M. 63. 
 
 Moschus (aquaticus), Falconer, Proc. Geol. Soc. 1843, 240. 
 Amphimoschus, Falconer, MSS. 1843. 
 Cainotherium, sp., Bravard, 1835. 
 Moschus, sp., Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175, 1842. 
 
 Lesson refers M. aquaticus with doubt as a synonym of Mos- 
 chus Javanicus. Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. 
 
 1. HYEMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. The BOOMORAH. 
 
 Brown. Two diverging streaks on the throat, chest, spots on 
 back, a streak along each side, front edge of thighs, a spot over 
 each hoof, and end of tail, white. 
 
 Moschus aquaticus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1840, 35; Falconer, P. 
 
 Geol. Soc. 1843; Wagner, Wiegm. Arch. viii. 51. 
 Hyemoschus aquaticus, Gray, Ann. fy Mag. N. H. xvi. 350; List 
 
 'Osteol. B. M. 63. 
 Moschus Stanleyanus (misprint for aquaticus), Sundevall, Pecora, 
 
 64. 
 
 Boomorah, Negroes of Sierra Leone. 
 Water Deer, Colonists at Sierra Leone. 
 Biche Cochon, French Colonists in IV. Africa. 
 Moschus Javanicus var. ?, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175. 
 Hob. W. Africa. Bulham Creek, Sierra Leone ; common. 
 
 Whitfield. 
 
 Two adult. West Africa ; Gambia. Presented by the Earl of 
 Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 25. f. 2. 
 
 *Skull. The specimen described in the Ann. <$ Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. xvi. p. 350, 1845. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl 
 of Derby. 
 
 * Skull and scapular. Sierra Leone. Presented by the Earl 
 of Derby. 
 
 4. TRAGULUS, Pallas. 
 
 Throat with a nakedish, concave, subglandular, callous disc 
 between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a band extends 
 
MAMMALIA. '249 
 
 to the fore part of the chin. The hinder edge of the metatarsus 
 nearly bald and slightly callous. Fur soft, adpressed. The in- 
 termaxilla elongate, sub triangular, extending up to the side of 
 the nose. 
 
 Tragulus, Pallas; Gray., Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. 
 
 Moschus, sp., Desm. 1804; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 65; 
 
 Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 175. 
 Tragulus, sp., Brisson, Reg.Anim. 95, 1756; Sundevall, Pecora. 
 
 118. 
 
 Tragulus B, Sundevall, Pecora, 63. 
 Napu, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A. 175, 1842. 
 Tragus, sp., Klein. 
 
 ANAT. Rapp. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, 43. t. 2 (three stomachs). 
 
 1. TRAGULUS STANLEYANUS. The STANLEY MUSK. 
 
 Reddish fulvous. Hair black tipped, beneath white. Neck and 
 chest shining fulvous. Crown darker. Tail moderate, pale beneath. 
 
 Mosclms Stanleyanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 15 (not 
 Sundevall). 
 
 Moschus ecaudatus, Temm. MSS. Mus. Ley den (1845); Sunde- 
 vall, Pecora, 63. 
 
 Hab. Ceylon. 
 
 Adult. Ceylon. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 ANAT. t. 25. f. 3. 
 
 *Skull. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 2. TRAGULUS JAVANICUS. The NAPU. 
 
 Pale brown, black grisled. Sides of head and rump shining 
 fulvous. Neck and nape ashy. Throat with three white stripes. 
 Belly white. Tail elongate. 
 
 Tragulus Javanicus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xiii. 18; Sundevall, Pe- 
 cora, 121; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, 15. 65; Cat. Mamm. 
 B. M. 173. 
 
 Moschus Javanicus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 174; Bennett, Zool. Gar- 
 dens, 41; Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 261; Donnd. Zool. Beytr. 
 i. 583, 1792; Rapp. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, 43. t. 2; Mus. Leyd. 
 1852. 
 
 Moschus Indicus, Gmelin, S. N. i. 172; Schreb. Saugth. 962. 
 t. 245, not Brisson. 
 
 Moschus Napu, F. Cuv. Man. LitJiog. t. ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 440. 
 
 Tragulus Napu, Sundevall, Pecora, 63. 
 
 Hab. Sumatra; Borneo; Java. 
 
 Male. Java. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. 
 Sumatra. Presented by Lady Raffles. 
 
 L5 
 
250 MAMMALIA. 
 
 This species, so well described by Pallas, is easily known by 
 its larger size and the ashy grisled neck. The Kanchil has a 
 yellow neck with a black nuchal streak. 
 
 3. TRAGULUS PYGMEUS. The KANCHIL. 
 
 Fulvous varied with black. Sides of neck and body pale yel- 
 low, black tipped. Streak along nape blackish. 
 
 Moschus pygmeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 92. 
 
 Kantil, Lichtenberg in Voigt's Mag. Naturg. iii. 2. 1. 
 
 Moschus Kanchil, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. 262; Fischer, Syn. 
 
 Mamm. 441; Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc. 31, 1838. 
 Chevrotain, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 344. Supp. vi. 219. t. 30. 
 Chevrotrain de Java on Kanchil (M. Javanicus), F. Cuvier, Mam. 
 
 Lithog. t. $ . t. 9 . 
 
 Moschus Griffithsii, Fischer, Syn.; Griffith, A. K. t. 
 Javan Musk, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 1/3. 
 Tragulus Kanchil, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836; List Mamm. 
 
 B. M. 176. 
 
 Tragulus affinis, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 176. 
 Tragulus pygmeus, Sundevall, Pecora, 62; Gray, Knowsley 
 
 Menaa. t. 
 Hob. Asiatic Islands ; Java; Malacca; Penang; Borneo. 
 
 Java. Presented by General Hardwicke. 
 
 Female. Java. Presented by the East India Company. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Adult. India? Presented by Edward Burton, Esq. 
 
 Var. 1 . Belly with a broad fulvous streak. 
 
 Moschus intermedius, " Gray," MSS." ; Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. 
 ZooL Soc. 38, 1838. 
 
 Var. 2. Under surface pale fulvous, with four white streaks. 
 
 Chevrotain, Buffon, H. N. xii. 342. t. 42, 43. 
 
 Moschus fulviventer, Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1836, 65; Waterhouse, 
 
 Cat. ZooL Soc. 38, 1838. 
 
 ??Pelandoc, Raffles, Linn. Trans, xiii. fide Mus. Zcol. Soc. 
 ??M. Pelandoc, H. Smith, Griffith A. K. v. 769; Lesson, Mamm. 
 
 i. 258. 
 
 Female ; belly streak wider. Presented by General Hardwicke, 
 
 Young. Presented by General Hardwicke. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Three skulls. India. 
 
 ICON. Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. n. 10,9/5. t. 118, 119, 120 
 n. 10,974. t. 85. 
 
MAMMALIA. 251 
 
 The synonyma of the species of Tragulus are exceedingly con- 
 fused. From the very imperfect manner in which they are de- 
 scribed and figured, it is impossible to identify with any of the 
 foregoing species, or separate from them as distinct, 
 
 1. The Pelandoc figured in Marsden's Sumatra. 
 
 2. The Pigmy Musk of Sumatra, figured in Mr. Griffith's edi- 
 tion of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom (v. 62. t.), on which Fischer 
 has established his Moschus Griffithsii (Syn. Mam. 414). 
 
 The Moschus pygmceus is an Antelope ; the hinder part of the 
 tarsus being covered with hair ; the false hoofs very small and 
 rudimentary, and entirely hidden under the fur of the feet. 
 
 Moschus Americanus and Moschus delicatulus, or Leverum 
 Musk of Shaw, are undoubtedly the fawn of Deer. It is curious 
 that Dr. Shaw quotes as a synonym of the last-named species 
 the figure of Seba, on which alone the Moschus Americanus is 
 founded, while, at the same time, he enumerates Moschus Ame- 
 ricanus r.s a distinct species. 
 
 Tribe 5. CAMELINA. 
 
 Cutting teeth eight above and below. Horns none. Hoofs 
 small, compressed; false hoofs none. 
 
 Nose produced. Upper lip dependent, naked in front, and 
 entirely covered with hair. Horns or crumen none. Ears ob- 
 long, moderate. Cutting-teeth eight in each jaw ; canine teeth 
 in each jaw. Neck long. Legs rather long; thigh free by the 
 body (like those of men and apes). Toes two, elongate, callous 
 beneath. Horns small, compressed, somewhat claw-like. False 
 hoofs none. 
 
 Camelus, Linn.; Cuv. T. E. 1798. 
 (Unguiculata bifida) Camelinum, Raii Syn. 60, 1693. 
 Camelina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. xxvii. 
 Tylopoda, Iliiger, Prod. 102, 1811 ; Ruppell, Verz. Senck. SammL 
 
 184, 1845. 
 
 Hydrophone, Grey, L. M. Rep. xv. 307. 
 Camelidze, Gray, L. M. Rep. xv. 307 ; H. Smith, Griff. A. K. v.; 
 
 Selys, 1842; Qgilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 133. 
 Inermia, Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A. 62, 1825. 
 Les Chameaux, F. Cuv. 1829. 
 Cameliers, Pomet, I.e. 183. 
 Camelinia, part., Raf/n. Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. 
 Les Chameaux, F. Cuv. Dent. Mam. 227. t. 93; D. S. Nat. lix. 
 
 512, 1829. 
 
 Rnminantia c. acerati, part,, Bronn, Index Palaont. ii. 710. 
 Caraeli, pnrt., Wagler, N. Si/st. Amph. 31, 1830. 
 
252 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Camelisidese, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1(57, 1842. 
 Camelidse seu Ecornis, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 60, 1828. 
 
 They fold the feet under their body when they rest, with their 
 chest on the earth, hence the knees and chest are generally cal- 
 lous. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 1. CAMELUS. Back humped. Anterior grinders conical, far 
 
 apart. Toes broad ; soles nearly orbicular. Old World. 
 
 2. LLAMA. Back not humped. Grinders similar. Toes elon- 
 
 gate ; soles narrow. New World. 
 
 1. CAMELUS. 
 
 Back with one or two humps. Grinders ^Q; anterior ones 
 conical, far apart. Toes broad; sole nearly orbicular, only 
 slightly separated in front. Tail short, tufted. 
 
 Living on leaves. Peculiar to the temperate and warmer parts 
 of Asia and Africa, and naturalized in Southern Europe. 
 
 Camelus, sp., Linn. 
 
 Camelus, Cuvier -, Illiger, Prod.; F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 
 512; Fischer, Syn. 434. 
 
 1. CAMELUS ARABICUS. The SGHIMEL or DROMEDARY. 
 Back with a single hump. 
 
 Camelus Dromedarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 90 ; Gm.elin, S. 
 
 N. i. 168; Forsk. Faun. Orient. 4; Erxl. Syst. 218; Zimm. 
 
 Geog. Gesch. ii. 139; Schreb. Saugth. t. 303; Cuvier, Menag. 
 
 Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 250; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. 
 
 94 ; Mam. Lith. t. 1, 2 ; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. vi. 42; Mamrn. 
 
 424 ; Fischer, Syn. 435 ; Bronn, Jam. 488 ; Gray, List Mamm. 
 
 B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 62. 
 Camelus Luk, Eversmann, Bucharia. 
 Camelus arabicus, Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 452; Mem. 
 
 Mus. x. 221; SundevaU, Pecora, 104. 
 Camelus vulgaris, Forsk. Faun. Orient . 4. 
 Camelus monotophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 105. 
 Camelus Dromas, Gesner 9 Quad. 171. fig. 172; Alpin. JEgypt. 
 
 i. 223. t. 12; Pallas. 
 Camelus Arabice, Plin. H. Nat. viii. 
 Camelus Bactrianus, Aldrov. Bisulc. 908. fig. 
 Camelus minimus, Klein, Quad. 42. 
 Camelus vetus, Frisch. Naturg. iv. 1. 
 Camelus, Jonst. Quad. 93. t. 42, 44. 
 
MAMMALIA. 253 
 
 Dromedarius, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 55. 
 
 Chameau, Perr. Anim. i. 69. t. 7 ; Bujfon, H. N. xi. t. 9. 
 
 Camel, Penn. Quad. t. 
 
 Arabian Camel, Penn. Syn. 60; Shaw, ZooL ii. 166. 
 
 Var. 1. Stronger and slower. 
 
 Camel (Gimel or Jermal of the Arabs). 
 
 Camelus Luk, Eversmann. 
 
 Var. 2. Slighter and fleeter. 
 Dromedary, or Hadgin of the Arabs. 
 Hob. Desert of Arabia. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Adult, white. From the Berlin Museum. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. Grundler, Obs. Anat. Tubing. 1817- 
 Drome'daire, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 21. 
 
 Skull. From Dr. Mantell's Collection. 
 
 Skeleton. N. Africa. From Mr. Eraser's Collection. 
 
 *Skull. 
 
 Domesticated in Senegal, India. Varies in colour from brown 
 to black and white. 
 
 2. CAMELUS BACTRIANUS. The MECHERI or CAMEL. 
 
 Back with two humps. 
 Camelus Bactrianus, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 90 ; Gmelin, S. N. i. 
 
 169 ; Forsk. Faun. Or. 4 ; Erxleb. Syst. 221 ; Zimmerm. Geogr. 
 
 Gesch. 4. 140 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 304 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t.; 
 
 Reg. Anim. i. 250 ; Fr. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. 93 ; Desm. 
 
 N. Diet. H. N. vi. 22. t. P. 12. f. 2 ; Mamm. 423 ; Desmoul. 
 
 Diet. Class. H. IV.iii.451; Fischer, Syn. 435; Gray, List Mamm. 
 
 B. M. 171; List Osteol. B. M. 61. 
 Camelus Ditophus, Walther, Wetter. Ann. iv. 163. 
 Camelus Bactrise, Plin. H. N. viii. 
 Camelus Turcicus, Alpin. ^Eg. i. 223. t. 13. 
 Camelus, Gesner, Quad. 162. fig. 163; Brisson, Reg. Anim. 53. 
 Dromedarii, Jonst. Quad. t. 42, 44. 
 
 Bactrian Camel, Penn. Syn. 63; Shaw, ZooL ii. 239. t. 67. 
 Chameau, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xi. 211. 426. t. 22; Sante, Mem.. 
 
 Mus. xvii. 320. 
 
 Trampelthier, Knorr, Delic. ii. t. K. 6. 
 Hab. Mongolian Deserts. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Le Chameau, Daub. Buffon H. N. xi. t. 24 ; Kaup, Allg. ZooL t. 
 
 Skeleton. Persia. 
 
 Domesticated in Eastern Europe, Persia, Tartary and India. 
 
254 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Varies from brown to white, and also greatly in size, strength 
 and quickness, according to the breed and the climate. 
 
 2. LAMA. 
 
 Back even, not humped. Tail short, hairy. Toes slender; 
 soles narrow, separate in front. Grinders ~. South America. 
 
 Lama, Cuvier; Desm. N. Diet. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804; Fischer, 
 
 Syn. 436. 
 
 Auchenia, Illiaer, Prod. 103, 1811 (not Marshall). 
 Lacma, Tiedemann, Zool. i. 421. 
 " Llacma, Cuvier," Illiaer, Prod. 
 Vicunia, Rqfinesque> Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. 
 Dromedarius, Wagler, N. Syst. Amph. 
 Aucheria, F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 512 (misprint). 
 Les Lamas, F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 229. 
 
 Elaphocamelus, Mathiola, Episc. 381; Marcgrave, Brasils, 243. 
 Cervocamelus, Jonst. Quad. 
 
 Molini, and most systematic writers after him, have considered 
 that there are five distinct kinds: viz. 1. Vigoyne, 2. Guanaco, 
 3. 1 Jama, 4. Alpaca, 5. Heugue. 
 
 Desmarest (N. D. H. N. xxiv. 31, 1804) allows two. 1. Lama 
 (C. llama and huanacus, Linn.). 2. Vigogne (C. paco, C. Vico- 
 nia, and C. araunacus, Linn.). 
 
 M. F. Cuvier allows of three kinds : he considers the Vigoyne 
 as very doubtful, but the latter is often brought alive to this 
 country. 
 
 Dr. Tschudi, in the Fauna of Peru, indicates four kinds : viz. 
 1. A. huanaco, 2. A. Lama, 3. A. pacos, and 4. A. Vicunia. 
 He states that the Lama and Alpaca are only known in the do- 
 mesticated state. 
 
 Dr. Sundevall (Pecora) considers there is only tw r o species, the 
 A. Lama and A. Vicunna, regarding the Lama and Alpaca as 
 domestic varieties of the Huanaco (A. Lama). 
 
 Prof. F. L. Waltber (Neue Annal. Wetter. Gesellsch. 1819, 105), 
 on the other hand, proposes to divide the genus Lama into three 
 sections. 1. Lama, with a callosity on the breast. 2. Guanak, 
 with one on the (Rucken) ; and 3. Araukan, containing the Vi- 
 gogne and Pako, without any callosities (Hocker) ! 
 
 The period of gestation in the three kinds which have bred at 
 Knowsley, namely the Llama, Alpaca, and Guanaco, is eleven 
 months ; the Llama and Alpaca breed regularly ; but by the 
 Guanaco only a single fawn has been produced, to which one of 
 the male Llamas is sire. None of them produce more than one 
 at a birth. 
 
MAMMALIA. 255 
 
 In confinement, the Vicuna and the Alpaca often have the 
 lower cutting- teeth elongated and projecting, giving the face a 
 bulldog-like appearance. I have not observed this in the Gua- 
 naco or Llama. 
 
 The Alpaca may be a tame, heavy variety of the Vicuna, as it 
 has the same short, hairy head ; but the neck is thicker, and the 
 whole animal heavier, and the hair of the head longer and more 
 bushy, and it wants the pectoral fringe. 
 
 All the tribe have the disagreeable habit of spitting, when irri- 
 tated, a quantity of half-digested cud ; the Llama and Alpaca do 
 this only when much annoyed ; the Guanaco, on the contrary, 
 upon the slightest occasion. 
 
 Unlike Sheep, these animals, in confinement at least, do not 
 shed their coat. 
 
 Though the Llama, Alpaca and Vicuna are generally harmless 
 and inoffensive, the males will very readily quarrel with each 
 other. 
 
 Mr. Walton, a zealous advocate for the naturalization of the 
 Alpaca, in his little book on the subject, published by Blackwood 
 in 1844, apprehends better success will be the result when the 
 Alpacas are turned on to waste and mountain lands than when 
 they are kept on richer pasture and well cared for. But the fact 
 that few, if any, specimens are now living in Great Britain be- 
 side those at Knowsley, does not favour this conclusion. 
 
 The Llama, the Alpaca and the Vicugna, are exclusively confined 
 to the colder and more elevated regions of the Peruvian Andes ; 
 the G-uanaco has a wider geographic range, extending to the 
 plains of Patagonia, and even the southernmost extremity of the 
 continent. The Llama inhabits the high valleys of the Peru- 
 Bolivian Andes, its favourite region being the valley of the lake 
 of Titicaca. It was the only beast of burthen possessed by the 
 Aborigines; hence we find it wherever the Incas carried their 
 conquests and civilization, from the equator to beyond the 
 southern tropic. It is still extensively employed by the Indians 
 as a beast of burthen, and its wool, though coarse, is used by the 
 Aborigines. Like all domestic animals, it varies in colour; its 
 flesh is nauseous, black, and ill-tasted. 
 
 The Alpaca or Paco, a gentle and handsome animal, although 
 more closely allied to the Llama than any of its congeners, is a di- 
 stinct species ; it inhabits at still more elevated places than the 
 Llama, its favourite haunts being on the streams descending from 
 the snowy peaks; it is only found in a domestic state; it is 
 reared for its wool, which is extremely fine, silky and long, and 
 which now bears a high price, from its introduction into some of 
 our finest woollen tissues. The Vicugna is only found in the 
 wild state, in the plains on the Andes, as high as 1500 feet; its 
 
256 MAMMALIA. 
 
 wool is much prized for its fineness. The animal has a shrill 
 whistle ; it is easily domesticated. The Guanaco, by some na- 
 turalists considered erroneously as the parent stock of the Llama 
 and Alpaca, is also only found in the wild state ; it is seen as far 
 north as lat. 12 S., is very abundant, and in large flocks on the 
 Bolivian and Chilian Andes, and has been seen as far as the 
 southern extremity of the continent. All these animals feed on 
 a species of coarse, wiry grass called ichu. 
 
 In the Peru-Bolivian Andes the Llama and Alpaca are daily 
 disappearing to make room for the more useful and profitable 
 breed of the common European Sheep, wdiile as a beast of bur- 
 then the Ass is everywhere taking its place. Pentland, in Mrs. 
 Somerville's Physical Geography, ii. 340, 342. 
 
 M. G. Geoffroy has announced, on the authority of Dr. Wed 
 del, that a cross-breed between the Alpaca and Vicuna had been 
 obtained, and that the mules of this cross-breed are capable of 
 reproducing this newly-created species, the wool of which is re- 
 presented as of a valuable quality; but Mr. Pentland has examined 
 the case referred to and the evidence adduced, and does not con- 
 sider it sufficient to establish the fact. 
 
 * Of a nearly uniform brown colour. Wild. 
 
 1. LAMA VICUGNA. The VICUGNA. 
 
 Head short. Face covered with soft hair, like the neck, and 
 of the same colour. Cheeks rather paler. Hair of temples not 
 longer than that of the rest of the head. Eyelashes black. Ears 
 hairy, brown, blackish washed. Neck and head without any long 
 hairs. Sides of the body with longer, projecting, rather rigid 
 brown hairs. Hind legs without any appearance of elongated 
 warts. The hinder part of the belly and inside of the thighs 
 less naked. 
 
 Skull (adult) 9 inches long ; nose short ; nasal bones short, 
 broad; lacrymal opening none. 
 
 Camelus Vicugna, Molini, Chili, 277; Gmelin, S. N. i. 1/1; 
 
 Schreb. Saugth. t. 307; Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Univer. i. 
 
 252 ; Zool Journ. i. 242. 
 
 Lama Vicugna, Fischer, Syn. 437 ', Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Lacma Vicunna, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421. 
 Auchenia Vicunna, Desm. Mam. 426. 
 Lama Vicunna, Gray, List Osteol. B. M. 62. 
 Auchenia Vicugna, Desm. 
 Auchenia Vicunna, Sundevall, Pecora, 107. 
 Auchenia Vicunia, Tschudi in Wiegm. Arch. 1824, 245 ; Fauna 
 
 Peru, t. 17. 
 
MAMMALIA. 25? 
 
 Vicunna, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406; Nieremb. H. N. 184. f. 185; Ulloa, 
 ^Voy. i. 506. 525. t. 24. f. 3; Shaw, Zool. ii. 243. t. 169. 
 Vicogne, Buffon, H. N. vi. 208. t. 34 ; Sonnini, Nouv. Diet. H. 
 
 N. xiii. 254; Cuvier, R. A. i. 251; F. Cuv. Diet. Sri. Nat. 
 
 xxv. 268 ; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. 456. 
 Vicogiies or Viconas, Frezier, Voy. i. 266. 
 Yicunias, Falkner, Patagonia, 112. 
 Hab. Peruvian Alps. 
 
 Two, adult. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 24. f. 2. Skull. 
 
 Skull, male. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. 
 Skull, female. Bolivia. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. 
 
 Confined to the most elevated table-land and mountains of 
 Bolivia and Northern Chili. 
 
 The Vicuna is purely a wild species ; it has hitherto resisted all 
 the efforts of the Aborigines, the most patient and docile of the 
 human race, to render it prolific in its own climate and in do- 
 mesticity. Pentland, L c. 341. 
 
 These animals jump and kick with their hind legs. 
 
 2. LAMA GUANACUS. The GUANACO. 
 
 Head elongate, tapering, slate-coloured, nakedish, covered 
 with very short, uniform hair (which is often longer and rather 
 tufted on the temple under and behind the eyes). Ears naked- 
 ish, blackish slate, white edged. Circumference of face from 
 base of ears, and on the back of the temple, the lower jaw and 
 chin, whitish. Eyelashes black. The neck and body covered 
 with elongated, rather rigid hairs, projecting beyond the fur. 
 The hinder part of the body in front of the thighs, the inner side 
 of the fore-legs and thighs nearly naked. Chest only very 
 slightly fringed. The hind legs with distinct, elongated warts. 
 
 Skull (adult) 11J or 12 inches long; nose elongate; nasal bones 
 elongate ; lacrymal opening large. 
 
 Camelus Guanaco, Trail, Wern. Trans, iv. 492. t. 
 
 Camelus Huanacus, Molini, Chili, 281 ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 
 
 170; Schreb. Saugth. t. 305. 
 Lama Peruana a, Fischer, Syn. 436. 
 Lama Pacos (fera), Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 171. 
 Lama huanacus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 
 Auchenia Lama fera, Sundevall, Pecora, 107. 
 Auchenia glama var., Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 273. fig. 
 Auchenia Lama, Brandt ; Wagner. 
 Auchenia huanaco Tschudi, Fauna Peru. 
 
258 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Guanaco seu Huanacu, Laet. Nov. Orb. 406, 16,33 ; Ovallc, Chili, 
 
 44 ; Ulloa, Voy. i. 366. t. 24. f. 5; Shaw, Zool. ii. 246. t. 169, 
 
 170. 
 
 Guianicoes, Hawkesw. Voy. 
 Guanaco, Byron, Voy. round the World; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 
 
 Mamm. 26. 
 Hab. Peruvian Alps ; the Pampas and mountains in Chili, Men- 
 
 doza, and Straits of Maghellan. 
 
 Adult. Presented by Sir William Burnett and Capt. Fitzroy, 
 R.N. 
 
 Adult. S. America. Presented by Charles Darwin, Esq. 
 Half-grown. S. America. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 24. f. 1. 
 
 Skeleton. Chili. 
 
 Skull. Chili. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. 
 
 Two skulls. Chili. 
 
 Skull. From the Zoological Society's Collection. 
 
 The Guanaco or Wild Llama is the characteristic quadruped 
 of the plains of Patagonia; it is very common over the whole of 
 the temperate part of the continent, as far south as the islands 
 near Cape Horn. It generally lives in small herds, of from half 
 a dozen to thirty in each ; but on the bank of the St. Cruz we 
 saw one herd which must have contained at least 500. They are 
 generally wild and extremely wary. If, however, by chance the 
 sportsman abruptly meet a single animal, or several together, 
 they will generally stand motionless and intensely gaze at him, 
 then perhaps move a few yards, turn round and look again. 
 They are curious ; for if a person lies on the ground and plays 
 strange antics, such as throwing up his feet in the air, they will 
 almost always approach by degrees to reconnoitre him : this ar- 
 tifice has the advantage of allowing several shots to be tired, 
 which are all taken as part of the performance. On the moun- 
 tains of Tierra de Fuego, I have more than once seen a Guanaco 
 on being approached not only neigh and squeal, but prance and 
 leap about in the most ridiculous manner, apparently in defiance 
 as a challenge. 
 
 The Wild Guanaco are very easily domesticated, and I have 
 seen some thus kept in Northern Patagonia near a house, though 
 not under any restraint. They are in this state very bold, and 
 readily attack a man by striking him from behind with both 
 knees. It is asserted that the motive for these attacks is jealousy 
 on account of the females. 
 
 The Wild Guanacos, however, have no idea of defence ; even 
 a single dog will secure one of these large animals till the hunts- 
 man can come up. 
 
259 
 
 In many of their habits they are like sheep in a flock. Thus, 
 when they see men approaching in several directions on horse* 
 back, they soon become bewildered and know not which way to 
 run ; this greatly facilitates the Indian method of hunting, for 
 they are thus easily driven to a central point and encompassed. 
 
 The Guanacos readily take to the water ; several times at Port 
 Valdes they were seen swimming from island to island. Byron, 
 in his Voyage., says he saw them drink salt w^ater. Some of our 
 officers likewise saw a herd apparently drinking the briny fluid 
 from a saliua near Cape Blanco. I imagine, in several parts of 
 the country, if they do not drink salt water they drink none at 
 all. In the middle of the day they frequently roll in the dust in 
 saucer-shaped hollows. The males fought together. Herds 
 sometimes appear to set out on exploring parties at Bahia Blanca, 
 where within thirty miles of the coast these animals are extremely 
 unfrequent. I one day saw the tracks of thirty or forty which 
 had come in a direct line to a muddy salt-water creek ; they then 
 must have perceived that they were approaching the sea, for 
 they had wheeled with the regularity of cavalry, and had returned 
 back in as straight a line as they had advanced. The Guanaco 
 has a singular habit, which to me is quite inexplicable, namely 
 that on successive days they drop their dung on the same defined 
 heap. I saw one of these heaps which was eight feet in diame- 
 ter, and was composed of a large quantity. This habit, accord- 
 ing to M. D'Orbigny, is common to all the species of the genus; 
 it is very useful to the Peruvian Indians, who use the dung in 
 fact, and are thus saved the trouble of collecting it. 
 
 The Guanaco appear to have favourite spots for lying down to 
 die, on the banks of the St. Cruz, in certain circumscribed spaces, 
 which are generally bushy and all near the river; the ground 
 was actually white with bones; on one such spot I counted between 
 ten and twenty heads. I particularly examined the bones; they 
 did not appear, as some scattered ones which I had seen, gnawed 
 or broken, as if dragged together by beasts of prey. The animal 
 in most cases must have crawled, before dying, beneath and 
 among the bushes. M. Bynoe informed me, that during a former 
 voyage he observed the same circumstance on the banks of the 
 Rio Gallegos. I do not at all understand the reason of this, but 
 I may observe that the wounded Guanacos at the St. Cruz inva- 
 riably walked towards the river. Darwin, Journ. 168. 
 
 ** Colour various, often variegated. Domestic. 
 
 Almost every person who has lived where these animals abound 
 
 consider there are two or more kinds found in the domesticated 
 
 state, and they are all distinct from the two wild kinds already 
 
 noticed. They will not allow that they are like the long-legged 
 
260 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Sheep of France and the short-legged Sheep of Lincolnshire, 
 mere breeds of the same kind. Some authors, as Tschudi (Fauna 
 Peruana), declare that they will not breed together, nor with the 
 wild kinds, but Lord Derby has shown at Knowsley that this is 
 not the fact. 
 
 I am led to believe that the Lama and Alpaca are only domestic 
 races of the two preceding species, and that the Alpaca is pro- 
 bably a mule between them, for it has many characters common 
 to the two wild kinds. 
 
 3. LAMA GLAMA. The LAMA or YAMMA. 
 
 Fur brown or variegated. Forehead and cheeks with short 
 hair, like the rest of the head. Legs elongate, slender. 
 
 Camelus Glama, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. i. 91; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 
 
 163; Erxleb. Syst. 224; Schreb. Saugth. t. 306; Zimmerm. 
 
 Geogr. Gesch. ii. 140 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ; Reg. Anim. i. 
 
 251; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. xxv. 165; Mam. Lith. t. ; 
 
 Sonnini, N. Diet. H. N. xiii. 249. t. E. 25. f. 1. 
 Camelus Peruvianus, Brisson, Reg. Anim. 56. 
 Camelus Llacma, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lit hog. t. 
 Lacma Peruana, Tiedem. Zool. i. 421. 
 Auchenia Glama, Desm. Mam. 425. 
 Auchenia Lama, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t. ; Brandt, Bull. Acad. 
 
 Sci. Petersb. vi. 13. 
 
 Auchenia Lama fB. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora, 107. 
 Lama Peruana /3. domestica, Fischer, Syn. 436. 
 Lama Pacos j3. domestica, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1/1. 
 Lama Glama, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 
 Ovis Peruana, Hernand. Mexic. 660. fig. ; Jonst. Hist. Nat. t. 46. 
 
 fig. 
 Cervocamelus, Jonston, Quad. t. 29 ; Marcgrave, Brasil, 243. fig. ; 
 
 De Chile Regn. 38. fig. 
 
 Elephocamelus, Mathiola, Episc. 1561, 381. fig., 1564, 630. fie*. 
 Llama, Ulloa, Voy. i. 365. t. 24. f. 5; Laet. Nov. Orb. 1633, 
 
 405; Penn. Syn. 64; Shaw, Zool. ii. 241. t. 168. 
 Lama, Buffon, H. Nat. xiii. 16. Suppl. vi. 204. t. 2/. 
 Hob. South America. 
 
 Adult, white. 
 OSTEOLOGY. Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. vi. 13. 
 
 4. LAMA PACOS. The ALPACA. 
 
 Black, or black and white or brown varied. Forehead and 
 cheeks with elongated hair. Body large. Sides with long pen- 
 dulous hairs. Legs short. Belly and inside of the legs nakedish, 
 
MAMMALIA. 261 
 
 Skull (adult) 10 inches long; nose short; nasal bones very 
 short, broad; lacrymal opening large. 
 
 Camelus Pacos, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 91; Gmelin, S. N. i. 17 1; 
 
 Erxl. Syst. 226; Zimmerm. Geog. Gesch. ii. 140; F. Cuvier, 
 
 Diet. Sci. Nat. xxv. 166. 
 Lama Pacos, Lesson, Mamm. 352; Fischer, Syn. 437; Gray, 
 
 List Osteol. Brit. Mus. 62 ; Knowsley Mcnag. t. 
 Auchenia Lama y. domestica, Sundevall, Pecora. 
 Auchenia Alpaca, Desm. Mamm. 426. 
 Auchenia Pacos, Tschudi, Fauna Peru, t. 
 
 Auchenia Glama (var. Llama), Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 283. fig. 
 Pacos, Rail Syn. 147; Hern. Mex. 663; Penn. Syn. 66; Shaw, 
 
 Zool. ii. 245. 
 
 Paco, Laet. Nov. Orb. 405; Buffon, H. N. xiii. 16. 
 Alpaque, Frezier, Voy. i. 266. 
 Hab. South America. 
 
 Two, adult, black, male and female. Presented by the Earl 
 of Derby. 
 
 Black, young, just born. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Young, white and brown varied. 
 
 Adult, black. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq. 
 
 Far.? Hybrid? 
 
 Alpaca, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. (hybrid) ; Gray, Knowsley 
 Mcnag. t. 
 
 Far.? 
 
 Camelus Aracanus, Molini, Chili, 279; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 170. 
 Lama Arucana, Fischer, Syn. 438. 
 Auchenia Arucana, H. Smith, Griff. A. K. 
 Aries Moromorus, Nieremb. Hist. Nat. 182. fig. 
 Sheep, Ovalle, Chili, 44. 
 Sheep of Peru, Cieza, Peru, 232. 
 Mouton, Feuill. Journ. iii. 23. 
 Mouton de Perou, Frezier, Voy. i. 264. t. 22. f. a. 
 Chilihueque, Shaw, Zool. ii. 418; Desmoul. Diet. Class. H. N. 
 iii. 455. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 *Skull. S. America. Presented by W. Danston, Esq. 
 
262 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Fam. 2. EQUID^E. 
 
 Two middle toes soldered into one ; covered with a single hoof; 
 lateral toes subequal. Cutting teeth 6'6. Canines j^. Gullet 
 and stomach simple. Using the hind feet in defence. 
 
 Q. Solipeda sen Solidungula, Ray, Syn. 62, 1693. 
 
 Solidungula, llliger, Prod. 100, 1811; Bronn, Index Pal. \\. 707. 
 
 M. Belluffi pars, Linn. S. N. ed. 12. 27, 1766. 
 
 M. Jumenta, Storr. Prod. Mam. 1780. 
 
 Les Solidipedes, Cuv. Tab. Elem. 1798 ; Desm. N. D. H. N. xxiv. 
 
 65, 1804 ; Dum. Z. A. 1806 ; Latr. Fam. N. 62, 1825 ; F. Cuv, 
 
 Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 510; Geoff. Mem. Mus. H. N. x. 165. 
 Les Pachydermes Solipedes, Cuvier, R. A. i. 2-13, 1817, ed. 2. 
 
 i.251. 
 Stereoplia, Stereopodia, Solipedia, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 
 
 1815. 
 
 Pachy derma Solipedia, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mam. 383, 1846. 
 Pachyderma Solidipedes, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 351, 1831. 
 Q. Monochaente, Gray, It. Med. Repos. xv. (1821) 306. 
 Equida;, Gray, L. M. Repos. xv. 307, 1821 ; Ann. Phil. 1825; 
 
 List Mam. B. M. 182; List Osteol. Spec. B. M. 70; Ham. 
 
 Smith, Jardine's Nat. Library, xii. 
 Equi, Waoler, N. Syst. Amph. 4, 1830. 
 Solipedia, Equidse, Selys Longchamps, 1842. 
 Solipedia, J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 17, 1828. 
 
 M. I 3 erissodactyles Palaeotheriens, Pomet, Rev. Zool. 1848, 182. 
 Solidungula, Fam. Equidre, lesson, N. T. Reg. Anim. 165, 1842. 
 Anomalipoda, part., Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 254, 1831. 
 Equus, Linn. ; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. 54, 1829. 
 
 The Equidce form two genera, but the species of them, viz. 
 the Horse and the various species of the second group, breed 
 together freely in confinement, but the produce is almost always 
 (if not always) barren. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 1. EQUUS. Tail covered with long hair to the base; the fore 
 
 and hind legs with a wart (sallenders) on the inner side. 
 
 2. ASINUS. Tail with short hair at the base and long at the 
 
 end ; the hind leg without any wart on the inner side. 
 
 1. EQUUS. 
 
 Tail covered with long hair to the base. Fur dappled, that is, 
 marked with round pale spots having a dark net-like ground, 
 
MAMMALIA. 263 
 
 Fore and bind legs with hard horny bodies called warts, chestnuts, 
 or sallenders, placed above the knee (wrist) on the fore-legs and 
 below the hock (heel) in the hind ones. 
 
 Equus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261, 1825 ; List Mam. B. M. 182 ; 
 
 List Osteol. B. M. 70; List Hodgson Collection, 35. 
 Equus, sp. Linn.; Lesson, N. Tab. R. Anim. 165, 1842. 
 Caballus, Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 55, 1815. 
 
 The warts are rarely absent on the hind legs, for it is stated 
 that "the bay mare Eaglet was without sallenders on the hock 
 joint." Jamaica Times, 1845, Aug. 26. 
 
 1. Eauus CABALLUS. The HORSE. 
 
 Brown, grey, or black, with roundish pale spots. 
 
 Var. Equiferus, Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 260; Eichw. Faun, 
 
 Casp. Caur. 29. 
 Wild Pferde, S. G. Gmelin, Reise Rusland, i. 44. t. 9 (cop. Shaw 
 
 Zool. t. 414 ; Schreb. t. 109) ; Pallas, Reis. i. 211. 
 Takija or Wild Horses, Hainvay, Hist. Caspian Sea, i. 349 ; Bell, 
 
 Travels, i. 212; Smith, Equida, 146. 
 
 The figure of the Wild Horse as giver by Gmelin very much 
 resembles the ponies left at liberty on tht commons of Cormvall 
 and mountains of Scotland, and it appears very doubtful if they are 
 not rather to be considered as domestic horses which have escaped 
 and deteriorated. Pallas observes that the very young are easily 
 tamed, but the adult never. (Z. R. A. 260.) It is to be observed 
 that this is not the case with the horses which have become semi- 
 wild in the rich prairies of America, where they have retained the 
 size and form of the well-bred horse. 
 
 Domestic Varieties. 
 
 Equus antiquorum, Gesner, Quad, 132. 
 
 Equus Caballus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 100; Gmel. S. N. i. 209; 
 Desm. Mamm. 416 ; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. 455; Fis- 
 cher, Syn. Mam. 429 ; Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 260 ; List Mam. 
 B. M. 182 ; List Osteol. B. M. /O ; List Hodgson Coll. 35 ; 
 Renger, I.e. 331. 
 
 Equus, Equa, Pliny, H. N. ; Gesner; Pallas, Z. R. A. i. 255. 
 
 Horse, Penn. B. Z. i. 
 
 Generous Horse, Penn. Quad. 
 
 Cheval, Buff. H. N. iv. 174; Cuvier, R. A. i. 243. 
 
 Pferd, Redinger. 
 
 Ross, Schrank. 
 
 The Horse, Youatt, TJte Horse, its History, Breeds, fyc., Ham, 
 Smith, Equidce, Jcvrdme's Naturalist's Library. 
 
lSb4 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Tarpan Wild Horse, primaeval bay stock, H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 160. t. 3. 
 
 The Andalusian Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 247. 
 South American Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 24 /. 
 The Pararaeros of Peru, H. Smith, Equidce, 248. t. 12. 
 Mexican Horse and Seminole Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 24.9. 
 Feral Horses of America, H. Smith, Equities, 173. 
 The Arabian Horse, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 4. fig. ; Low, Dom. 
 
 Anim. Brit. IsL t. 1 ; Smith, Equidce, 210. t. 8. 
 The Race Horse, Bewick, Quad. 6. fig. ; Low, Dom. Anim. B. 1. 
 
 t. 2. 
 
 English Race Horse, Smith, Equidce, 251. t. 9. 
 Hunter, Bevsick, Quad. 8. fig. 
 The Old Irish Hunter, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 3. 
 The Connamara Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 4. 
 Black Horse, Bewick, Quad. 10. fig. 
 
 The Old English Black Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 5. 
 The Cleveland Bay Horse, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 6. 
 The Suffolk Punch, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 7. 
 The Clydesdale Breed, Low, Dom. Anim. B. I. t. 8. 
 Old English Road Horse, Bewick, Quad. 9. fig. 
 Common Cart Horse, Bewick, Quad. 13. fig. 
 Improved Cart Horse, Bewick, Quad. 14. fig. 
 The Barb of Morocco, H. Smith, Equidce, 224. a. The Shrubat 
 
 Ur reech, t. 11. 
 
 The Bornou (white) Race of Africa, H. Smith, Equidce, 228. 1. 10. 
 The Dongolo (black) Race, H. Smith, Equidce, 229. t. 10*. 
 The Turkish Race, H. Smith, Equidce, 231. 
 The Persian Race, H. Smith, Equidce, 233. 
 The Toorkee Races, H. Smith, Equidce, 238. 
 The East Indian Races, H. Smith, Equidce, 24 1 . 
 The New Holland Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 245. 
 The Transylvania Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 245. 
 The Moldavian Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 245. 
 The Greek Horse, H. Smith, Equidoe, 245. 
 The Spanish Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 246. 
 Cheval d'Islande (var. Islandicus), Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. Island, 
 
 Mam. t. 11 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166. 
 Equus Mongolicus, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166. 
 Thibet Horse, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. 348, 349. 
 Cheval a port frisses, E. frisius, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Equus Caballus frisius, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166. 
 Villous Horse (primaeval of the white stock), H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 262. t. 4. 
 The White or Grey Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 262. (Marengo, 
 
 Bonaparte's Arab.) t. 8. 
 
MAMMALIA. 265 
 
 The Crisp-haired Horse (primaeval of the black stock), H. Smith, 
 
 Equidce, 266. t. 5. 
 The Black Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 266. t. 14. (the English 
 
 Draught Horse) 269. 
 
 The Dun or Tan Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 274. 
 The Decussated Horse, or the Eelback Dun Horse of Ukraine, 
 
 H. Smith, Equidce, 2/4. t. 6. 
 The Myautzee, or the Pied Horse of China, H. Smith, Equidce , 
 
 277. 
 
 The Bhooteahs Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 278. 
 The Pickarrow Ponies, H. Smith, Equida, 278. 
 The Yaboos of Affghanistan Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 278. 
 The Hungarian Horse (with slit nostrils), H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 278. t. 11. 
 
 The Common Bashkir Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 278. 
 The Morea Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 282. 
 The Swedish and Norwegian Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 282. 
 The Shetland Ponies, H. Smith, Equidce, 283. t. 15. 
 The Galloway, H. Smith, Equidce, 283. 
 The Dartmoor and Exmoor Pony, H. Smith, Equidce, 284. 
 Sardinian Wild Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 285. 
 The Tatto or the East Indian Pony, H, Smith, Equidce, 285. 
 Tuttoo or Mahratta Pony, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. 
 
 Sedulously propagated in the Dukhun : much used to transport 
 luggage, and very vicious. Sykes. 
 Tattoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon*ined. no. 10,975. 
 
 t. 116,rio. 10,974. t. 81. 
 The Tangum Piebald or Skewbald Horse, Equus varius, H. 
 
 Smith, Equidce, 288. t. 7. 
 The Tangum (or Tanghans), Primaeval Piebald stock of Thibet, 
 
 H. Smith, Equidce, t. 7- 
 
 Skewbald of Achin in Sumatra, H. Smith, Equidce, 293. 
 Tangham of China, Hodgson, Icon, ined. E. M. t. 212. f. 1. 
 Tangham of Lhassa, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3, t. 21 3. 
 Tangham of Gyanche, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 212. f. 3. 
 Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. t. 214. 
 The Koomrah, or Equus hippargus, H. Smith, Equidce, 294. 
 The Koomrah, Equus Lalisi, H. Smith, Equidce, t. 16. 
 Hippargus, Oppian. 
 Boryes, Herodotus. 
 Bourra of Koldagi, Ruppell. Northern Africa. Not gregarious. 
 
 The specimen in the British Museum, which Col. H. Smith 
 mentions as being like the Koomrah (Equidce, 296), was a Dart- 
 moor pony which Dr. Leach had stuffed to place in the collection 
 of British animals. 
 
 M 
 
266 MAMMALIA. 
 
 The Kuda or Saran Horse, H. Smith, Equida, 287. 
 
 The Javan Horse, H. Smith, Equida, 287. 
 
 The Tamboro or Birma Horse, H. Smith, Equidce, 287- 
 
 Horse with a curled moustache on the upper lip, of Asiatic 
 
 Russia, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xi. 5. t. 5. f. 6 ; Zool. Ross. Asiat. 
 
 i. 250. 
 
 Horse covered with curled woolly hair, of Asiatic Russia, Falk. 
 Itiner. iii. 529 ; Pallas, Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 250. 
 
 Naked Horse of a beautiful form, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool. 
 Ross. Asiat. i. 250. 
 
 The Argamaki of Bocharis, a White Horse with very close, 
 minute, orbicular, brown spots, of Asiatic Russia, Pallas, Zool. 
 Ross. Asiat. i. 250. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 37. f. 1. 
 
 Cheval, Daubenton, Euffon, H. N. iv. t. 10; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. 
 
 ii. t. 1, 2, 3; Volkmann, Anat. Anim. i. t. 11. f. 8; Stevens, 
 
 Book of the Farm, 1284. f. 577. 
 
 Skull of young with milk teeth. 
 
 Skeleton mounted 
 
 Skeleton mounted : pony. 
 
 Skull. 
 
 Skull, larger. 
 
 Skull of an English horse. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Pelvis. From Dr. MantelFs Collection. 
 
 ICON. 
 
 Drawing of Chinese Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 212. f. 1. 
 
 Drawing of Lhassa Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 212. f. 2, and t. 213. 
 
 Drawing of Gyanche Tangham, Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. 
 t. 212. f. 3. 
 
 Drawing of Hubstee of Deo Dharma, Hodgson, Icon. ined.B.M. 
 t. 214. 
 
 Tuttoo or Hack Pony of Calcutta, Hardw. Icon. ined. B. M. 
 n. 10,975. t. 116, n. 10,974. t. 81. 
 
 Horses were introduced by the French in the Falkland Islands 
 in 1764, since which time they have greatly increased. They 
 have never left the eastern end of the island, although there is 
 no natural boundary to prevent them from roaming, and that 
 part of the islsnl is not more tempting than the rest. The 
 
MAMMALIA. 26/ 
 
 stallions are said to be constantly roaming from place to place, 
 and compelling the mares to accompany them, whether or not 
 the young foals are able to follow, and they are left to die. The 
 predominant colours are roan and iron-grey. 
 
 All the horses bred here, both tame and wild, are rather small- 
 sized, though generally in good condition, and they are not so 
 strong as the horses from the Plata. Darwin, Journal, 192. 
 
 The Horse was first landed at Buenos Ayres in 1 537, and the 
 colony being then for a time deserted, it ran wild: in 1580, 
 only forty-three years afterwards, one hears of them at the Strait 
 of Magellan. The natives of Terra del Fuego are well-stocked 
 with horses, each man having six or seven, and all the women 
 and even children their own horse. Darwin, Journal, 233; Reti- 
 ger, Natur. Saugth. Paragua, 334. 
 
 The soldiers in Bahia Blanca eat mare's flesh for food. Dar- 
 win, Journal, 101. 
 
 In Banda Oriental they think it ridiculous to break in or ride 
 a mare ; they are of no value except for breeding, and, rarely, to 
 tread out the wheat from the ear, for which purpose they are 
 driven round a circular enclosure where the wheat sheaves are 
 strewn. Numbers are slaughtered for the sake of their hides, 
 although only worth about haif-a-crown a- piece. Darwin, Journ. 
 134. 
 
 Darwin gives an interesting description of the breaking in of 
 the wild young horses of Banda Oriental. Journal, 151. 
 
 Horses do not breed on the southern face of the Himalayas, 
 but are imported from Thibet. Munday, Journ. ii. 75; Ogilby 
 in Royle Himal. i. Ixxi. 
 
 Skins of horses are used for cloth, to make churns, &c. 
 Simpson, Overland Journey, ii. 307. 
 
 The roundish marks are called copper-marked in brown, dap- 
 pled in grey horses. These marks become more visible in the 
 brown horses when they are in high condition. 
 
 Horses are technically called according to their colours. Bay, 
 Brown, with black mane and tail ; some have black legs, they 
 are then called bay with black points. Chestnut, Red brown, 
 either dark or light. Brown, Nearly black : if they have a 
 tan mouth they are called brown muzzles. Black. Dun colour. 
 Roan, Strawberry, very red grey. Piebald, With three colours. 
 Skewbald, Two colours. Cream colour. The white mark on 
 the forehead is a star ; if down the face, a blaze. 
 
268 MAMMALIA. 
 
 2. ASINUS. The ZEBRAS. 
 
 Have the upper part of the tail covered with short hair, and 
 the lower part covered with longer hair forming a tuft ; the fur 
 marked with darker stripes ; the fore-legs only furnished with 
 hard horny warts in a similar situation to those in the front 
 legs of the Horse, but there are none in the lower part of the 
 hinder legs. 
 
 Asinus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 261 ; Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 166, 
 
 1842. 
 
 Chevaux (Asinus), F. Cuvier, Dent. Mam. 224. t. 92. 
 Equus, sp., Linn. 
 Asinine Group, H. Smith, Equidce, 298. 
 
 * Colour nearly uniform with a dark longitudinal dorsal 
 stripe j some have a black stripe across the shoulders. The 
 Asses of Asia. 
 
 Asses of Asia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 74. 
 
 f Ears elongated, acute. The Tame or Domestic Asses. 
 
 These animals vary greatly in size and appearance according 
 to the climate. They are large and smooth-haired in the warmer 
 climates ; small and shaggy in the colder countries. 
 
 It is very doubtful if the Domestic Ass is found in a truly 
 wild state ; the asses which have been described as wild, appear 
 rather to be domestic animals which have escaped, or mules be- 
 tween the Domestic Ass and the allied wild species ; for when 
 caught they, after a short time, submit themselves to man, which 
 is not the case with what I have here considered as the wild 
 kinds. 
 
 Pallas justly observes, " In extensis Asise desertis primam pa- 
 triam esse quserendam Equi feri et Onagri a Nomadibus in 
 domesticos usus domatorum, seque ac Hemioni hactenus indo- 
 miti." Zool. Ross. A. i. 255. This is equally applicable to the 
 African species. 
 
 1. ASINUS VULGARIS. The DOMESTIC Ass. 
 
 Grey, with a longitudinal dorsal streak and a dark streak across 
 the shoulders ; ears elongate ; facial line arched. Skull with 
 suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus. 
 
 Equus asinus, Linn. ; Renger, Nat. Parag. 341 ; Pallas, Zool. 
 
 R. A. i. 263. 
 Asinus vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244 ; J. Brookes, Mus. 
 
 Cat. 19; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 1\. 
 
MAMMALIA. 269 
 
 Equus asina, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 
 
 Asinus, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44. 
 
 Ass, Penn. ; Bewick. 
 
 Asne, Buffon. 
 
 Ane, Cuvier. 
 
 Asinus onager, " Gray," Bonap. Index Mam. Eur. 34, 1845. 
 
 Asinus domesticus, Domestic Ass, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. 
 
 Var. Without any cross. 
 
 Var. Legs and body more or less banded. 
 
 Domestic varieties. 
 Gudha of the Mahrattas, very little larger than a good mastiff or 
 
 Newfoundland dog, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831. 
 Domestic Ass of Ispahan, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. 
 Domestic Ass of Beloochistan, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. 
 Domestic Ass of Thibet, with a cross band, Stachey. 
 The Pico of ancient Egypt, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. 
 Tasandunt of the Shelluhs, H. Smith, Equidce, 314. 
 The Djaar of Arabia, H. Smith, Equidce, 311. 
 The Lalisiones or Wild Ass Colts, H. Smith, Equidce, 311. 
 Lalisio, Martial, xiii. 97. 
 Wild Ass, Lenant, Voy. on the Bahar el Ahad; Hoskins, Travels 
 
 in Ethiopia. 
 Egyptian Ass, H. Smith, Equidce, 312. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Asne, Daubenton, Buffon H. N. iv. t. 12, 13. 
 
 Skeleton, mounted. 
 
 The common Domestic Ass is sometimes of the usual grey 
 colour, without any appearance of the cross. They are some- 
 times black, and at others white, rarely skewbald; but this 
 is the common albinism and melanism of domestic animals, and 
 when of these colours the cross is not apparent, or at least some- 
 times only to be seen when the animal is observed obliquely. 
 
 ft Ears moderately short, rounded. The Wild Asses. 
 2. ASINUS ONAGER. The KOULAN or WILD Ass. 
 
 Pale reddish (in winter greyish) ; dorsal streak black, rather 
 wider over the small of the back; skull with the infraorbital 
 foramen high up, about one-third the space between the face-line 
 and the back edge of the teeth ; far back being directly over the 
 front end of the cheek ridge and the back edge of the third 
 grinder. 
 
 Asinus sylvestris, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44. 
 
270 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Onager, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. 44 ; Raii Quad. 6 ; Act. Acad. 
 
 Soc. Imp. Petrop. 1777, 258. t. 11 ; Neue Nord Beytr. ii. 22. 
 
 t. 2, iv. 80. 
 
 E. Asinus onager, Schreb. Saugth. t. 312. 
 Equus onager, Brisson, Reg. Anim. ; Pallas. 
 Wild Ass, Bell, Travels, i. 212 ; Heber's Travels. 
 Koulan or Wild Ass, Penn. Quad. 
 Equus Hemionus (Wild Ass of Kutch and the Indus), Sykes, 
 
 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, 91, not Pallas-, I. Geoff. Nouv. Ann. 
 
 Mus. N. H. iv. 97. t. ? , 3 years old. 
 Asinus Hemionus, Gray,, Osteol. Spec. B. M. ; H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 316. t. 20 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29 ; Knowsley Menag. 
 
 71. 
 
 Equus Khur (Ane Khur), Lesson, Manual Mamm. 347, 1827. 
 Wild Ass or Gour, Ker Porter, Travels Georgia, Persia, i. 460. 
 Wild Ass or Khur of the Persians, Isis, 1823, 764. 
 Onager, Xenophon ; Barboza, Collect. Ramusio. i. 300, b. (Mala- 
 bar and Golconda). 
 Hemioneor Dziggtai, Lesson, Comp. Buffon,x. 379, from Geof- 
 
 froy; F. Cuvier, Mamm. 1823; not Pallas. 
 The Hymar or Hamar of Mesopotamia, H. Smith, Equida, 313. 
 Asinus Hamar (the Hamar), H. Smith, Equidce, t. 19. 
 Chamor of the Hebrews. 
 Hab. The Plains of Mesopotamia, Persia, Kutch ; shores of the 
 
 Indus, Punjab. 
 
 a. Young (eight months old, died in September). Mesopotamia. 
 
 Presented by J. H. Layard, Esq., M.P. 
 
 b. Adult. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 Skull and bones of body. India, Kutch. Presented by the Earl 
 of Derby. 
 
 They are abundant in Mesopotamia, and are evidently the Wild 
 Ass of Xenophon. The adults are very difficult to approach within 
 rifle range. The ) r oung are sometimes caught alive. Layard. 
 
 The Khur inhabits the deserts of Persia in troops, frequenting 
 the hills in summer and the plains in winter. 
 
 Pallas, in a paper entitled " Observations sur 1'Asne dans son 
 etat sauvage, ou sur le veritable Onagre des anciens" (Act. Acad. 
 Sci. Imp. Petrop. 1777, 258. t. 11), figured a Wild Ass which 
 was sent by sea from Derbent to Astracan. The figure greatly 
 resembles the mule between the Hemione and the Ass now in 
 the Zoological Gardens, but the ears appear a trifle longer. It 
 is coloured in the same manner as the Hemione, that is to say, 
 the more prominent parts of the body are dark, and the middle 
 
MAMMALIA. 271 
 
 of the back, the front of the haunches and thigh and the under 
 part of the body are paler. The figure represents but a very in- 
 distinct cross band on the shoulder. 
 
 On this Pallas observes, " L'etalon differait encore de la fe - 
 melle en ce qu'il avait tout le corps plus robuste, 1'encolure plus 
 grosse, la poitrail et la croupe plus large, et surtout par un barre 
 ou raye transversale (tab. xi.), qui croisait sur les epaules avec 
 celle qui s'etend de long de 1'epine dans 1'un et Pautre sexe. 
 C'est cette croix que la plupart des anes domestiques males ont 
 conserves, et qui embellit surtout ceux qui ont la couleur du 
 poil claire. Cette barre transversale bien plus etroite que 1'autre 
 manque entierement aux Onagres femelles : quelques Tartares 
 m'ont au contraire assurees qu'elle se voyait assez souvent double 
 dans les males/' (I. c. 269.) 
 
 This paper is translated into German, and a copy of the plates 
 with a second figure of the back of the animal is given in Pallas, 
 N. Nord. Eeytr. ii. 22, t. 2 ; but in this figure the cross band 
 on the shoulders is not marked. From this description it 
 would appear that the animal which is called the Wild Ass is not 
 always marked with the cross band on the shoulder which is so 
 permanent in the domestic kind, and has hitherto been consi- 
 dered as its specific character. 
 
 The chief difference between Pallas's figure of the Wild Ass 
 and the Hemione is the greater length and more acute form of 
 the ears ; of the latter the mule varies in this character. 
 
 " No attempt has been made to break the Wild Ass (of Rajpoot- 
 ana) in for riding, nor did it appear that the natives ever thought 
 of such." Bishop Heber.H. Smith, Equidce, 311. 
 
 " The Wild Ass of Cutch has the cross stripe on the shoulder, 
 and differs in colours and heavier proportion from the Wild Ass 
 of Kerr Porter." Bishop Heber.H. Smith, Equidce, 311. 
 
 Col. Ham. Smith confounds the domesticated Crudha with the 
 Wild Ass of the Deccan described by Colonel Sykes, and states 
 on the Colonel's authority that " it is not larger than a mastiff." 
 Equidce , 307 . 
 
 Eversmann states that many specimens of the Kulan or Equus 
 Onager, Pallas, have been brought to Orenburg from the high 
 steppes between the Caspian and the Aral seas. A good speci- 
 men and a skull are in the Museum of the University of Kassan. 
 
 All these specimens are without the cross band, and have only 
 the longitudinal dorsal streak. Eversmann considers that the 
 cross band is either not the character of the species, or perhaps 
 a sexual mark, as he observes that he is not able to discover the 
 specific character which separates the E. Hemionus from the E. 
 Onager. He further observes that the Mongolians have no par- 
 ticular name for the E. Onager of Pallas ; the Tartars no name 
 
272 MAMMALIA. 
 
 for E. Hemionus : the Mongolians called the E. Hemionus 
 Dshiggetei, or more properly TscUkitei, meaning long ears, and 
 the Tartars call the E. Onager, Kulan. 
 
 Eversmann remarks that Pallas (IV. Nord. Beytr. ii. 34) states 
 that the male M. Hablizl brought from Persia had no cross, but 
 that the female which was shot on the Murecy had one. He pro- 
 ceeds to calculate the length of the ears of these animals, com- 
 pared with the other measurements of them, and he finds that 
 the ears of the male appear to be considerably (near 2 inches) 
 shorter in proportion than the ears of the female. Bull. Soc. Imp. 
 Nat. Mosc. 1840, 57. 
 
 The Mule with Asinus domesticus has the short smooth fur 
 exactly like the sire, but with a short narrow cross band on the 
 shoulder ; the ears rather longer and black tipped. 
 
 3. ASINUS HEMIONUS. The KIANG. 
 
 Fur short, smooth, bright red bay; legs straw colour (in winter 
 long, rather woolly, greyish, legs whitish), with a broad longitudinal 
 dorsal streak, broadest over the small of the back, without any 
 cross band on shoulders. Skull : the infraorbital foramen 
 low down, in the centre of the space between the face-line and 
 the base of the teeth, and placed in a line over the back edge of 
 the second grinder, some distance in front of the end of the 
 cheek-ridge. 
 
 Mulus dauricus fcecundus, Messerschm. MSS. 
 
 Equus Hemionus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. 394. t. 7, 
 cop. Neue Nord. Beytr. ii. 31. 1. 1 ; Reise, iii. 217, cop. Schre- 
 ber t Saugth. t. 311 ; Eichw. Faun. Casp. Caur. 
 
 Equus Hemionus (Kiang), Ogilby, in Royle Himal. i. Ixxi. ; 
 Walker, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 1848, t. 1. 
 
 Equus Hemionos, Bodd. 
 
 Asinus Hemionus, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 244 ; not Knowsley 
 Menag. 
 
 Equus onager, Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1840, 56. 
 
 ? Asinus onager (Onager Koulan or Wild Ass of Tartary), H. 
 Smith, EquidcB, 307. t. 18? 
 
 Asinus Equioides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 287 ; 
 Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xi. 287. 
 
 Wild Ass, Moorcroft, Travels. 
 
 Equus Kiang, Moorcroft, Residence at LadacJc, i. 311. 443 ; Les- 
 son, Manuel-, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29; Knowsley 
 Menag. 72; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calc. 1842, 286. 
 
 Equus varius, part., Ham. Smith, Equida, 289. 
 
 Asinus polyodon, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. IS4J, 469. 
 t. 6, animal and skull. 
 
MAMMALIA. 273 
 
 Jikta, Shaw, Zool. ii. 427. 
 
 Dshikketee, Penn. 
 
 Dgiggetai, Cuvier, R. A. i. 244. 
 
 Dzigethai, Buffon, Supp. vi. 37. 
 
 Wild Mule, Half Ass, or Fecund Mule, Penn. Quad. i. 
 
 Wild Ass, English in Thibet. 
 
 Hemionos, Plin. Hist. Nat. viii. c. 44. 
 
 L'Hemione, Ency. Method, t. 42. f. 4. 
 
 The Ghoor or Khur, " Moorcroft," H. Smith, Equida, 310. 
 
 Wild Esel, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. 1840 ; Wagner, Wiegmann 
 
 Arch. viii. 1842, 49. 
 The Kiang, H. Smith, Equida, 289. 
 Wild Horse, Gerrard, Asiat. Research, xvii. 247- 
 Hab. Thibet. 
 
 Male between winter and summer fur. Thibet. Presented 
 by Lord Gifford. 
 
 Male. Thibet. Presented by the Hon. East India Company. 
 
 Var. 1 . with a distinct cross band on the shoulder like the Do- 
 mestic Ass. Thibet. Capt. Strachey. 
 
 Var. 2. with the vertebral dorsal streak very obscure or entirely 
 wanting. Thibet. Capt. Strachey. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, t. 37. f. 2. 
 
 Skull. Thibet. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Two skulls, lower jaw wanting. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, 
 Esq. The specimens referred to by Mr. Gray in the P. Z. S. 
 1839. 
 
 * Skull. Thibet, N. of Ladack. Presented by the Earl of 
 
 Gifford. 
 
 The forehead of all the three specimens of the skull of E. He- 
 mionus from Thibet is rather convex between the eyes, and the 
 centre of the face is narrow and keeled on the sides ; while in 
 the skull of E. Onager from Kutch the forehead is flat between 
 the eyes, and the centre line of the face is rather broader and 
 rounded gradually off on the sides, and the incisive bone is longer 
 and more gradually arched, making the incisor more perpendicu- 
 lar in the latter than in any of the former. 
 
 But the most distinctive character between the four skulls is 
 in the position of the infraorbital foramen. In E. Onager it is 
 high up, about one-third the space between the face-line and the 
 back edge of the teeth ; it is far back, being directly over the 
 front edge of the cheek-ridge and the back end of the third 
 grinder ; while in all the three specimens of the skulls of E. 
 Kiang this foramen is lower down, being nearly in the centre of 
 the space between the face-line and the base of the teeth, and it 
 
274 MAMMALIA. 
 
 is placed in a line over the back edge of the second grinder, some 
 distance in front of the end of the cheek-ridge. The under sur- 
 face of the body of the posterior sphenoid is narrow and convex 
 in E. Hemionus and broad and flat in E. Kiang. The vomer is 
 much more compressed in the latter than in E. Hemionus. I am 
 not certain that the distinctions here described may be sufficient 
 to show that these two animals are separate species, but they in- 
 dicate the necessity of the subject being more fully examined. 
 
 In the position of the suborbital foramen the E. Hemionus 
 more nearly resembles the E. Asinus, and the E. Onager that of 
 E. Zebra and E. Bur chellii. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 29. 
 
 Two of the skulls of the Equus Kiang show the small rudi- 
 mentary grinder in front of the other, but this tooth is to be more 
 or less distinctly observed in the skulls of the other Equida in 
 the Museum Collection. I may observe, that in the skull of 
 Equus Burchellii in the British Museum Collection, this tooth is 
 placed on the inner side of the first true grinder. 
 
 The suborbital foramen in the skulls in the India House 
 from Thibet rather varies in position, but in all it is placed over 
 the middle or third tooth. In the old male it appears to be 
 rather higher than in the nearly adult female and in the young 
 skull, where the hinder grinder is just springing out. 
 
 This animal must not be confounded with the domestic asses 
 which are used for burden in Thibet. Capt. Strachey. 
 
 The male Kiangs are larger and deeper coloured. They live 
 in troops of from eight to ten under the care of a solitary male, 
 where the thermometer is below zero. They live partly on the 
 plains and partly on the mountains, and the lower surface of the 
 hoof varies considerably in form and concavity, perhaps from that 
 circumstance. 
 
 The Ghoor Khur of Ludakh, according to Moorcroft, is white 
 about the nose and under the neck, the belly and legs ; the back 
 is light bay and the mane dun. They herd in droves, fly at a 
 trot, stop, and look back. H. Smith, Equidce, 310. 
 
 Moorcroft saw the Kiangs on the highest summits of Thibet, 
 in their shining summer coats and with their antelope form, 
 scouring along in numbers. H. Smith, Equidce, 286. 
 
 Dr. Walker observes The Kiang neighs like a horse. The 
 Wild Ass of Cutch brays like an ass. The Kiang has no zebra 
 stripes, neither in the adult nor in the foal. The Wild Ass of 
 Cutch : transverse zebra stripes are seen on the shoulder in the 
 adult, and still more in the foal. Sometimes also the shoulder 
 cross has been seen. The habitat of the Kiang is on the high 
 table-land of Thibet; of the Wild Ass of Cutch in the sultry 
 plains near the mouth of the Indus. 
 
 The Kiang of Chinese Tartary greatly exceeds that of the 
 
MAMMALIA. 2/5 
 
 Donkey of Cutch in size ; the stallions often stand 14 hands 
 high. Major Charlton and Major Biddulph state that they neigh 
 like a horse. When taken young they will become so tame as to be 
 led about like ahorse, and will follow horses almost anywhere. 
 They live in a climate where the temperature is below the freezing 
 point in the middle of the summer ; yet they throw off their pale 
 woolly coat during that season and become bright bay. Major 
 Charlton. 
 
 The Donkey of Cutch is often domesticated in India. Ibid. 
 
 ?? 4. ASINUS EQUULEUS. The YO-TO-TZE. 
 
 Yellowish red clay colour. Tip of ears, mane, long hairs of 
 tail, well-defined line down the back to middle of tail, and cross 
 band on shoulder, three or four cross streaks on knees and hocks, 
 black. 
 
 Asinus Equuleus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equida, 304. 
 Asinus Hippargus (the Yo-to-tze), H. Smith, Equida, t. 17- 
 
 The specimen described by Col. H. Smith was alive in a livery 
 stable near Park Lane, London ; it was said to have been 
 brought from the Chinese frontier N.E. of Calcutta. It was 
 most probably a Kiang, or perhaps a mule between it and the 
 Domestic Ass. 
 
 ** Body with a black dorsal streak and many more or less distinct 
 transverse or curved streaks. Ears rather short and broad- 
 tipped. The Zebras of South Africa. 
 
 Hippotigris, H. Smith. 
 
 Hippotigrine group or Zebras, H. Smith, Equidce, 320. 
 
 t Hoofs slightly concave beneath ; legs white, not or only slightly 
 cross streaked. 
 
 Living on the open plains. 
 
 5. ASINUS QUAGGA. The QUAGGA. 
 
 Brown. Head, neck and withers or front of body black- 
 ish streaked ; lower part of body, legs and tail white. Hoofs 
 flattish beneath. 
 Asinus Quagga, Gray, Zool. Journ. i. 246 ; List Mam. B. M. 183 ; 
 
 J. Brookes, Mus. Cat. 20, 1828. 
 Equus Quoagga, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 347. 
 Equus Quagga, Gmelin, S. N. i. 213; Schreb. Saugth. t. 317 ; 
 
 F. Cuv. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. 473. t. ; Harris, W. An. Afr. t. 2. 
 Female Zebra, Edw. Glean, i. t. 223. 
 Le Couagga, Buff on, H. N. Supp. iii. t. 4 ; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. 
 
 t. ; F. Cuvier, Man. Lithog. t. 
 Kwagga or Couagga, Buff. Supp. vi. 85 ; Knight, Mus. Anim, 
 
 Nat. f. 480. 
 
2/6 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Opeagha or Quagga, Masson, Phil. Trans. Ixvi. 297. 
 Hippotigris quacha (the Quagga of the Cape Colonists), H. Smith, 
 
 Equida, 330. t. 24. 
 Quagga, Shaw, Zool. ii. 240. 
 Quacha, Penn. Quad. i. 14. 
 Hob. Cape of Good Hope, on open plains. 
 
 ? Young, stripes very indistinct. South Africa. Presented by 
 W. Burchell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 E. Isabellinus, Temm. MSS. ; H. Smith, Equida. 
 Hippotigris isabellinus (the Isabella Quagga), H. Smith, Equi- 
 
 dce, 332. t. 25. 
 Ane isabelle, LeVaillant. 
 
 Lesson places the Quagga with the true Horses, because the 
 hair extends nearer to the base of the tail, overlooking the warts 
 and other natural characters. Nov. Tab. R. A. 166, 1842. 
 
 The Quagga is found in herds near the Cape Colony. 
 
 LeVaillant, as Col. Smith observes, only saw, and did not 
 possess, the Ane Isabelle. The specimen in the British Museum 
 described and figured by Col. H. Smith was certainly only a 
 young Quagga in a very imperfect condition, having lost nearly 
 the whole of its fur before it was stuffed. It was presented by 
 Dr. Burchell as the skin of a Quagga. 
 
 6. ASINUS BURCHELLII. The PEETSI or PEECHI. 
 
 Pale brown, under side of body whitish ; head, body and upper 
 part of leg black streaked; tail, inside and lower part of leg 
 white. Hoof rather broad, only slightly concave beneath. Skull : 
 suborbital foramen as in E. Hemionus. 
 
 Equus Zebra, Burchell, Travels, i. 139, vig. at p. 252. 
 
 Asinus Burchellii, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 247. t. 9. f. 1. animal, 
 
 f. 2. hoof, 1824 ; List Mam. B. M. 183. 
 Equus Zebroides, Lesson, Man. Mamm. 346; Nov. Tab. R. A. 
 
 166, 1842. 
 Equus Burchellii, Bennett, List Animals Zool. Gard. 1830, 40. 
 
 n. 62 ; Fischer, Syn. Mam. 432. 
 Equus Zebra, male, F. Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. 
 Equus montanus (the Dauw), F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. , 
 
 female and foal (not Burchell) ; Lesson, Mammiferes, i. 248. 
 Hippotigris Burchellii (the Dauw), H. Smith, Equidce, 329. t. 23. 
 
 ? &jun. 
 Burchell's Zebra, Harris, W. A. Africa, t. 5 ; Knight, Mus. Anim. 
 
 Nat. f. 481. 
 
 Striped or Bonte Quagga of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. 1 . 
 Peet-sey of the Matabuli and Bechianas. 
 Dauw, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 
 Hab. South Africa, plains. 
 
MAMMALIA. 277 
 
 a. South Africa. Presented by W. Burehell, Esq., LL.D. 
 
 b. Young. South Africa. From the South African Museum, 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 * Skull, female. South Africa. 
 
 Found in herds in every district north of the Orange river. It 
 admits of being tamed to a certain extent with considerable fa- 
 cility, and occasionally a half-domesticated specimen is exposed 
 for sale in Cape Town with a rider on its back : even in the most 
 tractable state to which it has yet been reduced, it is regarded as 
 wicked, treacherous, obstinate, and fickle. H. Smith. 
 
 M. F. Cuvier has applied the Hottentot name for the true 
 Zebra to this species, and used for it the name E. montanus, 
 that Burchell gave to that animal, though it only inhabits the 
 plains. 
 
 ft Hoofs narrow., deeply concave beneath ; legs cross-banded. 
 Living on the mountains. 
 
 7. ASINUS ZEBRA. The ZEBRA. 
 
 White ; head, body and legs to the hoofs black-banded ; nose 
 reddish ; belly and inside of thighs not banded ; tail end black- 
 ish. Hoofs narrow, deeply concave beneath. Skull : suborbital 
 foramen as in E. Hemionus. 
 
 Zebra Indica, Aldrov. Solid. 416. fig.; Raii Syn. 64. 
 Equus Indicus, Jonston, Quad. t. 5. 
 Equus Brasiliensis, Jacob. Mus. Reg. 3. t. 2. f. 1. 
 Hippotigris, Dio Cass. Hist. 1. 77- 
 
 Equus Zebra, Linn. S. N. i. 101 ; Schreb. Saugth. t. 316. 
 Asinus Zebra, Gray, Zool. Journ. ii. 248. t. 9. f. 3, hoofs ; Cat. 
 
 Mamm. B. M. 183 ; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 70 ; J. Brookes, Mus. 
 
 Cat. 20, 1828. 
 
 Zebre, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 12. 
 Zebra, Ray, Quad. 69 ; Penn. Quad. ; Knight, Mus. Anim. Nat. 
 
 f. 479, 508. 
 Sebra, Stubb. 
 
 Hippotigris campestris, H. Smith, MSS. I c. 329. 
 Equus montanus, Burchell, Travels, i. 139. 265, ii. 2?0 ; Harris, 
 
 W. A. Africa, t. 24. f. 1. 
 Male Zebra, Edwards, Glean, i. t. 222. 
 Wild Paard or Wild Horse of the Dutch Colonists, Burchell, 
 
 Trav. ; Harris, 1. c. 1 '. 
 Wilder Esel, Kolbe. 
 
 Daow (or True Zebra) of the Cape Colonists, Harris, I. c. 7. 
 Zeura or Zuora, Lobo, Abyss, i. 291 ? 
 Wild Ass, Kolbe, Cape, ii. 112. 
 Far.? Hippotigris zebra (the Zebra), H. Smith, Equida,324. 
 
 t. 21. 
 
278 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Hippotigris antiquorum (the Congo Dauw or Zebra of Pigafetta), 
 
 H. Smith, Equidce, 327. 
 Hippotigris autiquorum (Angola Dauw), H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 t. 21. 
 Hob. South Africa, mountains. 
 
 a. Adult. South Africa. Presented by W. Burchell, Esq., 
 LL.D. 
 
 b. Young. South Africa. Presented by G. B. Sowerby, Esq. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY. 
 
 * Skeleton. South Africa. 
 
 Skull. South Africa. 
 
 Skull of male. Mule between Zebra and Ass. 
 
 *Skull. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
 Skull. Hybrid between Asinus Zebra and Asinus vulgar is. 
 Presented by the Zoological Society of London. 
 
 Mules or Hybrids of the different species of Horses. 
 
 1. The Common Mule, the hybrid between the Ass and the 
 
 Mare. 
 
 Mules, Raii Quad. 64. 
 Equus Asinus Mulus, Gmelin. 
 Equus Mulus, Schreb. t. 214. 
 Mule, Pennant. 
 
 Grand Mulet, Buff on, H. N. iv. t. 12. 
 Maulthier, Bechstein. 
 
 Mule, Bewick, Hist. Quad. 16. fig. ; H. Smith, Equities, 334. 
 Common Mule, H. Smith, Equidce, 344. 
 Grey Mule of Egypt and Barbary, H. Smith, Equidce, 345. 
 Black Mule of South of France and Spain, H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 345. 
 The Dun-coloured Mules of Volterra (Italy), H. Smith, Equidce, 
 
 346. 
 
 2. The Hinny, the hybrid between the Horse and the she-j4ss. 
 
 Hinnus, Arist. H. A. i. c. 7 '. 
 
 Equus Asinus hinnus, Gmelin. 
 
 Equus hinnus, Schreb. t. 215. 
 
 Petit Mulet, Buffon, H. N. iv. t. 13. 
 
 Maulesel, Bechstein. 
 
 The Hinny, H. Smith, Equidce, 346. t. 30. 
 
 3. Mule of a male Hemione and a female Zebra, Knowsley Menag. 
 t. 57- f. 1. The shoulders and legs are banded. 
 
 a. Adult. Bred at Knowsley. Presented by the Earl of Derby. 
 
MAMMALIA. 2?9 
 
 Mule of a male Maltese Ass and a Zebra, Knowsley Menag. 
 t. 57. f. 2. 
 
 The body and legs are striped ; the stripes on the head and 
 body are narrow, except the shoulder-cross, which is very distinct 
 and forked; the rump is covered with small spots. 
 
 Ribbon-legged Ass (Asinus vulgaris, var. fasciata), Gray, Zool. 
 Journ. i. 245. 
 a. Adult. Bred at Windsor Park. 
 
 4. Mule between a male Ass and Zebra. 
 
 Grey indistinct cross, and a few narrow dark stripes on the 
 shoulders and fore legs ; tail elongate, end tufted, upper part 
 slightly banded ; ears moderate. 
 
 Metis femelle d'Ane et de Zebra, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. 9 . 
 
 This is very different from the Mule with the Maltese Ass. It 
 has scarcely any stripes. 
 
 5. Mule between a male ? Burchell's Zebra and a common Ass, 
 Knowsley Menag. t. 58. f. 1. 
 
 Grey, with very indistinct bands on the front of the back ; a 
 more distinct, short, narrow cross-band, divided into three below, 
 and with some black cross-bands on the outside of the legs. 
 
 a. Adult. Used to draw in a tandem. Bred in the Zoological 
 Gardens. 
 
 6. Mule between a male domestic Ass and an Hemione, Knowsley 
 Menag. t. 58. f. 2. 
 
 It is very like the mother, but has a distinct black cross-band 
 and some indistinct cross-bands on the outside of the hocks and 
 knees. 
 
 This animal is now living in the Gardens of the Zoological 
 Society. It changes its colour and becomes greyer in winter, 
 like its female parent. I have seen another example of this 
 Mule, exactly like the one here described. 
 
 7. Mule between an Hemione and a Burchell's Zebra, Knowsley 
 Menag. t. 59. f. 1. 
 
 Reddish grey; head, neck and front part of the body with 
 very narrow, rather darker streaks. 
 
 8. The Hybrid Ass and Zebra, H. Smith, Equida, 343. t. 28; 
 Mus. Paris, from F. Cuvier. 
 
 Quagga Mule, H. Smith, Equidce, 343. t. 29. 
 
280 MAMMALIA. 
 
 Zebra Donkey or Mule Zebras, bred between the two species 
 of Zebra and the Donkey, Bennett, List Anim. Zool. Gard. 
 1830, 13. n. 63 & 43. 
 
 9. Mules between Male Quagga and Mare, Morton, Phil. Trans. 
 1821. 
 
 The Hybrid first foal of Brood Mare and Quagga, H. Smith, 
 
 Equida, 342. t. 26. 
 The Filly bearing marks of the Quagga, H. Smith, Equida, 342. 
 
 t. 25. 
 The Colt, the third issue of Brood Mare and the second by the 
 
 Black Arab, H. Smith, Equidte, 324. t. 27. 
 The Brood Mare and the third foal with marks of the Quagga, 
 
 H. Smith, Equida, 324. t, 14. 
 
 1 0. The offspring of a Mule (the produce of a male Ass and a 
 Zebra) with a bay mare Pony, Knowsley Menag. t. 59. f. 2. 
 
 Iron-grey; with a short narrow cross-band on withers, very 
 faint indications of stripes on the sides, and more distinct dark 
 stripes on outsides of the hocks and knees ; tail bushy from the 
 base, like a horse ; head heavy ; mane brown and grey. 
 
 This animal is used to draw a small cart. It stands 8 hands 
 high. 
 
281 
 
 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 
 
 Page 26, line 34, after DRAWINGS, add Drawing of large 
 horned Buffalo by Daniel at Luckow, Banks, Icon. ined. B.M. 
 Mam. t. . 
 
 Page 40, after line 4, add The living YAK, POEPHAGUS, shows 
 a much larger muffle than the dry skin leads one to expect ; it 
 is square, and occupies the space between the nostrils, but 
 is smaller than that of the Bisons. 
 
 Page 43, line 16, after OVIBOS MOSCHATUS, add 
 
 a. Skeleton. N. America. Presented by John Rae, Esq. 
 
 Page 49, line 14,/or AIGOCERUS read HIPPOTRAGUS. 
 Page 50, line 12, for BOSELAPHUS read ALCELAPHUS. 
 
 Page 85, line 2, after CEPHALOPHUS NIGER, add as Syn. Anti- 
 lope Pluto, Temm. MSS. Mus. Leyd. 1852. 
 
 Page 102, line 2, for yEGOCERUS read HIPPOTRAGUS, as the 
 former name is applied to the wild goats ; and change generic 
 name of the two species to Hippotragus leucophseus, Hippo- 
 tragus niger. 
 
 Page 114, line 29, after MAZAMA AMERICANA, add 
 a. Skin without horns. N. America. Presented by John Rae, 
 Esq. 
 
 a. Stuffed, imperfect. N. America. From the Zoological So- 
 ciety Museum. 
 
 Page 192, line IT. for N.W. coast of America read Siberia, as 
 Sir John Richardson states they were tame deer, and they 
 are notjjpmesticated in America. 
 
 ..X 
 
 Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
 N 
 
283 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 TAB. I. fig. 1. Bos Taurus, p. 17, skull <?. 
 
 fig. 2. Bubalus brachycerus, p. 24, skull $ . 
 
 TAB. II. figs. 1 & 2. Bubalus Caffer, p. 28, adult, 
 fig. 3. Horns of young : Pennant's specimen. 
 
 TAB. III. figs. 1 & 2. Anoa depressicornis, p. 29. 
 fig. 3. Bibos frontalis, p. 31. 
 
 TAB. IV. figs. 1 & 2. Bison Americanus, p. 38. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Poephagus grunniens, p. 40. 
 
 TAB. V. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43. 
 
 figs. 3 & 4. Budorcas taxicola, p. 45, from Hodgson. 
 
 TAB. V*. figs. 1 & 2. Ovibos moschatus, p. 43, <J jun. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Ovibos moschatus, $ . 
 
 TAB. VI. figs. 1 & 2. Saiga Tartarica, p. 51. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Pantholops Hodgsonii, p. 53. 
 fig. 5. Gazella Dorcas, p. 55. 
 
 TAB. VII. fig. 1. Tragops Bennettii, p. 62. 
 
 fig. 2. Procapra gutturosa (picticauda), p. 54. 
 fig. 3. jEpyceros Melampus, p. 65. 
 
 TAB. VIII. figs. 1-3. Antilope Cervicapra (bezoartica), p. C6. 
 figs. 4 & 5. Calotragus campestris (Tragulus), p. 71. 
 
284 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 TAB. IX. fig. 1. Tetracerus quadricornis, p. 68. 
 fig. 2. Oreotragus saltatrix, p. 74. 
 fig. 3. Neotragus Saltiana, p. 76. 
 
 TAB. X. fig. 1. Cephalophus Natalensis, p. 85. 
 fig. 2. Nanotragus perpusillus, p. 89. 
 fig. 3. Eleotragus arundinaceus, p. 91. 
 
 TAB. XI. figs. 1 & 2. Adenota Kob, p. 96. 
 
 figs. 3 & 4. Kobus ellipsiprymnus, p. 99. 
 
 TAB. XII. figs. 1 & 2. JSgocerus leucophaeus, p. 102. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Oryx Leucoryx, p. 107. 
 fig. 5. Addax nasomaculatus, p. 108. 
 
 TAB. XIII. fig. 1. Capricornis Bubalina, p. 111. 
 fig. 2. Nemorhedus Goral, p. 112. 
 
 TAB. XIV. fig. 1. Mazama Americana, p. 114. 
 figs. 2-4. Rupicapra Tragus, p. 115. 
 
 TAB. XV. figs. 1-3. Antilocapra Americana (Dicranocerus 
 
 furcifer), p. 117. 
 figs. 4 & 5. Connochetes Gnu, p. 119. 
 
 TAB. XVI. figs. 1-3. Alcelaphus Caama, p. 124, 
 figs. 4 & 5. Damalis Senegalensis, p. 126. 
 
 TAB. XVII. figs. 1 & 2. Strepsiceros Kudu, p. 133. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Oreas Canna, p. 135. 
 
 TAB. XVIII. figs. 1 & 2. Tragelaphus scripta, p. 138. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Hemitragus Jemlaicus, p. 144. 
 
 TAB. XIX. figs. 1 & 2. Kemas Warryato, p. 146. 
 figs. 3-5. Capra (Ibex) Nubiana, p. 151. 
 
 TAB. XX. figs. 1-3. Hircus JEgagrus (Capra Hircus), p. 153. 
 figs. 4-6. jEgoceros Pyrenaica, female, p. 147. 
 
 TAB. XXI. figs. 1-3. Caprovis (Musimon) Vignei, p. 172. 
 fig. 4. Caprovis Argali (Ovis), p. 174. 
 
 TAB. XXII. (XXIII.) figs. 1 & 2. Pseudois Nahoor, p. 177. 
 fig. 3. Ammotragus Tragelaphus, p. 179. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 285 
 
 TAB. XXIII. figs. 1 & 2. Camelopardalis Giraffa, p. 182. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Camelus Bactrianus, p. 253. 
 
 TAB. XXIV. fig. 1. Lama Glaraa (Pacos), p. 260. 
 fig. 2. Lama Vicugna, p. 256. 
 fig. 3. Meminna indica, p. 246. 
 
 TAB. XXV. fig. 1. Moschus chrysogaster, p. 246, 
 fig. 2. Hyemoschus aquaticus, p. 248. 
 fig. 3. Tragulus Stanleyanus, p. 249. 
 
 TAB. XXVI. fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187. 
 figs. 2 & 3. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191. 
 
 TAB. XXVII. fig. 1. Alces Malchis, p. 187. 
 fig. 2. Tarandus rangifer, p. 191. 
 fig. 3. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199. 
 
 TAB. XXVIII. fig. 1. Cervus Wallichii (Casperianus), p. 199. 
 figs. 2 & 3. Dama vulgaris, p. 201. 
 
 TAB. XXIX. figs. 1 & 2. Panolia Eldii (Eadii), p. 202. 
 figs, 3 & 4. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203. 
 
 TAB. XXX. fig. 1. Dama vulgaris, p. 201. 
 fig. 2. Panolia Eldii, p. 202. 
 fig. 3. Rucervus Duvaucellii, p. 203. 
 fig. 4. Rusa Aristotelis (Equina), p. 205. 
 
 TAB. XXXI. figs. 1 & 2. Rusa Aristotelis, p. 205. 
 figs. 3 & 4. Axis maculata, p. 213. 
 
 TAB. XXXII. fig. 1. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215. 
 fig. 2. Cervulus moschatus, p. 219. 
 
 TAB. XXXIII. fig. 1. Capreolus Capraea, p. 222. 
 figs. 2 & 3. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228. 
 
 TAB. XXXIV. fig. 1. Axis maculatus, p. 212. 
 fig. 2. Hyelaphus porcinus, p. 215. 
 fig. 4. Cariacus Virginianus, p. 228. 
 fig. 5. Capreolus Caprsea, p. 221. 
 
 TAB. XXXV. figs. 1-3. Blastocerus campestris, p. 224. 
 fig. 4. Coassus rufus, p. 238. 
 
286 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 TAB. XXXVI. fig. 1. Pudu humilis (Chilensis), p. 240. 
 figs. 2 & 3. Pelea Capreola, p. 90. 
 
 fig. 4. Pelea ? Lower jaw of unknown species from 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 TAB. XXXVII. fig. 1. Equus Caballus, p. 263. 
 fig. 2. Asinus Hemionus, p. 269. 
 

 
 
 
 

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