fl/yt>^ts^&
 
 jg a 
 
 0'°°
 
 A N' 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Nature and Medicinal Virtues 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Principal Mineral Waters 
 
 O F 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND; 
 
 AND THOSE 
 
 MOST IN REPUTE ON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED 
 
 Directions foj Impregnating Water with Fixed Air, 
 in order to communicate to it the peculiar Virtues of 
 Pyrmont Water, and other Mineral Waters 
 of a (imilar Nature, extracted from Dr. Priestley's 
 
 Experiments cn Air. 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX, 
 
 Containing a Description of Dr. Nooth's Apparatus, 
 with the Improvements made in it by others. And 
 a Method of Impregnating Water with Hepatic 
 Air, fo as to imitate the Aix-la-Chapelle and other 
 Sulphureous Waters. 
 
 By JOHN ELLIOT, M. D, 
 
 The Second Edition, corrected and enlarged. 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, N°. J2, ST. J» A U L "s 
 CHURCH-YARD, MDCCLXXXIX. 

 
 Stack 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT Anp 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST EDITION. 
 
 DR. Priestley's Pamphlet on the Impreg- 
 nation of Water with Fixed Air being out 
 of print, and that Gentleman having no intention 
 of republifhing it, I have judged proper to ( prefix 
 it to the following Trac*t, with the additions, as 
 printed in his fecond Volume of Experiments on 
 Air. This was done as well that the reader might 
 be entertained with the hiftory of the difcovery, as 
 inftructed in an eafy method of making the im- 
 pregnation when Dr. Nooth's apparatus might 
 not be at hand. 
 
 J.E. 
 
 Newman Street, 
 Aug.^o, 1 78 1. 
 
 I— Ml 
 
 I N this Second Edition the contents of the 
 principal Waters, and their Proportions, when 
 they could be obtained from any good authority, 
 have been inferted : fome, which have come into 
 repute fince the publication of the former edition, 
 are added : the proportions of the ingredients for 
 imitating different Mineral Waters have been 
 altered, to bring them nearer to what, from the 
 analyfes of later chemifts, we may prefume to be 
 their true compofition : the method of preparing 
 the mephitic alkaline water is given in a more 
 full and improved manner ; and that part which 
 relates to the analyfis of waters is confiderably 
 enlarged. 

 
 CONTENTS 
 
 OF THE IMPREGNATION OF WATER WITH 
 
 FIXfcD AIR. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I- j f PAGE 
 
 J~l IS TORT of the Dtfcovery i 
 
 II. Direclicns for impregnating Water with 
 
 Fixed Air — —22 
 
 III. Dr. Nooth's Objections to the pre- 
 ceding Method of impregnating Water 45 
 
 APPENDIX. Dr. Nooth's Method of im- 
 pregnating Water with Fixed Air 6 1 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE NATURE) PRO- 
 PERTIES, AND MEDICINAL VIR- 
 TUES OF THE PRINCIPAL MINE- 
 RAL WATERS IN GREAT BRITAIN 
 AND IRELAND. 
 
 Introdutlion — — 79 
 
 Abcourt, &c. in Alphabetical Order, 
 
 from />. 1 17 /<?/>. 284 
 
 Conchfion — — -'■ " 285
 
 r 
 
 Ql 
 
 •',-.:/,/)'/,„,;/„■ 
 
 r, V r„;</ /-,- /)'. I 
 
 <r.r,r/-, r &**.
 
 & F THE 
 
 IMPREGNATION OF WATER. 
 
 .WITH 
 
 FIXED AIR. 
 
 From Dr. Priestley's Experiments, Vol. II* 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY. 
 
 IT often amufes me when I review 
 the hiftory of experimental philo- 
 fophy, to obferve how very nearly one 
 difcovery is connected with another, 
 and yet that, for a long time, no per- 
 fon mail have perceived that con- 
 nection, fo as to have been actually 
 led from the one to the other -, and 
 efpecially that he who made the nrfl 
 difcovery mould flop fhort in his pro- 
 grefs, and not advance a fingle ftep 
 B farther,
 
 2. Impregnation of Water 
 
 farther, to make the other, which 
 was perhaps of infinitely more confe- 
 quence. And yet the cafe may be 
 fuch, that it mall be fo far from re- 
 quiring more genius, or ingenuity, 
 to advance that other Hep, that it is 
 rather a matter of wonder, how it 
 was pofiible for the mofl common ca- 
 pacity to flop fhort of it. We alfo 
 frequently find that they who make 
 the mofl important philofophical dif- 
 coveries overlook the mofl obvious 
 ufes of them. Several flriking ex- 
 amples of this kind will be found in 
 my Hijiory of eleBricity, and alfo in 
 the Hijiory of difcoveries relating to 
 wifion , light, and colours . 
 
 In fuch cafes as thefe it behoves an 
 hiflorian to be much on his guard, 
 left he mould haflily conclude that to 
 have been fad: which he only imagines 
 mufl have been fo, but for which no di- 
 rect evidence can be produced. As this 
 •j* is
 
 with Fixed Air. 3 
 
 is a cafe of fome curiofity refpe&ing 
 the human mind, I mall give an in- 
 flance of it ; and I am able to pro- 
 duce a very remarkable one relating 
 to tiie fubjedfc of this fedxion. 
 
 When it was difcovered that the 
 acidulous taite and peculiar virtues of 
 Pyrmont water, and other mineral 
 waters of a iimilar nature, were owing 
 to the fixed air which they contained; 
 ,: this air had been actually ex- 
 pelled from the water, and it was 
 found that the fame water, and even 
 other water, would reimbibe the fame 
 air .; we are apt to conclude that the 
 perfon who made thefe difcoveries, 
 and efpeciaily the laft. of them (who 
 alio muft have known that fixed air 
 13 a thing very eafy to be procured) 
 muff have immediately gone to work 
 to reduce this theory into praSiice, by 
 actually impregnating common water 
 with fixed air, in order to give it the 
 B 2 peculiar
 
 4 Impregnation of Water 
 
 peculiar virtues of thofe medicinal 
 mineral waters which are fo highly, 
 and fo juftly valued, and which are 
 procured at fo great an expence, ef- 
 pecially in this country. Accord- 
 ingly, Dr. Nooth has advanced, Phil. 
 Tranf. vol. lxv. p. 59, that " the 
 u poiTibility of impregnating water 
 " with fixed air was no fooner afcer- 
 " tained by experiment, than various 
 " methods were contrived to effect the 
 "impregnation;" and I doubt not 
 this ingenious philofopher impofed 
 upon himfelf in the manner defcribed 
 above. This, however, is fo far from 
 being the cafe, that I do not believe 
 it is poffible to produce the leaft. evi- 
 dence that any perfon had the thing 
 in view before the publication of my 
 pamphlet upon that fubject, in the 
 year 1772. 
 
 Indeed had this thing been fo much 
 as an objeft of attention to philofo- 
 
 phers,
 
 with Fixed Air. 5 
 
 phers, it is impomble but that fome 
 of them muft. have hit upon a method 
 that would have fufliciently fucceeded. 
 Nay, the thing is fo very eafy, and 
 the end attainable in fo many ways, 
 that there muft have been, in a very 
 jhort time, a great variety of methods 
 to impregnate water with fixed air, 
 as there are now j and we fhould cer- 
 tainly have heard of artificial mineral 
 waters being made according to them. 
 It is impomble not to conclude fo, 
 when we confider the time that has 
 elapfid mice the publication of all 
 the difcoveries that led to it. 
 
 Dr. Brownrigg's paper, giving an 
 account of his difcovery of fixed air 
 in the Spa water, was read at the 
 Royal Society June the 13th 1765, 
 and was publimed in 1766. This 
 excellent philofopher compleatly de- 
 compofed that mineral water, but he 
 gives no hint of his having fo much 
 B 3 as
 
 6 Impregnation of Water 
 
 as attempted to recompofe it, or of 
 making a fimilar water, by impreg- 
 nating common water with the fame 
 volatile principle. It is fufficiently 
 evident that he had not thought of 
 this, though we may wonder th.:t he 
 mould not have done it, becaufe he 
 has not mentioned it, as an object of 
 purfuit. 
 
 In the year following, Mr. Caven- 
 difh's valuable papers on the fubjecl: 
 of factitious air were pubiimed. He 
 fifft afcertained how much fixed air 
 a given quantity of water could be 
 made to imbibe -, yet it does not ap- 
 pear that he ever thought of tafiing 
 the water, much lefs that he thought 
 of making any practical life of his dif- 
 covery. 
 
 If any negative argument can be 
 cleeifive, it is that in the year IJJ2, 
 the very year in which my pamph- 
 let came out, Dr. Falconer pubiimed 
 
 his
 
 th Fixed Air. 7 
 
 his excellent and el 1 treatife on 
 
 the Bath waters, in which he treats 
 very largely of mineral waters in ge- 
 neral, and all their poiTible impreg- 
 nations ; and yet, though he treats of 
 d air as one ingredient in many of 
 them, fee p. 1S5, he drops no hint 
 about compofing fuch water, by im- 
 parting fixed air to common water. 
 Alfo on the 12th of September in the 
 fame year, Dr. Rutherford published 
 his ingenious Differtation or. 1 
 Air, in which he fpeaks of the pre- 
 fence of it in Pyrmont water, p. 3, 
 but without giving the lean: hint 01 
 his being acquainted with any me- 
 thod of imitating them. And yet, 
 Dr. Nooth fays, in facl, that from 
 the year 1766, at the latefr, various 
 f net. bods were contrived to effect the 
 impregnation, though he allows that I 
 was the only perfon who " publiflied 
 B 4 " any
 
 8 Impregnation of Water 
 
 *' any defcription of an apparatus cal- 
 " dilated entirely for this purpofe." 
 
 According to this account of the 
 matter there were, in the interval be- 
 tween 1766 and 1772, a fpace of fix 
 years, a variety of methods for im- 
 pregnating water with fixed air, fome 
 of them prior to, and perhaps much 
 better than mine (though he gives no 
 hint of his own having been invented 
 in that period, but fpeaks of it as fug- 
 gefted by the consideration of the im- 
 perfection of mine) but that I hap- 
 pened to get the ftart in the publica- 
 tion. Dr. Falconer, however, though 
 the friend of Dr. Nooth (fee his trea- 
 tife on Bath Water, vol. ii. p. 323) 
 r^ad certainly never heard of any of 
 thofe methods, or even of mine, at 
 the very termination of that period ; 
 and though my own acquaintance 
 with philofbphical and medical peo- 
 ple
 
 with Fixed A';r. 9 
 
 pie is pretty extenfive, I never heard 
 of any of the various methods that Dr. 
 Nooth fpeaks of j nor fince the pub-. 
 lication of my method have I heard 
 of any perfon whatever having pre- 
 tended to have done the lame thing 
 before ; though nothing is more com- 
 mon than fuch claims, and very often 
 on the moil trifling pretences. 
 
 Mr. Venelle, indeed, immediately 
 upon the tranllation of my pamphlet 
 into French, which was within a few 
 weeks after the publication of it in 
 Englith (owing to the laudable zeal 
 of Mr. Trudainc, for promoting all 
 philofophical and ufeful improve- 
 ments) published an extracl of his pa- 
 pers from the Memoir es de Mathewj- 
 tique &dePhyfique, to vindicate to him- 
 felf not my difcovery, but, in fact, that 
 of Dr. Brownrigg. However, what 
 he pretends to have difcovered was,. 
 that the virtues of the acidulous wa- 
 B 5 ters
 
 10 Impregnation of Water 
 
 iers were owing to air, in general, 
 without having any idea of the diffe- 
 rence between fixed air and common 
 air ; fo that his difcovery was fo far 
 from being the fame with mine, that 
 it could not poffibly have led into 
 it. 
 
 As I have hitherto only published 
 the method of impregnating water 
 with fixed air in a fmall pamphlet, 
 for the ufe of thofe who might chufe 
 to reduce it into practice, without giv- 
 ing any account of the manner in 
 which the difcovery (if it deferves to 
 be called one) was made, which has 
 been my cuflom with refpect to every 
 thing elfe, I mall do it here -, and I 
 hope the narrative will not be altoge- 
 ther difnleafing, as this bufinefs has 
 gained fo much attention in all parts 
 of Europe, as well as in England, 
 and promifes in a fhort time to fave 
 the very great expence of tranfporting 
 
 acidulous
 
 with Fixed Ah\ 1 1 
 
 acidulous waters to conflderable dis- 
 tances, by funcrceding, in a great 
 meafure, the ufe of them. And 
 though what I have done in this bu- 
 finefs has certainly the lcaft merit pof- 
 fible with refpeel to ingenuity, I fhall 
 always con rider it as one of the hap* 
 
 /thoughts that ever occurred to 
 me ; becaufe it has proved to be of 
 very fignal benefit to mankind, and 
 will, I doubt not, be of much more 
 confequence in a courfe of time. 
 
 It was a little after Midfummer in 
 1767, that I removed from Warring- 
 ton to Leeds \ and living, for the firil 
 year, in a houfe that was contiguous 
 to a large common brewery, fo good 
 an opportunity produced in me an in- 
 clination to make fome experiments 
 
 :he fixed air that was conftantly 
 produced in it. Had it not been for ... 
 this circumflance, I mould, probably, 
 never have attended to the liibjccl: (if, . 
 B 6 ak
 
 1 2 Impregnation of Water 
 air at all. Happening to have read 
 Dr. Brownrigg's excellent paper on 
 the Spa water about the fame time, 
 one of the firft things that I did in 
 this brewery was to place mallow 
 veiTels of water within the region of 
 fixed air, on thefurface of the ferment- 
 ing veflels ; and having left them all 
 night, I generally found, the next 
 morning, that the water had acquired 
 a very fenfible and pleafant impreg- 
 nation ; and it was with peculiar fa- 
 tisfa&ion that I firft drank of this 
 water, which I believe was the firft 
 ef its kind that had ever been tailed 
 by man. 
 
 This procefs, however, was very 
 How. But after fome time it occur- 
 red to me, that the impregnation 
 might be accelerated, by pouring the 
 water from one veiTel into another, 
 while they were both held within the 
 fphere of the fixed air -, and accord- 
 ingly
 
 with Fixed Air. 1 3 
 
 ingly I found that I could do as much 
 in about five minutes in this way, as 
 I had been able to do in many hours 
 before. Several of my friends who 
 vifited me while I lived in that houfe 
 will remember my taking them into 
 that breweiy, and giving them a glafs 
 of this artificial Pyrmont water, made 
 in their prefence. Among others, I 
 will take the liberty to mention John 
 Lee, Efq; of Lincoln's Inn, who was 
 particularly (truck with the contri- 
 vance, and the effect: of it. This was 
 in the fummer of the year 1768. 
 
 One would naturally think, that 
 having actually impregnated common 
 water with fixed air, produced in a 
 brewery, I mould immediately have 
 fet about doing the fame thing with 
 air fet loofe from chalk, &c. by fome 
 cf the ftronger acids; and I do re- 
 member that it did occur to me that 
 the thing was pomble. But, eafy as 
 
 the
 
 1 4 Impregnation of Water 
 
 the pra&ice proved to be, no method 
 of doing it at that time occurred to 
 me. I riiii continued to make my 
 Pyrmont water in the manner above 
 mentioned 'till I left that fituation, 
 which ;vas about the end of the fum- 
 mer 1768 ; and from that time, being 
 engaged in other fimilar purfuits, with 
 the refult of which the public are ac- 
 quainted, I made no more of the Pyr- 
 mont water 'till the fpring of the 
 year 1772. 
 
 In the mean time I had acquainted 
 all my friends with what I had done, 
 and frequently expreficd my wimes 
 that perfons who had the care of 
 large difiilleries (where I was told that 
 fermentation was much ftronger than 
 in common breweries) would contrive 
 to have veflels of water fufpended 
 within the fixed air, which they pro- 
 duced, with a farther contrivance for 
 agitating the furface of the water -, as 
 
 laid
 
 wttfb Fixed Air, 15 
 
 I did not doubt but that, by this 
 means, they might, with little or no 
 expcnce, make great quantities of 
 Pyrmont water; by which they might 
 at the fame time both ferve the Pub- 
 lic, and benefit themfelves. For I 
 never had the molt, diftant thought of 
 making any advantage of the fchcme 
 felf. 
 
 In all this time, viz. from 1767 to 
 1772, I never heard of any method of 
 impregnating water with fixed air but 
 that above mentioned. My thinking 
 at all of reducing to praclice any me- 
 thod of effecting this, by air diilodged 
 from chalk, and other calcareous fub- 
 ftances, was owing to a mere accident. 
 Being at dinner with the Duke- of 
 Northumberland, in the fpring of the 
 year laft mentioned, his Grace pro- 
 •duced a bottle of water diftilied by 
 Dr. Irving for the ui'e of the navy. 
 This water was perfectly fwect, but, 
 
 -lil
 
 1 6 Impregnation of Water 
 like all diflilled water, wanted the 
 brifknefs and fpirit of frem fpring wa- 
 ter; when it immediately occurred to 
 me that I could eafily mend that wa- 
 ter for the ufe of the navy, and per- 
 haps fupply them with an eafy and 
 cheap method of preventing or curing 
 the fea-fcurvy, viz. by impregnating 
 it with fixed air. For having been 
 bufy about a year before with my ex- 
 periments on air, in the courfe of 
 which I had afcertained the propor- 
 tional quantity of feveral kinds of air 
 that given quantities of water would 
 take up, I was at no lofs for the me- 
 thod of doing it in general, viz. in- 
 verting a jar filled with water, and 
 conveying air into it from bladders 
 "previoufly filled with air. This 
 fcherne I immediately .mentioned to 
 the Duke and the company, who all 
 feemed to be much pleafed with it, 
 and expreffed their wifhes that I would 
 * attend
 
 li'itb Fixed Air. i j 
 
 attend to it, and endeavour to reduce 
 it into practice ; which I promifed to 
 do. 
 
 The next day I provided a fmall 
 apparatus, adapted to this purpofe, at 
 my lodgings, which was very eafy, as 
 it required no other vefTels but iuch 
 as are in conftant family ufe, and with 
 this I prefently impregnated a quan- 
 tity of the New River water, fo as to 
 make it imbibe about its bulk of air. 
 But I was far from having hit upon 
 the eqfieft method of doing it ; for my 
 jars were of an equal width through- 
 out. However, with thefe vefTels 
 the procefs was compleated in about 
 twenty minutes, or half an hour. 
 
 A few days after this, having an 
 invitation to wait upon Sir George 
 Savile, I carried with me a bottle of 
 my impregnated water, and told him 
 the ufe that might be made of it, viz, 
 that of fupplying a plcafant and whole - 
 
 fome
 
 i8 Impregnation of Water 
 
 fome beverage for ieamen, and fuch as 
 might probably prevent or cure the 
 fea-fcurvy. Sir George, with that 
 warmth with which he efpoufes every 
 thing that he conceives to be for the 
 public good, infilled upon writing a 
 card immediately to Lord Sandwich, 
 propoiing to introduce me to him, as 
 having a propofal for the ufe of the na- 
 vy. As I could make no objection, 
 the card was accordingly written, and 
 an anfwer was prefently returned from 
 his Lordfliip, informing us that he 
 would be glad to fee us the next day. 
 Upon this I drew up fomething in 
 the form of ^propofal, which, accom- 
 panied by Sir George, I prefented to 
 his Lordfliip, who promifed to lay it 
 before the Board of Admiralty. 
 
 Preilvitly after this I had notice 
 from the Secretary to the Board of 
 Admiralty, that the College of Phyf- 
 c'mns were appointed to examine my 
 
 - propofal,
 
 fyith Fixed Air. 1 9 
 
 propofal, and to make their report of 
 it to the Board, and an early day was 
 fixed for me to wait upon them at 
 their hall in Warwick- Lane; where, 
 before a very full meeting, I produced 
 a bottle of my impregnated water, 
 and alio, at their requelv, fetched my 
 apparatus, and iliewed them the man- 
 ner in which I had impregnated it. 
 There were prefent feveral of the moil 
 eminent phyficians in London ; but 
 both the Jcbcme and the objeB of it, 
 appeared to be entirely new to every 
 one of them ; and mod of them feem- 
 ed to be much pleafed with it. 
 
 Accordingly, a favourable report 
 was made to the Board of Admiralty, 
 and I was acquainted by the Secre- 
 tary, that the Captains of the two 
 fhips which were jult then failing for 
 the South-Seas had orders to make a 
 trial of the impregnated water; and 
 for their ufe I drew out my Dine 
 
 in
 
 20 hnpregnatkn of Water 
 
 in writing, and fent a drawing of 
 the neceffary apparatus. The method 
 which I had now got into was a great 
 improvement upon that which I had 
 made ufe of before the College of 
 Phyiicians. For, in confequence of 
 giving more attention to it, I had, by 
 that time, brought it to the ftate in 
 which it is defcribed in the pamph- 
 let. 
 
 In the mean time, I had, before I 
 left London, in the fpring of that year, 
 made the experiment of the impreg- 
 nation of water -with fixed air in the 
 prefence of moft of my philofophical 
 acquaintance, and their friends, both 
 at my own lodgings, and in other 
 places. But upon none of thefe oc- 
 cafions did it appear that any of them 
 had heard of any other peribn having 
 had the fame thing in view. 
 
 Laftly, I will obferve, that Sir John 
 Pringle, in his Difcourfe on different 
 
 kindi
 
 with Fixed Air. 2 1 
 
 kinds of air (in which he has, with 
 the greatelt. exactnefs, afligncd to every 
 perfon concerned in thefe difcoveries 
 their due fhare of praife) gives no hint 
 of his being acquainted with any 
 other method of impregnating water 
 with fixed air, than that which I had 
 publifhed. He certainly had not heard 
 of any of thofe to which Dr. Nooth 
 alludes. 
 
 As I have not to this day, directly 
 or indirectly, made the leafl advantage 
 of this fcheme ; but, on the contrary, 
 am jufl fo much a lofer by it as the 
 experiments coil me, I think it is not 
 too much for the Public to allow me, 
 what I believe is ftrictly my due, the 
 file merit of the difcovery -, which 
 with refpecl to ingenuity, or fagacity, 
 is next to nothing; but with refpeel 
 to its utility is, unqueflionably, of un- 
 fpeakable value to my country and to 
 mankind. 
 
 CHAP-
 
 22 To impregnate Water 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR IMPREGNATING 
 WATER WITH FIXED AIR. 
 
 Seel;, i. The Preface to the Directions 
 as firjl pubBfied. 
 
 THE method of impregnating 
 water with fixed air, of which a de- 
 fcription is given in this pamphlet, I 
 hit upon in a coarfe of experiments ; 
 an account of which was lately com- 
 municated to the Royal Society j con- 
 taining obfervations on feveral diffe- 
 rent kinds of air, with only a hint of 
 the method of combining this parti- 
 cular kind with water or other fluids. 
 Judging that water thus impregnated 
 w T ith fixed air muft be particularly fer- 
 viceable in long voyages, by prevent- 
 ing or curing the fea-fcurvy, accord- 
 ing to the theory of Dr. Mac bride ; 
 
 and
 
 with Fixed Air. 23 
 
 and all the Phyficians of my acquain- 
 tance concurring Vv r ith me in that opi- 
 nio*!, I made the firft communication 
 of it to the Lords of the Admiralty, 
 who referred me fo the College of 
 Phyficians ; and thofe gentlemen be- 
 ing pleafed to make a report favour- 
 able to the fcheme, a trial has been 
 ordered to be made of it on board 
 fome of his Majefty's mips. To make 
 this procefs more generally known, 
 and that more frequent trials may be 
 made by water thus medicated, at land 
 as well as at fea, I have been induced 
 to make the preient publication. 
 
 Sir John Pringle fir ft obferved, that 
 putrefaction was checked by fermen- 
 tation ; and Dr. Macbride difcovered 
 that this effect was produced by the 
 fixed air which is generated in that 
 procefs, and upon that principle re- 
 commended the ufe of WW?) as fup- 
 plying a quantity of this fixed air, by 
 
 fermen-
 
 24 *To impregnate Water 
 
 fermentation in the flomaeh, in the 
 fime manner as it is done by frefli 
 vegetables, for which he, therefore, 
 thought that it would be a fubftitute; 
 and experience has confirmed his 
 conjecture. Dr. Black found that 
 lime - ftcne, and all calcareous fub- 
 flances, contain fixed air, that the pre- 
 fence of it makes them what is called 
 mild 9 and that the deprivation of it 
 renders them caufiic ; Dr. Brownrigg 
 farther difcovered that Pyrmont, and 
 other mineral waters, which have the 
 fame acidulous tafte, contain a confi- 
 derable proportion of this very kind 
 of air, and that upon this their pecu- 
 liar fpirit and virtues depend; and I 
 think myfelf fortunate in having hit 
 upon a very eafy method of commu- 
 nicating this air to any kind of water, 
 or, indeed, to almoft any fluid fub- 
 ftance. In fhort, by this method this 
 great antifeptic principle may be ad- 
 
 miniftered
 
 with Fixed Air. 25 
 
 miniftered in a great variety of agree- 
 able vehicles. 
 
 If this difcovery (though it doth 
 not deferve that name) be of any ufe 
 to my countrymen., and to mankind 
 at large, I mall have my reward. For 
 this purpofe I have made the com- 
 munication as early as I conveniently 
 could, fince the latefr. improvements 
 that I have made in the procefs ; and 
 I cannot help expreffing my wifhes, 
 that all perfons, who difcover any 
 thing that promifes to be generally 
 ufeful, would adopt the fame method. 
 
 Sect. 2 . The Direfiwis. 
 
 If water be only in contact with 
 fixed air, it will begin to imbibe it, 
 but the t mixture is greatly accelerated 
 by agitation, which is continually 
 bringing frefh particles of air and wa- 
 ter into contact. All that is necef- 
 fary, therefore, to make this procefs 
 C expeditious
 
 26 To impregnate Water 
 
 expeditious and effectual, is firft to 
 procure a fufficient quantity of this 
 fixed air, and then to contrive a me- 
 thod by which the air and water may 
 be ftrongly agitated in the fame veffel, 
 without any danger of admitting the 
 common air to them -, and this is ea- 
 fily done by firft filling any veffel with 
 water, and introducing the fixed air 
 to it, "while it ftands inverted in an- 
 other veffel of water. That every 
 part of the procefs may be as intelli- 
 gible as pomble, even to thofe who 
 have no previous knowledge of the 
 fubjec~r, I mail defer ibe it very mi- 
 nutely, fubjoiningfeveral remarks and 
 obfervations relating- to varieties in the 
 procefs, and other things of a mif- 
 cellaneous nature. 
 
 The Preparation. 
 
 Take a glafs veffel, a, fig. r. 
 with a pretty narrow. neck, but fo 
 
 formed,
 
 ■with Fixed Air. 27 
 
 formed, that it will ftand upright 
 with its mouth downwards, and hav- 
 ing filled it with water, lay a flip of 
 clean paper, or thin pafteboard, upon 
 it. Then, if they be prefled clofe 
 together, the verTel may be turned up- 
 fide down, without danger of admit- 
 ting common air into it -, and when 
 it is thus inverted, it muft: be placed 
 in another velTeJ,' in the form of a 
 bowl or bafon, b> with a little water 
 in it, fo much as to permit the flip of 
 paper or pafteboard to be withdrawn, 
 and the end of the pipe c to be in- 
 troduced. 
 
 This pipe muft be rlexible, and air- 
 tight, for which purpofe it is, I be- 
 lieve, beft; made of leather, fewed 
 with a waxed thread, in the manner 
 ufed by fhoe-makers. Into both ends 
 of this pipe a piece of a quill mould 
 be thruft, to keep them open, while 
 one of them is introduced into the 
 C 2 verTel
 
 2S 7*0 impregnate Water 
 
 •veflel of water, and the other into the 
 'bladder d, the oppolite end of which 
 is tied round a cork, which mult be 
 perforated, the hole being kept open 
 by a quill; and the cork mult, fit a 
 phial e y two thirds of which mould 
 be filled with chalk juit covered with 
 water. 
 
 I have fince, however, found it moil 
 convenient to ufe a glafs tube, and to 
 preferve the advantage which I had, 
 of agitating the veflel e, I have two 
 Madders, communicating by a perfo- 
 rated cork, to which they are both 
 lied. For one bladder would hardly 
 give room enough for that purpofe. 
 
 The Procefs* 
 
 Things being thus prepared, and 
 the phial containing the chalk and 
 -water being detached from the bladder, 
 and the pipe alio from the veflel of 
 water, pour a little oil of vitriol upon 
 
 the
 
 -with Fixed Air. 29 
 
 the chalk and water; and having 
 carefully prefTed all the common air- 
 out of the bladder, put the cork intc* 
 the bottle prefently after the erTervef- 
 cence has begun. Alfo prefs the blad- 
 der once more after a little of the 
 newly generated air has got into it, in 
 order the more effectually to clear it of 
 all the remains of the common air ; 
 and then introduce the end of the pipe 
 into the mouth of the vefTel of water 
 as in the drawing, and begin to agitate 
 the chalk and water brilkly. This 
 will prefently produce a confiderable 
 quantity of fixed air, which will dif- 
 tend the bladder ; and this being 
 prefTed, the air will force its way 
 through the pipe, and afcend into the 
 vefiel of water, the water at the fame 
 time defeending, and coming into the 
 bafon. 
 
 When about one half of the wafer 
 
 is forced out, 'let the operator lay his 
 
 C 3 hand
 
 30 To impregnate Water 
 
 hand upon the uppermoft part of the 
 veffel, and {hake it as brifkly as he 
 can, not to throw the water out of 
 the bafon ; and in a few minutes the 
 water will abforb the air ; and taking 
 its place, will nearly fill the veffel as 
 at the firft. Then (hake the phial 
 containing the chalk and water again, 
 and force more air into the veflel, 'till, 
 upon the whole, about an equal bulk 
 of air has been thrown into it. Alfo 
 ihake the water as before, 'till no 
 more of the air can be imbibed. As 
 foon as this is perceived to be the 
 cafe, the water is ready for ufe ; and 
 if it be not ufed immediately, mould 
 be put into a bottle as foon as pofii- 
 ble, well corked, and cemented. It 
 will keep, however, very well, if the 
 bottle be only well corked, and kept 
 with the mouth downwards. 
 
 Obferva-
 
 icitb Fixed Air, 3 1 
 
 Observations* 
 
 1 . The bafon may be placed in- 
 verted upon the veffel full of water, 
 with a flip of paper between them,, 
 and then both turned upfide down to- 
 gether ; but all this trouble will be 
 iaved by having a larger veffel of wa- 
 ter, in which both of them may be 
 immerfed. 
 
 2. If the veflel containing -the wa- 
 ter to be agitated be large, it may be 
 moil convenient fn.. to p»ace it in- 
 verted, in a bafon full of water, and 
 then to draw out the common air by 
 means of a fyphon, either making ufe 
 of a fyringe, or drawing it out with 
 the mouth. In this cafe, alfo, fome 
 kind of handle mould be fattened to 
 the bottom of the veflel, for the more 
 eafy agitation of it. 
 
 3. A narrow-mouthed veflel is not 
 neceflary, but it is the moll proper for 
 
 C 4 the
 
 32 To i?npregnate Water 
 
 the purpofe, becaufe it may be agitated 
 with lefs danger of the common air 
 getting into it. 
 
 4. The flexible pipe is not necef- 
 fary, though I think it is exceedingly 
 convenient. When it is not ufed, a 
 bent tube, a, fig. 2. (for which glafs 
 is the moil proper) mud be ready to 
 be inferted into the hole niade in the 
 cork, when the bladder containing 
 the fixed air is feparated from the 
 phial, in which it was generated. The 
 extremity hf th\£-tube being put un- 
 der the vefiel of water, and the blad- 
 der being comprefied, the air will be 
 conveyed into it, as before. 
 
 5. If the ufe of a bladder be ob- 
 jected to, though nothing can be more 
 inoffenfive, the phial containing the 
 chalk and water muft not be agitated 
 at all, or with the greateft caution -, 
 unlefs a fmall phial, a, fig. 3. be in- 
 terpofed between the phial and the 
 
 veffel
 
 with Fixed Air. 33 
 
 veflel of water, in the manner repre- 
 fented in the drawing. For by this 
 means the chalk and water that may 
 be thrown up the tube b will lodge at 
 the bottom of the phial a, while no- 
 thing but the air will get into the 
 pipe c\ and lb enter the water. If the 
 tube b be made of tin or copper, the 
 fmall phial a will not need any other 
 fupport, the cork into which the ex- 
 tremities of both the tubes are in- 
 ferted being made to fit the phial very 
 exactly. 
 
 6. The phial e, fig. 1. mould al- 
 ways be placed, or held, confiderably 
 lower than the veflel a - y that if any 
 part of the mixture mould be thrown 
 up into the bladder, it may remain in 
 the lower part of it, from which it 
 may be eafily preffed back again. 
 This, however, is not neceflary, lince 
 if it remain in the lower part of the 
 bladder, nothing but the pure air will 
 
 c 5 g^
 
 34 To impregnate Water 
 
 get into the pipe, and fo into the 
 water. 
 
 7. If much more than half of the 
 vefTel be filled with air, there will not 
 be a bodyof water fufficient to agi- 
 tate, and the procefs will take up 
 much more time. 
 
 8. If the chalk be too finely pow- 
 dered, it will yield the fixed air too 
 fait. 
 
 9. After every procefs, the water 
 to which the chalk is put rnuft. be 
 changed. 
 
 10. It will be proper to fill the 
 bladder with water once every day, 
 after it has been ufed, that any of the 
 oil of vitriol which may have got into 
 it, and v/ould be in danger of corrod- 
 ing it, may be thoroughly diluted. 
 
 1 1 . The vefTel, which I have gene- 
 rally made ufe of, holds about three 
 pints, and the phial containing the 
 chalk and water is one of ten ounces ; 
 
 and
 
 with Fixed Air. 3 5 
 
 and I find that a little more than a 
 tca-fpoonful of oil of vitriol is fufrici- 
 ent to produce as much air as will im- 
 pregnate that quantity of water. 
 
 12. If the verTel containing the wa- 
 ter be larger, the phial containing the 
 chalk and the oil of vitriol mould ei- 
 ther be larger in proportion, or frefh 
 water and oil of vitriol muit be put to 
 the chalk, to produce the requifite 
 quantity of air. 
 
 13. In general, the whole procefs 
 does not take up more than about a 
 quarter of an hour, the agitation not 
 five minutes -, and in nearly the fame 
 time might a vefTel of water, contain- 
 ing two or three gallons, or indeed any 
 quantity that a perfon could well 
 make, be impregnated with fixed air,, 
 if the phial containing the chalk and 
 oil of vitriol, be larger in the fame 
 proportion. 
 
 14. To give the water as much air 
 
 C 6 as
 
 g6 To impregnate Water 
 
 as it can receive in this way, the pro- 
 cefs may be repeated with the water 
 thus impregnated. I generally chufe 
 to do it two or three times, but very 
 little will be gained by repeating it of- 
 tener; fince, after fome time, as much 
 fixed air will efcape from that part of 
 the furface of the water which is ex- 
 pofed to the common air, as can be 
 imbibed from within the velTel. 
 
 1 5. All calcareous fubftances con- 
 tain fixed air, and any acids may be 
 tiled in order to fet it loofe from 
 them ; but chalk and oil of vitriol 
 are, both of them, the cheapeft, and, 
 upon the whole, the bell for the pur- 
 pofe. 
 
 16. It may pofiibly be imagined 
 that part of the oil of vitriol is ren- 
 dered volatile in this procefs, and fo 
 becomes mixed with the water ; but 
 it does not appear, by the moft rigid 
 chymical examination, that the lead: 
 
 perceivable
 
 'with Fixed Air. 37 
 
 perceivable quantity of the acid gets 
 into the water in this way ; and if lb 
 fmall a quantity as a fingle drop of 
 oil of vitriol be mixed with a pint of 
 water (and a much greater quantity 
 would be far from making it lefs 
 wholefome) it might be difcovered. 
 The experiments which were made to 
 afcertain this fact were made with 
 dijiilled water, the difagreeable tafle of 
 which is not taken off, in any degree, 
 by the mixture of fixed air. Other- 
 wife, diitilled water, being clogged 
 with no foreign principle, will imbibe 
 fixed air farter, and retain a greater 
 quantity of it than other w r ater. In 
 the experiments that were made for 
 this purpofe, I was amfted by Mr. 
 Hey, a furgeon in Leeds, who is well 
 ikilled in the methods of examining 
 the properties of mineral waters. 
 
 17. Dr. Brownrigg, who made his 
 experiments on Pyrmont water at the 
 
 fpring
 
 38 To impregnate Water 
 
 fpring head, never found that it con- 
 tained fo much as one half of an equal 
 bulk of air ^ but in this method the 
 water is eafily made to imbibe an 
 equal bulk. For it muft be obferved, 
 that a confiderable quantity of the 
 moft foluble part of the air is incor- 
 porated with the water, as it firil 
 afcends through it, before it occupies 
 its place in the upper part of the 
 veffel. 
 
 18. The heat of boiling water will 
 expel all the fixed air, if a phial con- 
 taining this impregnated water be held 
 in it ; but it will often require above 
 half an hour to effect it compleatly. 
 
 19. If any perfon would chufe to 
 make this medicated water more nearly 
 to referable genuine Pyrmont water, 
 Sir John Pringle informs me, that 
 from eight to ten drops of Tlnclura 
 Martis cum fplrltu falls muil be mixed 
 with every pint of it. It is agreed, 
 
 however,
 
 with Fixed Air, 39 
 
 however, on all hands, that the pecu- , 
 liar virtues of Pyrmont, or any other 
 mineral water which has the fame 
 brifk or acidulous tafte, depend not 
 upon its being a chalybeate, but upon 
 the fixed air which it contains. 
 
 But water impregnated with fixed 
 air does of itfelf difiblve iron, as the 
 ingenious Mr. Lane has difcovered ; 
 and iron filings put to this medicated 
 water make a flrong and agreeable 
 chalybeate, fimilar to fome other na- 
 tural chalybeates, which hold the 
 iron in folution by means of fixed air 
 only, and not by means of any acid -, 
 and thefe chalybeates, I am informed, 
 are generally the moft agreeable to the 
 ftomach. 
 
 20. By this procefs may fixed air be 
 given to wine, beer, and almofr any 
 liquor whatever : and when beer is 
 become flat or dead, it will be revived 
 by this means 5 but the delicate agree- 
 able 
 
 5
 
 40 To impregnate Water 
 
 able flavour, or acidulous tafte com- 
 municated by tbe fixed air, and which 
 is manifeft in water, will hardly be 
 perceived in wine, or other liquors 
 which have much tafle of their own. 
 
 21. I would not interfere with the 
 province of the phyfician, but I can- 
 not entirely fatisfy myMf without 
 taking this opportunity to fugged 
 fuch hints as have occurred to my- 
 felf, or my friends, with refpect to 
 the medicinal ufes of water impreg- 
 nated with fixed air, and alfo of fixed 
 air in other applications. 
 
 In general, the difeafes in which 
 water impregnated with fixed air will 
 moft probably be ferviceable, are thofe 
 of a putrid nature, of which kind is 
 the fea-fcurvy. It can hardly be 
 doubted, alfo, but that this water muff, 
 have all the medicinal virtues of Pyr- 
 mont water, and of other mineral wa- 
 ters fimilar to it, whatever they be ; 
 
 efpecially
 
 ivith Fixed Air. 41 
 
 efpecially if a few iron filings be put 
 to it, to render it a chalybeate, like 
 genuine Pyrmont water. It is poiTi- 
 ble, however, that in fome cafes it 
 may be deiirable to have the fixed air 
 of Pyrmont water, without the iron 
 which it contains. 
 
 Having this opportunity, I fhall 
 alfo hint the application of fixed air 
 in the form of cfyfiers, which occurred 
 to me while I was attending to this 
 fubjedl:, as what promifes to be ufe- 
 ful to correct putrefaction in the in- 
 ternal canal, and other parts of the 
 fyftemto which it may, by this chan- 
 nel, be conveyed. It has been tried 
 once by Mr. Hey above-mentioned, 
 and the recovery of the patient from 
 an alarming putrid fever, when the 
 flools were become black, hot, and 
 very fetid, was fo cirenmftanced, that 
 it is not improbable but that it might 
 be owing, in fome meafure, to thofe 
 
 clyfters.
 
 42 To impregnate Water 
 
 dyfters. The application, however, 
 appeared to be perfectly eafy and 
 fafe. 
 
 I cannot help thinking that fixed 
 air might be applied externally to 
 good advantage in other cafes of a pu- 
 trid nature, even when the whole fyf- 
 tem v/as arretted. There would be 
 no difficulty in placing the body fo, 
 that the greateft part of its furface 
 mould be expofed to this kind of air; 
 and if a piece of putrid flefh will be- 
 come firm and iVeet in that fituation, 
 as Dr. Macbride found, fome advan- 
 tage, I mould think, might be ex- 
 pected from the fame antifeptic appli- 
 cation, afiifled by the vis vitce, ope- 
 rating internally, to counteract the 
 fame putrid tendency. Some Indians, 
 I have been informed, bury their pa- 
 tients, labouring under putrid dif- 
 eafes, up to the chin in frefli mould, 
 which is alfo known to take off the 
 
 foetor-
 
 with Fixed Air. 4^5 
 
 fcL'tor from flefh meat beginning to 
 putrify. If this practice be of any 
 ufe, may it not be owing to the fixed 
 air imbibed by the pores of the ikin 
 in that fituation ? Following the 
 plough is an old prefcription for a 
 confumption, as alio is living near 
 lime kilns. There is often fome good 
 reafon for very old and long continued 
 practices, though it is frequently a 
 long time before it be difcovered, and 
 the rationale of them iatisfrctorily ex- 
 plained. 
 
 Being no phyfician, I run no rifque 
 by throwing out thefe random hints 
 and conjectures. I mail think myfelf 
 happy, if any of them mould be the 
 means of making thofe perfons, whom 
 they immediately concern, attend more 
 particularly to the fubject. My friend 
 Dr. Pcrcival has for fome time pall: 
 been employed in making experiments 
 on fixed air, and he is particularly at- 
 tentive
 
 44 7c impregnate Wafer, &c. 
 tentive to the medicinal ufes of it; 
 and from his knowledge as a philofo- 
 pher, and Hull in his profeffion, I 
 have very confiderable expectations,. 
 
 CHAP-
 
 Objections to impregnating, &c. 4 ^ 
 1 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 OF DR. XOOTH's OBJECTIONS TO 
 THE PRECEDING METHOD OF 
 IMPREGNATING WATER WITH 
 FIXED AIR, AND A COMPARISON 
 OF IT WITH HIS OWN METHOD, 
 EOTH AS PUBLISHED BY HIM- 
 SELF, AND AS IMPROVED BY 
 MR. PARKER. 
 
 I can eafily forgive Dr. Nooth fur 
 his reprefenting me as having no other 
 merit than the firjl publication of the 
 method for impregnating water with 
 fixed air, accounting for it as I have 
 done before; but I cannot fo eafily 
 forgive another paragraph in his pa- 
 per, the tendency of which is intirely 
 to difcredit a method, which, though 
 it is, in fome refpedts, inferior to his 
 own, has neverthelefs its peculiar ad- 
 vantages :
 
 2\.6 Objections to impregnating 
 vantages : and every advantage can- 
 not poiTibly concur in any one me- 
 thod. He fays, p. 59, " Independent 
 '* of the inconveniencies attending 
 " the procefs, there was another ob- 
 " jection to the apparatus, which, 
 *« with mofl people, might have 
 " confiderable weight. The bladder, 
 " which formed part of it, was 
 " thought to render the water offen- 
 " five ; and when the folvent power 
 "of fixed air is confidered, it will not 
 " appear improbable, that the water 
 " would be always more or lefs taint- 
 " ed by the bladder. In fome trials 
 " which I made with Dr. Prieflley's 
 " apparatus, it always happened that 
 u the water acquired an urinous fia- 
 " vour -, and this tafte was, in gene- 
 " ral, fo predominant, that it could 
 " not be f wallowed without fome de- 
 " gree of reluctance." 
 
 That Dr. Nooth did produce an 
 
 impregnated
 
 Water ivitb Fixed Air. 47 
 
 impregnated water which he could 
 not fwallow without reiu&ance, and 
 even that, in the trials to which he 
 refers, he generally produced fuch wa- 
 ter, I am far from doubting ; becaufe 
 that might happen from various 
 caufes. But that the urinous flavour 
 came from the bladder, as fuch, I will 
 venture to fay is not poiiible. For 
 then it would always have had the 
 fame effect ; and not only myfelf have 
 never perceived fuch a flavour as the 
 Doctor complains of, but this is the 
 •only complaint of the kind that I 
 have hitherto heard of; though many 
 perfons of the raoft delicate tafte, and 
 particularly many ladies, have ufed 
 the water impregnated in my method 
 for months together. Few perfons 
 have had to do with bladders, and 
 fixed air confined in bladders, more 
 than myfelf; and yet I have never 
 feen any reafon to fufpecT: this great 
 
 fohent
 
 4.8 Ob]eclio?is to impregnating 
 
 fohent power of fixed air with refpe£t 
 to them j efpecially fo as to be appa- 
 rent in the fpace of a few minutes. 
 
 But fuppoiing the fixed air to be 
 capable of diffolving the whole blad- 
 der, and to carry it along with itfelf 
 into the impregnated water, no phyfi- 
 cian, or philoibpher, will pretend to 
 fay that it could have any more ten- 
 dency to give it an urinous flavour^ 
 than if it had been any other mem- 
 brane of the animal body. 
 
 Indeed, as the Doctor himfelf does 
 not pretend to fay that this ftrange 
 urinous flavour was the effect of ail 
 the impregnations of water made in 
 my method, but only infome of them 
 (though it was generally fo, in thofe 
 particular trials) it is evident, from 
 his tacit confeffion, that it mufr. have 
 been an accidental thing, and could not 
 have come from the bladder, which I 
 fuppofe he made ufe of in all trials. 
 
 For
 
 /Filter with Fixed Air. 49 
 
 For he has not done me thejufHce to 
 acknowledge that, in my pamphlet, 
 amoncr the various methods of effect- 
 ing the impregnation of water, I have 
 defcribed one in which no bladder is 
 made uie of. When the Doctor {hall 
 once more produce this urinous fla- 
 vour (and as a new and curious expe- 
 riment, it is certainly worthy of his 
 farther inveftigation) taking care that 
 no carelefs fervant mall have mixed 
 any urine in the water that he calls 
 for, I mall give this new objection to 
 myprocefs a farther examination. At 
 prefent I am inclined to confider this 
 as an experiment of the fervant, ra- 
 ther than of the Doctor himfelf. 
 
 Several perfons have thought that 
 Axed air difcharged from impure chalk 
 gives the water that is impregnated 
 with it a difagreeable flavour, but this 
 I have never obferved myfelf -, and 
 any other calcareous matter may be 
 D ufed
 
 £0 ObjeBfo&is to impregnating 
 ufed in my method, as well as in 
 that of Dr. Nooth, who recommends 
 chalk, as the bell: upon the whole. 
 
 I mall conclude thefe animadver- 
 fions with doing what Dr.Nooth ought 
 to have done before me, viz. fairly 
 ftating the advantages and difadvan- 
 tages of our two methods. His me- 
 thod requires lefsfiill in the operator 
 and a lefs conftant attetition. It is alfo 
 more elegant and cleanly, I mean with 
 refpect to the operator •> for this does 
 not at all affect the impregnated water. 
 On thefe accounts I generally recom- 
 mend and make ufe of his method 
 myfelf, efpecially as the glaffes are 
 made with improvements by Mr. 
 Parker. But if Dr. Nooth be can- 
 did, he muft acknowledge that my 
 method requires much lefs time, and 
 is much lefs expenjive ; and therefore 
 mull: be more proper when a great 
 quantity of impregnated water is want- 
 ed ;
 
 Water with Fixed Air, 5 1 
 
 dd ; and eipecially when there is but 
 little room to make it in. 
 
 My method indeed requires a con* 
 ftant attendance, but I queftion whe- 
 ther, upon the whole, more than is 
 neceiTary to be given to Dr. Nooth's 
 method at intervals, if the water be at 
 all agitated ; confidering that mine 
 does not require one-tenth part of the 
 time. And though my method re- 
 quires fome little fkill and addrefs, it 
 is not Co much, but that many per- 
 sons, altogether unufed to experi- 
 ments, have, to my knowledge, fuc- 
 ceeded in it very well, and have made 
 the impregnated water in a conftant 
 way for their family ufe, and without 
 any affifbtnee befides what they got 
 from the printed directions. My ap- 
 paratus cofts little or nothing, becaufe 
 no veffels are made for the purpofe ; 
 and both the chalk and the acids are 
 made to go as far as poflible, by means 
 D 2 of
 
 $z Objections to impregnating 
 
 of the convenient agitation of the veifel 
 In which they are contained. Whereas 
 Dr. Nooth' s method requires a pecu- 
 liar and expenfive apparatus, and 
 more wafte is unavoidable in the ufe 
 of it. However, for the reafons above- 
 mentioned, I have never recommend- 
 ed my own method for the ufe of a 
 family fince I have been acquainted 
 with his. 
 
 What I have faid above is rather ap- 
 plicable to the apparatus as it is made 
 by Mr. Parker, than to that which 
 Dr. Nooth has defcribed. For Mr. 
 Parker's glaffes are, in my opinion, 
 confiderably improved from thofe of 
 Dr. Nooth. It may be faid that the 
 improvements confift in little things ; 
 but little things may have great ef- 
 fects 5 and, after the difcovery of the 
 firji method of accomplifhing this end, 
 all Jubfequent methods may be called 
 little things j and they may be end- 
 
 lefsly
 
 Water with Fixed Jiir. 5J 
 
 lefsly diverM'ed, without any great 
 claim of merit. I have feen feveral 
 very ingenious methods fince the pub- 
 lication of mine, though none that I 
 liked ib much, upon the whole, as 
 that of Dr. Nooth, improved by Mr. 
 Parker. 
 
 In Dr. Nooth's apparatus, if any 
 more air than is wanted be produced, 
 the water will run out of the upper- 
 moil vefiel. To ufe his own w'ords, 
 p. 63, " Should more air be extricat- 
 " ed than is furncient, in the conduct 
 " of the procefs, to fill that veffel, 
 " the water will run over the top of 
 " it, and will continue to run as long 
 " as any air afcends in the middle vef- 
 " fel, or 'till the furface of the water 
 " is below the extremity of the bent 
 " tube; and in this cafe the whole 
 "would be wet and diiaoreeable." 
 But this difagreeable confequence can 
 never happen in the ufe of Mr. Paf- 
 D 3 ker's
 
 54 Objections to impregnating 
 ker's glafTes, becaufe the bent tube in 
 which the uppermost veiTel termi- 
 nates is made of fuch a length, that 
 the water expelled from :he middle 
 veifel can do no more than nearly fill 
 the uppermost, and can never run 
 over ; fo that whereas Dr. Nooth's 
 apparatus requires a conftant attend- 
 ance, Mr. Parker's requires none. 
 The materials being once put into it, 
 the procefs will go on of itfelf, with- 
 out any farther care -, unlefs the ope- 
 rator mould chufe to accelerate the 
 impregnation by now and then letting 
 out the air that is not eafily abforbed, 
 and by agitating the water. This I 
 think to be a conliderable advantage 
 gained by a very eafy contrivance of 
 Mr. Parker's, overlooked by Dr. 
 Nooth. 
 
 Mr. Parker derives another conli- 
 derable advantage from a channel 
 which he cuts in the ftopper of his 
 
 upper-
 
 Water with Fixed Air. 55 
 upper molt veflel, or from a flop per 
 with a hole through the middle, 
 which Dr. Nooth has not in his ; fo 
 that either the operator mufb be care- 
 ful to take it out during the efferve- 
 fcence, or it will be driven out, or 
 fome of the veffels will burfl, to the 
 great danger of the by-ftanders -, which 
 actually happened in one made by 
 Mr. Parker, before he thought of 
 this method to prevent it. Whereas, 
 through the channel in Mr. Parker's 
 apparatus, the common air eafily ef- 
 capes from the uppermoft veffel, to 
 make room for the water to afcend ; 
 and when, in the continuance of the 
 procefs, the fixed air rifes through 
 the bent tube into the uppermofl vef- 
 fel, it lodges upon the furface of the 
 water in it ; and the communication 
 between it and the common air being 
 fo much obftrucled, they are fuffici- 
 ently feparated; fo that even the wa- 
 D 4 ter
 
 $6 Objections to impregnating 
 ter in the uppermoft veffel has (if the 
 production of air be copious) almoft 
 as much advantage for receiving the 
 impregnation, as that in the middle 
 veffel. This advantage Dr. Nooth 
 lofes. 
 
 Alfo, when he chufes to feparate 
 the two uppermoft veffel s from the 
 loweft, in order to agitate the water, 
 he muft either leave the mouth of the 
 uppermoft veffel open, in which cafe 
 he can hardly agitate the water at all ; 
 or (as he prefers to do it) he muft 
 put the ftopper in, and consequently 
 admit the common air to pafs his 
 valve, and mix with the fixed air, 
 which muft greatly retard the abforp- 
 tion of it : whereas Mr. Parker's vef- 
 fels may be agitated with the ftopper 
 in, which, admitting the common air 
 into the upper veffel, through the 
 channel cut in it (or through the hole 
 of the ^ftopper) permits the water to 
 
 defcend
 
 Water with Fixed Aii\ §j 
 
 defcend into the lower, on the furface 
 of which nothing but fixed air is in- 
 cumbent. Should any common air 
 enter by the valve, which in this cafe 
 it hardly would, the finger of the per- 
 fon who makes the veflel may eafily 
 be placed lb as to prevent it. 
 
 Laftly, I confider it as a valuable 
 improvement in Mr. Parker's appa- 
 ratus, that, by means of the openings 
 into the middle and loweft YefTels, 
 clofed with ground floppies, the ope- 
 rator is enabled to draw off his wa- 
 ter, in order to tafte it occafionally, 
 or to add to his oil of vitriol or chalk, 
 &c. at pleafure, without giving him- 
 fclf the trouble of feparating the vef- 
 fels from one another for thofe pur- 
 pofes. 
 
 The fir ft apparatus that I faw of 
 
 r's had no valve at all, but 
 
 only a glafs ftopple, with one or more 
 
 finall perforations, for the afcent of 
 
 D 5 the
 
 •58 Objections to impregnating 
 
 the air into the middle veiTel. This 
 I null generally make ufe of, without 
 finding any occafion for a valve ; the 
 afcent of the fixed air fufficiently pre- 
 venting the defcent of the water, as 
 long as the procefs continues^ efpeci- 
 ally when pounded marble is ufed. 
 This fubflance Dr. Franklin recom- 
 mended to me, and I give it the pre- 
 ference very greatly to chalk, chiefly 
 on account of the length of time that 
 is required to expel the air from it : 
 For without any frefh acid, it will 
 often continue to yield air for feveral 
 days together. 
 
 That thofe perfons who are not 
 poflefTed of the Englifh Pbilofopbical 
 Tranfaffions > and particularly foreign- 
 ers, may underftand what has pre- 
 ceded, I mail give a drawing of Dr. 
 Nooth's apparatus *, as improved by 
 
 * Fig. 4. 
 
 Mr,
 
 Water with Fixed Air. 59 
 Mr. Parker, with the following ge- 
 neral defcription of it. 
 
 In the loweft verTel, the chalk or 
 marble, and the water acidulated with 
 oil of vitriol, mufl be put, and into 
 the middle veffel the water to be im- 
 pregnated. During the effervefcence, 
 the fixed air rifes into the middle vef- 
 fel, and refts upon the furface of the 
 water in it, while the water that is 
 difplaced by the air rifes through the 
 bent tube into the uppermost velfel, 
 the common air going out through the 
 channel in the flopple. When the 
 bent tube is of a proper length, 
 the procefs requires no attention ; and 
 if the production of air be copious, 
 the water will generally be fuffici- 
 ently impregnated in five or fix hours. 
 At leaf!, all the attention that needs 
 be given to it is to raife the upper- 
 moil velfel once or twice, to let out 
 that part of the fixed air which is not 
 D 6 readily
 
 6p OhjeBions to impregnating, &c. 
 readily abforbed by water. If the 
 operator chufe to accelerate the pro- 
 cefs, by agitating the water, he mufl 
 feparate the two uppermoft veflels 
 from the lower!:. For if he mould 
 agitate them all together, he will oc- 
 cafion too copious a production of 
 air ; and he will alio be in danger of 
 throwing the liquor contained in the 
 loweft vefTel into contact with the 
 ftopple which feparates it from the 
 middle veffel, by which means fome 
 of the oil of vitriol might get into 
 the water. 
 
 End of the Extract from Dr. Priest- 
 ley's Experiments on Air, Vol. II. 
 
 APPEN-
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 DR. NOOTH'S METHOD OF IMPREG- 
 NATING WATER WITH FIXED 
 AIR, AS IMPROVED BV MR. PAR- 
 '., MR. MAGELLAN, &C. 
 
 Dcfcription of the Apparatus. 
 See Fig. 4. 
 
 IT is made of glafs, and ftands on a 
 wooden veffel d d refemblingr a 
 tea-board, to catch any water that 
 may chance to be fpilled, and prevent 
 it from falling on the table. The 
 middle veffel B has a neck which is 
 inferted into the mouth of the veffel 
 A, to which it is ground air-tight. 
 This lower neck of the veffel B, has a 
 glafs ftopple S, compofed of two 
 parts, both having holes fufficient to 
 
 let
 
 6 2 Appendix. 
 
 let a good quantity of air pafs through 
 them. Between thefe two parts 
 (which may be confidered as two 
 floppies) is left a fmall fpace, con- 
 taining a piano convex lens, (that is, 
 a glafs round on one fide and flat on 
 the other) which acts like a valve, in 
 letting the air pafs from below up- 
 wards, and hindering its return into 
 the verTel A. 
 
 The upper verTel C terminates be- 
 low in a tube r t, which being crook- 
 ed, hinders the immediate afcent of 
 the bubbles of fixed air into that vef- 
 fel, before they reach the furface of the 
 water in the vefTel B. The vefTel C 
 is alfo ground air-tight to the upper 
 neck of the middle veifel B, and has a 
 fto'pple p fitted to its upper mouth, 
 which has an hole through its mid- 
 dle. The upper vefTel C holds juft 
 half as much as the middle one B ; 
 and the end t of the crooked tube, 
 
 goes 
 
 4
 
 Appendix. 63 
 
 goes no lower than the middle of the 
 veilel B. 
 
 The Proafs. 
 
 Fill the middle veilel B with fpring, 
 or Liny other clean and wholefome wa- 
 ter, and join to it again the upper veilel 
 C. Pour water into the veflel A (by 
 the opening m, or otherwife) fo as to 
 cover the riling part of its bottom. 
 About three quarters of a pint, or a 
 little more, will be fufficient. Fill an 
 ounce phial with oil of vitriol, and add 
 it to the water, making the verTel fo as 
 to mix them well together. As heat 
 is generated, it will be better to add 
 the oil by a little at a time, otherwife 
 a hazard is run of breaking the veilel. 
 Put to this, through a wide glafs, or 
 paper funnel, about an ounce of pow- 
 dered raw chalk, or marble*. The 
 
 funnel 
 
 * White marble being firft granulated, or 
 pounded like goarfe fond, i$ much better for the 
 
 purpofe
 
 64 Appendix. 
 
 funnel mull be ufed in order to prevent 
 the powder from touching the infide 
 of the verTel's mouth ; for if that hap- 
 pen, it will flick fo ftrongly to the 
 neck of the veffel B, as not to admit 
 of their being fepara ted without break- 
 ing. Place immediately the two vef- 
 fels B and C (fattened to each other) 
 into 'the mouth of the veflel A, as in 
 the figure, and all the fixed air which 
 is difengaged from the chalk or mar- 
 
 purpofe than pounded chalk) becaufe it is harder ; 
 and therefore the action of the diluted acid upon it 
 is flower, and lafls a very confiderable time. The 
 fupply of fixed air from it is therefore much more 
 regular than with the chalk. In general, it con- 
 tinues to furnifn fixed air more than twenty-four 
 hours. When no more air is produced, if the wa- 
 ter be decanted from the veffel A, and the white 
 feuiment wafhed off, the remaining granulated 
 marble may be employed again by adding to it frefli 
 water, and a new quantity of oil of vitriol. A far- 
 ther produce of, fixed air will then be furnifhed, 
 and this may be repeated until all the marble be 
 Ived. 
 
 ble
 
 appendix. 65 
 
 ble by the oil of vitriol, will pafs up 
 through the valve in S into the veffel 
 B. When this fixed air comes to the 
 top of the veffel B, it will diilodge 
 from thence as much water as is equal 
 to its bulk ; which water will be 
 forced up through the crooked tube 
 into the upper veffel C. 
 
 Care muft be taken not to make 
 the vefTel A when the powdered chalk 
 is put in ; otherwise a great and fud- 
 effervefcence will enfue, which 
 will perhaps expel part of the con- 
 tents. In fuch cafe it may be necef- 
 fary to open a little the ftopp^e m 9 in 
 order to give vent, otherwife the veffel 
 A may burft. It will be proper alfo 
 to throw away the contents, and wafli 
 the veffel ; for the matter will flick 
 between the necks of the veflels, and 
 cement them together. The opera- 
 tion muff then be begun afre/h. But 
 if the chalk be thrown in without 
 
 fhaking
 
 66 appendix. 
 
 making the machine, or if marble be 
 ufed, the effervefcence will not be 
 violent. If the chalk be put into the 
 veffel loofely wrapt up in paper, this 
 .accident will be frill better guarded 
 againft. When the effervefcence goes 
 on well, the veffel C will foon be filled 
 with water, and the veffel B half 
 filled with air ; which will eafily be 
 .known to be the cafe by the air going 
 up in large bubbles through the 
 crooked tube r t. 
 
 When this is obferved, take off the 
 two velfels B and C together as they 
 are, and make them fo that the water 
 and air within them may be much 
 agitated. A great part of the fixed 
 air will be abforbed into the water ; 
 as will appear by the end of the crook- 
 ed tube being confiderably under the 
 furface of the water in the vefieL 
 The making them for two or three 
 minutes will be fufficient for this pur- 
 
 pofe*
 
 Appendix. 6j 
 
 . Theie veflels muft not be ihook 
 while joined to the under one A, 
 othcrwife too great an effervefcence 
 will be occasioned in the latter; toge- 
 ther with the ill confequences above- 
 mentioned. After the water and air 
 have been futficiently agitated, loofen 
 the upper veflel C, fo that the remain- 
 ing water may fall down into B, and 
 the unabforbed air pafs out. Put 
 thefe veflels together, and replace 
 them into the mouth of A, in order 
 that B may be again half filled with 
 fixed air. Shake the veflels B and C, 
 and let out the unabforbed air, as be- 
 fore. By repeating the operation three 
 or four times, the water will be furli- 
 ciently impregnated. 
 
 Whenever the effervefcence nearly 
 ceafes in the veflel A, it may be re- 
 newed by giving it a gentle fhake, fo 
 that the powdered chalk or marble at 
 the bottom may be mixed with the oil 
 
 of
 
 I be 
 
 dier more chalk mull be put in, 
 
 . sil of vitriol ; or more water, 
 
 itherc. produce the denied 
 
 ^ellan has 
 
 _ 
 
 :;lv: : . 
 _rh and rker. He 
 
 : 
 
 — 
 
 :t :; 
 other may be receiving fixed air from 
 By this means t 
 - 
 a the fame time. He fa 
 woe _ to fa: 
 
 ai taken off* from 
 
 nvenk has 
 
 .rough for meafuring the
 
 quantity of chalk or marble requiiite 
 for one operation, and a wide gkis 
 funnel for putting it through into the 
 veflel A, to prevent its flicking to the 
 fide s as mentioned before. 
 
 He has alfo contrived a ftopple 
 without an hole to be ufed occasionally 
 inftead of the perforated one p. It 
 has a kind of bafon at the top to hold 
 an additional weight when necerTary. 
 (See Fig. 6.) The ftopple muft. be 
 of a conical figure, and very loofe ; 
 but fo exactly and fmoothly ground as 
 to be air-tight merely by its prerTure, 
 which may be encreafed by additional 
 weights put into its bafon. Its ufe is 
 to comprefs the fixed air on the water, 
 and thereby encreafe the impregna- 
 tion. For by keeping the air on the 
 r in this comprefled ftate, the 
 latter may be made to fparkle like 
 Champaign. And if the veflels be 
 
 ftrong,
 
 yo Appendix. 
 
 ftrong, there will be no danger of 
 their burfling in the operation. 
 
 If the veffels be fufFered to fland fix 
 or eight hours, the water will be fuffi- 
 ciently impregnated even without agi- 
 tation. But by employing the means 
 above defcribed, it may be done in as 
 many minutes. 
 
 The water thus impregnated may 
 be drawn out at the opening k. But 
 if it be not wanted immediately, it 
 will be better to let it remain in the 
 machine, where it has no communi- 
 cation with the external air. Other- 
 wife the fixed air flies of? by degrees, 
 and the water becomes vapid and flat; 
 as alio happens to other acidulous 
 waters. But it may be kept a long 
 time in bottles well flopped, efpecially 
 if they be placed with their mouths 
 downwards. 
 
 This water is more pleafant to the 
 tafte than the natural Pyrmont or 
 
 Seltzer
 
 Appendix. yi 
 
 Seltzer waters ; as, beiides their fixed 
 air they contain fatine particles of a 
 difagreeable tafte, which are known 
 to contribute little or nothing to their 
 medicinal virtues ; and may, in fome 
 cafes, be hurtful. The artificial wa- 
 ter is alio double the ftrength of the 
 natural ; the latter containing fcarce 
 half of the fixed air which can thus 
 be communicated to the former. 
 
 N. B. Mr. Blades, of Ludgate- 
 Ilill, has ftill further improved this 
 apparatus, by changing the ftopple at 
 k for a glafs cock, which is more 
 convenient. He has likewife altered 
 the middle veflel B into a form more 
 advantageous for the impregnation. 
 See Fig. 7. With it are alfo given, 
 a phial for meafuring the vitriolic 
 acid, a tin meafure for the chalk or 
 marble, and a glafs funnel to pafs it 
 through. 
 
 A METHOD
 
 M 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 A METHOD OF IMITATING THE 
 SULPHUREOUS MINERAL WA- 
 TERS, BY IMPREGNATING WA- 
 TER WITH HEPATIC AIR. 
 
 We may imitate the Ju/phireous mi- 
 neral waters, as well as the acidulous 
 ones, or thofe impregnated with fixed 
 air. The procefs is fufficiently fim- 
 ple -, and the fame apparatus will 
 ierve for both. 
 
 Inilead of limeftone, chalk, or 
 marble, liver offulphur is to be ufed. 
 It may be bought ready prepared' of 
 the chymiits or apothecaries ; or may 
 eafily be prepared as follows : 
 
 Mix together equal parts of brim- 
 ftone, and of clean pot allies*, and 
 place them in a crucible, or unglazed 
 dim, over a very gentle fire. Keep 
 them ftirring with a 'flick 'till they 
 
 * Quick lime may be ufed inftead of pot afh.es, 
 taking care to chufeit well burnt. 
 
 are
 
 Appendix'. 7 3 
 
 arc united together into a blood-red 
 mafs. Put it, while warm, into a bot- 
 tle, which is to be kept well clcfed. 
 
 Put a fufficient quantity of this 
 fub fiance, with the oil of vitriol and 
 water, into the part A of the appa- 
 ratus, and proceed as defcribed in the 
 procefs for impregnating water with 
 fixed air ; the hepatic air will arife ; 
 the water in the middle vefTel B 
 will be impregnated with it, will 
 iinell flrongly fulphureous, and re- ' 
 femble the celebrated waters of Aix 
 la Chapelle, &c. in the fame manner 
 as thofe impregnated with fixed air 
 refemble thofe of Pyrmont and Selt- 
 zer, 
 
 The water thus impregnated may 
 be heated, by putting it into a clofe 
 velTel, placed in one that contains 
 boiling water, and it is then a warra 
 fulphureous water, 
 
 Ir it be not ufed immediately, it 
 E fhould
 
 74 Appendix. 
 
 fhould be preferved in glafs or fione 
 bottles, well corked, and cemented, 
 and placed with the corks downward 
 in a cellar. 
 
 To imitate more exactly the fever al Mi- 
 neral Waters. 
 
 This confifts only in adding to the 
 water to be impregnated, the ibhd 
 matters which they are found to leave 
 behind on evaporation. Por exam- 
 ple: 
 
 I. PYRMONT WATER. 
 
 Add to the water in the middle 
 vefiel B, in the proportion of about 
 30 grains of vitriolated magnefia*, 
 ten grains of common fait, two fcru- 
 ples of magnefia alba, two fcruples of 
 chalk, and a dram of iron filings, or 
 
 * Epfom fait, or Sal Catharticus Amarus. In 
 this edition the names of the New London Phar- 
 macopoeia are commonly ufed. 
 
 iron
 
 Appendix. 75^ 
 
 iron wire, clean and free from mil, 
 to one gallon of water, and im- 
 pregnate the whole with fixed air 
 in the manner defcribed. Let them 
 remain 'till the other ingredients, and 
 as much of the iron as is necefiaiy, 
 are diifolved, which will be in two 
 or three days. 
 
 2 . SPA WATER. 
 
 Take of natron and magnefia of 
 each a fcruple, of common fait eight 
 grains, water a gallon ; impregnate 
 them with fixed air ; a few iron 
 filings muft alfo be added. 
 
 3. SELTZER WATER. 
 
 Take of natron feven fcruples, com- 
 mon fait a dram and half, magnefia 
 one fcruple, water a gallon, and im- 
 pregnate them with fixed air. 
 
 4, SEIDSCUTZ PURGING WATER, 
 
 (refembling our epsom.) 
 
 Take of vitriolated magnefia three 
 E 2 ounces,
 
 j 6 Appendix, 
 
 ounces, water a gallon, and impreg- 
 nate them with fixed air. 
 
 5. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE WATER. 
 
 Take of fea fait two fcruples, na- 
 tron a dram and half, chalk two 
 fcruples, water a gallon. Impregnate 
 them with hepatic air, after having 
 firft caufed them to abforb ninety-fix 
 ounce meafures of fixed air. 
 
 Other waters may in like manner 
 be imitated by adding Epfom fait for 
 purging waters, fea fait for fait wa- 
 ters, &c. And as fome waters (as the 
 cold fulphureous ones) contain both 
 Jixed and fulphureous air, a mixture of 
 liver of fulphur and chalk may be put 
 into the verTel A with the oil of vi- 
 triol, by which means both thefe airs 
 will be produced, and the water of 
 courfe impregnated with them. In 
 making artificial mineral waters, dif- 
 tilled water ought always to be ufed. 
 
 AN
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NATURE, PROPERTIES, 
 
 and 
 
 MEDICINAL VIRTUES 
 
 OP THE 
 
 Principal Mineral Waters 
 
 1 N 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND; 
 
 AND OF THOSE 
 
 MOST IN REPUTE IN FOREIGN PARTS. 
 
 Digelted into Alphabetical Order. 
 
 By JOHN ELLIOT, M. D. 
 
 E3
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "~M1E following treatife on mi- 
 
 neral waters being intended for 
 the Public in general, the Editor 
 has endeavoured to couch it in fuch 
 terms as that it may be underit.ood by 
 thofe who are unacquainted with the 
 art of phyiic. Such an account has 
 been judged by many very proper to 
 be fubjoined to the foregoing dilierta- 
 tion. 
 
 All the mineral waters in England, 
 of any note, will be found noticed in 
 this trad: : together with their vir- 
 tues, and the method, and feafon of 
 uiing them, fo far as could be learnt 
 from the authors who have been con- 
 futed on the oceafion. To thefe are 
 added all the principal mineral waters 
 of Scotland and Ireland, as well as the 
 moil celebrated ones which the En- 
 E 4 glifh
 
 8o Introduction. 
 
 1 valetudinarian may have occa- 
 iion to vilit on the continent. 
 
 The greater! part of the books 
 which have hitherto been v/ritten on 
 this fubject, abound with experiments 
 tending to iliow the analyfis of thofe 
 waters. But this can be of little ufe 
 except to the faculty ; and muft be 
 . dry, and perfectly uninterefting to 
 common readers. Befides, the necef- 
 fity of fuch accounts is fuperceded by 
 fpecifying the ingredients themfelves- 
 with which the waters are impreg- 
 nated, and their virtues as medicines ; 
 to mow which is the fole end of thefe 
 experiments. It would alio have 
 fwelled the volume to an unwieldy 
 iize. For this lail reafon, as alfo be- 
 caule it was .judged wholly unnecef- 
 iary and fuperfluous, the defcriptions 
 of the places in which the relpective 
 waters are fituated, are like wife omit- 
 ted. 
 
 For
 
 Introduction. 81 
 
 For the convenience of the reader, 
 the waters are arranged in alphabeti- 
 cal order, by which means they will 
 the more readily be found. I wonder 
 indeed that this method is not obferved 
 by authors on many other occa lions. 
 For though there be a fyftematical ar- 
 rangement of the things treated of in 
 their books, yet the reader is, after 
 all, obliged to refer to an index; which 
 in fact is an alphabetical arrangement 
 of the particulars of the fubject. 
 
 The reader will find accounts of a 
 great number of waters which he pro- 
 bably never heard of before. As 
 many of thefe are of fimilar virtues 
 to others which are more famous, 
 the invalid will be instructed where 
 to find a mineral water proper for his 
 complaint near at hand, when it 
 might not be convenient for him, on 
 account of the diflance, or otherwife, 
 E 5 to
 
 82 Introduction. 
 
 to repair to thofe of greater note, 
 though perhaps not of fuperior vir- 
 tue* 
 
 For this purpofe alio, as well as 
 for the more readily finding out wa- 
 ters of particular virtues, the waters 
 are alfo claffed or arranged according to 
 their refpective mineral properties ; as 
 will prefently be teen* 
 
 Water, from the nature of the foil 
 over which it paries, and other acci- 
 dents to which it is expofed, is always 
 more or lefs impregnated with foreign 
 particles. According to the nature 
 of thefe particles, the properties of 
 the water are different. Hence we 
 have hard water, foft water, fa/t water, 
 and the almoft infinite variety of mi* 
 neral waters. The principal of the 
 Ltter, in this part of the world, will 
 be found noticed in the following . 
 tables, 
 
 J ft. CHA«
 
 hitrodudlion. 
 
 8 
 
 lit. CHALYBEATE WATERS. 
 
 Hampftead Glendy 
 
 Carlton Aberbrothick 
 
 Cobham 
 
 Illinoton 
 
 o 
 
 Leez 
 
 Markfliall 
 
 Felftead 
 
 Wellenbrow 
 
 Aylefham 
 
 Malvern 
 
 Colurian 
 
 Plarrogate 
 
 Road 
 
 Ilmington 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 Cannock 
 
 Mofs Houfe 
 
 Wigan 
 
 Sene 
 
 Thetford 
 
 Lincomb 
 
 Llandrindod 
 
 Peterhead 
 
 Tunbridge 
 Buxton 
 Millar's Spa 
 Latham 
 Tibfhelf 
 Chippenham 
 Witham 
 Lancafter 
 Whiteacre 
 Weft Afliton 
 Caw thorp 
 Derby 
 
 Weatherftack 
 Filah 
 Dortmill 
 S tanker 
 Dunfe 
 
 Caftle Connel 
 Tralee 
 E 6 Granfhaw
 
 84 Introduction. 
 
 Granmaw Wexford 
 
 Newtown Stewart Ballyipellan 
 Gal way Nezdenicc 
 
 Coolauran" Kuka 
 
 Lifdonvarna Spa 
 
 Ballycaitle Zahorovice 
 
 Glanrnile Bromley 
 
 Kanturk * Bath 
 
 Dunnard * Matlock. 
 
 Maccroomp 
 
 Chalybeate waters are the mo/l 
 ufeful and beneficial to health of any 
 of the mineral waters -, and are very 
 plentiful in this iiland. 
 
 Waters are known to be chalybeate 
 by their ftriking a reddifh purple, or 
 black colour with an infufion of galls ; 
 and according to the height of the 
 colour, provided the flrength of the 
 infufion be the fame, we judge of the 
 ftrength of the water as a chalybeate. 
 
 The iron in thofe waters is held in 
 
 folution by means of fixed air, as may 
 
 be judged from what has been already 
 
 7 faid
 
 hitroduSikn* 85 
 
 faid on this fubje&. As the fixed air 
 foon flies off on expofing the water, 
 the iron falls to the bottom in form 
 of a brownifh yellow powder. Hence 
 thefe waters ftrike the deepeft black 
 with galls at the fpring head ; and in 
 time they wholly lofe that property. 
 
 They have a brifk acidulous or vi- 
 nous tafte when frefh, and tinge the 
 ftools black. 
 
 Taken inwardly they ftrengthen 
 the conftitution in general, increafe 
 the tone of the fibres, quicken the 
 circulation, and reftore a proper con- 
 fidence to the blood when in a too 
 thin and watery flate. And hence 
 they are found to invigorate the 
 whole frame. They are good in 
 difeafes arifing from weaknefs ; in 
 fpafmodic diforders, arifing from too 
 great irritability and relaxation of the 
 nervous fyftem ; in fluor albus, and 
 gleets ; in female obflructions ; in 
 
 hyfteric
 
 86 Introduction. 
 
 hyfleric and hypochondriacal difor- 
 ders j in lofs of appetite and digeftion; 
 and in a variety of other complaints, 
 as will be fpecified in treating of the 
 refpedtive waters ; they differing fome- 
 what in their virtues. 
 
 Previous to a courfe of thefe wa- 
 ters, bleeding, and a cooling purge, 
 may be necefTary, in cafe of heat and 
 fever ; and coftivenefs mould alfo be 
 avoided while drinking them. Where 
 there is much fever, and alfo in ulcers 
 of the lungs, and in confirmed ob- 
 ftruclions attended with fever, the ufe 
 of thefe waters is improper. 
 
 Patients ought to begin with drink- 
 ing a fmall quantity of thefe waters 
 every morning, and gradually to in- 
 creafe the dofe. A temperate and 
 moderate diet, and gentle exercife 
 mould alfo be obferved while taking 
 them. 
 
 If the water be too cold for the 
 
 ftomach,
 
 IntroduBion, 87 
 
 ftomach, a bottle containing fome of 
 it may be placed in warm water iuil 
 before drinking. 
 
 Acids, tea, and other things, which 
 decompofe thefe waters, mould not 
 be taken for fome time before or after 
 drinking them. 
 
 Beiides iron, thefe waters ufually 
 contain fea fait, natron, a purging 
 fait, or other fubftance, as will be 
 noticed when treating of them. 
 
 2d. CHALYBEATE PURGING WA- 
 
 
 TERS. 
 
 Knowfley 
 
 Thirilt 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Hartlepool 
 
 Aftrope 
 
 Thornton 
 
 Coventry 
 
 Orfton 
 
 Bournley 
 
 Stenfield 
 
 Town ley 
 
 Kirby 
 
 Newham Pvegis Tarleton 
 Binley Mai ton 
 
 KingfclirT Afwarby 
 
 Scarborough
 
 83 
 
 Scarborough 
 
 Cheltenham 
 
 Bagnigge 
 
 Stoke 
 
 Woodham Ferris 
 
 Hanlys 
 
 Athlone 
 
 Mount Pallas 
 
 Killinfhanvally 
 
 Cleves 
 
 Hoff Geifmar 
 
 Pyrmont 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Egra 
 
 Nevil Holt 
 Ballycaftle 
 Deddington 
 Drig-Well 
 
 Inglewhite 
 
 Gainfborough 
 
 Thorp Arch 
 
 CafHemaign 
 
 Ballynahinch 
 
 JerTop 
 
 Driburg. 
 
 Thefe chalybeate waters contain 
 a greater proportion of purging fait 
 than of any other folid matter, and 
 therefore when taken in fufficient 
 quantity (feveral pints) they operate 
 by ftool. They have this advantage 
 over other purges, that they do not 
 exhauft the ftrength. 
 
 If taken in lefs quantity, as alter- 
 atives, they operate chiefly by urine, 
 
 and
 
 Introduction. 89 
 
 and then they fall rather under the 
 firft clafs of thefe waters than the 
 prefent.^-fc what was f aid of chaly- 
 beate waters. 
 
 3d, SULPHUREOUS WATERS, 
 
 Sutton Bog 
 
 Hanogate 
 
 Wiglefworth 
 
 Maudfby 
 
 Chadlington 
 
 Cricklefpaw 
 
 Bilton 
 
 Bronghton 
 
 Queen Camel 
 
 Shettlewood 
 
 Nottington 
 
 Reddleftonc 
 
 Drumgoon 
 
 Durham 
 
 Swadlingbar 
 
 Wardrow 
 
 Derrylefter 
 
 Skipton 
 
 Lifbeak 
 
 Landrindod 
 
 Killafher 
 
 Moffat 
 
 Mechan 
 
 Coritorphin 
 
 Afhwood 
 
 Cattle Loed 
 
 Derryhence 
 
 Fairburn 
 
 Drumafnave 
 
 Rippon 
 
 Anaduff 
 
 GrofTenendorf 
 
 Aphaloo 
 
 * Aix la Chapelle 
 
 
 * Borfet
 
 9° 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 * Eorfet 
 
 * Baden Baden 
 
 * Bareges 
 
 * Saint Amand. 
 
 Waters called fulphureous do not 
 contain an actual fulphur, but are im- 
 pregnated with a gas, or fpirit (the 
 hepatic air already defcribed) which 
 gives them their fulphureous fmell. 
 Befides this, they ufually contain 
 either natron, fea fait, a purging fait, 
 iron, an earth, or other matter, and 
 commonly feveral of thefe in different 
 proportions. 
 
 Waters of this fort are diuretic, and 
 ftrongly diaphoretic, and are there- 
 fore good in cutaneous difeafes, ufed 
 both internally and externally. They 
 are alfo good in chronic obftructions ; 
 and in diforders proceeding from aci- 
 dity, from worms, &c. 
 
 They ufually make filver appear of 
 a copper colour. 
 
 4th* 'sul-
 
 Introduction. 
 
 91 
 
 4th. SULPHUREOUS PURGING 
 
 WA- 
 
 TERS*. 
 
 
 Aikeron 
 
 Upminfter 
 
 
 Croft 
 
 Codfalwood 
 
 
 Cawley 
 
 Wirkfworth 
 
 
 Cun ley Houfe 
 
 Derrindaff 
 
 
 Biiglawton 
 
 Owen Bruen 
 
 
 Loanfbury 
 
 Pettigoe 
 
 
 Normanby 
 
 Enghien 
 
 
 Shapmoor 
 
 Thefe waters differ from thofe in 
 the preceding clafs in containing a 
 purging fait as the principal folid in- 
 gredient, and therefore operating by 
 itool. They are good in the fame 
 diforders as the alterative fulphureous 
 waters, as alfo for foulneiles of the 
 bowels, &c. 
 
 * Some of the chalybeate purging waters are 
 alfo fulphureous. 
 
 fth. ACI-
 
 92 Introduction . 
 
 5th. ACIDULOUS, OR SALINE WA- 
 TERS. 
 
 Seltzer Cape Clare 
 
 Tilbury Buch 
 
 Clifton Tonftein 
 
 Glaftonbury * Mount d'Or 
 
 Toberbony * Chaude Fontaine 
 
 Carrickmore * Pifa. 
 
 St.Bartholomew 
 The waters of this clafs contain 
 natron. This fa-It, as the waters are 
 taken up from the fountain, is fatu- 
 rated, or rather fuperfaturated, with 
 fixed air; hence the waters do not 
 then man ifeit any alkaline quality; on 
 the contrary, they curdle with foap, 
 and are termed acidulce. This fixed 
 air, or aerial acid, however, being 
 very volatile, foon exhales when the 
 water is heated, or ftands awhile ex- 
 pofed, and then the alkali manifefts 
 itfelf. 
 
 The
 
 Introduction . g 3 
 
 The general virtues of thefe waters 
 may be known from what is faid in 
 the alphabet, under the article selt- 
 zer water. 
 
 6. SALINE PURGING WATERS. 
 
 Barrowdale 
 
 Aclon 
 
 Leamington 
 
 Epfom 
 
 New Cartmal, or 
 
 Alkerton 
 
 Rougham 
 
 Ball,orBandwell 
 
 St. Erafmus 
 
 Llandrindod 
 
 Cargyrle 
 
 Kenlington 
 
 Dortfhill 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Alford 
 
 Upminller 
 
 Dulwich 
 
 Seidlitz 
 
 Holt 
 
 * Balaruc 
 
 Stretham 
 
 Sea Water 
 
 Kilburn 
 
 Dog and Duck 
 
 Moreton-fee 
 
 Kinalton 
 
 Hanlys 
 
 Brentwood 
 
 Conmer 
 
 Colchefter 
 
 Bagnigge 
 
 Sydenham 
 
 Barnet 
 
 Carrickfergus 
 
 North-hall 
 
 * Bagniers. 
 
 
 Thefe
 
 94- Introduction. 
 
 Thefe waters are impregnated with 
 fea fait, and alfo with a purging fait. 
 This, which has formerly received va- 
 rious names from different authors, is 
 now generally fuppofed to be vitrio- 
 latedmagnejia: though, from difference 
 of figure and folubility, many incline 
 to think, that there may be different 
 purging falts in different, or even in 
 the fame waters. They who hold the 
 former opinion, attribute this diver- 
 fity of appearance to a combination 
 with different ingredients. 
 
 They differ in ffrength ; fome of 
 them purge fufliciently in the quan- 
 tity of a pint; while two, three, four, 
 five, or fix pints of others are necef- 
 fary to produce that effect. Some 
 again are fo weak as to require the 
 addition of fome other purgative 
 fait. 
 
 Given in frnall quantities they act 
 as diuretics and alteratives. 
 
 They
 
 Introduction* - 95 
 
 They, are good in fcrophulous ami 
 fcorbutic complaints, ulcers, and other 
 difeafes which make their appearance 
 on the fkin, and are likewife ufed as^ 
 baths, and fomentations in thefe and 
 other diibrders. 
 
 The virtues of the preceding clais 
 of waters depend in a great meafure 
 on the prefence of thtirjixed air. The 
 waters of the prefent clafs feem to de- 
 rive their virtues principally from the 
 (aline matters which they contain. 
 
 7. VITRIOLIC WATERS. 
 
 Shad well Hartfel 
 
 Weft wood Crofs-town 
 
 Swanzy Ncbber 
 
 Haigh Caflimore 
 
 Vahls Kilbrew. 
 
 Thefe waters are impregnated with 
 green vitriol or copperas, and ftrike a 
 black colour with galls. 
 
 They are chiefly ufed outwardly 
 
 for
 
 9 6 IntroduBion . 
 
 for warning old fores and the like, 
 and frequently with good effect. In 
 fome cafes, however, they are taken 
 inwardly in fmall dofes, and then they 
 prove emetic and purgative. 
 
 8. WATERS WHICH CONTAIN AN 
 EARTH. 
 
 Newton-dale * Briftol 
 
 Bale * Buxton 
 
 Knarefborough * Mallow. 
 Glavely 
 
 The cold waters of this clafs have 
 a petrifying quality. The virtues of 
 the waters of this clafs being different, 
 the reader is referred to the refpective 
 articles in the alphabet for ah account 
 of them. 
 
 The above arrangement of mineral 
 waters is intended more for the con- 
 venience of the veader not verfed in 
 phyfic, than as a fyjiematkal one. 
 
 Had the latter idea been adopted, it 
 
 would
 
 Introduction. gy 
 
 would have been necefiary perhaps to 
 have made a division of the waters 
 into hot and cold, in imitation of the 
 learned Dr. Donald Monro ; from 
 whofe ingenious work,- together with 
 thole of Dr. Short, Dr. Rutty, and a 
 few others, the following treatiie has 
 been chiefly compiled*. 
 
 There are a great number of cold 
 mineral waters in England ; but the 
 number of the hot ones is very fmall. 
 In the above catalogue, the latter are 
 diftinguiihed from the former by hav- 
 ing an As t e r i s k placed before them. 
 Thofe of greatefr. note on the conti- 
 nent, however, are alio noticed ; in 
 many parts of which they abound. 
 
 The caufe of the heat of thofe wa- 
 ters is, in fome inftances, fubterra- 
 neous fire ; as is the cafe with fome 
 
 * The quantity of waters to be drank, and fome 
 other particulars, are not always mentioned by au- 
 thors, but they may eafily be learnt on the fpot. 
 
 F which
 
 gS Introduction. 
 
 which are fituated near volcanos. In 
 other cafes the heat arifes from the 
 mineral ingredients with which they 
 are impregnated in their paflage. 
 And the fame may be faid of thofe 
 w r aters which are cooler than the com- 
 mon temperature of the atmofphere. 
 Thus it is known, that quick-lime, 
 the pyrites flone, and other fub- 
 ftances, thrown into wafer will make 
 it warm. On the contrary, falts of 
 various kinds make it colder than be- 
 fore. 
 
 The warm waters poffefs many of 
 the virtues and properties of cold wa- 
 ters of the fame clafs, and which are 
 impregnated in the fame manner ; but 
 they are preferable in many cafes, 
 as from their warmth they are more 
 kindly and agreeable to the ilomachs 
 of weak people, and promote perfpi- 
 ration . 
 
 The warm waters are alfo ufed as 
 
 warm
 
 Intro duel ion . g 9 
 
 warm baths, and may in general be 
 confidered as warm medicated baths ; 
 and thefe by relaxing the fibres, are of 
 ufe in a variety of diforders which take 
 their rife from rigidity, and from 
 fpafm, as alio from other caufes. 
 Hence their great ufe in rheumatifms, 
 inflammations, coflivenefs, &c. The 
 cure is ufually affifted by the internal 
 ufe of thofe waters at the time. 
 
 For complaints of a particular part 
 of the body, either the part is foment- 
 ed with the warm water, or the water 
 is railed to an height by pumps, or 
 otherwife, and then let fall with force 
 on the diieafed part ; this is called 
 pumping by the Englifh ; the French 
 term it the Douche. 
 
 Contrivances are alfo ufed for raifing 
 
 thefe waters into vapour or Jieam, and 
 
 confining it fo that it may be applied 
 
 to the whole body, or to particular 
 
 F 2 parts.
 
 ioo Introdu&ion. 
 
 parts. Thefe contrivances are called 
 vapour baths. 
 
 Baths are likewife made of the mud 
 found at the bottom of thefe waters ; 
 and they have been found ferviceable in 
 removing pains, and achs ; and para- 
 lytic, and other complaints. The 
 mud is either rubbed on the part, or 
 the part is immerfed in it, as may be 
 judged convenient or proper ; when 
 it is collected in quantity in a refer- 
 voir for thefe purpofes, it is called the 
 mud bath. 
 
 The cold waters are alfo, in fome 
 cafes, ufed externally. 
 
 I mall conclude this introduction 
 by mentioning fome of the moft ob- 
 vious methods of analyzing, or difco- 
 vering the nature of mineral waters. 
 The various fubftances occalionally 
 found united with water, and with 
 each other by diffufion, or by chemi- 
 cal
 
 Introduction . I o I 
 
 cal folution, maybe comprifed chiefly, 
 as Dr. Fothergill obferves, under four 
 elafles. 
 
 i. Aerial. Atmofpheric, vita], 
 fixed, inflammable, hepatic, and phlo- 
 gifticated airs. 
 
 2. Saline. Vitriolic, nitrous, and 
 marine acids ; natron, kali, ammo- 
 nia, and fulphurated kali. 
 
 3. Metallic. Iron, copper, 
 zinc, manganefe, arfenic. 
 
 4. Earthy. Magnefia, lime, 
 clay, barytes, filiceous earth. 
 
 Of neutral falts we find the vitrio- 
 lic acid united with natron, kali, lime, 
 magnefia, clay, iron, copper, and 
 zinc. The nitrous acid with the 
 four former of thefe. The marine 
 acid with the fame ; and fometimes 
 with barytes, manganefe, and clay. 
 And the aerial acid with thefe, and 
 F 3 alfo
 
 1 02 Introduction. 
 
 alio with iron, zinc, and manga- 
 nefe. 
 
 Sulphur, foffil oil, and extracts from 
 vegetable and animal fubftances, are 
 alio found fometimes in mineral wa- 
 ters. 
 
 From thefe all the virtues of mi- 
 neral waters are derived, if we except 
 what they obtain from their tempera- 
 ture. To inveftigate them by an ac- 
 curate analyfis, fome care and atten- 
 tion are neceifary. The following 
 methods are collected from the bell 
 writers on that fubjecl. 
 
 Previous to the chemical examina- 
 tion the fenfible qualities of the wa- 
 ter, as tafte, fmell, colour, and degree 
 of tranfparency, mould be obferved. 
 Thefe, with the fpecific gravity, tem- 
 perature, and furrounding foil, will 
 afford confiderable information, and 
 point out the readiefl methods of ana- 
 lyzing it. 
 
 To
 
 introduction . 103 
 
 To the tajie the aerial acid gives a 
 gentle fmartnefs or poignancy : vitri- 
 olic or nitrous (alts, a bitternefs : 
 lime or fclenite, a flight auftertty : 
 alum, a fwectifh aftringency : natron, 
 and marine fait, a naufeous brackifh- 
 nefs : copper, a flight tafte of braib 1 
 iron, an inky tafte. 
 
 To the fmell aerial acid exhibits an 
 agreeable penetrating odour like that 
 of fermenting liquors : hepatic air *, 
 an odour like that of a foul eun, or 
 ignited gunpowder. 
 
 A brown, reddifh, or yellow colour •, 
 betrays various impurities : a whkiili 
 indicates clay : a blue, vitriol of cop- 
 per : a green or variegated film, vi- 
 triol of iron ; and this lafb is con- 
 firmed if there be a yellow ochry fe- 
 diment. 
 
 The examination ought to be made 
 
 * A bituminous or a'phaltic air gives a fmell 
 fomewhat fimilar to this. 
 
 F 4 in
 
 104 IntroduBton. 
 
 in the different feafons, at different 
 
 times of the day, and particularly in 
 
 different ftates of the atmofphere, as 
 
 thefe have confiderable influence on 
 
 waters. 
 
 There are three modes of analyzing 
 mineral waters: by reagents; by 
 
 EVAPORATION; by DISTILL ATI0N. 
 
 All thefe have their ufes. 
 
 A great number of different re- 
 agents have been employed, of which 
 the following are the principal, and 
 perhaps all that deferve to be noticed. 
 
 Syrup of violets. All vegeta- 
 ble blues turn red with acids ; green, 
 with alkalis. This has been moft 
 commonly ufed, but many are now 
 difpofed to reject it in favour of others. 
 It will fometimes change green with 
 iron ; which, if it were trufted to 
 alone, might lead to miftakes. 
 
 Tino
 
 introduction. 105 
 
 Tincture of turnsole, or a 
 blue tincture prepared from lacmofs, 
 appears to be a more fenfible teftj 
 and 
 
 The JUICE OF RED CABBAGE, 
 
 recommended by Mr. Watt, may be 
 in Tome cafes preferable to either. 
 
 Infusion of Br azil wooD/which 
 is red, with alkalis becomes blue. 
 Acids change it yellow, and reftore 
 the red deflroyed by an alkali. Paper 
 flamed with the infufion, a little 
 ftarch being previoufly boiled in it, is 
 a more fenfible tefl than the infufion 
 itfelf. 
 
 Infusion of turmeric is made 
 brown by alkalis. 
 
 Tincture of galls in fpirit of 
 wine. This mould be made as ftrong 
 as poffible. It readily difco vers iron, 
 in proportion to the quantity of which 
 it will vary in colour through different 
 gradations of purple, and if the quan- 
 F 5 tity
 
 io6 Introduction. 
 
 tity be large it will appear quite 
 black. 
 
 Palogisticated, or as it is now 
 more generally called, Prussian al- 
 kali, is alfo ufed as a tefl of iron, 
 with which it exhibits Pruffian blue. 
 It precipitates copper of a reddifh 
 brown colour; zinc and manganefe, 
 white ; but thefe two precipitates may 
 be diftinguiflied from each other by 
 the latter becoming black by calcina- 
 tion, which effects no change in the 
 former : it like wife precipitates other 
 metals. An improved method of pre- 
 paring this alkali may be found in the 
 firit volume of the Analytical Review ^ 
 
 Concentrated vitriolic a- 
 cid. It difcovers barytes. 
 
 Fuming nitrous acid is recom- 
 mended by Bergman to precipitate 
 fulphur, when the water contains it 
 in the form of hepar. 
 
 Acid cf sugar is a very fenfible 
 
 teft
 
 LitroduSlion* toy 
 
 teffc of lime, but does not always de- 
 tect it, being incapable of difengaging 
 it when held in folution by a consi- 
 derable excefs of any acid, the fparry 
 and acetous excepted. This is a cu- 
 rious fact not generally known. 
 
 Fixed vegetable alkali pre- 
 cipitates all earths, except barytes and 
 metals. M. de Fourcroy recommends 
 it to be perfectly pure, or cauftic; but 
 oblerves, that it will in that ftate pre- 
 cipitate any lefs foluble neutral fait 
 with an alkaline bafe. 
 
 Volatile alkali. This, if 
 perfectly pure, decompofes only earthy 
 falts with bales of clay or magnefia; 
 but if aerated, will alfo decompofe cal- 
 careous falts by double affinity. It 
 changes water containing copper 
 blue. 
 
 Lime water detects theprefence 
 
 of aerial acid, with which it forms a 
 
 precipitate. As thirty- two parts of 
 
 F 6 chalk
 
 10S Introduction. 
 
 chalk contain thirteen of the aerial 
 acid, the quantity of the latter, in a 
 mineral water, may be afcertained by 
 the weight of the chalk depofited. It 
 alio decompofes metallic falts, and 
 clay or magnefia when united with the 
 marine or vitriolic acids. 
 
 Salited barytes is a moil fen- 
 fible teft of vitriolic acid, taking it 
 from every other bafe, and forming 
 with it an infoluble compound. 
 
 Nitrated silver, when dif- 
 folved in diftilled water, will detect 
 the fmallefr. veflige of a marine acid : 
 but it is by no means an accurate teft, 
 as vitriolic acid, if in considerable 
 quantity, occafions alfo a precipitate 
 with it ; and the fame effect is ftill 
 more evidently produced by fixed al- 
 kali, chalk, or magnefia, unlefs ni- 
 trous acid fufficient to faturate them 
 be previouily added. 
 
 Nitrated mercury. Of this 
 
 there
 
 Introduction. 109 
 
 there are two kinds, one made with 
 heat, the other without. Many cir- 
 cumftances combine to render this an 
 extremely fallacious teft. 
 
 A SOLUTION OF ARSENIC ill the 
 
 marine acid will precipitate fulphur 
 from water in which it is held dif- 
 folved by means of fixed air. 
 
 We may add, that white arse- 
 nic becomes yellow if immerfed in 
 water containing hepatic gas : and a 
 piece of polifhed iron will receive a 
 copper-colour from water in which 
 copper is dirlblved. By the latter 
 method copper has been detected in 
 pine-apple rum, in which the aqua 
 ammonia? produced no change. 
 
 The examination of mineral wa- 
 ters has generally been made with too 
 fmall quantities. The befl method 
 is to mix leveral pounds with each 
 reagent, till the latter ceafes to pro- 
 duce
 
 tio IntroduBion. 
 
 duce any precipitate. It fhould then 
 be fufTered to fubfide for twenty-four 
 hours in a well-covered verTel, and, 
 after being filtered, the precipitate 
 may be weighed and examined. 
 
 Evaporation is the fecond means 
 emp'oyed for obtaining the fixed prin- 
 ciples of a mineral water. For this 
 purpofe a large quantity mould be 
 employed ; fometimes even feveral 
 hundred pounds. VeiTels of metal 
 mould by no means be ufed. The 
 beff. methods are, evaporating to dry- 
 nefs in open glafs verTels in the water- 
 bath, or, which is preferable, in glafs 
 retorts in a fand-bath. 
 
 The refiduum thus obtained is to 
 be weighed, and put into a phial with 
 three or four times its weight of fpirit 
 of wine. The phial being well 
 fhaken, if mould be fet by for fome 
 hours to fubfide. What the fpirit 
 
 will
 
 Introduction. 1 1 1 
 
 will not diflblve, being dried, mould 
 be mixed with eight times its weight 
 of cold diftilled water, weighing it 
 again previoufly to afcertain the quan- 
 tity taken up by the fpirit. What is 
 not foluble in this proportion of cold 
 water, mould be boiled in four or five 
 hundred times its weight of theXame 
 fluid. All thefe products, with the 
 reiiduum of the latter, are to be exa- 
 mined feparately. 
 
 The fpirituous folution will con- 
 tain calcareous and magnefian mu- 
 riate. After evaporating to drynefs, 
 the reiiduum is to be diiTolved in wa- 
 ter. Add to this vitriolic acid: the 
 calcareous earth will precipitate in 
 the form of felenite, and the magne- 
 fian may be obtained in that of Epfom 
 filt, from which kali will precipitate 
 the magnefia. 
 
 The cold water will have dhTolved 
 the neutral falts with alkaline or earthy 
 
 bales,
 
 112 Introduction. 
 
 bafes, and fometimes a fmall quantity 
 of martial vitriol. As a greater or 
 lefs number of thefe are almoft always 
 mixed, and in various proportions, 
 fome care is neceiiary to afcertain 
 them. They mould be feparated, if 
 practicable, by a flow evaporation. In 
 this way they make their appearance 
 according to their promptitude to 
 cryftallize. But as this method does 
 not always fucceed perfectly, however 
 careful we may be in conducting the 
 evaporation, it will be necefTary to 
 re-examine the falts obtained at the 
 different periods of the procefs. Al- 
 kaline fait is known by its lixivious 
 tafte and erfervefcence with acids. 
 Diftilled vinegar will determine whe- 
 ther this be vegetable or mineral, as 
 with the former it yields a deliquef- 
 cent fait ; with the latter, foliated 
 cryftals. Neutral falts compofed of 
 vitriolic acid may be decompofed by 
 
 the
 
 Introduction. 113 
 
 the falited barytes. The vitriolic acid 
 will decompofe thofe into which the 
 nitrous or marine acid enters : if it be 
 the former, red fumes will arife ; if 
 the latter, grey. The bafes of falts 
 compounded of the vitriolic acid may 
 be dift-inguifhed by the figure of the 
 cry ftals, except natron and magnefia; 
 but the latter renders lime-water tur- 
 bid, the former does not. If the acid 
 be the marine, acid of tartar will take 
 from it kali, and a true tartar will 
 be precipitated : if it be united with 
 natron, no decompofition will enfue. 
 The vitriolic acid will take from it 
 calcareous earth, and form felenite -, 
 or magnefia, and form Epfom fait -, 
 or clay, and form alum. If copper be 
 the balls, aqua ammonia? will render 
 the folution blue ; if iron, tincture of 
 galls will turn it purple or black. 
 Cretaceous foda, if there be any, is 
 ufually depofited with the muriatic 
 
 falts :
 
 I 14 Introdiitlmi. 
 
 falts : they may be feparated, how- 
 ever, by the following proceis of 
 M. Gioanetti. Warn the mixed fait 
 with diftilled vinegar : dry it and 
 pour on fpirit of wine : this will dif- 
 folve the acetous foda, without act- 
 ing on the marine fait. By evapora- 
 tion and calcination the foda will be 
 left pure, and thus its quantity accu- 
 rately determined. 
 
 If the water took up any thing dur- 
 ing the boiling, in the third procefs, 
 it muft. be felenite. This the pure 
 kali will precipitate. 
 
 The reriduum, on which neither 
 the fpirit of wine nor the water could 
 act, may confift. of calcareous earth, 
 aerated magnefia or iron, clay and 
 quartz. The two laft are rare. A 
 brown or yellow colour indicates 
 iron ; a white grey, the abfence of it. 
 If it contain iron, it mould be moif- 
 tened and expofed to the rays of the 
 § fun,
 
 Introduction \ 115 
 
 fun, and, when the iron is perfectly 
 in (led, digefted in diftilled vinegar. 
 This will diilolve the lime and mag- 
 nefia, which may be feparated by the 
 vitriolic acid, as we have pointed out 
 above. The iron and clay are folu- 
 ble in pure marine acid, from which 
 the former may be precipitated by the 
 Pruffian alkali; the latter, by the 
 mild vegetable alkali. The matter 
 which remains is ufually quartzofe: 
 this the blowpipe will afcertain. 
 
 Distillation is employed to 
 procure the aeriform fluids contained 
 in water. For this purpofe fome 
 pounds mutt be put into a retort, of 
 which they mould not fill more than 
 half or two thirds : to the retort a 
 recurved tube is to be adapted, pair- 
 ing underneath an inverted vefTel 
 filled with mercury. The retort is 
 then to be heated till the water boils, 
 
 or
 
 1 1 6 Introdu&ion. 
 
 or till no more elaftic fluid pafTes over. 
 Hepatic air, and fixed air, are thofe 
 moil commonly met with in waters. 
 The former is eafily dirtinguimable 
 by its peculiar fmell ; the latter by 
 being abforbed by lime-water, from 
 which it precipitates the calcareous 
 earth. 
 
 A N
 
 A N 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 O F T K E 
 
 MEDICINAL VIRTUES, &a 
 
 O F 
 
 MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Abcourt, near St. Ger mams, Jour 
 leagues from Paris. 
 
 IT is a briik chalybeate water, im- 
 pregnated with fixed air, and na- 
 tron ; and refembles the waters of 
 Spa and Ilmington. 
 
 Aberbrothock, iii Scotland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, fimilar to 
 thofe of Peterhead and Glendy. 
 
 Acton,
 
 1 1 3 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Ac ton, near London, in the county 
 of Middle/ex. 
 
 The wells are much frequented in 
 May, June, and July. 
 
 The water is clear, and without 
 fmell, but its tafte is fomewhat bit- 
 ten fh. 
 
 It contains upwards of five drams 
 of vitriolated magnefia in the gallon. 
 
 It is one of the ftrongeir. purging 
 waters about London; and is noted 
 for caufing a great forenefs in the fun- 
 dament. . 
 
 A g h a l o o, or Aphaloo, in the 
 county of Tyrone, Ireland. 
 
 It is a fulphureous water of the 
 fame kind with that of Swadlingbar, 
 but ftronger. Like that, it is alfo 
 impregnated with natron, and a fmall 
 quantity of purging fait. 
 
 Aix-
 
 of Mineral Waters. 119 
 
 A I X - L A - C H A P E L L E *, ill the 
 
 duchy of fullers, Germany. 
 
 This place has long been famous 
 for its hot fulphureous waters and 
 
 * My friend, the ingenious Dr. Simmons, 
 F. R. S. who made many experiments on the wa- 
 ters during his refidence at this place, has favour- 
 ed me with an account of their feveral tempera- 
 tures, as repeatedly obferved by himfelf, with' a 
 thermometer conflru&ed by Nairne. 
 
 The fpring which fupplies the Emperor's bath 
 (Bain do? Empercur), the New Bath (Bain 
 Ncuf), and the Qiieen of Hungary's bath 
 (Bain de la Reine de Hongrie) — 1 2 7° 
 
 St. Quirin's bath (Bain de St. £hiiri>i) 112° 
 
 The Rofe bath (Bain de la Rofe), and the 
 Poor's bath (Bain des Paui-res), both which 
 are fupplied by the fame fpring — 1 12* 
 
 Charles's bath (Bain de Charles), and St. 
 Corneille's bath (Bain de St. Corneille) II2 6 
 
 The fpring ufed for drinking is in the Hi^h 
 Street, oppofite to Charles's bath ; the heat 
 of it at the pump is - ■ - io6° 
 
 Dr. Afti makes the greateft heat 136 of Fahren- 
 heit, placing the temperatures of the different 
 baths from 3 to 9 higher than in the above ac- 
 count. 
 
 baths.
 
 120 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 baths. They arife from feveral fources, 
 which fupply eight baths conftructed 
 in different parts of the town. 
 
 Thefe waters near the fources- are 
 clear and pellucid, and have a frrong 
 fulphureous fniell refembling the 
 warnings of a foul gun ; but they 
 lofe this fmell by expofure to air. 
 Their tafte is faline, bitter, and uri- 
 nous. They do not contain iron. 
 They are alio neutral near the foun- 
 tain, but afterwards are manifeftly, 
 and pretty ftrongly alkaline, infomuch 
 that cloaths are warned with them 
 without foap. 
 
 The gallon contains about two 
 fcruples of lea fait, the fame quantity of 
 chalk, and a dram and half of natron. 
 
 They are at firfl naufeous and harm, 
 but by habit become familiar and 
 agreeable. At firfl drinking alfo they 
 generally affect the head. 
 
 Their general- operation is by ffool 
 
 and
 
 of Mineral IVatcrs. 1 2 1 
 
 and urine, without griping or diminu- 
 tion of itrength ; and they alfo pro- 
 mote perfpiratjoii. 
 
 The quantity to be drunk as an al- 
 terative, is to be varied according to 
 the conititution, and other circum- 
 itances of the patient, in general, 
 it is bell to begin with a quarter, or 
 half a pint in the morning, and in- 
 creafe the dofe afterwards to pints, 
 as mav be found convenient. The 
 water is beft drunk at the fountain. 
 When it is required to purge, it mould 
 be drunk in large and often repeated 
 draughts. 
 
 In regard to bathing, this alfo 
 muft be determined by the age, fex", 
 flrength, &c. of the patient, and by 
 the feafon. The degree of heat of 
 the bath mould likewife be conhder- 
 ed. The tepid ones are in general 
 the beft, though there are fome cafes 
 in which the hotter ones are moil pro- 
 G per.
 
 122 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 per. But even in thefe it is beft to 
 begin with the temperate baths, and 
 
 increafe the heat gradually. 
 
 . Thefe waters are erlicacious in dif- 
 cafes proceeding from indigeflion, and 
 from foulnefs of the ftomach and 
 bowels. In rheumatifrns ; in the 
 fcurvy, fcrophula, and difeafes of 
 the fkin ; in hyfleric, and hypochon- 
 driacal diforders ; in nervous com- 
 plaints and melancholy; in the fcone 
 and gravel ; in paralytic complaints ; 
 in thofe evils which follow an inju- 
 dicious ufe of mercury, and in many 
 other cafes. 
 
 They ought not however to be gi- 
 ven in heclic cafes where there is 
 heat and fever, in putrid diforders, 
 or where the blood is diifolved, or the 
 .conflitution much broken down. 
 
 Alford,
 
 of Mineral Waters . 123 
 
 Alford, orAwFORD, in Somer- 
 fetfiire, about 24 miles font b ward 
 of Bath. 
 
 This fait fpring was difcovered in 
 1670, from the pigeons which flew 
 thither in great numbers to drink the 
 water : thofe birds being known to be 
 fond of fait. 
 
 It contains a purging fait, together 
 with a portion of fea fait. 
 
 It is rtrongly purgative. 
 
 It is recommended as cooling, 
 cleanfmg, and attenuating. As a 
 good remedy in the fcurvy, jaundice, 
 and other glandular obftructions. It 
 alfo promotes urine and fweat, and 
 therefore is good in gravelly and other 
 diforders of the kidnies and bladder; 
 and in complaints arifing from ob- 
 ftructed perfpiration. 
 
 G2 AlcKER-
 
 1-24 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 A L k e R T o N, //z Gloucefierjlnre, near 
 the city of Gloucejler. 
 
 It is a purging water, of the nature 
 of thofe of Dulwich and Epfom. 
 
 Anaduff, in the county of Lei- 
 trim, Ireland. 
 
 It is a fulphureous water, of the 
 fame kind with thofe of Killajher and 
 Drumafnave, but weaker. 
 
 Antonian." 
 See Tonfein. 
 
 A s h w o o d, in the county of Ferma- 
 nagh, Ireland. 
 
 It is a fulphureous water ; and con- 
 tains natron, with a fmall quantity of 
 purging fait. 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the wa- 
 ters of Drumgoon and Swadlingbar. 
 
 Askeron,
 
 of Mineral Waters. 125 
 
 Askeron, five miles from Don- 
 cajler t in Vorkjliire. 
 
 It is a ftrong fulphureous water, 
 and is ilightly impregnated with a 
 purging Hilt. 
 
 A gallon contains forty-eight grains 
 of vitriolated magnefia, with a little 
 fea fait, and a dram and half of earth. 
 
 It is recommended internally and 
 externally in ftrumous and other ul- 
 cers, fcabies, leprofy, and fimilar com- 
 plaints. 
 
 It is good in chronic obftru&ions, 
 and in cafes of worms and foulnefs of 
 the bowels. 
 It operates by flool and urine. 
 
 A s T r o p e, near Banbury , in Ox- 
 ford/hire. 
 
 It is a brifk, fpirituous, pleafant- 
 tafted chalybeate water, and is alfo 
 gently purgative. 
 
 G 3 It
 
 126 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It mould be drunk from three to 
 five quarts in the forenoon. 
 
 I* is recommended as excellent in 
 female obftructions, the gravel, hy- 
 pochondria, and fimilar diforders. 
 
 A s w a r by, /even miles from Gran- 
 tham, in Lincolnfire, 
 
 It is a fine blueifh chalvbeate wa» 
 ter, and is gently laxative without oc~ 
 cafioning .griping or faintnefs, or a 
 pain in the fundament; which is a 
 common effect of waters impregnated 
 with fea fait. In its virtues it refem- 
 bles the Cheltenham water. 
 
 A t H l o n e , in the county of Rof- 
 coinmon, Ireland. 
 It is a chalybeate water, without 
 colour or fmell, hut it will not keep. 
 
 It operates by urine, and is gently 
 laxative. It feems to refemble the 
 liartkpoo! water. 
 
 Ayle-
 
 of Mine? 'al Wate) s. 127 
 
 Aylesham, in Norfolk. 
 
 It is a flight chalybeate water, Si- 
 milar to that of ' Ijlington. 
 
 Baden, in Aifria, Germany. 
 
 The waters are warm and fulphu- 
 reous, and have been recommended 
 in thofe diforders in which the Bare- 
 ges and Aix-la-Chapelle waters have 
 been found ferviceable. Thev are 
 
 4 
 
 particularly fpoken of for the cure ot 
 gun-fhot wounds, and the complaints 
 which remain after them. 
 
 Baden Bad e-n, in Swatia, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 There are a number of hot fulphu- 
 reous fprings and baths in and near 
 this place, which have the fame ge- 
 neral virtues as thofe of Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle and Bareges. Taken inwardly 
 they are alfo gently laxative. 
 
 G 4 Bag-
 
 128 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 BagneRes, in the Bigorre, France, 
 At this place are a variety of warm 
 baths, which are ufed in the fame dif- 
 orders as thofe of Aix-Ia-Chapelk. 
 
 The waters of fome fprings taken 
 internally are diuretic, and others pur- 
 gative. 
 
 Bagnigge V/ells Purging 
 Water. 
 
 It is fituated on the north- eafl fide 
 of London, near IHington, and is 
 much frequented in the fpring. 
 
 It is a fait purging water, contain- 
 ing in the gallon 257 grains of fea 
 fult and vitriolated magnefia mixed. 
 
 Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of 
 Pancras and Acton. 
 
 The dofe is from a pint to a quart. 
 But it is ufually quickened with Glau- 
 ber's, or other falts. 
 
 The
 
 of Mineral Waters . 129 
 
 The Chalybeate Water. 
 
 It is clear when it comes from the 
 pump, and has a flight irony tafte. 
 
 When nrft taken to the quantity of 
 three or four glaffes, it is ufually pur- 
 gative. But this effect does not con- 
 tinue after the interlines are cleared 
 of their vitiated contents. 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the Orjlon 
 and other fimilar chalybeates. 
 
 Balaruc, in Languedoc, France. 
 
 The waters of this place are hot, 
 and gently purgative. They have 
 been ufed in many diforders for which 
 fait purging waters are prefcribed. 
 
 They contain calcareous and mag- 
 nefian muriate, fea fait, and chalk. 
 
 As they are hot, they have alfo been 
 found particularly ufeful in cafes 
 where warm baths are proper, to arlifr. 
 the operation of fuch waters, 
 
 G 5 Hence
 
 130 MecUchial Virtues 
 
 Hence they have been found par- 
 ticularly ufeful in paifies and rheu- 
 matifms, in fcrophula, and many other 
 diibrders. 
 
 Balemore. 
 See' II mi ?2 gt on. 
 
 Ball, or B a n d-w ell, in Lin- 
 coln ifiire. 
 
 It refembles the Drop ping-Well wa- 
 ter. Four or five half pints are rec- 
 koned a fufficient dofe. 
 
 Bally castle, in Antrim, Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, fomewhat 
 of the nature of thofe of IJlington and 
 Hampftead > only it is {lightly fulphu- 
 reous. 
 
 Ballynahinch, in Down, Ireland. 
 
 It is a very clear, cold, chalybeate 
 
 and
 
 cf Mineral Wafers, 1 3 1 
 
 and fulphureous water, and is good 
 in fcorbutic and cutaneous difeafes, 
 in lofs of appetite, &c. 
 
 Ballyspellan, near Kilkenny, 
 hi Ireland. 
 It is a flight chalybeate water, fimi~ 
 lar to thofe of Jjlington and Hamp- 
 Jlead. 
 
 Bareges, in the Bigorre, France. 
 
 There are feveral fprings of hot 
 fulphureous water at this place, which 
 form four baths *. 
 
 The water is at firft clear ; but by 
 /landing throws up a thin pellicle, 
 refembling a fine light oil. It has a 
 flight fulphureous fmell, like that of 
 eggs boiled hard. It has a foft and 
 
 * Dr. Simmons informs me, that on plunging 
 his thermometer into the hotteft fpring the mer- 
 cury role to 112 . 
 
 Dr. Afh placed the hotteft at 122°, the leaft hot 
 at 97'. 
 
 G 6 fome-
 
 t 3 2 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 fomewhat naufeous tafte, and feels 
 foft, like foap- water, or oil. Its vo- 
 latile parts fly off on expofure to the 
 air -, and it is befl drunk at the foun- 
 tain head. 
 
 It contains fulphurated kali, with 
 a very fmall portion of fea fait, na- 
 tron, calcareous earth, and felenite. 
 
 This water operates by perfpiration, 
 and by urine; but feldom by flool. 
 The dofe is ufually a quart, or three 
 pints. 
 
 It is alfo ufed as a bath -, as a fo- 
 mentation ; and as a douche. 
 
 The Bareges waters have been re- 
 commended in a variety of diforders - y 
 in rheumatifms, palfies, convulfions, 
 cutaneous eruptions, the gout, fcurvy, 
 &c. Alfo in wounds, ulcers, hard 
 tumours -, and they are faid to have 
 been efficacious in old gun-fhot 
 wounds, and in hard knots in the ure- 
 thra after venereal complaints. 
 
 Bar-
 
 of Mineral Waters. 133 
 
 Barnet and North -hall. 
 
 The former fpring is fituated at 
 Eaft Barnet in Hertfordfhire. 
 
 The latter lies about three miles 
 north of High Barnet. 
 
 They are both purging waters, 
 fomewhat of the nature of Epfom wa- 
 ter, but much weaker. That of 
 Barnet is the ftrongefl of the two, 
 containing five drams of vitriolated 
 magnefia, with a little fea fait, in the 
 gallon. 
 
 Barrowdale. Thejpring is about 
 three miles from Kefwick in Cumber- 
 land. 
 
 It is a fait water, and much of the 
 nature of that of the fea. 
 
 A gallon affords feven ounces and 
 two drams of fea fait mixed with a 
 little vitriolated magnefia. 
 
 It is a brifk and rough purge even 
 
 to
 
 134 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 to ilrong constitutions, occafioning 
 great third:, and heating the body. A 
 pint is ufually furiicient for a dofe. 
 
 Taken in lefs quantity (half, or a 
 quarter of a pint) it operates by urine. 
 
 It is of excellent ufe in fcorbutic 
 complaints, in the King's evil, and 
 the leprofy. It is alfo powerful in 
 removing chronic obflructions ; in 
 clearing the blood of acrimonious-hu- 
 mours ; in difeafes of the (kin ; and 
 in all thofe complaints in which fea 
 water is ferviceable. Like that alfo 
 it may be ufed externally by way of 
 fomentation or bath. See Sea Wa- 
 ter. 
 
 Bath, in Sotnerfetfiire. 
 
 This place has long been famous 
 for its warm chalybeate waters. There 
 are feveral fprihgs, but their waters 
 are all of the fame nature. There 
 are fix baths; but the principal are 
 
 the-
 
 of Mineral Waters. 135 
 
 the Kings bath, the §>geen's bath, 
 and the Crofs bath. The others are 
 only appendages to thefe. The two 
 former raife the thermometer to 1 1 6% 
 the latter to 1 1 2'. 
 
 The water when viewed in the 
 baths has a green ifh, or fea colour : 
 but in a vial it appears quite tranf- 
 parent and colourlefs, and it fparkles 
 in the glafs. 
 
 It has a very flight faline, bitterim, 
 and chalybeate tafle, which is not dif- 
 agreeable, and fometimes fomewhat 
 of a fulphureous fmell; but this lat- 
 ter is not ufually perceivable, except 
 when the baths are filling. 
 
 The gallon of Bath water contains 
 twenty- three grains of chalk, the 
 fame quantity of muriate of magneiia, 
 thirty-eight of fea fait, and 8. 1 of 
 aerated iron. 
 
 As it rifes from the pump, it con- 
 tains fixed air, or other volatile acid, 
 
 in
 
 1 36 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 in a fufficient quantity to curdle milk 
 and difiblve iron. 
 
 The Bath water operates power- 
 fully by urine, and promotes perfpira- 
 tion. If drank quickly, in large 
 draughts, it fometimes purges ; but 
 if taken flowly and in fmall quanti- 
 ty, it rather has the contrary effect. 
 An heavinefs of the head, and in- 
 clination to fleep, are often felt on 
 iirffc drinking it. 
 
 This water when taken inwardly 
 gives a brilk fiimulus to the nerves 
 and fibres, and feems to give new life 
 and vigour to the whole frame. It 
 alfo powerfully corrects putrefcent 
 acrimony. Hence when taken into 
 the ftomach it is faid to dilute and 
 blunt whatever putrefcent humours it 
 meets with ; while its brifk, volatile, 
 chalybeate principles flimulate and 
 increafe the tone of the ftomach and 
 bowels, and brace up their fibres and 
 
 nerves..
 
 of Mineral Waters. 137 
 
 nerves. Entering the circulation, 
 they pervade the minute ft verlels - y di- 
 lute, blunt, and correct thofe fluids 
 in the blood which are too putrefcent; 
 incre*aie the action of the whole vaf- 
 cular fyftem to promote the circula- 
 tion through the fmalleft vefTels, to 
 break down grofs humours, to re- 
 move obftructions, and to promote 
 fecretions of the fkin and kidnies, 
 for carrying off thofe fluids that are 
 unfit to circulate longer in the general 
 mafs. And hence it is that they have 
 been found fo ferviceable in fuch a 
 variety of diforders. In female com- 
 plaints, for example ; fuch as ob- 
 structions of the menfes ; barrennefs 
 proceeding from obftruction and re- 
 laxation of tfie womb -, the fluor al- 
 bus, &c. In hyfteric and hypochon- 
 driacal diforders -, in complaints of 
 the flomach and bowels proceeding 
 from weaknefs and laxity, or from 
 
 putref-
 
 -138 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 putrefcent humours. In pains of the 
 itomach, attended with baddigeftion, 
 and in many cholicky and other dis- 
 orders of the ftomach and bowels. In 
 diforders of the head and nerves ; 
 fuch as palfies, epiieplies, convuliions, 
 Sec. In difeafes of the fkin ; the fea 
 fcurvy; leprofy. In obit-ructions of 
 the liver, fpleen, and other bowels j 
 in gouty and rheumatic complaints ; 
 in the ftone and gravel ; and in many 
 other difeafes. 
 
 Thefe waters being of an heating 
 nature, it is ufual, previous to a courfe 
 of them, to cool the body by gentle 
 purges, by a low diet, and, if found 
 neceffary, by bleeding. 
 
 They may be drunk from half a 
 pint, to two, three, or four pints in a 
 day, according to circumfbnees. The 
 bei'l method is to take one, two, three, 
 or four half glafles at proper intervals in 
 the morning - 3 a g'iafs or two an hour 
 
 before
 
 of Mineral TV ate rs. 1 39 
 
 before dinner ; and as much about 
 the fame time before fupper. The 
 patient in the mean time mould live 
 upon a light diet, eafy of digeftion ; 
 uie proper exercife ; go early to 
 bed ; and rife betimes in the morn- 
 
 ing. 
 
 In fome cafes, however, thefe wa- 
 ters are hurtful. In he&ic fevers, 
 for example ; in fuppurations of the 
 lungs; in fits of the gout; and in 
 the rheumatifm if inflammatory ; and 
 indeed in all cafes of inflammation; 
 as alfo where the action of the fibres 
 is already too ftrong, the animal heat 
 too great, and the blood thick and 
 fizy. 
 
 The quantity of the waters drank 
 in a day mould be gradually ericreafcd 
 to as much as the patient can bear ; 
 and after continuing that quantity a 
 furricient time, it mould be as regu- 
 larly diminished. The courfe may 
 
 be
 
 1 40 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 be continued for a month or fix 
 weeks. 
 
 The ufua] feafon for the Bath wa- 
 ters is in April, May, and June ; and 
 in Auguft, September, and October. 
 
 Thefe waters are alfo ufed exter- 
 nally in a variety of diforders, and 
 with good effect, either by bathing 
 or pumping, as occafion may re- 
 quire; efpecially if ufed inwardly at 
 the fame time. Forefts of crutches 
 left there, are an ample teftimony of 
 the efficacy of bathing in paralytic 
 cafes. By foftening and relaxing the 
 parts, and at the fame time giving a 
 gentle itimulus, they are alfo of fervice 
 in removing many inveterate gouty and 
 rheumatic complaints. In difeafes o£ 
 the limbs, &c. arifing from obftruc- 
 tions ; in fprained, relaxed, and ftirT 
 joints ' y in fcorbutic and cutaneous dif- 
 eafes, old fores and ulcers, and in 
 many other cafes; and when the 
 
 com-
 
 of Mineral Waters. 141 
 
 complaint is local, pumping is gene- 
 rally preferred to bathing. 
 
 It is a certain effect of thefe and 
 other baths, to throw out a rednefs 
 and kind of eruption on the fkin, ef- 
 pecially in thofe who are fcorbutic, 
 6tc. But this effect difappears by 
 their continued ufe, and the diforders 
 themfelves are at length cured. 
 
 The mud and fcum of thefe waters 
 have alfo been applied with good ef- 
 fect by way of poultice in hard fwel- 
 lings, in weak joints, in contractions 
 of the limbs, in fcald heads, running 
 ulcers, &c. and herbs are fometimes 
 boiled with them in the Bath water 
 to a proper confidence, for thefe and 
 the like purpofes. 
 
 Bilton, near Knarefoorougb, York- 
 fiire. 
 
 The water has a ftrong fulphureous 
 
 fmell,
 
 142 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 fmell, and tafles fomewhat filtim. It 
 is colder than common water. 
 
 It contains natron, with a little 
 fea fait. 
 
 It acts as a gentle purge ; and is 
 fomewhat fimilar in virtue to the Sut- 
 ton Bog water. 
 
 B 1 N l e Y, rittnr Coventry, Warwick- 
 re. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, and alfo 
 purgative and diuretic. It refembles 
 the Scarborough water, but is lefs pur- 
 gative. 
 
 Birmingham, in Warwickfiire. 
 
 Near this place is a brifk chaly- 
 beate water, which feems to refemble 
 that of Hampjtead in Middlefex* 
 
 Bords-
 
 of Mineral Waters . r 4 3 
 
 B O R D S C II E I T, Or B O R S E T*, tf&ftf 
 
 a mile a?id half from Aix-la-Cba- 
 pelky Germany. 
 
 The waters are warm, and of the 
 nature of thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 being, however, fomewhat more pur- 
 gative -, but they are only ufed as baths, 
 for the difeafes in which the waters laft 
 mentioned are recommended, and alfo 
 in dropiical and oedematous cafes. 
 
 Brabach, in the diftriSi of Men- 
 gerjklrchen, in the county of Naf- 
 fau, Germany. 
 
 It is a brifk fpirity chalybeate wa- 
 ter, which may be preferved long in 
 
 * The waters at this place, which is only about 
 a mile from Aix-la-Chapelle, are diftinguifhed 
 into the upper and lower fprings. The former, 
 which contain no hepatic air, were found by Dr. 
 Simmons to raife the thermometer to 158 ; the 
 latter, all of which are fulphureous, to i27°only. 
 All the baths are fupplied by the firft. 
 
 § well-
 
 1 44 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 well-ilopt bottles, though it foon 
 fpoils in the open air. It has a fome- 
 what fait, fulphureous, and aftringent 
 tafte, and contains natron. 
 
 It refembles the German Spa Water 
 in its general virtues. 
 
 Brandola, in Italy. 
 
 It is a flight chalybeate water, ex- 
 tremely limpid and cryftalline, im- 
 pregnated with an alkaline fait, and 
 abounding in fixed air. It fmells 
 fomewhat fulphureous, and has an 
 acidulous tafle. 
 
 It is commonly drunk from two 
 pints to a gallon or more in a day. It 
 promotes urine and perfpiration, and 
 is gently laxative. 
 
 Its virtues feem to refemble thofe 
 of the IjlingtonzxA German Spa wa- 
 ters. 
 
 Brent-
 
 of Mineral Waters, 14.^ 
 
 Brentwood, in EJfex. 
 
 It is a purging water, of the nature 
 of thofe of Pancras, Epfom, and Dul- 
 wich. 
 
 Bristol, in Somerfetfiire. 
 
 The fprings are known by the name 
 of the Hot Wells. 
 
 The water at its origin is warm, 
 clear, pellucid and fparkling ; and if 
 let ftand in a glafs, covers its infide 
 with fmall air-bubbles. It has no 
 fmell, and is foft and agreeable to the 
 tafte. It raifes the thermometer from 
 about feventy to eighty degrees. It 
 contains 1 2-|- grains of chalk, 52. of 
 muriate of magnefia, and 6? of fea fait 
 in the gallon. 
 
 It has been recommended in a va- 
 riety of diforders. In confumptions 
 and weaknefs of the lungs ; in cafes 
 H at-
 
 1 46 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 attended with hectic fever and heat 
 (in which, among other properties, 
 it differs from the Bath water) in 
 uterine and other internal haemorrha- 
 ges, and in immoderate difcharge of 
 the menfes ; in old diarrhoeas and 
 dyfenteries ; in the fluor albus -, in 
 gleets ; in the diabetes ; and in other 
 cafes where the fecretions are too 
 much increafed, and the humours too 
 thin ; in the ftone and gravel ; in the 
 ftrangury -, in colliquative fvveats ; 
 in fcorbutic and fimilar cafes ; in 
 cholics; in the gout and rheumatifm; 
 in lofs of appetite and indigeftion ; and 
 in many other difeafes. 
 
 The ufual method of drinking the 
 water is a glafs or two before break- 
 faft, and about five in the afternoon. 
 The next day three glafles before 
 breakfaft, and as many in the after- 
 noon ; and this is- to be continued 
 during the patient's flay at the Wells. 
 
 A quar-
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 47 
 
 A quarter or half an hour is allowed 
 between each glafs. 
 
 A courfe of thefe waters requires no 
 preparation further than to empty the 
 bowels by fome gentle purge; and if 
 heat or fever require, to take away 
 a few ounces of blood. Coftivenefs, 
 however, mould be avoided during the 
 courfe. 
 
 Externally they are ufeful in fore 
 and inflamed eyes -, fcrophulous and 
 cancerous ulcers ; and in other limilar 
 cafes. 
 
 This water is cooling and quenches 
 the thirft. It is befr. drunk at the 
 cipring head - y though it will bear car- 
 riage tolerably well. 
 
 Bromley, in Kent. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, refembling 
 thofe of Spa, JJlington, and Hawp- 
 Jl-:ad. 
 
 H 2 Brough-
 
 ■I 48 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Broughton, in the Weft Riding 
 of TorkJInre,, near Coin, in Lanca- 
 Jloire. 
 
 It is a ftrong fulphureous water -, it 
 turns filver and copper black; it red- 
 dens the leaves of trees, &c. and makes 
 the bottom of its bafon black. 
 
 It is impregnated with fea fait, and 
 a purging fait; and its virtues are 
 iimilar to thofe of the Harrowgate 
 water. 
 
 Buch, fituated about a German mil: 
 from the Carolme baths in Bohemia. 
 
 The waters have a brifk pungent 
 taile, and are plentifully impregnated 
 with fixed air. This, on expofure, 
 flies off, and they become inlipid. In 
 this they differ from Seltzer water, 
 which acquires a lixivial tafte by 
 Handing. 
 
 They contain, however, natron, in 
 
 the
 
 of Mineral Waters. i 49 
 
 the proportion of about fixteen grains 
 to the gallon ; and therefore their vir- 
 tues are fimilar to thofe of the Tilbury 
 and Seltzer waters, but much weaker- 
 
 Buglawton, near Co/igleton, in 
 Chef ire. 
 
 It is a fulphureous water, impreg- 
 nated with a purging fait, and in its 
 virtues feems to refemble the AJkeron 
 water. 
 
 It is intenfely cold, and has a pretty 
 Strong fulphureous fmell and tafte. 
 
 Burlington, in Tor k fire. 
 
 It is a brifk chalybeate water, and 
 refembles thofe of Scarborough and 
 Cheltenham, tho' it feems to be lefs 
 purgative. 
 
 Burnley, or Bournley, in 
 Lancafiire. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water of the na- 
 H 3 tu re
 
 150 ' Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ture of the Scarborough, but lefs pur- 
 gative. 
 
 Buxton, in Derbyfoire. 
 
 This is a hot water, refembling 
 that of Brijiol. It raifes the thermo- 
 meter to 81 ° or 8 2 . 
 
 It has a fweet and pleafant tafle. 
 
 It contains a little calcareous earth; 
 together, with a fmall quantity of fea 
 fait, and an inconiiderable portion of 
 a purging fait. Iron has been difco- 
 v sd in it, but in fo extremely final* 
 a quantity as not to de'lerve notice: 
 and even that perhaps owing to acci- 
 dent. 
 
 This water taken inwardly is ef- 
 teemed good in the diabetes ; in 
 bloody urine; in the bilious cholic ; 
 in lofs of appetite, and coldnefs of 
 the ftomach ; in inward bleedings j 
 in atrophy ; in contraction of the 
 veilels and limbs, efpecially from age; 
 
 in
 
 of Mino 'cil Wai< v \r . t 5 1 
 
 in cramps and convul lions ; in the 
 dry afthma without a fever ; and alio 
 in barren nefs. 
 
 Inwardly and outwardly it is laid 
 to be good in rheumatic and fcorbu- 
 tic complaints; in the gout; in in- 
 flammation of the liver and kidnies, 
 and in confumptions of the lungs ; 
 alio in old ftrains ; in hard callous 
 tumours ; in withered and contracted 
 limbs ; in the itch, lcabs, nodes, 
 chalky fwellings, ring-worms, and 
 other fimilar complaints. 
 
 Beildes the hot water, there is alfo 
 a cold chalybeate water, with a rough 
 irony tafte. It refembles the Caw- 
 thorp water. 
 
 Cannock, near Stafford. 
 
 It is one of the bed and lighted: 
 chalybeate waters in StafFordfhire. In 
 its virtues it refembles thofe of Hamp- 
 Jlead and Ijtmgton. 
 
 H 4 Cape
 
 i$2 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Cape Clear, Jituated in the mojl 
 fouthern part of Ireland. 
 
 It is a fmooth, faltifh water, and 
 lathers with foap. 
 
 It contains about half a dram of na- 
 tron, mixed with a little fea fait, in 
 the gallon. 
 
 Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of 
 the waters of 'Tilbury and Clifton, but 
 weaker. 
 
 Cargyrle, in Wales, 
 
 The fpring is fituated about ten or 
 twelve miles from Chefter. 
 
 The water is of the nature of the 
 Barrowdale water, but much weaker, 
 feveral quarts being required to be 
 taken for a purge. 
 
 Carlton, near Newark upon Trent, 
 in the county of Nottingham. 
 
 It is chalybeate water, refembling 
 thofe of IJlington and Hamp/iead, but 
 
 it
 
 of Mineral Waters. 153 
 
 it has a fcetid fmell, like infufion of 
 horfe-dung. 
 
 Caroline Baths, at Carl/bad,, 
 in Bohemia, Gen,: 
 
 The waters of this place are hot. 
 
 They contain thirty-fix grains of 
 chalk, forty-eight grains of fca fait, 
 one hundred and two grains of natron, 
 and fix drams of vitriolated natron. 
 They are alfo impregnated with iron. 
 
 The higheft temperature is 165°, 
 the lowefr. 1 14 . 
 
 They are recommended externally 
 and internally in female obftructions ; 
 in relaxed habits; in glandulous ob- 
 itructionsj in diforders arifing from 
 vifcid fluids, and in a variety of other 
 complaints ; and it is faid, that they 
 may be drunk, and bathed in, by per- 
 fons of all ages and constitutions, with 
 iafety. 
 
 H 5 Carr-
 
 154 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Carrickfergus, in the county 
 of Antrim, Ireland. 
 
 The water is of a blueifh colour, 
 and a very foft tafte, at the fountain- 
 head. 
 
 It is weakly purgative ; and muft 
 be drank to the quantity of two or 
 three quarts. 
 
 Near this fpring is another, a gallon 
 of the water of which affords about 
 an ounce and half of fea fait, and a 
 little vitriolated magneiia, with a quan- 
 tity of an earthy matter. 
 
 Carrickmore, in Ireland. 
 
 It is fituated about five miles from 
 Belturbet, in the county of Cavan. 
 
 The water has a foft, milky taile, 
 like Briftol water 3 and putrifies by 
 keeping. 
 
 It curdles a iblution of foapj and 
 with fait of tartar gives a white fedi- 
 ment. 
 
 $ It
 
 of Mineral Waters, 155 
 
 It contains natron, together with a 
 purging fait. 
 
 Its \ irtues therefore are fimilar to 
 thofe of Tilbury and Clifton. 
 
 Cash mo re, in the county f IFa- 
 terford, Ireland. 
 It is near the Crofs-to-wn water, 
 which it refembles in virtues, though 
 flronger. 
 
 Cast leconn el, in the county of 
 Limerick, Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water of conlide- 
 rable repute, and refembles the Ger- 
 man Spa waters. 
 
 Castle Loed, in Rojs/hire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 This is a ftrong fulphureous water. 
 
 The gallon yielded near it grains of 
 
 abforbent earth, 264 of felenite, 30^ 
 
 of faline matter conlifling of vitriolated 
 
 H 6 natron
 
 156 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 natron with a little fulphur, and pro- 
 bably a fmall portion of marine bittern. 
 It has been many years in repute 
 againft cutaneous difeafes. 
 
 Castlemaign, in the comity of 
 Kerry, Ireland. 
 
 It is a fulphureous, and ilrongly 
 chalybeate water, and in its virtues 
 feems to refemble that of Deddington. 
 
 C a w l e y, near Dranefeld, in Der- 
 byfiire. 
 
 It is fulphureous, and gently pur- 
 gative ; and refembles the Sljkeron 
 water. 
 
 It contains about half a dram of 
 vitriolated magnefia in the gallon. 
 
 Cawthorp, four miles from Bourne, 
 in Lincolnfjire. 
 
 It is a faltifh chalybeate water, and 
 foams much as it rifes from the fpring. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 57 
 
 It refembles the Tunbridge water in 
 virtues, but is faid to be mare purga- 
 tive ; and is alfo a good corrector of 
 acidities. 
 
 Chadlington, near Chipping- 
 Norton, Oxfordjhire. 
 
 The water has a faltifh tafte, and 
 fmells like the warnings of a foul gun. 
 
 It is one of the waters termed ful- 
 phureous. 
 
 It contains alfo natron, togetherwith 
 a little fea fait. 
 
 It acts as a purgative; and its vir- 
 tues refemble thole of the Sutton Bog 
 water. 
 
 Ciiaude Fontaine, about two 
 leagues from Liege, and three from 
 Spa, in Germany. 
 
 The water of thefe fprings is hot, 
 and fupplies fifty baths. 
 
 It is claffed by authors with the 
 
 fulphureous waters ; but Dr. Sim- 
 
 5 mons,
 
 1^8 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 mons *, who fpent fome time at this 
 place in 1776 and 1777, informs me 
 they have no fulphureous fmell; that 
 they are impregnated with calcareous 
 earth, and natron, and alio with fixed 
 air. 
 
 They are not chalybeate; and there- 
 fore rather refemble our Brijiol and 
 Buxton than the Bath water. 
 
 Their virtues externally however 
 may be collected from what has been 
 faid of the Aix-la-Chapelle and Bath 
 waters. 
 
 Cheltenham, in Gloucejlerfiire, 
 Jix miles from Gloucejler. 
 
 It is one of the beft and moft noted 
 purging chalybeate waters in England, 
 though it is not fo much frequented 
 as formerly. 
 
 * The fame gentleman informs me, that on the 
 5th of July 1777, when the mercury in his ther- 
 mometer, in the fhade, flood at 75 , it rofe in 
 the bath to 92 . 
 
 The
 
 of Mineral Waters . 159 
 
 The gallon contains eight drams 
 of a purging fait, partly vitriolated 
 natron, partly vitriolated magnefiaj 
 twenty-five grains of magneiia, part 
 of which is united with marine, part 
 with aerial ac^i ; and nearly five grains 
 of iron combined with aerial acid. It 
 alfo yielded thirty-two ounce mea- 
 fures of air, twenty-four of which 
 were fixed air, the reft phlogifticated 
 with a portion of hepatic air. 
 
 The dofe is from one pint to three 
 or four. It operates with great eafe, 
 and is never attended with gripings, 
 tenefmus, or {training at ftool. It is 
 bell taken a little warm. 
 
 It alfo creates an appetite ; is excel- ' 
 lent in fcorbutic complaints, and has 
 been ufed with fuccefs in the gravel. 
 
 As the fpring has been calculated to 
 yield only thirty-five pints of water 
 an hour, without frugal management 
 there would not be enough to fupply 
 
 the
 
 l6o Medicinal Virtues 
 
 the demands of the drinkers. The 
 Walton water has lately been recom- 
 mended as a fubfcitute to obviate this 
 inconvenience. 
 
 Chippenham, in Wiltjhire, 
 
 It is a pretty ftrong chalybeate wa- 
 ter, refembling thofe of IJlington and 
 Tun bridge, 
 
 Cleves, in the duchy of Cleves, 
 Germany. 
 
 \X is a brifk chalybeate water, and 
 operates by urine. It refembles the 
 Pyrmont water. 
 
 Clifton. This is a village near 
 Deddington, in Oxfordjl:ire. 
 
 The well is about a furlong fouth 
 of Clifton. The water is clear, and 
 has but little tafte. 
 
 The principal ingredient in it is na- 
 tron, of which about fixty-nve grains 
 are contained in the gallon. 
 
 Its
 
 of Mineral Waters 1 6 1 
 
 Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of 
 the Tilbury water, though in a lefs 
 degree. But as it alfo contains a 
 purging fait, it is more purgative than 
 that. 
 
 It has been much ufed by way of 
 bath in diforders of the fkin. 
 
 Cobham, in the county of Surry. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of 'Timhridge, but rather 
 irronger of the iron. 
 
 There is alfo a purging water near 
 it, from a gallon of which Dr. Hals 
 obtained an ounce or upwards of a 
 refiduum, con filling principally of vi- 
 triolated magnefia. 
 
 Codsalwood, fve miles from 
 J Votver hamptouy Staff or dftjire. 
 
 It is a itrong fulphureous water. 
 In its virtues it feems to refemble 
 the AJkeron water. 
 
 Col-
 
 1 62 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Colchester,'/// the county of 
 Ef'x. 
 
 It is a purging water of the nature 
 of thofe of ASton and Epfom. 
 
 Colurian, in the parifh of Ludg- 
 van, in Cornwall, 
 It is a chalybeate water, and feems 
 to referable thofe of Hampfead and 
 IJlington. 
 
 Comner, or Cumner, in Berk- 
 jrire, four miles %veji of Oxford. 
 
 The water is of a whitifh colour, 
 efpecially in the fummer. 
 
 It contains two hundred and forty- 
 four grains of vitriolated magneiia 
 with excefs of the magneiia, and fifty- 
 two of chalk. 
 
 It is purgative, and may be drunk 
 to the quantity of one, two, or three 
 
 quarts,
 
 of Mineral If \rtcrs . 163 
 
 quart?, according to the patient's con- 
 ftitution. 
 
 Coolauran, in the county of Fer- 
 managh, Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, refembling 
 that of Peterhead, but weaker. 
 
 Corstorpjiin, two miles from 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 It is a weak fulphureous water, 
 very ilightly impregnated with fea fait, 
 and vitriolated magnefia. 
 
 There is another fpring, about a 
 mile from Edinburgh, on the banks 
 of tne water of Leith. 
 
 They refemble the Moffat water in 
 virtues ; and the latter is reckoned the 
 ftrongeft. 
 
 Coventry, in Warwickjlrire. 
 
 It is a chalybeate and purging water, 
 which fits eafy upon the ftomach, 
 
 foon
 
 1 64 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ibon pafles off, raifes the fpirits, and' 
 creates an appetite. 
 
 In its general virtues it refembles the 
 
 Scarborough and Cheltenham waters. 
 
 Crick le Spa, fituated near 
 Broughton, in Lancaflnre. 
 
 It is a flrong fulphureous water, a 
 a gallon of which contains about four 
 drams and half of fea fait and vitrio- 
 lated magnefia, the former of which 
 is greatly predominant, and about fifty 
 grains of calcareous earth. 
 
 It is purgative -, and in its virtues 
 refembles the Harrogate water. 
 
 About a mile diftant is Broughton 
 water, of the fame nature, but con-' 
 taining lefs fea fait. 
 
 Croft,/« the North Riding of 'Tor k- 
 fhire, on the confines of Durham. 
 
 This is a ftrong fulphureous water, 
 a gallon of which contains one hun- 
 dred
 
 of Mineral Waters . 165 
 
 dred and fifty grains of calcareous 
 earth, thirty of vitriolated magnefia, 
 and ten of fea fait. 
 
 It is clear and fparkling, and its 
 ftrearri does not rife or fall by rain or 
 drought. 
 
 It is purgative, and of the nature 
 of the Ajkeron water; and is faid to 
 have performed remarkable cures. 
 
 Cross-Town, near the town of 
 Waterford, Ireland. 
 
 It refembles the Hartfell water in 
 Scotland. 
 
 This water vomits fome, purges 
 others, and with others operates by 
 urine. 
 
 It feems at fome times to contain a 
 greater quantity of acid than at others. 
 
 Cun ley -House, near JVhaley, in 
 Lancafhire. 
 
 It is fcrongly fulphureous, and gent-
 
 1 66 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 \y purgative, and feems to refemble 
 in its virtues the AJkeron water. 
 
 Das Wild -bad, within the walls 
 of* the town of Nuremberg, Germany. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, with a fub- 
 aflringent tafte, and contains alfo a 
 faline matter. 
 
 It has been recommended in ob- 
 flruclions of the vilcera, and in female 
 complaints. 
 
 D'Ax en Foix, about fifteen leagues 
 wefl of Thouloitje, France. 
 
 This place abounds with hot ful- 
 phureous waters of different tempera- 
 tures. They are recommended as 
 baths, or other wife, in thole com- 
 plaints in which the Aix-la-Chapelk 
 and Bareges waters are ferviceable. 
 
 Deddin gton. 
 
 This is a fulphureous chalybeate 
 
 water ;
 
 of Mineral 11 'atei s . \6j 
 
 water ; but foon lofes its fulphureous 
 fmell by keeping. 
 
 Drunk in large quantities h is pur- 
 gative ; and in lefs doles as an altera- 
 tive, it is good in fcorbutic and cuta- 
 neous diibrders. 
 
 De r b y, near to the town of Derby, hi 
 DerbyJIrire, 
 
 It is a chalybeate water of the na- 
 ture of that of Tunbridge, but feems 
 to be flronger. 
 
 Derrindaff, in the county of 
 Cavan, Ireland, 
 
 This is a Jfolphureous water, im- 
 pregnated with a purging fait. 
 
 Its virtues refemble thofe of the 
 AJkeron water. 
 
 Derry hence, or Derryinch, 
 in the county cf Fermanagh, Ireland* 
 
 The water is fulphureous. 
 
 It
 
 1 6 8 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It alfo contains natron, and refem- 
 blcs in its virtues the waters of Drum- 
 goon and Swadlingbar : 
 
 D e R R Y l e s t e r , in the county of 
 Cavan, about three miles from Swad- 
 lingbar, Ireland. 
 
 The water is of the nature of that 
 of Drumgoon, but contains much lefs 
 of the falts. 
 
 Dog and Duck. 
 
 A noted tea-drinking houfe in St. 
 George's Fields, near London; and 
 in the fpfing and fummer months the 
 waters are much refbrted to. 
 
 The water is clear, and has but 
 little tafte. 
 
 It is a mild purgative, containing 
 vitriolated magnefia mixed with fea 
 fait, and may be drank to the quan- 
 tity of feveral pints. Mori frequent- 
 ly, however, it is quickened by the 
 
 addition
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 6 9 
 
 addition of Glauber's, or other purg- 
 ing falts. 
 
 It is of ufe in fcrophulous com- 
 plaints, leprofies and difeafes of the 
 fkin ; and is alfo faid to prevent the 
 
 return of cancerous difeafes. For 
 J 
 
 thefe complaints it may be ufed both 
 internally and externally. 
 
 It is cooling and diuretic ; and may 
 be given freely to young people of ro- 
 buft constitutions. But it cools and 
 relaxes people in years and of weak 
 habits too much. It is alfo apt to 
 bring on or increafe the fiuor albus in 
 weakly women. 
 
 Dortsiiill, near Litriofield, in 
 Stqffariijhire, 
 
 The water is a briik chalybeate, 
 fimilar to that of Timbridge. 
 
 There is alfo a faline purging wa- 
 ter of the nature of the Barrowdak 
 
 water, but much weaker. 
 
 1 Dri.
 
 170 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Driburg, about half a mile from the 
 town of Driburg, in Weftphalia. 
 
 The water, which is in the higher!: 
 reputation abroad, very much refem- 
 bles the Pyrmont - y containing the 
 fame ingredients, but in a rather lar- 
 ger proportion. 
 
 The quantity of fixed air obtained 
 from it by Dr. Higgins was to that of 
 Pyrmont as thirteen to twelve. 
 
 Drig Well, near Revenglas, in 
 Cumberland. 
 
 This is a bruit, fpirituous, fulphu- 
 reous chalybeate ; and in its virtues 
 refembles the Deddington water. 
 
 Dropping Well, at Knaref- 
 
 borough, in Torkfiire. 
 
 It is very cold, limpid, and fweet- 
 
 tafted ; and in time petrifies fubftan- 
 
 ces thrown into it. 
 
 In
 
 of Mineral Waters, iyx 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the New- 
 ton Dale water. The dofe has for- 
 merly been feveral quarts in a day; 
 but three or four half pints are now 
 judged fufficient. 
 
 Its ufe mould be preceded by a 
 dole or two of rhubarb. 
 
 Drumasnave, called like wife Moimt 
 
 Ca??ipbell> in the County of Leitrim, 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 This is one of the ftrongeft ful- 
 phureous waters in Ireland, as is 
 (hewn by its quick and ftrong effect 
 in difcolouring metals. 
 
 It is perfectly clear and limpid in 
 common -, but before rain becomes 
 white. 
 
 It contains about twelve grains of 
 natron, with a fmall quantity of purg- 
 ing fait, in the gallon. 
 
 It operates powerfully by urine, 
 I 2 and
 
 172 - Medicinal Virtues 
 
 and purges fome confutations, but is 
 laid to render others cofKve. 
 
 Drumgoon, in the county of Fer-* 
 managb, Ireland. 
 
 The water has a ilrong fulphureous 
 fmell, and tinges filver of a copper 
 colour in a few minutes. It alfo de- 
 pouts a black fediment at the bottom 
 of the well. 
 
 It contains near a dram of natron 
 in the gallon, with a little fea fait. 
 
 It is recommended for the cure of 
 cutaneous and fcrophulous diforders ; 
 and for worms. 
 
 There are two other fulphureous 
 fp rings in the neighbourhood -, the 
 one nearly refembles this -, the other 
 is more of a purgative nature. 
 
 Dub
 
 of Mineral Waters . 173 
 
 Dublin Salt Springs. There 
 are Jive of thefe Springs in Francis 
 Street, and one in Thomas's Court. 
 
 The waters are fait, and of the 
 nature of Barrawdale water. For a 
 purge, they muft be taken to the 
 quantity of feveral pints. They ope- 
 rate without griping. 
 
 D u L w 1 c H . The Spring is filiated be* 
 tween Dulwicb and Lewi/ham, in 
 the county of Kent. 
 
 The water is clear, and has a brack- 
 ifli tafte, leaving a bitternefs in the 
 throat. 
 
 It contains a purging fait, together 
 with fea fait. 
 
 This is a celebrated purging water $ 
 is alfo diuretic ; and is recommended 
 in a variety of diforders. 
 
 It is particularly of ufe in com- 
 plaints arifing from obltructions ; as 
 I 3 thofe
 
 374 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 thofe of the liver, fpleen, and other 
 
 vifcera. 
 
 It is recommended in the green 
 ficknefs, the jaundice, the fcurvy, in 
 difficulty of urine, and in gravelly 
 complaints. 
 
 It is faid to flrengthen the flomach, 
 and create a gooddigeflion. 
 
 It is alfo faid to flrengthen the ner- 
 vous fyflem, and therefore to be fer- 
 viceable in palfies, apoplexies, and 
 other nervous diforders. In thefe 
 cafes it is befl taken warm. 
 
 The courfe of drinking this water 
 is ufually twenty days. Three pints 
 a day are to- be drunk at firft; it 
 mould be increafed to eight pints by 
 the tenth day, and afterwards decreafed 
 in the fame manner. 
 
 A new fpring has fince been dif- 
 covered, whofe virtues are fimilar 
 to thofe of the old one, but it is 
 ftronger. 
 
 Dun-
 
 of Mineral J Ft iters . i j 5 
 
 Dunnard, about eighteen miles from 
 Dublin. 
 This is a chalybeate water, refem- 
 bling that of Peterhead, but weaker. 
 
 Dunse, in Scotland. 
 It is a chalybeate water, fimilar to 
 that of Tunbridge. 
 
 Durham. The Spring is filiated 
 
 near Durham, on the north jide of 
 
 the river Ware. 
 
 It is a ftrong fulphureous water, 
 and is alfo impregnated with fea fait, 
 of which it contains thirty-eight 
 grains in the gallon. 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the Har- 
 rogate water. 
 
 Near to this, in the middle of the 
 river, is a fait fpring, which is drunk 
 as a purging water. 
 
 E g r a, in Bohemia. 
 This is a fpirity chalybeate water, 
 I 4 and
 
 176 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 and operates both by ftool and urine. 
 It contains lefs fixed air than the Pyr- 
 moni water, but is more purgative. 
 It abounds with yitriolated magnefia 
 mixed with muriate of magnefia. 
 
 Enghien, or Anguien, a city 
 of Hainault. 
 
 This water contains fulphur, vi- 
 triolated magnefia, chalk, and mag- 
 nefia. 
 
 JL p s o M> in Surry 9 about Jixteen miles 
 from London. 
 
 The water has a flight faline tafte, 
 is clear, and without fmell. But if 
 it be kept in covered verTels for fome 
 weeks in the fummer it will flink, 
 and acquire a naufeous and faltifhi 
 bitter tafte. 
 
 This was the firft water from which 
 the bitter purging fait (thence called 
 Epfom fait J was obtained. But the 
 
 filt
 
 of Mineral Waters. 177 
 
 fait ufually fold by that name is dif- 
 ferent from that yielded by the Ep- 
 fom water, though perhaps not infe- 
 rior in virtue. It is made from the 
 bittern left after the chryftallization 
 of common fait from fea water. 
 
 The Epfom water is purgative ; 
 for which purpofe it muit. be drank to 
 the quantity of two or three pints. It 
 alfo operates by urine. 
 
 Taken in lefs quantity (about the 
 third part of a pint three times a day) 
 it is a mild alterative, and good in 
 thofe complaints for which the Acton 
 and Pancras waters are recommend- 
 ed. 
 
 It is like wife efteemed good for 
 warning old fores. 
 
 Fa irburn, in the county of Rofs, 
 in Scotland. 
 
 This is about two miles from the 
 I i Caftle-
 
 lyS Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Cattle- Loed well, which it nearly re- 
 
 feuibles, but is fomewhat weaker. 
 
 Felstead, in Effex. 
 The fpring is fituated at the bottom 
 of a rock. The water is a light cha- 
 lybeate, refembling that -of IJlington, 
 
 Filah, near Scarborough, in Tork- 
 JJoire. 
 
 This is a fait chalybeate water, and 
 is ufed by the common people as a 
 purgative ; for which purpole they 
 drink to the quantity of feveral quarts : 
 it alfo operates by urine. 
 
 Frankfort, in Germany. 
 There are two ftrong fulphureous 
 waters in the neighbourhood of Frank- 
 fort on the Maine. 
 
 The one is called Faulpump, 
 
 The
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 79 
 
 The other Fons Scabiosorum. 
 
 They are alfo impregnated with fea 
 fait, and are of the nature of the 
 Moffat and Harrogate waters. 
 
 Gainsborough, in Lincolnflnre \ 
 This is a weak fulphureous chaly- 
 beate water, fimilar to that of Ded- 
 dington. 
 
 G A L w A Y, in the county of Gakvay, 
 Ire/and. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of TunbriJge. 
 
 Glanmile, near Naul, in Ireland, 
 It is a chalybeate water, refembling 
 that of Peterhead, but weaker. 
 
 Glastonbury, in SomerfetJJnre, 
 
 This water is of the fame nature 
 I 6 with
 
 180 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 with thofe of Tilbury and Clifton -, 
 but weaker than either of thefe. 
 
 It has alfo a fmail mixture of fea 
 fait. 
 
 It is naturally fweet, but by keep- 
 ing becomes putrid. 
 
 This water was formerly in great 
 repute ; and many fuperftitions were 
 held concerning it; but it has not 
 lately been efteemed. 
 
 G L e N D Y, in the county of Matrm> 
 Scotland. 
 
 •This is a ftrong chalybeate water, 
 'little inferior to that of Peterhead. 
 
 G R a n s h a w, near Dunnaghadee> 
 in the county of Down, Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of Cajile Connel. 
 
 Gros*
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 8 r 
 
 Gros senendorf, about foe 
 leagues from Hanover. 
 
 This is a cold fulphureous water, 
 of fome repute in the gout, palfy, and 
 difeafes of the fkin and breaft. 
 
 The Landgrave of HefTe CalTel, in 
 whofe dominions it is, has lately di- 
 rected baths and other conveniences 
 to be built here for the accommoda- 
 tion of invalids. 
 
 G U G G A. 
 
 See Kuka. 
 
 H a i G h, near Wigan, in La?icajl)ire. 
 
 It is impregnated with green vi- 
 triol ; and is of the nature of the Shad- 
 well water - y which fee. 
 
 It works plentifully by vomit, and 
 
 ftool ; and is excellent for flopping 
 
 inward bleeding. 
 
 Hamp-
 
 1 82 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 H A MP ST E AD, 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, of the 
 nature of that of IJlington, but fome- 
 what flronger. The dofe is from half 
 a pint to feveral pints. 
 
 It was formerly, and perhaps de- 
 fer vedly, in great repute. 
 
 This water is better in the morning 
 than in the middle of the day ; and 
 in cold weather it is much flronger 
 than in hot. 
 
 Hanbridge, in Lancajlnre. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of Scarborough, but lefs 
 purgative. *% 
 
 H A N l Y s, near Shrew/bury, in Shrop- 
 ^jhire* 
 The water is clear, and limpid, and 
 has a faline and bitter, though not 
 difagreeable tafle. 
 
 It fprings up with impetuoiity at 
 
 the
 
 of Mineral Waters. 183 
 
 the fountain ; and does not ch nge 
 colour, or lofe its vi;tue 3 b y bJivg cx- 
 pofed to the air. 
 
 It is purgative ; and the dofe is 
 from two to four half pints. 
 
 The gallon yields one hundred 
 and twenty grains of vitriolated mag- 
 neiia . 
 
 At this place there is alfo a cha- 
 lybeate water. It is near to the purg- 
 ing water, and is of the nature of 
 thofe of Scarborough and Landrindod. 
 
 It is brifk and pungent to the tafte, 
 and as it is taken from the fountain, 
 clear, and not unpleafant ; but lofes 
 its virtues by keeping. 
 
 Harrogate, near Knar e (borough, 
 Tork/Jjire, 
 
 There are four fprings at this place, 
 but the waters of all of them are 
 nearly alike, except in the quantity 
 of the faline matter they contain. 
 
 Of
 
 184 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Of the three old fprings, trie higher!: 
 gave three ounces of folid matter ; the 
 lower!:, an ounce and half; and the 
 middle one, only half an ounce. Of 
 the latter one hundred and forty grains 
 were earth. 
 
 The water as it fprings up is clear 
 and fparkling, and throws up a quan- 
 tity of air-bubbles. 
 
 It has a i!rong fmell of fulphur, 
 and is fuppofed to be the itrongeft 
 fulphureous water in England. 
 
 It has a fait tafte, as it contains a 
 considerable quantity of fea fait, to- 
 gether with a little marine fait of 
 magnefia, and calcareous earth. 
 
 It is purgative; and the dofe re- 
 quired for this purpofe is about three 
 or four pints. 
 
 When drank in fmaller quantities, 
 it is a good alterative, and is found 
 ferviceable in the fcurvy, king's evil, 
 and difeafes of the fkin. It may be 
 
 ufed
 
 of Mineral Waters, i S5 
 
 uled at the fame time outwardly, by 
 way of hath, or fomentation. 
 
 It has been found efficacious in de- 
 stroying worms. 
 
 It has been recommended in the 
 gout, jaundice, the fpleen, the green 
 licknefs, and other diforders arising 
 from obflrudions. 
 
 It is ufed externally for removing 
 old aches, drains, paralytic weaknefTes, 
 and the like. Alfo for the cure of 
 ulcers, fcabs, the itch, 6cc. 
 
 N. B. Between Harrogate and Knaref- 
 borough, are alfo feveral chalyb- 
 eate waters, which feem to refem- 
 ble thofe of Hampjlead and Ijlv'g- 
 ton. The moft remarkable are, 
 the Allum Well, the Sweet Spa,< and 
 tht Tuewhet Well. The latter is 
 the ftrongeft. 
 
 Hart-
 
 i 8 6 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 H a r t f e l l , in the county of An- 
 nan-dale, Scotland. 
 
 It is impregnated with green vi- 
 triol, and refembles the Sbadwell wa- 
 ter, but is much weaker. 
 
 It is recommended in inward bleed- 
 ings, in immoderate flux of the men- 
 fes, in dyfenteries, in bloody urine, 
 in the fluor albus, in gleets, in com- 
 plaints of the ftomach and bowels, 
 and in confumptions. 
 
 The dofe is from a gill to a pint or 
 two, taken at repeated draughts in the 
 morning. 
 
 Externally, it cures itchy, and tet- 
 terous eruptions, and old fores, efpe- 
 cially if taken at the fame time as an 
 internal remedy. 
 
 Hartlepool, in Durham. 
 
 This is a fine clear chalybeate wa- 
 ter ;
 
 of Mineral Waters. 187 
 
 ter; with a flight fulphureous fmell, 
 and pleafint taile. 
 
 It is alio diuretic and laxative; and 
 is recommended as excellent in fcor- 
 butic complaints, in bilious and ner- 
 vous cholics, in pains of the Itomach 
 and indigeftion, in the gravel, in fe- 
 male obftrudions, in the hypochon- 
 driacal difeafe, in cachexy, in hectical 
 heats, and in recent ulcers. 
 
 Holt, near Bradford \ in Wilt poire. 
 
 The water is limpid, and has but 
 little tafte. 
 
 It contains a purging fait, toge- 
 ther with a large quantity of earth. 
 
 On account of the latter ingredient, 
 it is but a very mild purge, and two 
 quarts are ufually required to produce 
 any considerable operation this way. 
 
 Taken in lefs quantity it is altera- 
 tive, and diuretic. 
 
 It is alfo good as a diluent, cooler, 
 
 and
 
 1 88 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 and flrengthener j and creates an ap- 
 petite. 
 
 Externally, rags, or fpunge dipt in 
 it, are faid to cure fcrophulOus ulcers, 
 attended with carious bones -, an in- 
 ternal courfe being obferved at the 
 lame time. 
 
 It is alfo of fervice in old runni fig 
 ulcers of the legs, and other parts ; 
 in cutaneous fouineiTes, tho' attended 
 with hot corrofive humours; in the 
 piles, in cancerous ulcers, and in fore- 
 neiTes of the eyes. But in thefe cafes 
 alfo it muft be ufed both internally 
 and externally. 
 
 Holt, near Market -Harborough, in 
 Leicefterfhire. 
 
 See Nevi/-Ho/t. 
 
 Jessop's Well, ra Stoke Com- 
 mon , near Cob ham , in Surry. 
 
 This is a ftrong purging water, 
 
 with
 
 of Mineral Waters. 1 8 9 
 
 with a naufeous tafte, and is alfo 
 (lightly chalybeate. 
 
 Drank to about a quart, it purges 
 brifkly without griping, and operates 
 likewife by urine. 
 
 It alfo enlivens the fpirits, and as 
 the dofe is fmaller than that of other 
 purging waters, it fits better on the 
 ftomach. 
 
 It lofes its virtues by being kept. 
 
 Taken in lefs dofes as an alterative, 
 it is a good antifcorbutic. 
 
 Ilmington, in Warwickjhire y on 
 the borders of Worceflerjkire. 
 
 This a very clear and fparkling 
 chalybeate water, abounding in fixed 
 air, and impregnated alfo with na- 
 tron. 
 
 It preferves its virtues for feveral 
 weeks in bottles well corked ; though 
 if expofed to the air, it lofes them in 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 It
 
 190 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It operates by urine ; and it alfu 
 fometimes purges. 
 
 It is recommended as excellent in 
 fcorbutic complaints, in obflructions 
 of the liver and fpleen, in the jaun- 
 dice, in beginning dropfi.es, in the 
 gravel, and obftruction of urine, and 
 in diibrders arinng from acidity. 
 
 Externally, it is good for old run- 
 ning fores, fcorbutic eruptions, and 
 the like. 
 
 Inglewhite, in Lancafhire, 
 
 It is a ftrong chalybeate fulphure- 
 ous water, and is good in fcorbutic, 
 and cutaneous difeafes. Rut it will 
 not purge unlefs Glauber's, or fome 
 other fait be added to it. 
 
 Islington, in the county of Mid- 
 d/efex, near London, 
 
 This is a flight chalybeate water, 
 
 flriking
 
 of Mineral Waters. 191 
 
 ftriking a purple or blackifh colour 
 with galls, and is reckoned one of the 
 beft of the kind about London. 
 
 The iron in this water is held in 
 folution by means of fixed air, or 
 aerial acid, as in the Pyrmont water. 
 If, after the fixed air has efcaped, and 
 the iron (which it held in folution) 
 precipitates, the water be left to pu- 
 trify, the fixed air difengaged by the 
 putrefaction again difTolves the iron, 
 and caufes it to be fufpended in the 
 water; it then recovers its chalybeate 
 tafte, and property of tinging black with 
 galls, both which it had loft before. 
 
 It is recommended in indigeftion, 
 and lofs of appetite, in lownefs of 
 fpirits, nervous, hyfteric, and hypo- 
 chondriacal complaints, and relaxed 
 conftitutions, and raifes the fpirits 
 greatly. It is good in the fluor albus, 
 in weaknefles from mifcarriage, in 
 
 obftructions of the liver, the kidnies, 
 
 &c. 
 
 4
 
 102 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 &c. It is alfo ferviceable in difeafes 
 
 of the fkin, in fcorbutic complaints, 
 
 in the gravel, and in paralytic difor- 
 
 ders. 
 
 It operates chiefly by urine, and 
 may be drunk to the quantity of fe- 
 veral half pints, or even pints, ac- 
 cording to the patient's constitution. 
 
 This water was formerly in great 
 repute, and defer vcs to be more fre- 
 quented than it is at prefent. 
 
 Kanturk, in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of Peterhead, but weaker. 
 
 Keddlestone, in Derhyfoire-. 
 
 This is a ftrong fulphureous wa- 
 ter, and ftinks intolerably. 
 It is extremely clear at the fountain, 
 but by ftanding becomes blackifh. It 
 
 prefently
 
 of Mineral JVi iters. 193 
 
 prefcntly turns lilver of a black cop- 
 per colour. 
 
 It contains thirty-eight grains o.' 
 fea fait, and forty-two grains of cal- 
 careous earth in a gallon. 
 
 Its virtues refemble thofe of tha 
 Harrogate water. 
 
 Kensington, in the county of 
 Middlejex, near London. 
 
 It is a purging water, of the na- 
 ture of thofe of Jlclon and Pancras. 
 
 JC 1 l B R e w, in the county of Meath y 
 Ireland. 
 
 This is a flrong vitriolic chalybeate 
 water, and refembles the Shadwell 
 water. 
 . Haifa pint vomits and purges. 
 When taken as an alterative it 
 ihould be ufed with great caution, 
 beginning with a fmall quantity, and 
 increafing the dofe. 
 
 K It
 
 194 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It is recommended in the floor 
 albus, in immoderate fluxes from the 
 womb, in obftinate intermittcnts, and 
 in dropnes. 
 
 Kilburn,/^ Middlefex, near London, 
 It is a purging water, like thofe of 
 
 Bagnigge Wells, Dulwicb, Sec, 
 
 K i l l i n g s h a n v a l l y, in t'he 
 county of 'Fermanagh , Ireland, 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, and is 
 alfo diuretic and gently laxative. It 
 feems to refemble the Hanlys chalyb- 
 eate water. 
 
 Khlashek, in the county of Fer- 
 managh, Ireland, 
 
 The water is fhrongly fulphureous, 
 and contains natron. 
 
 Its virtues refemble thofe of the 
 Swadlingbar water, 
 
 KlL-
 
 of Mineral fPafers, 1 9 5 
 
 Kilroot, in the county of Antrim* 
 Ireland. 
 
 It is of the nature of Barrowdak 
 water, but weaker ; feveral pints being 
 required for a purge. 
 
 Kin a lton, or Kynolton, a 
 
 'village in Nottinghamfiire. 
 
 The water is limpid and cooling, 
 with a fomewbat faltifh tafte. 
 
 It is purging; but is weaker than 
 the Epfom water, and therefore mud 
 be drunk plentifully. 
 
 A gallon contains about one hun- 
 dred and fifty grains only of vitri- 
 olated magnelia. 
 
 Kincardine, in the county of 
 Maims, Scotland. 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, little 
 inferior in ftrength to that of Peter* 
 head* 
 
 K 2 Kin g at
 
 196 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Kingscliff, in Northampton/hire. 
 It is a chalybeate laxative water, 
 and refembles the Scarborough and 
 Cheltenham waters. 
 
 Kir by, or Kir kb y-Tho we r, 
 in Wejlmor eland. 
 
 There are two fprings nearly of the 
 fame kind, only the lower one is rec- 
 koned the ftrongefr, chalybeate. 
 
 The water of both is cle^ar, fine, 
 and has a chalybeate fweetiili tafte. 
 Drunk to the quantity of feveral quarts 
 it is purgative. It is alfo a good cor- 
 rector of acidities. 
 
 Knaresborough, 
 See Dropping Well, 
 
 Knowsley, in Lancajhirc. 
 
 This is a flight acidulous chalybeate 
 water, and both taftes and fmells of 
 iron. 
 
 If
 
 of Mineral Wafers. i g j 
 
 If drunk to four or five pints it is 
 laxative. 
 
 It reiembles the Scarborough and 
 Cheltenham waters in virtue, though 
 it feems to be leis purgative. 
 
 Kory x n a, near Hunnobrcda, in 
 Moravia, Germany. 
 
 It is fituated on a high and almoft 
 inacceffible rock, in the midil of a 
 thick wood. 
 
 It has a very foetid difagreeabfe 
 tafte, and a black colour; and them 
 is much mud at the bottom of the 
 well. 
 
 It is reckoned the ftrongefl fulphu- 
 reous water in that country. 
 
 KuKAy in the county of Gradttz, in 
 Bohemia, near the tfiwn of °Jaro~ 
 mitz, at the conflux of the rivers 
 Elbe and Or/itz, Germany. 
 
 This is a very briik chalybeate wa- 
 it 3 ter.
 
 198 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ter, highly impregnated with fixed 
 air, and alfo with natron. It has a 
 grateful and fbmewhat pleafant tafte, 
 and a pungent fmell, which affects 
 the whole head. 'If it be heated, it 
 emits a penetrating acid fulphureous 
 fmelling vapour. It will not bear 
 carriage. 
 
 It operates chiefly by infenfible per- 
 foration - y and fometimes by fpitting, 
 by fweat, and by urine. 
 
 In its general virtues it refembles 
 the German Spa waters. 
 
 La Marqjjise, et La Marie. 
 
 See Tab Is* 
 
 Lancaster, or Sale's Spa, 
 in Lancafiire. 
 
 ' This is a clear chalybeate water, 
 powerfully diuretic, gently purgative, 
 and vomits if taken to the quantity of 
 feveral quarts. 
 
 Taken
 
 of Mineral Waters. 199 
 
 Taken as an alterative it has the 
 general virtues of the Tunbridve water. 
 
 & 
 
 L A T 11 A M, in Lancajl:lre. 
 
 It is a line chryftalline chalybeate, 
 of the nature of the Tunbridge water. 
 
 Llandrindod, in the county of 
 Radnor, South Wales. 
 
 In this place there are three mineral 
 fprings : 
 
 1 ft. The f aline pump, or purging 
 water, 
 
 2d. The fulphureous water, com* 
 monly called the black Jl inking well. 
 
 3. The chalybeate rock water. 
 
 The f aline purging, or pump water, 
 may be ufed as. a purge twice in a* 
 week. It is directed to be drunk at 
 the fountain-head by half pints, till 
 it begins to operate; the patient 
 ,, walking or riding about between each 
 draught. It operates alio by urine. 
 K 4 For
 
 200 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 For an alterative, about three pints 
 are directed to be drunk in a day. A 
 pint and half in the morning before 
 breakfaft, at three draughts, a quar- 
 ter of an hour between each half 
 pint. The other pint and half like- 
 wile at three draughts : one an hour 
 before dinner; another about fix 
 o'clock in the evening -, and the third 
 going to bed. If the body remain 
 coftive, the quantity mull: be increaf- 
 ed. The courfe mould be continued 
 feveral weeks; and the mod proper 
 feafon is the fummer. 
 
 It is alfo ufed as a bath and fomen- 
 tation. 
 
 It is recommended both internally 
 ^Vid externally in the fcurvy, leprofy, 
 tetters, King's evil, and all cutaneous 
 foulnefies. 
 
 It is alfo prefcribed in the gravel, 
 the hypochondriacal difeafe, indigef- 
 tion, and in other complaints. 
 
 7&
 
 of Mineral Waters. 201 
 
 The Jul phur eons water $ called alfo 
 the black Jlmking water, from its 
 ftrong fmell, and the blacknefs of the 
 channel through which it paffes. 
 
 The quantity to be drunk cannot in 
 general be determined : but it is beii 
 to beo;in with fmall dofes, from a 
 pint to a quart in the morning, taken 
 at repeated draughts. The quantity 
 mav be increafed as the conftitution 
 will bear; or as much as will lit ealy 
 on the ftomach, and pais off well. 
 When it gives the lead: uneai'mefs, it 
 is a fign that the dofe is too large. 
 
 It is alio ufed outwardly, by way of 
 bath or fomentation. 
 
 It is recommended in a variety 
 of complaints. In the King's evil, 
 fcurvy, lejjrofv, and all cutaneous dif~ 
 eafes; in the jaundice, hypochon- 
 driacal, and other disorders ariling 
 from obflr nation ; in the gravel, rhcu- 
 matifm, gout, bloody flux, hectic 
 K 5 fever,
 
 202 Medicinal Virtilef 
 
 fever, weaknefTes of the limbs, want 
 of digeflion, and many others. 
 
 The chalybeate , or rock water, is 
 limpid and tranfparent, as taken from 
 the fountain, but on llanding foon lofes 
 thefe qualities, together with its cha* 
 lybeate tafte. Mixed with fugar and 
 rough cyder as it is taken up from 
 the Ipring, it excites a brifk fermen- 
 tation. 
 
 It is recommended in fuch chronic 
 diflempers as proceed from laxity of 
 the fibres, and weaknefs of the muf- 
 cular fyftem ; in weaknefs of the 
 nerves j in paralytic complaints; and 
 the like. 
 
 It is alfo good in fcorbutic cafes ; 
 in moid and convulfive afthmas ; in 
 obftinate agues ; in obflruclions of the 
 lower belly; in wandering, flow, ner- 
 vous fevers; and in diforders arifing 
 ijom obftrudiion. 
 
 Ll AN-
 
 tf Mineral Waters. 203 
 
 Llangybi, in^ CaemarvonJlAre, 
 North Wales. 
 
 The water has a harih tafte, in- 
 clining to bitter. 
 
 It has been found efficacious in 
 diibrders of the eyes; in the King's 
 evil 3 fcald heads j ulcers; eruptions 
 of the ikin; the fcurvy -, the itch, &c. 
 Alio in rheumatifms, palfy, and con- 
 vulfion fits. 
 
 This water has long been in repute 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Leamington. 
 
 This is of the nature of Barrow- 
 dale water, but much weaker, con- 
 taining little more than a fourth of the 
 fame ingredients in an equal quantity. 
 The dole for a purge is from a quart 
 to four or five pints, and it likcwife 
 ufually vomits. 
 
 K 6 Leez,
 
 204 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Leez, near the Earl of Manchejler 'r, 
 Fffex. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, fimilar to 
 thofc of Jflington and Hampftcad. 
 
 Lincomb, near Bath, in Somerfet* 
 Jl:ire. 
 
 This is a chalybeate and acidulous 
 water, containing natron, with a fmall 
 quantity of purging fait. It foon 
 lofes its virtue if expofed to the air; 
 and in a few days alfo in bottles. 
 
 It refembles, in its virtues, the wa- 
 ters of The ford and Ilniington, . 
 
 L i s E e A K, in the pari fi of Killafer, . 
 in the county of Fermanagh, Ireland, 
 
 Here are two flrong fulphureous 
 waters, much of. the fame kind. 
 
 They yield upwards of thirty grains 
 of natron in the gallon, and it is more 
 
 free
 
 of Mineral Waters. 205 
 
 hetero 
 in mofl waters. 
 
 free from heterogeneous mixtures than 
 
 L 1 s-D o n e-V arna, in the county 
 of Clare, in Ireland. 
 
 This is a ftrong chalybeate water, 
 and manifests itfelf as fuch both to the 
 tafte and fmell. It is alio impregnated 
 with natron. 
 
 It keeps its virtue in well-corked 
 bottles. 
 
 It uiually vomits and purges on firfr. 
 drinking, but afterwards operates by 
 urine. 
 
 It feems to refemble, in virtues, 
 the Thttford and Ilmington waters. 
 
 Loansbury, in Lord Burlington s 
 park, in Torkfire. 
 
 This is a fulphureous water, weakly 
 impregnated with a purging fait. 
 
 It feems to be of the nature of the 
 Afkeron water; but is only ufed at pre- 
 fer t
 
 20 6 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 fent for warning mangy dogs and 
 fcabby horfes. 
 
 Maccroomp, in Ireland, about fix* 
 teen miles from Cork, 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, impreg- 
 nated with natron, and refembles the 
 Thetford and Ilmington waters. 
 
 Mahereberg , ftuated near Bran* 
 den Bay, in the county of Kerry , Ire* 
 land. 
 
 It is of the nature of the Barrow- 
 dale water, but contains a much fmaller 
 quantity of fea fait. The dofe for a 
 purge is from a pint to a quart. 
 
 Mallow, in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland. 
 
 This is a warm water, perfectly 
 limpid and pleafant-tafted, and keeps 
 long in bottles well corked. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters. 207 
 
 It is recommended in mofl cafes for 
 which the Briftol 'water has been ufed. 
 
 Malton. The Spring lies at the 
 weft end of the town of New Malton, 
 in Torkfloire. 
 
 It is a ftrong chalybeate, abounding 
 with fixed air when frefh drawn ; has 
 a faltiih tafte, and leaves a bitternefs 
 in the throat. 
 
 A gallon yields nearly two drams 
 of vitriolated magneiia. 
 
 It operates by ftool and urine. The 
 dole is from three pints to twice that 
 quantity. If the ftomach be foul, it 
 is apt to vomit. In its virtues it re- 
 fcmbles the Scarborough water. 
 
 Malvern, in Glouccjlerjhire, 
 
 There are two noted fprings at this 
 place, one of them called the Holy 
 Well, in the midway between Great 
 and Little Malvern, the other is about 
 
 a quar-
 
 20 8 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 a quarter of a mile from Great Mal- 
 vern. But the waters are not mate- 
 rially dirTerent. 
 
 They are light and pleafant chaly- 
 beates, and are remarkable for being 
 almofr. entirely free from any earthy 
 matter; for" three quarts of the Holy 
 Well' water being evaporated, fcarce 
 the fourth part of a grain of fediment 
 was left behind. 
 
 Thev are recommended as excellent 
 
 i 
 
 in difeafes of the fkin; leprofies; fcor- 
 butic complaints; the King's evil; 
 glandular obfbuctions ; fcald heads; 
 old fores; cancers, fcc. They are alio 
 ferviceable in inflammations and other 
 difeafes of the eyes ; in the gout and 
 flone; in cachecxic, bilious, and pa- 
 ralytic cafcs; in old head-achs, and in 
 female obflriuf-ions. 
 
 The external ufe is by warning the 
 part under the fpout feveral times in a 
 d,\y ; afterwards covering the part with 
 
 cloths
 
 bf Mineral Waters, 209 
 
 cloths dipt in the water, which muft 
 be kept conftantly moiit. Thofe who 
 bathe, ufually go into the water with 
 their linen on, and drefs upon it wet, 
 and it is never found to be attended 
 with inconvenience. 
 
 The waters, when firft drunk, are 
 apt to occalion, in fome, a flight 
 naufea; others they purge brifkly for 
 feveral days; but they operate by urine 
 in all. 
 
 It is advifeable to drink freely of the 
 waters for fome days before they are 
 ufed externally. 
 
 Markshall, in EJfex. 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, reiem- 
 bling thofe of IJlington and Hampjlead, 
 
 Matlock, near IVirkfivorth, in 
 Derbyfoire. 
 
 At this place (which is perfectly ro- 
 mantic) are feveral fprings of warm 
 
 water,
 
 2 1 o Medicinal Virtues 
 
 water, which appear to be of the na- 
 ture of the Brificl water, except that 
 it is very flightly impregnated with 
 iron. 
 
 Its heat is about 69% and its virtues 
 are fimilar to thofe of the Brijiol and 
 Buxton waters. 
 
 The baths are recommended in 
 rheumatic complaints, in cutaneous 
 diforders, and in other cafes where 
 warm bathing is ferviceable. 
 
 There are great numbers of petri- 
 factions in the courfe of this water. 
 
 Maudsley, near Pre/Ion, in Lan- 
 
 cajlrire, 
 , The water is of a blueifh colour, 
 has a fcetid fmell, anda brackifh tafte. 
 
 It is a ilrong fulphureous water, 
 and contains about two ounces of fea 
 fait in the gallon. 
 
 It is purgative, and has nearly the 
 fame virtues as the Harrogate water. 
 
 Me CHAN,
 
 of Mineral Waters. 2 1 1 
 
 Me chan, in the county of Ferma- 
 nagh, Ireland. 
 
 In this place there are two fulphu- 
 reous fprings, both of the fame nature. 
 
 They contain natron, and in their 
 virtues refemble the Drumgoon and 
 Swadlingbar wa ters . 
 
 Millar's Spa, Stockport, in the 
 county ofhancajler, 
 
 It is a chalybeate water of the na- 
 ture of that of Tunbridge, but feems 
 to be flronger of the iron. 
 
 Moffat, /« the county ofAnnandale, 
 Scotland. 
 
 At this place there are two fprings 
 or wells. 
 
 They are both fulphurecus, and 
 have a ftrong fmell and tafte; the up- 
 per one is the iirongeft, and mofl nau- 
 feous, and lefs drunk of than the other, 
 though as it bears heat better it is mofr 
 
 ufed for bathing. 
 
 The
 
 2t± Medicinal Virtues 
 
 The Moffat water is alterative, and 
 diuretic, but it fometimes purges. 
 
 From a gallon were obtained three 
 grains of earth, and fifty grains of ma- 
 rine fait, though probably mixed with a 
 fmall quantity of vitriolated magnefia. 
 
 It being fufpeded by Dr. Plum- 
 mer to contain copper, the Rev. Dr. 
 Walker put a polifhed plate of iron 
 into the well, and he found after fome 
 time it had contracted a green ruft. 
 This, in his opinion, confirms Dr, 
 Plummer's conjecture. 
 
 MOR ETON, OrMoRETON-SEE, 
 
 fituated about two miles weft of Mar - 
 ket- Dray ton, in Shropfiire. 
 
 It is efteemed as an excellent cool- 
 ing and diuretic purge. It operates 
 brifkly ; is pungent to the tafte, and 
 feems to be of the nature of Holt wa- 
 ter. 
 
 The gallon contains 200 grains of 
 
 vitri-
 
 cf Mineral H r ater* • Z\% 
 vitriolated magnelia, and 76 of cal- 
 careous earth. 
 
 JM0S3 House, near Maud/ley, in 
 LancaJJ:ire. 
 This is a brifk chalybeate water, 
 and in its virtues refembles thofe of 
 Ha mpftcd d and ljlington. 
 
 •Mount D'or, feven leagues from 
 Clermont, in the yluvergne, France. 
 
 The water is warm, and of the na- 
 ture of the Aix-la-ChapeUe. 
 
 Taken internally it acts as a diure- 
 tic, and it fometimes purges. Bathing 
 in it fweats profufely, without weak- 
 ening the patient. 
 
 It has been recommended in the 
 rheumatifm, gout, palfy, and many 
 other diforders. 
 
 Mo u n t P a l l a s, in the county 
 of Care an, Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, and feems 
 to be of the nature of the Athlone. 
 
 Ne vil-
 
 2 r 4 Medici?: a! Virtues 
 
 Kevil-Holt, near Market - 
 Harborough , in LeiceJierJJnre. 
 
 This is an exceeding clear water as 
 it falls from the fpout, and is void of 
 all fmell. It has a brifk, auftere, bit- 
 ter, yet not difagreeable, tafte, and 
 abounds in fixed air. 
 
 Expofed to the air, it foon becomes 
 turbid, and fpoils. But in weli-cloted 
 bottles it will keep good. 
 
 A gallon of the water contains two 
 drams of vitriolated magnefia, two 
 drams eighteen grains of muriated ar- 
 gillaceous earth, and eighteen grains 
 of muriated magneiia. 
 
 Drunk to the quantity of feveral 
 pints, it proves purgative, and ope- 
 rates without griping. 
 
 It alfo operates by urine and fvveat. 
 
 It is a powerful antifeptic in pu- 
 trid difeafes. 
 
 When taken as an alterative, it mull 
 
 be
 
 of Mineral Waters. 2 1 5 
 
 be taken in fmall dofcs, from a few 
 fpoonfuls to a quarter or half a pint, 
 feveral times in a day, according to its 
 effect ; and a little brandy, or the like, 
 may be added if it fit cold on the 
 ftomach . 
 
 It is efteemed an excellent remedy 
 in old dyfenteries and diarrhoeas, in in- 
 ternal haemorrhages, in the fluor albus, 
 and gleets, in the gravel, in rheu- 
 matifms, and for the worms , it is 
 good in atrophies, in bloated confH- 
 tutions, and dropfical complaints, in 
 fcorbutic diforders, in want of appe- 
 tite, and in other cafes ; in inflamma- 
 tory complaints however, and where 
 thereis an acidity of the humours, if 
 does mifchief. 
 
 Externally, it is a fpeedy cure for 
 frefh wounds, for inflamed eyes, and 
 hectic ulcers, &c. efpecially if taken 
 inwardly at the fame time, 
 
 New 
 
 8
 
 % 1 6 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 New Cartmal. 
 See Rough am. 
 
 Newnham Regis, in Warwick- 
 fr.-ire. 
 
 There are three wells at this place : 
 they are all of them chalybeate, laxa- 
 tive, and diuretic ; and feem to re- 
 ferable the Scarborough water. 
 
 They have fomewhat of a fulphu- 
 reous fmelL 
 
 Newton Dale, in the North 
 Riding of Yarkfliire. 
 
 This is a cold petrifying water. 
 
 It is faid to cure effectually lcofe- 
 neffes, and bleedings of every kind ; 
 and that it reftores weakened joints, 
 though beginning to be diflorted, by 
 
 bathing in it* 
 
 N E w-
 
 of Mineral Waters . 217 
 
 Newton Stewart, near Caf- 
 tfehiJI, in the county of Tyrone, Ire- 
 land. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of Tunbridge. 
 
 Nezdenice, in Germany, about 
 half a mile from Hunnobroda, in the 
 dijlricl of the cajlle of Banow. The 
 Spring is near this village. 
 
 This is an acidulous water, impreg- 
 nated with fixed air like thofe of Selt- 
 zer and Pyrmont. 
 
 It is in great repute among the peo- 
 ple in the neighbourhood, for the cure 
 of many diforders, particularly thofe 
 in which the waters jufl mentioned 
 are ferviceable. 
 
 Nobber, in the county of Meatb, 
 Ireland. 
 
 It is a vitriolic water, and refem- 
 bles thofe of HartfelUnd Crofs-town t 
 L No R-
 
 2 1 8 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Nor m anby, four miles from Pick- 
 ering, in Torkfhire, 
 
 It is clear, beautiful, and foetid, 
 and when poured cut fparkles like 
 Champagne. 
 
 It is a fulphureous, and gently pur* 
 gative water, and refembles the djke- 
 ron water in virtues. A gallon yields 
 fcarcely twenty grains of vitriolated 
 magnefia, and about half that quan- 
 tity of fea fait. 
 
 Near it is a chalybeate water, call- 
 ed Nether Normanby Spa ; a gallon of 
 which afforded ten grains of fea fait. 
 
 No r th-Hal l. 
 See Baniet. 
 
 Nottington, near Weymouth, 
 in DorfetJJjire. 
 
 This is a ilrong fulphureous water. 
 
 Its flavour refembles that of boiled 
 
 eggs ; and its colour, in a tin veKd, 
 
 is
 
 cf, Minenal Waters. 2 1 9 
 
 is blue. A (hilling put into it at the 
 
 fountain-head, becomes, in a few mi- 
 nutes, blue. 
 
 It contains 30 grains of natron, 
 and feven of earth, in the gallon. 
 
 It is in repute for curing foulneffes 
 of the ikin. 
 
 Or s ton, in th 7 of Netting- 
 
 T/jorotm. 
 
 This water has a delicious, gentle, 
 rough, fweetifh, chalybeate tafle, and 
 a ilight fulphureous fmell. It is re- 
 plete w :ed air, fparkles and flies 
 when poured out into a glafs, and 
 makes the heads of thofe who drink 
 it giddy. 
 
 It foon fpoils by expofure to air. 
 It is purgative, and fsems to be 
 pofTerTed of the fame virtues as the 
 Pyrmont water, for which it may be 
 ufed as a fubftitute. 
 
 L z Oul.
 
 220 
 
 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 O u l t o n, in Norfolk. 
 
 It is a flight chalybeate water, fimi- 
 lar to that of Ifington. 
 
 Owen B r e u n, in the county of 
 Cavan, Ireland. 
 
 This is a fulphureous water, im- 
 pregnated with a purging fait, and a 
 little natron. 
 
 Its virtues refemble thofe of the 
 Jifkeron water. 
 
 Pancras, in Middlefex, near 
 London. 
 
 The water is almoft infipid to the 
 tafte. 
 
 It is impregnated with a purging 
 fait, together with a fmall portion of 
 fea fait. 
 
 It is therefore a purgative water, 
 and is alfo diuretic. 
 
 It?
 
 of Mineral Waters, 221 
 
 Its virtues are allied to thofe of the 
 Cheltenham water, and it is alio of fer- 
 vice in the ftone, gravel, and fimilar 
 diforders. 
 
 Passy, near Path ', In France. 
 
 It is a clear, colourlefs, chalybeate 
 water, with a fubacid tafte, and fer- 
 ruginous fmell, and emits plenty of 
 air-bubbles. 
 
 It is a ftrong chalybeate xvater, but 
 does not prove purgative, unlefs drunk 
 in large quantity. It is of the nature 
 of Pyrmont water. 
 
 Peterhead, in the county of Aber- 
 deen, Scotland. 
 
 This is one of the ftrongeft, and 
 moft famous chalybeate waters in 
 Scotland. It is of the nature of our 
 IJlington water, but more powerful. 
 
 L 3 Pet-
 
 222 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Pettigoe, in the county of Den- 
 negal, Ireland. 
 
 It is one of the ftrongefl fulphureous 
 waters in Ireland ; and is impreg- 
 nated with vitriolated magnefia, of 
 which it contains near 50 grains in 
 the gallon. 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the Ajkc* 
 ton water. 
 
 Pisa, in Italy, 
 
 About 16 miles from Pifa is 3 
 warm bath called Bagno a Acqua, and 
 at the bottom of Mount Pifa, now 
 called St. Julian, 12 miles from the 
 town, are a number of fprings of 
 warm water, ufed both for drinking 
 and bathing. 
 
 The hptteft raifes Fahrenheit's ther- 
 mometer to 104 ; the cooled to 92°. 
 
 In fmell and taile they differ not 
 
 from
 
 of Mineral 11 \ .'. . -. 223 
 
 from common water. Tliey contain 
 natron, fea fait, and felenite. 
 
 Thefe waters are diaphoretic and 
 diuretic, and, if drunk in large quan- 
 tity, often operate by ftool. 
 
 Plombi eres,w Lorraine, France* 
 
 The water- is tepid and faponace- 
 ous, with a faltifh tail:. 
 
 It it recommended for complaints 
 of the flomach proceeding from aci- 
 dity -, in fpitting of blood; in hae- 
 morrhages ; phthifical and afthmatic 
 complaints ; in dropfy of the belly ; 
 the diabetes ; fluor albus ; dyfentery ; 
 and in all cutaneous diforders. 
 
 It is drunk from a pint to three 
 quarts, on an empty ftomach, in the 
 morning ; it is diuretic and laxative. 
 
 It is alio ufed outwardly as a bath ; 
 and is reckoned excellent for warning 
 ulcers. 
 
 L 4 Pont-
 
 224 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Pontgibaut, in Auvergne, 
 France. 
 
 The water is limpid, fubacid, and 
 contains about $$ grains of natron, 
 and 50 of calcareous earth, in the 
 gallon. 
 
 It is diuretic and gently opening ; 
 and its virtues are allied to thofe of 
 the Tilbury and Seltzer waters. 
 
 Pyrmont,^ Wejlphalia, Germany I 
 
 This is a very brifk chalyb- 
 eate, abounding in fixed air; and 
 when taken up from the fountain, 
 fparkles like the briikeft Cham- 
 paign wine. It has a fine, pleafant, 
 vinous tafte, and a fomewhat fulphu- 
 reous fmell. It is perfectly clear, 
 and bears carriage better than the 
 Spa water, 
 
 A gaU
 
 of Mineral Waters. 225 
 
 A gallon of it contains 46 grains 
 of chalk, 15.6 of magnelia, 30 of vi- 
 triolated magnelia, 10 of fea fait, and 
 2.6 of aerated iron*. 
 
 Perfons who drink it at the well 
 are affected with a kind of giddinefs 
 or intoxication ; owing, it may be 
 fuppofed, to the great quantity of 
 fixed air with which the water a- 
 bounds. 
 
 The common operation of this wa- 
 ter is by urine; but it is alio gent- 
 ly fudorific ; and if taken in large 
 quantity proves laxative. When, how- 
 ever, it is required to have this 
 latter effect, it is uiual to mix fome 
 falts with the firft glaffcs. 
 
 It is drunk by glafsfuls in the 
 morning, to the quantity of from one 
 to five or fix pints, according to cir- 
 
 * Dr. Marcard, in his De/cripthn ofPjrmc::;, on 
 the authority of M. Weflxumb of Hammeln, ef- 
 
 timatcs the iron at fomevvhat more than eight grains 
 to the gallon. 
 
 L 5 cumrtances,
 
 226 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 cumftances, walking about between 
 each glafs. 
 
 It is recommended in cafes where 
 the constitution is relaxed -, in want 
 of appetite and digeilion ; in weak- 
 ncfs of the ftomacli, and in heart- 
 burn ; in the green ficknefs ; in fe- 
 male obftructions, and in barrennefs ; 
 in the {curvy, and cutaneous dlfeafes ; 
 in the gout, efpecially when mix- 
 ed with milk; in cholics ; in bloody 
 /Muxes j in difeafes of the bread and 
 lungs, in which cafes it is belt taken 
 lukewarm ; in nervous, hyfleric, and 
 hypochondriacal diforders ; in apo- 
 plexies and palfies j in the gravel, and 
 urinary obitrudions ; in foulnefs of 
 the blood ; and in obftructions of the 
 finer veifels. It amends the lax tex- 
 ture of the blood ; exhilarates the Spi- 
 rits without inflaming, as vinous li- 
 quors are apt to do ; and is among 
 the befr. reftoratives in decayed and 
 
 broken conftitutions. 
 
 This
 
 of Ml no m al Waters . 227 
 
 This water porTefTes the general vir- 
 tues cf the Spa water; and at the foun- 
 tain it is even more fpirity, as well 
 r chalybeate. The reader 
 therefore is referred to what is faid of 
 the Spa water, for a further account of 
 its virtiii 
 
 To thofe to whom ceconomy is an 
 object it may be of importance to 
 know, that the exj:ence of living at 
 Pyrmont is not above half what would 
 be incurred at Spa. 
 
 : e n C a m e l, 7tear IViiicdimtony 
 . in S:. 
 
 ■ The water has a fcetid, fulphureous 
 fmell, like the warnings of afoul gun. 
 It tinges filver of a yellow or black 
 colour, and blackens the flones on 
 which it runs. It is alfo faid to be 
 colder than common water. 
 
 It contains natron, ! together with 
 L 6 fea
 
 228 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 fez. fait, a chalky earth, and a bitumi- 
 nous or fulphureous matter. 
 
 It has been ufed with fuccefs both 
 inwardly and outwardly in cutaneous 
 diforders, the fcurvy, and the King's 
 evil ; and for thefe purpofes a place 
 is contrived for bathing. 
 
 R i c h M o n D, in the county of Surry. 
 
 This is a purging water, of the na- 
 ture of thofe of Affion and Pancras, 
 
 R i p p o n, in Yorkfiire. 
 Near this place a fpring of a pretty 
 3trong fulphureous water rifes from a 
 limeftone hill. A gallon yielded, on 
 evaporation, 66 grains, of which near- 
 ly half was earth, the remainder fea 
 fait. 
 
 Road, in Wiltjhtre* 
 This is a chalybeate water with a 
 fulphureous fmell, and is impregnated 
 with natron. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters . 229 
 
 It is recommended internally and 
 externally in fcorbutic and fcrophulous 
 cafes, and in cutaneous difeafes, &c. 
 
 On firft taking this water it acts as 
 a gentle purge. 
 
 It does not bear carriage. 
 
 Rougham, in Lancafiire. 
 
 It is of the nature of Barrowdak 
 water, but much weaker. 
 
 The gallon contains five drams of 
 fea fait, and one dram of vitriolated 
 magnefia. 
 
 The dofe for a purge is from three 
 to eight quarts. In that quantity it 
 operates powerfully by ilool, and alfo 
 by urine. 
 
 Saint Amand, a town in French 
 Flanders. 
 
 There are two fountains here, one 
 called Bouillon or BouUlant, the other 
 
 the
 
 230 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 the fountain of Arras, or L'Eveque 
 d' Arras, the latter of which is the 
 ftrongeil; 
 
 They fomewhat reiemble thofe of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle in appearance, but are 
 inferior in heat, railing Fahrenheit's 
 thermometer to y$° only, when in the 
 open air it flood at 50 . 
 
 They principally deferve notice on 
 account of the boue or mud baths-. 
 The method of ufing them is to bury 
 the afrecled limb, or part of the body, 
 even up to the armpits, for fome hours, 
 as the cafe may require : the patient is 
 then carried to a hot bath and cleanf- 
 ed from the black mud which adheres 
 to the fkin. The boue is of fo firm 
 a confidence that a part muft firft. be 
 di^red out. A thermometer immerfed a 
 foot deep in it was raifed to near 6 
 when in the open air it was at 47 . It 
 contains lime, magnefia and iron, all 
 
 aerared,
 
 of Mineral Waters. 231 
 
 aerated, befides felenite, argillaceous 
 and filiceous earth. The refiduum of 
 the water exhibits the fame ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 They both contain a peculiar air, 
 in fmell very much refembling hepatic, 
 which Dr. Am attributes to a bitu- 
 minous fubftance. 
 
 Saint Bartholomew's Well, 
 Ireland. It is about two miles font h- 
 wejl from Cork. 
 
 The water is foft, and mixes fmooth- 
 ly with foap. 
 
 By keeping it putrifies, and then 
 2S filver, and throws up a fr 
 ing fcum which has fomewhat of an 
 irony talle. Galls then give it a pur- 
 ple tinge, which they do not to the 
 frefh water. 
 
 The gallon affords 24 grains of rul- 
 duum, which is chiefly natron. 
 
 Its
 
 232 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of 
 the Tilbury water. 
 
 Saint Erasmus's Well, fi- 
 
 tuated on Lord Ghetwynd's grounds 
 
 in Staff or dJJnre. 
 
 The water is of the nature of Bar- 
 rowdak, but much weaker, the gallon 
 yielding only four drams 32 grains of 
 fea fait. 
 
 It is of the colour of fack, but with- 
 out much tafle or fmell. 
 
 If drunk to the quantity of feveral 
 quarts, it operates powerfully by ftool. 
 
 Sales Spa. 
 See Lancajler. 
 
 Scarborough, in Yorkfiire. 
 
 The waters of this place are chalyb- 
 eate and purging -, and they are more 
 frequented and ufed than any other 
 water of this clafs in England. 
 
 There
 
 cf Mineral Waters, 233 
 
 There are two wells -, the one more 
 purgative, the other a ftronger cha- 
 lybeate. Hence the latter (which is 
 nearer! the town) has been called the 
 chalybeate fpring, the other the $urg r 
 ingi though they are both impregnated 
 with the fame principles, but in dif- 
 ferent proportions. The purging is 
 the molt famed, and is that which is 
 ufually called the Scarborough water. 
 This contains 52 grains of calcareous 
 earth, two of ochre, and 266 of vi- 
 triolated magnefia, in the gallon : the 
 chalybeate, 70 grains of calcareous 
 earth, 139 of vitriolated magnefia, 
 and 1 1 of fea fait. 
 
 When thefe waters are poured out 
 of one glafs into another, they throw 
 up a number of air-bubbles ; and if 
 fhaken for awhile in a clofe ftopt phial, 
 and the phial be fuddenly opened be- 
 fore the commotion ceafes, they dif- 
 
 tfr P lode
 
 234 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 plode an elaflic vapour with an audible 
 noife, which fhows that they abound 
 in fixed air. 
 
 At the fountain they both have a 
 brifk, pungent, chalybeate tafte; but 
 the purging water taftes bitterifh, 
 which is not ufually the cafe with the 
 chalybeate one. 
 
 They lofe their chalybeate virtues 
 by expofure, and alfo by keeping j but 
 the purging: water fooneft. 
 
 They both putrify by keeping; but 
 in time recover their fweetnefs. 
 
 Four or five half pints of the purg- 
 ing water drunk within an hour, give 
 two or three eafy motions, and raife 
 the fpirits. The like quantity of the 
 chalybeate purges lefs, but exhilarates 
 more, and paries oif chiefly by urine. 
 
 Thefe waters have been found of 
 fervice in hectic fevers, in weakneffes 
 of the ftomach, and indigeftion ; in 
 
 relaxations
 
 of i\ liner al Waters . 235 
 
 relaxations of thefyflem; in nervous, 
 hyfteric, and hypochondriacal difor- 
 derSj in the green ficknefs, in the 
 fcurvy, rheumatifm, and afthmatic 
 complaints; in gleets, the fluor albus, 
 and other preternatural evacuations, 
 and in habitual coftivenefs. The wa- 
 ters are to be varied according to the 
 intention to be anfwered. 
 
 Scoilienses, in Upper Rhoctia^ 
 Switzerland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, impreg- 
 nated with natron ; and fo full of fixed 
 air, that it often burfls the bottles in 
 which it is kept. 
 
 It makes the drinkers giddy, and 
 operates mildly, though largely, by 
 flool, and by fpitting. 
 
 It is eiieemed excellent for cholicy 
 pains, both as a cure and preven- 
 tative. 
 
 In
 
 236 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 In its general virtues it refembles 
 the Spa water. 
 
 Sea Water. 
 
 Sea water has a fait, bitterifli tafle, 
 appears of a greenifh colour, and be- 
 comes foetid by keeping. 
 
 As an immenfe number of fprings, 
 rivers, &c. are continually emptying 
 themfelves into the fea, as it contains 
 e.n almoft infinity of animals and ve- 
 getables, and covers and wafhes fuch 
 a variety of lands and mores, it would 
 feem to be impregnated with very hete- 
 rogeneous matters. Neverthelefs, the 
 water, in different parts of the ocean, 
 appears to be nearly alike, and the 
 difference in its contents to be 
 much lefs than might at firil be 
 imagined. 
 
 A gallon, taken up off Brighthelm- 
 done, 4.ooyards from low-water mark, 
 
 yielded
 
 of Mineral Waters. 237 
 
 yielded three ounces 3234. grains of 
 fea fait, one ounce 283-+- grains of mu- 
 riated magnefia, and 93^ grains of 
 gvpfum. It alfo afforded one ounce 
 meafure of fixed air, four of atmo- 
 fpheric, and one of phlogifticated. 
 
 Sea water, in hotter climates, gene- 
 rally contains a greater proportion of 
 thefe matters than that in colder ones, 
 and therefore is ftronger. The dif- 
 ference, in fome places, is above two 
 to one. 
 
 Sea water taken internally, in a fmall 
 quantity, proves a Stimulating and 
 heating remedy, diffipating the finer 
 fluids, and occaiioning thiril. 
 
 In a larger quantity it proves pur- 
 gative. But differs from other purges 
 in that patients who drink it daily for 
 a considerable time, infiead of loiing, 
 often gain ftrength by it. 
 
 It therefore acts not merely as a 
 purgative, but gives alfo a briilc Sti- 
 mulus
 
 238 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ".mulus to the ftomach and intefKnes, 
 thereby increafing the appetite, and 
 promoting digeflion. 
 
 By means of this excellent property 
 of fea water (viz. our being able to 
 keep up a purging for a considerable 
 time, without hurting the conftitu- 
 tion) we are enabled frequently to re- 
 move diforders which have refilled the 
 force of other remedies. 
 
 It is of excellent ufe in fcrophulous 
 complaints ; and glandular fvvellings 
 are generally removed by it. If join- 
 ed with the bark, it has fometimes a 
 better effect in thofe cafes. 
 
 It is alfo ferviceable in purging off * 
 grofs humours, which have been the 
 confequence of indulging the appetite 
 too freely, and leading an inactive 
 life : alfo in clean fing the inteftines of 
 vifcid mucus, and worms. 
 
 In cafes where there is fever, heat, 
 or inflammation, fea water is found to
 
 of Mineral Waters . 239 
 
 be hurtful. Previous to its ufe, there- 
 fore, thefe iymptoms ihould be re- 
 moved by bleeding, purging, and a 
 proper cooling treatment. 
 
 As fea water is fpecifically heavier 
 than common water, and (by reafon 
 of the feline matters contained in it) 
 is alio more ftimulating, it is more 
 efficacious when ufed externally as a 
 bath. 
 
 It has alfo particular virtues when 
 externally, ufed. On account of its 
 ftimulating and difcutient property, it 
 is excellent in the fcrophula or king's 
 evil, in hard fwellrngs, in the bite of a 
 mad dog, in the rickets, in the dry 
 leprofy and itch,- in paralytic and 
 fcorbutic complaints, and in many 
 other cafes. But in moft of thefe, it 
 is proper to ufe it both internally and 
 externally. 
 
 S 1: D=
 
 240 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Sedlitz, Germany, a village in 
 Bohemia* 
 
 This purging water is of the fame 
 nature as our Epfom, but much 
 llronger, a gallon yielding about two 
 ounces of the purging fait. 
 
 Two or three tea-cups full are ge^ 
 nerally fufficient for a dofe -, and the 
 fbrongeft conftitution fcarce requires 
 more than a pint. 
 
 S e L T z e R, in Germany. This Spring 
 
 is near to the town of Neider, or 
 
 Lower Seltzer, about three leagues 
 
 from Franckfort on the Maine, in 
 
 the .Lower Archbijhoprick of Treves, 
 
 It rifes near a fmall trout firearm 
 The country and avenues around are 
 delightful, and afford a very pleafing 
 profpedt. 
 
 The water iffue« forth with great 
 
 rapidity;
 
 of Mineral Waters, 241 
 
 rapidity - y is remarkably clear and light, 
 and on pouring it from one veflel to 
 another, plenty of air-bubbles arife. 
 
 It has, at firft, fomewhat of a brifk 
 fubacid pungent tafte, but leaves be- 
 hind a lixivial one. 
 
 If expofed twenty-four hours to the 
 air, it lofes entirely its original tafle, 
 and acquires that of a flat alkaline ley. 
 But no fediment is depofited. 
 
 It pu trifles fooner than any other 
 medicinal water. 
 
 When frefh, it makes an immedi- 
 ate efTervefcence with acids, but es- 
 pecially with Rhenifh wines, and a 
 little powdered iugar. 
 
 It alio curdles with a folution of 
 foap. 
 
 It does not change purple with 
 galls i and therefore contains no cha- 
 lybeate. 
 
 Oil of tartar dropt into it makes it 
 
 milky, but does not occafion a preci- 
 pitate. 
 
 M It
 
 242 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It contains 14 grains of chalk, 20^ 
 of magnelia, 141. 6 of natron, and 92 
 of fea fait, in the gallon. From this 
 quantity of the water 128 ounce mea- 
 fures of fixed air were obtained. 
 
 Its operation is chiefly by urine, 
 for it has no purgative virtues. It 
 corrects acidities, renders the blood 
 and juices more fluid, and promotes 
 a brifk and free circulation. Hence 
 it is good in obflructions of the 
 glands, and againft. grofs and vifcid 
 humours. 
 
 It is of great ufe in the gravel and 
 ftone, and in other diforders of the 
 kidnies and bladder. 
 
 It is alfo excellent in gouty and 
 rheumatic complaints*, efpecially when 
 mixed with milk *f*. 
 
 * In thefe diforders its virtue is faiJ to be much 
 improved by the addition of Rhenifh wine, and a 
 little fugar. 
 
 t Aflcs, or goats milk, is ufually preferred. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters, 243 
 
 It is drunk with great fucccfs in 
 fcorbutic, cutaneous, and putrid dis- 
 orders. 
 
 It is good againft the heart-burn ; 
 and it is alfo an excellent flomachic. 
 Several pints may be drunk in the 
 courfe of a day. 
 
 On account of its diuretic quality, 
 it is of fervice in dropfical com- 
 plaints. 
 
 Mixed with afTes milk, it is of 
 great ufe in confumptive cafes, and 
 in diforders of the lungs. 
 
 It is in great efleem in nervous dif- 
 orders, either with, or without milk, 
 as is found to be mofl fuitable to the 
 conftitution. 
 
 It is alfo of fervice in hypochon- 
 driacal and hyiteric complaints, and 
 in obftru&ions of the menfes, efpeci- 
 ally if exercife be ufed. 
 
 It is given in purgings and fluxes 
 arifing from acidity in the bowels, 
 with good fuccefs. 
 
 M 2 Drunk
 
 244 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Drunk by nurfes, it is laid to ren- 
 der their milk more wholefome and 
 nourifhing to children, and to pre- 
 vent it from turning four on their 
 fiomachs. 
 
 As the fixed air of this water fo 
 foon flies off, it ought either to be 
 drunk on the fpot, or at leaft mould 
 be impregnated with a frem quantity 
 previous to its being taken, according 
 to the directions given in the begin- 
 ning of this treatife. 
 
 Thofe perfons, with whofe fto- 
 machs water alone does not fo well 
 agree, are advifed to mix with it fome 
 generous and agreeable wine, in cafes 
 where wine will not be hurtful . (See 
 alfo Spa and Pyrmont waters). 
 
 Sene, or Send, near the Devizes, 
 Wiltjhire. 
 At this place are two chalybeate 
 fprings, one of them ftronger than 
 
 jhe
 
 of Mineral Waters. 245 
 
 the other, but both refembling in vir- 
 tues the Hampjiead and IJlington wa- 
 ters. 
 
 They are diuretic, but not purga- 
 tive. 
 
 At a village called Paul/holt, near 
 this place, is another chalybeate 
 fpring. 
 
 S E Y d s c h u t z, in Germany. 
 
 It is fituated near to that of Sedlitz, 
 and is of the fame purgative nature, 
 but fomewhat ftronger. 
 
 Shadwell, near London, fituated 
 in Sun Tavern Fields. 
 
 This is a vitriolic chalybeate wa- 
 ter, and is one of the ftrongeft waters 
 of the kind in England ; it alfo con- 
 tains iron held in folution by aerial 
 acid. The gallon yielded 1 1 32 grains 
 M 3 of
 
 246 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 of martial vitriol, and 188 of an 
 ochry -coloured earth. 
 
 It has an acid, auftere, vitriolic 
 tafte, and with galls gives a blueifli 
 black colour like ink. 
 
 It has been taken inwardly to the 
 quantity of a pint, divided into two 
 or three dofes in the courfe of an 
 hour in the morning. It vomits, 
 and gently purges ; it turns the {tools 
 black. 
 
 It has been found of 'fervice in the 
 fluor albus, in obftinate gleets, and 
 dyfenteries ; in inward bleedings ; in 
 the jaundice ; and in fcorbutic and 
 leprous cafes. But it has chiefly 
 been ufed externally for fore eyes, the 
 itch, fcabs, tetters, fcald-head, ulcers, 
 nftulas, and the like, by wafhing, or 
 elfe applying linen rags dipped in it 
 to the parts. 
 
 In fcorbutic and leprous cafes, the 
 internal ufe is nrft, advifed till the 
 
 eruptions
 
 of Mineral I ' liters. 247 
 
 eruptions are thrown out, which are 
 then to be removed by the outward 
 application of the water. 
 
 Shapmoor. The Spring is Jit it at ed 
 in a marJJjy heath, between Sbap and 
 Orton, in Wejimor eland. 
 
 This is a fulphureous water, im- 
 pregnated with a purging fait, com- 
 pofed of vitriolated magnefia, fea fait, 
 and natron, about 370 grains in the 
 gallon. 
 
 Three pints of it prove purgative. 
 
 In its virtues it feems to refemble 
 the AJkeron water. 
 
 Sir- r t l e w o o D, filiated between 
 h.ij ver and Romeley, in Derby- 
 fiire. 
 
 It is a fulphureous water, contain- 
 ing near two drams of fea fait in the 
 gallon. 
 
 M 4 Its
 
 248 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Its virtues refemble thofe of the 
 Harrogate water. 
 
 Shipton, in TorkJIAre, 
 
 It is a fulphureous water, impreg- 
 nated with fea fait, together with a 
 purging fait. 
 
 In its virtues it refembles the Har- 
 rogate water. 
 
 Somersham, in Huntingdonshire '. 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, impreg- 
 nated with green vitriol and alum, 
 and contains alfo fixed air. 
 
 The feafon for drinking it is from 
 May to October. 
 
 It is drunk in the morning to the 
 quantity of feveral glafTes. It is recom- 
 mended in debilities of the ftomach 
 and bowels, in dyfenteries, haemor- 
 rhoids, and worms, in nidorous crudities, 
 in obftructions of the liver and fpleen, 
 
 in
 
 of Mineral Waters. 249 
 
 in uterine complaints, in the ftone 
 and gravel, in the fcurvy, in hyfteric 
 and hypochondriacal diforders, and 
 many others. 
 
 It is proper to purge before and 
 after the courfe, and falts may alfo be 
 occasionally added to it. 
 
 Externally it is applied to foul ul- 
 cers and cancers. 
 
 Spa, in the bifioprick of Liege, Ger- 
 many, twenty-one miles fouth-eaji 
 from the town of Liege. 
 
 In and about this town there are 
 feveral fprings, which afford excel- 
 lent chalybeate waters : and in Great 
 Britain they are the moft drunk of 
 any foreign mineral waters. 
 
 The principal fprings are, 
 
 1 . The Pohoun, or Pouhon, fituated. 
 
 in the middle of the village. 
 
 2. Sauviniere, about a mile and a 
 
 half eaft from it. 
 
 M 5 3. Grois-
 
 t$o Medicinal Virtues 
 
 3. Groisbeeck, near to the Sauvi- 
 
 niere. 
 
 4. Tonnelet, a little to the left of 
 
 the road to the Sauviniere. 
 
 5. Watroz, near to the Tonnelet. 
 
 6. Geronstere, two miles fouth 
 
 of the Spa. 
 
 7. Sarts, or Niverset, in the dif- 
 
 trid of Sarts. 
 
 8. Chevron, or Bru, in the princi- 
 
 pality of Stavelot. 
 9. Couve, ^ 
 
 10. Beversee, J AllnearMa]mdy . 
 
 11. SlGE, 1 
 
 12. Geromont. J 
 
 The Pouhon is a flow deep fpring, 
 and is more or lefs ftrong or gafeous 
 according to the ftate of the atmo- 
 fphere. 
 
 The gallon contains 10 grains of 
 chalk, 30 of magnefia, 10 of natron, 
 and five of aerated iron. It yields of 
 fixed air 132 ounce meafures. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters. 251 
 
 It contains more iron than either 
 of the other fprings, and does not fo 
 foon lofe its gas. 
 
 It is in its mofl perfect and natural 
 flate in cold, dry weather. It then 
 appears colourlefs, tranfparent, and 
 without fmell, and has a fubacid cha- 
 lybeate taile, with an agreeable fmart- 
 nefs : at fuch times, if it be taken out 
 of the well in a glafs, it does not 
 fparkle; but after {landing awhile, 
 covers the glafs on the infide with 
 fmall air-bubbles ; but if it be fhaken, 
 or poured out of one glafs into an- 
 other, it then Iparkles, and difcharges 
 a great number of air-bubbles at the 
 fui-face. 
 
 In warm, moifl weather, it lofes 
 
 its tranfparency, appears turbid or 
 
 wheyifh, contains lefs fixed air, and 
 
 is partly decompofed. A murmuring 
 
 M 6 noife
 
 252 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 noife alio is fometimes heard in the 
 well. 
 
 It is colder than the heat of the at- 
 mofphere by many degrees. 
 
 It is fuppofed to contain the great- 
 eft, quantity of fixed air of almoft any 
 acidulous water; and in coniequence 
 thereof has a remarkable fprightli- 
 nefs and vinofity, and boils by mere 
 warmth. This, however, foon flies oft, 
 if the water be left expofed; though 
 in well corked bottles it is in a great 
 meafure preferved. 
 
 It is capable of diffolving more iron 
 than it naturally contains, and there- 
 by becoming a ftronger chalybeate. 
 This is owing to the great quantity 
 of fixed air which it contains. 
 
 For the fame reafon an ebullition 
 
 is raifed in this water on the addition 
 
 of acids, as they difengage its fixed 
 
 air. 
 
 It
 
 of Mineral Waters. 253 
 
 It mixes fmoothly with milk, whe- 
 ther it be cold or of a boiling heat. 
 
 Of the Sauviniere water, a gal- 
 lon yields 6.5 grains of chalk, 4.5 of 
 magnelia, two of natron, 3.5 of kali, 
 2.2 of aerated iron, and 108 ounce 
 meafures of fixed air. 
 
 At the well it has fomewhat a fmell 
 of fulphur. 
 
 Groisbeeck. The water is of 
 the fame nature as the Sauviniere, 
 but contains a fomewhat larger pro- 
 portion of the feveral ingredients. It 
 has a vitriolic tafte, and fomewhat of 
 a fulphureous fmell. 
 
 Tonnelet. This is one of the 
 mo ft fprightly waters in the world. It 
 is much colder than either of the other 
 Spa waters; has no fmell; is bright, 
 tranfparent, and colourlefs ; and from 
 the rapidity of its motion does not foul 
 its bafon. It has a fmart, fubacid, 
 
 fprightly
 
 254 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 fprightly tafte, not unlike the brifkeft 
 Champaign wine. 
 
 From a variety of experiments it 
 appears, that this water is more ftrong- 
 ly charged than any of the others with 
 fixed air, on which the energy of all 
 waters of this kind depends, but it parts 
 with it more readily. 
 
 It contains more iron than either 
 of the fprings, except the Pouhon. 
 
 Watroz. Its fituation is loweft 
 of any of the fprings about Spa, and 
 it is more apt to be foul : but when the 
 well is cleaned out, and the water 
 pure, it is found to be of the fame 
 nature as that of Pouhon. It is not 
 purgative, as lbme have aiTerted. 
 
 Geronstere. This water has 
 much lefs fixed air than the Pouhon. 
 It has a fulphureous fmell at the foun- 
 tain, which it lofes by being carried 
 to a diftance. This fmell is ftrongeft. 
 in warm moift weather. 
 
 The
 
 of Mineral Waters . 255 
 
 The air, or vapour, of this water 
 affects the- heads of fome who drink 
 it, occasioning a giddinefs, or kind of 
 drunkennefs, which goes off in a 
 quarter or half an hour. The Pyr- 
 mont, and feveral other brifk chaly- 
 beate waters, are found to have the 
 fame cfFedl. 
 
 It is colder than any of the fprings, 
 the Tonnelet excepted. 
 
 Sarts, or Niverset. It refem- 
 bles the Tonnelet water, but is rather 
 lefs brifeand gafeous. It is however 
 more acid and Ifyptic. 
 
 Bru, or Chevron. The phyfi- 
 cians at Liege have artfully decried 
 this water, becaufe it is not in the 
 principality of Liege. But by every 
 trial it appears not much inferior to 
 any of the Spa waters. In the quan- 
 tity of fixed air and of iron it con- 
 tains, it approaches the Pouhon. 
 
 Couve and Beversee. ThtCouve 
 
 nearly refembles the. Tonnelet water ; 
 
 4 or
 
 2 $6 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 or rather, may be placed in a medium 
 between that and the JVatroz. It 
 hardly equals the tranfparency, fmart- 
 nefs, and generous vinous tafte of the 
 firft, but it greatly furpafles the latter. 
 The Beverfee agrees with this, only 
 that it does not retain its fmartnefs \o 
 well by keeping. 
 
 La Sige. It has fome of the 
 general properties of the Spa waters, 
 but in other refpe&s it is different. 
 
 It is moderately fubacid, fmart, and 
 grateful, but has no feniible chalyb- 
 eate tafte. 
 
 It fparkles like Champaign wine 
 when poured from one glafs to an- 
 other. Upon {landing it lofes its 
 fixed air, and throws up a thick mo- 
 ther-of-pearl coloured pellicle. 
 
 It is much more loaded with earthy 
 matters, and lefs impregnated with 
 iron and fixed air, than the other Spa 
 waters. 
 
 Geromont. As a chalybeate and 
 
 acidu-
 
 of Mineral Waters . 257 
 
 acidulous water it feems to be nearly 
 of the fame ftrength with La Sige ; 
 but it contains a greater quantity of 
 natron, together with a mixture of 
 lea fait. The earthy matters, however, 
 are lefs. 
 
 Their Virtues, &c. — It appears, 
 that thefe waters are compounded of 
 nearly the fame principles, though in 
 different proportions. All of them 
 abound with Jixed air. They contain 
 more or lefs iron, natron, and calca- 
 reous and felenitical earths; together 
 with a fmall portion of fea fait, and 
 an oily matter common to all waters. 
 Thefe are all kept fufpended, and in 
 a neutral Hate, by means of the aerial 
 acid, or fixed air. 
 
 From a review of the contents of 
 thefe waters, it cannot be imagined 
 that their virtues principally depend 
 on the fmall quantity of folid mat- 
 ters which they contain. They mull: 
 
 there-
 
 258 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 therefore depend moftly on their fub- 
 tle mineral fpirit, ox fixed air. And 
 they are probably rendered more ac- 
 tive and penetrating both in the nrfl 
 paffages, and alfo when they enter the 
 circulation, by means of that fmall 
 portion of iron, earth, fait, &c. with 
 which they are impregnated. 
 
 Thefe waters are diuretic, and fome- 
 times purgative; like other chalybeate 
 waters they tinge the fiools black. 
 
 They exhilarate and affect the fpi- 
 rits with a much more kind and be- 
 nign influence than wine or fpirituous 
 liquors; and their general operation 
 is by ftrengthening the fibres. They 
 cool and quench thirft much better 
 than common water. 
 
 They are therefore found excellent 
 in cafes of univerfal languor or weak- 
 nefs, proceeding from a relaxation of 
 the ftomach, and of the fibres in ge- 
 neral, and where the conflitution has 
 
 been
 
 of Mineral Waters . 259 
 
 been weakened by difeafe, or by too 
 fedentary a life. In weak, relaxed, 
 grofs habits ; in nervous diforders ; in 
 the end of the gout and rheumatifm, 
 where the conftitution needs to be re- 
 paired -, in fuch afthmatic diforders and 
 chronic coughs as proceed from too 
 great a relaxation of the pulmonary 
 veifels ; in obir.ruc~t.ions of the liver 
 and fpleen; in cafes where the blood 
 is too thin and putrefcent, occafioned 
 by irregularities, or by fcorbutic or 
 other putrid diforders ; in hyfterical 
 and hypochondriacal complaints, where 
 the fibres are too irritable and relax- 
 ed, and where the habit in general 
 needs to be reftored ; in paralytic dif- 
 orders ; in gleets -, in the fluor albus ; 
 in fluxes of the belly j and in other 
 inordinate difcharges proceednig from 
 too great weaknefs or relaxation of 
 any particular part ; in the gravel and 
 ilone 3 in female obftruclions ; in bar- 
 ren nefs j
 
 260 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 rennefs; and in moil other cafes where 
 a ftrengthening and brifk Simulating 
 refolving chalybeate remedy is want- 
 ed; and where there are no confirmed 
 obftruclions, or fo much heat and fe- 
 ver as to forbid their ufe. 
 
 They are, however, generally hurt- 
 ful in hot, bilious, and plethoric con- 
 ftitutions, when ufed before the body 
 is cooled by proper evacuations. They 
 are alfo hurtful in cafes of fever and 
 heat ; in hectic fevers and ulcerations 
 of the lungs, and of other internal 
 parts, particularly where there is no 
 free outlet to the matter ; and alfo in 
 moft confirmed obftructions attended 
 with fever. 
 
 The ufual feafon for drinking them 
 is in July and Auguft, or during the 
 fummer months from May to Sep- 
 tember. The water, however, is befl 
 in the winter, and in dry, frofty wea- 
 ther i
 
 of Mineral Waters . 261 
 
 ther ; and probably might then be 
 drank to greateft advantage. 
 
 If they lie cold on the ftomach, a 
 few carraway feeds, cardamoms, or 
 other aromatic, may be taken with 
 them. The vefTel out of which it is 
 drunk may alfo be warmed with hot 
 water, or a little warm water may be 
 added immediately before drinking. It 
 muft always be drunk before noon. 
 
 The quantity to be drunk mould be 
 
 different according to the age, confti- 
 
 tution, and other circumstances of the 
 
 patient. The only certain rule is, that 
 
 quantity which the ftomach can bear 
 
 without heavinefs or uneafinefs. The 
 
 greater the quantity any one drinks, 
 
 the better, provided it agrees, and 
 
 paifes well off. It is advifeable to 
 
 begin with drinking a glafs or two fe- 
 
 veral times in a day, increaiing the 
 
 quantity daily, as far as the ftomach 
 
 will bear. To continue that dofe du- 
 
 ring
 
 262 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ring the courfe, and to finifh by lef- 
 fening it by the fame degrees by which 
 it was augmented. Moderate exer- 
 cife is proper after drinking. It is to 
 be continued for feveral weeks or 
 months, according to the circum- 
 ftances. 
 
 Previous to the ufe of the water, it 
 is proper to cleanfe the firft pafTages 
 by gentle purges, and if judged ne- 
 cefTary, an emetic alfo fhould be gi- 
 ven. During the courfe, likewise, 
 coftivenefs mould be "prevented, by oc- 
 cafionally adding Rochelle falts, or 
 rhubarb, to the firft glaffes of water 
 in the morning. 
 
 When there is too much heat, the 
 faline draughts, nitre, vegetable acids, 
 or the like, mould be given ; and the 
 elixir of vitriol has been added to the 
 water, in intermittent feveriili com- 
 plaints, with good effect. 
 A cooling regimen fhould be obferv- 
 
 ed
 
 of Mineral Waters. 263 
 
 ed while drinking thefe waters, as alfo 
 regular hours, and quietnefs, or chear- 
 fulnefs of mind. 
 
 In cafes of rigidity of the fibres, 
 the warm bath is recommended, 
 among the beft preparatives to a courfe 
 of thefe waters; and, hence bathing 
 at Aix-la-Chapelle, or at Chande Fon- 
 taine, is often premifed. The warm 
 bathing may occafionally be repeated 
 during the courfe. In oppofite cafes, 
 the cold bath is recommended. 
 
 The Spa water is ufed alfo exter- 
 nally, in a variety of cafes, with good 
 fuccefs. It is ufed as an injection in 
 the fluor albus, and in ulcers and can- 
 cers of the womb, and alfo in the go- 
 norrhoea y it is ferviceable in venereal 
 aphthae, and ulcers in the mouth ; it 
 is ufed to warn phagedenic ulcers ; it is 
 recommended by way of gargle for re- 
 laxed tonfils, and for fattening loofe 
 teeth , it is alfo good in other relaxa- 
 tions;
 
 264 dkinal Virtues 
 
 tions ; and it is faid to cure the itch, 
 and fimrlar complaints, by warning 
 and bathing, an internal courfe being 
 alfo obferved at the time. 
 
 As the" Spa waters are impregnated 
 with different proportions of the fame 
 ingredients, they may be chofen dif- 
 ferently, according to the intentions 
 we have in view. The Poboun is the 
 ftrongeft chalybeate. The Towidet 
 is a weaker chalybeate, but brilker, 
 and rather more gafeous. The Grcif- 
 beech, and Sauviniere are ftill weaker 
 chalybeates, but contain a portion of /'" 
 kali, which the others do not. The 
 Geromont is like wife a weak chalyb- 
 eate, but contains a great deal of cal- 
 careous and felenitical earth, and about 
 three times as much alkaline fait as 
 any of the others. The four laft wa- 
 ters, therefore, will be better in dif- 
 orders ariling from an acid caufe, and 
 as diuretics, particularly the Geromont. 
 
 Stan-
 
 of Mineral Waters . 265 
 
 S T A n g e R, near Cockermoutb, in 
 Cumberland. 
 
 This is a fait chalybeate, or vitri- 
 olic water j and, when drunk to four 
 or five pints, operates with violence 
 both upwards and downwards. 
 
 St enfield, in Lincoln/hire, 
 
 It is a chalybeate laxative water, 
 and refembles that of Or/Ion. It is 
 light, clear, pleafant tafted, and full 
 of gas at firlt, but on long Handing 
 in its large refervoir fpoils. 
 
 Streatiiam, in Surry , near 
 London. 
 
 The water has a yellowifli tinge, 
 and throws up a fcum variegated with 
 blue, green, and yellow. Its tafte is 
 fomewhat faline and difagreeable. 
 
 N The
 
 266 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 The gallon contains 160 grains of 
 fait compofed of fea fait and vitri- 
 olated magnefia, and 40 of calcareous 
 earth. 
 
 It is a mild purging water, and 
 may be drunk to the quantity of three 
 or four pints. 
 
 It is alfo diuretic, and is faid to be 
 found ufeful in diforders of the eyes. 
 
 Stoke. 
 See Jeffofs Well. 
 
 Suchaloza, about a mile from 
 Hungarian Broda, in Germany. 
 
 It is an acidulous water, refembling 
 that of Nezdenice in virtues. 
 
 It is greatly eiteemed in the neigh- 
 bourhood for the cure of fcrophulous 
 and other diforders, in which waters 
 of this kind are ferviceable; and is 
 
 drunk
 
 of Mineral Waters . 267 
 
 drunk with victuals inileacr of fmall 
 beer and wine. 
 
 Sutton Bog, in the county of Ox- 
 ford, near to NGrthamptQ?iJhire. 
 
 This is one of the waters termed 
 fulphnreons . * 
 
 It has an intolerable foetid fmell, 
 like rotten eggs. Its tafte is faltim 
 and pungent, like foap lees. 
 
 It throws up a blue fcum, and the 
 mud at the bottom is jet black. In 
 half an hour it turns filver of a cop- 
 per colour. 
 
 It contains 131 grains of natron 
 mixed with a little lea fait, and nine 
 grains of argillaceous earth, in the gal- 
 lon. 
 
 It is a mild laxative, or purging, 
 water. ' 
 
 It is ufed both for -drinking and 
 
 bathing; and ulcers, tumours, fcro- 
 
 N 2 phulous,
 
 268 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 phulous, and other difeafes of the 
 fkin, are fuccefsfully warned with it. 
 The mud is alfo made ufe of. 
 
 S W A D L I N G B A R, hi the COUHty of 
 
 Cavern, Ireland. 
 
 The water is fometimes tranfpa- 
 rent and colourlefs; at other times 
 fomewhat whitifh. 
 
 ' It has a ftrong fulphureous fmell, 
 which it retains long in bottles well 
 corked. It tinge's filver of a blackifh 
 or copperiih colour. 
 
 The well is commonly covered 
 with a whitifh or blueifh fcum; and 
 depofits a mud which burns, on a red 
 hot iron, with a blue name. 
 
 It contains natron, together with a 
 little vitriolated magnefia and earth. 
 
 S w A N s e y, in Glamor ganflnre, 
 North Wales. 
 
 It is impregnated with vitriolated 
 
 iron,
 
 of Mineral Waters . 269 
 
 iron, of which a gallon yields thirty- 
 
 * two grains. 
 
 Dr. Rutty fufpecls it to contain 
 copper. 
 
 Taken inwardly it is alfo faid to 
 ftop purgings; applied outwardly it 
 flops bleeding. 
 
 Sydenha m, in Kent, near London, 
 
 The water is fomewhat bitterifh to 
 the tafte. 
 
 It is purgative, and of the nature 
 of Epfom water, but only about half 
 the ftrength of it. 
 
 Tarleton, eight miles from Pref- 
 ton, in Lancafhire. 
 
 This is a chalybeate water, and drunk 
 
 to the quantity of three or four pints 
 
 proves purgative. In its virtues it feems 
 
 to refemble the Scarborough water. 
 
 N 3 It
 
 2jQ Medicinal Virtues 
 
 It has a fomewhat fulphureous ffriell 
 when iirfl drawn. 
 
 Tewkesbury, in Gloi/cejlerfiire. 
 
 It is a purging water, of the nature 
 of thofe of Aclon, Pancrasj and Ep- 
 fom. 
 
 There are two other fprings of the 
 fame kind in the neighbourhood ; one 
 of them is in Walton grounds*, the 
 other in Teddington grounds. 
 
 .Thetford, in the county of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 This is a chalybeate and acidulous 
 water, and contains alfo natron. 
 
 It operates by urine, and alfo gently 
 by flool. 
 
 It is recommended in pains of the 
 ftomach and bowels ; in lofs of appe- 
 tite; in relaxed irate of the fibres ; in 
 
 * See Walton. 
 
 hyfteric
 
 of ' ^ Tin a -al Waters . 271 
 
 hyfteric diforders - } and in beginning 
 consumptions. 
 
 Thoroton, near Newark upon' 
 T/ 'enty Nottinghamshire. 
 
 It is a chalybeate laxative water, 
 refembling that of Orjion. 
 
 Thursk, in the North Riding of 
 Yorkjhirt* 
 
 It is a briik, fparkling, chalybeate 
 water, and is alfo purgative and diu- 
 retic. It refembles the Scarborough 
 and Cheltenham waters. 
 
 Tibshelf, in Derbyfiire. 
 
 This is a fine clear chalybeate -, and 
 when poured from one 'glafs to an- 
 other, fparkles like the Spa water, 
 which it refembles in virtues. 
 
 N4 Til-
 
 2J2 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Tilbury. The Spring which affords 
 this water is jituated near a farm- 
 houfe at JVeJl -Til bury, near c Tilbury- 
 Fort, in EJ/'ex. 
 
 This water is not quite limpid at 
 the well, but is fomewhat ftraw-co- 
 loured. 
 
 It is foft and fmooth to the tafte ; 
 though after being agitated in the 
 mouth, it leaves a fmall degree of 
 roughnefs on the tongue. 
 
 It throws up a fcum variegated 
 with feveral colours, which feels 
 greafy, and effervefces with vitriolic 
 acid. 
 
 It mixes fmooth with milk, but 
 curdles with foap. When boiled it 
 turns milky ? a fourth part of moun- 
 tain wine fines it immediately, and 
 all acids do the fame. 
 
 A gallon of the water contains 37 
 
 grains
 
 of Mineral Waters* 273 
 
 grains of chalk, 49 of true nitre, 82 
 of lea fait, and 1 1 of natron. 
 
 It operates chiefly by urine, though 
 it is alio fomewhat purgative ; and iiir- 
 creafes perfpiration. 
 
 It is in efleem for removing glan- 
 dular obftructions ; it is good in bloody 
 fluxes, purgings, and the like ; in dis- 
 orders of the flomach arifing from 
 acidity ; in the gravel; fluor albus; 
 and immoderate flux of the menfes. 
 
 As a diuretic it is good in dropflcal 
 complaints. 
 
 It gently warms the flomach, 
 ftrengthens the appetite, and pro- 
 motes digeftion ; it is alfo of fer- 
 vice in lownefs of fpirits. From its 
 efficacy in removing obftructions of 
 the glands, it is recommended in fcur- 
 vies and cutaneous difeafes; and its 
 virtues in thefe complaints feem to 
 be confirmed by the tingling which 
 it occafions in the ikin. 
 
 The dofe is ufualiy a quart in a day. ' 
 
 N 5 Tober
 
 274 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Tober Bony, in Ireland. 
 
 This fpring is fituated about four 
 miles north of Dublin. 
 
 The water is fweet, and foon la- 
 thers with foap. 
 
 Before rain and wind it yields a fe- 
 tid fmell. Its -fediment, when placed 
 on hot iron, turns black and fcetid. 
 
 It contains an alkaline fait, toge- 
 ther with a calcareous earth, and an 
 oily or bituminous matter. 
 
 Its virtues a~e fimilar to thofe of the 
 ^Tilbury water, but in a lefs degree. 
 
 T o N s T e i n, in the Bifioprick of 
 Cologne^ Germojiy. 
 
 This is among the moil noted wa- 
 ters of Germany. 
 
 The wafer has a brifk fubacid tafte 
 at the fountain, which is lofl by ex- 
 pofure to the air.
 
 of Mineral Wi iters . 275 
 
 It is clear and limpid when taken 
 up from the well, but becomes turbid 
 by {landing -, owing to the lofs of its 
 fixed air. 
 
 It contains a chalky earth with an 
 alkali and a little fea fait. 
 
 Its virtues are fimilar to thofe of 
 the Seltzer waters, but it is more 
 purgative. 
 
 It may alfo be ufed with advantage 
 for common drink, either by itfelf or 
 mixed with wine ; and that either in 
 acute or chronic difcafes, where diu- 
 retic or deobfiruent remedies are re- 
 quired. 
 
 T o w n l e y. 
 
 See Hanbridge, 
 
 Tralee, in the county of Kerry, 
 Ireland. 
 
 It is a chalybeate water, of the na- 
 ture of that of Cajlleconnel. 
 
 N6 Tun-
 
 276 [ Medicinal Virtues 
 
 Tunbridge. The W 'ells are fi- 
 tuated about five miles from the town 
 of Tunbridge, in Kent. 
 
 This is at prefent one of the moft 
 famous chalybeate waters in England, 
 and the moft reforted to of any, tho* 
 it does not feem to be preferable to 
 many others in this kingdom. 
 
 It is a brifk, light water, has a fer- 
 ruginous tafte, and contains alfo a little 
 fea fait. 
 
 Expofed to the air it foon lofes its 
 virtues ; as it does alfo in a few days 
 in bottles. 
 
 It is ufual at times to mix with the 
 firfh glafs of the water, taken in the 
 morning, either a little common fait, 
 or fome other purging fait, in order to 
 make it operate by ftool. If the fto- 
 mach be foul, it is apt to vomit. 
 
 It is chiefly reforted to in June, 
 
 July.
 
 #/ Mineral Waters. zjj 
 
 July, and Auguftj and is recom- 
 mended in all thofe diforders in which 
 the celebrated Spa waters of Germany 
 are ferviceable. It pofTefTes the lame 
 general virtues as thofe waters, but in 
 a lefs degree. 
 
 Upminster, near Brentwood, in 
 Efe*. 
 
 This is a ftrong fulphureous wa- 
 ter, impregnated with a purging fait, 
 and natron. 
 
 It retains its fulphureous quality a 
 long time. 
 
 It is purgative and diuretic ; and 
 in its virtues feems to referable the 
 AJkeron water. 
 
 V A h l s, in France. 
 
 The well is near Vahls, in Dau- 
 phiny. 
 
 The water has a brifk fubacid tafte 
 at the fpring ; which is loft before it 
 
 reaches
 
 278 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 reaches Paris, for it then taftes falt- 
 iih. 
 
 It contains 455 grains of natron in' 
 the gallon. 
 
 It is diuretic, and fomewhat pur- 
 gative -, and is fimilar in virtues to 
 the Seltzer and Clifton waters, though 
 lefs powerful. 
 
 N. B. Near to this is another fpring, 
 called ha Marie, of the fame kind, but 
 weaker. 
 
 Walton, near Tewkejbury. 
 
 This water contains the fame in- 
 gredients as that of Cheltenham. The 
 only difference between them confifts 
 in the quantity of the purging fait 
 in the latter being fomewhat greater, 
 whilft the Walton water has rather 
 more hepatic air. 
 
 Wardrew, in Northumberland. 
 
 It is fituated between Cumberland 
 
 and
 
 of Mineral Waters . 279 
 
 and Northumberland, on 'the banks 
 of the river Arden. 
 
 It is the moft cold fulphureous wa- 
 ter in the three northren counties. 
 It contains lea fait, and therefore re- 
 fembles in virtues the Harrogate wa- 
 ter. The fait is in the proportion of 
 about 22 grains to the gallon. 
 
 It lofes both its fmell and virtues 
 by carriage and keeping. 
 
 Weatherstack, in JVeftmore- 
 land. 
 
 This is a weak chalybeate water, 
 but contains a large portion of iea 
 fait. In the fummer it fmells of 
 fulphur, but not in the winter. 
 
 It is purgative ; and the dofe is two 
 or three pints. 
 
 Welle nbro w, in Northampton- 
 fire. 
 It is a flight chalybeate water, re- 
 fembling that of IjTmgton, 
 
 West
 
 2 So Medicinal Virtues 
 
 W e s T A s H T o n, in the pariJJj of 
 Steeple Jfiton, Wiltjhire* 
 
 It is a weak chalybeate water, re- 
 sembling thofe of IJlington and Tun- 
 bridge. 
 
 We st wood, near Tanderjley, in 
 JDerbyJIoire. 
 
 This is a vitriolic chalybeate, fome- 
 what refembling the Sbadwell water. 
 
 It is recommended externally for 
 old fores in the legs. 
 
 N. B. The coal waters, in general, 
 in this part of the country, are alfo 
 vitriolic. 
 
 Wexford, in Ireland, 
 
 It is an agreeable chalybeate wa- 
 ter, flmilar in virtue to that of IJling- 
 ton. 
 
 White-
 
 of Mineral Waters . 281 
 
 White-Acre, near Trales, in 
 Lancafiire. 
 
 This is a very clear, brifk chalyb- 
 eate water, refembling that of Lan- 
 cafter in virtues, but it is faid rather 
 to bind than purge. 
 
 Wigan, in Lancashire . 
 
 It is a clear chalybeate water, re*- 
 fembling thofe of Hamfftead and If- 
 lington. 
 
 From the bottom rifes an inflam- 
 mable vapour, which takes fire at the 
 furface on the approach of a lighted 
 candle. 
 
 Wigglesworth, in the parijh 
 of Long Prefton, in the Weft Riding 
 of York fldire, four miles f out h of Set- 
 tle. 
 
 The water is very black, and has a 
 
 flrong
 
 2o2 Medicinal Virtues 
 
 ferong fulphureous fmell, with a fait- 
 ifli tafte. 
 
 Drunk to the quantity of three 
 quarts it purges, and two quarts are 
 faid to vomit, though it is rather un- 
 common, that more mould be requir- 
 ed for the former than for the latter. 
 
 W I L D u N G A N, in the country of 
 Waldeck, Germany, 
 
 This water at the fountain has a 
 brifk fubacid tafte, which it lofes by 
 expofure. 
 
 It is of the fame kind with that of 
 Bitchy but weaker. 
 
 It is one of the mildeft acidulae 
 known, and may be ufed as common 
 drink alone, or mixed with a fmall 
 portion of wine. 
 
 Though it is not efteemed ftrong 
 enough to remove obftinate chronic 
 difeafes, and clear the firft paffages, 
 
 yet
 
 of Mineral Waters. 283 
 
 yet it is excellent for blunting and di- 
 luting acrid, fcorbutic, and gouty hu- 
 mours, when taken in large quantity, 
 and for a fufficient length of time. 
 
 Wirksworth, in Derby fiire. 
 
 It is a weak fulphureous water, 
 impregnated with a purging fait, and 
 is alfo chalybeate. 
 
 It is recommended in fcrophulous, 
 and cutaneous diforders. 
 
 Witham, in Eff'ex. 
 
 This is a chalybeate water of con- 
 siderable ftrength, and is alfo impreg- 
 nated with fea fait, but it will not 
 bear carriage, and muft be drunk at 
 the fountain. 
 
 It is very diuretic, and has been 
 fuccefsfully prefcribed in hectic fe- 
 vers, in weaknefs occalioned by long 
 difeafc, in lownefs of fpirits, nervous 
 
 com-
 
 284 Medicinal Virtues , &c. 
 
 complaints, want of appetite, indigef- 
 tion, habitual cholic, and vomiting; 
 in agues, in the jaundice, and begin- 
 ning dropfy; in the gravel, and in 
 afthmatic and fcorbutic diforders. 
 
 2ahorovice, in Germany. 
 
 The fpring is near to this village, 
 in the diftrict of the Cattle of Suiet- 
 lovia, in a rocky valley, by the fide 
 of the river Nezdenice, 
 
 It is an acidulous water, falter, but 
 lefs acid than that of Nezdenice ; and 
 it is alfo fomewhat pungent and foetid, 
 
 It is in great efteem in the neigh- 
 bourhood, particularly for the cure of 
 fcrophulous diforders. 
 
 CON-
 
 [ *8 5 1 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 FOR the fake of brevity, I have 
 omitted a particular defcription of each 
 water in the preceding account, and 
 occaiionally referred the reader to fome 
 water of the fame kind which has been 
 more fully treated of; and the general 
 virtues of the different claffes of wa- 
 ters are alfo defcribed at large in the 
 Introduction. 
 
 In the Appendix to Dr. Prieftley's 
 tract, I have given directions for imi- 
 tating fome of thofe waters. The 
 acidulous waters of the 5th clafs, for 
 example, may be imitated, and even 
 excelled, by limply impregnating wa- 
 ter with Fixed Air. The folid ingre- 
 dients are known to be of little or no 
 confequence. If, however, thefe be de- 
 
 fired,
 
 286 Conclnjhn. 
 
 fired, they maybe added in the propor- 
 tions directed under the article Seltzer 
 water ; though it is by no means, ne- 
 ce/Tary that thofe proportions mould 
 be ftriclly adhered to. 
 
 A purging water, anfwering per- 
 haps all the intentions of thofe of the 
 6th clafs, may be made as directed for 
 the Seidfcutz water. Rochelle fait, 
 or vitriolated natron, may be fublti- 
 tuted for the vitriolated magnelia, if 
 the latter be too naufeous ; and a lit- 
 tle common fait may alfo be added. 
 if the water to be imitated be a fait 
 water, like that of the fea, the com- 
 mon fait mould be in the greater pro- 
 portion.- 
 
 le chalybeate waters of the r ft 
 clafs may be elegantly fubftituted, by 
 water impregnated with Fixed Air, in 
 which iron- filings, or wire, has been 
 infufed : or they may be made as direct- 
 ed -under the articles Spa and Pyrmont 
 
 ter»
 
 Conchifion, 287 
 
 tvnter. The chalybeate purging waters 
 of the 2d clafs may be imitated by 
 adding to a gallon of this water two 
 or three ounces of vitriolated magne- 
 fia, or other purging fait, and, if you 
 will, a littie fea fait. 
 
 For the fulphureous waters of the 
 3d clafs, water impregnated with he- 
 patic air may be advantageoufly ufed : 
 or they may be made as directed under 
 the article Aix-la-Chapelk hvater. If 
 they be alfo required to be chalybeate, 
 or purging, or both, iron-filings, or 
 vitriolated magnefia, or both thefe, 
 may be added, together with a little 
 fea fait, according to circumftances. 
 For cold fulphureous waters, both 
 fixed and hepatic airs are to be em- 
 ployed, as mentioned in the Appen- 
 dix ; and even for the hot fulphureous 
 waters it may be proper to put a fmall 
 proportion of chalk with the fulphu- 
 
 rated
 
 288 Conclujion. 
 
 rated kali into the lower veffel A of 
 the apparatus. 
 
 They who have a knowledge of 
 natural philofophy, will perceive that 
 thefe artificial waters are not only 
 equal, but even fuperior to the natural 
 ones, efpecially when they cannot be 
 drunk at the fpring head. Their vir- 
 tues, for the moil part, depend on 
 their volatile principles, and art can 
 make water imbibe more. than double 
 the quantity of "fixed, or hepatic air, 
 that the ftrongefl natural waters are 
 ever found to contain. The latter 
 are alfo frequently impregnated with 
 hurtful, or, atleaft, ufelefs ingredients; 
 and we cannot always be fure that we 
 have them genuine. It is not, how- 
 ever, by any means, the Author's wifh 
 to profcribe the ufe of the natural wa- 
 ters. Many of them have particular 
 virtues, as has been proved by un- 
 doubted
 
 Conchy ion. 389 
 
 doubted experiments : and there are 
 others which art cannot yet fuffici- 
 ently imitate. 
 
 Many people again, through preju- 
 dice, will not ufe the artificial waters, 
 as they do not believe it pomble that 
 they can be made fufficiently to re- 
 femble the natural ones ; but even 
 theie will not object to the life of wa- 
 ter impregnated with fixed or hepatic 
 air in a medicinal view. 
 
 Water impregnated with fixed air 
 is now known to be a very powerful 
 antifeptic, or corrector of putrefac- 
 tion. It will preferve ftefli kept in it 
 iweet, and even reflore it after it be- 
 comes putrid. It is therefore given 
 with great fuccefs in putrid fevers, in 
 the lea fcurvy, in dyfenteries, in mor- 
 tifications, and in'other diforders arif- 
 ing from a putrid caufe, or attended 
 with putrefaction, a draught of it be- 
 ing taken now-and-then, or even by 
 way of .common drink. But the in- 
 O genioui
 
 290 Conclujlon. 
 
 genious Mr. Bewly has invented a ftill 
 better method of exhibiting fixed air, 
 as a medicine : he directs a fcruple of 
 kali to be diiiblved in a fufficient quan- 
 tity (fuppofe a quarter of a pint, or 
 lefs) of water, which is to be impreg- 
 nated with as much iixed air as it can 
 imbibe; this is to be drunk for one 
 dofe *. If immediately after it a 
 fpoonful of lemon juice, mixed with 
 two or three fpoonful s of water, and 
 fweetened v/ith fugar, be drunk, the 
 fixed air will be extricated in the fto- 
 mach; and by this means a much 
 greater quantity of it may be given 
 than the fame quantity of water alone 
 can be made to imbibe. In this way 
 I have given it in the above diforders 
 with the belt, effect. 
 
 But for the important difcovery of 
 the efficacy of this medicine in the 
 ftone and gravel we are indebted to 
 
 * Mr. Bewly direils it to be prepared in larger quantity 
 at a time, (as indeed it ought, in order to lave trouble) 
 and calls it his Mephitic Julep. 
 
 Mr.
 
 Cunclufion, 291 
 
 Mr. Benj. Colborne. After long un- 
 dergoing the feverefr. tortures, unre- 
 lieved by other remedies, of which he 
 tried all of any repute, he hrfl expe- 
 rienced its happy effects in his own 
 perfon, and afterwards recommended 
 it to many of his fellow-fufterers with 
 the fame fuccefs. For a full account 
 of its effects, with a variety of cafes, 
 fee Dr. Falconer's Appendix to Dob- 
 fon's Commentary on Fixed Air, from 
 which the following manner of pre- 
 paring and uiing it is tranfcribed. 
 
 " Put two ounces and a half troy 
 weight, or two ounces and three quar- 
 ters avoirdupois, of dry fait of tartar 
 into an open earthen veflel, and pour 
 thereon five full quarts, wine meafure, 
 of the fofteft water, that is clean and 
 limpid, that can be procured, and ftir 
 them well together with a clean piece 
 of wood. After fcanding twenty-four 
 hours, carefully decant, from any in- 
 dilibluble reiiduum that may remain, 
 O 2 as
 
 292 Conchy ion. 
 
 as much as will fill the middle part of 
 one of the glafs machines for impreg- 
 nating water with fixible air. The 
 alkaline liquor is then to be expofed 
 to a ftream of air, according to the di- 
 rections commonly given for impreg- 
 nating water with that fluid. When 
 the alkaline folution has remained in 
 this fituation till the fixible air ceafes 
 to rife, a frefli quantity of the ferment- 
 ing materials mould be put into the 
 lower part of the machine, and the fo- 
 lution expofed to a fecond ftream of air, 
 and this procefs repeated four times. 
 
 " When the alkaline liquor mall 
 have continued about forty-eight hours 
 in this fituation, it will be fit for ufe, 
 and mould then be carefully drawn 
 off into perfectly clean bottles (pints 
 are, I think, preferable) and clolely 
 corked up. The bottles fhould then 
 be placed with their bottoms upwards 
 in a cool place; and with thefe pre- 
 cautions' it will keep feveral weeks, 
 3 and
 
 Cortclujicn. 293 
 
 and perhaps much longer, very good. 
 
 " About eight ounces by meafure 
 have been taken thrice in twenty- four 
 hours, and have agreed well with the 
 appetite and general health ; but I 
 apprehend molt people will think this 
 too large a quantity ; and I believe, 
 that for mofl cafes, two- thirds of a 
 pint of the alkaline liquor in twenty- 
 four hours may fuffice. Should the 
 bulk of the feparate doles be thought 
 too large, the alkaline folution may be 
 made of double the ftrength j in which 
 cafe half the quantity will be enough. 
 
 " The times of taking three dofes 
 in the day, have been, I believe, pretty 
 early in the morning, about noon, and 
 about fix in the evening. If twice a 
 day, about noon and in the evening j 
 and if once, which in many cafes feems 
 fufficient for a preventative, about an 
 hour and a half before dinner. Com- 
 mon prudence dictates, that fuch a 
 
 remedy
 
 294 Conclufion. 
 
 remedy fhould be taken at fuch times 
 as the ftomach is leafr. likely to be 
 loaded with victuals. 
 
 " I do not find, from obfervation or 
 inquiry, that a rigid adherence to any 
 particular regimen of diet is necefiary, 
 farther than the ufual prudential cau- 
 tions of moderation and temperance. 
 
 " The reverend Dr. Cooper has 
 made ufe of fruit, wine, and other 
 things fubjecl to acefcency, during the 
 time of his taking the folution ; yet 
 no perfon has received greater benefit. 
 I however think it would be advife- 
 able to abftain from acids, and from 
 fuch things as are fubjecl: to become 
 acefcent, for fome time before, and 
 alio after the time of taking the dofes 
 of the alkaline folution." 
 
 Mr. Bewly found his head af- 
 fected by a dofe which he took, which 
 alio proved a pretty flrong diuretic : 
 but it was a very large dofe, contain- 
 ing twenty-four ounces by meafure of 
 
 fixed
 
 Conchjion. 295 
 
 fixed air. In general it has no perceiv- 
 able effects. If it fhould prove cold 
 or flatulent to the flomach, Dr. Fal- 
 coner recommends a fmall portion of 
 fpirit to be added. He fays too, that 
 hot milk in the proportion of about 
 one-fourth, is a very grateful addition, 
 especially in cold weather, and tends 
 much to reconcile it to the flomach. 
 
 When the lungs are purulent, fixed 
 air mixed with the air drawn into the 
 lungs, has repeatedly been found to 
 perform a cure. 
 
 The bark may be given with ad- 
 vantage in water impregnated with 
 fixed air, as they both coincide in the 
 fame intention. 
 
 Fixed air may be applied by means 
 of a fyringe, or other wife, to putrid 
 ulcers, mortified parts, ulcerated fore 
 throats, and in fimilar cafes, and it 
 has been found to have remarkable 
 erricacy. It may alfo be given inter- 
 nally at the fame time. 
 
 In
 
 .296 . . Coficlujion. 
 
 In putrid dyfentenes, and in putrid 
 flools, fixed air' may be given by way 
 of clyfter, as hath been obferved by the 
 learned and ingenious Dr. Prieftley 
 (whom I have the honour to call my 
 friend) in the former part of this work. 
 Fermenting cataplafms are of fervice 
 chiefly as they fupply fixed air to the 
 part. ■ 
 
 In cafes of putridity, fixed air has 
 been fuccefsfully applied to the furface 
 of the bodv. expofed to ftreams of it. 
 And there are other cafes in which it 
 has been found ferviceable. Water im- 
 pregnated with it is alio an excellent 
 cooling as well as llrenQthenmg bevcr- 
 age in hot relaxing weather, and it has 
 befides the advantage of being pleafant 
 to the tafle. 
 
 The virtues of water, impregnated 
 with hepatic air may be collected from 
 what was faid in the Introduction, 
 concerning fulphureous waters. 
 
 FINIS 
 
 *M
 
 A 000 085 284 8