n&roHffiKa UC-NRLF B M D27 0M2 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Hsiatic Society) flDonograpbs VOL. XVIII LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS . BEING STUDIES IN THE GRAMMAR OF FIFTEEN HIMALAYAN DIALECTS BY THE REV. T. GRAHAME.BAILKY, ii B.D., r M.A.. M.R.A.S., late fellow of the panjab university LONDON PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCI1 TV 74, GROSVENOR STREET, W. 1. 1920. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD PRINTERS, HERTFORD. PREFACE This work is a continuation and, so far as some districts are concerned, a completion of Vol. XII of the Society's Monographs, entitled The Languages of the Nortltem Himalayas. There will be found in these pages studies in about fifteen languages or dialects, making along with those in the other volume a total of forty-one. The linguistic distribution is as follows : — Tibeto-Burman : two languages, Purik and Lower Kanauri and the Chitkhuli dialect. Lahnda : two dialects, Kagani and the Bahramgala dialect. Western Pahari : nine dialects in three groups, viz., five Koci dialects from Bashahr, spoken in Rohru, Rampur, Baghi, Siirkhuli Pargana, and Dodra Kuar ; two from Jubba], north and south ; two from Suket, Eastern Suketi and Suket Siraji. PUnjabl : two dialects spoken in Bilaspur and Nalagarh, divided into six sub-dialects. There are also notes on the secret vocabularies of the Qalandar, who are conjurers and trainers of monkeys and bears, the Qasal or butchers, and of Panjabi gamblers. The vocabulary of the first-named is fairly complete. The others are very brief, but probably the total number of secret words is small. All are Aryan, except the Tibeto-Burman languages. As regards geographical position, we may say that. Purik is spoken between Kashmir and Ladakh round about Kargil, Lower Kanauri in Bashahr State immediately to the north-east of the five Koci dialects ; Kagani is spoken in the Hazara district of the North- West Frontier Province, Bahramgala in Jammu State south of the Pir Panjal Pass. The remainder are all found within easy 443021 PREFACE reach of Simla in the states of Jubbal, Bllaspur, Nahigarh, Suket, Mandi and Bashahr ; the name Koci is applied to the Aryan dialects in Bashahr. The two volumes taken together give some account of all the Aryan dialects in the following regions: (1) the Simla States. (2) .Mandi and Suket, (3) Karigra (including Kulu), (4) Camba State; and of most of the dialects of (5) Jammu State and (6) Murree, the Galis, and Hazara. To be added to these are the non- Aryan languages Purik, Standard Kanauii (Monograph XIII), Lower Kanauri, also Camba Lahuli dialects, Chitkhiili, and the Aryan SasI and Gujarl, which have no single geographical location. A tabular statement shows how this volume supple- ments the other. Former Monograph Simla States. Kin thai I, Baghati and Kot Giirul (Sadhoci). Mandi and Siiket. Mandi Dialects. Dialects of Karigra (and Kulu,), Camba State, Jdmiwa State. Kishtawar, Padar, Bhales, Bhadrawah,Doda Siraj, Ram ban, Pogul, Punch. N. W. Frontier Province. Pliundl (extending to Murree), Tinaull. Extra. SasI and Gujarl. Present Monograph Dialects of Bashahr, Jubbal Bilasptir and Nalagarh. Suket Dialects (notes on one Mandi dialect). Notes on one more dialect. Kaofanl. Notes on Qahlndar,QasaIand Gamblers. The area covered by the two volumes will be seen to be the country stretching from Hazara in the N.W. Frontier PREFACE Vll Province to the Simla States, and including Jfunniu State. Purik falls outside the area indicated. It may he asked where within this area there are still dialects awaiting investigation. I helieve they may he found in two districts: (1) hetween the Pir Panjal Pass and the Banihal Pass south of the range there must be several dialects hitherto untouched ; (2) in the region of Kishttlwar there may he one or two sufficients different from any already studied to be worth working up. In addition to these, which are all Aryan, there are Tibeto- Burman dialects in Kulu and Kanaur about which little or nothing is known. I cannot claim that this work will be found to be free from mistakes. The reduction to writing of unstudied languages is not an easy task. Many students and much study will be necessary before complete accuracy can be attained. The material contained in this volume was gathered in the years 1006, 1910, 1911, and 1914. During these years I personally visited all the _ districts where these dialects are spoken and made the studies at first hand. Believing as I do in the importance of a correct record of sounds, I have devoted much attention to the proper sounds of every language or dialect. They are hardly less important than the grammar. Here I would turn to those whose business or pleasure takes them to places where unknown or little-known languages are spoken, and appeal to them to make an attempt to elicit from the people facts of grammar and pronunciation, and to add to the sum of human knowledge by giving these facts to the public. Literature. — The Linguistic Survey of India has so far not reached any of the dialects in this volume, except Purik, which is in vol. iii, pt. i. Standard Kanaurl, but not Lower Kanaurl, is in the same part of the same volume. Kanaurl : see Introduction to Lower Kanauri. Yin PREFACE Panjabi : for phonetics I may be permitted to refer to my Panjabi Phonetic Reader (London University Press) and for Northern Panjabi generally to a Panjabi Manual by Dr. Cummings and myself (American Mission Press, Gujramvala, India). Transliteration. — Remarks on the transliteration will be found in the various introductions. It is sufficient to say here that so far as possible the system of the Society has been followed. New sounds, however, have had to be dealt with which have necessitated new signs. There must always be in languages reduced to writing for the tirst time some apparent inconsistency in the transliteration of words. The pronunciation of a word depends partly upon individual speakers, but to a much greater extent variety of utterance is due to varying degrees of speed and emphasis in the same speaker. How natural it is that this should be the case will be seen if we think of our own language. Most Englishmen would carefully dictate to a foreigner the words " to have " as "too" and " hav ", yet there are probably at least half a dozen ways of pronouncing the two words, not the least common, and much commoner than " too " and " hav ". being the one s\ T llable " tuv ", as in the rapid utterance of a sentence like "he seems to have gone home". So in recording the speech of an illiterate Indian it is difficult to know what to write for any given word. If one Avrites what he says when speaking with extreme deliberation one puts down what he never says in ordinary conversation. It will therefore be found in the following pages that occasional differences occur in the way words are written, more especially in the length of vowels. Pronunciation It will be well to draw attention to some of the special features of the pronunciation of the languages dealt with in this volume. PREFACE ix Tones. — The existence of tones in many of the languages belonging to the Chinese system is widely known. What is not generally recognized is that many of the Aryan dialects of the Panjab have three or four tones. This applies especially to Panjabi and Lahnda, but also in some measure to dialects of Western Pahari. In Panjabi and Lahnda there are four tones: (1) the high or rising-falling, (2) the level, (3) the deep or low-rising, (4) a combination of the first and third tones. The second of these is the ordinary unemotional tone with neither rise nor fall. It does not require special description. The first and third are described in the introduction to Kagani. The tone is always on the accented syllable. When a syllable has two tones (as in 4), the deep tone always precedes the high. It will thus be seen that the same combination of letters may appear in four forms. Thus, if we use a perpendicular stroke above the vowel for the high tone, and a similar stroke below the vowel for the deep tone, the syllable pa may appear as pa, pa, pa, pa. A few examples from Panjabi, the best know r n of the tone languages of North India, will be of interest — (ii(, attached (fern.) ; lal, took off (fern.); lai, descent. toe, ditches ; toe, he ma} 7 lift ; toe, he may feel. tal, two and a half; tal, knocked down (fern.). kara, iron vessel ; Jcdra, have engraved (causal) ; Jc&ra, have boiled. car, dust (verb) ; car, cause to ascend. In the above words a is to be read a where not marked it Examples might be multiplied indefinitely. It is un- fortunate that in the customary transliteration of Panjabi and Lahnda these tones are disguised by the use of the letter h. This results in great confusion as regards pronunciation and in the concealment of phonetic laws. It conceals the fact, to take one case, that Northern Panjabi has no aspirated sonant consonants (see below). X PREFACE To show how different is the appearance of words with the usual spelling the examples given above are transcribed first as above and then with the common spelling — lai, lai ; lai, Idhi ; lai, Ihdi (or l&hdi) ; toe, toe ; toe, dlioe ; toe, take; \ai, dhdi ; tai, dhdhi ; kara, lea rail ; kara, gh&ra ; k&ra, k&ra ; car,jhdr ; car, cdrh. From the usual spelling one would never realize that leahdni, story, and gha/tii, mud, have identically the same pronunciation — Jean i. These tones are the same in Panjabi and Lahnda, but are not found in all dialects. They are the normal pronunciation of the North Panjab. In Western Pahari the deep tone is practically unknown in most of the southern dialects, such as those of the Simla States, and is modified in the northern ones such as Cameall. It is interesting to note the form in which Hindi words appear in different parts. The word for sister, bdhin, often called bhain, becomes bain, ben in the Simla States (except Bilaspur and part of Nalagarh), but pain in Northern Panjabi ; ghord, horse, is goro in the former and Icora in the Northern Panjab; so also bhdi, brother, becomes bai and pai ; ghar, house, appears as gav/r and Icar. In no case is there an aspirated sonant. Sometimes one hears a mixed pronunciation: thus in Cameall ghord, bhdi, and ghar are pronounced ghora, bhdi, ghar (h being here a sonant It followed by the deep tone) ; bahin or bhain, sister, is, however, bain. Lower Kanauri does not possess the deep tone, but has in a few words the high tone, as rail, high ; but rail, horse (d short in both words). My excuse for dwelling at some length on the subject is that though Panjabi, Lahnda, and other languages in the Panjab are tone languages, this fact is not generally realized, and the matter is one of considerable intrinsic importance. PREFACE XI Absence of Aspirated Sonants. — As has been mentioned above, Kagani and the dialects of the Simla States, except those of Bilaspiir and part of Nalagarh, avoid aspirated sonant consonants. In the Simla States the consonants are left sonant and merely lose their aspira- tion, and the vowel receives the high tone. In Kagani, however, as in many other Lahnda dialects, and also in Northern Panjabi, an initial aspirated sonant preceding an accented vowel becomes a surd ; one following an accented vowel loses its aspiration but remains sonant ; the vowel in the former case, when the consonant becomes a surd, receives the deep tone, in the latter the high tone. In most of the languages or dialects which dislike aspirated sonants pure aspiration is practically unknown except in the combinations Ich, ph, ch, th, th. A sonant h is, however, found standing alone (i.e. without any consonant) before an accented vowel, and in this case is alwa} T s followed by the deep tone. Thus to take Northern Panjabi, there are in the normal pronunciation hard]} 7- half a dozen words in which a pure h occurs (except in Jdi, ph, etc.), and in the few words in which it does occur it is noticeable that many people pronounce it kh. In spite of this there may be observed in this very connexion one of the most extraordinary freaks of pronunciation that one can imagine. The average Panjabi appears quite unable to sa}* a pure h (other than in kh, etc.), and will always substitute for it either the deep or the high tone, yet in daily conversation he frequently uses a pure h instead of s after a vowel. Thus, for the sentence mai tenfc ddsnd dux paise dltte soisu, I thee-to telling-am ten pice given were-by-him, i.e. I will tell you he gave ten pice, he will say mal ten® d&hnd ddh /in ilir dltte hahti, where all the aspirates are pure and non-sonant. It should not be forgotten that Panjabi and Lahnda, while not aspirating a sonant, can and do pronounce Xll TKHFACE sonants with the deep tone. This happens chiefly in three cases: (1 ) When there is elision of a vowel between a sonant and the deep tone. (2) When the sonant and deep tone are in any syllable succeeding the first. This very often occurs in the derivative form of a word which, basing a high tone in its simple form, throws the accent forward to another syllable in the derivative form. That syllable will then have a deep tone and a sonant will be preserved. (3) Always with r, r, I, I, n, n, in. Examples : (1) Compare the Panjabi pronunciation of the following Urdu words: — Ur. bahai, Panj. bal ; Ur. bhal, Panj. pal. Ur. jahdz, Panj. j az\ Ur. jJtdr, Panj. car. (Panjabis acquainted with Urdu will attempt to approxi- mate their pronunciation to the Urdu.) (2) kadnd, eject; kdddnd, cause to be ejected. waddna, cut ; w&dlnd. be cut. parjal, sister-in-law. (Usual spelling of these words is kdddhnd, kddhdna, inlddhnd, wadhma, bharjai.) (3) wdletnd, wrap up. Band, often said for Rand (girl's name). nemi, giddiness. (Usual spelling walhetna, Rhano, nherni or hanemi.) The important fact of the non-aspiration of sonants in these dialects should be noted in connexion with the problem of Romany, but I will not enter upon this question here as I hope to deal with it in another work. In the above paragraphs, and generally throughout the book, "Panjabi" is used to denote the language of the Northern Pan jab, and especially that of Sialkot, Gujran- wala (Kujraala), Gujrat, and North Lahore. Glottal Stop. — The glottal stop, known to students of Arabic as hamza, is a feature of three of the dialects under review. In Lower Kanaurl it is found at the end PREFACE Mil of a few words, such as dud', near, beside ; sha', meat, etc. (see Lower Kanauri Introduction). It is much more commonly found in the dialect of North Jubbal and to some extent in that of South Jubbal. In North Jubbal it is used in place of h. Words which in Hindi or Urdu begin with h + a sonant will be found in North Jubbal (if used at all) with the sonant unaspirated and the It changed to- a glottal stop and placed after the vowel. Thus gliord becomes go'ro, horse ; dhl, daughter, becomes dll\ blidl, brother, becomes ba'e. This is a very remarkable circumstance, worthy of special study. It would be worth while knowing whether any of the dialects in the United Provinces show the same peculiarity. The glottal stop is common in German and in dialects of English. Thus the phrase " what on earth is the matter ", pronounced by most Englishmen " whatnearths the matter ", is pronounced by many Americans " what 'on 'earth 'is the matter ". Not a few educated Scotchmen change i to a glottal stop if tu or y follows, as " wha' you want is no' wha' we want". By uneducated Scotchmen any t which is not the first letter of a syllable or last letter in a sentence is liable to be so treated, as " le'l bo'l " for " little bottle ". k also gives way not infrequently to this stop. The glottal stop is common in Cockney. Other Special Sounds. — In Purik we find several sounds worthy of attention. Further remarks will be found in the Purik Introduction. They are (1) the unvoiced Welsh I, generally written 11. (2) A g, corresponding in place to q, i.e. simply a voiced qdf. (3) A a, pronounced in the same place ; it is uttered with little friction, but is an unmistakable c/f/ain. (4) n, pronounced further back than Urdu or Hindi ii, but not so far back as qdf (5) Cerebi-al c and (6) cerebral sh (written s). These two letters are very common in the ShinJi language (the *A in the word Shina is cerebral), but occur rarely in Purik; cf. cho, very ; 8ta, horse. (7) Cerebral r occurring initially. xiv PREFACE (8) /'• . /'. /< , pronounced without any off-glide ; they have a jerked and incomplete sound. Very similar sounds are heard in German. In Lower Kanauri cerebral c (chic, why; chog, what) and k' are found. Grammatical Features It may not be out of place to draw attention here to the most interesting grammatical features in the languages dealt with. Purik, which is a non-pronominalized Tibeto-Burman language, has a very simple verbal system showing practically no sign of change for gender, number or person. The pronoun for the 1st pers. plur. lias an inclusive form, which includes the person spoken to, and an exclusive form excluding him, thus natah, I or we along with you ; naca, we but not 3-ou. There is no dual. The 2nd pers. pronoun has both polite and ordinary forms. There is a passive or stative participle made by adding -khan to the past tense. Lower Kanauri has in the 1st and 2nd pers. pronouns forms for the sing., dual, and plur., the 1st plur. having an inclusive form Icashu and an exclusive nisi. All tenses have dual forms. This is a complex pronominalized language and the tenses are very elaborate. An organic passive or stative participle corresponding in meaning to Urdu mara hud, beaten, baitlia hud, seated, is found in all these dialects except Kaganl. It is interesting to study the variety of forms under which it appears. The dialects of the Simla States, except the Bilaspur dialects and Handuii, have the following features in common : — 1. In pronouns of the 3rd person they have a special feminine form for the oblique singular. 2. They have a special form for the negative of the pres. verb substantive. This is indeclinable in every PREFACE XV case except the Koci dialect of the Surkhiili P&rg&na, which declines for gender and number but not for person. 3. They all, except the dialect of Bakhli Khad, have different words for "to-morrow" and "the day after to- morrow " on the one hand and " yesterday " and " the day before yesterday" on the other. Three dialects, all Koci (those of Baghi, Surkhiili Pfirg&na and Dodra Kuar), have different words for the fourth day forward and back. Purik and Lower Kanauri also distinguish all these days. Kdqani. — The most interesting points are (1) the change of ending of the pres. part, (or past conditional) according to whether the previous letter is sonant or surd, thus dikhtd, looking ; hdlcta, being able ; juldd, going; (2) the contraction of certain pairs of vowels, as janai, it is a man, for jtima e. Blldspilrl. — Here the point most worthy of note is the practical identity of the future with that of the criminal tribe of the Sasis. Both have the future (1) declinable ending in -angrd and (2) indeclinable ending in -dng. The latter is found also in Stiket and Mandi dialects. For SasI see Languages of the Northern Himalayas,^, iii, 85 ft". ; iv, 70 ff. T. GRAHAME BAILEY. Wazirabad, India. June S, 1915. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . Table of Contents . Errata . . Introduction to PCuik Purik Grammar Purik Vocabulary Introduction to Lower KAnauri Lower Kanauri Grammar • Lower KAnauri Vocabulary Introduction to the Chitkhuli Dialect Notes on the Chitkhuli Dialect . Introduction to KAgAni and BAhrAmgAla Dialecj Kagani Grammar ' Notes on BAhrAmgAla Introduction to Koci Dialects .... Grammar of the Rohru Dialect . Grammar of the BAghi and KAmpur Dialects Grammar of the Surkhuli Dialect Grammar of Dodra KuAr Dialect Introduction to JubbAl Dialects Grammar of the BArAri or North JubbAl Dialeci Grammar of the Bishshau or South JubbAl Dialec Introduction to Suket and MAndi Dialects Eastern Suketi Grammar • Suket SiKAji Grammar Notes on Dialect of BAkhlI KhAd (MAndi sirAj; Notes on Eastern aiAndeAli (MandI SJraj) Introduction to Bilaspur and Nalagarh Dialects BilAspuri or KAhluri Grammar .... Notes on Western BilAspuri .... Notes on Northern Bilasi'TtJ .... Notes on Southern BilAspuri .... Notes on DAmI Notes on HAnduri or East NalagArh Dialect . The Argot of the QAlAndAr The Secret Words of the QAsaI .... The Secret Words of the PAnjAbI Gamblers . XVII xix 1 13 34 46 52 73 7s 80 87 9-2 110 113 118 131 148 159 172 175 189 201 205 218 226 228 231 23S 249 252 255 258 260 •it;.-, 273 276 ERRATA Page. Line. ix 24, some people make these words the same. ix 25, for kara read kara. x 6, for kara, Ica/ra read k&ra, karha. 87 7, for Dhundi read Dhundi. 88 11, for four or five read about two. 91 16, 17, for identical in read identical with. 97 12, for dole read dole. 105 2 from foot, for iitte read iitto. 197, 199, in heading, for NORTH read SOUTH. PURIK Introduction Purik is a dialect of Tibetan belonging to the Tibeto Himalayan branch of the Tibeto-Bunnan languages and allied to Ladakhi and Balti. It is spoken in the country drained by the Suru and Dras Rivers down to a little below the junction of the Suru with the Indus. One might put the limit at Kharmah, below which the language is Balti. From west to east it extends from Dras past Kargil to the pass near Maulba Chamba on the way to Leh, a distance of 65 miles, while from north to south it extends from Kharmah past Kargil and Suru to the Pense La, a distance of about 125 miles. This country corresponds to the Tahsil of Kargil, omitting Zaskar on the south. It is part of the Ladakh province. Ladakhi is well known, thanks to the labours of the Rev. A. H. Francke, of the Moravian Mission, but little is known about Purik. T\ie facts brought forward in the following pages will therefore not be devoid of interest to those who study Tibetan and its dialects. Care has been taken to write the words as pronounced, no attention being paid to their classical forms. For the relation of Purik to classical Tibetan Dr. Sten Konow's account in vol. iii, pt. i, of Sir George Grierson's Linguistic Surrey of India should be consulted. The number of speakers is not known. In the census returns they are included under Balti ; of the total of 135,000 one might guess the Purik speakers at about 45,000. Pronunciation The vowels are comparatively simple, a, e, i, o, u, with no diacritical marks, represent the vowels commonly heard in Italian, the e and o having the narrower Italian sounds. B ■2 LINGUISTIC STUDIES PROM THE HIMALAYAS In Pdrik ' these five vowels are shorter than the long Italian vowels. They are therefore the same as d, e, i, 6, it in quality, but are pronounced shorter. a is as u in " but ", e the e of " met ", but narrower, % like i in " fin ", 6 almost the same as in " hot ", it very like u in " pull ". In a, e, i, it the lips are more spread than in the case of similar English vowels. Long o is sometimes almost the English aw in " law ", e.g. ammo or ammau, but in the word Id, year, the o is between aw in " law " and the long narrow o mentioned above. The occasional change of u to ii is probably accidental. The u in -dim in ciibditn, seventeen, shtsapditn, twenty-seven, is almost il. it and o are sometimes interchanged, thus futures may end in -itk' or -ok'. The consonants have the values assigned to them in the R.A.S. Journal. There are, however, sounds not represented in the Society's alphabet. 1. Unvoiced I, like the 11 in Welsh. This is one of the commonest of sounds in Purik. It is heard in llan, bull or cow ; lltsapcas, explain ; llyaqmo (llyagmo), good, and many more. In the common spelling " Lhasa " it is indicated by lit. I have represented it in the Welsh manner 11. It is important to note its nature. It is not a khl or Ih or hi ; it is simply I unvoiced. 2. A letter of this may be seen in a word like llyaqmo. IT one asks a native to say the word very deliberately in two syllables he will say llyaq-mo, but if he sa}\s it quickly he will say llyaqmo or possibly llyagmo, where the g and g are pronounced in the same part of the throat as q. The numerals give other examples; thus we have soqnyis or 8oqnyi& or 8ognyis} thirty-two. This holds for any q which is immediately followed by a sonant consonant. In fact, we may state generally that any surd (unvoiced) letter is liable to be changed to the corresponding sonant if a sonant consonant follows, so s may become z, as in nyis or nyiz, two, t may become d, and so on. 5. k at the end of a syllable is very often left half finished ; it has little or no off-glide, and therefore appears to the ear a little like g. This le' becomes g when a vowel or sonant consonant immediately follows, though occasionally the original pronunciation persists. Thus rdo ' iiau.lv, will strike, interrogative rd/Hiiwilga ; cik' ciga, to one one, to only one. Futures end in /.:'. A similar state of things is sometimes, though not at all so often, observable in the 'case of t and p, which might thou be written V, p'. The numerals cubdun, 17 ; shts&pd'iin, 27 ; shtsapc/yat, 28 ; sopdun, 37 ; sopgyat, 38, and others contain this />'. This k' is much more clearly a k than the similar letter in the Kanauri language. 6. I have noticed cases of cerebral c and s, as cho, very ; 8td, horse ; but probably these are more or less accidental, depending on the speaker. Purik speakers find it easier to say ph than /, and in foreign words like sdfd, clean, they are apt to use a bilabial /, which is simply the unvoiced sound corresponding to the common Indian bilabial y. d and t are the usual dentals, but rarely the d is pronounced slightly alveolar, that is, more like the English d. This is sometimes heard, for example, in di/R, this. Cerebral d, /, r are also not infrequent : we hear 4 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS ditlcds as well as driUcds, go; d&nda, equal to; midtap, list; tukcH, .sixty; rdttn, seven; rgy&t, eight; rtsiJcpa, wall ; /■:///, tank. It is very remarkable that r occurs initially. It is doubtful whether it ever so occurs in Urdu, Panjabi, and Standard Hindi. In words like d&nda, where n precedes a cerebral letter, it becomes cerebral, but I do not think that cerebral n occurs independently. ts is like the unvoiced Italian z, tsJt is the same aspirated. r is the trilled North Indian r. It often occurs initially followed by a consonant, h sometimes gives place to a nasal vowel, as in yds for yoiis, came ; ndntik for nahnuk, inside. In some words containing g the g is rapidly pronounced like g, but when the word is said deliberately the g becomes clear. Nouns There is no grammatical gender in Purik. Sex is indicated by separate words or sometimes by the ending -mo for the feminine, either added to the masculine, or, when the masculine ends in '-po or -pho, substituted for this ending, yciq, yak ; yaqmo, female yak ; zo or lltor, hybrid yak, the female being zomo, lltormo ; biamo, hen ; biapho, cock. This ending seems like an article, but in ordinary use it does not appear to add anything to the meaning. The ending -pa has the idea of person connected with or belonging to or owning, as hatipa, shopkeeper, from hdtl, shop. General]}' these endings have lost their original meaning and we find them used indiscriminately, thus llyagmo, good (for both genders) ; siiiLnpo, green ; marpo, red ; shmulpo, rupee. There are two numbers, singular and plural. Declension. — The system of declension is very simple and is practically the same for singular and plural. The genitive adds -I to the nominative, or sometimes, if the nominative ends in -o, adds -e or changes the -o to -e. PUHIK 5 The dative adds -a and the agent -s, or -is if the nominative ends in a consonant. The accusative is the same as either the nominative or the dative, both forms being used for it. In the plural the same endings are found except that the dative adds -la, an ending also found in the singular, la is really a preposition with a varied meaning — to, in, for, etc. The case used with prepositions is generally the genitive, but sometimes the nominative is used. A noun ending in an unvoiced consonant tends to change it in declension to the corresponding voiced consonant. Thus ydq, yak, changes q to a before vowels, the q being pronounced far back in the throat. The genitive ending -ei is probably meant to be -i, but the natives find that after a far-back a it is easier to say -ei than a pure I. Pronouns Pronouns are not nearly so complicated as in the pro- nominalized Tibeto-Burman languages. Thus there is no dual except by adding nyiska. This is not a dual, for -lea may be added to other numbers, and so forms like " the three of us", "the four of you" may be made. The 1st personal pronoun has two plurals, one inclusive and the other exclusive. The former, hat&n, includes the person spoken to and the latter, iinca, excludes the person spoken to. In the presence of guests a person addressing his servant and desiring to say "we shall dine at seven " would need to be careful to say fbaca, not riataib, otherwise the servant would consider himself invited. The 2nd personal pronoun has both polite and ordinary forms, khSrdn, singular, and IchintdLn, plural, being the ordinary forms and ye rail or yard ii and y&nt&ri the polite. Reflexive pronouns are made with the word rail and in the 3rd person plural tail rail or idii, rail being used in both singular and plural for pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person. These correspond to the English use of 6 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS " myself , himself " as nominatives and to the Hindi tipnd in the genitive. Thus in " he wrote to his brother " " his" is rendered rail J or khiiri, meaning his own brother. If it means someone else's brotlier it is khoi. In "I wrote to my brother" "my" is nari. It should be noted that r&n standing by itself is declined r&ni, rdna, etc., but com- pounded with another pronoun, as in nar&n from iid or Ichz&rdm, khora/n from kJto, it is declined -rl, agent -rife, but dative the full form -rcma. The ending -tail in khont&n is similarly treated. Relatives. — As in Shina and other languages, there is no distinction between relatives and interrogate ves. The relative idea is not well developed. To distinguish a relative from an interrogative the particle na is often used after the verb in a relative sentence, e.g. : nam sdq khdrc l tshdrbana, when all was spent. nam klioa hosh yoiisena, when sense came to him. ci nni yotna, what is mine. The na in these sentences shows that nam and cl do not mean " when ? " and " what ? " The demonstrative pronouns dyu, dl, this, and e, en, de, that, are used before nouns when they ai*e not used absolutely as pronouns. Further east than the Piirik area it is usual to place demonstrative pronouns after nouns. The plural of these demonstrative pronouns and of all nouns is in -an. In the case of e and de a iv is inserted before the tin of the plural The demonstrative pronouns are widely used, thus dl, k&na, not merely from this, but also hence, from here ; de k&na, from that, also after that event. The pronouns dyu, dl, this, e, that, and ga, which, are joined to the termination tsulc or sulc, meaning kind or manner, to form adverbs or adjectives, thus disok (disuk), of such a kind, such, so many ; dydtsnga, in this manner, thus ; etsuga, in that manner ; gatsiiga, in what manner, hotv (both relative and interrogative). PUR IK Adjectives Article. — There is no definite article. The endings ]><>, pho, mo, bo have no longer the force of a definite article. In Purik they seem from this point of view to be without meaning, rile', one, is used as an indefinite article, as llah cik', a bull or cow. Sometimes one hears the ending -He' with the same signification, as in phruilc', a boy. Comparison. — There are no forms for the comparative and superlative. As in most North Indian languages these are expressed simply by the positive with a word for " than " or " from " : rgyalba in, he is good ; ache wasan rgyalba in, he is better than his sister ; tshanma wasaii rgyalba in, he is better than all, he is best. Numerals. — Counting goes by tens, the numbers one to nine being repeated over and over again in different forms up to a hundred. Each ten is formed from the corresponding unit, but after each exact ten, i.e. twenty, thirty, etc., the numbers are added to a different stem, a stem which varies for each new set of figures. Thus, eleven to nineteen have ctik', twenty-one to twenty-nine shts&q, the thirties soq, the forties zhaq, the fifties h° nos - phono finis. The a in phonoa is between the a in "fat" and the u in " but ". pJirft, bo}\ Nom., Ace. phru. phruiin. Gen. phrui. phruiin). Pat., Ace. phrua. vhrilunhi. Abl. phrui kana. phrilum k&na. Agent phrils. pJmlfuiis. 14 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Singular Plural b&lcLn, bull. Nom., Ace. b&l&n. b&l&niln. Gen. b&l&ni. b&l&nilni. Pat., Ace. b&l&na. b&l&hUnla. Abl. b&l&ni k&na. b&l&nilni k&na. Agent b&l&nis. balanunis. y&q, yak. Nom., Ace. y&q. y&gitn. Gen. yagei. yagtini. Dat., Ace. yoga. yagilnla. Abl. yetgei k&na. yagtini k&na. Agent yogis. yagunis. The q in this word is the far-back variety. arna, mother. Nom., Ace. a ma . a ma u n . Gen. ami. amatinl. Dat., Ace. &ma. amaunla. Abl. ami k&na. amauni k&na. Agent cimas. am finis. In the above plurals the combinations oil, ait, uu are not diphthongs. In each case the second letter is quite separate. The dat. sing, sometimes has -la or la instead of -a. It should be noted that unaccented a, e, i, o, tl are hardly to be distinguished from a, e, i, o, u. na nyambo, meaning " with ", "along with ", is added to the nom. sing. or plur. of nouns and pronouns, shitea, chanla, der, all meaning " beside " (Urdu pas, Panjabi hoi), are used with the genitive like kcina given above. Nouns ending in -o contract the -oe of the genitive to -e before these words. sciq, all, is declined like the singular of ydq. I'L'RIK 15 Pronouns Personal Pronouns. 1st Person. Singular Nom., Ace. rid, I. (icn. rinl. Dat., Ace. rid. Abl. rinl kaiui. Agent rids. Plural hatan nisha (from nyis, two), the two of us. in (I <)i'i niskoi. fid tail niska. hatan niskoi kana. hatdri niskas. Similarly, hatan zbzhilca, the four of us, and so with other pronouns, all declined the same way. Inclusive Plural (including "you") Nom., Ace. riatdri, we. Gen. riati. Dat., Ace. natana. Abl. hatl kana. Agent riatls. 2nd Person. Nom., Ace. khcrdri, thou. Gen. khcrl. Dat., Ace. klicrdria. Abl. khcrl kana. Agent khcrcs. Exclusive Plural (excluding "you") riacd, we. riacl. riacd. riaci kana. riaeds. khintdh, you. k hi id L khintdria. khintl kana. khintcs. Polite forms are found for the 2nd pers. sing, yifran, declined like khSrcm; plur. yemtan, like khintan, except the agent, which is yen Irs. 3rd Person or Demonstrative. Nom., Ace. kho, be, she, that. Gen. khoi. Dat., Ace. khoa. Abl. kJioi kana. Agent klios. Another plural form is khohtah or khontdh, declined like khintfim. khiiri, they, those. kho in. khoria. khorii kana. khonis. 16 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAVAS I'l.lRAL ewitn, those over there. Singulab Norn., Ace. eu, c, that over there, yonder (in sight). Gen. ex or e. cwun't. Dat., Ace. cica. ew&nla. A hi. ei kdna, e kdna. ewtlni kdna. Agent ens. cwilnis. Also de, that, similarly declined. Norn., Ace. dyu, dl, this. Gen. dl. Dat., Ace. dyua. Abl. dl kdna. Agent dyus. Interrogative. Nom., Ace. gau, who. Gen. gdi. Dat., Ace. gaua. Abl. gdi kdna Agent gauds. Another word for " who ? " is regular: Nom., Ace. su. Abl. siii kdna. Agent sus. something; caii ma, nothing dyfaui. dyuilnl. dy ft unlet. dyuilnl kdna. dyutlnis. gauun. (jauunl. (jauunla. gauun l kdna. gauunis. is sa, the declension of which Gen. siii. Dat., Ace. sua. cl, what ?; cithon, anything, ; manmo, much, many ; tsa/m, tsdmtsik, ts&m/pa, how much or man} 7 ? To express emphasis by adding the idea of self, selves, the following words are used : — To nouns in the sing. kJiordii or khiirdh is added, to the plur. khontdh : thus, phono khordii, the brother himself ; plionoiin khontdh, the brothers themselves. Onl}' the second word is declined ; hence the genitive isphono khori, of the brother himself, the brother's own ; phono tin khonti, of the brothers themselves. The 1st and 2nd pers. pronouns add ran, which inflects while the pronouns remain in the nominative, kho, he, she, that, becomes kJtordh, and Jehon becomes khontdii rail (the rail inflecting), dyu and ea add kltordii in the I'l'UIK 17 singular and khont&ri in the plural, the latter words beine inflected. It will be noticed that these emphatic words are, with the exception of rail, simply the 3rd personal pronouns. The genitive of a pronoun does not change for the number, gender, or case of the word possessed: thus, fini hdldii, my bull; ii uJ b<1l<1 iianla, to my bulls ; iinl ami, of my mother. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -J, when made definite by having a demonstrative adjective or possessive noun put before them often change a to do and e or % to eu or iu : thus, dl khanmao, this house; so e atdo, this father; dl amao, •this mother ; dl dcheu, this big sister; from khaiimd, did, dma, ache; mi becomes mlu. Conjugation of Verbs The infinitive ends in either -cds or -shfis, the latter probably being contracted from an original -seas. If we so regard it, the conjugation, which otherwise would be irregular, corresponds to that of ordinary verbs. Verbs which have a root containing a retain the a in all parts except the imperative, where it changes to u. The following outline conjugation of the principal verbs will be sufficient to indicate the usual forms. The normal conjugation is as follows : (1) imperative is the same as the root with occasionally 8 added, a is changed to o ; (2) the present adds -et or -eit to the root; (3) past is the same as the root, with or without s added ; (4) the future adds -uk' to the root, with sometimes a letter inserted between the root and -dk\ Roots ending in a nasalized vowel must be treated as ending in i>. There is no change for person or number except in the imperative, which changes for the plural (whether of respect or of plurality). 1. Root in -n or -n : fut. -nate, past -s, imperative same as root. c ]H LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS rdiln-c&s, beat. pres. -ct. fu t. -nnli . past -s. imp . rdfih tan-c&s, give. -ct. -nillc. -s. toil. phan-c&s, throw. -ct. -link'. -s. phoh. ziin-cds, catch. -ct. -nuk'. -s. zun. phicas, pliihcds, phict. phi nn ilk . phi its. phu't. take out, expel. soncds, live. sonct. son ilk . son. son. This last verb omits the s in the past. 2. Root in -/.' changes k to g before vowel, past -s, fut. -title', imp. same as root. diikcas, sit. pres. dugct. fut. dilktuk'. yitist dnks. imp. duk. zdokeds, zdoget. zdoktok'. zdoks. zdok. conceal. zhdkeas, keep. zhok. 3. Root in -p changes p to 6 before vowel, past -s. lltsdpcds, teach, persuade. fut. lltsdbct. past lltsaps. llcpcds, arrive. llcbet. llcps. thopcas, be obtained, meet. thobct. thops. 4. Root in -r, fut. -&/>;', past no s, imperative as root. Jchtir-cas, lift. pres. -ct. fut. -#&'. past khilr. imp. feMr. -#ft\ 2er, zcs. zcr. -ilk'. shor. -tile. stor. Irregular in past: spii/reds, waste, spend; past spitrs or spus. 5. Root in -I, fut. -ilk', past -s, imperative as root. skil-cas, hinder, pres. -U. h\i.-iik\ pasts&ite. imp. s&iZ. dillcds, go. -e£. -#fe . dills, dils. dill. 6. Root in Z, fut. -re/*;', past as root or changes £ to s, imperative as root. (nyit) tsdt-cds, pres. -ct. fut. -#& . past tsds. imp. ZsoZ. awake. rjet-eds, forget. -ct. -tile. rjet. thdtcds, thdeds, be .thdtet. that. happy. sdteds, sdeds, slay. sa£eZ. sas. soZ. zer-eds, say, -ft speak. shor-eds, run -ft away. stor-eds, be lost. -ft past bus. ini|] . /'M.S'. lltds. UtOS. zos. zo. soil. son. PURIK ]!♦ 7. Root in -a; a is dropped before the endings, Int. -ok', pros, -et, -elf, past -8, imperative generally in -8 with usual change of a to o. zacas, eat, has past in o and drops s in imperative. cJidcds, checas, go, uses another root in the past and imperative. bacds, do, make. pres. bcit. fut. bok . lit dads, look. llteit. lltok'. zacas, eat. zet. zok . chdcds, checas, go. chet. chok . 8. Root in i, l, pres. adds -t to root, past adds -s, imp. -s. shicas may drop s in past. iricds, ask. pres. ini. past //vs. imp. /ris. zbricds, write. z&Wi. zbris. silicas, die. sft ?/. s//?, s/^js. 9. Root in o, 6, or S, pres. adds -et or -tt to root, past -s, imp. -s, fut. -&'. spo-eds, change. pres. -et. fut. -&'. past -5. imp. -5. iul-cds, cry. nu-lt. -k'. -s. nyucds,nyocds, buy. nyuet. nyos. 10. Infinitive ending in -sh&s, probably contracted from -8C&8, pres. -sefc, fut. -scU:', past -s, imp. -s. sheshas, under- stand, has pres. sheshet. bdp-shds, descend, pres. -se/. fut. -silk', past -5. imp. bops. she-shds, know, -shet. -s. -s. understand. lan-sh&s, rise, stand. -se£. -s/<&'. -5. los{lohs). lilshds, remain. -set. duk-shds, burn (intr.). -set. rgo-shds, be advisable, -sdt. necessary, proper. lltoq-shds, be hungry, -set. -s. skom-shds, be thirsty, -set. Verb Substantive Present tense, i?i, for all persons and numbers. Past, yotpin, for all persons and numbers (contracted from yotpa in). ■silk'. ■s. -stik'. -s. -suk'. -s. -sok\ 20 LINGUISTIC STUDIES PROM THE HIMALAYAS yotpin is really the past of the verb yoteds, which contains the idea of existence, thus :- — eii miisili'uhi n in, lie is a Musalman. eii dir yiit'he is here, he exists here. rdiiiicas, rduiica, beat Imp. rdil.ii, plur. rdti/hshik'. Fut. rdtinnwh'. Pres. rdiiiiet, beats. Pres. imperf. rdiiiien yitt, is beating. Imperf. rdiiiien yotpin or rditnet pin. Past, rditns. Pres. cond. rdttnna. Past cond. rdiiiispinna. Pres. part, rdiinen, rdune, beating. Conj. part, rdtlnsei, having beaten. Agent, rduiihhdn, beater. Pass. part, rdtihsklian, beaten. Continuous tenses, rdititen with required tense of diikcas, to sit. rdiiiien d&ktfik 1 , he will be beating, he will continue beating. Pres. perf. rditiise in, rdiiiise yilt, has beaten. Plup. rdiiiispin, had beaten. Fut. perf. rdiiiise diiktuk'. Gerundive infinitive, rdtiiima, thiiiicds, drink ; i/oiicds, come, are like rdiiiicas. ■phaiicds, throw ; taiicas, give, change a to o in imperative. khwreas, khurea, lift a load khiircas is conjugated like rdiiiicas except in the following tenses : — - Fut. khiiriik', Past, hhiir. Pres. perf. JcJiiire in or yut. PURIK 21 Fut. perf. kit fife dUktiik'. Conj. part, khitrei. ( }er. inf. khUrbob. lencas, take; silcds, read; zercas, say, are conjugated like kh/Hrcds. zercas has also a past zes. khyiitcds, be able (physically), ny&ncds, know how to, he able, are like khiircds except the gerunds, which are khyutpa and nydnma respectively. zacds, zacd, eat Imp. zo zoshik'. Fut. zok', will eat; zein diiktttk', he will be eating. Pres. zet. Pres. imperf. zein ytil. Irnperf. zet pin, zein yotpin. Past, zos. Pres. perf. zose in. Plup. zospin. Pres. cond. zana. Past cond. zospfnna. Pres. part. zein. Agent, zakhnn, eater. Conj. part, zosei, having eaten : zoskhdn, eaten. Continuative, zein, ditkcd, to continue eating. Ger. inf. za. checds, cltecd, or cltdcds, chdcd, go, is like zacds, except in imperative and in tenses connected with the past. Imp. son, sonshik', go. Past, soil ; conj. part, sonsei : plup. suit nit n ; past cond. suit lilt It Ittt. Pres. perf. sohse in: fut. perf. soil**' d&kt&k'. bacds, bacd, do Imp. }>6s, bosh ik'. Fut, boh\ Pres. bHt. 22 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Pres. imperf. be in yitt [mperf. beitpin, belli yotpi u. Fast, b&s. Pres. perf. b&se in. Plup. baspin. Fut. perf. base ditktitk'. Pros. cond. bana. Past cond. baspinna. Conj. part, basei. Agent, balch&n. Contin. bein ditlccd. Ger. inf. ba. lltac&s, lltaca, see, look Imp. lltos, lltoshik'. Fut. lltok'. Pres. llteit, llteln ydt. Imperf. llteitpin, llteln yotpin. Past, llthoh, Conj. part, lltlioiisei. Cond. lltana, llthaspinna. Agent, lltakhan. Contin. llteln ditkcoi. Ger. inf. llta. A feature of the pronunciation of this verb is the insertion in some tenses of an h after the lit dtlhcds, ditkca, sit Imp. d itk, ' d itJcshik'. Fut. diiktuk'. Pres. ddget, diigen yitt. Imperfect, etc., regular. Past, diiks. Pluperfect regular. Cond. ditkna, dfihspinua. Pres. part, ditgen. Agent, duJyhhnn. PUR IK 23 Contin. dugen dtikcd. Ger. inf. ditkpa. Fut. perf. dtiJcse d Mi til,'. For the pres. perf. dulse ydt appears to be the only form ; diiksS in, not being found. rgy&kcds, run, and citkcds, be allowed to, are like diikc&s. ditlcds, dtilca, go, walk (Hindi calna) Imp. dill, also cZo?V. Pres. dvblet. Pres. part, dalen, dule. Past, eZ#Zs and (//?*. Agent, dUlkhdn, d&lkhanpo. Ger. inf. didba. zbricds, write Pres. zbrit. Pres. part, zbrin. Past, sfo'i.s. Other tenses regular. lltoqshas, Utuqsha, be hungry Pres. Utoqset. Pres. part, lltdqs^n. Past, //Wgs. Plup. lltoqspi n. Ger. inf. lltoqpa. Other tenses regular. Similarly conjugated is khyitqshas, be cold. skomshas, skomsha, be thirsty Pres. skomxet. Pres. part, skumsen, etc., regular. shorc&s, run away Pres. shorPt. Past, gfeor*. Pres. perf. sAo?*e Ml or y#tf. Conj. part. s[torei, etc. 24 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS rgosh&s, be necessary, advisable Pres. rgdaet. Fut. rgosftk*. The Negative Negative adverbs are ma and ml: the former is fre- quently contracted to m. They are used as follows: — in, yut, and yotpin, when negative, become // in. With ordinary verbs the rule is as follows : — - Imp., past, and plup. prefix ma to the verb : ma /■thin, do not strike; fads via rditns, I did not strike; has ma rdiinspin, I had not struck. For future prefix ml to root of verb; it as ml rdtiii, I will not strike. For pres. and pres. imperf. use met after the ger. inh'n. : fids rduhma met, I do not strike or am not striking. For imperfect use metpin after the ger. infin. : itas rduiima metpin, I was not striking. Pres. perf. has ma before ger. inf., which is followed by in : eiis ma rdilnma in, he has not struck. Thus with zercds, the forms are : — ma zer, do not say. eiis ma zes, he did not say. eiis ma zespin, he had not said. m% zer, he will not say. eiis zerba met, he does not say or is not sa\ T ing. eiis zerba metpin, he was not saying. ma zerba in, has not said. Interrogation A verb is made interrogative b}^ the addition of -a. Sometimes there is a slight vowel change, as yilt, yota; bas, basa. Forms ending in k' (i.e. the future, for the only other, the imperative, cannot be made interrogative) change k' to g before -a. PUR IK 25 hole', will do; interrog. boga : frdfa, did; interrog. basa. So se^, is eating ; ZOS, ate ; zok', will eat, become cWa, sosa, sw/<(. In negative sentences (see above) the rule is similar. The past adds -a, but for the pies. perf. and pi up. speakers are content to use the neg. interrog. past form. The future adds -a; the pres. ind. and pres. imperf. add -a to met, and the imperfect adds it to -pin. The above negative sentences will therefore become etis ma zesa, did he not say ? eits zerba meta, is he not saying ? etis ml rdtina, will he not strike ? etis vdtx h metpina, was he not striking ? To express sentences of the form " did he come or not ? " "will he cosine or not?" the first verb is put in the interrogative, and the second in the form of negative affirmation. eu yonsa ma yons, did he come or not ? eu yonnuga nu yon, will he come or not ? Numerals 1. cik'. 14. ctizbzh l. 2. Ill/i.<. 15. co;/d. 3. stim. 10. car a J,-', 4. zbzhi. 17. ctibdtin. 5. ga. 18. ctiggy&t G. trtik'. 19. ctirtigu. 7. rdtin. 20. nyishu, nishu. 8. rgy&t. 21. shtsdqsh ik'. 9. i'i/iI. 22. shtstign is, shtsa-q u is. 10. shcu. 23. shts&qsH m. 11. ctikshik' 24. sh tsdzb zh l . sh ts& qzbzhi. 12. ctignis, ctignyis (and so • 25. shtsdgd. with a 11 limn bera end- 26. shts&zd/rtik'. ing in 2). 27. shts&pdun. 13. ctikstim 28. shts&pgy&t. 26 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FKOM THK HIMALAYAS 29. shtsdrgn. 65. ?*/<.££ or pliendii. plihidii subtracts half from a number, thus: plteudu zbzhi, three and a half : pkenitii rditn, six and a half. Numbers follow the word qualified. Adverbs Place here, dlr, diltek', dilca, dytie, nowhere, g<1mii, with nega- dyda. tive. there, er, eltek', elect,. inside, nannulc. where, gar, gdltek', gel lea. far, thaqrins. Time now, dare'. on fourth day, zhaq zbzhi. then, del w&gzla. yesterday, gondii. when, nam. day before yesterday, Jchart- never, mdna, with negative. sdn zhaq. to-day, dirin. day before that, ditwma to-morrow, aslce'. zhaq. day after to-morrow, ndns. Others yes, ana, or repetition of verb. not, ma, or repetition of verb with negative. thus, dyiitsuga. in that way, et*uga. how, gdtsuga. much, ma a mo. why, r^/. In the word gdltek' the (< is as a in but, but prolonged 28 linguistic studies prom the himalayas Prepositions (The case governed is shown in brackets ; gen. = genitive, nom. = nominative.) from, kana (gen.), na. beside, shitea, shXttia, shanla, in, -ait (gen.), -utile, -aiiHh chanla, der (all gen.). (gen.). with (along with), nanyambo before, sna (gen,). or nail ivy a/mho (nom.); behind, rgyabna (gen.). (of instrument), nail upon, kd (gen.). (nom.). under, yoga (gen.). for sake of, because of, pit la, phares (gen.). Conjunctions t/att, and. trdsait, than. PURIK 29 SENTENCES 1. Khh-J min cJ in ? Thy name what is ? 2. 1)1 stei naso ts&m/pa in? This horse's age how much is ? 3. 1)1 kana Kkacid ts&mtsik th&qrins in ? Here from Kashmir how-much far is ? 4. KliJrl ati kh&nma phru tsam yitt '? Thy Father's house (in) sons how many are ? 5. Diriii na ma th&qrins na dule yons. To-day I very far from walking came. 6. Niil did tsliiLntsei butshdd khoi ache (nomo) na nyambo baqston bus. My father little's (i.e. uncle's) son his big-sister (little-sister) with marriage made. 7. Karpo stei zgdo ndnnulc yitt. White horse's saddle inside is. 8. Stei ka zga ton. Horse upon saddle put (give). 9. Nas hhoi phrua mahmo rdiths. I his boy much beat. 10. Eus rl (joe ka> nor baVin tslioen yitt. He hill's top upon goats bulls grazing is. 11. En stei ka laqstshuksi yoga diikse yitt. He horse upon tree beneath seated (having sat) is. 12. Khoi phono kltoi achewasan chopo in. His brother his big-sister than big is. 13. 1)1 rinpo shmiil phenan siim in. That's price rupees half three (two and a half) is. 1-1. Nnl &ta e tshitntsH na'npe&n diujet'. My father that shall house in sits (lives). 15. Dl shmtilpo khoa toil. This rupee him give. 16. Bl shmillan khoi kana lin. These rupees him from take. 17. Khoa inaiano rditn yari thakpa ntf/n ciii. Him much beat and rope with tie. 18. Di chitdonpean na shti phin. This well-in from water draw (out of this well). 30 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIM ALA V AS 10. Nni sua did (or doii). Me before walk. 20. Sal phru, khiri rgyabna yoiiet. Whose boy thee behind conies ? 21. Kheres dyft sui kdna finyose khyons (or kliyds). Thou this whom from having-bought brought ? 22. Grohei hx&bvpa cigi kdna khyons (khySs). Village- of shopman one from brought. Notes. — 2, 7,8,11. Note s (cerebral sh). 6. Ata tshilntse, little father, i.e. uncle. 7. Zgdo for zgoi, because the word is definite. 10. The r in ri is pronounced almost like rzh ov rz. 11. Ditken yitt, would mean in the act of sitting down ; dukse yut, is having sat, is seated. The Prodigal Son mi cigi bu-tsJca nyis yotpin ; tshiintses khitri man one-of sons two were ; small his ata zes " yons-khani-po naraiia ton," khos khona father-to said "having-come-one me-to give," he them-to raiil saq norzanpo zgose tans : zhaq hhdciga own all property having-divided gave: daj^s few-to tshuntse phrfcs saq zdamse thaqriiis yulcean small boy all having-gathered far country-a-in soil yaib eaniik rani norzdn saq tsoqpo laseaii went and it-in own property all evil work-in spiirs ; nam saq Jchetrci ba tsharbana de wasted ; when all spending make was-finished that yidpedii chtipo zdnrkon son, cho shante country-in great famine went (became), very straitened son, de yurpeandk dukhdn cigi shitea son, became, that country-in dweller one near went, kkos khtlrl zhliiuneaniik phaq tshwa tails; lie his Helds-in swine to-graze gave(sent); khoa rgosetpa (or rgosetpin) noriinis zdkhdnjioe him-to it-was-necessary goats eating PURIK :;i k&na khitri Ulna warn skdnitk", ydri susdn from his belly also he-will-fill, and anyonesoever khoa tahma wMpa. nam khoa hosh him-to giving nofc-was. when him-to sense ydse'na (yonsttna) zerba rydkhs (rydqs) "nni dt\ having-come to-say began "my father's khdnmd tsamtsik yoqpo cigis lltoa skanse house how-many servants one belly having-filled fdki zet, na dlanuk Utokse shit, l>read eat, I herein having-hungered am-dying, na lahse nari d,ti shitea clioh', yah khoa I having-risen my father near will-go, and him-to zeritJcIt (zertik') nds Khddd na yari ny8spa bds, will-say I God and your sin did, na snei (sua) tsoqspo ma liis yari biitsha I in-future equal not remained your son zerdk', yaris na kankol ciga zh$k'." kho they-will-say, you me labourer one keep." lie lansena khti/ri dti shitea soil, kho thdqrinsla having-risen his father near went, lie far ydtpin de kdna khoi aids thou yah bah kin vena was that from his father saw and having-run khordn sklnzhvhs khyons. phrus zes " iids Khiida his neck-embrace brought, son said " I God na yari nyespa has, na snei tsoqspo ma and your sin did, I in-future equal not liis yd/ri biitsha zerulr." dtds zes remained your son they will-say." father said " llydgmoyena llyagmo giincek khyonse khoa " good -fro in good garment havinff-brought him-to skon ydn khoa kdpshe gdri skon, ydfi put-on, and him-to shoes also put-on. and IdqpaUla sitrdUps fjhik' ton, hdlcdn lltim phir&ik hand-to rine one srive fat bull son 32 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS khyonse sot, hds zok' yti/n thdxIiLk', having-brought kill, we shall-eat and shall-rejoice, cl /thrive* hnl di phrv. shlsetpin >/ri it son, what for my this boy was-dead and lived storbin drive thop." was-lost now was-obtained." khoi cho phono zhinsctn yotpin Jchanmi his big brother field-in was, house shitea llewana llu tanml skat 1 cik' near having-arrived song giving-of noise one tshii/r, yoqpo cik' ciga "yon" cere heard, servant one one "come" saying khyohse trls cl son khos having-brought asked what went (happened) he zes " kit n't tshUntse pltono yds yriii khiri said " thy little brother came and thy citas Jialcrin llri/a phruilc sets, di phia khos father fat bull son-a killed, this for he Ihthto p/wai/u sris phvtda vgyala brise calf son-a killed son-to w r ell having-made Mas." kho kha yons yau ndnuk chesni ma saw." he anger came and inside wish not yds. ritris zgoa sose khoa lltsaba came, father outside having-gone him to-explain rydkhs, khos zes " lltos iias Id disok cd>-' said " see I years such some has, yares iid mana vabaq made, you me ever she-goat ma taiis to, nets narl vgakhaniin one-of young-one not gave that I my love-ers na nyambo thaten diiktuk' ; khirl dl pltvii with being-glad may-sit ; thy this son yon mana, dyus khirl yotpl novzciniun came when, he (who) thy being properties began , he yarl kMdmcLt your service cigi vuig puhik :j.3 rdqshky^Liinla (lolimoilnla) tanse spus i/hrs harlots- to having-given wasted you Jchoi phia h&lcdn Udii ph/Hiik' s&s." at&s his for fat bull son-a killed." father zes "biltshd kMrdii na malpa (or b&rdb&r) ha said "son thou then always me ml)) nyambo yiit. ci imJ yotna do khiri in, with art. what mine is that thine is, <1 m nm ii th&tpau rgyela inmapd, ci phdres khiri but rejoicing good was, what for thy dl phono shipin dare i/a ii son, storbinmapa this brother had-died now also lived, lost- was i/Ti ii I hop." also was-obtained." Notes. — zhaq kh&ciga, in a few days, khacik' follows its noun, khaciga is dative, yulcean, ce for ci contracted from elk', one ; here indefinite article. yulpeHii from yulpo, country, and -oil, in. Note cerebral c in cho, very. dtikh&n for dulddian, sitter, dweller, tshna tans, sent to graze ; purpose may be expressed by phia or phares, for the sake of, with gerundive infinitive. sJcdwitk', future, for "that he should till". susdn, -nil indicates -ever. yarl balslia zerak', that people should call me your son. thaqrinsla, far; note use of la. lly&gmoyena llydgmo, good from good, the best, thop, was obtained, Hindi mild, skdt', voice, noise, language, rgyala base, good having made; base practically means "considering"; cf. Panjabi, mo ra k&rke ch&dded, bad having made (i.e. considering or believing it bad) he left it. (ha fen dulduk', shall, i.e. may, keep on rejoicing. 34 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS VOCABULARY a, an, cik' ; -ik' ; see " one ". able, be, klujiitcds w. ger. inf. about, phla, pharcs, both w. gen. ; see " for ". account, lit sap' (Urdu hisclb). advisable, be, rgoshas w. ger. inf. affair, matter, tarn, spcra. after, prep, rgyaba w. gen., adv. rgyapna ; after that, then, de kdna. again, ydn. age, naso. agree, nyancas. air, llunpo. all, sdq, tshanma. allow, give leave, rokhsdt tancas (Urdu rukhsat) ; allow to, ciikcas w. root of verb, almond, baddm (Urdu bdddm). alone, cik' cik' (one one), also, wan. always, malpa, bdrdbdr (Urdu), ancient, shnyinma. and, ydn, na. anger, h]ul, khd. angry, to be, khd yoncas (anger to come), ankle, (kan)tshiks. annoy, zgrdncds. answer, n.,jawdb (Urdu jdivdb); v., jaivdb tancas. ant, khdrkhfttd. anyhow, gdtsuga. anyone, su, sit cik' ; anyone whosoever, susdn. appear, thoncds. apple, kushu. apricot, cilbi. arise, lanshds. arm, n., phyaqpa. around, khorpo w. gen. arrive, llcpcds. ascend, zydqcds. ask, trlcds ; ask for, shtsotcds. ass, boribil (male or female) ; male, bonpho ; female, bonmo. assist, mdddd bacds w. dat. (Urdu mddad). attempt, v., slitamcds. await, dan bacds. awaken, trans, and intrans., tsdtcds. back, n.j shul (the I in this word is very liquid or dental), bad, tsoqpo. bag (cloth), zgiivil; (leather, big), kyclba; (do., small), kyelbu. baggage, cdldq. balances, takari (? Pan j . trdkri) . bald, phdtd. ball (wooden for polo), polo. bank (of river, etc.), zilr. bark (of tree), skttm brdkhs. bark, v., zukcds. barley, nds. basket, tsepo. bat (animal), tshdnbl. be, yocds, incas. beak, khdmcu. PUR IK 35 beam of wood (large), m&rdUn : (small), phy&ms. bear, n., dr&nmau (an, as English " awe "). beard, smydnrd. beat, rduncds. beautiful, rdemo ; see " good ". become, chdcds, chccds (i.e. go). bed, carpet (Urdu carpal). bee, tonze. before, s)ia, sndnla, w. gen., adv., do. beg, llts&ncas. begin, rydqshds. behind, rgyaba w. gen. bebold, lltacas. belly, lltoa ' . below, yoq w. gen. (or yoga), adv. yoqtfik. beside, shitea, shanla, der. big, chopo, cho or cho, rgydlpo. bind, ciheds. birch, stdqpa ; birch bark, kroa. bite, ededs. bitter, kh&nte. black, ndqpo. blind, zhdrba. blood, khrdq. blue, sfu'nipn; sky-blue, nu»i- doq. body, rgo. boil (cook), skolcds. bone, ruspa. book, shoqhu, shdgbu. boot, kdpshd. born, be, sky Seas, Iddncds. bowl, metal, mur(h) ; wooden, earthen, photo. boy, phrti, biltshd (latter espe- cially son). branch, ydlddq. bread, foifct, M/c/ (at in £ai&$, like a in "man" — Aryan word). break, edqeds; see ' cut". breast, 6ra/j; woman's, pipl(h). bridge, zdmbd; rope do., llcukzam. bridle (rein), strap. bring, khyoneds. brother, phono. buffalo, ww&/ie balah (mahe — Aryan word). bug, carl. build, shtsikeds. bull, //<«», ow (baldil is also cow). bullet, rlndi. burn, trans., tukc&s ; intrans., diikshds. butter, marh ; butter-milk, ddrbd. buy, nyoeds, nnyoeds, hnyueds. calf (animal), llanto. calf of leg, zgima. call, yora z&rcds, i.e. say "come ". camel, shutihoii. carpenter, shinkhdn. carpet, sdtrdnj ( Urdu §hdtrd nj I ) cast, v., phaneds. cat, 6»7a (male or female — an Aryan word). catch, zilncds. causative, to make verbs causa- tive ciikcds is used with the root ; see " permit ". 36 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS cause, v. trans., cilkcds w. root of other verb, cave, b&ho. chain, n., scdqthtir. chamber, nail. change, spocas. cheat, dilkJia taneds (Hindi dhokha). cheek, rdoh (face), chemise (shirt), kilrtdnl (Hindi hurt a). chenar-tree, shinrgydl. chicken, bia phrit. child, phru. chin, kuksko. clean, adj., karpo (i.e. white), self a, sdhsdh (Urdu sdf, sdf a) ; v. trans., same with bacas, make, clock, bdzha (Hindi bdje) ; look at one's watch, nimd lltacds; i.e. see day. cloth, ras; see garment", clothe oneself, goncas ; clothe someone else, skoneds. cloud, spirin ; v., cloud over, nam khorcas. cock, bid, biaplw. cold, be, kliyaqshas, kJiyeqsJias ; n., granmo. collar, gonrtsd. collect, zddmeds, jama bacas (Urdu jama'). come, yoneds. command, hiikm tahcas (Urdu hilkm). compassion, insap (Urdu insaf). complain, drzl taneds (Urdu l drz%). conceal, zdokc&s. conclude (finish), tsh&r ctikc&s ; be concluded, tshdreds. conquer, rgy&lcds. content, noro ; see " good ". cook, v. (in water), skolcas ; bake bread, shcocas. corn (wheat), kroh. correct, adj., thik (Hindi thlk) ; v. trans., thik 1 bacas, thig bacas. cost, rln. cough, n., khokhs ; v., khokh - shas. country, yul, yulpo ; see "village". cow, bd. cry, v., micas. cup, kare. cut (cloth), edteds ; (hair), brdqeds ; other things, cdq- cas ; see " break ". damage, n., notpa. dance, stseeds. dark (light failing), tlulp; become dark, thitp cheeds. da,Y,ni?nd,zhdq; see "to-day", "to-morrow", yesterday", deaf, gilt. dear (loved), scesjia; (not cheap), nintse. deceive, diikha taneds (Hindi dhokha). deep, khilmbu. descend, bdpshas. descent, thilrbaps. desert, leave, philte taneds. desire, rgoshds ; see " neces- sary ". l'URIK 37 destroy, shikc&s, ph&na bacas (Urdu /and). devil, drc(lt). dew, zilpa. die, shicds. dirt, trima. dirty, nibqpo, trimacan, stsuqpo. dispute, tail ; v., tan taiicds. divide, zgocds. do, bacas. dog, khl; female do., kliimo. door, 37/d. down, yoq, yoqtHk , tliiir, tJiurtik'. draw, pull, thencds ; draw- water, phincas, phtcds. dream, n., nilam ; v., nilam lltaeas. drink, thUnc&s. drop of water, cantiii. drug, sman. dry, adj., skambo ; become dry, skamshds. dumb, shjaindik . dust, sa slip ; dust in air, tshUma. duty, use rgoshds, be necessary, advisable, or word for "good ". ear (part of body), shiiil ; (of corn), snima. early, mutuk. earth, sa; land, zhiii ; sec "field", east, sh&rsa. easy, yahmo. eat, zacds. egg, (/;///. eight, /•{///<>/. eighteen, cuggydt. eighty, rgijacu ; eighty-one, ki/dqshik 1 ; eighty-two, lcy&q- nyis, ky&gnyis ; eighty-three, kijdqsum; eighty-four, ky&q- zbzhl, kijdzbzhl ; eighty-five, kyaga ; eighty-six, kyariik' ; eighty - seven, kydbdun; eighty - eight, kydbgydt ; eighty-nine, ky&rgu. elbow, krimokhs. elephant, lldiiphoce. eleven, cukshik'. embrace, n., skinzhuks ; v., shinzhuks khyoncds. equal, ddnda ; equal to, i.e. of sufficient merit for, tsoqspo. error, qdldt (Urdu). everyone, sic sdq; see "all"; everything, cisaq ; every- where, ga mdltsha. expel, phicds, phiiicds. explain, lltsdpcas. extinguished, be (fire), me(h), shicds. eye, m~k\ vuk(h) ; eyelid, milkshp&khs : eyelash, nuk- shtiq ; eyebrow, snunma ; eyeball, rgy&hno. face, n/n//. fade, skamshds ; see " dry ". fall, v., hyana c heeds, zglrie e heeds. false, rzon, rzon jan (man). family, z&nzos. famine, z&nrkon. far, th&qrins. fast, n., ruzd (Urdu) ; v., rozd dtikcds (i.e. sit). 38 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS fast, adj., khdsdr, also bdiicdn (runner). fat, hale an. father, dta. fear, v., zhikshds. fever, lutpa, ehdccfi. few, khdeik' '. field, zhin. fifteen, cogd. fifty, gaped ; fifty-one, qaciTc ; fifty-two, ganyis, ganis ; fifty-three, gasum ; fifty- four, gdzhbzhl ; fifty-five, gand ; fifty-six, garilk ; fifty-seven, qdbdun ; fifty- eight, gab 1 gydt ; fifty-nine, gdrgu. fight, n., to/i ; v., tan taneds. fill, skaiicds. finger, zil(h). fire, m~e(h) ; fireplace (Hindi ciillid), thdp ; v. (a gun), £wag taneds. fish, nnyd(h). fist, multup. five, £/a. flea, kishik'. flour, bdqphe. flow (water), (/»/t , » dukeds, ddlcds. flower, menduq. fly, n., pTshu ', v., phureds. foot, kaiuna. for, for sake of, because of, /;//7a, jriidres, w. gen. forehead, sprdlbd. forget, rjeteds. forgive, mdphi baeds (Urdu m/4 a/j). forgiveness, mdphi. forty, zhip'cu ; forty - one, zh&qshik' ; forty-two, zfodjg- 7us, zhdgnis ; forty-three, zhdqsum ; forty-four, gfetf- zhbzhi ; forty-five, zjjdnd ; forty-six, zh&rilTc ; forty- seven, zhdbdun ; forty-eight, zhabgyat ; forty - nine, zh&rgu. four, zbzhj. fourteen, ciizbzhi. Friday, shukur, juma (Panj. shukkdr, VrdujUma). friend, rgdkhan (from r^a, love). frog, zbdlpa. from, kdna, na. fruit, phdlu. full, skahse ; see " fill ". garden, &og. garment, guncd, guncek'. gather, zddmeds, jama baeds (Urdu jdnw). ghi, sfoU mdr(h). gift, m#m (Urdu in dm). girl, bomu. give, taneds. glass, shisha (Urdu) ; see mirror ". go, chdeds, cheeds ; past, so>) ; also diilcds, drfdeds. goat, rdskyes,nor ; female do., rdbdq. God, Khiidd, Alia (when in- flected form required Khiidd is used, not Alia). gold, ser. goo&,rg yalba Jlyaqmo ( llyagmo, I'UKIK 39 llyagmo), now, rgela, rgela, rgyala. grandfather (either side), apo. grandmother (either side), a pi. grandson (either side), tshd. grape, rgun. grass, shtsoa. graze, trans, and intrans., tshocds. great, clio, chopo, eh iipo (c some- times cerehral). green, shfinpo. grind (corn, etc.), thdqeds. ground, n., sd, zdmin (Urdu), gun, hituj. hair, ry&l. hairy, ryHcdn. half, phSn&n, phSi . hand, laqpa. harlot, lolimo, roqdlkyel. he, kliu. health, in good, rgyala ; see "good", hear, tshurcas, nydncds. heart, sfiiii. heat, n., Ishdt ; v., stweds. heavy, scivte. heel, sJbtinma. hen, bid, bidmo. her (gen.), khoi ; (ace), kho, kftoa. here, dir, dilt&k , dyne, dyiia, dlka. hill, /7. him, kliu, khoa. hinder, skilcds. his, khoi. hit, rd tineas. horse, $td. hot, tshdntr. house, khydhma. how, gdtsuga; how much, many, ts&mtsik, tsdmpa, Isdm. hungry, be, lltokcds. hunt, llins baeds ; thing hunted, llins. huqqa, cilim (Urdu elldm). I, nd. ibex, etc., skin, sha(h). in, prepositional suffix, -ah, -a, -niik. inhabitant, dtiklidn, diikklidu (sitter), inside, adv., n&nnos, nannos lltik'. join, zbrdqeds, thiitcds. jump, v., chohshas, chouspah ededs. keep, zhdkeds. kernel, shtsu. key, kulik. kill, sdteds. knee, puksmo ; kneecap, mdloii. kneel, pugzgdna diikcds. knife, ijrl. know how to, nydncds w. ger. inf. knuckle, tsiks. labourer, kdnkdl. Ladder, k&ska. lamp, sar. land, zhiii. laugh, v., rgotc&s. lazy, dorde m&tkh&n. leaf loma(ii). leg (between hip and knee), shdsna: see ' calf", shin". 40 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS lift, klulrcas, thyaqc&s. light, n., at ; adj. (not dark), yanmo. lightning, Uoq. lip, khdlpdq; upper lip, goiima khdlpdq ; lower lip, yoqma khdlpdq. little, a little, nnintse,rzashik l , rzdspds ; see " small ". live (dwell), dukcds ; (be alive), soncas. living, sonte. long, adj., rihmo. look, UtJidcds, thoncas. lose, skelcds ; be lost, storms. lota (brass vessel), kdrl. louse, shik . love, n., rgd ; v., rgaluks bacds. lower, yoqma, yoqma. lukewarm, drunmo. mad, drebyer. make, bacds. man, ml. manure, hit. many, see "much " ; how many, see " how ". marriage, bdqston. matter, affair, spera, splrik , tarn. me, nd. micturate, llchi taucds, pliista taiicds ; see " outside ". middle (in the), w. gen. (i.e. between), bar, shkil; adj., barpa, shkilpa (i.e. middle one), milk, iirjen. mirror, dina (Urdu dina). Monday, tsdndrdl (Aryan word) . monkey, sperl ; female do., sp>ermo. moon, Izaimo. morning, motuk, snamo. mother, dma. mourn milcds, mdtdm bacds (latter especially applied to mourning during Muhar- ram). moustache, sdmddl. mouth, khdlpdq (also lip). much, manmo ; how much, see "how". mud, Idoq ; for plastering, qdlaq. mulberry, ose(h). my, nnt. nail (of finger or toe), sinmo ; (of metal), zer. name, n., miu. navel, lltia. near, nimo. necessary, be, rgoshds. needle, khdp. neigh, boshds (w. shtd, std, as nom.). never, viana w. neg. nine, rgu. nineteen, ciirugu. ninety, rbiikcu ; ninety-one, koqshik' ; ninety-two, koqnis, kognis; ninety-three, koq- sum; ninety-four, koqzbzhl, kozbzhi ; ninety-five, kobga; ninety-six, koriik' ; ninety- seven, kobdun; ninety-eight, kobgydt; ninety-nine, korgu. PURIK 41 nipple, pipl(li). no, not, ma, ml, w. neg. of verb; is or are not, met, min. noise, skat 1 (voice), nose, snamtshtil. now, dare. nowhere, yd ran w. neg. obtained, be, thopcas. old, apo, rg&skh&n, chi ml. on, pre])., kd. one, die. ordinary, chon. our; thine and ours, hdtl ; ours, not thine, iiCicl. outside, adv., zgo, phista. pain, n., zermo. pair, ziln. palm of hand, liph&t. pause, them bacas, gySr bacas. pay, n., lla(ii), tcildb (Urdu), pear, ntjoti. pen, qdl&m (Urdu). pepper (red), nyenna ; (black), rilbu. permit, cukeds, with root of other verb. perspiration, shmul, tshdtpa. pice, p&ne(h). place, n., mdltsha ; v., zh&qc&s. plant, v. trans, (of trees), tsUkcds. plaster (with mud), qdldq baeds. plough, n. (parts), shut, shut da ; v., zhin slnnucds, shmds bacas. poplar, zbyerpa. pray, phydq bacas. prayer, phy&q. press, v. trans., n&nc&s. price, ////, rinpo. property, ntirzdn, ndrzdnpo. pull, theneds. push, phulcds. put on (clothes), to oneself, gonads ; to someone else, skoneds. quickly, lagor. rain, chdrpa ; v., chdrpa ijoucds. ram, imulaqs. raw, >«" tslioskhdn (not well cooked or unripe), read, silcds. red, mdrpo. rejoice, tlidtcds. rejoicing, thutpau. relate, £/o cukeds. remain (metaphorical, be con- sidered), l&sh&s. rice, &r. to-morrow, dske ; day after to-morrow, nans ; day after that, zhdq zbzhl (four days), and so on. tongue, llee(lt). tooth, so(h). tremble, ddrc&s. trouble, n.,n&rpa } ndqspa, n&qs. trousers, derma. trunk (of tree), dim. truth, m&nt&qs ; speak truth, m&nt&qs zSrc&s. Tuesday, afigari. twelve, ciignis. twenty, nishu,nyishrt ; twenty- one, sj&ts&qshik ; twenty - two, shts&qnyis, shts&gnis ; t umtv - three, sJtts&qs&m ; 44 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS twenty - four, shts&qzbzhl, shtsdzbzh'i ; twenty - five, shtsdqa; twenty-six, shts&z- drulc ; twenty-seven, shtsdp- dnn ; twenty-eight, shlsup- gyat; twenty-nine, shtsurgn. twin, t sun [in. twine, n., tho. twist, v., llcncas. two, vyis. ugly, liiqs met. uncle, ata (father). understand, shesh&s, see think " ; cause to under- stand, lltsdpcds. unripe, ma tshoskhdn. upon, lea. upper, gohma. urinate, llcin taheds, phista tancas. urine, llcin. very, ma, manmo (much). village, yul, yulpo, grail (Aryan). vine, rgiln. wait, them baeds, gyer baeds ; as imperat., wait ! misto. walk, dtdeds, dridcas ; cause to walk, striilcas. wall, rtsikpa. walnut (tree and fruit), starga. wash oneself, sh ky Sleds ; wash something, khrueds. waste, v., spureds. water, shil, chit. watercourse for fields, yurba. way, lam. we (including thee), ndtah ; (excluding thee), hdca. Wednesday, budn (Hindi buddh). well (of water), chUd&h. what, adj., gd ; pron., el. when, nam. where, gar, gdltek 1 , gSika ; wherever, gar ah. white, kdrpo. whitewash, rtsikdr ; v., rtsikdr taheds, rtsikdr rgydpeds. who, sil, gad ; whoever, susan. w T hy, cTa. window-, bdrbdn ; glass of win- dow, shisha (Urdu shlsha). w r ith (along with), na nyambo. work, n., Ids; v., Idz baeds. worthless, dorde iidnpa. wrist, tshiks, laqt sinks. write, zbrieds. yak, ydq ; fern., ydqmo, ydgmo ; hybrid, from yak and cow, zo(h) ; fern., zomo(h) ; from bull and yak cow, lltor ; fern., lltormo. year, Id : names of years in cycle of twelve : (l) bilo, (2) lldhlo, (3) stdqlo, (4) yiislo, (o) brilklu, (6) zbrulld, (7) shtalo, (8) luklo, (9) sprilo, (10) cald, (ll) khilu, (12) plidqlo. The meanings correspond to the Tibetan words below : (l) mouse-year, (2) ox-year, (3) tiger-year, (4) hare-year, (5) dragon-year, (6) snake- year, (7) horse-year, (8) sheep-year, (9) monkey-year, PUR IK 4.-) (10) bird-year, (ll) dog-year, (12) pig-year. About the Tibetan year- cycle, which Purik obviously follows, the Rev. Evan Mackenzie writes : " Tibe- tans reckon time by using the names of twelve animals: byi, mouse ; glang, ox ; stag, tiger ; yos, hare ; abrug, dragon ; sbrul, snake ; sta, horse ; lug, sheep ; spre, monkey ; bya, bird ; kyi, dog ; phag, pig. With tbese they combine the five ele- ments : wood, fire, earth, iron, and water. They get cycles of sixty years by multiplying these together. 1914 is called the ' wood dragon year '." yes, dun. yesterday, gondc ; day before yesterday, kh&rts&n zhaq; day before that, dunma zhaq. you, khhitafi, polite ; sing., y&r&n, y&ran ; plur., ydntiln; sec " thou ". young, tsh&ntse, (animal) ruig. your, klunti ; polite, s., yen, y&ri; pi., yantl; sec "thy". Note. — In Urdu words s indicates the Arabic letter sad and is pronounced s. LOWER KANAURI Introduction Lower Kanauri is so called to distinguish it from the main Kanauri language, which may be called Standard Kanauri. Kanauri is spoken in the Satlaj Valley and sub-valleys for a distance of 100 miles measured along the river banks. It begins at a point 2 miles beyond Sarahan, which is 18 miles from Rampur and 90 miles from Simla, and extends to beyond mile 192 from Simla. It includes the whole Satlaj basin for that distance. Lower Kanauri is spoken on the north bank of the Satlaj for 12 miles, from mile 92 to mile 104. It is closely allied to the standard dialect, but differs from it in a number of particulars. It is one of the complex pronominalized Tibeto-Himalayan languages, and shows many signs of a M tin da substratum. The total number of Kanauri speakers is about 23,000, but there are no available figures for Lower Kanauri. Literature About Lower Kanauri nothing has been written. I have written a Grammar of Standard Kanauri for the Zeitschrift den Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, vol. lxiii, pp. 661 ff., 1909, and a Kanauri— English, English-Kanaurl vocabulary, which appeared as a monograph of the Royal Asiatic Society. For the relation of Kanauri to other languages Dr. Sten Konow's account in the Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iii, pt. i, should be consulted. Pandit Tlka Ram's Grammar and Vocabulary were published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pronunciation The pronunciation is much like that of the standard dialect, but is not so difficult for Europeans. The half LOWER KANAUHI 47 uttered /." is much more like au ordinary k, though Like all surd letters it is liable to become sonant before a sonant consonant. Cerebral letters are found, but can hardly be said to be very common, d is common owing to its occurring in the verb substantive duk, etc. ; t and ?; are much less common. I do not recall an example of r. Cerebral c is sometimes heard as in rial, why, and chog, what. It is c pronounced far back against the hard palate. r is always trilled. n, I are as in English. c like ch in "church", but unrounded and without aspiration. A tinal surd stop consonant is sometimes aspirated, as fudth for tout, bring out, imperat. of tohmu ; dh&mkh, good, for damk. This aspiration is much commoner in the standard dialect. The language likes two sonants and two surds to be together, hence sonants are changed to surds and surds to sonants. Cf.riiis, sister, gen. riiizu; ri/ib'!, for riii -/>'!, in the field ; gutp?, for gudpf, to the hand ; ytilcskiz azh, a reared goat, for ySkshis azh. Voicels. — a is the long Italian vowel. a the same, but short. a as u in " butter ". f the sound of a in " around ", French e in "je ", German e in " gerade ". en the same, but longer. o the same, but still longer, practically the German 0. e the English e in " then ". e a vowel between French e and e. e the same, but longer. i the Italian i. i the same, but longer. i, the English i in "tin", but narrower. o is the long narrow Italian o. 48 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS o the same, but shorter. v practically the English o in " long". au nearly the same, but longer. all the same, but still longer. u is the long English u of " rule ", but narrower. u the same, but shorter. n the u of " pull ", but narrower, not so narrow as the two preceding. il is like German ;"',, but very short. A vowel sometimes ends with the sharp jerk known as the " glottal stop " (see Introduction to Jilbbal Dialects). This has been indicated by the sign ' after the letter, thus : lea 1 , thou ; clod', near, beside ; shxV, meat. Some words are pronounced with a high tone, the voice falling slightly after the accent. Examples of words so pronounced are: mag, will not go; ran or rtinkh, high (as distinguished from rail or rank, horse, mare) ; mdz, mtiz, bad, ill-looking. In the following pages the same word sometimes appears in two or three slightly different forms. This is due to the fact that there are varieties of pronunciation which are worth preserving. Noun Number. — There are two numbers, singular and plural ; the dual is confined to pronouns and verbs. Gender. — There is no grammatical gender. Case. — The cases may be reduced to three — the nomi- native, genitive and agent. The genitive is almost invariably used before prepositions. The termination is u for the singular and n for the plural. The agent ends in s both singular and plural. It is used with all parts of transitive verbs instead of the nominative case. Sometimes the nominative case is used for it even with transitive verbs. With intransitive verbs ^he nominative case is always used. LOWER KANAUR1 4!> Pronouns Number. — -The 1st and 2nd personal pronouns have three numbers — singular, dual and plural; the 1st person having an inclusive as well as an exclusive dual, the former including and the latter excluding the person spoken to. Thus, in saying to a servant "we shall lunch together to-day ", if kashu were used it would mean that master and servant were to lunch together, but if nisi were used it would be merely informing the servant that a guest was to lunch with the master. Relative. — There are no relative pronouns, the inter- rogative pronouns being used in place of them. The ending -ait indicates the idea of " -ever ", as in whatever, whoever ; thus cliogytin, whatever. Verb Verb Substantive. — There are two bases, each with a present and a past. In Standard Kanauri the forms are (1st sing.) pres. tog' and dug', in Lower Kanauri t^dk and dak; the past forms are Standard Kanauri tokeg' and dueg', in Lower Kanauri tbtkyidk and dugik. The d of the standard dialect becomes d in Lower Kanauri. Dual forms. — All tenses have special forms for the exclusive dual, which occurs in the 1st person onl}*, and for the 2nd pers. dual. The inclusive dual uses the form of the 1st plur. The exclusive dual ends in sin and the 2nd dual in c, the 1st pers. pi. and 1st inclusive dual end in nmiii. These endings are found alike in the future, the past, and (for the 2nd pers.) in the imperative. The 3rd pers. pi. fut.. which corresponds to the pres in the verb substantive, ends in sh, an ending which is occasionally used for the 3rd sing, when it is desired to show respect. There are really three separate tenses — the future, the imperative, and the past, and the endings are very similar. The following tabic will exhibit the resemblance: — i 50 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Singular Dial Plural 1st pers. fut. -dk. (incl.) (excl.) -nmih. ■sin. ■nmiii. past ■dk. -nmin. -siii. ■nmih. 2nd pers. fut. -n. -c. -1. imperat. - -c. -1. past -n. -c. -1. 3rd pers. fut. -d. -sh. past - ■1. The 2nd sing, imperat. and the 3rd sing, past have no suffix. It will be seen that the endings differ only in the 3rd person. The future adds -adk, etc., to the root, and the past -gyidk, Icy idle, etc., but the actual endings are as above ; it is only the letters inserted between the root and the ending that distinguish the future from the past. The endings are sometimes contracted ; thus, the dk is con- tracted to t or k, as in tH for t a dk, and in the 3rd sing, past the final letter is sometimes dropped, giving forms like shun for shiliig, died, had for hacig, became. For the 3rd person the past has two other forms, one in -mig or -mige, which seems to be used with any kind of root, and the other in -Ice, as bauke, went. This corresponds to the St. Kan. -kyo or -gyo. It will be observed that the conjugation of verbs is remarkably regular. The chief difficulty is the insertion by some verbs of the letter p. See under Conjugation of Verbs. Imperative.-^-Theve is an imperative in rd, as htii rd, beat, which seems to mean that immediate compliance is not expected. This is found also in the Standard dialect. To indicate that an action is to be performed upon "you" or "me" the letter c is inserted between the root LOWER KANAURI 51 of a verb and the endings. Thus, tdc, place me ; imperat. td ; the infinitive being tacimic, to place ine or you. Of the two verbs for "give", heinu and ranmu, the former is generally reserved for "give me" or "us" and "give you ", and the latter for "give him" or "them": this rule is not always strictly observed. Negative. — With the imperative tha is used, and with other tenses ma, as tlia h a ii, do not beat, tlta zd, do not eat. In the future the tense frequently undergoes contraction when negative, but the changes are not nearly so great as in the Camba dialect of Labuli. Examples will be seen in the verbal paradigms. Thus we have : — tutpatk, I will come; ma tutk, I will not come. idumiii, we are ; malmifi, we are not. Occasionally the imperative is contracted as tilde, thdic, thai, do not become, from hcuc, hacic, had. Compound verbs. — For expressing necessity the infinitive, and for advisability the verbal noun are employed. See after the verbal paradigms. Traces of the Tibetan causative made by prefixing s are found, as in the Standard dialect. Thus, we have I a inn a. drink ; stu rvmu, cause to drink, give to drink. Sex is frequently distinguished by separate words. In the case of loan-words they sometimes conform to the masculine and feminine of the language from which tin- words are taken: dog, kiti ', bitch, kukri; cock, kukra : hen, kukri ; bull, dama ; cow, h^zh\ he-goat, azh, ajj ; she-goat, bdkhar, bdkkar. There are a large number of loan-words from Hindi or Urdu. Sonic are taken without change, some are more or less disguised, bul nil. once they have been given a placi in the language, are treated as regular Kanauri words. Examples : — Verbs: sdmzedmu, explain ; Hindi, 8amjhdnd : bihutdmu, 52 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS make ; H. banana : vdeanm, make fly ; H. urana : tsdleamu, graze ; ? H. cardnd. Nouns : yhdd, remembrance ; H. ydd : bdrsfaan, year ; H. bards : baits, bhaets, brother, sister ; H. Wia£, brother: ndtrudii, name ; H. ■?id??i : piishHn, back; Urdu, pitsht : khfrts, expense ; U. khdrch. Other words : bardbal, always ; U. bdrdbar, regular : zdmi, collection ; \J.jama': balra, outside; U. bdhir: neora, near ; Panjabi, nere. Examples of those unaltered are; leal, famine; mdl, property ; zin, saddle ; midk, country. Many other examples of loan-words might be adduced. It is noticeable that a cerebral letter in the original word is sometimes changed, although Kanauri has cerebrals. Cf . dihar, day ; Panjabi, dlhdrd : neora, near; P. mere : bddo, very ; H. bard : bodl, much, very, from Simla Hills bohri, is not an example, for the r in buhri is not cerebral. This change is not always made ; cf. iLdeamu, make fly, from urana, P, uddnd : botaii tree, from biitd : in pitshtiii, back from pusht, the t of the H. pith has been introduced ; cf. Skt. prstha. Nouns Masculine. Singular Plural Nom. ran, horse. ranau. Gen. rcihu. rahaun. Dat. rami z'-n. rahauntu. Abl. rariu doach. rahaun doach Agent rails. rdiiaus. Nom. azh. ajj, goat. azhe. Gen. azlnt. azJien. Dat. azhii z"n. azhentu. Abl. azhu doach. azhen doach. Agent azhes. azhes. LOWER KANAURI 53 Masculine. SlNCULAR Plural Nom. kini, house. kime. Gen. kim/1. kimen. Dat. kib&. kimentu. Abl. kib&zh. kimen pdzh. Nom. paid, shepherd. paid. Gen. pal&n. pa la n, pdl&ntU Dat. pdl&ntU. pdldnt/l. Abl. pdl&n dd&ch. pdl&n dodch. Agent pdlas. pdlas. Feminine. Nom. clme", daughter. civic. Gen. clinch. clmetu. Dat. cimr p" ii. clmetu. Abl. cliiu-u dduch. clme dodch. Agent cIihcsa clmes. riiis, sister, has gen. rii/zd, abl. rinza dodch, etc. Pronouns 1st Person. Nom. g", git, I. kishu. Gen. ait. kishu. Dat. ait z a h. kishu z'-ii. Abl. aii dodch. kishu, dodch. Agent g a . Dual kishu. Nom. nisi, he and I. kashu, thou and I. Gen. a /si/i. kashiL. Dat. nisi p"n. kashu .:■'//. Abl. nisiv. dd&ch. kashu dd&ch. Agent nisi. ka.sJiu. '2nd Person. Singular Di \i. Plus \i. Nom. ka\ kisi. kl. Gen. lean. kisiu. kin. Dat. kan .t"ii. kisiu ]>'■' ii. kin z"n. Abl. kan dd&ch. kisiu dd&ch. kin dodch Agent kd'. kisi. ki. 54 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS 3rd Person. Singular Plttral Nom. no u, no, that, he, she. ndgau. Gen. ndu. nogaun. Dat. no p'-'u. nogauntu. Ahl. nou doach. nogaun doctcJi. Agent nos. nogaus. Nom. zhu., this. zhugau. Gen. zhu. zhugaun. Dat. zhu ]hu. zhugauntu. Abl. zhu doach. zhugaun doach. Agent zhus. zhugaus. hdt(t), who ? lias gen. hdt(t)u, abl. hdt(t)ii doach, ag. lidt(t)is, nom. pi. /ia£-. chog is what ? It is pronounced with cerebral ch. chl ma, not anything, nothing ; cliogyaii, chogydii, chJU-gydn,' whatever. There are no relative pronouns in Lower Kanauri. The interrogative pronouns are used instead. The interrogative pronouns are used also for indefinite pronouns and in negative phrases like " no one", "nothing". dnu, own, corresponds to the Hindi dpna. Adjectives Comparison is expressed by means of the word dzk, uzh, ojh ; thus, dhdmk, good ; zhu dzh dJidmk, better than this ; tsH dzh dhdmk, better than all, best. This is the ablative ending ch in its full form. The ending -sic indicates manner, as nesh, like this ; hdlisk, like what ? te is how many ? tedii, as many ; nia, so many ; ts?i, all ; its^b, gdto, few. For dnu, own, see above. Adverbs Time hotsel, now. toro, to-day. terdbe, terbe, when. nab, to-morrow. terabedn, whenever. rami, day after to-morrow. LOWER KANAURI 55 pal, on the fourth day. mde, yesterday. el, on the fifth day. ri, day before yesterday. eel, on the sixth day. miaiie, on the fourth day back. Place zhiid', zhiid', here. y adding asl to the root we get the idea of while doing or upon doing a thing. The root takes the same form as for the future, verbs inserting p (tp, dp) for the future do so also here; hfibdsl, while beating; baupdsi, while going; tutpdsi, while coming. Verbs with roots ending in a take osi, sfrmzedosi, while causing to understand, from somzedmu. dahdmu, remain, has dakcisi, and gydTllig, wish, has gyausi. The agent is made by adding zed or tsea to the root. Verbs which insert p in the future take tsed, as Jcetsed, giver, about to give, from kemu; iHsed, from I'himu, speak; but dezed, goer, from demu ; sdmze'dzed, causer to understand, from sdrnze'drnv. ; khized, seer, from khimii ; 58 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS seized, eater, from zdm U. ; rinzed, sayer, from riinnu; unzed, taker, from unmil ; Itdcimu, become, and dakcimu, remain, have laicized and dahcized. lumu, remain, and ddmu, happen, become, take tsed-nltsed, ddtsed. Verbal Noun. — The verbal noun is the same in form as the root. Verbs whose roots end in a vowel add m to the root ; thus, from htnmu, beat, lanmu, do, zdnxu, eat, we get the verbal nouns htn, Ian, zdm. The verbal noun is used with gydmig to express advisability. See under compound verbs. Passive. — The passive is not much used, but when required is formed by inserting shi after the root ; thus, y8nmu, nourish ; yonshimu or yokshimu, to be nourished ; pMJcedmu, to spit; philcedshimu, to be spit out; tsiimmu, hold ; tstimshimu, to be held, to fight. This shows a reciprocal sense. The passive or stative participle ends in shis. From the two verbs just mentioned the passive participles are yolcshis, phikedshis. Verbs whose roots end in sji_ or c often receive a kind of middle sense and always have this participle ; thus, liacis, from lidcimu, become, and tdshis, from toshmu, sit, ta*his meaning in the state of having sat, i.e. seated, and hacis, in the state of having become; cf. ancis, having risen; chukshis, having met (intrans. with dative). This participle may be used for the past tense. It corresponds to the Hindi mdrd hud, baithd hud. Verb Substantive Present. Singular Dual Plural 1. t'-dk, t'-tk, I am. 1. tonmih, thou and 1. tonmin, we are. I are. 2. ton, thou art. 1. tosiri, he and I 2. tol, you are. are. 3. tau, to, he or she is. 2. toe, you two are. 3. tosh, they are. LOWER KANAUR1 59 Negative of tlie above 1. malic. 1. iiui'nnin, thou 1. mahnih. and I. 2. main. 1. matsin, he and I. 2. malt. 3. maik. 2. male, you two. 3. matsh. Past. 1. tot-kyidk, I was. 1. tot-kyinmin. 1. tot-kyinmin. 2. -kyin. 1. -kyisin. 2. -&yi. 3. -ft. 2. -kyic. 3. kyish. Negative 1. mMkyidk. 2. mdlkyin, etc., regular. There is another form of the verb .substantive, as follows : — Present. 1. 2. 3. duk. dun. dn. Past. 1. diinuh. 1. dilsin. 2. due. 1. 2. 3. dumin> d u i . dush. 1. 2. 3. dugik. dug in. dug. Fa hire. 1. duginmin. 1. diigisin. 2. dugic. d'himu, fall 1. 2. 3. duginmin. dugl. dugish. 1. 2. 3. d'nadk. d'ni'ni. it'ilihl . 1. d"ndnmin. and I. 1. d'-nasni, he 2. d'-Jiac, you thou and I. two. 1. 2. 3. (I'lhuimi)). d'nul. d?n&sh. Imperative d'n. u J ;;c. d'-nni. Present indicatir, . 1. d"nd-duk. 1. d'-nd-dumin. 1. dhid-dtimin. 2. -dun. 1. -dusiii. 2. -r/«Z. 3. -aw. 2. -due. 3. -rfii.s//. GO LINGUISTIC STUDIES FKOM THE HIMALAYAS 1. ma crn-min. 1. -sin. 2. -c. 1. ma d"n-mih. 2. -I. 3. -sh. Negative. 1. via d'-ng. 2. ma d"n. 3. ?na d?n. Imperfect. 1. d^nadu-gik. 1. -ginmin. 1. -ginmih. 2. -gm. 1. -glsin. 2. -gi. 3. -<7. 2. -gic. 3. -gisfr. Pa*/. 1. d-n-gyidk. 1. -gyinmin. 2. -gyin. 1. -gyisin. 3. -g. 2. -03/ic. Participles. (tendon, having fallen ; d n .nocl a .no, having kept on falling, or fallen repeatedly ; d a .nasi, while falling. Agent dtnzea, faller, about to fall. hacimu, become Fut. hard die, like dfinadk. Neg. met had fj. hacic. thdic. 1. -gyinmin. 2. -flwf. 3. -ge. had. thai'. Imperat. Mc. Neg. ^/iftc. Pres. hdcadvJc. Imperf. hdcadugih. Past hacigyidk. Part. har]uie, having become ; Mco /iofcd, having kept on becoming ; haeis, while becoming; Jtdcised, becomer, or about to become. . nima, remain ' Fut. filadJc, etc., regular. Neg. ma nlk. Imperat. niu. nic. n%. Pres. ul a dak. Imperf. niadugik. Past, nlgidk or maVc. Part. rum, niasi. Agent, nitsea. LOWER EANAUR1 61 toshmu, sit Fut. tdsh&dk. Neg. dkI toshig. Imperat. tosh. toshic. td.shJ. Pres. toshaduk. Imperf. tosh&dugik. Past, toshgidk, toshigidk. Part, to.^hia, while remaining. teffltt, beat Fut. hfn&dk. Imperf. htnodugik. Neg. mil h" it. Past, htngidk. Imperat. h a h, etc. Part. h'!nh"it, h^iiasi. Pres. hfnSduk, Agent, hXiized. zdmii, eat Fut. zdodk. Past, zdgidk. Neg. w,d :''/,'. Part. :aca, zdosl. Pres. sdodnl,-. Agent, saseo.. Imperf. zdpdugik. tunmu, drink Fut. tuiiadk. Past, tungidk. Pres. tuiwduk. Part, ttinttin, tUndsi. Imperf. tiiriddugik. Agent, ttiiized. ra/rymu, give Fut. r&nadk. Past, r&ngidk, Neg. wia r&ng. Part. r~'n,-~vy Past, ringidk. Part. riiiriii, riiidsi. Agent, rinsed. lanma, do Past, langidk. Part, lanlan, lanasi. Agent, lanzed. item a, know Pres. nepduk. Past, negidk. k?rma, bring Past, kffrgidk, k?rg. Part, klrklr, k^rasi. Agent, klrzed. kemu, give Past, kekidk or /tet/Zt. Part, keke, kepdsi. A^ent, ketsed. Fut. kepddk. Neg. mtt Zcei/c, ma kek. Pres. keoduk. Imperf. keodugik. baumu, go Fut. baupadk, etc., regular, or as follows : — 1. bau-dJc. 1. -mm. 1. -mm. 2. -w. 1. -sin. 2. -i. 3. -A. 2. -c. 3. -s&. Neg. mag or ?)ut bank, Past, baukidk. ma baun, ma ban, etc. Part, baubau, baupasl. Pres. ind. baupaduk. Agent, bautsea. Imperf. baupadugik. phyomu, take away Fut. phyopadk. Past, phyokidk, Neg. met phyog. Part, phyophyo, phyopasi. Pres. phyopaduk. Agent, pJtyotsed. LOWER K ANA UK I 63 gya/mu, wish Pres. gydpaduk. Agent, gydtsed. Part, giausl, on wishing. shiLmu, slaughter, kill Fut. sh/itpdidk. Pres. sh/Hpaduk. Imperat. sh/itpt, plur. shubi. Past, sh/itp-kidk ; 2nd sing, -kin ; 3rd sing, shv/mik or shumikto ; 1st plur. xhup - kinmiii ; 2nd plur. -/a; 3rd plur. shv/mige. shiinmu, become alive Past, shilngidk. llnmu, speak Past, tedkidk. Part, fcfc, IHpasl. Agent, iHsed. tdnmu, come 1. -nmin. 1. -nmih. Fut. Itdpadk. Neg. ?na /"'//r. Pres. Vtdpaduk. Fut. 1. tiitp a -tk or 2. -to. 1. -siV;. 2. -^. 3. "cZ. 2. -c. 3. -^. Neg. ma tilth or £u£&, etc. Imperat. zh°r. zltivic zhirl. Neg. //"f :A, b a , -z" it, to, in, nm. 6ms, before, in front of etc. (gen.). (gen.). ddd', near, with (gen.). n2dra, near (gen.). ddach (compounded of dotV stdii, up to. and eh, from), from (gen.). zd, up to, as far as. eh'lh, under (gen.). taw, for sake of, on account rein, along with (gen.). of, because of (gen.). Conditional Sentences The protasis is the root of the verb with the conditional particle md-, the apodosis varies according to the sense. For the past conditional apodosis the form of the verb expressing necessity is generally used. Examples : — ha tauma gil kanzlii paisa hepadlc, thou come-if, I thee-to paisa will give (if you come I will give you a pice). ha zhu Jcaman lanma gil paisa randdk, if you do this work I will give (someone else) a pice. ha zhu ham&ri chima l&wma gil paisa m& leek, thou this work nothing do-if (i.e. if you do not do this work) I will not give you a pice, chlma, something-not, corresponds to Hindi hticch n&hl. ha tunmd gil hanz&ri paisa hetsadh or hemu dugidh, if you had come I should have given you a pice. The apodosis might be no paisa hemu dug, he would have given a paisa. See next paragraph. 68 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS The Prodigal Son idd mill nish chaiie da: zigits chaites ano one nian-of two sons are : little son own hav/pln l?nmig, " lean mat chogy&n an father-to said, " thy property-of whatever my hisdu tutp?d anzfn ket." Dos and vial part will-come me-to give." He own property kanmig. its?b dihdre niinn zike cliaiies tsH divided. Few days after little son all vp°"h,l zdmi lanmig, d?r warlco bauke : dltud one-to together made, far far went : there anentit mat mdz kdrnaii lanlun tsH own property evil work having-done all wenmige: khfrts spyukshis do nnulkau kdl wasted : expense wasted that country-in famine baukto, gdtd hdcig. do mitlko idd nlzeu went, small became. That country-of one dweller doa' baukto, dos anil rimen-p? sungra rodivnui near went, he own fields-to pigs to-graze shenmikto : dos gyap&du sungrdu phikedshlzau sent : he wishing-is pigs-of left sheto zaz* ghriiimu gydts tHk, hdtisl husks having-eaten satisfied-to-be wishful was, anyone noplih md rdnoduge : terabedii yhdd deg him-to not giving-was : whenever remembrance went dop? lonmig "an bdnii doa' te rigra him-to said " my father near how-many servants t^sh nogos grik stdii khde zaush, gu are they being-satisfied up-to bread will -eat. I LOWER KANAURI 69 zhod' onuii shiedk: gu dncis an bad doa' here hungry died : I having-risen my father near baupadk nop Ifdpadk 'he aii bad, lean will-go hiin-to will-say ' O my father, thy P&rmesMLril giina lant'ldlc, lean chan nimu God-of sin doing-am-I, thy son to remain Itiik mod dakcigidh, lea idd anztri rigra tac'." worthy not I-became, thou one me-to servant place-me'." no wdrkd tW no bans ndpfn taiimig nos he far was his father him-to saw, he fhariri dno raiip? tsummig. Chanes ano having-run own neck-to held. Son own baup h"iiuli" iiu bilshis tsiitsii tad. Him-to to having-continued-beating rope-with having-bound keep. 18. Khtid oj/i tl todtli. Well from water draw (sing.). 19. Aii 6ms pal. My before walk. 20. Hdta chaii kan niums tiifpadd? Whose son thy behind comes ? 72 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS 21. Ka Jtdtii dudclt mold a ungin ? Thou whom from (with) price tookest ? 22. DeshdnU sdukarii dodch. Village of banker from. Notes Prodigal Son. — chane dw for dusk. There is not much distinction between 3rd sing, and 3rd plur. in the verb. ket, give to me (or you), rdnniu means give to a third person. IpHvi, from idd ptn, into one (place), baukto, contracted from bang, went, and to, is. gdtd hdcig, small became, i.e. became hard up. shenmikto from shenmig, sent, to, is. phikedshlzau, lit. what is spit out, gen. of pass. part, phlkedshis, from phikedmu, spit, hdtisi, lit. who ? used for " anyone ". tdc, place me, c is " me ", inf. tdcimu, place me. gud-pf for gud-p^ii, to the hand. Jidcimig, the form of infinitive found in the Standard dialect, yokshiz, pass. part, from yonmu, rear, nourish. yokshiz for yokshis, which is for yohshis. riiib? for rvn-pfi, to or in the field, dddd, conj. part., having happened, for past tense, nos mdl iLdedmig, he made fly thy property, " he " used for " who ", demonstrative for relative. Sentences. — 1, dim for du. 4, dd for dush. 5, bddo, from Hindi bdra, with dental letter for cerebral or from Koci bori, boJirl, very, wdrkozh, zh or ch means "from"- 10, tsdleaitdush, from tsdledmu, perhaps from Hindi cdrdnd, graze. 12, rinzbjh, jh for zh or ch, the ablative ending " from " to express comparison. The same ending appears in khud djh, from the well, in sentence 18. 15, ran, give to a third person, contrast with ket (above), give to me or you. 18, toath, imperat. of tonmu, bring out. 19, pdi, imperat. of pamu, walk. LOWER KANAUKI 73 VOCABULARY Many words used in Lower Kanauri are loan-words from Koci and Hindi. The commonest are marked f below. above, den, w. gen. advisable, gydmig, w. verbal noun ; see " wish ". after, nium, nlums, w. gen. alive, become, shiinmu. all, ts a i. along with, ran, w. gen. always, bdrdbdl.] am, t"dk, t"tk, dftk ; see grammar, angry, become, rokshinmu, roshinmu.\ anna (two) bit, paull] ; cf. Panjabi paull, four annas, anything, chi. arise, ancimu ; arise up, den unci mil. arrive, bonmu. ask, emu. ass, phots. back, n., pushtin, poshtin.] bad, maz, maz. banker, suilkdr.f bear, n., horn. be ; see " am ", " become ". beat - , li'-'umil. . beautiful, dumk(Ji), dhdmk(h); see "good ". because, tale, w. gen. become, hacimu, damn ; see " happen ". bed, mdzau.\ before, dm, 6ms, w. gen. behind, nium, nlums, w. gen. beside, dod', neora. big, teg. bind, tsihimu. bitch, kukrl.i blunt, ma rask. body, dedh. book, kdtdb.j boy, chan. bring, k a rmu. broad, khde. brother, older than person spoken of, ate; younger than person spoken of, baits, bhacts] ; see " sister". buffalo, malsh.f bull, ddmd ; bullock, rod. butter, mar ; buttermilk, but. call, kfinmu. camel, fit.}' cat (male), prus/if ; (female), piushl. clean, dewdsh. clever, h&sMdr.j cock, kukra.j cold, Usk. come, tienmu. country, mfilk.f cow, h?zh ; collective plur. lane. LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS daughter, elmi-. day, daytime, lal ; by day, lai ; a •. t divide, kaiunu. do, lanmu. dog, kill (pronounced kwee) ; see " bitch ". drink, ttihmu ; cause to drink, stuhmu. dwell, nimii, toshmu. ear, kanah.} eat, zamil ; give to eat, khde runmu. egg, lie. eight, ra?; eight hundred, ra'ira . eighteen, sora'i. eighty, pit nlzd!. eject, tonmii. elephant, hathi.f eleven, sid. explain, somzedmu.] eye, vuh. face, stall. fall, d a nviu. famine, kdl.j far, warko, d n r\ ; as far as, stdn, zd. father, bdo.f few, gdto, its a b. field, rin, rim. fifteen, soiid. fifty, nish nlzd sal. fight, tsiimshimu ; see " hold ". finger, prats. fish, matshi.j five, na ; five hundred, ndra. flee, baumu. foot, Jaw. for, M7c, w. gen. forty, nish nlzd'. four, ;p# ; four hundred, pil rd. fourteen, s6pu. fox, shialA from, doach. (in) front of, o»i, 6ms, w. gen. fruit, §/&#, shp. garment, gas, gen. ga^Zi. ghi, mar. give (to me or you), kemu ; (to him or them), rdnmic. go, demit, baumu. goat (he-goat), az/j, djj \ (she- goat), bdkkdr, bdkhdrj ; col- lective plur., £e; good, damk{h), dhamk()i), dew ash. graze, rodiimu. hair, krd. happen, ddmii ; see "become". happiness, khusi.j happy, khilsi.'t hand, gud. he, no, nau. head, 6aLt healthy, rdz'i.j hear, thdsmu. hen, kukri ; see cock ".f hence, zhodch. her, ndS. here, zlioa , zhod'. high, rdhkh. hill, dokhan.j his, ttoii. hold, tsiimmu ; see " fight ". horse, rdu(h). LOWE It KANAURI 75 hot, zhog. house, kivi. huff, take a, rok&hinmu,] roshimnu. hundred, rd. hungry, onon. husband, dots. husks, slicto. I. gu, g"- if, -via. ignorant, laid. iron, ran. jungle, dzdiigdl.} keep, tdmu. kill, shumu. kite, ddnshurd. know, nciu/1. lazy, mdz, maz. learn, htisMmu. leopard, thdr. -little, zigits, dzigits, gatd, zike\ a little, dak'- ts,ddmrl, thora.f live (dwell), nlvul, toshviu ; (be alive), shwfvmu. load, bar an.] look, khimu, tahmu. man, ml, clulduml. maize, zudr (Hindi jfidr, millet).! make, boncdmu,} lanmu. mare, rdn{lt). meat, sha . meet, chtiksMmu. milk, khcrdh. mother, #d.f moon, ydlsdu. much, bddll ; see " very ". name, ndmdn.'l near, ncordA necessary, verb subst. with ini'm. nock, r&n. night, §hupd. nine, zgul; nine hundred, zgfira . nineteen, sdzgul. ninety, pit n'iza sal. no, not, via, w. imp. tha. nose, stakilts. nothing, chl via. now, JidtsSi. obtained, be, pdr&mnuj chilk- shmiu ; see " meet ". oil, teldu.f one, idd. ought, gydmig, w. verbal noun, our (thine and mine), kcidJiu ; (his and mine), nisiu ; our, plur., ki§hu. outside, bdlni.l own, dnu. part, hi sail.} pen, kdlCnu.] pice, y> \ . : 1 1 Kan.uki English Chitkhuli if not, otherwise mana man una (lit. not became, i.e. if not so) Lower Kanauri Porik cf. na = Hindi to, then (in- ferential). Verbs beat, strike tha ton, this h n h rdiih. come to, tan b"n, biln tan yon. drink t H h t u n t ii ii t h U ii . eat za za za za. give da ran ra n tan. go ran, ro bi, pa, yiin de, ban cha, che, did, drill. hear than th as thas tshdr, nyan. live, dwell linn bosen, sli'h ni, tosh diik. see tan tan tail lit a, thoii. sit, remain pus, p"s toshi dahci, tosh dak. id'. nish. homo. 2)0. iia. 6. title'. 7. tissh. 8. rai. Numerals 11. sigid'. 12. sonish. 13. sdruin(d as English aw). 14. sapo. 15. so ha. 1G. sortiJc' (o as English aiu). 17. sostish. 18. sorai. 9. zgnl (Hi almost English 19. sdzgiil (uA like English '■' wee "). " wee "). 10. sai. 20. niza. It will be seen that the above are the same as in Standard Kanaurl, except 3, which in Standard Kanaurl is shum. In Lower Kanaurl it is shiimm, and in Purik sitm. Chitkhuli should also be compared with Camba La-hull, see Lang. North. Him., pt. iii. p. 37. KAGANI 87 KAGANI Introduction Kagani is the speech of the Kagan Valley, which lies to the north-east of Abbottabad in the Eazara District. The Kagan River flows into the Jihlam below Mtizaffarabad and above Kiihala. Kagani is a dialect of Lahnda, very like TInaulI and Dlmndi or Kairali (Lang. North Him., pt. iv, pp. 12 ff., 15 ff.), and indeed strongly resembling the whole chain of dialects which run along the south of the hills as far east as Jfimmu, and are generally called Cibhali. Kagani is spoken in the whole of the Kagan Valley and is known as Hhidko. It is spoken, moreover, practically unchanged in Mansehra and Abbottabad. The valley runs up past Jared, Kagan, Besal, and Glti Das to the boundary of Chilas. In addition to Kagani, which is understood hy all, Gujarl is spoken by all the Gfxjars, who in considerable numbers inhabit the hill-sides. Near Mansehra are colonies of Pathans who speak Pashto. To the north and west of the valley lies independent country, Yagistan, where Shina is spoken, there being no important difference between the dialect of Shina in this part of Yagistan and that in Chilas ; further down the Indus than Yagistan the language is Pashto. Pronunciation The most noticeable feature of the pronunciation is that there are four tones resembling in some measure the Chinese tones (see Preface, p. ix). These tones are indeed a feature of Lahnda generally and of Northern Punjabi, but not much attention has yet been given to them. Three of them occur only in accented syllables. In all cases they are represented by the letter //. This letter has hitherto always been used in all words containing these tones in Lahnda and Panjabi, and the practical difficulties 88 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS involved in recasting the method of transliteration would have outweighed any advantages to be derived from greater accuracy. It must be noted that h is never fully pronounced except when joined to the surd letters p, k, t, t, c. In all other cases the pronunciation is as follows : When h precedes the accented vowel it has the deep tone ; when it follows it lias the high tone. When h is initial it is sonant h with the deep tone. The deep tone begins a little above the lowest note that the speaker can reach, rises four or five semi-tones, and sometimes falls again about a tone. The high tone begins slightly more than half an octave higher than the deep tone, and generally falls about a tone. Words may contain both tones. They can be pronounced in any stressed syllable, but as a matter of fact letters accompanied by the deep tone are nearly always unvoiced. A few examples will illustrate the matter. In the following words a perpendicular stroke above the vowel represents the high tone, and a similar stroke below the vowel the deep tone. The first word in each case is the word as it would usually be written, the second as it would need to be written to indicate the tones, ghar or kdr, house ; bhrd or prd, brother ; dhal or tdl, two and a half ; jhagrd or cdgrd, quarrel ; thhena or thend, be found ; bharjai or parjdi, sister-in-law ; blianiyd or pdnlyd, brother-in-law ; bfdid or bad. door; bdhrd or bard, twelve; ohnd or b'nti, them. Words with both tones are bhehn or pen, sister ; jhdnli or can, wind. The Kagani people are particularly fond of the high tone, and use it in many words which do not contain it in North Panjabl ; thus one often hears hurl for kilrl, girl ; kuthe for katlce, where ; and many more. In these words they are not consistent, sometimes inserting and sometimes omitting the tone. As the h is fully pronounced when immediately following a surd letter, it does not then affect KAGANI 89 the tone, as in Jc&tthd, stream ; chiknd, pull. In tlihend,be found, the first h, coming immediately after the t, lias no effect on the tone, but the second has, the word being pronounced thend. The vowel formed by combining final -d with the e of the verb substantive is as nearly as possible French e, the phonetic symbol for which is epsilon. Cerebral I, so common in Northern Panjabi, is not found, c and j? often tend towards ts and dz; thus, ricch, bear, is almost rittsh. There is a rather difficult long vowel between o and English aw. It is found in such words as nd, nine ; cohdd, fourteen, and generally in words which have uu in Northern Panjabi. Owing perhaps to the devotion of the inhabitants to their religion, q is quite common, where in most districts we should find k; thus, qiitdb, north ; hdqq, right; qibld, west (for the qlbla at Makka). Nouns The nouns do not call for much comment. The preposi- tions " of ", " to ", and " from " are dd, Ico, and tin (or kolo) respectively. The agent preposition siin, which is not used with the fst and 2nd singular pronouns, is interesting. Its use is optional, as the simple oblique is sufficient. The commonest ending for the obi. sing, is -e or -u ; for the plural it is always -a. Pronouns a iiJ, oblique una, is added to a noun or used with ab (Urdu ap) to indicate respect; cf. Panjabi bJtrd JiorJ ae n>. my brother has come ; dp hord da hi htikyn e, what is your command. (Kfigani, bhrd iinl, db dud dd.) Numerals The numbers 11 to 19 insert an h, i.e. employ the high tone. In Panjabi this is done only when the numbers are used in the oblique. 90 linguistic studies from the himalayas Adverbs bhl, again, is noticeable, as it is (but without the nasal) a characteristic word of the criminal Sasis, who are sometimes known as the people who say bhi hit I re re. Verbs The present of the verb substantive generally combines its vowel with a previous a or e (ea and eo do not combine), tie becomes ai (French e). tie becomes e: in aa and ee one of the vowels is dropped. The infinitive ends in -nti, or (after r, r, I, and generally s) -nti. The stative participle is formed in -add- or -eadti,a form found as far away as Jammu and in the State of Baghat, near Simla. Passive. — It is to be noted that the participle used in the passive along with gacchnti, go, is unchangeable ; thus, ktlrhl mtire gel, the girl was killed. Perhaps nothing in the verb is more interesting than the two endings of the pres. part. : -tti after an unvoiced or surd letter, and -da after a sonant ; thus, chiktai, he is pulling; khendai, he is eating. Continuation, ability, and continuance are expressed in a manner similar to Panjabl, but habit is quite unlike either Panjabl or Urdu, the pres. part, of the verb being used with karnti, do, as dikhtti kctrnti, to be in the habit of looking. Compound verbs are very common as in Panjabl and Urdu, jidnti and gacchnti (go) are both used in compound verbs. In the case of " leave " as in Panjabl, cliaddnti, chohrnti is used when the meaning is really " leave ", and chiirnti as an intensive. Causal verbs. — Like Panjabl : karna, do, caus. kartiixti, cause to be done ; camti, graze, caus. cartinti,, cause to graze. KAGANI 91 Bahramgala B3.hrftmg3.la is a village two marches south of the Pir Panjal Pass, and the dialect spoken there is a variety of Cibhali, the speech alluded to above, as spread from the Jammu border as far as Murree. The dialect of Bahramgala has more resemblance to that of the Murree Gel] Is than to Punch!, although geographically the latter is much nearer. We may feel sure that Cibhali (using this term to denote the speech of the hills from Jammu to Murree, but excluding that of the villages lying just under the range) is spoken with little variation over a wide area. The speech of Bahramgala is heard with practically no change from below Poshiana (south of the Pir Panjal Pass) to Thanna, Rajauri (Rampur), and thence nearly up to Punch. The endings of the future and imperfect are identical in Kagani, while there are several points of difference. Cerebral I is avoided as in Kagani, and, unlike Kagani the dialect dislikes cerebral n. 92 linguistic studies from the himalayas Kagani Nouns Singular Plural Nona. rlcch, bear. rlcch. Gen. ricch-e del. rlcch-d da. Dat. -e ko. -a ko. Abl. -e kolo or thi. -a kolo or till. Agent -e, -e sun. -a, -a siin. See also ptitt&r, son; gen. pittt&re da, etc.; plur. p attar, piittard da, etc. It will be sufficient to indicate nom., gen., and agent. Nom. jan-a, man. -e. Gen. -e da. -Sa da. Agent -e, -e sun. -Sa, -ea stln. The n in j and is less cerebral than in Panjabi, Nom. pdn-l, water. -I. Gen. -le da. -la da. Agent -le. -la. Nom. glicir, house. gliar. Loc. ghare, in the house, ghara bice. gharo, from the ghara thl or kolo. house. Agent ghare. ghara. The suffix -o, corresponding to Panjabi -6, is used only with the singular. The plural has to use a preposition, thl, kolo, etc. pe, father, and blird, brother, are irregular. Nom. pe, father. bhra ',-, brother. Gen. pift da (accent OTQ.I). -it da. Dat. p'ul ko. ■ft ko. Abl. plit kolo, thl. -u kolo, thl, Agent plil. -il. Feminine. Nom. trlmt, woman. trlmt ■a. Gen. trlmtl da. -a da. Agent trlmtl, trlmtl sfin. -a, -a siin. KAGANI Singular Plural Nom. kilrh-i, girl. •la. Gen. -1 da. -la da. Agent -i, -I sun. -id, -la siln 03 ma, mother, bhehn or blcen, sister, dhl, daughter, inflect in -u. ma ; gen. mad da ; agent, mail, man, siln. bhehn; gen- bhehn Ft da; agent bhehn d, bhehn a sun. din; gen. dhlu da; agent dhiu, dhiu sitn. dlckh, eye, has plur. akkhicL. Pronouns < Singular Plural irst Person. Nom. vie, I. dsi. Gen. mar a, marhd. dsdd. Dat., Ace, , mil k6, mii ha. dsa ko. Abl. mare kolo, mdrhe kolo. ash kolo. Agent me. dsa, dsa sun Second Person. Nom. til. tils'. Gen. tiihrd, turd. tils da. Dat., Ace. til ko. tilsa ko. Abl. t fih re kolo, kolo. tiire tilsa kolo. Agent tlidli. tilsa, tilsa siln Thij'd Person. Nom. e, eh, this, he, she, it. Gen. Is dd. Dat., Ace. 'is ko. Abl. Is de kolo. Agent is, is siln. ehnd dd. ehnd ko. ehnd kolo. ehnd, ehnd sun. 0-i LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Nom. 6, oh, that, he, she, it. Gen. lis da. Dat., Ace. lis ko. Abl. lis de kolo. Agent lis, iis siin. Nom. kon, who ? Gen. kds da. Agent kds, kds sun. Nom. kill, anyone, someone. Gen. kdse da. Agent kdse, kdse sun. o. ohna da. 6h 11 a ko. ohna kolo. ohna, ohnct siin. jchra, je, who (rel.). jis da. jehre. db-iinl, you (respectful). db-iina da. db-iina. he, what ? kijjh, anything, something ; sab Icijjh, every- thing ; je hijjli, whatever. Una, so much ; hetna, how much ? jitnci, as much (rel.). ilm, oblique tina, is added to nouns to indicate respect. It is used in the same way as the Panjabi hori, hora, thus : bhrd unl, (my) brother ; sdJib una dl get, the Sahib's cow. unl is always used in the plural (of respect). The word siin is used with nouns and with pronouns of the 3rd person, also with the plural of the 1st and 2nd pers. pron. When asked the exact signification of sdn the people say it is respectful. That may perhaps have been originally its force, but now one hears phrases like kiitte sun Jcltai, a dog has done it, where there can be no idea of respect. bhrdii sdn Jchddhai, in}' brother has eaten it. Iciivhi siin akhea, the girl said it. tiisd siin meled, you milked (the cow). Adjectives Adjectives ending in -a in the masc. sing, agree with their nouns in number, gender, and case, thus : — marled pe, my father ; nidrhl bdhtl, my wife ; marked j) Uttdrd da, of my sons ; mdrhid dhul, my daughters. KAGANI 95 Other adjectives do not change unless when used as nouns, in which case they are declined as nouns. Comparison is expressed by means of tJti or kolo. e cdiiai, this is good ; e es till cdiiai, this is better than this; e saved kolo canal or sdredthl cdiiai, this is better than all, this is best. Numerals 1. Mkk 2. do. 3. tre. 4. car. 5. p&nj. 6. che. 7. sdtt. 8. atth. 9. no. 10. das. 1 1 . dedlt. U. dhdi. sdwd is not used, pa for quarter is common. Rs. 3—1-0, trai ritpde Mkk pa. R. 1-4-0, pdnj pa. once, twice, etc., Mkk ivdrl, do wari, etc. j- both, done. Adverbs Time to-day, dj. 11. yalird. 12. bdhrd. 13. Ultra. 14. cohdd. 15. pandhrd. 16. sohld. 17. sdtahrd. 18. dthahra. 19. dnnhl. 20. 6F/i. 3i. sadhe trai. 4i. sadhe car, etc. now, fs uWe, fa&n. then, &s ;/•'/''. when ? Icadu. whenever, ji-kdde. when (rel.) )t ;£s u>e£e. in the morning, f&zra. at night, rail. last year, parv. also do 90. nabbe. bihd. 100. sail, panj bihd. 50. panjdh, dhdi bihd. hahramgala 111 Adverbs upwards, itppitr. yes, Jul. downwards, bun. quickly, baile. Verbs Verb Substantive Pies. ea. 8&. 1. to. ea. tain. Past, ditsd or sea, ditsd, sed. dltsal, sal. dltsau, sed. ditsi, si. dltsiln, stln. mama, beat Pres. ind. mama ed : mama I : mama ea : mdmc a : mdme o : mame ain. mama lias fern. sing, maml ; plur. mdrntd. Imperf. mama sd : mama sal : mama si : mame sd : mame ^au : mame siin. Fut. marsd, marsaga. mdrsd, mdrsdge, mdrsl, mdrslga. marse, mdrsdge. mdrsl, mdrslga. mdrsun, mdrsunge. Fein. : The first form does change for the fern., the second has -gi in the sing, and -gld in plur. Past, mared, fern, marl; plur. mare, fem. marld. Pres. part, mama, fem. maml ; plur. mame, fem. mdmid. The practical identity here as in many Laihndi (Lahnda) dialects of the endings for the fut. and imperf. is striking. In the fut. the endings are added to the root, in the imperf. to the pres. part. The origin of the s is quite different in the two cases. The words which have occurred and the following nouns show how the dialect avoids cerebral n and I, where otherwise they would be expected. The n in Icti/nd is accidental, due to the following d. The Punchi dialect 112 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS also has very few cases of cerebral n and / ; Phiindl, the Laihndi dialect of the Murree Hills, has far more. mother, dmmd. sister, bhain (not n). wife, zanani. woman, zanani. man, j and (not n). ear, kann. brother, bJird, bhdi. back, n., hand. God, Khiidd. Satan, Shaitdn. sun, dlli. cowherd, ddiigdr cdrdn- ivdla (not n and I). eye, dkkhl. gold, siinnd. silver, candl. THE KOCI DIALECTS OF RAMPUR STATE Introduction The State of Rampur is the most easterly of the Simla States. It stretches from a point 3 or 4 miles beyond Kot Guru to the border of Tibet. All the eastern part of the State speaks dialects of Kanaurl or Tibetan. The Kanauri area begins abruptly 2h miles beyond Sarahan, which is 90 miles from Simla. In the whole of the State up to that line, i.e. the western part of the State, which, though comprising only a small part of the territory, includes a large majority of the people, Aryan dialects are spoken. These Aryan dialects are all known by the generic name of Koci. They do not differ very much from one another, but we may perhaps distinguish five of them, the dialects of Rohru, Rampur, Baghi, Surkhiili Pargana, and Dodra Kiiar. The Rohru dialect is spoken round about the town of Rohru. Its northern boundary is the main ridge which runs from Simla east to Kanaur; the southern boundary is the boundary of the State itself, where it marches with .Ifibbal and Rawigarh ; on the east the Rohru area extends 7 or 8 miles to where the Pabbar River receives a large tributary on its right bank ; on the west the boundary is an irregular line from Kot Khai to Khadrala, the Hue bending considerably to the east. Rarnpurl is found directly north of the Rohru dialect ; it lies north of the Simla ridge, and extends from a little to the east of Nirth on the Satlaj to mile 921 on the Hindostan-Tibet road. Through most of its area the Satlaj River bounds it on the north. Baghi is spoken in a small district extending for 5 or 6 miles in every direction round Baghi. The Siirkhuli dialect is spoken on the upper valleys of the Pabbar and of its chief tributary to the north. i 114 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS On the west is the Rohru dialect, to the north Rampuri and Kanauri, and to the south Kuari. Kuari should really belong to the United Provinces. It is spoken in a valley lying to the south and east of the upper waters of the Pabbar and in villages in the United Provinces. The streams of this valley drain into the Tos River, which is ultimately joined by the Pabbar. Kuari is called after Dodra Kiiar, the name given to the district where it is spoken. Dodra and two other villages are known as Kuar or Dodra Kiiar. The villagers generally resent being considered inhabitants of Rampur State, and sometimes give trouble. They prefer to think of themselves as belonging to Garhwal (Gadwhal), and if we judge by the position of their valleys and the flow of their streams they are right. The whole Koci-speaking population may be put down as 45,000. Pronunciation The transliteration follows the system of the Royal Asiatic Society. It should be noticed that vowels with a long mark over them are the same as those with no mark, the difference being merely one of length, whereas vowels with a short mark are generally different vowels. Thus, the following pairs are in each case identical vowels : a, a ; e, e ; i, % \ o, 6; u, u ; the only difference being one of length, so that when a vowel is unaccented it might often be written either with or without a long mark. Indeed, phonetically it would generally be more correct to omit the mark, but it is unusual to omit it in works on Oriental languages. As regards the short vowels, a is as n in "but", e is practically the same as e, except for length, but it is probably a lower vowel in most cases ; 6 is nearly o in " hot " ; it is the vowel of "pull" as distinguished from that of "root". The lips are usually neither protruded nor drawn together in pronouncing it. (The above paragraph applies also to Jubbal, Siiket, and Bilaspur.) KOCI DIALECTS 1 15 In the Koci dialects, as in Simla dialects as a whole, sonant letters are not aspirated; thus, the combinations gh } dh, dh,jh, bh are practically unknown, and when they occur they are probably to be put down to Hindi influence. Looking at the words as they appear on the printed page, one would say that the h is transferred to a position after the vowel. The fact, however, is that it is generally omitted altogether, and the only trace of its existence is found in the raising of the tone of the syllable in which one would expect the It. Thus, glidrd, bhdi, bhain, gh&r become goliro, bdhl, bauJin, gaultr, in which words the h is not sounded, the words being, however, pronounced with the high falling tone described under Kagani. This whole question of tone is very interesting. In Panjabi, north and west of Amritsar, the h is dropped with sonant letters, but there the sonant letter is transformed into a surd and the h replaced by a low tone (also described under Kagani), so that the w r ords just mentioned are pronounced Jcord, pal, pain, kar. This point is of some importance in connexion with the discussion of the original relations of the Romany language. The argument has been advanced that Romany must be connected with modern Shina, because, like Romany, it avoids aspirated sonants. It will here be seen that Northern Panjabi and all the Simla dialects, except those spoken in Bilaspfir, have the same peculiarity. ROHRU Nouns The plural of nouns in -o ends in -a, reminding us of the Gujari dialect, which has nom. plur. -a, obi. -d. Masc. nouns ending in a consonant are inflected in -d both sing, and plur., while fern, nouns have -I. The gen. prep, is ro, the dat. IchM, the abl. khu. 116 linguistic studies from the himalayas Pronouns 3rd pers. pronouns have a special fern, form in the obi. sing. Verbs The pres. ind. and pres. cond. are the same. The fut. adds -lo to the pres. ind., which undergoes several changes in the final vowel. The stat. part, is sometimes a contracted form ending in -ondo, -ando, -ahndo, otherwise it ends in -ero. Habit is expressed as in Hindi. The conception of an action actually taking place is expressed by the inflected pres. part., which does not vary, and the verb lagno, thus pitde lago, is actually now beating. For ability the verb bolno, be able, is used. RAMPURI Nouns There is an organic genitive in -o which is, of course, an adjective. The dat. prep, is le and the abl. Jed. Masc. nouns ending in -o inflect in -e, others in -a. Fem. nouns inflect in -I. The singular is nearly the same as the plural. Pronouns Pronouns of the 3rd pers. have separate forms for the fem. obi. Verbs The future has no separate form, it is the same as the pres. ind. and pres. cond. The stat. part, ends in -ondau. BAGHI The Baghl dialect is almost the same as Rampuri. Nouns The organic gen. of Ram purl is not found, the prep, ro being substituted. The prep, for the dat. is ko and for the abl. anda. The inflection is generally as in Rampuri. koci dialects 117 Pronouns 3rd pers., see note for Rampiiri. Verbs There is a separate fut. (in -Cdo), but the pres. ind. and pres. cond. are the same. The stat. part, ends in -undo or -ero, the latter ending being for trans, verbs. SURKHULI The inhabitants of the Siirkhuli Pargana have to pass through Rohru on almost every journey ; their speech, therefore, does not differ much from that of Rohru. Nouns The gen., dat., and abl. have, as their prepositions, ro, le, and ku or ku respectively. Masc. nouns in -o inflect in -e, others in -a ; fern, nouns inflect in -I ; the sing, and plur. are generally alike. Pronouns As in the other KocI dialects the 3rd pers. pronoun has special forms for the obi. sing. fern. Verbs The pres. ind., pres. cond., and fut. have the same form. It is worth noting ; e.g. pita u, pita I, etc. ; the imperf. being pita thau, plur. pita the. There are two stat. part, forms, ondau and -eroa. To express actual action at the moment referred to the pres. part, of the verb is used with the stat. part, of lagno, as pltdo lagondau, is now beating. KUARI With Kuari we get under Garhwali influence. Nouns Nouns inflect in a number of different ways. Most of them have nasal vowels in the obi. plur. The prepositions for gen., dat.. and abl. are ro, ]& or Ice or Jc& 18, and ku. 118 linguistic studies from the himalayas Pronouns There is the usual fern. sing. obi. form for the 3rd pers. pronoun. keel, how much or many, reminds us of Shina kdcdk or kded with the same meaning. Verbs The accent in the future and past is unusual. In the future it is throughout on the last syllable, and in the past on the second (which is, except in the plural, the last), the past being thus distinguished from the past cond. or pres. part., which has the accent on the first. Fut. nondido. Past, nondavf. Past cond. non'dau. The stat. part, ends in -ero. Very noteworthy is the dropping in some tenses of the I of bono, speak, and r of konno, do. The I is dropped in the inf. bono, and past cond. bodo, and appears in pres. ind. bolu and past bolau. The r of konno, do, appears in the tenses in which the I of bono does so ; pres. ind. koru ; past, korau ; and on the other hand, inf. konno ; past cond. koddo. The verb bono, be able, is treated in the same way as bono, speak. Something similar occurs in the Curahi dialect, spoken in Camba State, where bolnu, speak, has past cond. bottd and past ind. bolu; and kdhnu, do, has fut. kdhmd; pres. ind. kdhtd a, past, ked ; in this case the r not coming in at all. In Curahi the word for beat, mdnu, omits the usual r in the past cond. nidtd, and in fut. 1st pers. sing, and plur. mdhmd, mdhme. See Lang. North. Him., pt. iii, p. 32. ROHRU DIALECT Nouns r asculine. Singular Plural Nom. gohr-o, horse -a. Gen. -e ro. -a ro. Dat., Ace. -e khe. -a khe, KOCI DIALECTS 111) Singular Plural Abl. -e khu. -a khu. Agent -i n I. dzo, who (rel.), dzau-ro khe khu ; agent, dzuni] dzp kun, whoever. 120 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS kol, anyone, someone ; Jcauh-ro, etc., like hum. led, what (inter.), kearo, etc. kicch, something, anything; dzo Icicch, whatever, etc., do not decline. Adjective pronouns are : ino, of this kind ; tino, of that kind ; kino, of what kind ? dzino, of which kind (rel.). ettl, so much or many ; tettl, so much or many (cor- relatives) ; kettl, how much or many ? dzetll, as much or many. Adjectives Adjectives used as nouns are declined as nouns ; other- wise, those ending in a consonant are not declined. Those ending in -u or -o take -a for the obi. sing, and all the masc. plur., -I for the fern, sing., and % for the fem. plur. All genitives are used as adjectives and follow the rule just given except that in the obi. masc. sing, and plur. masc. they take -e instead of -a. Comparison. — There are no special forms for the comparative and superlative. Comparison is made by the preposition khu, from, with the positive. soknlro, good ; eu khu soknlro, good from this, better than this ; sobbhl khu soknlro, good from all, better than all, best. Numerals 1. ek. 13. (era. 2. dui. 14. tsouda. 3. cln. 15. pdndra. 4. tsar. 16. sola. 5. pdnz. 17. sottra. 6. tshau. 18. thdra. 7. sat. 19. nish. 8. dth. 20. bish. 9. nau. 40. dm blah. 10. das. 60. cln blah. 11. gidra. 80. tsar blah. 12. bdra. 100. sau. koci dialects 121 Ordinals 1st. paihlo. 6th. tsouo. 2nd. dujjo. 7 th. satuo. 3rd. Cijjo. 8th. dthuo. 4th. tsoutho. 9th. nauuo. 5th. panzuo. 10th. dasuo. The A, in 6th is much weaker than that in 6: tsuuo tsliau. detlrh is one and a half, rfdi/i two and a half. Adverbs Time ebhi, now. /ass, yesterday. /lh'tt rdshikhub&nnho. Him well having- beaten rOpes with tie. 18. Kua khu pdni gdro. Well from water bring-out. 19. Mo khu dga hando. Me from before walk. 20. Kauhro tshoru tad patshe dhande lagahndo. 126 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Whose son thee behind coining attached, i.e. is at this moment coming. 21. En idl Jean Jehu mole lew ? That by-thee whom- from in-price was-taken ? 22. Grd re 8JcJci atti-ala Jehu Ido. Village of one shop- owner from was-taken. Notes. — 1. Kds, what is ; cf. Jed sd in the Surkhiili dialect. 6. BidJiando, stat. part, from bidfino, having been married. 10. ButthaJnido, stat. part., seated. 20. Aliande lagahndo, two stat. part, corresponding to Hindi dyd Jiud lagd Juid ; Panjabi has aundd e lagd. Ability is rendered by bolno with the inf., which adds -l to the root; du lilelclii nelJi boldo, I cannot write. KOCI DIALECTS 127 VOCABULARY able, 1)0, lioluo. about, bdtti. above ; see " up ", " upon ". age, ombdr. all, badhc, sobblu. anyone, kdi ; anything, kicch. arrive, puzhno. ass, gddho. back, n., pitli. backwards, patsho. bad, rlo. be, become, ohno. bear, n., rJkh. beat, pJtno ; see " fight ". beautiful, bdnthno. bed, nidnzo. behind, pat she. beneath, thdli, thdlli. big, bdro. bird, tsorku. bitch, kukkrc. body, j J u. book, kdtdb. boy, tshoru ; see " son ". bread, rdtti. bring, anno. brother, bdhi. buffalo, mdlsh. bull, boldd. buttermilk, chash. buy, mole Idno. call, bodno. camel, ut. cat, brdlo, fern, brdle. cock, kukhro. cold, shclo. come, a/iwo. concerning, M/£i. conquer, dzltno. cow, jyao. cowherd, giidlo. daughter, null ; see " girl ". day, dus ; see " to-day ", " to- morrow ". defeated, be, harno. die, momo. direction, biyyd ; in this d., es biyyd. do, k&rno. dog, kukkiir; see "bitch". downwards, tol. draw (water), gdrno. drink, pino ; cause to drink, piano. ear, kontJul. eat, khdno ; cause to eat, egg, frinnt. eight, dth ; eighth, athiio. eighteen, thdra. eighty, £sa/- 6ta/i. eject, gdrno. elephant, hdthi. eleven, gidra. eye, dkh. face, wiw. fall, lotno. far, c/»r. father, bdb. field, d-ilkhro. 128 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS fifteen, pondra. fight, pltno ; see 'beat". fish, mdchi. five, pdnz ; fifth, pdnzuo. flow, bauhno. foot, bdnnd. forty, did blah. forward, dgu, aggu, aga, agga. four, tsar ; fourth, tsoutho. fourteen, tsduda. from, khu. front, in — -of; see "forward ". fruit, j)hol. ghi, giuh. girl, max ; see " daughter ". give, deno. go, deuno. goat, he-, bdkro ; she-, bdkri. good, sokniro, dtslw. graze, intrans., tsorno ; trans., hair, mandrdl, bd\. hand, aM/i. he, co. head, miind. hear, shunno. hen, kilkhre. hence, Ire. here, iyj/a : up to here, lyyd dzau. high, wsto. hill, pdrbdt. Hindu, Ihndu. horse, gohro. hot, nidto. house, gauhr. hundred, sau. husband, rdndo. I, du. ignorant, bdhlCt. in, de, kha. inside, bhittar. iron, loah. jackal, shailto. jungle, baun. kind, of this — , ino ; of that — . tino ; of what — , kino ' (inter.) ; of which — , dzino (rel.). kite, gorar. know, janno. lazy, golondo. learn, shlkhno. leopard, bardhg. lie, siittno; see "sleep", little, tshoto ; adv. thoro ; a — , thoro. load, bag dr. look, dekhno. maize, belri. make, cdnno. man, mdniich. many ; see " much ". mare, gohrl. marry, bidhno. meat, mds. meet, v., mUno. milk, dildh. moon, dzun. mother, dl. mountain, pdrbdt. much, adv., boro, bohri ; so — or many, ettl ; do. (correl.), tettl ; how — or many, ketti ; as — or many, dzettl. my, mcro. name, nau. near, neri. KOCI DIALECTS I 'J!) never, kebhi na. night, rdci. nine, nail ; ninth, ndilo. nineteen, nlsh. no, nSih. no one, koi na. nose, nak. not, nclh. nothing, kicch na. now, Phlu. of, ro, fern, n ; plur. masc. re, fern. ri. oil, £5/. on, gahi. one, £&. our, mahro. out, bah dr. pen, kollam. pig, sung&r. place, v. trans., tshdrno. plain, s<3Z/o. plough, n., auhl; v., a«M jocno. quickly, phetti. rain, pam. read, pdrhno. relate, shunauno. recognize, pdrdunn. remain, rauhno. return, oru ahno. rise, fizino; rise up, khdro uzino. river, ?*cw ; see " stream ". rope, rdsji'i. round, prep., phcrd. run, phcth deno. saddle, z'ni. sake, for — of, tdid. Bay, bolno. second, dujjo. see, dilkhno. seed, &$/. seven, sai ; seventh, sdfaito. seventeen, sdttra. sharp, pdinno. she, e. sheep, behri. shepherd, brdlo. shop, atti ; shopkeeper, dttialo. sick, thaurdnd. side, on this — of, ar ; on that - of, par. sister, older than person re- ferred to, ddddi ; younger than do., baiJin. six, t shall ; sixth, tsdilo. sixteen, sola. sixty, cln blah. sit, bUshno. sleep, silttno ; see " lie ". someone, feo« ; something, kicch ; see "anyone", "anything". son, tshoru ; see " hoy ". sow, v., bauno. speak, bolno. star, tdro. stomach, pet. storm, khuaera. stream, gdhd ; see' river". strong, tokro. sun, sur&j ; sunshine, nir. sweet, guluo. take, /ano ; take away, nlno. ten, (/((.s. than, fc/iw. then, tebhi. there, ttyija. they, e : their, ;«/". 130 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS thief, tsor. thirteen, [era. this, eo ; foin. c. thou, tu. throe, tin ; third, cljjo. thy, tero. tie, kdshno, bdnnlino. tighten, kdshno. to, khc. to-day, dz. to-morrow, kalla ; clay after — , porshi ; on fourth day, tsauthe. tongue, dzib. tooth, (land. town, bazar. tree, blkh. twelve, bar a. twenty, bish. two, dul; two and a half, ddih. ugly, nikammo. uncle, kdkko. under, tlidli, thalli. up, upwards, hubi. upon, gahi. very, bohri. village, grab, grd. walk, hdndno. ' was, tJio. water, pdni. way, bat. we, annua. well, adv., sokmro kdri, atsho kdri. well, n., A'«. what, /^7, ; whatever, dzo kicch. when, kebhi (inter.) ; dzebhi (rel.). _ wheat, gluJi. where, klyyd. white, shilklo. who, kun ; whoever, dzo kun. why, &7a M£. wife, tsh86ri; see "woman". win, dzJtno. wind, bdgdr. wise, oklidlo. with, along — , are, — (instru- mental), ft/m. woman, tshSori ; see " wife ". write, likkhno. yes, o. yesterday, hlzz ; day hefore — , phrez ; day before that, natrez. you, tumma ; your, tdhro. RAMPUR AND BAGHI DIALECTS Nouns Masculine. gohro, horse SlNGi LAB Plural Ramp I'K r.Acin Rampur J Ja<. h i Norn. goh ■TO. -TO. '!''■ ■re. Gen. ■reo. ■re ro. -reo. -re ro. Dat., Ace. ■re IS. -re kd. ■re le. -re kd. Al.l. re kd. ■re dnda. -re kd. re an/In Agent -re. ■red. -re. -re. Voc. ■red. ret]. -reo. -reo. gauhr, house Num. gauh-r. -r. Gen. -ro. -rd ro. A lil. -rd kd. -r dnda. Agent -re. -re. In the house is (Ram.) gauhre, gauhr Ice or dla\ (Bag.) gauhra do or gauhra de. The gen. is an adj. and inflects as follows: (Ram.) masc. sin<;-. -o ; fein. -i ; plur. masc. -c; fein. -i. (Bag.) ro, ri, re, ri. These endings do not change for the case of the noun possessed except in the masc. sing. If a masc sing, noun possessed is in an oblique case, -o and ro change to -e and re respectively. lull), father, has in (Rani.), gen. babbo ; abl. babba kd, etc. ; and in ( Bag.) babba ro, lnil>l> dnda ; voc. babba. An example of a masc. noun in -i may he given. hull i. elephant I Bag. ) has gen. hull i ro : agent, hattie. etc Feminine, tshoti, girl, daughter SlNGi LAB Plural Rampur Baqhi I: am ii s Baghi Nom. tshot-l. -I, -7. -I. Gen. -lo. ■t ro. lo. -i r<>. 1 )at.j Act. i /( . / kd. ■ i U. , kd. A lil. / kd. -i dnda. i kd. -l dnda. A -rill ■le. . . Voc. -le. lo. ■IK. \'A2 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS baihn, sister Singular Rampur Bag m Norn, baih-n. -n. Gen. -nlo. -nl ro. Dat., Ace. -nl le. -nl kd. Abl. -nl kd. -nl and (i. Agent -nie. -nie. Pronouns 1st Person. Nom. mu, I. a. i Plural Rampur Ba<;hi ni, etc., as -nl, etc., as sing. sing. Gen. mero. mero. Dat., Ace. mulS. mukhS. Abl. mu khd. mil and a. Agent me. moe. Cimme, we. amine, mahro. mahro. ama 15. dmrnu kd. avima kd. ammu anda. dmme. amine. 2nd Person. Nom. til. til. tiime. t&mme. Gen. tero. tero. thdro. tau ro, tdmu ro. Dat., Ace. tolS. tdkhe. tuma IS. tau kd. Abl. tokha. ta anda. tilma kd. tdinmdnda Agent tei. toe. tome. tdmme. 3rd Person Nom. se, he, it. se. se. se. Gen. teuo. tehro. tino. tin ro. Dat., Ace. ten le. teh khc. Una le. tin ko. Abl. ten kd. tes and a. Una kd. tin anda. Agent tint. tene. tine. tiiie. Feminine. Nom. se, she. Gen. tid. Dat., Act. Via le. Abl. tid kd. Agent tie. se. tid ro. tid ko. tla anda. tie. Fem. same as masc. BAMPUB AND HAOHI DIALECTS 133 Singular Plural Ram pur Bachi Rampur Baqhi Nom. jo, this. eh, eh dzo. jd. c. Gen. euo. eh ro. ino. du ro. Dat., Ace, , eu Id. eh khd. ind Id. ill khc. Abl. cu kd. cs &nda. ind kd. dii anda. Agent int. iinc. ine. due. Feminine. Nom. jo. eh, eh dzo. Fem. same as niasc. Gen. lb. id ro. Dat., Ace. id Id. id khc. Abl. td kd. id anda. Agent ie. ie. kun. who Nom. kun. kun. Gen. kail ro. kau ro. Agent kitiii. kinie. dzo, wl 10 (re 1.) Nom. dzo. dzo. Gen. dzau ro. dzau ro. Agent dzunie. dzune. Others are: kd (indecl.), what ; ledtsh (indecl.), some- thing, anything ; dzo kittsh, whatever ; kun, kuni, someone, anyone; dzo lain, whoever ; declined like dzo and kun. Pronominal Adjectives The first word in each case is from Rampur, the second from Baghi. Of this kind, eno, eno ; of that kind, teno, teno; of what kind, Jceno, keno ; of which kind (rel.), dzeno, dzeno. So much or many, eti, etro; so much or many, teti, tetro', (correl.)how much or many, keti, ketro ; as much or many, dztti, dzetro. Adjectives Adjectives ending in o, 6, u, or au, including genitives, intlect according to the gender and number <>l the doud L34 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS with which fchey agree and change the last letter to e for the masc. plur. and i for the fem. sing, and plur. In the masc. sing, the -<> is changed to -e when the noun agreed with is in an oblique case, otherwise there is no inflection for case. Other adjectives do not inflect for gender, number, or case. All adjectives when used as nouns are treated as nouns and inflected accordingly. Comparison. — There are no special forms for the comparative and superlative. Comparison is expressed by the so-called ablative case with the positive, thus — (Ram.) hdtshau, good; exi Jed hdtshau, good from that, better than that ; sobbi led hdtshau, good from all, better than all, best. ( Bp.g.) atshau, es dnda dtshau, sobbhi dnda atshau. Numerals 1. eh eh 13. leva. tera. 2. dui. 1 '/c. 14. tsouda. tsouda. 3. can a, can a. 15. pondra. pa ndra. 4. tsar. tsdr. 16. sola. si tin, (not I) 5. pdndz, pdndz. 17. sottra. sUtra. 6. tshau. t 'si 'l<1, II, IS. thdra. thdra. 7. sdt. sat. 19. a ill. ■n ish . 8. ii/li. ath. 20. blh. bish. 9. nau. nau. 40. dl blyyeh. 10. dash. das. GO. caun blyyeh. 1 1. yiara. go. ira. ■SO. tsar blyyei k. 12. bdra. bdra. 100. shaii. shau. Fractional 1 h deorh deorh. 2| daih. daili. Th. -} rest with sadhe, thus- 20 .', sddhe hlh. sadhe bish. 1 a very long. KAMIMJK AND BAGH1 DIALECTS L35 I sj . pa, ili/it a . 2nd. dujjau. 3rd. cljjau. Hli. tsouthau. ( >RDINALS paihldu. Otli. tsowau. tshatau dujjaU. Till. s,t ih. bare. upwards. tibi. nl,, . downwards, uli ml i. ////. near, bidt . rn rl. far. dCtr. il a r. 13G LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAVAS RAMPUB forwards, in front. age. backwards, behind, patsha. beyond, par. Baghi age, agre. patsha. par. on this side, war. Others ar. why, Idle. hai. yes, 0. 6 (answering question). ei (answering call). no, not, na, neiJi. na, nelli. quickly. ndndi. shaft. very much, brfro. Prepositions buri. Rampub Baghi of, -0. ro. from, led. anda. to, le. led. in, dia, Ice. de, do, Icha. above, upon, mate. gahri. in front of, age. age, agre. in front of me, mu ha age. mu anda agre. with, along with. sih. sdtte. with me, mu sih. mu sdtte. with (instrument), Jehu, lean. giddh. for, le. tal. for him, teu le. tehri tdl. under, pad. thai. beyond, par. par. on this side of, war. dr. Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. (R.) d, indeclinable. (B.) eh, indeclinable. BAMFUB AND BAGHI DIALECTS 1.'57 Nog. nlk atl ; (B.) neki athi, both indeclinable. Past (R.) mase. sing, tail, fem. ti ; inasc. plur. te, fern. ti. (B.) tou, fem. te\ plur. te, fem. te. Idpno, fall RAMPUR Ba((rn, having fallen, indecl. 138 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Stat. part, lot-ondd, -8nde, -8nde, -ende, in the state of having fallen. Part, lolt-au, -e or -i; plur. -e, fem. -e or -I. R. [mperat. o. ond, be, become "if. B. Imperat. o Knt. OCi. 61. oe,(t(i<\ dau,auau. da. a it' i. da a ud. Past, da it, fem. iti, etc. Fut. ullau. idle. olio. dlle. olio. olle. Past, Uau,iem.ue, etc. Past cond. tindau. Pastcond. Undau. R. In dau, da, the initial d is very long. B. A slight /> is frequently prefixed throughout the verb B. In dait, \ha, the it is very long. kUtsh. wheat, gluh : gltili. when (inter.), Jcebhl : kebhi ; (rel.), dzebhl : dzebhl. where (inter.), kide : kle, kidc ; (rel.), dzlde : dzlde. white, shilklo : shilklo. who (inter.), kun : kun ; (rel.), dzo : dzo. why, kile : kai. wife, randki, rand/ : tsheori, zdndna. win, dzltno : dzltno. wind, bdg&r : bdgur. wise, sdtdz : dklddr. with, along with, sill : sdtte ; (instr.), kau : giddh. woman, ruudki, randi : tshSori. write, llkkhno : likkltno. yes, o : (answering question), d; (answering call), ci. yesterday, hldz : Izz ; day hefore — , phrez : ]>!i- day hefore that, / sunt he : nordz. you, tinne, : tdnunr. your, thdro : tauro. KOCI : SURKHULI DIALECT Nouns Masculine. Singular Plural Nom. golir-o, horse. -e. Gen. -e ro. -e ro. Dat., Ace. -e le. -e le. Abl. -e ku. -e kit,. Agent -e. -Sue. Nom. gauh-r, house. -r. -ra ro. -rile. -I. -I ro. -i le. -I ku. -le. -ni. -ni ro. -nie. All genitives are themselves adjectives and are declined as such. Pronouns Nom. ah, I. amine, we. Gen. mero. amaro. Dat., Ace. mule. amle. Abl. mu klfiu. dm ku. Agent viftie. amue. Nom. til, thou. tiime, you. Gen. tero. tumaro. Dat., Ace. tail le. turn le. Agent toe. tiimae. Nom. w, this. le. Gen. es ro, eh ro. Ill ro. Dat., Ace. is le. hi le. Abl. Is ku. hi ku. Agent hue. hie. Gen. -ra ro. Agent -re. Feminine. Nom. tsheor-l, girl. Gen. -1 ro. Dat., Act. -1 le. Abl. -1 ku. Agent -le. Nom. bauh-n, sister Gen. -ni ro. Agent -nie. KOCI : — SURKHUL1 DI.H.ErT un The fern. sing, is nom. /'' : gen. Id ro, etc. ; agenl Ide. Nom. sail, that, he. tie. Gen. Vtsro, tehro. tiii ro. Agent tinie. tiue. Fein, sinsx. nom. saw. £en. tla ro : agent tide. £5 O O /citw, who ? has, gen. /.'dA ro, ag. kuijie. led, is what ? who, as a relative, \sjun or diuij. Adjective Pronouns E/io,of this kind ; tino,oi that kind : /cmio, of what kind (inter.) ; ^'i/fo, of what kind (rel.). eti, so much or many ; tell, so much or many (correl. I ; leetl, how much or many : jeti, as much or many (rel.). duhji eel is used for "a little" as dokk zel plthau, a little Hour. Adjectives Adjectives ending in a consonant are not declined unless when used as nouns, in which case they take the declension of nouns. Those ending in o, u, or a have -e in masc. obi. sing, and masc. plur., and -i all through the fern. Comparison is made by means of the prep. leu. eslcu atsho, better from this, better than this. bdddeu leu atsho, better from all, better than all, best. Numerals 1. eh 2. dtii (a, long I. 3. clii. 4. tsar. 5. pdnz. 6. tsliau. 7. 8&U. 8. dtth. 9. nau. 10. dds. 11. giara (first a long). lh deurlt. 1 2. bdra { first a long). I 3. tlra (i long). 14. ts&udd. I 5. ptindra. 16. soula. 17. srtUiM. 18. thdra. 19. iwm (accent on first syllable). 20. fas. 2.1 cfofti. 150 LINGUISTIC SIT DIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS ebbl, now. tebbi, then. kebbi, when ? jebbJ, when (rel.). dj, to-day. kdlle, to-morrow. pdrsh/b, da}' after to- morrow. tsouthe, on fourth day, ettlii, hie, here. tie, there. hie, where ? dzle, where (rel.). oril, hither. idrd zdu, up to here. idro, from here. mdthe, mate, upwards. war, on this side. Adverbs Time hidz, yesterday. /tlidrldz, day before yesterda}^. nltrez, on fourth day back. kebbi, sometimes. kebri kebri, sometimes, some- time or other. kebbi na, never, Place tale, downwards. neri, near. dftr, far. dgu, dgdri, in front. pitshe, pitshu, behind. bitre, inside. bdire, outside. par, on that side. Others atshe korle, well. kalle, why. pheti, quickly. Most adjectives may be used as adverbs. They follow the rules of agreement given for adjectives above. Prepositions ke, in. TO, of. le, to. ku, ku, from. mdthe, mate, del, di upon. par, under. zdu, up to. pitshe, pitshu, behind, aftei dgdri, ku dgdri, dgu, before. in front of. drle, with (along with). kanne, with (instru.). kdi, beside ; mu kdi, beside me. par, beyond. war, on this side of. KOCI : SURKHUL1 DIALECT 1 51 Verbs Verb Substantive I 'res. tense ft. I. I. i. a, so,, asa. I, si. Neg. sing, niasc. nasto. Cem. nasti; plur. masc. ndste, fem. nasti. Past niasc. £/iait 3 fem. thi. the, fem, /A/. //a(?(, fem. /A<~. Me, fem. /A/. than, fem. /A/". Me, fem. /A/. pltno, beat Imperat. p^ pltau. Pres. ind. £n£a &■ / ; ^< & This does not change for gender. Iniperf. pF/a Ma?t, fem. Ml ^>i/tl Me, fem. Mi. pita than, fem. (7/7. pf^a Me, fem. /A C. pf/tZ tltau, fem. Mr. /^/ ( ' ^j feni. ^*- Fut. and pres. conj. are the same as the pres. ind. Past, pita, pltau; fem. pltl; plur. p^ e j fem. pltl (all agreeing with object). Pert", sing. masc. plto d, plto ft; fem. y/7' " ; plur. niasc. plte I ; fem. pltl I. Plup. plto than: fem. />f/'~ M/~: plur. pite Me ; fem. pltl thi. Past cond. jnldo, pltdau, fem. pltdi. pltde, fem. pltdi. pitrfo. pltdau, fem. i>itlirc ri katthi d. House in white horse of saddle is. l ddih ritpde. This-of price two-and-a- half rupees. 14. Mero bdbb lolde hra I rauhd. My father little house iu remains (lives). 15. Es It lu rix/pde deau. Him to this rupee give. 16. Iu riipde es ku oru mdngau. This rupee him from hither ask. 17. Es atsho plteaa lohli kdnne bdnnhau. Him well having-beaten ropes with bind. 18. Km l-ii i hi n't gdrau. Well from water draw. 154 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS 19. Mu kit dgdri hand. Me from before walk. 20. Kdhrotshord tail pitshu dshdau Idgdndau. Whose boy thee behind coming attached (is in the act of coming). 21. Io tdc has hu Idau. This by-thee whom from was taken. 22. G<1 da re banie ku. Village of shopkeeper from. Notes. — 6. Uau (Co very long) is the Hindi hud. 1 0. The o in od seems to be merely euphonic to avoid the coming together of the two vowels d. 11. Bushondau, stat. part., in the state of having sat, i.e. seated. 19. Hand, walk, appears above in 5 as and. 20. Ashdau lagondau corresponds to the Panjabi aundd e l&ga is in the act of coming. KOCI : — SURKHUU DIALECT 1 55 VOCABULARY above, mdthe : sec " up upon ". all, b&dde. ass, gaddhau. backwards, pitshe, pitshu. hack, n., pith. bad, nlkammau. be, become, Cmo. bear, n., rikh. beat, pitno. beautiful, atshau. bed, mama. behind, pitshe, pitshu. below, tdlc. big, bdro, bdro. bird, tsiru. bitch, tshauti. body, dzcu. book, kdtdb. boy, tshoru. bread, rottl. bring, anno. brother, ha In. buffalo, maish. bull, bdl&d. buttermilk, shash. call, dtdiino. cat, biraltau. cock, kukhrd. cold, shelau. come, &shno. conquer, dzltuo. cow, rya;L cowherd, gudldu. daughter, tshdtur. ', day, dils. defeated, be, harno. die, morno. do, homo. dog, kukkilr. downwards, m. fall, lotno. far, (7rir. father, Z>d&. field, diikhrau. fifteen, pandra. fight, iritno. fish, mdccld. five, pdnz. foot, tdnge. forward, aflfw, tigari. four, /sa>\ fourteen, tsuuda. from, &M, few. front, in front of, agon, dgu. fruit, £>/i<3/. ghi, y/A. girl, tshdtur. give, cfano. 156 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE II I MALAY AS goat, ha km ii : female, b&hk&r. good, atsho. graze, tsarno. hair, resh. hand, aiJi. he, that, saw. head, viund. hear, shunno. hen, kukhri. hence, if/ro. here, e^/?Z, ?rfe. hill, (land a. horse, goliro, gohrau. hot, nidtau. house, gauhr, gohr. husband, bdiltau. I, 7. village, {/ao. walk, duijijo, huiujun. was, £/mm, fern. //i7. water, panl. way, &a£. we, amme. well, adv., atsho. well, n., fewo. what, fea. wheat, ;//"«/;. when ? kebbl, (rel.) jebbl. where? few, (rel.) d . e. 158 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS white, shilklo. woman, tsheori. who? kun. write, Ultimo. why? kCillc. yesterday, hidz ; day before — , wife, tsheori. ph&rzdz ; on fourth day win, dzUno. hack, nUriz. wind, bagur. you, tame. wise, dkliwalo. your, tuindro. with (instru.), kannv ; (along with), arZe. KOCI: KUARI DIALECT Nouns Mascuh Ine. Sim; ii.ai; Plural Nom., Acc. gdh-ro, horse. ■re. Gen. •re ro. -reu ro. Dat. -re le. -n'u le. AW. -re ku. -reu ku. Agent •rex. -reur. Nom., Ace. het-d, son. -a. Gen. -a ro. ■du ro. Dat. -d ke IS. -du ki' lr. Agent -de -a tie, due. Nom., Acc. r'tkJi, bear. rlkJi. Gen. rikh-e ro. rlkJi-u ro. Dat. -c le. -u le. Abl. ■e ku. ■ •u ku. Agent -el. •6. Feminine. Nom., Acc. bet-'i, daughter. -i. Gen. -i ro. -ni ro. Dat. -i ke le. -Hi ke. Abl. -i ku. ■i~c ku. Agent •le. -iue. Nom., Acc. httuih-n, little sister. -ni. Gen. -ni ro. -nih ro. Dat. -ni ke lr. -nili lu". Abl. -ni ku. -niu ku. Agent ■me. Pronouns -niue. First. Nom. a U . amine. Gen. mairo. mahro. Dat. mil ke le. din mil kr lr Abl. mil koi. d))unu koi. Agent tnu'i. dnuue. 1G0 LINGUISTIC STUDIES PROM THE HIMALAYAS Second. Norn. til. tumme. Gen. tero. tfnnaro. Dat., Ace. tau he. turn kc IP. Abl. tail hoi. turn hoi. Agent tat. tumme. Third. Nona. nmi, he, she, it, that. ne. Gen. nijas ro, fern. iii/d ro. n'm ro. Agent nini, fern. nijCu. niua . Nom., Ace, , jo, this. je- Gen. eh ro, es ro. lii ro. Dat., Ace. eh he, es he. lu ke le. Agent Inl. lue. Nom. hun, who. Gen. hah ro. Agent kiln l jo is who, relative, and lea, is what ? kiicch, something:, anj^thing. Adjective Pronouns ieno, of this kind ; taano, of that kind ; Jcauno, of what kind ? dzauno, of which kind (rel.). etl, so much or many ; tetl, so much or many (correl.) ; ketl, how much or many ? dzetl, as much or many (rel.). Adjectives Adjectives in -o, -a, -an are declined as follows : masc. sing, obi., -e ; masc. plur., -e ; fern. sing, and plur. -i. Others are not declined except when used as nouns. Adjectives used as nouns are declined as nouns. Comparison is expressed hy means of the preposition hoi, from. jo cltho edze clthe hoi Jchub ai, this paper is good from this paper, this paper is better than this paper (edzo, this, a word used in Jubbal State). s'8k hoi Utah, all from good, better than all, best. KOCI — KUAHI DIALECT 161 Ability is expressed by means of the verb bono, bauno, be able, with the root of the required verb. To the root is added the syllable -f. Thus: I am not able to read, dd porl na baudo ; these (men) can read, jo porl hole. In negative sentences the past cond. is used for pres. ind. Numerals 1. eh 2. ddi. 3. tin. 4. tsar. 5. pane. 6. tshau. 7. sat. 8. tith. 9. nan. 10. daush. 11. igara (accent on first syllable). Ordinals 1st. paihlau. 2nd. dudzau. 3rd. cyan. 4th. tsaruau. 12. bar a. 13. tera. 14. tsoada. 15. pondra. ] 6. sola. 1 7. sdttra. 18. atthara (accent on first syllable). 19. unish. 20. bish. 5th. pants dau. 6th. tshauau. 7th. sdtuau, etc., add in of -uau. For two and a half, cljau, apparently contracted from cljddha, is used. Adverbs 6 torn, yesterday. &&&£, e£ra, now. Iii ut ra, then. leu utra, when ? jautrd, when ( rel.). e^'d, to-day. dmi ft, to-morrow. pdsh/b, day after to-morrow a ittdshl, fourth d;iy. plioredz, day before yester- day. kdddl, sometimes. Icaddi na, never. Jcotra kotrd, some time or other, sometimes. 1G2 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Place Cnidi, downwards. nerl, near. dtir, far. age, dggu, in front. pltshu, behind. mdnzedl, inside. hair, outside. par, on that side. Others shoshora, quickly. ltd', ettlke, here (ltd has accent on second). tauke, there. Icauke, where ? < ha nice, where (rel.). ltd zaU, up to here. ltd hoi, from here. ubi, upwards. hole, why ? Ichub, well. Nearly all adjectives are used as adverbs. When sot used they are declined like adjectives. ro, of. he, le, Jce le, to. hoi, hu, from. Ice, beside. Jce le, for, for sake of. age, dggu, in front of pltshu, behind. Prepositions dri, along with. mat, upon. zilii, under. dl, Ice, in. Jcoi, with (instru.). par, beyond. Pres. sing. I. I. Verbs Verb Substantive Plur. Past a%, e. to, fern. tl. to, fern. tl. to, fein. tl. I. te, fein. ti. te, fern. tl. te, fein. tl. Negative of present nan athl or ndthl, throughout ndndno, go Imperat. naund, naundau. KOCI KUARI DIALECT 163 Pros. ind. or cond. : ndnd-ou, -it. -ini (first i very long). -id. -ei. -e. -ei. Fut. nwid-uld. -ele. -eld. -ele. -eld. -ele. The fut. throughout has the accent on the last syllable Past, nondau, feni. nondi. nondei, feni. nondi. n&ndau, feni. nondi. nondei, feni. nondi. nondau, fern, nondi. nondei, fem. nondi. The accent of the past is on the second syllable. Past cond. nondau, fem. nondi; plur. nonde, feni. nondi. The accent of the past cond. is on ttie first syllable. The ending of the past cond. is -do after a sonant letter, and -to after a surd. These endings are changed to -do and -to after sh or cerebral letters : (also -dau, -dau, etc.) Pres. perf. : the past with the pres. of the verb subst. added — nondau i, etc. PI up. : the past with the past of the verb subst. added — nondau to, etc. Note initial n in past and past cond. dshno, come Imperat. ash, dshau. Pres. ind. and cond. ash-iii or -il, -ia, -e, -ini, -edn, -ei. Past dsho, fem. d.^i; plur. ash_e, fem. dshi. Pres. perf. d.^ho i, tlsho i, dshau e, dshe i, ashe i, dshe i. Past cond. dshto, fem. dskti ; plur. dshte, fem. asA/L ono, anno, be, become Imperat. ad: plur. au ; or adit, plur. auh. Pres. ind. aitd or auhu. Fut. auulau, auhulau. Past /tuo ( ft very long). Past cond. ondau. 1G4 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS bush no, sit Imperat. bosh or bush, busho. Pres. ind. bushul. Fut. bushidau. Past cond. bushto. khano, eat Pres. ind. klid-u or -ut, -id, -e or -d, -wu, -e or -u, -e. Imperf. kha-u to, -a to, -a to, -l te, -e te, -a te. Fern, substitutes ti for to and te. Past, khdo. Stat. part, kltdiero, in the state of having been eaten. In transitive verbs the past tense agrees with the object. The actual conjugation of trans, and intrans. verbs is the same. pino, drink (% very long) Pres. ind. piUL. Past, pio. Stat. part, plero, in the state of having been drunk. deno, give Pres. ind. deH. Past, denau. bono, speak Pres. ind. bolu. Past cond. bodo (Hindi boltd). Past, bolau. konno, do Pres. ind. koru. Past cond. koddo (Hindi kdrtd). Past, Icorau. anno, bring Pres. ind. dnu. Past cond. dndo. Past, a/no. KOCI — KUARI DIALECT 165 ijhlnno, take Pres. ind. gliinu. Past, ghlnau. Stat. part, ghlniero. lot no, fall Past cond. lottau. Past, lotau. bono, bauno, be able Pres. ind. bold. Past cond. baudo. 166 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS SENTENCES 1. Tero naU kd se? Thy name what is ? 2. Eh goitre ri keti boshe I ? This horse of how -many years are ? 3. ltd koi Kashmiri le keci dur e t Froni-here Kashmir to how-much far is ? 4. Tere bdbd re keti beta ai ? Thy father of how-many sons is ? 5. Au dura koi hdndo etrd. I far from walked to-day. 6. Mere kdkkd ro beta is ri bauihni ri joneac kori. My uncle of son this of sister of marriage was-made. 7. Gauhre ke shette gohre ri zin ai. House in white horse of saddle is. 8. Eh ri -pitthi di koni zin. His back on tighten saddle. 9. Mui esro beta bhaut mdro. By-me his son much was-beaten. 10. Kdnde di gdi bdkri tsorae. Hill-top in cows goats he-is-grazing. 11. Jo ddmi bikini zilii boshdndau gohre mdi. This man tree under seated horse upon. 12. Nyas ro bald nyas bauihni koi borau ai. Him of brother him (of) sister than big is. 13. Eh ro mol ciji athanni. This of price two and a half rupees (see note). 14. Mero bdb lodde gauhre di thdke. My father small house in lives (or sits). 15. Es ke rupai de. Him to rupees give. 16. Rupai eh koi (es koi) dno. Rupees him from bring. 17. Eh Ichub mdro lautiu koi bdnho. Him well beat ropes with tie. 18. Kud koi p>dni gdro. Well from water draw. 19. Mu koi age hand. Me from in-front walk. KOCI — KUARI DIALECT 1G7 20. Tad pJtshu halt ro beta dshe. Thee behind whom of boy comes ? 21. Tdi has hoi mol ano. By-thee whom from (in) price was-brought ? 22. Naugre dl bania hoi ano. Village in shopkeeper from was-brought. Notes. — 1. se, is: s is common in the verb subst. in dialects of this region. 3. Iced, how much ; this form in € is interesting, it occurs in Shina kacak or kacd and in Romany. 13. The expression clji dfhanni puzzles me. cvji seems to be a contraction of cljddhi (a half less than three ?) which is used in Jubbal State. In this case dthanni must be used for rupee instead of eight annas. .See the Jubbal dialects. 168 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS VOCABULARY above ; see " upon ", " upwards". all, sdb, sok. ass, gddhau. backwards, pitshu. back, pith. bad, mondau. be, become, ono. bear, rlkh. beat, mdrno. beautiful, kJifib. bed, mdnzau. behind, pitshu. below, zllfi. beside, ke. beyond, par. big, bdro. bird, tsori. bitch, kukri. body, norde. book, kitdb. boy, nonno. bread, roti. bring, anno. brother, bdhl, bhdl. buffalo, vwlshi. bull, bolid ; young bull, gunda. buttermilk, shdsh. call, bono (= say). cat, blrdthaii, fern, blrdli. clotb, jtirko. cock, kilkra. cold, shelo. come, ashno. cow, gad. cowherd, g?(d£. cowhouse, d&ro. daughter, Ar//~. day, dilsau. die, morno. do, konno. dog, kukur. downwards, ?7?zjd, go, is used in composition with other verbs, while deuno expresses the action of going. The infinitive is a verbal noun and may be declined ; thus, tsdrne khi, for grazing, for the purpose of grazing. Ability is expressed by one of two verbal participles apparently passive, in -uo or -ua, and -Ida respectively. The subject of the sentence is put in the genitive, while the participle agrees with the logical object. mere roil na khdindi, I cannot eat bread. BISHSHAU Nouns . The prepositions for the gen., dat. and abl. are ho or ha or rd, hhe, and du respectively. Pronouns The fern. sing, oblique form for o, se. that, is tlo, and for edzo, this, is 16. Verbs There is an indeclinable negative form, dthl, for the present of the verb subst. The pres. ind. and pres. cond. are the same, but there is an alternative form for the pres. ind. The fut. and imperf.ind. are almost identical with the pres. cond. ; they add la (li, le, li) and the past verb subst., thia, etc. respectively. The stat. part, ends in -eru for transitive and -ondau for intransitive verbs; the ending -eru may be separated as in Barari. Ability is expressed by the pass. pres. part, in -idu, with the logical subject in the genitive, as mere edzo NORTH JUBBAL OR BARARI 175 nlh erldu, I cannot do this, {erulu agr. w. nlzo); cf. Bararl above. In sentence 17 s is added as a pronominal suffix to indicate " him ", reminding us of the similar usage in North Panjabi. The words for "to-morrow" and "the day after" are dotte or jishi and pdrshi respectively, while "yesterday" is lujo, and " the day before " phorzu. NORTH JUBBAL OR BARARI Nouns Mascuh 'itc. SlNC DLAR Plural Norn., Acc. go'r-o -e. Gen. -e ru. -e ru. Dat. -a khi. -e kin. Abl. -e Jehu or du. -e khu or du. Agent -c. -e. Nom., Ace. rlkh-, bear. rlkh-. Gen. -d ru. -d ru. Dat. -o khi. -d kiii. Abl. -6 khu or du. -d khu or du. Agent ■e. ■e. Feminine. Nom., Acc. ill' -I, daughter. -1. Gen. -id ra. ■1 ru. Dat. -id khi. -l khi. Abl. -id khu or du. -1 khu or du. Agent ■id. ■ie. Nom., Acc. bauih-n, sister. -nl. Gen. -nl ru. -nl ru. Dat. -nl khi. -nl khi. Abl. -nl khu or du. -nl khu or du Agent ■nl. ■nu'. 176 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Pronouns 1st Pen son. Nom., Ace. ail, I. dmmc . Gen. meru. maru. Dat. mu, mu kJii. amu kJii. Abl. mu khu. aviu khu. Agent mile. amine. 2nd Pe rson Nom., Act. til, thou. tile. Gen. teril. taru. Dat. tail, ta khi. tamu, tamu khi Abl. ta khu. tamu khu. Agent taue. tile. 3rd Person. Nom., Ace. oso, he, she, that- oso. Gen. tes ril, te ril. tindril. Dat. te, tekhi, tes. , tes khi. tlnd khi. Abl. te khu, tes khu. find khu. Agent tene teye. For te we may have tell. The following cases of the fern. sing, differ from the masculine: Gen. tla ru. Dat. tid khi. Abl. tld khu. Agent, tid. Nom., Ace. cdza, this. edze. Gen. eh ril, cs ru. ind ril. Dat. e, eh khi, es, es khi. In, In khi. Abl. e khu, es khu. In khu. Agent ene. eye. Fem. sing., Nom.. Ace. edze. Gen. lau ru. Dat. lau Ich i. Abl. lau khu. Agent lau. Nom., Ace. lean, who. Gen. kauh ru. Plural same as singular. Nom. dzu, ju, who (relative). je. Gen. je ra, jes ra. jlnd ru. Dat. je khi, jes khi. jin, jln khi. Abl. je khu, jes khu. jin khu. Agent jene. jeye. NORTH JUBBAL OR BARAR1 177 Fern, sing., Gen.^'io ra, etc. ha, what. kicch, something. Pro xom i n a l A n j ect i v es ino,oi this kind : tlno, of that kind ; lcvno,oi what kind ' jfi/o, of which kind (rel.). eti, so much or many ; tetl, so much or many (correl.); keti, how much or many ? jetl, as much or many (rel.). Adjectives Adjectives used as nouns are declined as nouns. Other- wise those ending in -d agree with their nouns, the masc. sing, and all the masc. plur. ending in -e, and the fern, both sing, and plur. in -i. This i sometimes changes to e. The rest are indeclinable. Comparison is expressed by means of dn with the positive, there being no forms for the comparative and superlative. e tdto 6, this is hot. e es da tdto o, this is hot from this, hotter than this. e bdddhe du tdto 6, this is hot from all, hotter than all, hottest. Adverbs Time ebre, ebbi, now. taubre, tobbe. Jcaubre, Icqbbe, when ? jaubre, jdbbe, when (rel.). adz, to-day. Jcdl, to-morrow. porshi, day after to-morrow. tsouthe, on fourth day. hiz, yesterday. phrez, yesterday, da\- before. tsouthe, on fourth day back. Jcdbbe, sometimes. Icobe kobe, some time or other, sometimes. Jcdbbe na, never. 178 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Place *idd, *id, *lcha } here. bdhre, outside. Heidd, *ted, *techd, there. dbhd, upwards. *keidd, *lced, *ked, *kecha, did, downwards. where ? nero, near. *jeidd, *jed, *jechd, where dur, far. (rel.). goi%, ago, forward, in front. ichd tdi, up to here. tshoh, backwards. itthau, from here. 'pare, porti, beyond. bltre, inside. war, ord, on this side. Otliers kedi, why ? 6, yes. plieti, quickly. khub, accho, well. Most adjectives can be used as adverbs. The adverbs marked with an asterisk agree with the subject of the sentence. pord, thither, and ord, hither, are often used with little meaning, as : — mdiig ord, ask hither, ask for it. de pord, give thither, give it to him. de ord, give hither, give it to me. Prepositions (Normally used after the nouns and pronouns.) khi, to. khe, beside. Jehu, from. sdthi, sdttJte, along with. dd, from. Ichi, khe, for sake of. pare, on the other side of. da, de, in. war, on this side of. gal, upon. patslin, behind. ntthd, below. ago, in front of. mandz, in. da, with (instru.). Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. osso or o. osso or o. osse or o. osso or 6. osso or 6. ossoe or de. NORTH JUBBAL OR RARAR1 179 Neg. mil anthi, ni anthi, indeclinable. Past, thld, fern. tli i. thie, fem. thJ. Ih la, fern. il» 1. title, fem. tin. thhl, fem. till. porno, fall. title, fem. tltl. Imperat. pdr p>6ro or pfrrau Pres. ind. and pres. cond. : por-U. -u. -€. -au. -au. -au. The fut. adds -la, -li, -le, -li. Fut. par- did, fem. -lilt. -file, fem. -uli. -eld, fem. -eli. -die, fem. -o£i. -old, fem. -oli. -Die, fem. -o££. Imperf. same as pres. ind. with past of verb subst. added (contracted in masc.) ; 1st sing.^oru. thd, fem. pSrv. thi ; 2nd sing, pore thd, pore tltl, etc. Past : — masc. sing, pord, fem. pore ; plur. masc. pore, fem. p6ri. Plup. : — past with past of verb subst. pord thd, fem. pore th I, etc. Past cond. : — masc. sing, pordd, fem. porde ; plur. masc. ptirde, fem. pordi. Conj. part, poreau, having fallen. ono, be, become Imperat. o o'au. Pres. ind. on. Fut. o'ula. Past cond. findd. Past, u'o. dno, come Imperat. a. ao. Neg. iici a. ni aid. Past cond. dndd. Past, cici or ds/fd. 180 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS deuno, go Imperat. deo. deo. Fut. defdd, deulau. deule. dewela. deole. deola. deole. Past cond. deuvda. Past, deda. jano, go (Used in composition with other verbs.) Imperat. ja. Fut. jduld. Past cond. jdndd. Past, god. Fut. muhida. jao. vault no, remain buthvo, sit buttho. Imperat. buth. Past cond. buthdd. Fut. butthuld. Past, botthd. Stat. part, botlwndd, in the state of having sat, seated. pihio, beat Conjugation same as for porno. In the past tenses of transitive verbs the verb agrees with the subject. Imperat. pit. ^.n^x. Pres. ind. or cond. pltu. Fut. pltula. Imperf. pitd thd. Past. cond. pitdd. Past, pitd. Pres. perf. pitd ai. Plup. pild thd. Jchdno, eat Stat. part, khdru, in the state of having been eaten. NORTH JUBBAL OR BARAK! J 81 Stat. part, pleru. Fut. deal it. Past cond. dlnda. Past, dind. Stat. part, deeru. Fut. lauida. Past cond. laundd. Stat. part, laueru. Past cond. edda. Past ero. Past cond. kordd. Past, Ho. Past cond. jdndd. Past cond. andd. Past, cT»o. pvno, drink cZe»o, give it tt no, take erno, do k&rno, do jdnno, knew anno, bring n-mOj take away Past cond. nindd. Past, ?i to. Stat. part, nlern. In the stat. part, the ending erifc is frequently separated from the root of the verb and placed before it; thus we have eru pie for pieru, drunk ; eru de for deeru, given ; eru laue for laueru, taken. In negative sentences the past cond. is used for the pres. hid. Purpose: take to graze, tsdrne hhi neo, lit. grazing for take-away; tsdrde deo, grazing go, take to graze. Contraction. — In rapid speech words are much con- tracted, thus : Jcauh rd o'ld edza tshotd, whose is this boy ? is pronounced kauhra ladza tshotd. 182 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Ability. — The following sentences show the method of expressing ability : — mere na deilo, I cannot give. esre na jiortio, he cannot read. edza kitdb mere na purida or porRa, I cannot read this book. mere na rati khalndi, I cannot eat bread. bat mere khaio, I can eat rice. Hence we see an example of an organic passive, though the passive construction is confined to the participle. It ends in either -ido or -uo (the -lo of khaio is exceptional). Verbs whose roots ends in a vowel insert n in Ida, as in lehainda. The particle agrees with the noun in gender and number ; thus roll is feminine, while kitdb and belt are masculine. Cf. Panjabi khaida, and also the Panjabi passive verb Ichalna, to be eaten. Numerals Cardinal 1. eh 2. dm. 3. cin. 4. tsar. 5. pane. 6. tshau. 7. sat. 8. ath. 9. nan. 10. daush. 11. gero. 1st. paihlau. 2nd. dujjau, dujja. 3rd. cJJjd. 4th. tsoutlid. 5th. panjuau. 1£ deorh. 12. baro. 13. fero. 14. tsoudau. 15. pundrau. 16. solau. 17. suttrau. 1 8. tharau. 19. unish. 20. &Ss£. 100. s/iau. Ordinals 6th. tshouau. 7 th. sdtuau. 8th. athuau. 9th. nouau. 10th. doshuau. 2 A fZd'e. NORTE JUBBAL OR BARARI 183 SENTENCES 1. Tero nail ka so or usso? Thy name what is ? 2. E gore ri ketti ombar ole ? This horse of how-much age will be ? 3. Itthau Kashmir keti dur 61 From-here Kashmir how-much far is ? 4. Tare bappo re ketti lurke ? Your father of how- many boys ? 5. AH adz dfiro du hondeo. I to-day far from walked. G. Mere hake ra beta tehri bauhnl sCitlti dzddznd oa. My uncle of son his sister with married became. 7. Gauhro de tslte dzlu gore rl. House in white saddle horse of. 8. Ehri pltihe gal dzvn koshau. His back upon saddle tighten. 9. Mue teh re tshote dl khub lal. By-me him of boy on w T ell attached-was (i.e. beat). 10. Pai'ro ri tiro dl goru be re tsdro. Hill of top on cows sheep he-is-grazing. 11. E bikho nitha gore gal botltonda thla. He tree under horse upon seated was. 12. Ek ra bal dpnl bauhnl da jet ha. This of brother own sister than elder. 13. Eh ra mfil cljje (haunt. This-of price two-and- a-half rupees (see note). 14. Merd bap tshote gau'ro di ratio. My father small house in remains (lives). 15. E rupuye deo. Him-to rupees give. 1G. Es du dru mdngu rupoye. Him from hither ask rupees. 17. Es khub pl/eait rftshio da baunho. Him well having-beaten ropes with tie. 18. Kite du panl dru gdro. Well from water hither draw. 184 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS 19. Mil khu ago ccilo. Me from before walk. 20. Kauh rd tsliotd tare patshu do ? Whom of boy your behind comes ? 21. Tue Icau Jche laud mulle. By -you whom from was-taken in price. 22. Gaud re dtlkanddro du lauu or glnu. Village of shopkeeper from was taken. Notes. — 2. o'le, final e and i are often interchanged, this might be oli. 7. gauhro, the influence of neighbouring dialects is responsible for the introduction of h here, gauhro for gau'ro. 9. Idi agreeing with some word for blow understood, Hindi lagdl. 10. goru, collective word, cattle. 11. bothondd, stat. part., seated. 13. cijje thanni, see note on this sentence in the Kuar dialect. NORTH JUI'.I'.AL OR HARARI 185 VOCA above, see "upon", upwards" all, bdddhe. ass, kJidtsur, gdddltd. back, pltth. backwards, tshdu, pdtshn. bad, kit t hand. be, become, ono. bear, n., rlkJt, bonsor. beat, pitno. beautiful, atshd, bdnthnid. bed, mdnzd, pdlag. before, gou, ago. behind, pdtshu. below, tit a, nithd. beside, lehe. beyond, par. big, boro. bitch, ktlkrS., body, jaid. book, kttdb, kdtdb. boy, tshotd. bread, ndz, roll. bring, anno. brother, bd'e. buffalo, mau ish. bull, bulod. buttermilk, cash. call, budno (not -no). camel, tttt. cat, m.j dhattndhd ; i'., blrdli. cloth, juried. cock, kukltrd. cold, adj., shclo. come, dno. cow, (jdo (col., cattle, goru). cowherd, gal Id. KULAK Y daughter, dii, tshdnti, chdnti. day, dfts. die, morno. do, erno, kdrno. dog, ktlktir. downwards, tlUl. draw (water), gdrno. drink, plno ; cause to drink, peono. ' ear, lean. eat, kltdno ; cause to eat, khedno. egg, pmrai. eight, (7/// ; eighth, dthuau. eighteen, tltdrau. elephant, lidtthe. eleven, gi.ro. eye, dkkhl. face, vi alt. fall, pdrno. far, #fir. father, bdbbd, bap. field, fcTiec, pdtri. fifteen, pdndraa. fight, pl(no. fish, mucchl. live, pane; fifth, panjftati. foot, /«/ ; see " leg", four, /.//, -I khe. Abl. -I du. Agent, -e. Nom., Ace. bauhn-, little sister. -I. Gen. -e rd, ro, -i rd, ro." Dat. -i, -i khc. Abl. -I dil. Agent -le. as sing. Pronouns Nom., Ace. dfi, I. Gen. view. Dat. mu. Abl. mu kci dil. Agent vide. dmmS, we. drama nl. a mil. dm ft dil. amd. 190 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FltOM THE HIMALAYAS Nom. til, thou. Gen. tero. Dat. ta. Abl. ta dil. Agent taue. Nom., Ace . 6, sc, he, that Gen. tcnl. Dat. tes. Abl. tes dil. Agent tennc. Fein, has : Gen. tlo ko. tie; plur. as masc. Nom., Ace. edzo, e, this. Gen. e ko, es ko. Dat. es. Abl. es dil. Agent enne. tue, you. tuo ko. tub. tub dil. tile. 6, sc. tend i ko. tenni. ten dil. tennla. Dat. tio. Abl. tiddu. A^ent edzc. endl ko. ennl. en dil. cnnhl. Dat. id. Abl. id du. Fern., Nom. edze, e. Gen. id ko Agent, ie. Plur. Nom. edze. Otherwise as masculine. Icun, who? Gen. kos kit, etc. Agent, Jcone. Who (rel.) is dzu ; what (interrog.) is kd. Adjective Pronouns erfi, of this kind; terii, of that kind; leer a, of what kind ? jerU, of which kind (rel.). ethtii, so much or many; tetJdu, so much or many (correl.) ; kethtii, how much or many ? jethtu,a,s much or many (rel.). Adjectives As regards agreement adjectives follow the same rule as in North Jubbal, not being declined except (i) when used as nouns, in which case they are treated as nouns and declined accordingly, or(ii) when ending in the usual masculine ending -a, -o, etc., in which case the masculine SOUTH JUBBAL OR BISHSHAU 1 !> 1 has nom. sing, -a, -o, etc., and all the rest -e, feminine all through -i. Comparison is expressed b}^ means of du, from, as : e atsha 8sau, this is {rood ; e es du atsha osau, this is good from this, i.e. better ; bdddJie du atsha, good from all, best. Adverbs Time eb, now. porshi, day after to-morrow. tekhuni, then. tsouthe, on fourth day. tube, then. hijo, yesterday. kube, when ? phorzo, day before yesterday. jekhuni, when (rel.). tsouthe, on fourth day back. jube, when (rel.). kube kube, some time or other, az, to-day. sometimes. kubi, sometimes. kube na, never. dotte, jishi, to-morrow. Place Ittha, here. ddhc, downwards. tetthd, there. nire, near. kettha, where ? dur, far. jettltd, where (rel •)• agu, in front. it (lie zii, up to here, patshu, behind. itth n, from here. pa/nde, beyond. bitlie, inside. dnde, on this side. bdinde, outside. dnuinda, on the ground. ubhe, upwards. Otliers Jcei, why ? 6, yes. fJlige, quickly. Prepositions ro, rd, ko, of. uithd, below. khe, to. gashp, upon. du, from. da, dr, in. kav, beside. za, up to. 192 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS sdtthe, along with. dnde, on this side of. khe, for, for sake of. dgu, du dgu, in front of. pdnde, on that side of. p&tshe, behind. Verbs Verb Substantive osn or o, am. osau or o, are. ose or e, art. osau or o, are. osau or o, is. osau or o, are. Neg. ill ti^/u, indeclinable. Past, masc. sing, thia ; fern. sing, thi ; plur., masc. sing. thie ; fern. ('//y. pl(no, beat Imperat. /)7/. ^f/o. Pres. ind. or cond. pit-ua. -we. -e. -au. -an. -au. pitda, H, etc., also used for pres. ind. Fut. pit-ula, -eld, -old, -file, -die, -die. Fern, ends in -i. Imperf. pita thia, ptte thia, pitau tJtid, pita thie, pitau tide, pitau thie; fern, same with th%\ for imperf. pitda thid, etc., is also used. Past cond. pitda ; feni. pitdi ; plur. pitde ; fern, pitdi. Past, pita, agreeing with obj. (-e ; fem. -i). Plup. pita thia, etc. Conj. part, piilau, having beaten. Stat. part, piteru, having been beaten. ■pitde means while beating or on beating. o'no, be, become (The ' is not so marked as in North Jubbal.) Past, du. Past cond. ondd. djno, come Imperat. dje djau (accent on second syllable). Pres. ind. or cond. djiid. Past. cond. dzhdd. Past, djd. SOUTH JUBBAL OH BISHSHAU 193 deuno, go Pres. ind. dead. Fut. de-tlld, -Id, -old, -file, -olc, -ole. Past. cond. deoda. Past, ded. jdno, go (used in composition) Past, god. bothno, sit I in pe rat. both. Fut. bothald. Past, bdtthd klidno, eat Pres. ind. khdud or klidndd u. Past, Jchdu. Stat. part, khderu. pino, drink Pres. ind. ^<<7d or pindd u. Past, p-m. Stat. part, pleru. Pres. ind. dead. Past cond. dendd. Past, dlttd. Stat. part, deiern. Past, froZu. Stat. part, boleru. Pres. ind. IcSrii. Past, &$o. Stat. part, kuriera. Past cond. duda. Stat. part, nleru. deno, give bolno, speak konno, do anno, bring n£«o, take away 1 L> 4- LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS The stat. part, in -era is often heard with -era pre- ceding the root of the verb, as eru kori, done, for Icorieru; era del, given, for deter u. Ability is expressed as follows : — mere nlh deindu, I cannot give. mere roti nlh khdindi, I cannot eat bread. m ere ndz kltalnda, I can eat bread. mere nlh erldu, I cannot do. See corresponding note in North Jubbal. To indicate a question -e is added to the verb. Numerals Cardinal 1. eh. 12. bdrau. 2. da. 13. terau. 3. cln. 14. tsoadau. 4. tsar. 15. pdndrau. 5. pdnz. 16. solau. 6. tsliaa. 17. sattrau. 7. sdi. 18. thdraa. 8. d.^/i. 19. onish. 9. -Hait. 20. fosft. 10. daush. 100. 4(/(. 11. giarau. Ordinals 1st. paihlau. 6th. tshouau. 2nd. dajjau. 7th. sdtuau. 3rd. cljjau. 8th. dthuau. 4th. tsouthau. 9th. noiiau. 5th. pdnzdau. 10th. doshuau. lh dajddha. 2h cijddhd. These strange expressions seem to mean " a half less than", like the English expressions half seven, half eight, etc., which some people use for half-past six, half-past seven, etc. SOUTH JUBBAL OH HISHSHAU 195 SENTENCES 1. Tero uda kd o? Thy name what is ? 2. Es gohre ri or ki kethti ombdr o? This horse of how-much age is ? 3. Itthe du K&shmire zd kethto dur ai? Here from Kashmir to how-much far is ? 4. Tere bdbbd re ketl tshote ? Thy father of how-many boys ? 5. Adz da bare dare da djjd. To-day I very far from came. 6. Mere JcdkJce rd tsliotd es ri bauhni sdtthe bidlid od. M}' uncle of boy him of sister with married became. 7. Gauhre tsitte gohre ri zin o. House-in white horse of saddle is. 8. Es ri pittite gashe zin baunho. Him of back upon saddle tie. 9. Moe es rd tshotd khibb pita. By-me him of boy well was-beaten. 10. Dodlco di gdo bdkritsdrau. Hill-top on cows goats he-is-grazing. 11. Es ddlo nithd gohre gashe bothd. This tree under horse upon he-sat. 1 2. Es rd baih dpni bauhni da bora o. Him of brother sister than big is. 13. Es ru mul Cijje tjthxnui o. This of price two- and-a-half rupees (see note). 14. Mera bah n&nhke gauhrd da rauho. My father small house in remains (lives). 15. Es rapuyye deo. Him-to rupees give. 16. Es dil tolo korau rupbyye. Him from back make rupees (take back ). 17. Khub pitau-8 ttibbe b&nnho. Well beat-him, then I ie I him ). 19(5 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS 18. Km du pani (Jdro. Well from water draw. 19. Mu dfi age tsdlo. Me from before go. 20. Kos rd tshotd djjd tail p&tshe? Whom of boy (has) come thee behind ? 21. Tau kos du dno mall By thee whom from was- brought (in) price ? 22. Gad du elcki diihdnddra kaundu dno. Village from one shopkeeper from was-brought. Notes. — 13. See note in North Jubbal and Kuar. 17. The s is interesting ; such pronominal suffixes are very common in Northern Panjabi and Laihndi. 22. elckl, inflected form of ek, one. The same form is found in Panjabi. NORTH JUBBAL OR BISHSHAU 19* VOCABULARY above ; see up , upon . all, bdddhe. ass, gdddha. back, pitth. backwards, pdtshu, pdtshe. bad, mkdmmd. be, become, o'no. bear, rikk. beat, pltno. beautiful, bdnthld. bed, mama. before, dgu. behind, pdtshu, pdtshe. below, nlthd, (adv.) udhe. beside, kau. beyond, pdnde. big, bdro, bdro. bitch, kilkrh body, sarlr. hook, kdtdb. boy, tshota. bread, was, roil. bring, anwo. brother, bath, (older) ddddd. buffalo, mhauish. bul\,bdldd. buttermilk, skdsh. buy, wwZ anno. call, bodno (not »). cat, birdl-a, fern. -c. cock, kllkrd. cold, she la. come, <7j?iO. cow. jjfao. cow herd, gtidld. daughter, dlhi, tshoti. day, rfws. die, murno. do, erwo, konno. dog, kfikur. downwards, udhe. draw (water), gdrno. drink, p$#o ; cause to — , pid?io. ear, kdn. eat, khdno; cause to — , khxdno. eight, dth ; eighth, dthilau. eighteen, thdrau. elephant, dhthl. eleven, gulrau. eye, a kit. face, wmfe. fall, porno. far, r//7r. father, bdbbd. field, khecau. fifteen, pondrau. fight, lorno. first, paihlau. fish, mdchi. five, jraw2 ; fifth, pdnzuau. foot, /»/. forwards, agfw. four, /!.$«>■; fourth, tsduthau. fourteen, tsoudau. from, <&£. front, in, agrw. fruit, ?)/j<5/. ghi, (///i j. seven, sett ; seventh, sdtuau. seventeen, sattrau. sharp, pdlnau. she, 6, se. sheep, bair. shepherd, behrdla, b&krdla. shopkeeper, dUkdnddr. side, on this side of, ancle; on the far side of, pdtjde. sister, older than person re- ferred to, ddddi ; younger than do., Ixiulin. sit, botjino. six, t shan; sixth, tshouau. sixteen, solan. sleep, sutno. ' sometimes, kobe, kobh son, tshotd. sow, bono. speak, boluo. star, tdra. stomach, pet. storm, ban iila. stream, gahd. strong, tsheora. sun, suruz. sunshine, dauh. sweet, gUluo. take away, nhio. ten, daush; tenth, ddshftau. than, du. then, tekhunl, tdbc. there, tetthd. they, 6, se. thief, tsour. thirteen, terau. this, edzo. thou, ill. three, cln ; third, rljjaii. thy, tero. tie, bannhno. to, klie. to-day, az. to-morrow, dot to, jishi ; day after — , p&rshi ; on fourth day, tsontlir. tongue, dzibh. tooth, ddnd. town, bo'izdr. tree, c]d[. twelve, bdrau. twenty, blsh. two, du ; second, diljjau ; two and a half, cljddha. uncle, kdkko. under, nit ha. up, upwards, fibhe. up to, zd. upon, gashe. very, khub. village, gaur. walk, tsalrio, (leuno. was, thid. water, pdnl. way, bat. we, dmme. well, adv., khub. well, n., &wa. what, kd . wheat, giuh. \\\w\\J;nh(-\ {re\.),jekhuni, i where, ketthd ; (rel.)i jetthd. white, tsitto. who, A:fm ; (rel.)i , then. tsauthe, on fourth day. Icobhe, when ? /ucis, yesterday. efet&j when (rel.). phardz, day before yester- dj[/, to-day. day. /.<'/, to-morrow. tsauthe, on fourth day back. dinar, every day. For Jhtlngi the following arc different:— ebbe, now. look' ; cf. md nl jdni, above. The nominative is used for the logical object even with pronouns. md eh mdrd, I beat him. 'nun hd. mdrd, they beat me. To express advisability, necessity, the word Inn in is used unchanged as hdmma launi brail, we want a cat. hamme launi r• why ? hi 18. wife, cheori {tsheo$i, Id] i ). wind, /iiii/rr. wise, khdra (good). with, along with, .s''7' r : something, anythingj Icicch. Pronom i x a i. Adjectives eo, of this kind ; tea, of that kind : keo, of what kind ? jeo, dzeo, of which kind (rel.). etro,so much or many : tetro, so much or many (correl.) ; hetro, how much or many '. dzetro, as much or many (rel.). Adjectives Adjectives ending in -o, -a in masc. sing, agree with their nouns in gender and case (masc. sing. obi. -e, masc. plur. -e, fem. sing, -i or -e, plur. -e). Otlicrs do not change unless used as nouns when they are declined as nouns. Comparison. — No special forms. rdmrd, good; es lea rdmrd, better than this. sobbi Jed rn mrd, better than all. best. Numerals The numerals are the same as in Eastern Sukrti except t he following : — 2. dul. 15. ptindra, p&ndra. 3. run. Hi. sola. 6. tshau. 17. s&tdra. 13. tera. L8. thara. 14. (sauda. L9. nih. 220 linguistic studies from the himalayas Adverbs Time rhhr, now (emphatic ebbi). pdrahi, day after to-morrow. ti&, tlien. tsaute, on fourth day. kebbe, when ? hidz, yesterday. dzia, when (rel.). phardz, day before adz, to-da}*. yesterday. kdlld, to-morrow. tsaute, on fourth day back. Place inde, tinde, hinde, dzlnde, here, there, where ? where, are as in Eastern Sitketi, for " where " kidhi, kei, ke are also found ; indd ka, hence. fijhe, upwards. Cindhe, downwards. Others kl, kl le, why ? tsike, quickly. Prepositions jhotte, under. ago, in front of. sduge, along with : mu le, to. sduge, with me. g&$h, upon. ka, than, from. de, in, upon. ke, with (instru.). Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. asi or a. Past, thla ; fern, thl ; plur. masc. thie ; fern. thi. or tan; fern, te) plur. te; fern. f.f. Neg. -ne dthi or «Y/tF nf. pornd, fall (Infinitives end in -a or -o.) Imperat. por. ^om Pres. cond. and ind. por-u, -e, -o or -a, -it, -o, -o or -<». Pres. ind. with thla (thie, till), or tan (te, ti). MANDI AND SUKET — SUKET SIHAJI J J i Fut. porme or purdiuj. pdrmS or pSr&ng. pftrdng. pdrang. ptir&ng. pdrang. pdrmd, makes fern. sing, porme; fein. plur. pdrml. As in Eastern Suketi the form in -inn is used only for the 1st person. Past, purd. Past cond. pdrdd, Plup. pdra thia or tail. Stat. part, pdrada, fallen. dcltno, come Past, do, fern. ae\ plur. de, fern. dl. PI up. do tan, fern, de te , plur. de te, fern, dl ti. Past cond. pres. stat. part, dchdd. dewno, go I in pe rat. deo. deud. Pres. ind. ded ; plur. dee. Past, deud. jdno, go Fut. jdw/mA, baishno, sit Past, baitha. Stat. part, baitkddd. dzilcno, beat Past, dz'ika. Ichdno, eat Past, khaya. Stat. part, khaadd. jhupno, drink' Stat. part. j/< utddd. deno, give Fut. demmd. ov deity. - - - LINGUISTIC STUDIES KltoM THE HIMALAYAS korno, do Past, kia il. unto Past, niau. In negative sentences the past cond. is used for the pres. ind., as ltd nl dendd, achda, korda, I will not give, come, do (lit. not giving, coining, doing). Pres. contin., to express that a person is actually at the moment doing a tiling ; the pres. part, of the verb is used with the stat. part, of laggnd. eh achda laggada, he is coming. eh a • elide laggede, she is coming. ha khandd laggada, I am eating. hamme khdndi Idggidl, we (fern.) are eating. ted Ichdnde laggede, they arc eating. The strange use of the fem. in neg. sentences with the past of trans, verbs, or the infin. (used as finite), which was noted in Eastern Sxiketi, is found also in this dialect. mu nljdnl, I will not go. into blult (masc.) nl khani, I will not eat rice. When pronouns are used as in these sentences with the infinitive, they have a slightly different form of the agent, as follows : — Ordinary With Infix itivk by me, mail. mu. hy thee, tail. id. by him, el, tei. es, tes. by her, esse, tesse, tisse. essd, tessd, tissd. by us, Jidmma. hamme. by 3 T ou, tiimma. tumme. by them, Inne, ttnne. inna, tinna. Ability. — Ability is expressed by means of an interesting organic pass. part, in -undd. thdre bulle bhdt n% khdiLndd, you cannot eat rice. tlidre bulle rati ( fem. ) n ? kha a ndi, you cannot eat bread. mere bolle nl jdiindd, I cannot go. MANDI AND XUKET — SUKKT SIRAJ1 223 SENTENCES The translations are very similar to those given under Eastern Siiketl, but for the sake of minor points it is as well to print them. 1. Tero nau. klje asi ? Thy name what is ( 2. Es glidre% amhil r leetri asi ? This horse-of age how- much is ? 3. Tnda Jed Kashmir Jcetrd dur asil Here from Kashmir how-much far is ? 4. Tere bdbbe ghore Jeetre shohru asi '( Thy father's house-in how-many boys are ? 5. Haft dura Jed Jidndi a yd. I far from walking came. 6. Mere caccea shohru tisrd baih esri bauhni soiuge hod. My uncle's boy him-of marriage him-of sister with became. 7. Ghore shette ghorel zin asi. House-in white horse-of saddle is. 8. Es ri pHthe gash zin bannho. Him of back upon saddle tie. 9. MaH ene shohru bora dzikd. By-me his boy much was- beaten. 10. DheJce mitndd de ddge caine care. Hill-of top on cows sheep he-grazes. 11. Es dale jhotte baitthd, ghore gash. This tree under sat horse on. 12. Tesra (or eud) baih apni baihni lea bora ast. J lis brother own sister than bigger is. 13. Esrd (or eud) mul dliae rv/pdyye asi. Its price two and a half rupees is. •14. Mero bob mdtthe ghdre rauho. My father small house-in lives. 15. Esle rupdyye de. Him to rupees give. 16. Es Jed riipSyye lH/*, 7? fc/l. 10. t?, why ? 230 linguistic studies from the himalayas Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. he, all through ; the plur. has also ha (inasc. and feni. alike). Past, tl, all through. ndltnd, go Fut. ndhu, ndhu be. nahume, ndhu be. ndhu, ndhu be. nahl, nahl be. ndhu, ndhu be. nahl, nahl be. Also ndhlo, fern, ndhli; plur. ndhle. feni. ndhli. ndhu is used also for pres. cond. There is another fut. in -ghd, as auiiglid, I shall come ; khdnghd, I shall eat (fern, -i; plur. -e, feni. -I). Pres. ind. ndhu ; also ndhndd, fern, ndhndi ; plur. ndhncle, fern, ndhndi. Imperf. ndhndd tl, fem. ndhndi tl; plur. ndhnde tl, fern, ndhndi tl. Pres. part, ndhndd. The second n in the form ndhndd is inserted only in verbs whose root ends in a vowel or vowel followed by h ; cf. hhdndd, eating ; kordd, doing. Continuative. — pres. part, with stat. part, of lagnd. had roil laglrd hhdndd, I am eating bread. haii rotl laglri Ichdndi, I (fem.) am eating bread. The position of this portion of Mandl Siraj (between Kiilu and Mandl proper) accounts for the varieties of forms found. The future exemplifies this. THE BILASPUR AND NALAGARH DIALECTS Introduction There are in all six dialects spoken in Bilaspiir, or Kahlur as the State is sometimes called. In the centre of the State extending to a distance of six or seven miles in every direction from the capital is the standard dialect of Bilaspuri or Kahluri. Immediately to the west of this, in that portion of the State which juts out westwards and is bounded on the north by the district of Karigra, we rind a dialect which we may call Western Bilaspuri. To the north of the standard dialect are found two minor dialects ; that on the west near the Karigra border, to which we may give the name Northern Bilaspuri, is very like Western Bilaspiirl, while that on the east near the Mandl border is the same as Mandeali, which lias been treated of in Languages of the Northern Himalayas and need not be further referred to here. Immediately south of the area of the standard dialect the people speak a slightly different dialect which I have called Southern Bilaspiirl: its area is a narrow strip of country on the Nalagarh border, and to the east of this in South-east Bilaspiir is found a dialect locally known as Daini. It hardly differs from Southern Bilaspuri. It extends over the border into Arid State and beyond it commences the Kiuthali dialect which is spoken all over the central Simla States. In Nalagarh two dialects are spoken. In the western portion of the State where the hills give place to the plains the dialect is practically the ordinary Panjabi of the eastern Panjab. 1]\ the eastern part of the State the dialect spoken is called Han duri, from llandur, a name often given to the whole State. In Ban duri a trifling difference is found between the speakers of the eastern and western halves of the Handuri area, the range of 232 LINGUISTIC .STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS hills being approximately the dividing line. As might be expected Handuri closely resembles Kifirhali. The Bilaspur dialects are so closely allied that one might call them one dialect, Bilaspuri or Kahluri. I have preferred the former name as the State is much better known to the outside world as Bilaspur, the name Kahlur hardly being known to any who have not visited the State. Special attention should be paid to the fut. and stat. part. Notes will be found under each dialect. In Bilaspuri, W. Bilaspuri, and N. Bilaspuri the stat. part, is formed from the past tense. In S. Bilaspuri, Damn and Handiirl, it is formed from the root of the infinitive. BILASPURI The standard dialect differs little from Eastern Panjabi. The prepositions used in declension are the same. Nouns Masculine nouns in -a are declined as in Panjabi, others generally inflect in -e in the singular, and have an ag. plur. in -I. Feminine nouns, as a rule, inflect in -a in the singular and -<% in the plural. Numerals The free use of cerebral n and I will remarked, as hitnattar, 69 ; iintdli, 39. Verbs The verb substantive is ha for the present and thd for the past. The future of the ordinary verb is specially noteworthy because of its remarkable resemblance to the future of the Sasi dialect. A full vocabulary of this criminal tribe was given in Languages of the Northern Himalayas. In both dialects two forms of the future are found, one declined and one indeclinable. The indeclinable form is THE HILASPUR AND NALAGAEH DIALECTS 233 identical, the other differs only in the fact that the S.lsi dialect drops the n in the 2nd and 3rd persons- Thus, for the verb k&rna, do, the futures would he as follows : — id ined — Hi!, ATI B Sasi 1. Jedr&ngr-a, feni. -i. karangr-a", leva. -i. 2. k&ra'ngr-a, ,, -i. Jcaragr-a, ,, -i. 3. Jc&r&ngr-a, >. -i. kar&gr-a, -i. 1. Jcarangr-e, , - 1 a. karaiigr-e, „ -id. 2. k&r&ngr-e, ,, -id. karagr-e, „ -id. 3. hdrdhgr-e, ,, -id. Jcdrdgr-e, -id. The indeclinable form is karang for both dialects. The stat. part, ends in -uda. With the exception of the fut. and stat. part, the verb is conjugated very much like the Panjabi verb. The stat. part, ending is added to the past tense root. Ability is expressed in a manner not unlike that employed in Panjabi. In Bilaspurl the infinitive root with -I added is used, and in Panjabi the inflect, infin- Thus, I cannot eat rice is rendered as follows: — Bilaspurl, mere nsh caul khdl liiinde. Panjabi, mere hold caul nehl khan hitnde (or khaide). WESTERN BILASPURI Nouns The prepositions for of, to, and from are da, no, and t<\ Masc. nouns generally have -e for the obi. ending in the sing, and ->• and the other persons adding the ending directly to the root. Roots ending in a vowel insert n in the 2nd and 3rd person. The stat. part, in -ura is added to the root as in Dami and Southern Bilaspurl. The past cond. form in -da (which is also that of the pres. part, in negative sentences) is used as an organic pass. part, to express ability. BILASPURI (KAHLURI) No UN'S Singular Plukal Masculine. Nom., Ace. ghor-ci, horse. -e. Gen. -e da. -&a da. Dat., Ace. -e nit. -Sd nu. Abl. -e tc. -ea te. Voc. -8d. -Ho. Agent -e, -£a. Feminine, Nom.,Acc. mtliui -i, girl. Gen. -id da. Dat., Ace. -id nu. Abl. -Id te. Voc. -ie. Agent -id. 236 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Nom., Ace. ghdr-, house. ghdr- Gen. -e da. -a da. etc. etc. Voc. -a. -6. Agent -I. -e. Nom., Ace hdth-i, elephant. -i. Gen. -le da. -id dd. Voc. -id. -id. Agent -ie. -ie. -ici. -ia dd. -ia nu. -id te. -id. -id. Nom., Ace. baih-n, sister. -na. Gen. -nd dd. -na dd. etc. etc. Voc. -nc. -no. Agent -na. -na. Pkonouns Nom., Ace. hah, I. dse. Gen. vierd. mhdrd, dsd dd. Dat., Ace. mannu. dsd nu. Abl. mette. dsd te. Agent mat. dse. Nom., Ace. tu, thou. tus'e. Gen. terd. tilsa dd. Dat., Ace. tainu. tUsd nu. Abl. tcttc. tusd te. Agent tal. tilse. Nom., Ace. se, he, she, it, that. se. Gen. tih da, tls dd. tihna dd. Dat., Ace. till nu, tis nu. tihna nu. Abl. tih te, tis te. tihna te. Agent tihni." tihne. BILASPUR AND NALAGARH BlLASPURl 237 Nom., Ace. eh, this. eh. Gen. Ih da, is da. IhnS, da. I 'at., Ace. ih nu, is mi. ihna nu. Agenl ihni. ihne. Nom., Ace. kiln, who ? kitty. Gen. kill da, lets da. klhnd da. etc. etc. Agent kihul. kllnie. Nom., Ace. jo, who (rel.). jo. Gen. jlh da, jls da. ■ jihnd da. Agent jllnil. jlhne. /,//(', what ? lias Gen. kali da, no plur. Icibcch, something, anything, is indecl. Pronominal Adjectives Una, so much or many ; tttna, so much or many (correl.) • kltna, how much or many ( jitna, as much or many (rel.). erhd, of this kind ; terha, of that kind.; kerha, of what kind ? terha je, of which kind (rel.). eddd, so big ; tedda, so big (correl.) ; Icedda, how big? jeddd, as big (rel.). Adjectives Adjectives ending in -a are declined like nouns in -d, the fern, being like nouns in -1. Thus we have such phrases as — dpnid h to-day. Numerals Cardinal 39. lintali. 40. c//t khai hitndi, Erom-me not bread eating becomes, I cannot eat bread. mette nih caul khai h&nde, I cannot eat rice. • R 242 LINGUISTIC SITDIKS FROM TIIK HIMALAYAS mette neh eh pothl pa/rhi hand!, I cannot read this book. incite neh eh kamm harl htindd, I cannot do this work. (ii) haU neh parhi salcda, I cannot read. In both methods the root of the verb with -% added is used. In the first the word expressing the logical object is the nominative to the verb which agrees with it in gender and number, the root with -i remaining unchanged. In the second, sal en a , to be able, agrees with the logical subject, while the root, as before, suffers no change. Use of thord, little. There is a strange tautological use of thord in negative sentences, thus — else M&salman thore nehl he, lit. we Musalmans little not are ; the meaning is, ' : we are not Musalmans/' bahna, strike, is used with some word for blow, understood. mat tlh nfi bcihi, I struck him (sc. a blow). mai cajpertx did. bahia, I struck slaps (blows of slaps). The stat. part of paind, fall, lie, paudd, is used for "ill" (lit. lying or fallen). BILASPUR AND NALAGARH — JilLASPllM 243 SENTENCES 1. Terd nan kyd ha ? Thy name what is ? 2. Els ghore dl keddi kit Umr hi ? This horse of how- great about age is ? 3. JTii/ie te K&shmir Icitne dur hi ? Here from Kashmir how-much far is ? 4. Tere bitdhe de kltne led mitndu he? Thy father of how-many about boys are ? 5. Had bare dare te patdhnd dyd. I very far from on- foot came. 0. Mere edece da p&tt is did haihnd Jcane blah klttddd. My uncle of son this of sister with marriage having-been- done (is). 7. Gliare siifed ghore dl Jeatthi hi. House-in white horse of saddle is. 8. Us did pi I (hi j>d r Luf/hl bannhi de. Him of back upon saddle tying give (i.e. tie). 9. Tls de patte nu vial bauht indrea. Him of son to by-me much was-beaten. 10. Ohje Is parb&te par gaud balcrla card Icardd. He this hill upon cows goats grazing making is (is in the habit of grazing). 11. Ohje lis dale Iteth ghore pdjr baithudd. He that tree under horse upon seated. 12. Us da bhdl dpnld bailind te baddd. Him of brother own sister than big. 13. Tls da mill dhdi r&payye hd. This of price two- and-a-half rupees is. 14. Merd biidha chote gh&re raihndd. My father little house-in remains (lives). 15. Tls nu eh r&p&yye del deo. Him to these rupees giving give (give over, idea of completion). 16. Thnd rtipayya Is te lei lau. These rupees him from taking take. 244 LINGUISTIC STUDIES I'lioM THE II I MAI. WAS 17. Tih rift, khd/re mdrike r&sse kane b&nnhi deo. Him to well having-beaten rope with tying give (tie up). 18. Khuete pcbni Jc&ddho. Well from water draw-out. li). Mere agge dgge c&l. My before before walk. 20. Kis da larkd Jul tiisd de picche cdlCuld. Whom of boy is you of behind having- walked. 21. Eh ciz tilse kis te mdlle lei. This thing by-you whom from price-in was-taken ? 22. GaUe de ekk ditkdnddre te lei. Village of one shopkeeper from was-taken. Notes.— 2, 4. ha, ko, after number or word expressing amount, size, etc., means "approximately". 6. kittiidd, done, used for past, is-having-been-done, i.e. has been done. 8. bannhi de\ here, and in 15, 1G, and 18, we have examples of the compound verbs which are so common a feature of Panjabi, Hindi, and Urdu. B1LASPUR AND NALAGARH B1LASPURI 245 VOCABULARY about, approximately, /.'//, Ic6. able, I"', s&l ;;<< ; see Grammar. all, s&bbh. arrive, pujjna. ass, khotrd. back, n., pltth. backwards, ptcche. bad, /'<)//;. bring, Icainal. brother, bhal. buffalo, mhais. bull, bald. buttermilk, chdh. call, hoi ijii. camel, lit. cat, /'///-', Eem. bXlll. cock, kfikkar. cold, th&ndd, come, ainni. cow, (/'>/', grae. cowherd, ijinilii. daughter, 7///, fc#rt. day, din. die, mama. do, hdmd. dog, Intlii. downwards, /;c£/i. draw (water), kdddhnd. drink", pwpa ; give to — , pi I an a . car, ki'niii. e&tfkhdna ; cause to — ,khilldnd. egg, /«////". eight, w////. eighteen, (hard. eighty, //.ssi. elephant, huthi. cle\ en, ijin rii . eye, liakkhl. face, »//W/. fall, rurhiid, paind. far, 7/7r. father, hiii/ha. held. 7nr/. fifteen, pandrd. fight, larnd. first, /unhid. fish, mdechl. five, /'(.(»./. foot, pair. forty, c///. forwards, ■';/;/''• four, or : Fourth, cauthd. fourteen. Cauda. 246 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS from, tc. front, in, &gge. fruit, ph&l. ghi, ghi. girl, unhurt. give, dend. go, 3 and. goat, bdkrd, fern. bukri. good, khdrd. graze, ti\, cdrnd, cugdnd; int., cugnd. hair, fees, hand, Jidtth. he, sc. head, sn\ hear, sunnd. hen, kukkrl. hence, jtfifee £e. here, 2^/je. high, uccd. hill, parbat. horse, ghord. hot, garm, tdttd. house, //// jdna . saddle, kdtthi. say, bolnd, g aland. see, dekhnd. seed, &w. seven, s<7//. seventeen, sdttrd. seventy, sat la r. sharp, paind. she, st\ sheep, /)//(«/. ghepherd, bilkrdl. shopkeeper, dilkdnddr. sister, older than person spoken of, b&bbe ; younger than do., ha ill n. baithnd. six, che. sixteen, sold. sixty, sdtth. sleep, s,iiinii. something, kucch. son, ;;////, />//«». sow, band. speak, [iiltinu, bolnd. stand, khi star, /((/•<<. stomach, p< If, storm, a mi hi, dnlirrJ. stream, khddd. sun, sun) j ; sunshine, dhupp. SW'eet, lllillha. swift, caldk. take, laind; take away, A ten, n. -e da. ea da. Dat., Ace. -e no. -&a nd. Abl. -e tS. -ea te. Agent -e. ea. Nom., Ace. ghdr-, house. ghdr-. Gen. -e da. -a da. Agent -e, -e ne. -e. Nom., Ace. hdth-i, elephant. -%. Gen. -ie da. -id da. Agent -ie, -ie ne. -ie, -la ne. Nom., Ace. niftnni, girl. -ia. Gen., etc. -ia da, no, etc. -id da, no. etc. Agent -ie or Ic ne. -id ne. Nom., Ace. bhain-, sister. Gen., etc. -a del, nd. Agent -a ne. Pronouns Nom., Ace. hau, vial, I. Gen. nierd. Dat., Ace. nuiin//. Abl. mette. Agent mat. Nom., Ace. tu, thou. tUsi. Gen. terd. thiidrd, tUhdrd. Dat., Ace. tain mi. thUdnu. Abl. tUttc. thualtr. Agent tal. tusi. Nom., Ace. eh, this. eh. Gen. ih da, is da. ihna dd. Dat., Ace. ih no. ihna Agent Ihn, ihnl, bhain-a. -a da, nd. -a ne. as i. sdhrd. asa nu. sdtte. as i. 250 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS kaun, who ? Gen. I: ih da. Agent. Jcih n . Jeyd, what? Gen. Icah da. Icilcch, something, anything. Pronominal Adject: ves eha, of this kind ; teha, of that kind ; heha, of what kind ? jehcl, of which kind (rel.). Unci, so much or many ; ittnd, so much or many (correl.) ; kltna, how much or many ? jttna, as much ov many (rel.). Adjectives The rules for agreement are the same as for the main Bilaspur dialect. Comparison, as in Bilaspur :— canga, good ; es te caiiga, better than this. sabb te caiiga (or abbal), better than all (first from all), best. Adverbs Time lu'nii, now. lead, when ? tad, then. jad, when (rel.). Place ittJte, here. Icitthe, where ? littlie, there. jitthe, where (rel.). Others kiisno, kdh no, why ? clcor, quickly. Prepositions da, of. te, from, than. no, nft, to. Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. hai all through, unchanged. Past sing. masc. tlul, fern, thl ; plur. masc. tlie, fern. thid. BILASPUB AND NALAGARH- WESTERN BILASPUR1 251 diggnd, fall Imperat. digg diggo. Fnt. digg&ngr-d, Eem. -i; plur. masc. -e, fern, -fd; also dojf/o hi i, unchanged. Pres. ind. and past cond. diggdd. [mperf. diggdd thd, etc., fern, diggdi (hi; plur. masc. diggde the, fern, diggdid thid. Stat. part, diggudd, fallen. Past, digged, fern, diggi; plur. masc. digge, fern, diggid, hond, be, become Fut. hunghrd. Past, /toed. Pres. ind. and past cond. hiindd. an no , come Fut. aunghrd. Past, ai/a. Stat. part, diidd, in the state of having come. jdnd, go Fut. jdnghrd. Past, (/ed. Stat. part, gdudd, gone. baithnd, sit Past, bo it (ltd. Stat. part, baitthudd. Jcitttnd, beat Past, I: of fro. Past, khddhd. Fut. denghrd. Past, f/^/c. Fut. lainghrd. Past, £ea, Lint in i, cat (7e/?d, give laind, take •2:>-2 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS It will be noticed that verbs whose roots end in a vowel take // in the future, thus aunghra, I shall come ; janghra, I shall go; denghra, I shall give, etc. Ability is expressed in the same way as in Bilaspiir. The sentences given for Bilaspfui are used also in Western Bilaspiir. The tautological use of thora, mentioned in connexion with the Standard dialect, is found also in this dialect. To express necessity, advisability, duty, cdhlndd (fern. cdhlndl, plur. masc. cdhinde, fern, cdhindld) is used like the Panjabi cdhidd. It corresponds to the Hindi cahiye. Numerals The numerals are as in Bilaspiir except 13 tehrd. 20 bih. VOCABULARY The words are practically as in the Standard dialect. The following with slight differences may be noted: — advisable, necessary, it is, dwell, basya. cdhlndd. herder of buffaloes, mdhl. boy, chohru. look for, be obtained, lajjhna. buffalo, mhais. shepherd, gildl. cow, ga. woman, wife, tlmi. NORTHERN BILASPURI Nouns Nom., Ace. ghor-d. -e. -e rd. -e jo. -e te. -c. -I. -Id rd. etc. -le. Gen. -e rd,. Dat., Ace. -e jo. Abl. -e te. Agent -e. Nom., Ace. ddm-i, man Gen. -id rd. etc. Agent -U. l',II.ASl"i:i: AND NALAUARII — NORTHERN lil I. ANN 1: 1 253 Norn., Ace. gh&r, house. gh&r. ( ren. //hard rd. gh&ra id. Fen) i n i nr. Nom., Ace. munn-1, girl. -1. (u>n. -la rd. -id rd. Agent -h~. -II. It will be noticed that as in s<> many Simla States dialects the singular is practically the same as the plural. Pronouns Num., Ace. hau, I. Use. Gen. mera. mJidrd. Dat., Ace. minjo. dsd jd. Abl. matte. dsd te. Agent wa5. as a. Nom., Ace. //7. tiise. Gen. tferd. tilsa rd, Dat., Ace. tijjn. tusd jo. Abl. ^rt^e. tusd te. Agent tal. tusd. eh, this, has CJen. is ra. Agent, ihn 1. ley a is what ? Adverbs Nearly the same as Western Bil; I'lspun. dotta, is to-morrow. Verbs Verb Substantive Pres. masc. lid, Eem. hi; plur. Ar. Eem. A<. Past masc. tha, fem. /A 7: plur. masc. /Ar. Eem. /A i. kd/rnci, do Fut. Icd/raiighd, fem. k&rcmghi; plur. k&r&nghe, Eem. karemghi; also kd/r&ng (indeclinable). Pres. ind. fcctrd A", Eem. ifoXrdl A/": plur. Mr d Af- Eem fcardl /a. 254 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS Iniperf. k&rd thd, fem. Ic&rd. tJu\ plur. k&rd the, fern. Ic&rd. I In. Past, kittd, fem. kMti : plur. &£We, fem. kttti (agreeing with object). Stat. part, luttlra, fern, klttlrl ; plur. ktttvre, fem. hittlrl. Pres. perf. /.'y7^7 Ad. Plup. kitta thd. dend, give Fur. denghd or cZeA//. jdnd, go Fut. jdnghd or jdng, Pres. ind. ;'r7a, /ia. Past, r<7. -la rd. Agent -te, - te ne. ■te. em i n hie. Nom., Ace. muim-l, daughter, has Gen. -Id rd. Agent -Id. Nom., Ace. bhain- bhain-d. Gen. -d \ m. -~d rd. Agent -a. -a. Pronouns Nom. j Ace. hau. dse. Gen. merd. dsa rd. Dat., Ace. mhijo. dsa jo. Abl. mette. dsa te. Agent wa«. dse. Nom., Ace. <», thou. tiise. Gen. iera. tiisa rd. Dat., »Acc. ////o. tilsa jo. Abl. mte. tUsa te. Agent tai. tilsa. Nom., Ace. eh, this. eh. Gen. /s rd. lima rd. Dat., Ace. ?s jo. ihna jo. Abl. Is te. thud /«'. Agent ihnl. Ih ne. 256 UXcriSTIC STUfclfcS FIIOM T11K HIMALAYAS Nom., Ace. kihj, who. Gen. kis ra. Agent hihni. hya is what ? kiicch, anything, something. Pronominal Adjectives erha, of this kind: and so terha, leer ha, jer hoi. Una, so much or many ; titna, so much or many (correl.) ; kitna, how much or many ? jitnd, as much or many (rel.). Not cerebral n as in Standard dialect. Adjectives The rules are as in the Standard dialect. Comparison. — accha, good ; is te acchcL, better than this ; sdbbhi te dcclid, best of all. Adverbs Time huii, now. leal, to-morrow or yesterday. ta, then. parsu, day after to-morrow kadi, when ? or day before yesterday. ttije, when (rel.). cauth, on fourth day for- ajj, to-day. wards or backwards. Others IcaU, why? chor, quickly. Prepositions ra, of. ge, beside , mere ge,heside me. jo, to. rial, along with ; mere nal, te, from. with me. Verbs Verb Substantive As in Standard dialect, ha, hi, lie, hid. „ ,, tha, tin, the, thia. dig gnd, fall Almost as in Standard dialect. Imperat. digg diggo. BILASIM K AM) NALAqARH SOUTHERN I'.I I.ASl'L' Rl l J"»7 Fut. diggg d, -a -a, -e -e -e\ leva. -J -J -J. id id i<$. This triple g in the future results from the adding of the ending -gel to the root digg-. This tense differs from the Standard dialect. Pres. cond. diggu, etc. Pres. ind. diggix ha, etc. [mperf. diggfi tha. Past cond. diggdd. Past, digged : pros. perf. digged ltd: plup. digged tha. Stat. part, diggurd. hona, be, become Fut. hwhgd. Past, /iua. dtind, come (cf. West Panjabi dwand). Fut. dahgd. Past cond. dtindd. Past, a yd. Fut. / a ////c. Past, greiz. jo.ija, go /><( tfh ijd, sit Past, baithed. Stat. part, baithurd. lend, take Fut. lengd. Past, ted. h&rnd, do Past, /ciWd (not /-r/Zd) hhand, eat; ptna, drink; /•// u /ad. Imperf. ritr/i S //'". Stat. part. n5 ,-A Sra. For the [ires. ind. and ijnperf. the following is often used with no real difference of meaning, it ought properly to express habit. r&rha havu h&, fem. Htrha Ic&rv. hi, etc. So also khdya Ic&rv. h&, 1 eat. 200 MNcrisTjr stldiks from the Himalayas hdnd, be, become (the same) aund, come Fut. dungd or auiighd. Stat. part. dura. JO, ltd, go Fut. jdnghd. Stat. part, jdurd. Past cond. ^'a/i # /"/". The verbs h&ttnd, beat; kftdnd, eat; p*w», drink : eterca, give; gdldiwi, speak: bolnd, speak; karnd, do, are con- jugated as in Southern Bilaspiiri. Numerals The numerals are the same except 9, ?«nt. Ability. — Ability may be expressed as in the Standard dialect, but the following method of expressing it is also found : — mere bolle eh Icamm nfh hundd, I cannot do this work. mere bolle rnh Wchi hundd, I cannot write. mere nVi jdhundd, I cannot go. The last example is notable in that the participle is used like the organic pass. part, and yet is the ordinaiy active participle. It differs from the examples given under the Standard dialect where the logical object is the nominative of the sentence. VOCABULARY The vocabulary is the same. Occasional!} 7 a trifling difference may be detected as in put, son ; dhlu, daughter. HANDURI (EAST NALAGARH) Nouns Sing., Nom., Ace. ghor-d, horse. Gen. -e rd. Dat., Ace. -e jo. Abl. -e te. Agent -e. Plur. the same. I'.ILASPUH AxNI) NALAGABH IIANDUKI 261 Sing., Nom., Aco. b&ld, ox. Gen. b&lda ra. I )at., Ace. b&lda jo. W>\. bdlda te. Agent balde. 1*1 u f. the same. SlNGULAK Noni., Ace. iiiiiini-J, girl. Gen. -la ra, etc. Agent -Se. Nom., Ace. bailni-, sister. Gen. -a ra. Agent -a. I 1,1 i: \i. Nom., Ace. milnn-ld. Gen. -/'". Agent -le. Nom., Ace. baiJin-d. (icn. -a ra. Agent -a. Pronouns Nom., Ace. hau, I. dsse. Gen. merd. mhard. Dat, 1IIH1I JO. dssd jo. Abl. mettc. dssd te. Agent nun. dsse. Noni., Ace. tu. tfissc. Gen. terd. tflSSlI r is substituted for -'/<. In a few words -rsri is used, thus gdnesri, sugarcane, from ganna ; pagesri, turban, from p&gg\ wdlesri, hair, from wdl; agesri, fire, from agg. -Cilia is added in some of the numerals, as p&njd 268 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS li\r ; sdtdllu, seven ; dtlmllil, eight; nudllv. or ndwdllu, nine ; ddsdllU, ten. It will be noticed that a considerable number of their words are Persian or Persian slightly altered: thus we have pijdr, father; mdjdr, mother; bildddr, brother; shdgd, dog; khdrki, ass ; shir, milk; qdddm, corn ; arda, flour; ydk, one; khdnd, house, tent; shdb, evening; gitshdn, hungry; aishd, he, she, the} 7 , these ; oshd, he, she, they, those ; bdshdr, very, much ; khitrd, eat ; /fs, drink; ea "a ish d. n a ledsh (X n U kh i i i #a " ? 0§h& jiucrhni " es n-a Zeis morni " ? Ohnd was-asked "this to by-whom was -beaten " ( By-them alchip8a "ledshd na uidjuirea, eshd. uii tdmashd alchea " klse neM marea, es nu tdmdsha was-said " by-anyone not was-beaten, this to fun for- didaune glr rdme s&, Help shdge wddhipea mikhan lai gae sd, tlckl Ic&tte waddhea causing-to-see taking gone were, one dog-by was-bitten hitlce." Ilclp Ftilcre mdshd nal hikait baihke (paike)." Held Kaldnddr mere nal gall having-attacked." One K.-by me with matter hitni: — " Mdshd di FiiJcri rihan htic Idti: — " meri Kdldnddml moi-hoi ho was-made : — "Me of wife dead becoming rami e.'' Dtijipe dkhipea "hor Ftilcri get e." Dujje alchea "hor Kaldnddrn\ gone is." Second-by was-said "another wife l&bhipega." Ciimit pdnjdllv. Fillcre mantel labbhega." Car panj Kdldnddr rotl he-will-find." Four five K. loaves khilrdde san, te arbd cishde san, pvjar, majdr, Ichande san, te paiii pinde san, peu, md, eating were, &i water drinking were, father, mother, dumii tetke, tritmii tengnid, sd/rlpe gaddtrx do pilttar, trai dhld, two sons, three daughters, gac Ichtirddc hite mil hhandi baithe(pae) food eating seated were (i.e. were at the momenl eating). scire handle d\ all wheat of san. san. 270 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS VOCABTJ People pijdr, father; Persian, pld&r. ma jar, mother ; Pers. mdddr. biladar, brother, Pers. btrddar. bilddarnl, sister. bdc, son; Hindi, bacca. tetka, son. tengnd, son. kdckl, daughter. tetkl, daughter. tchynl, daughter. chobrd, boy; Hin. cholera; Laihndi, chohrd. chobrl, girl. thokhrd, old man. huddd, f. huddl; Jat, farmer. sittd, ordinary word for non- Qalandar, but not used of low-caste man. sitti, f. of above, often used for wife in speaking to or of non-Qalandar. lakdndar, Qalandar ; f. the same. fulcra, poor man, Qalandar; Urdu, faqlr (Arabic, plur. filqara) ; f. fiikrl. rirha, Cuhra. badlpJd, serpent charmer ; Sa- si bad Id. ijiiim, thief. Animals gdbbd, bull, etc. gdbbi, cow. faisdl-d, f. -I, buffalo. LAUY pddd-d, f. -I, buffalo (used in Jaipur). m&jhip, female buffalo (from Panj. mdjjh). dddd-d, f. -J, horse. shag-d, f . -i, dog ; Pers. sag. gfthlr-d, f. -J, puppy. kh&rkl, ass; Pers. khar. Idstdr, L lastri, monkey. khrlcch, bear; from Panj. ricch. bujn-d, f. -7, goat. lamkann-d, f. -7, hare, rabbit (Panj. lammd, long ; kdnn, ear). Food lahm, m., meat. arbd, m., water ; Pers. db. mdnt, f., bread, a loaf; plur. mdntd. gdc, m., food. hantl, I., bread, a loaf. shir, m., milk ; Pers. shir. hand, m., sugar, gily. Idsdi, f., buttermilk ; Panj . Idssl. shaman, m., ghi ; Arab. shaman, oil. kufl, m., rice, barley. gad am, f., corn ; Pers. g and dm. drdd, m., flour; Pers. drdd. nlmak, m., salt; Ur. umiak. tail, m., wine, spirits ; Panj. Idl, red. ganesrl, f., sugarcane; Panj. gdnnd. gulurd. m., sugarcane. THE ARGOT OF THE <,>ALANI)AR 271 Money, Numerals yak, one ; Pers. ydk. //.//', one ; from Panj. tkk. diimii, two. Ir/mu, three. ciimil, four. pdnj&llu, five. cli) mil, six. chtllu, six. sdtdllu, seven. dthdllu, eight. nildllu, nawdllu, nine. ddsdlhl, ten. />7.s7<<, twenty. wdhd, (., rupee. b&std, in., rupee. ?/////, f., rupee (gamhlers' word). thlppl, f., pice. cfcppS, f., pice. m/ll, money to he recovered. Household Articles nun, {., shoe. p&gesri, f., turban : Panj. pdgg. (in, f., cloth. shUrtd, m., shirt ; Panj. kfirtd. tigesri, f., lire; Panj. dgg. tdndd, m., fire (used in Sindh). dhufd, in., huqqa. sdrndi, L, huqqa. //".'//. m., tohacco. kdthkl, f., stick ; Panj. kdth, wood. /."t;//, f., stick. , f., evening; Pers. shfib. nurd, m., name ; Panj. na. hikait, i., matter, word, thing; Ur. Mkdydt, story. ydl, {., zdl, f., abuse, gall, sdlpdm, m., salutation ; from sdldm. chok,m., accusation inlawcourt. pdrdkkt, f., appeal. Abstract Nouns rds, f., justice ; perhaps from hdqq r&si, doing justice. berdsi, f., injustice; be, priva- tive and above. gilshdn, hunger, thirst ; I\ ps. gurisna, hungry. bhdrki, t'.. thirst. tjaim'i, {., theft. I'l;.. mi .^ mash a, I. Idsjj_a, thou, you. 5g&a> he, thai, she, it, they, those; Pers. i iha, ;1 272 LINGUISTIC STUDIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS aisha, he, she, this, it, fchey, these; Pers. esha, these. k&sha, who ? anyone k&sh, what ? hamu, we. kasha, something, anything, gen. with neg. Adjectives kald (indecl.), good. kdldtdr (indecl.), good. stgga, good. .7 a u Id, good, rich, etc. nikma, little; Panj. nikkd. rihan, had, dead (indecl.). Adverbs ethtne, here; Panj. etthe. dthine, there; Panj. ottlie. kathine, where? Panj. kttthe. badiikke loele, to-morrow ; Panj. toddde wale. bashar, very, many ; Pers. bisyar. are, yes. kasha na, not at all. Verbs khiirdna, eat; Pers. khfirdav. cishtnd, drink ; Kiuthall cish, water. /Isinl, drink ; Pers. tlshna, thirsty. r&mna, go. dciul, come. girna, take; Pers. girlftdn, root .M THE HIMALAYAS gaimb, gaimbd, thief; see gaimbi. len, woman. lenkrd, dissolute man (from len, woman ; cf. Panjabi rani, dissolute, from rami, woman). bil&k, literate man. Numerals akel, one; cf. Kashmiri dkh, Urdu ek, dkeld, alone. jaur, two; cf. Urdu jord, pair. tdld, three; Arabic sdlds, pro- nounced tdldta, tied, etc. rubd, drbd, four; Ar. drbd . khammas, five ; Ar. khdms. haft, seven ; Persian. Money ghlld, m., rupee. nimmi, f., eight annas (half a rupee ; Pers. nlm, half). bodi, twenty rupees, eight annas. riiddid, m., pice (? Urdu rdddi, rejected, worthless). nishld, m., pice (. ? na, not, shai, thing). Food pohl, meat. khadeli, khdneli, f., bread, loaf. slrkd, m., milk ; ? Pers. shir, Urdu sirka, vinegar. clt kdld, m., milk ; Panj. clttd, white. nand, water. sirkl, f., buttermilk; see sirka. mithkd, coarse sugar ; Cubra mitkd; Panj. mittha, sweet. phokld, Hour. kuualnui, m., rice. dhtiwdkhd, m., tobacco; Urdu dhua, smoke; Qalandar dluifa, huqqa. clt, ghi ; Panj. cittd, white; cf. cit kdld, above. Verbs shudnd, shurnd, eat. dprnd, come: Cuhra dbrnd; SasI, asrnd ; Panj. dppdrnd, arrive. tibnd, look. dkhwdrnd, say ; Panj. dkhnd. bhernd, give. sohdnd, give. wdkkdrnd, loaccarnd, take. sfinwdrnd, hear ; Panj. sihnnd ; for the form cf. akhtiidrnd, above. sJiudaund, tell, relate. ttkdsnd, run away. ghdrnd, beat, strike. thaing raihnd, keep quiet; cf. SasI thaunknd, sit. gdggl kdrni, report about, " tell on." Idpnd, slaughter an animal for food. Animals bhdkkar, bh&kkrd, bull, buffalo ; f. bhdkkar. bhdkkdrd, ram; f. bhdkkdri ; cf. Panj. bdkrd, goat. meknd, maiknd, goat ; f. vickni, viaikni (onomatopoetic). THE SECRET WORDS OF THE QASA1 (KASAI) Parts of Bod\ rdsl, f., head ; Ar. rds. g&ddwd, lower half of leg. Uprl, skin ; Cuhra llprd. khdlenddri, f., liver. ttlppl, (., fat from stomach. Otiikk Nouns, Adjectives ntikdt, worthless, bad; see n&hdti. jedld,jiddld, good, line. Used also of important persons and hence of any person under observation (? Ar. jldddn). gaimbi, f., theft; Cuhr&gaimi; Sasi do. ; Qalandar gaimi. n&hdti, f., abuse, lying, worth- lessness ; see ndkdt above. g&p, f., matter ; cf. colloquial use of gdp with same mean- ing in Eastern Persian, i.e. 1 frdu bat, and contrast Panj. use (mere story, untrue statement). tjauud, used in phrase gaiune rial, cheaply. hfirkijd, m., huqqa; Cuhra and Sasi biirknfi ; gamblers, bdrka. Irfipnl, I'., shoe. pdmbd, m., cloth ; Pers.ptfm&a, cotton. ghiisril, m., thin mattress. stkkhdn, knife. res, m., 2 lb. (.s<3> - inverted). pham, wood, stick, bone. 276 LINGUISTIC STUDIES IKoM THE HIMALAYAS The Secret Words of Panjabi Gamblers The words here given form part of the vocabulary commonly called jUdriG dl boll, the gamblers' language, though the}-' are used by evildoers in general. Probably in the Panjab thieves are always gamblers. It would be worth while ascertaining how widespread the use of these words is. They correspond in a measure to thieves' slang in Britain, and just as in Britain, perfectly respectable people, especially schoolboys, are sometimes acquainted with the commonest of the thieves' terms, so amongst schoolboys and others in India a similar knowledge prevails, confined, of course, to a very few of the commonest words. As a rule, if a man knows more than three or four of the terms one may put him down as a doubtful character. VOCABULARY I! iM ax Beings sit, woman, girl. ohawd, hoy; cf. gipsy cavo, hoy ; Sasi cawal, rascal. (jfiiula, thief, gambler. nausriya, great gambler. karu, great winner at cards, one who takes a victim. dhur (always used in the f.), victim, male or female, pro- spective or actual. thulld, police inspector; Karigri th&lld ; Nepali thulo, big (a gipsy word). ganda, policeman ('? Panj. ganda, filthy). Money blilmtd, m.j rupee ; cf. Cuhra bhimta, do. gadda, m., rupee. kaudda, m., rupee ; Panj. kauddi; Ur. kauri, shell. damri, f., rupee. thikri, f., rupee; cf. Panj. thikri, bit of earthenware. cMllar, m., rupee ; Panj. ch ttldr, rind, husk ; chill, f., rupee. tdhll, f., eight anna bit. masa, m., four anna bit; Panj. mclsd, small weight. ratti, f., two anna bit; Panj. rdttl, still smaller weight. THE SECRET WORDS OF PANJAB1 GAMBLERS 277 idj i, f., one anna. dddhl, f., two pice bit. philtti, f., pice. dddhl sari, f., two rupees. Verbs camnd, look ; Ciihra camnd, do. ;•(///; ./<v/n ./(« above. saint Idind, steal (? Panj. saint, sign, signal). //;■ k&rnd, steal ('? Ur. £Ir, arrow). khdddl laund, break into house. phdnk ho jdnd, be cleared out, lose one's all in gambling. dak k&rnd, throw cards quickly as in three card trick ; cf. dak ho jdnd above. Aiuki rivi. khar, angry at being defeated ; cf. Panj. khUdr, in straits. Common Noons barkd, m., huqqa (onomato poetic) ; cf. bUrl rid, do., used by Sasls, Cuhras, and Qasais. thok&r, f., shoe ; cf. Dr. thok&r, stumbling block. b&ngld, m., turban. b&rud, cloth. thlk&r, vessel ; cf. Panj. thikil, bit of earthenware. nauhnd&r, property. Vivid, purse; Panj. find, earthen- ware vessel on Persian wheel. s&ndhewd, m., housebreaking jimmy ". khrot, lock. slrd, m., head ; Panj. sir, head, and sird, top end. p&tri, f., card ; Panj. p&tt&r. leaf ; Gipsy patrin, do. pliiil, m., die, dice. gaund, m., hollow in throat formed by long practice where thieves conceal money. They can conceal up to four or five rupees. 14 DAY USE 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. RENEWALS ONLY — TEL. NO. 642-3405 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. STANFORD $NTER-L»BRAR|¥ LOAN FEB 20 1970 pue end gj to re: OCT 919/3 OCT 2 '8 1076 g KLC. CIK. 176 ^_ JW 9 1974 i .5 1EC0EP vlAWyQ 1 1 i) ! STANFORD I ffittEKLWRARY LOA> .1111 19 1979 74 -11 AM LD21A-60m-6,'69 (J9096sl0)476-A-32 General Library University of California Berkeley wi£.. BERKELEY LIBRARIE CDM7t,fiD^flfi ■ w ■ i¥»!C5?MwJta1.i.Krt