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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
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 A\la.«W4rir ^'vB
 
 CLIMATOGRAPHY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SALT RIVER VALLEY REGION OF 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 THE LAND OF HEALTH AND SUNSHINE 
 
 STUDIES FOR PHYSICIANS AND LAYMEN, WITH METEOROLOGICAL DATA COMPILED FROM THE 
 
 REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU IN TABULAR FORM, COMPARING 
 
 THIS WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES, VITAL STATISTIC S, AND LIST 
 
 OF DISEASES EITHER BENEFITED OR CURED IN THIS SALUBRIOUS 
 
 CLIMATE, AND COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DATA FOR THE 
 
 INFORMATION OF INVALID OR HOME SEEKER. 
 
 BY 
 
 WM. LAWRENCE WOODRUFF, M. D. 
 
 PHOENIX, ARIZONA 
 
 CHICAGO 
 R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY 
 
 1898
 
 Copyright, 1898 
 By Wm. Lawrence Woodruff
 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF PHOENIX AND THE SALT 
 RIVER REGION OF ARIZONA. 
 
 An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., of Phoenix, Arizona, 
 printed in the Hahnemannian Monthly for December, 1895, re- 
 printed in the Scientific American (Supplement) of January, 1896, 
 and reprinted in the Sanitarian for May, 1896, and reprinted in 
 The Arizonian for January, 1896. 
 
 The inquiries about Piioenix and the Salt River Valley 
 as a health resort are becoming so numerous that I take it 
 the profession at large will welcome facts concerning this 
 valley, and facts only I will endeavor to state in this 
 article. My aim is to cover the ground fully with the most 
 reliable data attainable. 
 
 Phoenix and the Salt River Valley are situated in lati- 
 tude 33° north, in the southwest quarter of Arizona. The 
 valley is from five to seventy-five miles wide, and about two 
 hundred miles long, and throughout its entire length and 
 breadth has a climate claimed to be the best in the world. 
 To rightly appreciate the claims of this valley as a health 
 resort, we must for a moment look at the physical geog- 
 raphy of this region. There are high mountain ranges to 
 the north and east, also the Sierra Nevada and Coast 
 Ranges to the west, with a short spur of low mountains to 
 the south. The high mountain ranges protect this section 
 from all cold winds, and to this protection from cold, 
 nature has added yet another feature, which is mainly the 
 cause of the phenomenal climatic conditions found in this 
 
 3 
 
 9J23015
 
 region, namely, proximity to the Gulf of California. The 
 Salt River Valley, with the Gila Valley, its extension to 
 the southwest, is an open valley with continuous mountain 
 chains of more or less altitude on either side, and practi- 
 cally maintains these characteristics clear to the head of the 
 gulf. The Gulf of California, with the Coast Range on its 
 west to protect it from cold, northwest winds, and a lower 
 mountain range east of it is so situated that it catches and 
 retains the warm winds and ocean currents from the Indian 
 Ocean and the equatorial Pacific, and passes them up to 
 the head of the gulf, and, consequently, is largely responsi- 
 ble for the warm, mild winters. It will be seen by the 
 above how nature has provided a channel whereby, in this 
 southwest corner of the United States, she has reproduced 
 a climate tropical in all its essential parts, with none of the 
 drawbacks of the tropics, namely, excessive humidity and 
 malaria. Here, right in our midst, nature has given a 
 climate as mild and balmy as that of the tropical Pacific 
 islands, and with the same even temperature, and at the 
 same time at an altitude of only eleven hundred feet, a 
 dryness of atmosphere equaled by few localities and ex- 
 celled by none other in the civilized world. It will now be 
 understood how a climate that seldom gives a temperature 
 at the freezing point, with rarely a cloudy day — there is 
 less than one in ten during the winter, and for weeks at a 
 time during the summer there is not a cloud in the sky — is 
 possible at this latitude. Here is found every element that 
 goes to make up a perfect climate. The best proof on this 
 point is the exceptionally low death-rate, which is 8 ii-ioo 
 per i,ooo inhabitants. This sun-kissed valley has but two 
 seasons — the winter season, which is a happy blending of
 
 fall into spring, and the summer, which commences about 
 May ist, and continues until about October ist. The sum- 
 mer days are bright, clear and hot, with a maximum daily 
 temperature ranging from 96° to 112°. It is as rare for 
 the mercury to go above this in summer as it is rare for it 
 to go below the freezing point in winter. There is usually 
 some little rain in the latter part of July or during August, 
 usually in showers, possibly averaging an inch of rainfall 
 during the summer season. To rightly appreciate the 
 effects of the summer heat, one must recognize the differ- 
 ence between a wet and a dry-bulb thermometer. The dif- 
 ference is usually from 20° to 30°. Here, the reading of 
 the wet-bulb gives our actual sensible heat, while in more 
 humid countries the reading of the dry-bulb is so nearly 
 like that of the wet-bulb that the difference is rarely per- 
 ceptible. The average humidity is only about 30 per cent, 
 for the year, and there are weeks at a time during the sum- 
 mer when it will run far below this point. This is the rea- 
 son, coupled with the fact that there is always a gentle 
 breeze stirring, why our summers are not only endurable, 
 but, in fact, do not cause as much discomfort or prostra- 
 tion as is experienced in other parts of the country. The 
 summer months are the healthiest of the year. During 
 these months the death rate is only one-third of one per 
 cent. Bowel troubles and fevers are almost unknown dur- 
 ing the heated term, there being less than two deaths per 
 month from all forms of bowel troubles among infants in a 
 population of 14,000. Is there another place in the world 
 that can make such a showing? During these months per- 
 spiration is very copious, and, owing to the very dry air, 
 evaporation is instantaneous and a material aid to comfort.
 
 With this statement the fact will be readily understood that 
 rheumatism, kidney diseases, and diseases of the respiratory 
 tract make their greatest improvement during this half of 
 the year. This is especially so with persons suffering from 
 insomnia and nervous prostration. Sunstroke is unknown, 
 and it is as safe for people to come here during the heated 
 term as at any other time of the year. 
 
 Now, as to the winter months. The visitor will find 
 the days balmy, dreamy, restful; the air pure, dry, brac- 
 ing; the nights cool and delightful. Save during the rainy 
 seasons, it is perfectly safe and comfortable to be out of 
 doors day and night. The rainy season usually lasts a 
 week or so, and the rainfall is not heavy. The annual pre- 
 cipitation is something less than seven inches. The fol- 
 lowing table shows the maximum temperature for a period 
 from December 31, 1894, to January 9, 1895, inclusive, at 
 several places. An examination of this table will show that 
 
 Date. 
 
 December 31, 1894 
 
 January i, 1S95 
 
 " 2, " 
 
 j> 
 
 4, " 
 
 5, " 
 
 " 6, " 
 
 7, " 
 
 " 8, " 
 
 9, " 
 
 Range of Temp, for the 10 
 days 
 
 
 
 _0 
 
 a 
 
 
 in 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 -0 
 
 c 
 
 - re 
 
 ^ 
 
 ij 
 
 
 fc 
 
 tft 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ;i- 
 
 »< ■ 
 
 M 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 k. 
 
 u^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 .- u 
 
 O'Z 
 
 
 Si 
 
 0. 
 
 3 re 
 
 
 fe 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 n< 
 
 
 f> 
 
 £ 
 
 <fc 
 
 ^<- 
 
 4; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^W 
 
 j; 
 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 
 .J:^ 
 
 re 
 
 
 „w 
 
 a. 
 
 J 
 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 X 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 U 
 
 m 
 
 74 
 
 61 
 
 44 
 
 60 
 
 28 
 
 39 
 
 51 
 
 59 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 74 
 
 ^3 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 28 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 68 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 5« 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 5^ 
 
 59 
 
 65 
 
 48 
 
 72 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 65 
 
 57 
 
 70 
 
 55 
 
 61 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 57 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 
 68 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 70 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 63 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 57 
 
 7S 
 
 62 
 
 ^2 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 6.? 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 59 
 
 64 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 7« 
 
 63 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 64 
 
 42 
 
 ID 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 n 
 
 44 
 39 
 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 28 
 
 41 
 39 
 39 
 
 16
 
 Phoenix has the most even temperature of all the places 
 named, with but two exceptions, one being Cairo, Egypt, 
 whose highest temperature is 65° — but one degree above 
 our lowest, 64° — and Malta, with 59° as the highest point 
 reached, being 5° below our lowest point. These two 
 places — as, indeed, do all the rest named — have a damp, 
 moist atmosphere, which greatly increases the perceptible 
 difference in the range of temperature. 
 
 This valley has everything that goes to make up a per- 
 fect winter home. It has the minimum of rainfall — 7 
 inches per annum; second, the minimum of atmospheric 
 moisture — 30 per cent, humidity; third, it has the mini- 
 mum air movement — its annual average is less than 2% 
 miles per hour, and is generally from the southwest; 
 fourth, the minimum of death-rate, being but 8 ii-ioo per 
 1,000 inhabitants; fifth, the minimum of malaria, there 
 being none; sixth, low altitude — 1,100 feet above the sea- 
 level; seventh, the maximum of sunshine — an average of 
 nine days out of ten of bright sunshine, when out-of-door 
 life is enjoyable and healthful. We have here within easy 
 reach, and within the bounds of our own country, all the 
 merits ascribed to Italy or Egypt, with none of their draw- 
 backs. We have all that Florida enjoys, with none of her 
 moist, sticky atmosphere and none of her malaria. We 
 have the same balmy air and even temperature of Califor- 
 nia, without her fogs, dampness, or malaria. We have the 
 same dry, bracing air that has Colorado, without her bliz- 
 zards and high altitudes. We have all, and infinitely more, 
 of all the good things claimed for these localities, without 
 their unfavorable conditions. There may be a few locali- 
 ties where the actual difference in temperature between day
 
 8 
 
 and night is less than in the Salt River Valley, but these 
 places have much greater humidity. As in summer, so 
 here in winter, with our very dry air, the perceptible dif- 
 ference between day and night temperatures, and the actual 
 discomfort experienced thereby, is much less than is the 
 case in localities with more moisture in the air. Situated 
 in the midst of this valley, about 150 miles from the head 
 of the Gulf of California, 1,100 feet above the sea-level, 
 lies Phoenix, the capital of Arizona and the metropolis of 
 the Salt River Valley. It is the healthiest city in the 
 known world, and is surrounded by a prosperous and con- 
 stantly growing farming community. It has all the modern 
 improvements and the snap and vim of the young metrop- 
 olis. Her citizens are quiet, peaceable and law-abiding, 
 and ready to receive with true hospitality those who seek 
 her perpetual sunshine. The town is making a phenomenal 
 growth, in spite of the hard times, and will soon have the 
 best of accommodations for the health-seeker, who will find 
 the pure, dry, warm, health-giving air free for all. 
 
 The following comparative mortality table shows the 
 yearly deaths in 1,000 inhabitants in the cities named. It 
 will be noticed that Phoenix stands at the head of the list. 
 Phoenix, Ariz., 8 ii-ioo; Los Angeles, Cal., 14 40-100; 
 Long Branch, N. J., 9 88-100; Atlantic City, N. J., 18 
 38-100; St. Paul, Minn., 960-100; Minneapolis, Minn., 9 
 40-100; San Bernardino, Cal., 11 30-100. There are no 
 public records from which an accurate table of vital statis- 
 tics can be compiled. The records of the undertakers in 
 the territory named are accurate and complete for the past 
 three years, and include, with very few exceptions, all the 
 deaths in that territory during the period covered. These
 
 records have been kindly placed at my disposal, and from 
 them I have prepared a table with a great deal of care. 
 For all practical purposes it is accurate and reliable. 
 
 VITAL STATISTICS OF THAT PART OF THE SALT RIVER VALLEY NORTH 
 OF THE SALT RIVER, WEST OF THE VERDE RIVER AND EAST OF 
 THE AGUA FRIA RIVER, COVERING A TERRITORY OF 25O SQUARE 
 MILES, AND INCLUDING THE CITY OF PHOENIX. THE POPULA- 
 TION ON A CONSERVATIVE BASIS IS PUT AT I4,000 ; FOR 1S95, 
 AT 15,000; FOR 1S96, 16,000. 
 
 Total number of deaths 
 
 Transients 
 
 Accidental deaths 
 
 Among residents 
 
 Percentages, fractions ij? 
 
 CLASSIFIED BY AGES. 
 
 Deaths under 5 years of age.. 
 Deaths over 70 years of age.. 
 Deaths over 50 years of age.. 
 
 DURING THE SUMMER MOS.- 
 JUNE - SEPTEMBER. 
 
 Total 
 
 Transients and accidentals 
 
 Residents, from natural cause 
 
 Percentages, fractions 1% 
 
 Under 5 years of age 
 
 Under 5, of bowel trouble 
 
 CAUSES OF DEATH. 
 
 Stomach and bowel disease 
 
 Nervous and brain disease 
 
 Typhoid fever 
 
 Scarlet fever 
 
 Measles 
 
 Diphtheria 
 
 Heart disease 
 
 Disease respiratory organs 
 
 Old age 
 
 All other causes 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1S94 
 
 1895 
 
 133 
 
 185 
 
 168 
 
 141 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 94 
 
 132 
 
 120 
 
 81 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 59 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 41 
 
 75 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 2.^ 
 
 33 
 
 54 
 
 41 
 
 35 
 
 i 
 
 -i 
 
 h 
 
 k 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 73 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 1896 
 
 20"; 
 
 78 
 
 15 
 
 112 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 38 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 75 
 25 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 6 
 
 4 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 87 
 
 Note. — Deaths designated as transients are only those of per- 
 sons who have been here but a brief period prior to their decease, 
 coming here as a last resort in the advanced stages of diseases of the 
 respiratory organs, which accounts for the large number of deaths 
 under this head. A large number of those claimed as residents 
 ought properly to have been included in the transient class.
 
 lO 
 
 The following statement will illustrate the general 
 healthfulness of this valley under one set of conditions: 
 
 Phoenix, September 28, 1895, 
 Dear Doctor: — I have been working large gangs of men 
 in construction-work of different kinds, for the last four- 
 teen years, in the Northwest and in Canada. Last spring 
 I brought in a large gang of men from Minnesota, and for 
 the last six months have been working them with others in 
 your valley, and never, in all my experience, has the per- 
 centage of sickness been so low as during these past six 
 months. 
 
 (Signed) S. R. H. Robinson, Superintendent, 
 
 Minnesota and Arizona Construction Company. 
 
 Now, as to diseased conditions: Asthmatics usually re- 
 ceive prompt relief and a permanent cure. The dry, warm 
 air, and low altitude agree with them perfectly. If there 
 is a recurrence it is during the rainy season, and is usually 
 but slight, to disappear again as soon as the usually dry 
 atmospheric conditions prevail. This is equally so of 
 aphonia, bronchitis, and laryngitis; and, in fact, of all dis- 
 eases of the respiratory organs. Tuberculosis, by the 
 dry, hot air of summer, is checked in its development; and 
 if the patient is not in the last stages, a continuous resi- 
 dence under these favorable conditions, will greatly pro- 
 long life, and often eventually bring about a cure. Let me 
 say here, if the patients have entered the last stage of the 
 disease, in the interest of humanity keep them at home. 
 This cannot be emphasized too strongly. There they will 
 have more comforts; and the radical change of climate, with 
 the long, and tiresome journey necessary in reaching here,
 
 II 
 
 only tends to materially hasten the end. During the win- 
 ter months, this class of patients, in common with all 
 others, may reasonably expect to hold their own, and usu- 
 ally make substantial gains. It will readily be perceived 
 by a careful perusal of this article, that there is greater 
 reason to expect beneficial results in all diseased conditions 
 from a sojourn in this climate, than in any other winter 
 resort. While this is undoubtedly so, it is equally true 
 that the hot, dry air of summer produces the best results. 
 In heart diseases we find the cooler weather of winter the 
 most beneficial. In some cases the reverse is true. The 
 hotter and dryer it gets, the more comfortable the patient 
 becomes. This is especially so where the disease is com- 
 plicated with diseased kidneys or rheumatic diathesis. 
 Catarrhal conditions of head and throat are most relieved 
 during the summer, especially the moist varieties. Diseases 
 of the digestive tract, dyspepsia, chronic dysentery, and 
 diarrhea, do exceedingly well here, and are usually 
 promptly relieved. This is doubly true during the hot 
 months. The summer conditions, of high temperature and 
 low humidity, cause a determination of blood to the sur- 
 face, maintaining it there for months at a time, and 
 thereby entirely relieving all internal congestions. Kidney 
 troubles are so prevalent I must not forget to mention, that 
 during the heated term the kidneys excrete less than one- 
 half of the normal quantity of urine. During this period 
 of rest, the unloading of the effete material of the system 
 is carried on by the sweat-glands of the skin, and a healthy 
 equilibrium is maintained. This continuous high temper- 
 ature and very dry air keeps the blood at the surface, 
 tliereby making the sweat-glands very active. Perspira-
 
 12 
 
 tion is constant and copious, and, by its instant evapora- 
 tion, keeps the surface cool and the bodily temperature at 
 normal. These conditions are very advantageous to dis- 
 eased kidneys, giving them a much needed rest, and an 
 opportunity to recuperate. When to this is added a drink- 
 ing-water, pure, wholesome, and devoid of all alkali, it is 
 easily understood why this valley is fast getting an enviable 
 reputation for the alleviation and cure of all forms of this 
 disease. In rheumatic affections, while in winter patients are 
 made very comfortable, it is in summer that the constant 
 free perspiration maintained for months without ceasing, 
 entirely eliminates from the system all morbid material. 
 In diseases of the nervous system, so prevalent in this age, 
 this climate is a true panacea. This is especially so of 
 persons suffering from insomnia and nervous prostration. 
 Here, again, the best results are during the summer 
 months. The universal verdict is, "I have nowhere else slept 
 as I do here." This is the universal expression. The tired- 
 out, starved nerves, over-worked and over-wrought, experi- 
 ence in this balmy air the perfect relaxation and rest they 
 so long have been in need of. The dry, hot air of summer 
 seems to quiet the nervous system, is soothing, restful, and 
 when to this a voracious appetite is added, with perfect di- 
 gestion, which is the only epidemic during this season, the 
 results are understood without further elaboration. Fin- 
 ally, the perfect summer nights soothe and rest one's 
 nerves as does nothing else in all the world.
 
 THE CLIMATE OF SALT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 A paper read before the American Institute of Homoeopathy at 
 Detroit, Michigan, in June 1S96, by Wm. L. Woodruff, M.D., 
 Phoenix, Arizona, and printed in the "Transactions" of that 
 year at page 994. 
 
 That climate stands at the head of the list of favorable 
 conditions requisite for the successful prevention and 
 arrest of the progress of a large number of diseases I think 
 you will all readily admit. 
 
 I think it equally true, that, believing the above, the 
 profession are anxious to learn of the best place for the 
 greatest number. That place I claim, and will try to 
 prove, is the Salt River Valley in the southwestern quarter 
 of Arizona, with Phoenix as its largest center of popula- 
 tion. 
 
 The essential features of climate necessary to meet the 
 requirements of an ideal health resort, for persons suffering 
 with chronic diseases generally, and especially with diseases 
 of lung and throat, kidneys, rheumatism, and conditions of 
 mal-nutrition are, First, a warmth and geniality which en- 
 ables the weakened subject to spend the greatest possible 
 amount of time in the pure air with the minimum amount 
 of clothing. Second, a degree of dryness of the atmos- 
 phere which will insure rapid and easy elimination from 
 the skin, thus relieving the weakened and diseased mucous 
 
 13
 
 14 
 
 surfaces from the full task of elimination, which ordinarily 
 they are expected to perform, but under diseased condi- 
 tions cannot accomplish, in consequence of which inability 
 there is imperfect elimination, and gradual poisoning of the 
 system from the circulation of blood not fully deprived of 
 its effete material. Third, an equability of climate, which 
 does not suddenly go from great extremes of heat to cold, 
 whose night and day temperatures are not too far separ- 
 ated, and where there is so little dampness in the air that 
 the changes in temperature are but little felt. Fourth, 
 the minimum of wind movement, and that with the least 
 possible contamination from decaying vegetable substances, 
 decomposed animal matter, or poisonous gases of whatever 
 origin. Fifth, such a combination of climate, general 
 healthfulness and commercial, industrial and social advant- 
 ages that the health seeker may live in comfort and with 
 profit, if he be inclined to employ himself in remunerative 
 occupations within the limits of his strength. 
 
 Imagine, if you can, a valley varying from 5 to 75 miles 
 in width and 200 miles in length, with continuous mountain 
 chains on either side, running from northeast to southwest, 
 this valley terminating in a gulf whose surface contains 
 53,000 square miles, whose opening into the equatorial 
 Pacific Ocean is 250 miles wide, and having the same con- 
 tinuous mountain chains. You can then readily understand 
 how the equatorial trade winds sweeping up the west coast 
 of Mexico enter with the tropical ocean currents the con- 
 fines surrounding the Gulf of California, and that these 
 winds, after sweeping over these 53,000 square miles of 
 tropical waters, form the prevailing winter winds of this 
 vast valley, and in great measure produce the mild, salu-
 
 15 
 
 brious winters for which the upper part of this valley, 
 known as the Salt River Valley, is fast becoming famous. 
 
 To this add continuous high mountain ranges surround- 
 ing us on the west, north, and east, and you have a land- 
 or rather rock-locked valley, from which all the cold win- 
 ter winds are excluded, and if perchance while the blizzard 
 is sweeping over the rest of the country we should feel the 
 edge of it, it can only reach us by the settling down of the 
 upper air currents, and not by a direct blow. 
 
 Here in this favored spot — the sun-kissed Valley of the 
 Salt River — you will find a haven of rest and safety for the 
 invalid that fills all the requirements, and the like of 
 which does not exist in any other portion of the known world. 
 
 Winters in the Salt River Valley are mild, salubrious, 
 with rarely a severe frost. Out of door life is possible, 
 customary and enjoyable, and excepting the rainy season, 
 which lasts but a few days, one can sleep out of doors with 
 impunity. The invalid can spend every hour of the twen- 
 ty-four out of doors, or in a tent, not only without risk but 
 with great benefit. The pure, warm, dry air, is invigorating 
 and life-giving, and is indeed Nature's stimulant and tonic. 
 
 The days are warm, delightful, sunshiny. A cloudy day 
 is a curiosity, there being rarely more than two or three 
 during the month. There is, I think, no other place in the 
 civilized world where the cloudy days are so few and the 
 sunshine so continuous and perpetual. The following 
 tables will demonstrate this better than anything that I 
 can say:
 
 i6 
 
 COMPARATIVE DATA AT PHOENIX, ARIZ., AUGUST, 1895, TO JUNE, 1896. 
 
 Data. 
 
 Mean actual 
 temperature .. 
 
 Mean sensible 
 temperature __ 
 
 Lowest temp 
 
 Highest temp 
 
 Mean rel. humid- 
 ity, 5 A.M. 
 
 Mean rel. humid- 
 ity, 5 P.M. 
 
 Percentage of 
 sunshine 
 
 Monthly rainfall 
 (inches) 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 >, 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ft 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 /3 
 
 £ 
 
 > 
 
 
 S 
 
 u 
 
 
 J3 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ft 
 
 CTJ 
 
 < 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 a 
 
 • — 1 
 
 56 
 
 62 
 
 < 
 
 s 
 
 89 
 
 82 
 
 72 
 
 57 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 .=;9 
 
 49 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 ^5 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 3« 
 
 45 
 
 IIO 
 
 107 
 
 93 
 
 83 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 92 
 
 89 
 
 no 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 67 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 41 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 39 
 
 54 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 85 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 77 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 91 
 
 89 
 
 0.27 
 
 O.IO 
 
 080 
 
 0.89 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.39 
 
 0.05 
 
 trace 
 
 Trace rainfall = too small to measure. 
 100 = continuous sunshine. 
 Station established August, 1895. 
 
 Arthur S. White, Observer in charge. 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DRY-BULB MEAN TEMPERATURES. 
 
 Phoenix, A. T 
 
 San Diego, Calif. 
 
 San Antonio, Texas- 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M. 
 
 Denver, Colo. 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif. 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 72.0 
 
 57-0 
 
 490 
 
 540 
 
 56.0 
 
 62.0 
 
 64.0 
 
 63.8 
 
 58.1 
 
 54-3 
 
 54-5 
 
 57-5 
 
 576 
 
 i;6.o 
 
 ^5 5 
 
 55-4 
 
 5 '-7 
 
 520 
 
 54-2 
 
 59" 
 
 68.1 
 
 46.9 
 
 32.6 
 
 23.8 
 
 31-7 
 
 31.6 
 
 .^9-8 
 
 47-7 
 
 46.4 
 
 35-4 
 
 31 7 
 
 35-2 
 
 362 
 
 35-5 
 
 486 
 
 66.0 
 
 600 
 
 56.0 
 
 580 
 
 600 
 
 57.0 
 
 56.0 
 
 Elevation 
 
 above 
 sea level. 
 
 1 160 feet 
 
 93 " 
 679 " 
 
 6998 " 
 
 5287 " 
 
 330 " 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WET-BULB MEAN TEMPERATURES. 
 
 
 
 1S9-,. 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 Phoenix, A. T 
 
 San Diego, Calif 
 
 San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 San aFe, N. M 
 
 Denver, Colo 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif -. 
 
 590 
 59-2 
 55-2 
 392 
 36.6 
 52.0 
 
 49.0 
 
 5'-4 
 30.4 
 
 243 
 28.2 
 52.0 
 
 41.0 
 46.6 
 448 
 14.8 
 25 2 
 48.0 
 
 440 
 
 49-7 
 
 4^3 
 26.8 
 28.0 
 52 
 
 44.0 
 48.9 
 46.4 
 
 25-4 
 29 2 
 
 51.0 
 
 480 
 
 522 
 
 531 
 30.6 
 
 29.6 
 
 53.0 
 
 48.0 
 S0.2 
 625 
 
 33-8 
 
 385 
 
 50.0
 
 17 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES. 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 1896. 
 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 Phoenix, A. T 
 
 San Diego, Calif 
 
 San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 Santa Fe, N. H 
 
 Denver, Colo 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif.. . 
 
 93-0 
 70.6 
 80.0 
 59-8 
 80.0 
 76.0 
 
 83.0 
 
 68.7 
 
 67 -.S 
 44.0 
 
 750 
 72.6 
 
 7S.0 
 65.1 
 65.0 
 
 377 
 69.0 
 69.0 
 
 79.0 
 
 64.3 
 636 
 42.8 
 67.0 
 68.0 
 
 820 
 67.7 
 67.6 
 
 42-5 
 68.0 
 730 
 
 92.0 
 66.7 
 72.1 
 
 514 
 76.0 
 
 70.0 
 
 89.0 
 
 63.9 
 79.0 
 60.4 
 80.0 
 67.0 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. 
 
 Phoenix, A. T. 
 
 San Diego, Calif 
 
 San Antonio, Texas 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M 
 
 Denver, Colo 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif.. 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 48.0 
 
 340 
 
 23.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 30.0 
 
 280 
 
 58.2 
 
 50.1 
 
 44.8 
 
 46.7 
 
 47-7 
 
 49.6 
 
 57-5 
 
 48.4 
 
 43-7 
 
 44 5 
 
 438 
 
 49-7 
 
 39-3 
 
 26.1 
 
 17.1 
 
 25.0 
 
 23.6 
 
 296 
 
 21.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 50 
 
 0.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 55-0 
 
 47.6 
 
 44.0 
 
 47.0 
 
 450 
 
 47.0 
 
 .Apr. 
 
 38.0 
 49.1 
 61.6 
 
 3.S-3 
 90 
 
 46.0 
 
 As to the dryness of the atmosphere, there is but one 
 opinion, I believe, as to its being an essential feature of an 
 ideal climate and health resort. In this particular, I can 
 assure you, we excel. This valley is the dryest place avail- 
 able for the health seeker, if not the dryest place in the 
 world. The following table of relative humidity for the 
 seven months just past conclusively demonstrates this fact. 
 
 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY. 
 
 (The rainfall for Phoenix during these seven months is 2.70.) 
 
 Phoenix, A. T 
 
 San Diego, Calif 
 
 .San Antonio, Texas. 
 
 Santa Fe, N. M 
 
 Denver, Colo 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif... 
 
 
 1895. 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 53.0 
 
 68.0 
 
 s8.o 
 
 540 
 
 45-0 
 
 38.0 
 
 78.2 
 
 68.0 
 
 56.6 
 
 72.6 
 
 t;8.o 
 
 71.0 
 
 57-2 
 
 72.3 
 
 56-4 
 
 66.5 
 
 .S7-8 
 
 ^^9-3 
 
 51.8 
 
 60.0 
 
 51.6 
 
 5 1 .0 
 
 43- 1 
 
 31-9 
 
 .S34 
 
 44-9 
 
 41.4 
 
 44-5 
 
 4O.2 
 
 59-7 
 
 82.0 
 
 60.0 
 
 57-0 
 
 68.0 
 
 52.0 
 
 70.0 
 
 .\pr. 
 
 32.0 
 67.0 
 
 7.'5-i 
 19.4 
 46.8 
 670
 
 iS 
 
 I think a study of this table with the one preceding will 
 disclose conditions extremely favorable to the elimination 
 of effete material from the skin, thus relieving the weak- 
 ened and overburdened mucous membrane, and internal 
 organs, and thereby favoring recuperative processes. This 
 is especially so during the summer months, to which we 
 will refer later. 
 
 Our one weak point is the difference between night and 
 day temperatures. This difference is quite marked, but is 
 much more so measured by the dry-bulb thermometer than 
 by the wet-bulb. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere 
 makes the lower temperature less perceptible than in more 
 moist climates, though there the extremes be considerably 
 less. Owing to the dryness of the air the mid-day temper- 
 atures do not seem nearly so high as they actually are, 
 neither do the lower temperatures of night produce the chill 
 one would expect, from looking at the reading of the dry- 
 bulb thermometer. 
 
 The actual discomfort from this wide range of tempera- 
 ture is but slight, and its danger largely imaginary. 
 Neither danger or discomfort from this cause is equal to 
 that in a moist climate with a range of temperature not 
 more than one-third as great. 
 
 This difference is much less, and indeed exists but in a 
 very small degree, in the higher lands of the foothills and 
 upper sides of the valley. The altitude at Phoenix is i,ioo 
 feet, and in the foothills on the sides of the valley it will 
 run from 300 to 500 feet higher. 
 
 The wind movement in the Salt River Valley is so slight 
 as scarcely to be a factor. Our average annual wind move- 
 ment is but two and 84-100 miles per hour. A wind of twen-
 
 19 
 
 ty-five miles an hour is unknown. The gentlest of zephyrs 
 usually prevail. As on all sides there is but barren moun- 
 tain and desert, as nothing grows except by irrigation, and 
 as the water is under the perfect control of man, there is no 
 danger from decomposed vegetable matter. 
 
 The atmosphere is so dry and pure that animal matter 
 dries up instead of decaying. There being no marshes or 
 stagnant pools there is absolutely nothing but pure, uncon- 
 taminated air to breathe. 
 
 Now the very best proof that what I have claimed in the 
 above is true, is the low death rate for the valley for the 
 past four years, as shown by the table to be found on page 
 9 of this book. 
 
 Now a word as to the summers in this valley. Accurate 
 data I cannot give you as to temperature, humidity, etc. 
 The Weather Bureau station was only established at Phoe- 
 nix last fall. This I can say from personal observations 
 extending over four summers, and as corroborated by the 
 said table of vital statistics — that there is not a more 
 healthy place on earth than this same Salt River Valley in 
 the summer time. While about one-third of all the deaths 
 in the United States during the summer months are from 
 bowel troubles among infants, here such deaths average 
 less than two each month in a population of 15,000. Our 
 death rate last summer for the whole five hot months was 
 but one-fourth of one per cent., while the average for the 
 whole country was about 2.2 per cent. Is there any other 
 place that can make such a showing? 
 
 To understand our unparalleled healthfulness during the 
 period when the rest of the world is suffering from heat 
 prostration and allied diseases we must for a few moments
 
 20 
 
 turn our attention to the study of the difference in the 
 reading of the wet and dry-bulb thermometer. 
 
 The better to do this I will quote freely from a recent 
 article by Captain William A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U. 
 S. A., Denver, Colo.: 
 
 Every person who has resided in the humid and in the 
 sunshine region knows that there is something wrong with 
 the indications of the thermometer; that there is a marked 
 failure to express, in terms of degrees of temperature, the 
 way in which recorded temperature affects his comfort in 
 the two regions. If the traveler from the East happens to 
 be in Albuquerque, Denver, Salt Lake City, Boise City, or 
 Sacramento, when the thermometer is at or near the ioo° 
 point, he must be shown the instrument to be satisfied it is 
 so high, because the discomfort that he is familiar with as 
 a concomitant of such recorded heat in his section is en- 
 tirely absent. Seeking the cause of this fact he is told that 
 it is accounted for by the absence of humidity. To most 
 people the real reason is still more or less obscure. That 
 loo degrees makes the man hotter in one place than in the 
 other is accepted as well known; but the amount of this 
 difference in degrees is not at all generally apprehended. 
 
 On a nearly north and south line near Wilmington, N. 
 C, and Pittsburg, Pa., the compass bearing is due north; 
 while throughout the arid region it swings from io° to 20° 
 out of true, due to magnetic variation. What would be 
 thought of the practical experience and science of a sur- 
 veyor from the Eastern States who, on coming to the arid 
 region, would expect to use a compass reading without 
 knowing or using this magnetic variation? None the less 
 unscientific, if I may not say absurd, when considering the
 
 21 
 
 sensible climatic influence on the human body, is the plac- 
 ing side by side of the recorded thermometric observations 
 of an arid with a humid region, without applying a correc- 
 tion or variation factor for dryness and humidity, as is 
 necessary for the magnetic variation when using the com- 
 pass. But we live in a scientific age, and the means exist 
 to determine and familiarize the people of this country 
 with the exact variation factor to be applied to our records 
 of temperature to reduce the expression of heat or cold felt 
 by human beings everywhere to a common standard of sen- 
 sibility. 
 
 A clothed, living body, having a great evaporating sur- 
 face through the pores of the skin, is affected by what is 
 known as the evaporation or sensible temperature; which 
 is found by placing the thermometer bulb in nearly the 
 same environment as the human body in summer — that is, 
 by clothing or surrounding it with cotton, dipping into a 
 humid source, so that the capillary tubes of the cotton 
 fibers may carry around the bulb moisture, as perspiration 
 is carried to the surface of the body through the skin. The 
 resulting evaporation about the moistened surfaces of the 
 human body and the thermometer is similar, and the 
 greater the dryness of the air, the greater and the more 
 rapid is the evaporation and the resulting coolness. A 
 gentle wind carries off the layers of air in contact with the 
 body as they become more or less saturated with moisture, 
 and they are replaced by drier air, thus promoting evapor- 
 ation whereby the temperature of the surface is lowered. 
 Every one has felt the sensation caused by wind blowing on 
 damp garments or on wet skin, and the cold thus experi- 
 enced. The normal skin gives off a quantity of water in
 
 22 
 
 the form of perspiration, and in proportion to the dryness 
 of the air this moisture disappears by evaporation. The 
 passage of this moisture into vapor causes the abstraction 
 of heat from the body, and the bodily temperature is low- 
 ered, as may be readily observed some little time after 
 severe exertion. Light cotton or linen fabrics allow the 
 perspiration to pass through freely, so that the evaporation 
 and cooling process is unchecked. 
 
 The dryness of the arid region is most favorable to these 
 cooling influences, while in the East the close, humid air, 
 being already almost constantly saturated with moisture, is 
 unable to absorb the moisture on the skin ; and so not only is 
 there an absence of the cooling effects of evaporation, but 
 the perspiration remaining on the body helps to clog the 
 pores and thus produces the well known and thoroughly 
 uncomfortable suffocating effect. 
 
 When the air is saturated with moisture — a condition 
 often present in the East during the heated term — there is 
 absolutely no evaporation; consequently, in such cases, the 
 deduction of our temperature from this cause is zero, and 
 the sensible temperature thermometer and the ordinary 
 thermometer read alike. But this is seldom or never the 
 case in the arid region, on account of its dryness. 
 
 The variation between the sensible temperature and the 
 reading of the ordinary thermometer is greatest in the hot- 
 test season of the year, and during the hottest part of the 
 day, and that is precisely the time when it is most needed. 
 
 As there is a signal service record of the readings of 
 these two kinds of thermometers for a number of years, 
 taken at 7 a.m., 3 p.m., and 11 p.m., I will take, as repre- 
 senting the extreme heat occurrence, the "means" of those
 
 23 
 
 readings for the month of July for a period of years for all 
 places of observation in the United States, and compare 
 them by drawing isotherms showing the reading of the sen- 
 sible temperature thermometer and the ordinary thermom- 
 eter, and contrast them. 
 
 Yuma, Arizona, which is but a few miles from the Gulf 
 of California, and is influenced by the moist winds there- 
 from, is generally reputed to be the hottest place in the 
 United States. Fortunately, to controvert this, we have a 
 signal service weather record for that point, as we have 
 also of the cities on the Mexican gulf, and on our South 
 Atlantic shore line. From these records it appears that 
 the mean sensible temperature, deduced from the three 
 daily observations for the month of July at Yuma is but 
 75°. Turn to the East to find where like conditions pre- 
 vail, and incredible as it may seem, we discover that we 
 have not a single one of the shore line cities between Wil- 
 mington, N. C, and Brownsville, Tex., at which the mean 
 July sensible temperature does not exceed this 75° at 
 Yuma. Not only is this true, but all the citrus districts 
 of Florida, the sugar-cane region of Louisiana, and the to- 
 bacco lands of Texas, are south of the 75° line, and so are 
 sensibly warmer than Yuma, Arizona. 
 
 Yuma, as before stated, is affected by the moist winds 
 blowing from the Gulf of California; therefore its sensible 
 temperature is not as low as many of the valleys (which are 
 susceptible of reclamation by irrigation) in the midst of the 
 so-called deserts of California and Arizona. 
 
 As this is one of tlie startling facts brought out by the 
 investigation of the data upon which this paper is based, 
 permit me to repeat it. The coast of South Carolina and
 
 24 
 
 Georgia, all of Florida, the seaboard of Alabama and Mis- 
 sissippi, nearly the whole of Louisiana, and the southeast 
 part (one-third) of Texas, is not so well favored in July as 
 Yuma, Arizona, which is the most humid place, hence the 
 most uncomfortable perhaps in the arid season. 
 
 North of the line of the Yuma or 75° July mean sensible 
 temperature, of which the sections last noted are to the 
 south, lies the belt of sensible temperature between 75° 
 and 70°. The upper edge of this zone or the line of 70° 
 for July, may be located by commencing at Chesapeake 
 Bay, near Washington City, following the eastern foothills 
 of the Alleghany range, turning north at Chattanooga, in- 
 cluding West Tennessee and Kentucky, extreme Southern 
 Indiana and Illinois, Southeast Missouri, including the city 
 of St. Louis, following closely the north and northwest 
 boundaries of the Indian Territory and Texas, also South- 
 west Arizona, and Southeast California. 
 
 Having discussed the mean sensible temperature of the 
 warmest month, a glance at what is shown for the warmest 
 part of the day in the hottest month may serve to further 
 accentuate the comparative comfortableness of the arid 
 region. Yuma, Arizona, has a mean sensible July temper- 
 ature at 3 p.m. of 78°; Charleston, S. C, Titusville, Flor., 
 Galveston, and Brownsville, Tex., have the same; Key 
 West is 1° degree hotter. Phoenix, Arizona, farther from 
 the influence of the moist atmosphere of the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, is 4° cooler than Yuma in the hottest part of the 
 day. 
 
 It may be said that the average of 11°, the observation 
 including those at 7 in the morning and 11 at night, for the 
 month of July, represents only general conditions and not
 
 25 
 
 special instances; but here, also, to controvert this assump- 
 tion, I have authoritative signal service data. As it is de- 
 sired to show only the side of the case least favorable to 
 arid America, leaving the genial dry air and sunshine of 
 winter in the arid regions uncontrasted with the cold waves, 
 slush, and humid somberness of the Eastern winters, only 
 midsummer extremes will be stated. 
 
 As Yuma is a regular signal service station, where com- 
 plete records have been kept for twenty years, let us see 
 what are the extremes there. The greatest shade temper- 
 ature recorded is iiS°, but, as this was registered by a self- 
 recording thermometer, the evaporation temperature at the 
 same time is not given. However, at another time, when 
 ii6° was recorded, the wet-bulb thermometer was at 70°. 
 It is well known that this dry heat produces no injurious 
 effects, sunstrokes being unknown. 
 
 It follows from these recorded facts that in the hottest 
 parts of the arid region the midsummer weather is not only 
 endurable, but even enjoyable and refreshing. Those are 
 the facts as they exist now, when the present conditions — 
 the bare soil, etc., — are especially conducive to high temper- 
 ature. But it may be readily conceived that there will take 
 place salubrious modifications, as some of us have already 
 realized, when these desert places are covered with the 
 green carpet of alfalfa and the verdure of trees; when the 
 wasting waters are stored and diverted by the irrigator to 
 the surface of a soil only waiting for water to produce 
 bountifully, not only the fruits of the earth in due season, 
 but almost to produce the seasons themselves at will." 
 
 That the difference between the reading of the wet and 
 dry-bulb thermometers in the dry, hot atmosphere of the
 
 26 
 
 Salt River Valley is much greater than is actually experi- 
 enced by the human body I must admit, but it is equally 
 true that the higher the reading of the dry-bulb goes, the 
 greater is the perspiration, and the more nearly do the con- 
 ditions of the body conform to that of the wet-bulb, and 
 more nearly are the actual heat conditions experienced by a 
 person registered by this wet-bulb. 
 
 The actual heat experienced in this climate by the hu- 
 man body varies from 5 to 20 degrees lower than the 
 reading of the dry-bulb thermometer, and is influenced by 
 the percentage of humidity, by the degree of heat, and the 
 amount and kind of clothing worn. 
 
 If the human body could be kept in the same condition 
 of moisture as is the wet-bulb, and in the same strong cur- 
 rent of air, the reading of the wet-bulb would accurately 
 register our sensation of heat. 
 
 If a person should remove all clothing, wrap himself in 
 a wet sheet and stand out in the sunshine with a stiff wind 
 blowing, those conditions would approximate the condi- 
 tions of the wet-bulb. As this is not the conventional or 
 convenient mode of dress, it is not practicable, and these 
 conditions are never fully realized. They are more nearly 
 attained by the laboring man in the fields, who is in a con- 
 stant copious perspiration. 
 
 Judging from pretty careful observation I apprehend 
 that under average conditions, if you will divide the differ- 
 ence in the reading between the wet and dry-bulb by two, 
 and add this to the reading of the wet-bulb, you will arrive 
 at the correct decree of heat experienced by the human 
 body in the Salt River Valley. 
 
 Our summers are hot. The sunshine is continuous dur-
 
 27 
 
 ing the day. The nights are cool, comfortable, balmy, 
 almost seductive. If a perfect night is ever experienced 
 it is here during the summer. The heat is stimulating, 
 healthful, and not the least depressing. Perspiration is 
 copious and evaporation instant. One feels well and soon 
 gets to long for the summer time, when people live out of 
 doors both day and night. That lassitude which one feels 
 during the dog days in moister climes is entirely absent. 
 
 This is the season when the invalid makes his greatest 
 improvement, when he sleeps with only the sky for a cover- 
 ing, and contentedly swings in his hammock during the day, 
 filling up at his pleasure on luscious fruit in great variety. 
 
 I can give you data for the month of May just passed, 
 which I think will surprise you. As you all know this month 
 gave us everywhere a taste of what hot weather is. The fol- 
 lowing table will give you a slight idea of what summers are 
 like in the Salt River Valley when nature surpasses herself. 
 
 TABLE OF ACTUAL AND SENSIBLE TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH 
 OF MAY, 1896, WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY 
 FOR EACH DAY EXCEPT SUNDAY. 
 
 (Observations taken at 8:00 p.m. by U. S. W. B., Voluntary.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 May I. 
 
 " 2. 
 
 
 3 
 
 4- 
 S- 
 6. 
 
 7 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 lO- 
 
 II. 
 12. 
 
 13- 
 14. 
 
 15- 
 16. 
 
 Actual 
 Dry- 
 Bulb. 
 
 Sensible 
 Wet- 
 Bulb. 
 
 Per Cent- 
 Relative 
 Humid- 
 ity. 
 
 62. 
 
 55- 
 
 II 
 
 85-5 
 
 57-7 
 
 13 
 
 85.5 
 
 57-5 
 
 13 
 
 85.2 
 
 59- 
 
 17 
 
 7.S-4 
 
 514 
 
 13 
 
 72.5 
 
 .SI- 
 
 18 
 
 73-5 
 
 52- 
 
 19 
 
 81. 
 
 56. 
 
 31 
 
 83." 
 
 .S4- 
 
 9 
 
 83.5 
 
 56- 
 
 9 
 
 856 
 
 56. 
 
 11 
 
 87 2 
 
 54-5 
 
 7 
 
 8.S. 
 
 55-5 
 
 10 
 
 83- 
 
 54- 
 
 9 
 
 Date. 
 
 May 17- 
 
 iS. 
 
 19- 
 20- 
 
 21- 
 22- 
 23- 
 24- 
 
 26. 
 
 27- 
 28- 
 
 29- 
 30- 
 
 31- 
 
 Actual 
 
 Sensible 
 
 Dry- 
 
 Wet- 
 
 Bulb. 
 
 Bulb. 
 
 89.2 
 
 59. 
 
 84.2 
 
 55- 
 
 87. 
 
 57- 
 
 86.8 
 
 58- 
 
 89. 
 
 .S9-.S 
 
 85.9 
 
 61.6 
 
 104, 
 
 67." 
 
 icos 
 
 68. 
 
 10S.8 
 
 69. 
 
 108.5 
 
 69. 
 
 98. 
 
 66. 
 
 87.3 
 
 59-4 
 
 ** 
 
 ... 
 
 Per Cent. 
 Relative 
 Humid- 
 ity. 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 II 
 
 H 
 13 
 22 
 
 12 
 10 
 1 1 
 10 
 16 
 IS
 
 28 
 
 This is a rapidly growing community of industrious, in- 
 telligent, law-abiding people, where the stranger is welcome 
 and is soon made to feel at home. 
 
 The conditions of climate and soil are such that any- 
 thing that will grow in any other part of this country can 
 be grown in the Salt River Valley just as readily and in 
 the majority of instances to much better advantage than 
 elsewhere. Lands are cheap and easily attained and any- 
 one who so desires can find profitable employment. 
 
 That you may the more readily concede to Phoenix and 
 vicinity its proper place, at the head of the list, as a city 
 which leads all others in natural sanitary conditions and 
 healthfulness, I will here reproduce some vital statistics 
 taken from the May number of The Sanitarian, comprising 
 the annual death rate per one thousand inhabitants for 1895 
 in the following cities: 
 
 Compare the death rate of Phoenix, Arizona, 5.04, with that of — 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah -7-37 Minneapolis, Minn 8.96 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 9.86 Buffalo, N. Y 11.12 
 
 Denver, Colo 10.37 Kansas City, Mo. 13.28 
 
 Concord, N. H __i4.o5 Milwaukee, Wis 14-37 
 
 Los Angeles, Calif 1584 Tampa, Fla 20.59 
 
 Portland, Maine 24.75 Mobile, Ala 29.44 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 17-07 
 
 These few will serve to make my point; the other prin- 
 cipal cities of the United States, with their more or less 
 perfect sanitary conditions, range between Kansas City, 
 Mo., with her 13.28, and Mobile, Alabama, at 29.44. 
 
 As to diseases and their curability or alleviation by the 
 climatic conditions and surroundings of the Salt River Val- 
 ley, I have tried to be sufficiently explicit, and will leave you 
 to draw your own conclusions and make your own deductions.
 
 29 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Weather Bureau. 
 
 WEATHER DATA AT PHOENIX, ARIZONA, 1896. 
 
 (Observations taken at S A.M. and 8 p.m. 75th M. time. Corresponds to 5:32 A.M. 
 and 3:32 P.M. local time.) 
 
 
 >) 
 
 u. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iZ 
 
 .0 
 
 u 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 1.1 
 
 
 u 
 
 >. 
 
 6 
 
 _>> 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 rv 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 > 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 13 
 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 
 ' — . 
 
 3 
 77 
 
 3 
 < 
 
 r/3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Mean 
 
 Dry- ( A.M. 
 bulb } P.M. 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 61 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 tem- 
 pera- 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 87 
 
 102 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 92 
 
 78 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 W'et- i A.M. 
 bulb / P.M. 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 43 
 
 49 
 
 58 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 43 
 
 39 
 
 ture 
 
 5° 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 69 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 „ ^ ' ( Hicrhest 
 Extremes! Lowest 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 92 
 
 89 
 
 no 
 
 "5 
 
 109 
 
 108 
 
 104 
 
 98 
 
 83 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 61 
 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 55 
 
 47 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 ♦Relative \ a.m. 
 humidity .. \ p.m. 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 Percentage of sun- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shine 
 
 77 
 .46 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 •39 
 
 91 
 •05 
 
 89 
 T 
 
 98 
 T 
 
 73 
 
 4^25 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 Total rainfall 
 
 •05 
 
 ^•77 
 
 1. 18 
 
 1.02 
 
 .64 
 
 .67 
 
 The normal tern-" 
 perature as de- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 termined from V 
 13 years' obser- 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 81 
 
 69 
 
 58 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vation ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The average rain-" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fall as deter- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mined from 16 y 
 
 •57 
 
 .89 
 
 .68 
 
 •30 
 
 .16 
 
 .07 
 
 •85 
 
 •97 
 
 •54 
 
 .62 
 
 •44 
 
 1. 12 
 
 years' observa- 
 tions ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦Percentage. W. T. Blythe, 
 
 Observer and Sec. Director U. S. Weather Bureau.
 
 1 
 
 
 •sapSuy SOI 
 
 
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 00 
 
 
 
 
 1 M 1 ''^ 
 
 O 
 
 •033IQ UBg 
 
 C« ^OS |-| i^ 00- 
 
 
 •xiusoqtj 
 
 g^^^c^^sH :1s "^ ' 
 
 Di 
 
 
 •sapSnv SOI 
 
 ::z^ 'rM i ^S 
 
 W 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 1 LO N . 
 
 
 •oSaia a^S 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •xiusoijj 
 
 rt- rh -g i «g «^ 'l- 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 H 
 
 i-H 
 
 •sapSuv SOI 
 
 ro ro LO 1 ?Pt-S 1 OncO 
 1 ro " , 
 
 Pi 
 
 ■oSqiq UKg 
 
 1 _*=_,= 1 
 t^ t^ t^ 1 I'tojo 1 i-i 
 
 -H 1 mH'-' 1 !>• 
 
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 THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON CLI- 
 MATE AND HEALTH. 
 
 An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona, 
 published in The In-igation Age, for August, 1896. 
 
 The conclusive discussion of this subject implies a study 
 of the physical conditions of the given locality — a compar- 
 ison of meteorological data for a considerable period while 
 arid conditions prevailed, with similar data after the same 
 territory has been brought under irrigation — consideration 
 of the percentage of humidity most conducive to health, 
 with the prevailing temperatures, altitude, and wind move- 
 ments, and the determination of actual and ascertained 
 general effects, as shown by freedom from disease in the 
 community and by vital statistics. Each of these elements of 
 the problem must be studied in its relation to all the others. 
 The inquiry is inherently difficult and complex under the 
 most favorable conditions. 
 
 Captain William A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U. S. A., 
 of Denver, Colo., a high authority in such matters, says in a 
 recent article: "In the hottest parts of this arid region the 
 midsummer weather is not only endurable, but even enjoy- 
 able and refreshing. These are the facts as they exist now, 
 when the present conditions — the bare soil, etc. — are 
 especially conducive to high temperature. But it may be 
 readily conceived that there will take place salubrious mod- 
 Si
 
 32 
 
 ifications, as some of us have already realized, when these 
 desert places are covered with a green carpet of alfalfa and 
 the verdure of trees; when the wasting waters are stored 
 and diverted by the irrigator to the surface of a soil only 
 waiting for water to produce bountifully, not only the fruits 
 of the earth in due season, but almost to produce the sea- 
 sons themselves at will." 
 
 In the nature of the case we could not expect any defi- 
 nite scientific data for this vicinity prior to the practice of 
 irrigation. The precipitation is about seven inches per 
 annum. Without it settlement and residence are impractic- 
 able in a locality in which agriculture must depend for 
 moisture solely upon irrigation. In the Salt River Valley, 
 settlement and irrigation came hand in hand. 
 
 The Salt River Valley, with Phoenix as its center, is 
 situated in the vicinity of the 33d parallel of north latitude. 
 
 The surrounding physical and climatic conditions are 
 totally different from those of any other locality under irri- 
 gation, and must be understood in order to arrive at right 
 conclusions. 
 
 It has an elevation ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 feet 
 above sea level. 
 
 High mountain ranges surround it on all sides, save on 
 the southwest, where it verges into the larger Gila Valley. 
 
 The Gila Valley, under similar conditions, extends to 
 the Gulf of California, which in turn extends with its 
 53,000 square miles of surface well into the tropical zone. 
 
 This great inland sea, with its mouth 250 miles wide, 
 flanked on either side with continuous mountain chains, 
 acts as a funnel into which the tropical waters and winds, 
 sweeping from the equator up the Mexican coast, enter.
 
 33 
 
 These surroundings and winds are largely the influences 
 which go to produce our peculiar and phenomenal climatic 
 conditions. 
 
 It is universally conceded that an atmosphere carrying 
 too much moisture is unfavorable to perfect health. It 
 may not be so well known, but is equally certain that the 
 air may be too dry. A couple of my patients had this ex- 
 perience. During a long drive upon the desert, on an 
 exceedingly hot day, the air became extremely dry and 
 fairly burned. Their throats became parched and perspi- 
 ration ceased. No amount of water taken internally seemed 
 to relieve this condition, which was speedily followed by a 
 languor and then stupor, bordering on coma. This thor- 
 oughly alarmed the wiser of them, and sensibly, during the 
 remainder of the day they took turns, fifteen minutes in 
 duration, one driving while the other gratified the irresisti- 
 ble desire to sleep, and in this way they reached irrigated 
 ground in safety. The same phenomena have been ob- 
 served in numerous other cases. I am satisfied this ex- 
 plains many cases of death upon the desert which have here- 
 tofore been attributed to lack of water. During the sum- 
 mer time, in this locality, elimination by the kidneys is re- 
 duced one-half. Perspiration is immensely increased and 
 the skin becomes the chief eliminating organ of the system. 
 When the percentage of humidity in the air gets below a 
 certain point, the evaporation from the surface of the body 
 becomes too instant, the surface burns, perspiration and 
 elimination of effete material cease, thus producing the 
 phenomena above described. I attribute these effects en- 
 tirely to a lack of sufficient moisture in the atmosphere. 
 
 I am not prepared, as yet, at least, to fix definitely the
 
 34 
 
 point at which the percentage of moisture in the air is 
 neither too great nor too little. Investigation may, and 
 probably will, show that the most favorable degree of 
 saturation would vary according to individual characteris- 
 tics. It is probable there is a range of lo or 12 degrees 
 within which it is difificult, if not impossible, to say that any 
 given point would be more favorable to general health than 
 another. It may be safely said that in the temperature of 
 the Salt River Valley, during the summer, a humidity below 
 8 per cent, is disadvantageous, while that above 20 per 
 cent, begins to become oppressive. 
 
 Both actual and sensible temperature, as shown respec- 
 tively by the readings of dry and wet-bulb thermometers, 
 must always be considered in connection with the humidity. 
 In every climate there are seasons when the percentage of 
 humidity is excessive, and results generally in a feeling of 
 depression. In the Salt River Valley these periods are 
 usually limited to say a week in February, and a week in 
 August, very much less in duration than in any other local- 
 ity within my observation. There is very little wind here. 
 The mean average hourly movement at Phoenix for a period 
 of years is stated by the United States Signal Service at two 
 and 37-100 miles. It would be interesting to compare the 
 humidity of the higher lands of the valley near the foothills 
 with that in the lower valley, but no data exist for such 
 statement. We know that it is 10 to 15 degrees warmer in 
 winter and cooler in summer, for instance, on the lands 
 under the Rio Verde Canal on the north side and the High- 
 land Canal on the south side of the Salt River than near 
 the river at Phoenix. The extremes of temperature be- 
 tween day and night are much less on the higher lands than
 
 35 
 
 in the lower valley, and the danger of taking cold is propor- 
 tionately reduced. 
 
 It is probable that the effects of irrigation on climate 
 and health under the high temperature and low relative 
 humidity of this valley are somewhat different from those 
 in regions of lower temperature, greater humidity, and 
 either higher or lower altitude. 
 
 It is almost impossible, without accurate observations, 
 to make comparisons, or to arrive at safe, definite conclu- 
 sions as to the influence of irrigation on climate, either in a 
 general way or in a given locality. I have been unable to 
 procure any data whatever as related to this valley, or to 
 any similar locality, showing the relative humidity before 
 and after irrigation. Without such facts I can only state 
 conclusions arrived at from personal observation and study 
 of its effects on this locality. 
 
 I am decidedly of the opinion that upon the deserts of 
 Arizona, without irrigation, the moisture in the atmosphere 
 is sometimes so little as to interfere with health and com- 
 fort, and produce feverish conditions. The evaporation of 
 water from the irrigated land supplies this deficiency to the 
 air and obviates the injurious tendencies. 
 
 I have frequently had this experience. The "wetting 
 down" of my well-shaded porch on a hot summer day 
 lowers the temperature, as shown by the thermometer hang- 
 ing upon the wall, lo to 15 degrees. This result from the 
 refrigeration of the air in the process of evaporation of the 
 water. 
 
 It is well known that a well-shaded dwelling in the midst 
 of an alfalfa field is much cooler than the same residence 
 surrounded by bare ground. This is due in part, perhaps.
 
 36 
 
 to the absence of reflection from the earth, but chiefly, I 
 think, to a similar slight refrigeration of the air by the 
 evaporation of the moisture in the earth and vegetation of 
 the surrounding field. The effect becomes still more marked 
 when a gentle breeze is blowing. 
 
 At Phoenix, during the summer months, the air is so dry 
 that the mid-day registration of relative humidity ranges 
 from 6 to 15 per cent. It rarely goes above the latter 
 point, and if it were not for irrigation it would drop still 
 lower, which is not desirable. 
 
 My conclusion is that the evaporation of moisture from 
 irrigated surfaces slightly increases the moisture in the air 
 and promotes the healthfulness of both animal and plant 
 life. 
 
 That the evaporation from irrigation has but slight influ- 
 ence in increasing the dampness in the surrounding air will 
 be readily understood when we recall the following facts: 
 That moist air is lighter in weight than is dry air. That 
 moisture is evaporated as an invisible gas. That being 
 lighter and a gas, it is not a disturbing atmospheric ele- 
 ment. That it instantly rises with great velocity to a 
 point in the atmosphere where the temperature is below its 
 own dew point, where it becomes visible in the form of 
 clouds. But a very small portion of the evaporated mois- 
 ture is retained in the lower and warmer strata of air. The 
 hotter the air the greater is the evaporation from the irri- 
 gated ground. This evaporation lowers the earth's temper- 
 ature and also that of the surrounding air. 
 
 During the winter months, the temperature ranges much 
 lower, evaporation is much less, and the air is constantly 
 so dry that the slight influence it exerts is scarcely notice-
 
 37 
 
 able. During the last winter the mean relative humidity 
 was as follows: 1895, Oct. 53 per cent., Nov. 68 per cent., 
 Dec. 58 per cent. ; 1896, Jan. 54 per cent., Feb. 45 per 
 cent., ]\Iar. 38 per cent., Apr. 32 per cent, with a rainfall 
 during these same months of but 2.70 inches. 
 
 It is well known that the best qualities of citrus fruits 
 can only be grown where there is sometimes danger from 
 frost. This danger in the citrus localities of the Salt River 
 Valley only exists for say an hour at a time, and that 
 about sunrise of a frosty morning. The horticulturist is 
 able by flooding his irrigation ditches with water at this 
 time to obviate, or lessen, the danger to his fruit. The 
 water in the ditches will freeze before the fruit or the trees, 
 and thus the temperature of the surrounding air is raised. 
 This phenomenon exists all over the district under irriga- 
 tion, to a greater or less extent, and the extremes of day 
 and night temperatures are thus modified. 
 
 As to the influence of irrigation on the healthfulness of 
 the inhabitants of an irrigated district I can be more posi- 
 tive. It is demonstrated by actual experience to be advan- 
 tageous. Phoenix and the Salt River Valley is the healthi- 
 est place in the United States. Next to it comes Salt Lake 
 City, Utah, also in an irrigated district. 
 
 That part of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt 
 River, west of the Verde, and east of the Agua Fria, cover- 
 ing a territory of 250 square miles and including the city of 
 Phoenix, of which the population on a conservative basis 
 for 1895, is placed at 15,000, had for the year named an 
 annual death rate of 5.04 per one thousand inhabitants. 
 Salt Lake City during the corresponding year had a death 
 rate of 7.37. Our death rate for the five summer months
 
 38 
 
 last year was but one-quarter of one per cent, of popula- 
 tion, or 2.54 for one thousand inhabitants in the above 
 named territory. With this showing, no one for an instant 
 can imagine that in the least does irrigation militate 
 against health. 
 
 On the other hand, I believe that irrigation is a major 
 factor in increasing the healthfulness of a community. It is 
 probable that on account of our favorable climatic condi- 
 tions this is more emphatically true of the Salt River Valley 
 than any other locality. I refer this fact chiefly to three 
 causes. 
 
 Under an irrigation system, properly operated, there 
 are no water holes, or sloughs in which vegetation grows 
 only to decompose and pollute the air. There are no pools 
 of stagnant water to create miasms. The water supply is 
 under man's control, both as to volume and times of distri- 
 bution. Vegetation is rank and prolific, but grows only 
 where it is desired, and is limited to valuable products. 
 Useless vegetation is discouraged, but should it by chance 
 exist, it rather dries up than rots. 
 
 This low death rate is further explained by the constant 
 living in the open air, which we enjoy to its utmost limit. 
 
 Irrigation, by promoting the rapid and phenomenal 
 growth of trees and the verdant grass which carpets our 
 lawns, makes a continuous existence out of doors possible 
 and enjoyable for three-quarters of the year. 
 
 We live nature's life as nature intended we should live 
 it, and have our reward of unparalleled healthfulness. 
 
 I do not believe there is any other place on earth where 
 children are so universally healthy. This is especially true 
 of the summer season. They are marvelously free from
 
 39 
 
 "summer complaint," and kindred ailments. I never saw 
 any place where the children thrive as they do in the Salt 
 River Valley. 
 
 To quote Captain Glassford again, he says in the same 
 article: "This greater portion of arid America, elevated 
 high above the humid levels of the East, covered with 
 aspects most sublime of the earth, fed with the most invig- 
 orating constituents of the atmosphere, will yet be appre- 
 ciated; and these elements, under the influence of modern 
 civilization, will produce the hardiest and grandest race of 
 men and women who have yet trod the planet. They will 
 create a western empire and become masters of the conti- 
 nent, if not of the world."
 
 SOME CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE 
 ARID REGION. 
 
 Extracts from a paper by Willis L. Moore, Chief of United States 
 Weather Bureau, communicated to Fifth National Irrigation 
 Congress at Phoenix, December 15, 1896, and published by the 
 Weather Bureau. An excellent aid to an appreciation of the 
 bearing of the facts shown by the accompanying tables and 
 charts. 
 
 "Under the direction of the Honorable Secretary of Agri- 
 culture it was my pleasure, on September 20, 1895, a few 
 weeks after coming to the head of the Weather Bureau, to 
 issue instructions to the observers of the weather service 
 to begin the telegraphing from observation stations of the 
 readings of the wet-bulb thermometer, more popularly 
 known as the "sensible" temperature. This is about the 
 temperature felt by animal life and may be many degrees 
 below the air temperature, the difference between the two 
 temperatures depending upon the relative humidity of the 
 air — the drier the atmosphere the lower the sensible tem- 
 perature when compared with the air temperature; the 
 damper the air the higher the sensible temperature. This 
 will be better understood when it is stated that in case the 
 air be saturated, the readings of the dry and the wet-bulb 
 thermometers will be the same and the sensible temperature 
 and the air temperature will be equal. In the semi-arid 
 regions of the West the sensible temperature during the 
 summer months often is 20° to 30° less than the air tem- 
 
 41
 
 42 
 
 perature, which condition is due to the extreme dryness of 
 the atmosphere. In the more humid regions of the eastern 
 part of the country such extreme differences can not occur. 
 
 Within the broad confines of the United States there are 
 many, but not all, shades and varieties of climate. One of 
 the questions most frequently asked the Weather Bureau is, 
 "Where shall I find a climate possessing both dryness and 
 equability of temperature?" To this interrogatory reply 
 must be made that the ideal climate as regards equability 
 of temperature and absence of moisture does not exist in 
 the United States, but that the nearest approach to it will 
 be found in the great Southwest, where all shades of dry- 
 ness, from a rainfall sufficient for successful agriculture, to 
 the aridity of the desert may be found. 
 
 The temperature of the Southwest is not equable in the 
 sense of having an extremely small daily range, but, on the 
 other hand, it possesses the quality of uniformity in a 
 greater degree than will generally be found elsewhere, ex- 
 cept on the seacoast. The most equable temperature on 
 the globe will be found on the high table-lands and plateaus 
 of the Tropics. Santa Fe de Bogota, in the United States 
 of Colombia, has an average temperature of about 59° for 
 all months of the year, and the range for the entire year is 
 less than is often experienced in a single day in these lati- 
 tudes. 
 
 But while the ideal temperature may be found on the 
 higher elevations of the Tropics, the rainfall is much 
 greater and more continuous than in this country. 
 
 The rainfall of the great Southwest varies with location. 
 Less than 200 miles from the Colorado Desert, where the 
 rainfall is practically ///7, places may be found whose annual
 
 43 
 
 average rainfall is as great or greater than any point in the 
 Middle States of the East. Generally speaking, however, 
 the greater portion is dry, using that term as indicating a 
 rainfall considerably less than 20 inches per annum on the 
 average. 
 
 The mountainous portions of Arizona and California 
 have an average annual rainfall ranging between 20 and 50 
 inches, depending somewhat upon the elevation and geo- 
 graphic position, while the lowland portions and the pla- 
 teaus, especially east of the Sierras, have a rainfall both 
 small in amount and variable in character. The rainfall 
 records of the arid region, and other portions of the United 
 States, are published in the monthly bulletins of the various 
 climate and crop centers, and in more convenient form in 
 the annual data volumes of the Weather Bureau. It is not 
 possible to report upon them in detail here. 
 
 The temperature of a place depends chiefly on three 
 conditions, viz., latitude, elevation, and contiguity to large 
 bodies of water. At sea level in the Tropics extreme con- 
 ditions of heat and moisture, so combined as to produce 
 very great physical discomfort, abound. But even under 
 the equator it is possible to escape the tropical heat of low 
 levels by ascending from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. In the econ- 
 omy of nature there is a certain limit beyond which the 
 two extremes, dryness and equability of temperature, can 
 not co-exist; thus we may find a region so deficient in 
 moisture as to satisfy the requirements of the case, but the 
 very lack of moisture is a condition that facilitates radia- 
 tion and thus contributes to great extremes of temperature. 
 Regions may be found, as on the lower Nile, where there is 
 a lack of rainfall coupled with a h'gh and moderately uni-
 
 44 
 
 form temperature. The mean winter temperature of Cairo, 
 Egypt, is 56°; mean summer temperature, 83°; a range 
 from winter to summer of 27°. The mean winter tempera- 
 ture of Phoenix, Ariz., is 52°; mean summer temperature, 
 87°; a range of 35°. It is by no means difficult to find a 
 counterpart of the far-famed Egyptian climate in the great 
 Southwest. 
 
 The dryness of the air and the clearness of the sky are 
 the conditions upon which daily ranges of temperature 
 depend; the greater these, the greater the range of tem- 
 perature from day to night. While a high summer temper- 
 ature is characteristic of the Southwest, it is a fact long 
 known to residents of that section, and somewhat imper- 
 fectly realized in other portions of the country, that the 
 sensation of heat as experienced by animal life, is not 
 accurately measured by the ordinary thermometer. The 
 sensation of temperature which we usually refer to the con- 
 dition of the atmosphere depends not only on the tempera- 
 ture of the air, but also on its dryness, the velocity of the 
 wind, and other circumstances. The human organism, 
 when perspiring freely, evaporates the moisture of its sur- 
 face and thus lowers its temperature. The meteorological 
 instrument that registers the temperature of evaporation, 
 and thus, in a great measure, the actual heat felt by the 
 human body, is the wet-bulb thermometer. The latter, as 
 indicated by its name, is simply an ordinary mercurial 
 thermometer, whose bulb is wetted with water at the time 
 of observation. 
 
 Chart I has been constructed to show the average actual 
 and sensible temperature of Weather Bureau stations in the 
 United States for the summer season.
 
 •z. 
 
 t; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 a> 
 
 
 )>*• 
 
 d. 
 
 E 
 
 i 
 
 a - 
 
 
 « 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 5i 
 
 •"- 
 
 s 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 . .1
 
 45 
 
 The broad principle illustrated by this chart is that the 
 greatest differences between shade and sensible temperatures 
 are round where the air is the driest, and the least where 
 the air is most humid. A glance at the chart is sufficient 
 to show the general trend of the lines of equal air and sen- 
 sible temperatures. The great interior valleys and the 
 plains east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains are 
 uniformly heated under the insolation of summer to an aver- 
 age of from 65°on the northern boundary, to about 80° on 
 the Gulf Coast. The northern portion of this vast extent 
 of country is, moreover, in the path of atmospheric disturb- 
 ances that pass from west to east over our northern boun- 
 daries, thus causing an indraught of warm, moist air from 
 lower latitudes. Again, the distribution of atmospheric 
 pressure over the eastern two-thirds of the United States 
 is at times such as to cause a more or less complete stagna- 
 tion of the generally eastward drift of the air; the surface 
 of the ground warms up under intense insolation, and loses 
 but little heat by radiation at night; the winds are light 
 southerly or southeasterly and there is an absence of ver- 
 tical interchange between the warm surface air and the 
 cooler air aloft. Such conditions sometimes extend over 
 the entire Mississippi Valley and eastward to the Atlantic 
 seaboard. On the other hand while it is possible for a 
 heated term to prevail over an arid region by day, the rela- 
 tively great radiation by night lowers the temperature to 
 an endurable degree, and there is but little bodily discom- 
 fort. The heat of the daytime, moreover, is borne without 
 distress by reason of the great dryness of the air. The red 
 lines of Chart I show the temperature of evaporating sur-
 
 46 
 
 faces in summer in the United States. It will be seen that 
 the line of 60°, which marks the temperature of evaporation 
 of the region of New England and the Great Lakes, passes 
 almost due north and south along the eastern foothills of 
 the Rocky Mountains, and skirts Southern New Mexico and 
 Arizona. The line of 55° passes almost due south from 
 Eastern Montana to Southeastern New Mexico, and thence 
 northwesterly. The temperature of evaporation in all of 
 the territory above this line (55°), embracing almost two- 
 thirds of the arid region ss below 55°; in fact, in almost 
 one-third of the region it is not over 50°. The sensible 
 temperature of two-thirds of the United States, or east of 
 the one hundred and fifth meridian, ranges from 55° to 75°. 
 West of the one hundred and fifth meridian the range is 
 from 50° to 65°. 
 
 Chart II has been prepared to illustrate the extreme dif- 
 ferences that prevail in midsummer, the 8 p.m., seventy- 
 fiifth meridian time observation of July having been used. 
 (8 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian, corresponds to 7 p.m. cen- 
 tral, 6 p.m. mountain, and 5 p.m. Pacific time.) There is 
 an objection to the use of synchronous time in depicting 
 climatic elements that have a marked diurnal period. 
 Observations taken at the same moment of local mean time 
 should be used whenever possible, but the exigencies of a 
 service instituted for the purpose of forecasting weather 
 changes demand the use of synchronous time. As regards 
 the data of this chart (II), it may be urged with propriety 
 that a comparison of thermometric readings made at the 
 same moment of time from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is 
 misleading, since an accurate estimate can not be made of
 
 47 
 
 the amount of increase of temperature for western stations 
 due to diurnal influences alone, and it was mainly with a 
 view of illustrating this fact that the chart was prepared. 
 
 The thermometer readings on the Atlantic seaboard are 
 made near the hour of 8 p.m., local mean time; those on 
 the California coast are made near 5 p.m., local mean time. 
 Naturall}', the Pacific Coast temperatures are considerably 
 higher than those on the other side of the continent, three 
 hours later in the afternoon. The contrast between the 
 two sides of the country is plainly shown by the black lines 
 of equal actual temperature on Chart II, and it will also be 
 observed that the Southwest is the warmest part of the 
 United States. 
 
 The lines of equal sensible heart, on the other hand^ 
 show an entirely different condition as regards the location 
 of greatest heat. The arid region is now the coolest part 
 of the United States, judged from the temperature of evap- 
 oration only. The line of 60° sensible temperature, start- 
 ing in New England, skirts the northern boundary as far as 
 the one hundred and tenth meridian; thence it follows a 
 south-southeasterly course to Southeastern New Mexico; 
 thence westerly to the neighborhood of Los Angeles, Cal., 
 and thence northerly, with a few unimportant deflections, 
 to the North Pacific coast. 
 
 The decrease of temperature from the hour of ma.ximum 
 heat to nightfall is not regular, nor does it bear any definite 
 relation to an increase in longitude reckoned westward from 
 Greenwich. A comparison of the normal 8 p.m. seventy- 
 fifth meridian time temperatures with the normal maximum 
 temperature of the day shows that on the eastern coast line 
 the temperature at 8 p.m. is, on the average, 8" to 12°
 
 48 
 
 lower than at the time of greatest daily heat. In the lake 
 region and lower Ohio Valley the difference is from 5° to 
 8°. In the upper Mississippi and Missouri valleys and 
 Texas and the plains region the difference averages from 4° 
 to 7°; that is to say, the temperatures at the 8 p.m. obser- 
 vation (corresponding to about 6:30 p.m. local time) are 
 from 4° to 7° lower than the highest point reached by the 
 thermometer during the day. On the eastern slope of the 
 Rocky Mountains, although the evening observation is 
 made at 6 p.m., local time, two hours nearer the time of 
 greatest heat than at New York and Philadelphia, the dif- 
 ference is as great as at the last-named places. In other 
 words, the temperature falls as much by 6 p.m. at Denver, 
 as it does by 8 p.m. in New York and Philadelphia. This 
 would seem to be the result of the greater daily range and 
 more rapid rate of cooling at elevated stations. West of 
 the Rockies the differences range from zero, at Red Bluff, 
 to less than 4° in the great interior basin, and from 5° to 
 6° in Southern Arizona. 
 
 The local vicissitudes of temperature are well illustrated 
 in the case of Red Bluff, Cal., where the average tempera- 
 ture at about 5 p.m., local time, is but four-tenths of a 
 degree below the maximum of the day. Curiously enough, 
 at Los Angeles, in the lower part of the State, the 5 p.m. 
 temperatures are about 10° lower on the average than the 
 maximum of the day. 
 
 Chart III has been constructed to show the relative 
 humidity of the United States in summer. The data used 
 in preparing the chart were the synchronous observations 
 at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., seventy-fifth meridian time, during 
 the eight years 1889-96. The chart itself shows better than
 
 49 
 
 mere words the distinctively dry and humid regions. The 
 influence of the ocean is seen on both coasts, as also that 
 of the Gulf of Mexico and the great lakes. 
 
 Broadly speaking, the variation of insolation from day 
 to night, and from season to season, with the changing 
 declination of the sun, is the great controlling agent of 
 climate. The most regular, and at the same time the 
 simplest, climate of the world, is that of the Tropics, where 
 the succession of changes from day to day are as monoto- 
 nous in their regularity as they are enervating on the human 
 system. The great life zone, the seat of business enter- 
 prise and activity, is found in temperate climates. Here 
 the simple diurnal changes of the Tropics are largely 
 masked by irregular changes, the result of the passage of 
 cyclonic and anti-cyclonic systems. The sum total of these 
 changes constitutes the weather of the temperate zone. 
 
 Between the Tropics and the temperate zone there are, 
 in certain longitudes, considerable areas where the climate 
 is more or less transitional between the two strongly marked 
 zones. The southwestern part of the United States may be 
 classed as having a climate between the extremes of the 
 Tropics and the temperate zones. Not being within the path 
 of storm frequency, the sequence of weather is more uniform 
 than in more northern latitudes, or on the same parallel 
 farther east. The rainfall is deficient; there is an absence 
 of clouds; insolation by day and radiation by night, are 
 both strong; the range of temperature from day to night is 
 large, from 25° to 35°, depending upon the elevation and 
 character of the surface of the ground; the winds are gen- 
 erally light and the evaporation is high.
 
 TABLE XVII. 
 
 Deaths in 1000 inhabitants, 1S96. 
 
 Phoenix, Ariz 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 New York City, N. Y. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Atlantic City, N.J 
 
 Washington, D. C 
 
 Charleston, S. C 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla. . 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 
 
 Tampa, Fla 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 Little Rock, Ark 
 
 Galveston, Tex. 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn.. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio .. 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 Omaha, Neb 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal 
 
 San Diego, Cal. 
 
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 THE SUMMER CLIMATE OF PHOENIX. 
 
 An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona, 
 published in The Medical Century, for September, 1896. 
 
 The month of June, 1896, will be remembered as having 
 the highest range of temperature, and for the greatest num- 
 ber of consecutive days ever known in the Salt River Val- 
 ley, if not in the United States. 
 
 The following table shows the actual heat as marked by 
 the reading of the dry-bulb thermometer, the so-called sen- 
 sible temperature (as indicated by the wet-bulb), and the 
 relative humidity or percentage of saturation, according to 
 the observations of the United States Weather Bureau, at 
 Phoenix, Arizona: 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 Sensible 
 
 Rel. 
 
 
 Actual 
 
 Sensible 
 
 Rel. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 Humid- 
 
 Date. 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 Tempera- 
 
 Humid- 
 
 
 ture in 
 
 ture in 
 
 ity. 
 
 
 ture in 
 
 ture in 
 
 ity. 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 Degrees. 
 
 per ct. 
 
 I 
 
 97.1 
 
 65.6 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 II4.0 
 
 73.0 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 95-9 
 
 64.0 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 112.5 
 
 70.3 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 94.0 
 
 61.0 
 
 II 
 
 18 
 
 108.0 
 
 730 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 91.0 
 
 60.8 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 102.0 
 
 66.5 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 93-8 
 
 C[.o 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 103-5 
 
 64.0 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 94.8 
 
 63.8 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 105.0 
 
 67.0 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 97.0 
 
 645 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 104.2 
 
 64.8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 100.8 
 
 ^5-4 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 107.0 
 
 74.0 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 104.8 
 
 64.8 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 99.2 
 
 6-^.8 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 107.0 
 
 67.0 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 102.0 
 
 68.5 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 109.0 
 
 67.8 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 98.4 
 
 G9.4 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 109-5 
 
 68.8 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 102.2 
 
 70.2 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 114.8 
 
 72.0 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 102.8 
 
 ^^S.3 
 
 13 
 
 '4 
 
 "4-5 
 
 730 
 
 II 
 
 29 
 
 103.2 
 
 66.3 
 
 II 
 
 »5 
 
 1 14.0 
 
 71-5 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 104.0 
 
 6S.0 
 
 13 
 
 SI
 
 52 
 
 From June 9th to i8th inclusive was the longest contin- 
 uous period of extremely hot weather within the memory of 
 the oldest inhabitant. From the 13th to the 17th, the best 
 accredited thermometers (set nearer the ground than the 
 government instrument), registered from 3° to 5° degrees 
 higher, and indicated from 118° to 120° Fahrenheit. It 
 will be noted that the difference between the actual and 
 sensible temperature (indicated by the readings of the dry 
 and wet-bulb respectively) was from 30° to 43° degrees, de- 
 pending principally upon the percentage of humidity. On 
 only seven days did the relative humidity go above 13 per 
 cent. This is a fair index of the dryness of the summer 
 air in the Salt River Valley. 
 
 With this record of intense heat, extending over one- 
 third of the month, should be coupled that of the wonder- 
 ful exemption from disease during the same period. No- 
 where else in the known world were the inhabitants so 
 healthy as in Phoenix and its vicinity. There was practi- 
 cally no acute sickness. 
 
 The following table of deaths for June, 1896, in that 
 portion of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt River, 
 west of the "Rio Verde," and east of the "Agua Fria," 
 containing a population of 16,000 and including the city of 
 Phoenix, is a fair index of our ordinary summer healthful- 
 ness:
 
 53 
 
 Cause of Death. 
 
 No. Cases. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Puerperal fever.. .. . 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 28-7 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 64 
 
 85-86 
 24 
 
 
 Tvphoid pneumonia ._ 
 
 
 Bowel disease _. 
 
 
 Tvphoid fever and chronic al- 
 coholism 
 
 
 Chronic alcoholism and heat 
 prostration 
 
 Tramp. 
 
 Old age - 
 
 Brain fever .. .. . 
 
 
 Consumption 
 
 All transients. 
 
 
 
 In all, thirteen deaths. If the five cases of transients be 
 deducted there are left eight deaths in a population of 
 16,000 during the hottest month in the history of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 During the months of May, June, July, August, and Sep- 
 tember, 1895, there was but one death each month from 
 bowel trouble among children in the territory named. 
 
 During the five summer months of the past four years 
 the total death rate was as follows: 
 
 1892, one-fourth of one per cent. 
 1S93, two-fifths of one per cent. 
 
 1894, one-third of one per cent. 
 
 1895, one-fourth of one per cent. 
 
 An average of 2 and 85-100 in 1,000 inhabitants. This 
 is the season, in all other parts of the world, of greatest 
 fatality from gastro-enteric diseases. 
 
 Were it possible the world ought to know, not only that 
 the Salt River Valley, during the summer time, is the 
 healthiest spot on earth, but that the healthy individual 
 and the health-seeker can live here in comfort and with 
 pleasure during the heated term. We feel better, brighter, 
 stronger, and have better appetites than in the winter sea-
 
 54 
 
 son. As soon as the weether begins to warm up, aches, 
 pains, and discomforts vanish. Life is not only livable, 
 but we live more of life as nature intended we should live it. 
 
 We live in the open air. The lawn is parlor, sleeping 
 apartment, and often dining-room. The diet is largely 
 fruit in abundance and of great variety. The foliage of 
 quick-growing trees forms a grateful shield from the perpet- 
 ual sunshine of the day, and at night the beauty of the 
 moonlight is unsurpassed. It is the luxury of life to live in 
 the open air throughout the dewless night, dressed in the 
 lightest garments, and without a fear of taking cold. There 
 could be no nobler canopy than Arizona's clear, blue star- 
 lit sky. There is rarely a night so warm as to interfere 
 with sleep. 
 
 The days are hot and the air is dry. One needs to drink 
 water frequently and copiously. This natural appetite can 
 be fully gratified without risk. The effect is a profuse per- 
 spiration, "flushing" out with it all effete material from the 
 system. As soon as this perspiration reaches the surface 
 it is evaporated, and the heat of the body thereby reduced. 
 This process of refrigeration and elimination is kept up 
 without interruption for months at a time, and is the expla- 
 nation of our unparalleled healthfulness. 
 
 This is the period when the invalid makes his greatest 
 improvement. To get the most benefit from this climate, 
 he must come during the spring and summer, rather than 
 in the fall or winter. This is so with the great majority of 
 cases, the contrary is the exception. It is perfectly safe 
 for our people from any part of the country to come to the 
 Salt River Valley during the summer. Our hot, dry air is 
 stimulating and not in the least debilitating. We usually
 
 55 
 
 find (when there is sufficient vitality left to expect any 
 benefit at all) a gain in weight and strength so long as the 
 hot weather lasts. A summer spent here with its unload- 
 ing of poisonous, effete, broken-down tissues, prepares an 
 invalid to get the greatest benefit from our genial winters.
 
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 Date 
 
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 _^-.^«»,i.i»Hi-ii-iM-ic-)r»NridP)M(sfgp<f)fO
 
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