PRACTICAL PHONOGRAPHY PACKARD THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES 8.o. BAKER LAWYEfc DALLAS, TEXAS A REVISION OF LESSONS IN MUNSON PHONOGRAPHY L. H. PACKARD S. S. PACKARD, PUBLISHER NEW YORK COPYRIGHT. 1908, BY PACKARD COMMERCIAL, SCHOOI, COMPANY p PREFACE This text-book of PRACTICAL PHONOGRAPHY is a revision and amplification of the "Lessons in Munson Phonography," written by Mrs. L. H. Packard under the personal supervision a, of Mr. James E. Munson, in 1886. Since then a number of co changes have been made in the system. These have been tested or in practical teaching and reporting by the teachers of the Packard oa School, and the survival of the fittest is embodied in this little D book. ^ The especial attention of the teacher and the pupil is directed to to the logical order of presenting the principles of the system, z T and the variety and novelty procured by the introduction of sen- tence reading and writing from the very beginning. The first twenty-two lessons embody the principles of Munson { P Phonography as applied to the sounds and syllables of words, and the remaining lessons the application of these principles to phrasing. 3 452203 4 PREFACE Beginning with Lesson I a few word signs and contractions are taken up in every lesson, so that unconsciously and with very little labor the pupil has familiarized himself with almost all those in the system by the time the principles are thoroughly mastered. The memorizing of the other lists of phrases and special out- lines, following the lessons, is required in the course of instruction in the Packard School, but not until the principles are thoroughly learned and some original writing has been done, thus minimizing the drudgery. All rules have been reduced to the clearest and simplest state- ment, and every principle is fully illustrated in the text, a feature which makes the book practically a self -instructor. The keynote of the book is simplicity and practicability. CONTENTS LESSONS PAGE I-II Phonographic Alphabet Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs Rules for Writing and Read- ing Phonography Length of Stems Conson- ant and Vowel Positions Punctuation Marks ._ 7 III-IV Joining Consonant Stems and Placing Vowels between them The Sound of N when followed by K, How Written 18 V-VI Rules for Writing SH, L, and R Upward and Downward 23 VII-VIII Halving Sounds Added by Halving Positions Need of Angle at Junction Occasional Ex- ception to Words ending in ty Nobody, Any- body, and Everybody Abbreviated 30 IX-X Lengthening Sounds Added by Lengthening Positions 37 XI-XII Circles and Loops The Sounds they Represent When Used How they should be Written New and Now, How Written 42 XIII-XIV Brief Signs for W, Y, H, N, "ing," and "ings" -When Used 52 XV-XVI Initial Hooks How to Write them N Curl be- fore a Circle on r side of Straight Stems Joining of Vowel in Old and Older _... 58 XVII-XVIII Special Vocalization Negatives and Positives Distinguished 67 XIX-XX Final Hooks How to Write them When Two Distinct n Sounds Occur, How to Write them Cover, How Written Contracted Form of Two Words, How Written 74 5 6 CONTENTS LESSONS PAGE XXI-XXII Prefixes and Suffixes How to Write Words Beginning with Over, Here, and Where Abbre- viated Form for Company in a Phrase Abbre- viation of Words Ending in ntial-ly 88 XXIII- Phrasing First Class ; Joining Words without XXIV Changing their Form Position Are and Were distinguished in Phrasing That, Time, and Mr., How Written Two or Three, How Writ- ten 98 XXV- Phrasing by Halving and Lengthening Omis- XXVI sion of t after s How to Write Numerals, also Large Numbers 104 XXVII- Phrasing by Circles and Loops How to Write XXVIII Store and Stairs in a Phrase Us to be Used with caution in Phrasing Write Initials in Longhand 109 XXIX- Phrasing by Initial Hooks Abbreviation of XXX such words as Linger, Finger, etc. 115 XXXI- Phrasing by Final Hooks and Curls Com- XXXII pound Hooks How to Write Once and Was in Phrase Purpose, How Written when combined with For 120 XXXIII- Phrasing by Ticks, Brief Signs, and Fourth Posi- XXXIV tion Of (Rewritten with Halving Principle.. . 128 XXXV- Word Signs and Contractions Words Written XXXVI Out of Position "An Inconsequent History"- Key to "An Inconsequent History" 138 Proper Names 158 Helpful Phrases 159 Legal Words and Phrases 161 Outlines Distinguished 168 States and Territories 1 186 Cities and Towns 188 Practice Exercises .. 193 LESSON I PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET CONSONANT STEMS Letter Stem Name Example p pee sound of p in pay B \ bee " b " bay T 1 tee t " to D I dee " d " do CH / chay " ch " chain J / jay J g " jam ( ' gem \ T kay " k c 11 kin / ' come i G gay " g " go F ef f ph " fine / ' ' phase \ V V^ vee V " vow TH ( ith " th " thin DH ( thee " th " them 7 8 PHONOGRAPHY Letter Stem Name Example S ) ess sound of s in c " SO 1 ace \ Z ) zee " z " zone SH ish " sh " shy ZH J zhee z " azure If /-> em " m" may N en 11 n " no NG ^^ ing " ng" 11 n " sing I bank \ L tf~ lee 1 " law R ^ ree i , row R ~^\ er " r " ear W "^ way w " woe Y f yay " y " you H /-^\ hay h " hall 1 There are twenty-four different consonant sounds in the English language ; these are represented by light and shaded, straight and curved strokes which are called consonant stems. The straight stems are one-half the diameter, and the curved stems one-quar- ter the circumference, of the circles given on the fol- lowing page. PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET 9 2 Diagram showing the origin of the consonant stems 3 Write the horizontal stems from left to right ; L and the straight stem for R, upward ; all the other stems, downward. R, when standing alone, to distinguish it from CH, is written at an angle of 30 degrees from the line: ree./?-., chay/,. 4 How to Learn Consonants Write and re-write accurately each stem while memorizing the alphabet ; thus, from the beginning, the mind and fingers are trained to work together. Bear in mind that these characters represent sounds, not letters. 5 Length of Stems Make all stems uniform in length, about one-sixth of an inch long. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS 6 There are sixteen different vowel sounds in the English language. The long vowels are represented by heavy dots and dashes ; the short vowels, by light dots and dashes; the diphthongs, by two dashes joined. The first three diphthongs are in the first position ; the last is in the third position. NOTE. Diphthongs should be written without lifting the pencil from the paper ; thus for I, begin the stroke in the di- rection of P stem, and finish in the direction of R : v 10 PHONOGRAPHY VOWELS a in ma a in paw a in at a in may . o in no e in set _ e in me o in do i in it o in on u in up DIPHTHONGS v | i in pie < j oi in boy L ; ow in how j ew in pew 7 Each consonant sound has an exact representa- tive ; the vowel scale however is not perfect, though sufficiently so for practical purposes. a The third heavy dot represents the sound of e in me, and of ea in hear. b The first light dot represents the sound of a in at, a in care, ai in fair. c The second light dot represents the sound of e in met, e in her, i in sir. 8 Vowels and Diphthongs have three places: (1) at the beginning; (2) at the middle; and (3) at the end of the consonant stem. The numbers of the vowel places are counted from the beginning point of writing a stem. VOWEL PLACES As the stems--/L-.and-xr^are written upward, the PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET 11 vowel places on these stems are read from the bottom upward ; on other stems, from the top down- ward, or from left to right. HOW TO WRITE PHONOGRAPHY 9 Write the consonants first. A vowel preceding a consonant is placed to the left of an upright or in- clined stem, above a horizontal. A vowel following a consonant is placed to the right of an upright or in- clined stem, below a horizontal. Thus : 1 -) / r j i . ate 1- us V age ale aim oak egg day Poe lay so i '" no may gay Note exception in the use of diphthong "I". This diphthong is written first, and the upright or inclined stem is joined where a distinct outline is formed : 1 y *v .....eyed, _____ ice, _____ ire. 10 All dash vowels are written at right angles to stems and at a little distance from them. Thus : toe Poe foe saw so ooze on \ shoe Diphthongs are always written as given in the al- phabet, regardless of the slant of the consonants to which they are placed. Thus : _\ _ r_^__ _ _ r ...1....A...... - pie tie boy toy out bow cow 12 PHONOGRAPHY 11 When R represents the first sound in a won use the straight sign (ree), which is always written u] ward : .. .row. When at the beginning of a word R is preceded I a vowel, use the curved sign (er), which is always wri ten downward :.-^.ore,-_-^_ear. 12 Consonant Positions Consonant stems hai three positions: First, above the ruled line ; the upright or inclim stems half the height of the stem T above the line, ar the horizontal stems the full height of the stem T abo-< the line : Second, on the line : Third, the upright or inclined stems half wj through the line, and the horizontal stems just belo the line : 13 The position of the stem is determined by tl place of the vowel or diphthong. In words having tv or more vowel sounds, the accented vowel governs tl position of the stem. FIRST POSITION f / .1 V pa paw at ought all ally on t( PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET 13 SECOND POSITION X-X~A....-L' T\.....^....^....JC\. pay Poe ope Ada oar may ray low THIRD POSITION . V ...... V ...4_...^..._._......_...^.....:^ pea pooh to fee key me ill era HOW TO READ PHONOGRAPHY 14 Where upright or inclined stems occur, read X. the same as in longhand, from left to right :... ivy, --^v. obey, __}_ .easy. Where ^horizontal stems occur, A > ^_-^ / * read from above downward : Annie, _^r>_ Amy. 15 Where two concurrent vowels are to be writ- ten to one consonant stem, write them at different distances, keeping the sound of the vowel that is heard nearer to the consonant, nearer to the stem :_>VA payee, v X JL N _7J . .iota, _*j__ .Ohio. 16 Translate the following : WORDS OF ONE CONSONANT AND ONE VOWEL SOUND \ V ^ \ ^ / / ____ .. _.\ .... .... ^ ... ..A.. 14 PHONOGRAPHY -x \ i* -\--J-- WORDS OF ONE CONSONANT AND TWO OR MORE VOWEL SOUNDS 17 Memorize : DOT, TICK AND BRIEF SIGNS FOR WORDS a..? ah_."_ awe./. of../. an ) ) T x and)" oh [ -'- wn \ owe ) whom j "t~ the you 18 A period is represented thus x or >o ; a dash, thus= ; an interrogation, thus /; an exclamation, thus / ; a hyphen, thus = ; a colon, thus x ; a semi- colon, thus ? . The comma is not usually written. Proper names are indicated thus, Ella..VC., Roy_5 PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET 15 SENTENCES . y u ., .v x* .1 ^- I \ \- .. ) - . .....-.*.. ' LESSON II WRITING EXERCISE 19 In writing a word in phonography, first deter- mine the vowel place, then write the consonant stem in the corresponding position. 20 In the back of the book is a complete list of contractions and words written out of position, ar- ranged alphabetically. A few of these are given in this and the following lessons, and are used in the sen- tences. The list thus divided is more easily memorized. CONTRACTIONS can come., could well. /7. will. ^. would . :>v . WORDS OF ONE CONSONANT AND ONE VOWEL SIGN Pa bee to toy die edge pay bow two out dye joy pea beau too day Dow Jew paw ebb ate doe dew coo Poe by eight dough due ache ape bye eat aid each eke up buy ought awed itch oak pie boy aught ode chew coy pew bow at add jay cow Bey tea it odd jaw gay be toe tie eyed age egg 16 PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET 17 guy sea she in ore weigh fay saw ash on air we fee sew ma ale err woe foe so may ail ere woo oaf ice me eel ire yea fie sigh maw owl hour ye few soy my ell ray ha eve sue mow ill raw hay vie eyes mew aisle row hoe vow ooze know isle rue high view show aim lie rye how say shoe am lye .Roy hew see shy knee ear way Hugh WORDS OF ONE CONSONANT AND TWO OR MORE VOWEL SIGNS Icy essay easy aloe alley allay airy arrow Ella oily eighty ashy Ida boa iota . avowee In May we aim to be each day on the bay to row. If Roy ought to pay a fee to Hugh, you ought to be the payee. We saw the show at Kew, and the coy foe bow to the Jew in the aisle. The Bey may be ill on the isle all day, and die at eve. We saw Joe aim at the owl in the oak, and sigh to see the oak so high. They say they saw all who owed me and all who know you. Eva and Ella say they will come to see you. Can you pay me in May all you owe me ? How well I could see at eight to aim my bow and arrow. Ida would come to sew if you would. LESSON III JOINING CONSONANT STEMS AND PLACING VOWELS BETWEEN THEM 21 To write words of two or more consonant stems, it is necessary to learn (1) how to join stems ; (2) how to write them in position ; (3) how to place the vowels. 22 All the consonants of a word must be written before any vowel (except the initial diphthong I), and joined without stopping the movement of the pen. 23 A shaded and a light stroke with no angle be- tween them should be written so that the junction is not distinctly marked ; otherwise a stop would occur at the junction that would retard the speed : ^. keg, .-I- -tidy, --L.duty. >l. 24 F-N, F-NG, V-N, V-NG must have an angle between them ; TH-NG are written without an angle : -. ..v x __ / ------- V^.^ ----- \^/ 25 M-S and H-Z are joined without an angle ; M-Z and H-S with an angle : Q 18 JOINING CONSONANT STEMS 19 26 The first upright or inclined stem must be written in the position corresponding with the place of the accented vowel. FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION. THIRD POSITION RULES FOR WRITING VOWELS BETWEEN STEMS 27 First-place vowels must be written to the stem that precedes them : pack, knock, X. v O .._._^_balm,-- > >r7r--pike, mouth,..-)- boyish. 28 Long or heavy second-place vowels must be written to the stem that precedes them :_ __xr^.came, A* _choke, . VLrr^fame, .. poke. 29 Short or light second-place vowels must be written to the stem that follows them: keg, . _ rTN-gum, .TT7X. .cup, .-"S^ .peck. 30 Third-place vowels must be written to the stem that follows them i.-TTr^.-keep,..^ pick, ..\^_. T book, I duke. 20 PHONOGRAPHY 31 When N is followed by K it has the sound of NG : ____ _ ____ mk,.._T!777.-bank. 32 Translate words and sentences : SENTENCES *Seepage 22. LESSON IV WRITING EXERCISE 33 Have a mental picture of the consonant stems and their positions before writing a word, then write the consonants without lifting the pencil, and place the vowels to the stems as instructed in the preceding lesson. Never write part of a word and stop to think, before completing it, what the remainder of the outline should be. Think first, then write. Memorize the contractions before writing the sentences. came cake kick meek ink pack pike poke peck peek pick cap cope coop cube cob gap 21 cape back cook chimney cup jam gang Geneva tub Madge diet Timothy keep much decay baggage bag chum cage cabbage bog fog dime package bake gage Puck dimity beck patch path fathom check chap bathe depth beg peach packing entomb big cheap talyng betake beak pitch tucking poetic cab chip becalm Jumbo Jack tip coffee backing jig type comedy making chime duty Kennedy matching chop tidy poem penny 22 PHONOGRAPHY CONTRACTIONS f that.1 them._(. with._(_ large____ where.-/T were.^x have... Sr_ . should. ^L_ SENTENCES / have a large book to move from the top o/ a high rack, so 2/ow may come and aid me. 7 may keep you busy /or an hour. How much money shall I have to pay you for that time ? Edith and her chum Ida will carry /z.e big package of Java coffee in a cab with them, and manage to take it to the cook in Albany. They came back in a cab with us. On the way to the village, you will see a large palm, where we w'W be Monday. LESSON V . HOW TO WRITE SH, L, AND R 34 For convenience in giving examples, the con- sonant stems will be represented hereafter by capital letters, the modifications by small letters. 35 The proper use of the signs for SH, L, and R, which are sometimes written upward, sometimes down- ward, is somewhat difficult to learn. A condensation of the rules for the use of these stems is here given, and hereafte'r in writing lessons, when any one of these stems is to be written upward, the letter or letters it represents will be italicized. Thus may be acquired by practice, what is difficult to learn theoretically. 36 When SH, L, or R is the last consonant stem of a word, the up-stroke is used if the word ends with a vowel sound ; the down-stroke is used if the word does not end with a vowel sound: \s* V/' A^.-bus/ty _L!__de/ay . .ivory __ Ambush V. peel .JL" .door s^ 37 They are called s/iee, lee, and ree when the up- stroke is used; ish, el, and er, when the down-stroke is used. 38 Between stems, they may be written either up- ward or downward, the direction depending upon the ease of joining and the clearness of the outline. 23 24 PHONOGRAPHY The preceding are the only rules that apply to all the stems. 39 SH is written doivnward when it is the only i \/ consonant stem of a word : .^..she, ^. .show, .r^.. shy, .r: . .ash, .^t .issue. 40 SH is written upward after F and V :_V 41 L is written downward : (1) when, at the be- ginning of a word, it is preceded by a vowel, and /^ /t followed by a horizontal stem :-rrr:-alike,-:77^_alum ; (2) before M-P :. \I7\Jamp, (3) usually after a half-length or double-length N, which will be illustrated later. 42 L is written upward: (1) when it is the only consonant stem of a word : .(^--la.y,./c..eel ; (2) when it represents the first sound of a word, un- less followed by M-P :/*TT _ Jake,/*!,.. Jame ; (3) before a down-stroke:.^/ Jatch,.Y^-_-apo/ogy. 43 R is written downward: (1) when standing alone, if preceded, or both preceded and followed, by a vowel :.^..ear, AjT array ; i (2) when preceded by a vowel at the beginning of a ""X word, unless followed by CH, J, TH, or DH :_-_V7r_ark, \*i-. airing, !^Z.arch, ../v ^ (3) before M^.^-.-.-room,.-^. _____ ream. ~ HOW TO WRITE SH, L, AND R 25 44 R is written upward : (1) when it is the only consonant stem and is not preceded by a vowel : . ^ _ . L ____ fear, _ A . _____ fearing, . . _r\ . . fire, T^v ____ firing, except where a straight upright stem precedes R , in which case the derivative is formed by changing to up- ward R; thus: ..S. .tear, _________ tearing, .h.tire, .VA-/ __ ...... tiring, ..^..jeer, ./^r^_. jeering, __-x- . appear, ;\-J^r?. appealing. 46 When L follows L, and R follows R, the up- ward stems are used, even where they are the final sounds in a word:./v.__.Lowefl, ^_ rare. 47 When the stems F-R, or V-R are followed by K, G, M, or L, use the downward R, unless R is followed 26 PHONOGRAPHY by a vowel sound, in which case use the upward R; thus: _._^r>Y fork, ___rr^.---farm, . - V ^- v forego, X-,- , furlough, 3L*7T. - virago. ' sY\ Translate the following words and sentences : ._ _. :<"- t i u_ .>.. CONTRACTIONS had-!- did-l- what-1.. which./-- ever__ Vw- but-N.. ) these--) gave give, given. WORDS OUT OF POSITION do__L HOW TO WRITE SH, L, AND R 27 SENTENCES 'I/" x -y-J- L_4..).-.._ ..^.^... S M ^ s^-s LESSON VI WRITING EXERCISE Fur fill lamp narrowing repel far foul fishing tear repair fair efope forego tearing apo/ogy bar jewel forum pour ambush berry showing fail pouring parade rub review failing bear parish ?*eap wrath file bearing po/ar dull thorough filing lowly tailor /ash zero coil lilac tyranny Irish vowel coiling roar faflacy live wreath foil mirror cupofa, appall wreathe foiling po/ish guifty adore Jack fire forage illuminate pour like firing varied mulberry bore alike ferry remedy factory room alum ferrying remove repolish bell milk borrow parody sheepish bill rink borrowing alarm repartee vile /ink narrow novel territory The monotony of life may be varied by a ride in the park, and to the dock by the deep sea. Few who know how to make money, know how to keep it. See my Kitty. She ought to be rich and ride in a car- riage, and have a red rug by the fire. Mamma gave Harry a book, and papa gave Mary a doll ; but to me 28 HOW TO WRITE SH, L, AND R 29 they gave nothing. A duty may also be a joy if we but make it so. We should owe no money to the poor ; we should borrow no money of the rich. Shall Tim- othy make an apology to avenge the wrong he did ? He saw the deputy talking with Eli in Geneva. In afl Gotham, you shall see that time and money may both lead to infamy. Agassiz had no time to be rich. He did ivhat he saw should make him appear to many who had no power to fathom the depth of love and duty, to lack alike a love of fame and money. Talking so much may involve making an apology. Give me what I ask, and I leave you to say ivhat you like. LESSON VII HALVING 48 Writing any consonant stem half-length adds t or d to it. 49 When halving upright or inclined stems, bear in mind that the upper half is cut off, thus leaving the positions of half-lengths as given below. Horizontal half-length stems are written in the same position as full lengths (par. 12). \ 1 FIRST POSITION v L SECOND POSITION / v. ) . u _/:.-.. =--_-../--^ ^ THIRD POSITION f 50 L alone half-length is Lt, not Ld:_jT.late, not laid,-/r. let, not led. 51 R (ree) alone half-length is Rt, not Rd : *. . write, not ride, __.,. root, not rude. 52 W alone half-length is Wt, not Wd:_x.wet, not wed, .^_ .wight, not wide, _v_ -weight, not wade. 30 HALVING 31 53 A half-length and a full-length or two half- lengths cannot be joined unless there be an angle at the junction :_-..attacked, _/nrrj._ Jooked. 54 When the present tense of a regular verb ends with a full-length stem, the past tense is written by making the last stem half-length: ___ ^-^..comb, _ ^ combed, ------- pack, . __h~_ .packed, I--.. doom, -1---- -doomed. 55 When the present tense ends with a half-length, the past tense is formed by writing the final stem full- length and adding a half-length T or D :__T_ _act, ____ ..acted, __\-pat, _. j..patted, --^-.intend, J^-rd-Jn- tended. 56 All words ending in ted or ded must be written with a half-length T or D :_^ ..fated, .d'.matted, ./_ .jaded. 57 When the sound of T or D is immediately pre- ceded by two vowels, the stem sign must be used : /A _X -poet, ^i.hriot, \^- period. 58 When a vowel sound follows T or D at the end of a word, the stem sign must be used :._\r-Pity, 1 . _v!rd_ .undo, -^rrl- needy. An exception is sometimes made to this rule in the case of words ending with ty, but this is allowed only for the sake of shortening certain outlines :_:\..^-ability. 32 PHONOGRAPHY 59 A half-length T or D should be detached and written closely to the preceding part of the word, when, if joined, there would be no angle at the junction : Jj! .dated, _I^|. .waited, .JlT.^! ..inundated. 60 In some cases where the meaning might be doubtful, the stem is used to represent D, and the halving, T* .feet, _j^__food, . _ coat, _ITLcode. 61 Translate words and sentences, observing the following ORDER OF READING 1 Vowel before the stem 2 Stem 3 Vowel after the stem 4 Halving HALVING Kate Choate and Her Cat 33 _Jl I" >X >\ N = -O? _ . . .metre, 65 Translate words and sentences, observing the following ORDER OF READING 1 Vowel before stem 2 Stem 3 Vowel after stem 4 Halving or Lengthening LENGTHENING SENTENCES -....-S... ../:._ -L- \ r LESSON X WRITING EXERCISE 66 In this writing lesson, be careful to observe the rules for position, and to make double-lengths fully twice as long as single-lengths (it is better to make them too long than too short). diameter underjaw interval underbid underlie underfoot undergo afterthought underpay motherhood undertake intermitted undertook interrupt undertaking interrupted underneath alternate intervoJve alternately interfere a/ternating inter/ope interviewed After an interview with an orator named Under- wood, Arthur undertook to see the father and mother of Luther ; but they would not be interviewed, so in order not to interrupt them or interfere with what they had interdicted, he asked them to write a tetter, which after an interval they engaged to undertake. Esther bought a China aster after Easter, and put it in the after fatter feather future fodder thither Esther oyster shudder shooter mitre metre matter mother mutter heather under neater neither latter tetter litter Luther after orator order waiter weather loitering interim metric orderly hitherto muttering entering invader 40 LENGTHENING 41 theatre by the heater, ivhcre it died for lack of water. The /aughter of the waiter so annoyed the hatter, who was no fighter, that undertaking to eat an oyster he was choked, which made the invader shudder. CONSONANT POSITIONS Simple Stems Half-Lengths Double-Lengths r c _\-J*_-^. \ ^ LESSON XI CIRCLES AND LOOPS 67 Every word in the language can be represent- ed by the simple consonant stems and the vowel and diphthong signs, yet the outlines would often be awk- ward, long, and difficult. In this lesson we have short forms for s, ss, sz, st, z, zz, zs, zd, and sir. In some cases, however, the stem signs must be used. 68 At the beginning of a word, a small circle rep- resents the sound of s. Between stems, or at the end of a word, it represents s or z :..^~. safe, ..I disc, _.^o. face,. .IT. doze. 69 A circle must be perfect when initial or final ; between stems it need not be:.. <4 ^-sang, _57?Lmass, .ITT. .nicely. 70 When two circles are written to one straight stem, be careful not to curve the stem :..:V. space, Q D sacks, -_ n . ..seeks. 71 A large circle represents ss, zz, sz, or zs with the vowel occurring between them. This vowel may be written within the circle, but unless accented it need not be written at all : ..ND.. basis, _.D. dozes, __D. doses, .possess. 42 CIRCLES AND LOOPS 43 72 The small loop (one-third the length of the stem) represents st or zd, having no vowel between them :__5v stoop, .^ .must, -/^-.amazed. 73 The large loop (two-thirds the length of the stem), never used initially, represents sir, with the vowel between t and r. ..:? faster, .-hl-duster,.:^., castor. 74 Turning a small circle on the opposite side of a large circle, or large or small loop, adds an s or z sound, which is the final sound of the word : -/^..re- cesses, -1^.. masters, .Na _ boasts. 75 Independent loops may sometimes be used be- tween stems where better outlines will.be obtained ; thus :._ \__ substitute, -^-^v^ - ms tinct, ~ .extract. )> 76 Cross the stem in writing a circle, but not in writing a loop, between stems :-JrTT.-desk,. . . mu- sic, -i cost/y.-.^.-.honest/y. 77 The stem must be used (1) for z at the beginning of a word :.X.- .zero ; (2) for s or z when it is the first consonant of a word that begins with a vowel t-rrr. ask, (3) for s or z when it is the last consonant of a word and followed by a vowel :._ \__pussy, ___^.busy, _.| ..dizzy; PHONOGRAPHY (4) for s or z when followed by two concurrent y* vowels :-<^,~ saying, .Sri.. sighing ; (5) for s or z when preceded by two concurrent vowels, if there be only one other conso- \ /*. nant stem :._ \ .pious,. V.joyous. 78 A circle or loop must be written (1) on the right-hand side of a straight down- stroke :. b* _taste, . b'.days, ___^__boys ; (2) on the upper side of a straight horizontal : , _=-y-p_case, ..lT. stock, _=^P_ cases; (3) on the upper or left side of an upward R : _ Jv. -- roses,. ^ roast, ______ master ; (5) on the outer side of the angle between two i_ < straight stemo:.. c -77-task, .-XD. .possessed, b (6) on the concave side of the curved stem when it occurs between a straight and a curved stem :_._^^_ passing, _- - losing, _ ^ . facing. CIRCLES AND LOOPS 45 79 The circles, large and small, and the small loop, are written at the beginning, in the middle, and $C> at the end of stems :__ '__seats, _/ v _ ____ rising, _^^_stem, . ^..justify, _ 5T?Lmast, --A-?- season, _S(?-_ insist. The large loop is used only in the middle and at the N end of stems:..- s _. Amsterdam, __ ^.faster. 80 The possessive case and the regular plural of all words, including contractions, are indicated by a final circle :_ y ._ who, - whose, -~ -- give, ._ ._ gives, _books. 81 When the present tense of a word ends in st, the past tense is written by changing the loop to a cir- cle and adding half-length T or D (see par. 56): --r 7 - - coast, _ -~rf- - coasted, __! ____ hoist, _ 1 _ J*. . hoisted, 82 Translate, observing the following ORDER OF READING 1 Initial circle or loop 2 Vowel before the stem 3 Stem 4 Vowel after the stem 5 Halving or lengthening 6 Final circle or loop \ 46 PHONOGRAPHY ?^k :s> ^4 rl- TV,, ~r ^ as / possible ) hear spoke \ yet ) /^_ speak.. ^_ your.^rr. together.^- CIRCLES AND LOOPS The Sick Lion 17 -\ L y.-"V\ _-L ( <<^> LESSON XII WRITING EXERCISE WORDS IN WHICH THE STEM MUST BE USED FOR S OR Z espy assume Jessie mossy sighing acid estate Macy tipsy rosy aspire zebu Lucy juicy essaying INITIAL CIRCLE sip sorrow soothe steep scope some seek sieve save saving soon sing such . speck snake sash sifly sage spoil swim soil soap slowly ceiling steek sire south sitting skip skim FINAL CIRCLE pace nose does rocks induce puss ax knees notice announce miss case copies reduce fox Jose keys fix Venice takes rose gaze knocks famous intense vase eggs makes paths remiss INITIAL AND FINAL CIRCLE space seams cities spikes spheres sobs sex suppose snakes snubs soothes sZice steeps surveys smokes suffice sashes snaps savings sadness since stays surface slowness solace 48 CIRCLES AND LOOPS 49 MEDIAL CIRCLE passage losing passing risk insane gusto teasing exit unsafe facing tusk chosen choosing raising decide missive rising missing docile fasten HALF-LENGTH WITH INITIAL OR FINAL CIRCLE s/ight seemed sweet fights sacked signed fits spite sent cuts nights arts smite gates rats bites heads sagged waits sound puts senate boats heats sift HALF-LENGTH, INITIAL AND FINAL CIRCLES skates salts sweets scents spites saints spates sifts sounds smites DOUBLE-LENGTH, INITIAL OR FINAL CIRCLE, OR BOTH cinders centres skaters Arthur's saunters senators natures mothers psalters smothers features matters INITIAL SMALL LOOP stock stick stem cast coast gust taster toaster Lester steal styte star starry stiff state stage stab steep FINAL SMALL LOOP jest chest post nest must yeast used tost raised LARGE LOOP faster vaster pastor lustre castor nestor jester roster pester store steer sting waist haste amused minister sinister investor 50 PHONOGRAPHY LARGE CIRCLE season poses tosses excise choicest schism axes accuses desist emphasize society kisses gazes insist loses WORDS ENDING WITH LARGE CIRCLE OR LOOP, WITH SMALL CIRCLE ADDED possesses posts mists posters abscesses dusts guests castors excesses coasts lists masters MEDIAL LOOP justify vestry district earnestly testify costly abstract majestic pastry disturb honestly Amsterdam MISCELLANEOUS face feast boast s/ighter roses safes feasted boasts sake recesses staff deceased boaster cases roast faced such taste stake roasts faces stitch tasted cased excessive foster chess signed success incisive fosters Chester nights costs lobster soft chests sender coasters monster fates Chester's notes mass Munson softer cheats enters masses ministry steam bus notice masts artistic steamed busses notices master industry cask bust noticed masters exercise mask busts slights rose statistic CIRCLES AND LOOPS 51 Scott and Young Steele Isaac Scott, who stood at the head of a large busi- ness, sat in his office beside a new* a?*tistic desk, and opposite him sat rosy-faced young SteeJe. They had studied together at Oxfo?'d, and had novvt met to dis- cuss many topics of business ; also society and state. They desired to have good Jaws instead of bad, and after much debate they were stifl in doubt whether they should not have some of the Jaw Jess feflows arrested, since they would not resign, yet refused to do ?ight. Here they were interrupted by Miss Scott and the Misses SteeJe entering. *New is always written with the last half of the diphthong > joined ; thus : tNow is always written with the first half of the diphthong u joined ; thus : LESSON XIII BRIEF SIGNS FOR W, Y, H, N, "ING" AND "INGS" 83 Brief signs are used in the place of conso- nant stems when the stems would make an awkward, difficult, or indistinct outline. The learner is liable to fall into the error of using them indiscriminately, im- agining that because they are small they can be more quickly made than the stems. 84 The right or left half of a small circle repre- sents W, the preference being to have the opening toward the right ; before horizontal stems the opening is toward the left : . \ waif, ..1. wed, . _ .'/. . wedge, unwashed, _ j>=4^,. wake. 85 Occasionally a circle may be written within a brief W to obtain a clearer outline ; thus :._1. .Swede. 86 The upper or lower half of a small circle rep- resents the consonant sound of Y:_s/rTT.yoke,.^s< -.. unyoke,.. .^--yieMmg,..^ .ye/low. 87 The sound "u," when a distinct syllable, is rep- resented by brief "y;" thus:-."! ____ Utica,.- AT. .eufogy, < 4' L _ : r* /. . ....sinew. 88 A sign for N, which we will call the N curl, representing the syllables "en," "in," "un," is used 52, BRIEF SIGNS FOR W, Y, H,. N, "ING" AND "INGS" 53 only before a circle, and not then if the stem can be easily joined :.l:Wp^_^. unceremonious, ..^v, .enslave, __rO_-unsuflied. 89 A vertical line, one-fourth the length of the stem T, called a tick, represents H, and is used before the stems M, K, and Gi-trrv-hum, _____ ,_hook,._y^-_hug, In the combination wh, h is always sounded first, and should therefore be written first :. - L ^_. whet, hy._ whip, y* \ . _ _ . .white, -Z>^ whether. > 90 A dot is used for H before a vowel which is followed by P or B, and sometimes before other con- sonants when the outline can thereby be improved : -_yS>-hope, ___y__ hobby, _.\^-heap, .^V__behave. ^ X- 91 When the N stem, after a circle, would form an awkward or difficult outline, the N may be repre- sented by a curl:./:?! fesson,.^-ftsten,-_.^__Hudson'. 92 A dot is used for "ing" after a half-length T, D, P, B, M, H, Y, L (downward), and in all cases where the stem NG cannot easily be joined. It is also used after a contraction :._\ -betting, .bidding, .^.hid- ing, .-'..-doubting, ...'i-.speaking, _____ giving. There is an inclination to use the dot in other cases, but it never should be employed when the stem sign makes a good junction. 54 PHONOGRAPHY 93 A small circle is used to represent ' 'ings' ' after a half-length T, D, P, B, M, H, Y, L, and after a con- traction r.JlJi.mattingSj beatings, __\^___ buildings, 94 After loops, "ing" may be represented by a final curl ; thus :___ lasting, interesting, ._' mastering. 95 Be careful to write the brief signs for W, Y, and H as they are found in the reading lesson. If they are made too large, there is a liability of mistaking them for half-lengths. Keep curls on the side opposite the circle. 96 After half-length W, H, M, L, and frequently after full-length M, upward L is used:_^<7--Jit- tle, _--7/T_hoteJ, -, ._ .whittle, _^7__.sma/l, _^/TZ. metal. Y Translate the following : BRIEF SIGNS FOR W, Y, H, N, "ING" AND "INGS" 55 The Peasant and the Lawyer v \ _\.!..._): ^Words out of position :_ send,- ' another. LESSON XIV WRITING EXERCISE wage weaving insulator white wash hip waged winked insulated whittle hypothetic wages wagged unso/icited white-tead hypothesis witching yeflowish unsuflied hack matting witches ye /lower whet hoax patting wed interesting wheeze switch biting wedded Utah wheezes swathe betting wedding Utica whist hapfy boating wife Eureka whack unhappy putting wives eulogy wasting hap less hating widow yoke wha/e heap heating wash yokes wha/er heaped hooting washed 'yoked wheat Wesson yachting washing ye/p whig hub meetings waft ye/ping whim hobby beatings woof unseat whipped hope Hudson weave enseam whip/ash hopes sweep waving insu/ate whisk hopeless hamlet Gyp and His Friend A yeflow dog named Gyp, whose master made a wedding feast for his son who had come with his lately wedded wife to his father's house, and invited many guests, said to his mate, a white dog named Watch, "My master makes a feast this night, and I wish you 56 BRIEF SIGNS FOR W, Y, H, N, "ING" AND "INGS" 57 to come early and enjoy it, as my guest." Watch wagged his tail, as much as to say he would come, and as he lay winking in the sun, he thought of all the nice tidbits he would have, until he had in his thoughts tasted a feast, fit for a king, and listened to the wed- ding toasts. The time came and he set off for the house. He saw afl busy making ready for the master's feast. As he watched the cook wash and boil and roast and baste the meats, he said : "How happy 7am that I came. / do not get such happiness as this many days of my fife. / will eat enough to last me both this day and tomorrow." So saying, he wagged his tail with such force that the cook, unhappily for him, noticed his antics, and taking a whip which she kept for such purposes, gave him a beating, which sent poor Watch yelping away, with not a taste of the feast he had expected so much to enjoy. He fell to the ea?th, and as he walked away to hide his shame, he met some of his feflows, who asked how he had enjoyed the wed- ding feast. "Why," said he, "I was so well feasted that I do not know how / got out of the house." Uninvited guests seMom have the happiness of meet- ing a smifing host. INITIAL HOOKS 97 An initial hook is written at the beginning of the stem, and read after the stem and the vowel which precedes it. There are four initial hooks. They rep- resent the sounds of I, r, w, and y. 98 As the y hook is employed in phrase-writing only, its use will be explained hereafter. 99 When no distinct vowel sound occurs between I, r, and w and the preceding consonant, a hook may be used instead of the stem. It follows that a hook can never represent the first consonant sound of any word. 100 The I and r hooks are written on all stems. 101 The I hook is small on straight stems and large on curved stems. Like the circle for s, it is writ- ten on the right side of straight down-strokes, on the upper side of straight horizontals and ree, and on the concave side of all curved stems : \ r 2 CLV a ^x PI Tl Kl Gl Fl Nl Wl Hi 102 The r hook is always small. It is written on the left side of straight down-strokes, on the lower side 58 INITIAL HOOKS 59 of straight horizontals and ree, and on the concave side of all curved stems : Pr Tr Kr Gr Fr Nr Wr RY 103 The w hook is large, and is written on straight stems only. It is written on the same side as the / hook : o p Pw Tw Kw Gw 104 An initial hook is read immediately after the stem upon which it is written: ._ -.ply, . - -fly, J*-tray, p v c_" . vL.affray, _____ twice, _____ A. .acquire. 105 An initial hook may be written to a stem which v is preceded by another stem :_\__. Bible, Xv-P a P er > iv > \ _________ manner, __^r._ any A Queer Family .L'_I....V^. o ;.3 i 'i' . V. LESSON XVI WRITING EXERCISE Be careful to make the hooks of proper size. ONE STEM, INITIAL HOOK claw craw clue crew clad crate Troy TWO track clock click TWO cackle cookery couple caper camel gabble gable deeply outer odor apple apply upper prow prate STEMS, THE pluck black quill STEMS, THE double chiefly channel pickle powder busily shuffle shaker plate ushered awful bray azure afloat blight threat afraid bright either easily shrew flow oral only free error usher float quit FIRST HAVING INITIAL HOOK query flag twitch tweak twilight freely twig twill flower SECOND HAVING INITIAL HOOK noble manner rippled likely bushel fibeled focal cheaper regret libel finer ingrate animal favor migrate astray cuddled labored focker fabled teisure labor replied cackled 63 64 PHONOGRAPHY TWO STEMS, EACH HAVING AN INITIAL HOOK plural twirl quickly twitcher flicker floral quibble blackly fretful flavor playful honorable truckle travel pleasure plainly trouble truckled glazier treasure queenly troubled twaddle glimmer drizzle ONE STEM, INITIAL CIRCLE AND HOOK cycle civil signer sever sibyl settle cypher sinner simmer sable sidle suffer soother squaw sooner ONE STEM, CIRCLE OR LOOP ON R SIDE spry supper screw stitcher sadder spray saber stouter stalker cider spree stray stupor stagger seeker separate straight stager suitor cedar TWO STEMS, THE SECOND HAVING INITIAL CIRCLE AND HOOK display fastener disable visible desperate peaceable feasible peacefully descry dispraise MISCELLANEOUS play straight trickle squib fresh pray strut struggle squabble fresher plate strike quake squeeze freshly prate striker quaker squeal braid splay black queer twice braiding spruce blacker queer ly measure platings split blackest bequeath measured implacable sprite quick inquest gleaner inscrutable quite quicker twinkle glibly instructing tray quickest inquire glacial watchful trait trick require gloom wishfully twist stroke squire clamor bequest stream strict esquire clear bicycle INITIAL HOOKS 65 A Queer Family (CONCLUDED) Later on that baby grew so fast that he was sickly. He was so plump that he had the croup every week. But Baby was a source of pleasure when his big brother was thought of. That boy was a/ways in the way, though he ivas invariably out of sound and reach when he was needed. He was not bad, but somehow he was not good, either. "His stars were unpropi- tious" (N-Pr-P-SHs), his brother Abraham said. "They would not twinkle for him worth a cent." He would play exact/y where he pleased, and when he played where he pleased, he got into trouble. If he played by the dog kennel, the dog would spring out and snarl at him. If he played in the stable, it was certain to be at the precise time when old* Brownie was switch- ing insects away and would take -Rob's eye for a fly. If he visited the cook, he displaced the saft and pepper, and got mustard in his eyes. Abraham was a queer fellow, too. It was almost impossible to attract his notice if he was absorbed in a book. A Imost everything got him into trouble. If he was set to watch the baby, the poor little fellow would put paper in his mouth, or climb up on the table. When the library celling was being frescoed, he climbed up the ladder to get out of the way, and crawled up on a bracket over the book-case. The laborers moved the book-case, took out the ladder, and when finally Abra- ham looked up, he was solitary in the great room, eight feet from the floor. *In oJd_yT_, and older. JU, the vowel is joined to the stem to distinguish them from /ate./?:., and later./.*.- 66 PHONOGRAPHY His sister Grace was a queer girl, too. She was as sour as if she had lived twelve leagues from a lump of sugar. She was as cross as two sticks. But it was not strange, belonging to such a father and mother. She was the most unlucky girl in her class. If she skipped rope, it invariably tripped her; if she smefled a particularly pretty flower, it was certain to prick her nose and make her cry. Indeed, it would require a number of St. Nicho/as for me to relate afl /zer diffi- culties from almost any Monday to the next Satu?*day night. But what else could you expect of a girl with such a father and mother as Mr. and Mrs. Clapp ? What ! did I not say anything about them ? You must be satisfied to know that the father was a night editor ; that is, he wrote every night for a newspaper that had to be sent out to thousands of readers at breakfast-time next day. So he had to sZeep afl day, and that was quite enough to upset any house. As for the mother, she belonged to a first family. Well, we afl know what first families are. Adam belonged to a first family. So did Eve. And this mother was so busy belonging to a .$rs family that it is not strange that everything was so queer. This is not clear, per- haps, but it is a/1 the ?*eason I have to give just at present. And I have no moral to give, either: Any moral that ivould come out of such a fami/y would not be u'or^/i having. LESSON XVII SPECIAL VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES 114 It is sometimes best to express I or r by a hook, even when a distinct vowel sound intervenes be- tween the consonant so expressed and the preceding consonant. A vowel written in the usual way cannot be read between the stem and the hook, but must be read before or after both. When the vowel is to be read between the stem and the hook, it must have a different form or place. 115 A heavy dot vowel to be read between the stem and the hook is represented by a small circle written before the stem : mar, -<2^. rail, -^-o,- near, . f^L .hard, . .\T7_^ . harder. 116 A light dot is represented by a small circle after the stem :_ JL .. .care, _^?. .yell, hill,. J!__ tell, ..K^-very. 117 Dash vowels, light or heavy, and diphthongs, are ^written through or at the ends of the stem : 3 i. i vi *<^ u- _.^:__shawl,_-crf\_more, ._- x v..or_.__X-rule, hire, L^T^ , , ^ " howl, -. j_or_ .._,,. cure. 118 When a distinct vowel sound occurs between t and r represented by lengthening, it may be expressed 67 68 PHONOGRAPHY in the same way as for hooked stems :_^r^_ entire, -^-^-..^mature, _ c k^<^ 7 nurture, _^_ immaterial. It requires some thought and practice to determine when to use the hook and when the stem sign for I or r if a vowel intervenes between it and the preceding consonant stem. Special vocalization is used: (1) in many common words of one syllable, such as whole, rule, till ; (2) to avoid awkward and difficult outlines, as in course, hire, mar : (3) where the word would other- wise contain a large number of stems ; (4) in a great many words where the intervening vowel is not the accented one. Special vocalization is used principally to preserve the syllabication of words. NEGATIVES 119 When a negative is formed by doubling the first consonant of the positive and prefixing a vowel, though the consonant sound be not doubled but rather prolonged, both consonants are written ; otherwise both positive and negative would have the same consonant outline, and could be distinguished only by the first vowel of the negative. If the consonant thus doubled be I or r, the second I or r is expressed by a hook. The same rule applies to other words similarly formed, not negative :___^ii*L .numerable, .^^r^r^:?^ .innumera- ble, ^y... necessary, ^^-J^unnecessary, _/!_ legal, _/r?rrr. .illegal, _x^x - - refutable, -^>- . irrefutable. SPECIAL VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES Translate the following : 69 ^ ^,.?... \ "~ ~ 7 4 "I" f V? ^ j- - r -fc v (T^ LESSON XVIII WRITING EXERCISE ONE STEM, HOOK AND SPECIAL VOCALIZATION call hire wile word child core mar ware hired curse cool mire knoll told course full wore ?*eal railed nearest shell wire yore rolled murder hale wall guard ruled warder TWO STEMS, HOOK AND SPECIAL VOCALIZATION George courage nervous hardness endure sharp north college colony journey TWO verbal vernal kernel normal cork /urch work verb nearness STEMS, TWO portray journal barber marvel person hard/y empire harness term furthering careless warm carpej garden dark adverse heartache ignore afterward HOOKS, SPECIAL VOCALIZATION harper mourner vertebrate veritable charger sharper cheerful partner harbored partial verger purple LENGTHENING WITH SPECIAL VOCALIZATION future juncture nature entire 71 72 PHONOGRAPHY WORDS DISTINGUISHED BY REPEATING THE FIRST CONSONANT movable illogical natural ennoble immovable repressible unnatural legible liberal irrepressible redeemable i /legible i /liberal moral irredeemable memorial logical immoral innate immemorial MISCELLANEOUS mere car participate scored merely card participating scoring wire parsimony harm scourge wail harming harm /ess scourger wailed relate harmful real war relative harmony ?*eally ward relatively telegram reality warder relegate cooled reparable wardrobe reliable school irreparable wile scar schooled inspire wild scarlet telescope inspired wilder scarcely intercourse inspiring wilderness horse nurture inspirable assault horses further mortal assaulter unhorsed shelter immorta/ cheer harsMy hardware mortality cheered hark curvature immorta/ity cheering parley furthermore reproachable cheerful partly schoolfe/low irreproachable charm parlor schoolmaster navigable charming impart score unnavigable A Journey in a Horse-Car (CONCLUDED) In no other vehicle do we realize how very queer people are. The car was nearly full. No car is ever entirely full. The car ivas warm and dark, but it is SPECIAL VOCALIZATION-NEGATIVES 73 unnecessary to speak of this. / was irresistibly ted to study the various placards in English and other languages. They related principally to particular diseases and their marvelous cures. There was a/so a request many times ?*epeated that each person as he entered the car should put the exact fare in the box. This placard always annoys me by its narrow- ness. Sometimes / do not feel /ike obeying this rule. Sometimes / would like to put in more, sometimes /ess. But no allowance is made for my generos- ity nor my parsimony. / hard/y think this rule is founded on ?*eal justice. Would the authorities be as anxious to seek out the traveler who overpays and re- store the excess as they are to follow him when he puts in too little 1 And there is a suspicious thing about a horse-car : the floor is sometimes an enormous grating, and straw is spread* on this, so that if a nerv- ous person is obliged to pass his fare to others, he lets it drop in the straw and never can get it. / marveled if the sweepings of the horse-cars go to the hired drivers, or if the authorities collect them merely to put them in the nearest poor-box. This car was not unlike others in any of these particulars. The inmates seemed to have selected themselves with regard to va- riety and the difficulty of fitting themselves and their belongings into the seats. So many people start to travel in a horse-car as if they expected to have all the room to themselves. "See list of outlines distinguished, page 168. LESSON XIX FINAL HOOKS 120 There are four final hooks two small hooks representing the sounds of / or v and n ; two large hooks representing the sounds shn or zhn and tr or thr. They are called the /, n, shun, and ter hooks. 121 The / or v hook is written on straight stems only, except when used in phrase writing, or as a suf- fix. It is then written on both straight and curved stems. 122 The / or v hook is small and is written on the right side of down-strokes and on the upper side of horizontals and ree: Tf TV Kf Kv Rf Rv 123 The n hook, always small, is written on the left side of down-strokes, on the lower side of horizon- tals and ree, and on the concave side of curved stems: Tn Kn Ln Mn Nn Rn 74 FINAL HOOKS 75 124 The shun hook, always large, is written on the right side of down-strokes, on the upper side of hori- zontals and ree, and on the concave side of curved stems : , __L -a__J2 ^ <____ Tshn Kshn Lshn Mshn #shn 125 The ter hook is used on straight stems only. It is written on the left side of down-strokes and on the lower side of horizontals and ree: Ttr Ktr Rtr 126 Unlike initial hooks, final hooks are read after the stem to which they are -added and the vowels be- longing to it : . -X .pave, . JC .tough, .^.rain, ._ v ^__ ar- raign, _ v ^rf. .nine, mission, . _ _y_ _ daughter. ' >j 127 A final hook may be written to a stem which is followed by another stem. Between stems, hooks cannot always be perfectly written, but they may be made plain enough for practical purposes, and should always be written in such a way as not to interfere L \ _ with speed :_rrrl_divine,--^-_ abettor, _______ creature, ..x> ..sceptre, _r^._Tartar, _J7?_ .gather. 130 A small circle may be written to any final hook, and is read after the hook :__l~ .droves, _S?__vines, . (?.. . Motions, . . . . .tatters. 131 Any circle or loop may be added to n on straight stems by simply writing it on the n side of such stems :... sion, _ dy~ -transpose. 133 In the middle of a word where it would be natural to use the hook for n, and the stem makes an awkward joining, it may be omitted altogether. It is also omitted before Jr :_ b*. .danger, __^L_ passenger, 'l. ' _^-_-_ identical,..^ .attainment. FINAL HOOKS 77 134 If a vowel follows /, v, or n at the end of a word, the stem must be used :.k=. fun,. ... between.J.. captain citizen.. ._ develop... description differ-ence-ent- _L . The Queen's Museum experience, .ex.. - frequent _ general...//.--. gentleman gentlemen. J... govern. rr=?_ indispensable.^ inscription intelligence.^. intelligent..^, movement..^-. opinion. _\_. ""(o". ^.U>"""* " ..i._.j--.-ij-..^i * _.^o _^ ^. v -J...L..1.A-.... _iycs. <^- C V T T ^-^ *See page 149. FINAL HOOKS 81 / j _v ^-- x _-^^_-^----^^^--^--S v _C^N^-_-_i- o-x " P " LESSON XX WRITING EXERCISE ONE STEM WITH FINAL HOOK buff addition urn ocean occasioned bun rather oration mine rent potion tuition fine amen chant batter John effusion notion patient tone caution van line gathered tatter bitter ovation elation assent chafe rove shun deft ancient join run shown dent arraigned ONE STEM, FINAL HOOK AND CIRCLE cuffs caters bitters hence mints vines chafes gathers thence finds moans wins foans omissions tends motions cautions aflusions tufts winds STRAIGHT STEM WITH CIRCLE OR LOOP ON N SIDE pence bounced joins rinses bends bounce guns reigns rinsed tents tunes chains runs Kansas kinds coins duns rinse chants rends 82 counter tinder render slander asunder chanter bender hunter cylinder yonder gender panther founder surrender tender decision physician" incision supposition opposition succession procession acquisition ONE STEM WITH INITIAL AND FINAL HOOK drive prone collision queen aversion drone oppression relief equation drift duration platter shrine equator quaint brighter crave relation frown mourned prove clean quaff flown throned TWO STEMS, THE FIRST HAVING FINAL HOOK opening paving vanish banish auctioneer tuning punning evening finish missionary diving cover punish visionary optional dining define puffing caterer notional TWO STEMS, THE FIRST HAVING INITIAL AND FINAL HOOK proving frowning clattering teaming telephone driving braving grafting warning planting planning training twining furnis/z- quaintness TWO STEMS, THE SECOND HAVING FINAL HOOK renown education kitchen adoration indicator obtain educator gammon turn indication attention refine elector barter violation ambition repine election picture viotent 64 PHONOGRAPHY TWO STEMS, THE SECOND HAVING INITIAL AND FINAL HOOK reprove chaplain deprive incline outgrown Dublin enshrine uncrown decline dethrone engrave recline TWO STEMS, THE FIRST WITH INITIAL HOOK. THE SECOND WITH FINAL. HOOK I pertain obligation Brighton protection Sherman Vernon treatment protector chairman character freeman collection German quicken application collector curtain Norman attraction correction WORDS IN WHICH THE HOOK CANNOT BE USED FOR F OR N edify avenue alimony refute money China Illinois matrimony puny tawny skinny Tammany crony ninny finny nominee WORDS FROM WHICH N MAY BE OMITTED messenger endanger transgress entertainment spendthrift husbandman attainment transfer assignment adjournment transpire transmission MISCELLANEOUS rove rough rain earn even sheen aflusion tinder iron better tatter ironed suffusion tattered ironing paves again irony patience against men patters pent many FINAL HOOKS 85 MISCELLANEOUS yon Joans penny mend sudden Motions ponder mending suflen accession ponders mender surf tuft ponderous count starve tufts pondering counts addition tints pondered counter counters plants depending amendment countermand planted tendency insolently plunder planter attentively unacquainted plunders planters rebounding entertaining plundering pony reminder inclination plundered cough squander unintentional play coffee squandering international splay Jane squandered recession pray Jenny depraving recessional spray win improving transgressions spleen winnow stenographic transpositions sprain stone imperfect supplants sprains stony rejoinder merchant plant country permanent affronting The Queen's Museum (CONCLUDED) The stranger meeting many instances of the same character, was deeply grieved, and made a resolution to see the Queen. So he wandered toward the palace. He met the Queen, who was just starting on her morn- ing visit to the museum. When he made known his wish for an audience, she stopped and spoke to him. 86 PHONOGRAPHY "Have you seen my museum?" said she. "Go there before seeing anything else. You have an intel- ligent expression, and I want to see what impression my fine collection has upon a person of intelligence." 1 ' I come to crave permission to make additions to it," said the stranger. "My people should have the keenest interest in the museum as it is," rejoined the Queen ; "but I am per- fectZy willing to add anything to render it of greater value. How soon can you return ? ' ' "It will require ten days," said the stranger. The musician filled a linen bag with provisions and went out of the gates. About noon he came to a shady mountain. At the entrance to a cave upon the mountain side he saw a hermit to whom he told his er- rand. When he had fiinis/ied, the hermit said : "Experience tells me that people are altogether too independent to be interested in anything. On this mountain are fine caves which would all be tenanted if mankind would understand how improving it is to live alone. But I will aid in your quest. I will excuse my pupil, who is fonder of wandering about than of study, and he can join in your search." The pupil's cave was some distance up the mountain side. The stranger found him asleep upon the ground. When he was awakened and told of the hermit's per- mission, his eyes brightened. ' 'It is splendid, ' ' said he, ' 'to be let off on Monday. I have only Wednesdays and Saturdays. I stick closely to the cave, though I have been known to go fishing when there was no holiday. I never saw the oM man FINAL HOOKS 87 but once. That was when he first began my instruc- tion/' He opened his book and aid it on a stone which served as a table, put a fishing line into his pocket, then the two started off. Before noon they saw a mountain stream, and the pupil insisted on trying his luck. He ran off for bait, while the musician sat down to rest and dine. He had not finis/ied his meal before the pupil returned in a state of great excitement. ' ' Come with me, ' ' he cried. ' ' I have found some- thing wonderful ! ' ' The stranger, anxious to see the wonder, followed along a winding underground passage to a spacious cavern lighted by openings in the roof. It was a rob- bers' den. On the floor were iron boxes, bundles of rich siflcs, handsome caskets and many other articles of value. "I don't* believe they will be back very soon," said the pupil. "We ought to stop and took at these things." ' 'Run away, foo/ish boy, ' ' said the stranger. ' "The dangers of this place are unknown to you." They turned to escape, but it was too fate. At that moment the captain and his band entered, and sur- rounding them, demanded that they surrender. "The contracted form of two words is indicated by placing an apostrophe under the outline : . Jr_ don't. PREFIXES 141 About five thousand English words have com, con, cum, or cog either as a first or intermediate syl- lable. As each of them, with the exception of con, would require two stems, an abbreviated form is desir- able. 142 The abbreviated prefixes are as follows : (1) Com, con, and cum are indicated by proximi- ty; that is, by omitting the syllable and writing the part of the word that follows very near the word or syllable that precedes it. (2) When they cannot be thus indicated (because of being the first word of a line or coming after a pause of any kind), a dot is written near the beginning of the first stem. The use t of proximity or dot is optional :___:if? con- traction, ____ -A^- uncomplaining, __?:: ____ un- conscious, __^C__cumbrous/y, ___ Jr. writ- ten contract. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 89 (3) Cog, as an initial syllable, is always written in full ; as an intermediate syllable, it may be indicated, like com, con, cum, by proximity : I TL cognate, _^V^ .recognize. (4) In words beginning with circum, the syllable cum need not, in most cases, be even indica- ted, the parts before and after it being joined: _^y^T7T5L-- circum locution, _oX;^r^__D. cir- cumnavigation. (5) Occasionally the parts before and after com, con, and cum are joined: . _^ _. inconsistent, P. .inconsistency, jj. .accommodation. (6) The prefixes magna, magne, magni are rep- resented by the stem M. The remainder of the outline is written under and near : i: . .magnesia, , ... .magnitude, . . _ Si . magnify. (7) Self by a small circle, always on the line and usually disjoined from the remainder of the outline :_.oJkL5_- self -defense,.. B-^ ..self-evi- dent. (8) Un is prefixed to self by the N curl: y__ unselfish. (9) Self-con is represented by a circle and dot : -Q.Sj; ..self-confidence, afL.self-conceit. 90 PHONOGRAPHY (10) With by the contraction (DH) for that word joined to the remainder of the word :.-l7-_- ( withdraw, _O___ withstanding. (11) For by the contraction (F) joined, or disjoin- ed : _ -L ____ forbid, _^r..f orget, .7] . forgotten. (12) When a contraction, as in the case of for and with, is used as a prefix or suffix, the position of the outline of which it is a part is that of the word taken as a whole, not that of the contraction when standing alone. (Words beginning with here, over, and where are exceptions to this rule.) Words beginning with over are usually first position, here third position, where second fr position :___.-h\^__ _ overpay, ...-^ hereby, . A herewith, _ ./??__ whereabouts. SUFFIXES 143 The abbreviated suffixes are as follows : (1) Ble, bly are represented by the stem B when Bl cannot conveniently be joined :_S-\_. fash- ionable, __\__ .profitably. (2) Blenessky Bs disjoined :__f.\_. suitableness, 4>l ^> justifiableness. x (3) Fulness by Fs disjoined :__4^ .artfulness, .__L-_.gleefulness. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 91 ra (4) Iveness by Vs disjoined :._._^L_massiveness, . -=- - - secreti veness. / (5) Lessness by Ls disjoined :...'_'_ ____ guile/ess- ness, -_^^r?.-.heed/essness. (6) Ever by the v hook on both straight and curved stems. (Whatever and forever are always written with the V stem.) The v hook on curved stems is large like the shun hook : _ ^.. . wherever, . .^^. .however, . _ J ____ whatever, _Ss,_ ____ forever. (7) Form by FM joined :._Sri>eform,ju ____ per- form,^s-^> information. (8) Mental, Mentality, by Mnt disjoined. All words ending in mental are second position; ending in mentality, first position :__U>__in- Q/ strumental, _Jr?_. instrumentality, -L._detri- mental. r (9) Ofofifi/ by J joined or disjoined. All words ending in otogfi/ are first position: __y?_ .the- ology, ._ Jrrr/__. archaeology. (10) Selfby a small circle joined, or written in full: ..^.-thyself, ...J^\_._ itseZf, -T^TX. _.herse/f. (11) Selves by a large circle joined :_AI__ them- p selves, _.<:__ .ourselves. 92 PHONOGRAPHY (12) Ship by SH joined or disjoined :. .Jt ._ heirship, JL. ..township. (13) Soever by sV joined: ^..howsoever, whosoever. (14) Worthy by the brief w and DH joined : , - - praiseworthy, - _TL .noteworthy. (15) In and on by the n hook :__/L .therein, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES r .XV :i ~-V Bleness. * ^ k S^> y^ I veness . . _>? r. . . . 13- ^. . . Lessness _ .. ^ . _ s^L. . ^TT/_ -f* * fr> w <~^ / Ever.. L. \r .-Mental, men- L 7 ^^^ /i ^i ^^ C ^ T v / /r; N^V-> Self.:?..Selves-.fo. Ship. /fly... ^.. .?^^>. rx r^x .-\r^-_v^L.J; Soever _Sr_. .IV. .With. ^...Worthy "^ C _.^l fc _..i:.. .._(.. In, on.^../. ( ( CONTRACTIONS , <\ owe.../.- because change.. ./.. practice.^. _ owing../.. fonn.._^T^_ health_/l_ half..Sr. WORD OUT OF POSITION own.^ 94 PHONOGRAPHY The Wolf and the Fox .r v i -^--- -.-. v_^x / " " " p "(* r- LESSON XXII WRITING EXERCISE WORDS IN WHICH CON, COM, OR CUM, IS INDICATED BY A DOT contrary complexion cumbrous^ contradict complaining cumbersomeness conjointly convex compound comparison conference compassion WORDS IN WHICH CON, COM, CUM, OR COG, IS INDICATED BY PROXIMITY unconscious reconstruct decomposition unconvinced recompense recommend ?*ecognize discomfort circumvent reconsider discontent recognizance PHRASES IN WHICH PREFIXES ARE INDICATED BY PROXIMITY they contrive written contract you commend always complacent he considers strict confidence strong combination bitter complaint never completed good company stock company frank confession WORDS HAVING OTHER ABBREVIATED PREFIXES forbear self-same withdraw magnetic self-conceit withal magnetize self-command withheld magnified self-conscious selfish self-evident self-condemned unselfish 95 PHONOGRAPHY WORDS FROM WHICH CUM OR CON MAY BE OMITTED circumference circumscribe circumspection' circumjacent circumscription circumspect WORDS HAVING ABBREVIATED SUFFIXES invincible wastefulness zoology defensible need/essness doxology unpardonable recklessness yourself unfashionable groundlessness ourselves agreeableness blametessness township credibleness performed whosoever sociableness regimental whatsoever gracefulness elemental within usefulness detrimental insensibly wakefulness mythology copartnership compoundable commendable doubtfulness hopefulness hopelessness combativeness competing computings forever contending complicated conditions MISCELLANEOUS reasonableness commendableness constructiveness self-composed self-convicted self-confidence self-controlled companionship scholarship painfessness gracefulness grace /essness circumnavigation circumnavigator inconvenience inconvenient conversational complications Congressional committee conventional conversation penmanship committee fashionable company * substantial condition t *Company_.\ y _^- In phrases it is sometimes represented by K, thus : . . insurance company, JCTT-. express com- pany, _t/_ railroad company. *Words ending in ntial-ly, are shortened by leaving off the last syllable or syllables -Pi--- PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 97 An Invitation Owing to the complicated condition of your business affairs, and the faithfulness with which you have per- formed your duties, unconsciously T/owhave overworked, and I would recommend a complete rest and change for a few weeks. From your own frank confession, I believe you will not contradict my statement, yet because of your unselfish disposition, you forbear asking for a vacation. The first of the month I am going to attend an educators' convention at Saratoga, and wish you would accompany me. If you will make a trip to this fashionable health resort, with its many attractions, you will forget all business complications, etc.,* within a few hours. It is self-evident that this is what you need. You can come to the conference at any time ; and withdraw whenever you wish. After certain com- mittee meetings a?*e over, I shall be free, and we will practice horsemanship, enjoying some of the magnifi- cent views in and about this noted place. Be sensible and enter into partnership with me for this purpose and for friendship's sake. *Etc., et cetera,. 4...; &c., and so forth,. ,. J _; LESSON XXIII PHRASING 144 A phrase in phonography is two or more words joined. 145 Though there are certain rules to be learned and followed in regard to phrases, yet a knowledge of correct phrasing must be acquired in a great degree by observation and practice. 146 A beginnner is in danger of making long and difficult phrases which can be neither written nor read easily. One help in phrasing correctly is to learn what not to do. 147 Words should not be joined: (1) unless they naturally belong together; (2) if there is a pause of any kind between them ; (3) if the joining cannot be made easily ; (4) if the outline is not clear when fin- ished ; (5) if more time is required to join than to write them separately. PHRASES OF THE FIRST CLASS 148 There are two kinds of phrases: (1) joining words without changing their form ; (2) writing the consonants of two or more words in their proper order without reference to their form when standing alone. It is with the first and simpler class that this lesson will deal. 98 PHRASING CALL ^ POSITION 149 The general rule for position of phrases is to write the first word in its proper position without ref- erence to what follows: my own,.^rr\.._.may be, ( > _| it may be,--^V__that may be,.-V-.be sure. 150 A slight variation may be made from this rule in the case of first position words, in order to bring the second word in position, and thus render the phrase more legible :_7TT\_-can be, .^I^L. .my dear sir. N *S 151 As or has being the first word of a phrase joined to a stem-word follows the position of that word ; but if the phrase has no stem outline, it is writ- ten according to the general rule for position. Is and his are always written according to the general rule : r . . public ) \ refer { ^S publish f " --V- reference \ " \ c I wealth.. .?N. , practical ^rr^_ qualify > several. ..V... subject_\._ system. .-P.. privilege -f\.. represent-^^A. / . Money Making --"-3--l.^ , . _ 6 .--1-- u_ .^ 101 ^> f. LESSON XXIV WRITING EXERCISE it may may be it may be so much so many if such if he can be for me with him for my own while he was though he was any one that they no more any more there were will be may be done upon this point at last at least in person every side in any case any better much better after he was may be written in my in this this case after this very much so much money great many cases if he has with reference with respect with regard should not be was taken look at this that was said many persons for my sake for several years 102 many years ago how many years after many years public service that is it is necessary has not been as this as much as there is not as far as may be as many as dear sir dear friend my dear friend my dear madam yours very truly yours in haste Mr. President just about this time how many times after that time about that time civil service reform PHRASING 103 Practical Education (Words to be joined are enclosed in parentheses.) The objection (has been) made to our colleges (that they) are not practical. I do not think (that is) an accurate statement of the objection. What I would say is, (that they) are practical (with reference) to two or three* pwsuits, (but that) the demands of the time require nine-tenths t of our young men in other pur- suits ; and they are not practical (with reference) to these. If a young man wishes to qualify for one of the (ten thousand) pursuits which are opening on (every side), / could not say (to him) that a college course (would be) his best preparation (for that) ftfe. This has often saddened me, (In this) city (there are) (so many) indolent men, and needy men, and idle men, in every sphere. But (there is not) one healthy man (in this country) who need stand idle and starve, (if he) will only go (on his) feet where the work is to be found. He need not go far. But, while (such is) the fact (with regard) to mere /aboring men, while every man ivho conies to (this country) ivith no evil passion to gratify, can surely get on while (such men) are (so much) addition to our wealth I know (there are) now (one thousand) college graduates who are walking the stony streets of New York, and know not how to earn a /iving. As a preparation for certain pursuits in life (it may be) very well; but when I see, as I do see, (so many) men whose education has cost (so much), find themselves totally unable to earn a living, 7 am moved to protest against a system of education ivhich seems (to me) so narrow and so partial. *Two or three Elevating a figure to the right of another indi- cates or, thus : s 3 t Fractions are written the same as in longhand. 158 In phrases of the second class the consonants of two or more words are combined as in a single word, without reference to their form when standing alone. HALVING 159 To, it, the, and had are added to full-length stems by halving: ought to, can it, between the,. C -they had. 160 Its, and it is, are added by halving and the circle:.^. .in its, by its,.__..if it is, -A .that it is. LENGTHENING 161 Their, there, they are, and other, are added to curved stems and to straight stems with final hook by lengthening :. ^rr^r^ .may their, . .__ r. . .though there, >.upon their, TTNy when they are, _./:__think they are, ^^^..no other. ' 162 It is sometimes necessary to distinguish be- tween there and other in phrases, in which case the phrase containing other is vocalized :__L__J: or their, ._\, for other,. ^^_ in their, in other. 104 x r^ PHRASING BY HALVING AND LENGTHENING 105 163 Others is added by lengthening and a final circle :__/.. with others, _-d^T^L. some others, __ /..the others. ( ( CONTRACTIONS Great Britain . _-^\ _ . San Francisco . . - s-^:. careful beyond-. .... carefully charge without It isNz-.r..: C,- to -x_ Their-. They are./..- _-L \ /_ x ..0ther /~~/- 106 :.- n. *0mit < after s in a few words where easier outlines are obtained: _ ^. . . . postpone, , _ . J^ . _ post-paid, _ _ _\_ . - postal, . _ X . _ _ . post- office. mean to of the to the wish to ought to be so to speak charge it change it before it through it by the over the among the will the above the beside the incline the that had LESSON XXVI WRITING EXERCISE we had you had he had if he had thought he had by its from its if its with its through its among its upon its when it is in their on their own making their writing their winning their earning their should there remain there been there that they are know they are although they are these other every other every other day some other among other things some other cases ' some other respects in other words any other time think they are on the other hand 164 Numerals are written in Arabic characters except one, six and ten \^JL 165 It is not safe to represent large numbers by use of ciphers. Too much time would be required in writing, and one cipher short, or one added, would de- stroy accuracy :.-vJT_^_^__ : l-^i^- 107 108 PHONOGRAPHY Penny Postage (Concluded) The shilling (which the) postman demanded was, (in fact,) a week's wages to a girl in her condition fifty (years ago.) It cost more then to send a letter from one end of London to (the other,) or from New York to Hartem, than it now does to send a /etter from Egypt to San Francisco. The man who changed all this, Sir .Rowland Hill, died in 1879, (at the) age of eighty-three. His attention was first called (to the) postal system (by the) high price of postage. He found (that the) actual cost of sending a letter from London to Edinburgh was one-eighteenth of a cent. This fact led him (to the) admirable idea (of the) uniform rate of one penny for afl distances. (At that time) a letter from London to Edinburgh was charged about twenty- eight cents ; but (if it) contained the smallest inclosure, the postage was doubled. The consequences of this (postal reform)* (have been) marvelous. The year be- fore the new plan was adopted in Great Britain, one hundred and six millions of tetters and papers were sent (through the) post-office. Year before last one thousand four hundred and seventy-eight mi /lions were sent ; (in other words,) the average (for each) inhabit- ant has increased from three (per annum) to thirty- two. *Words ordinarily ending in downward L may be written with the upward L in phrasing :_X postal reform, _X post- al card. LESSON XXVII PHRASING BY CIRCLES AND LOOPS 166 As, has, is, his, are added to a circle- word by changing the small circle to a large circle: as has, _.9..has his, is his, -his is. 167 A circle-word is prefixed to a word beginning with a circle, or added to a word ending with a circle, by enlarging the circle :..r_.has said, _.L..it is his, ___this is. 168 To, it, and the are added to a circle by chang- ing the circle to a small loop :_ J ..it is to, . ..how is it, .JL.what is the. (In regard to the this is an arbitrary rule, as the has no t sound.) 169 There, their, and they are are added to a cir- cle-word by changing the circle to a large loop :..L_it is x7 their, is there,. ....as they are. 170 Store is sometimes added by the ster loop : -_\--^j--book store, . _'_ C^Z _ . clothing store, -^J- -shoe store. x 171 To the loops, small and large, small circles are added for any circle-word: as it is, is it as, .....as there has. 109 110 PHONOGRAPHY 172 Stairs may be added by loop and final circle : -o^_ .upstairs, ..JJ. downstairs. 173 The phrases composed of loops or of loops and small circles are prefixed in their detached form to stem-words when more convenient than joining in the ordinary way :._^.as it has been,_^_.has there not, as there has been. 174 Us may be added finally by a small circle, but as sometimes when written thus after a verb it will conflict with another word, it should be used with cau- tion. The stem sign should be employed in all doubtful cases :.r?_. let us,.CT?!._from us, _./"_ with us. CONTRACTIONS December _J^x.- opportunity-^.. truth.. 1. heaven.. Ss2_. PHRASING BY CIRCLES AND LOOPS Have Young Men Honor? Ill . ( LJ ^..x._. I -V 1. - *o LESSON XXVIII WRITING EXERCISE as well as as well as there has there not been as to that as such is it possible as eariy as it is as far as the as far as there is as there is nothing as there has not been as it has not been done it is true unless it unless it is unless there unless there is as much as as much as it as much as it is as much as his as much as his is as fast as so as to sometimes it is always there as good as as soon as because his because his is because it because it is because there is as there can be as there shall be he is there as it ought as to what has to be is to be what is the this has been done is it payable is there anything is there any other how is there why is there that it is necessary since they are since there is 112 PHRASING BY CIRCLES AND LOOPS 113 Neiv York, December 23, 19 W.* M. IVINS, ESQ. 243 Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa. (My dear Sir :) (It is as) plain (as the) sun (in the) heavens that no conclusion (can be) reached (with ref- erence) (to the) matter talked of (last week,) (unless there is) a personal consultation. (One of the) most futile things in fife (is to) make men fill places (for which) they possess no aptitude. The person whose name (need not be) mentioned here (is his) own worst enemy. (Because it is) of deep concern to you (that he) should do well, I put him (into the) retail depart- ment, hoping he might improve there. (It is the) old story of fervent promises foflowed by no fulfillment. (Because there is) no integrity (in his) character do not expect him (to make) better use (of the) opportunities offered him than (he has done) (in the past.) (He has) repeated/y absented himself from business, and (when he is there), (as soon as) (he is) left alone (in the) of- fice (it is his) custom to idle away his time. (As long as) (he is) (in this city) (it is true) (that he is) not im- proving (in his) habits. (As has been) often said (by his) best friends, (he is) sure of failure here and should try (some other) field. (Is there not) some smaller city where he could begin business fife anew with some chance of success ? (As to what) disposition (to make) (of the) place (he is) filling, that (is to be) decided (when he has) vacated it. (As far as the) salary is concerned, (it is the) Jeast consideration. (In any case,) you (will * Always write initials in longhand. 114 PHONOGRAPHY be) saved from toss (as far as possible.) (As there is) no longer a hope of better things here, I (shall be glad) to consult you (as soon as possible) (with reference) (to the) future. (When is it) convenient for you (to call ?) (Yours sincerely) [Student's name] P. S. (He has) just come in at ten o'clock. (This is the) first day (he has been) (at his) post this week. (Is it necessary) (to meet) him (when the) final inter- view (takes place) with (any other) accusation* than this ? Let me see you (as early as the) first of next week (if it is possible.) *For distinction, the following words are written in different po- sitions : causation, _ _-=^=e _ . accession, accusation. LESSON XXIX PHRASING BY INITIAL HOOKS 175 All and will are added by the I hook: .$L_.for all,-' t all,. _C___ they will,._|L.it will. 176 Are, or, and our are added by the r hook: ...Lwhat are, .r^-.when are,. J_.at or, _:L._for our. 177 We is added to straight stems by the iv hook : n _______ can we, --^-xc. were we, _____ ought we, ..I. .do we. 178 You and your are added to straight stems by the y hook, a large hook on the r side used only in phrases (par. 98): _______ could you,..n ____ what do you n c ~~ s say,. L^. at your house. 179 It is important that the y hook for you and your always be made so large that it will not conflict with the use of the r hook for our. On T or D in third po- sition (as did you) the hook should rest on the line : at your place, --^. at our place, __C|.__ did you. \CONTRACTIONS prooamy , ' during...], doctor...'., surprise..^. recollect..^. part.-\. quality ________ equality. -.--- characteristic. 115 116 PHONOGRAPHY All. M^ 4- .L. ~s ^ ' l^^.^ ^~^ If Dr. Samuel Smiles LESSON XXX WRITING EXERCISE for all at all for all the for all their with all that in all that time in all other cases she will she will be it will it will be it will be seen when will we will b? where are what are on or about that time on our part in our time at our house all our that will to all but we on our account are we had we did we had we been could we believe why do you how did you had you been had you been there can you state at your place do you recollect what do you say do you think there is where do you where do you reside which you believe who are who will we are ready do you know do you believe ought we 117 118 PHONOGRAPHY Amsterdam, Holland December 29, 19 (My Dear Friend :) (By all means) go to Paris, and (we will) meet you there, for (of all the) cities of Europe, Paris (is the) queen ; (among all) people, the Parisians (are the) most charming, and (among all the) nationalities, France (is the) most unique. (It will) please you to study her (in all the) characteristics she presents. (We will be) (at the) Continental (on or before) the first of August. (When will) you probably arrive? (Why do you) /inger* (so long) in England ? (Where do you) go from London ? (Could we) join you there, or (ought we) (to go) directfy to Ber/in ? (Which will be ) the better ? Call (upon the) American Consul and (he will) be glad to serve you. (It will be) well (among all the) rest to cultivate him. (Do you) find the weather agreeable, and (can you) live (in the) open air (as much as) you desired? Where (are the) Johnsons (par.91) and (what are) their plans (for the) summer ? I hope (they will) reach Lucerne (by the) first of June. I send you our itinerary, (by which) (it will be seen) that we (shall be) there (on or about that time.) Please notify them. (It will be) observed that (we are) due at Ber- Im (on the) 15th. Why will not you meet us there, (by the) way ? If Mary can come, (she will) find it very pleasant (at our house) as we found it (at your place) (in New York.) (Where do you live) during your stay *In /inger, finger, and similar words the g may be omitted : PHRASING BY INITIAL HOOKS 119 in London, and (where do you say) the greatest com- fort (can be) had (for our) little company ? (Can we) get good rooms (at your) hotel ? (Did you) find the great organ a surprise, or (had you) heard it before ? (With all) your other cares (ought you) to spend your time (on the) German language? (Is it) (what you want) for a holiday recreation, or (what your) doctor would advise (at your) age and in your condition of health ? We tried it for a time, (but we) gave it up and (were the) gainers. (On our) arrival at Liverpool we found that (in our) haste (we had) left our pass- po?*ts at home ; (but we) have no need of them (at all), nor do I think (they will) be needed (in all) our travel. The Ho?'tons are in Amsterdam. (Can your) imagina- tion grasp the idea ? (Of all the) unlikely events, this was the most unlikely, and (of all their) many plans, (this is the) wisest. (Had we) known it (in time,) we might have fixed them (at our) hotel, and (were we) to remain (through the) week, we might do it yet (They are) very comfortable, however, quite (as much) so as (we are, ) (which your) good sense will tell you is sufficient. (Yours very truly) [Student's name] LESSON XXXI PHRASING BY FINAL HOOKS AND CURLS 180 Of and have are added by the / hook to both straight and curved stems, though it is used on curved stems in only a few cases. On curved stems, it is a large hook like shun :..:?. .part of, . ___-., could have, have,.. .Ty.we have. 181 Of the and have the are added to straight stems by the / hook and halving :.^.paxt of the, could have the, _____ out of the, __L. what have the. 182 Of their, have their, and after are added to straight stems by the / hook and lengthening: __.\i..part of their, ______ . could have their, _.L_ day after, ...^ 183 And, an, own, than, and sometimes one are added by the n hook to straight and curved stems : I c C __ .their own, _____ other than, _jL>_ every one,.. -T^.half an hour, _^\. .over and above,.. .some one. 120 PHRASING BY FINAL HOOKS AND CURLS 121 184 It is safer to write been with a stem and hook, so that it will not conflict with \---have been,. _. .have an. 185 Not is added by the n hook and halving: _. r ..did not, should not, .._ will not. j ^_-^_un- . /^ > der a, .^ ^-_for a moment, __/ a letter, __v__ and they,.. . ..and as, and is,_] _.and as I,.. -_and is a. \3 )Q 202 The tick is seldom used for an when the n hook can be used i.CTrL from an, jCTTf-from a, on an.-^t.on a,./-_with an,_/!__with a. 203 The tick for the is never used alone nor ini- tially. It is used when the cannot be represented in a phrase by any of the previous rules; namely, by halv- ing or by changing a circle to a loop ; that is, after a double-length, half-length, loop, or stem that does not 130 PHONOGRAPHY make an angle with the preceding the, .^- .made the, ^-^F>- against the,_d _____ like the. 204 In writing words beginning with the con dot, or ending with the ing dot, /, of, a, an, and, or the may be prefixed or added by writing the tick in place of the condemn, _.1_ .of committee, _____ putting a, \ X/ _____ putting the, __L__the condition, .\_^._.and company. 205 All ticks, initial or final, should be written so as not to conflict with hooks. There should be a well defined angle, thus :--X-_'no___^.. that I was,__ _*__and as 1,.^-of his,./u>-_of yours. 208 The right or the left half of a small circle (according to convenience of joining) is used for ive and would initially, finally, and between stems, and for way PHRASING BY TICKS, BRIEF SIGNS, ETC. 131 finally: .we can,... we did not, ..Jj.. .we wish, c c .that we, ...(...it would be,../l--the other way, ./. 209 The upper or the lower half of a small circle is used for you or your initially, finally, and between stems :..r^^. .you may, . A___you say you can, -.-ri-.you shall, A^__./?._ if you were there, .TV.. when you. 210 The brief signs do not govern position. 211 Ticks and brief signs are combined with each other and with circles and loops r.xu. .of your,, .who would be, _____ and as they are,_.T..and your. ^ 212 Did, when it is the first word in a phrase, or when preceded by a brief, should be written in the con- tracted form, but when it follows a stem-word it must be written in full, to distinguish it from do: ...I we did, ./.\*. where do you live, ^<^bLS-__ where did you live, .. \___they do,. __y .they did. 213 Any word in which the first upright or in- clined stem is full-length or double-length may be written entirely below the line to signify that it is pre- ceded by to or too. This is called the fourth position : . _.to be,.. to do,... ...too cheap,.. ~-~ to ren- der,.. ____ to promote. 214 In expressions such as, "from day to day," "from time to time," etc., write the outlines of the 132 PHONOGRAPHY repeated word close together, or join them, omitting from and fo:___ILfrom day to day, from time to time, /r from year to year. Who, whom A, an, Ing the " a " an " and v \ I Of con-corn and con com / the con com ) We, would, way ., ^...\.^.A-. ,-You, ^^ To, too. I \ *See page 160. PHRASING BY TICKS, BRIEF SIGNS, ETC. 133 LESSON XXXIV WRITING EXERCISE I say I object I wish I said so I hope I propose I purpose I confess I contend I know I know there is I may as well I may have been I may mention I thought that I understand I think you have been I do not understand I did not think I remain may I may I not that I was if I may not on a with a upon an before an more than a father and mother hither and thither made the hide the meet the hate the /ike the after the bidding the putting a since I have been we think we saw we shall be shall we be we should have we shall shall we say I have no intention 134 PHRASING BY TICKS, BRIEF SIGNS, ETC. IK I have no idea you find on your own account you mean to say out of your own your intention I hope you may you say you can . as a matter of course you say you must he memo?'ized you see there is he moves of them he carried of yours he comes of us we wish of mine if we of many if we take of such we do of course we fear of a should we sort of they would court of she would spoken of she would be many of that we think weight of evidence we would who will it would be against the any way to save in their way to ?*eceive this way too deep her way and a in a way and I you might and the you might not and as I you should say and as a you cannot and is a you could tell and I have you did not know and I will you recall and I will not be 136 PHONOGRAPHY and I have not because I have I am yours respectfully I think I have been I am very respectfully yours I spoke of the L sent for you ' I think there was a I sent for your letter I would have been there Value of Persistence (I feel) (as if) it (were not) (for me) (to record) how hard I worked (at that) tremendous shorthand. (I will) only add (to what) (I have) already written (of my) perseverance (at this time) (of my) Me and (of a) patient (and continuous) energy which then began (to be) matured within me (and which) (I know) (to be) the strong (part of) my character, (if it) have any strength (at all,) (that there,) on booking back, (I find) the source (of my) success. (I have been) fortunate in worldly matters ; but (I never ) (could have) done what (I have done) (without the) habit of punctuality, order and diligence (without the) determination to concen- trate myself (on one) object (at a) time which I then formed. The man who reviews his ftfe as (I do) mine, in going on here (from page to page) had need (to have been) a good man indeed if (he would be) spared the sharp consciousness (of many) opportunities wasted, many perverted feelings constantly at war (within his) breast and defeating him. (I do not) hold one natural gift, (I dare say,) that (I have not) abused. Whatever (I have) tried (to do) in /ife (I have) tried (to do) well ; whatever (I have) devoted myself to, (I have) devoted myself to completely ; in great aims and smaH (I have)(aways been) thoroughly in earnest. (I have never) believed it possible that any natural or im- proved abi/ity can claim immunity (from the) compan- PHRASING BY TICKS, BRIEF SIGNS, ETC. 137 ionship (of the)* steady, plain, hard-working qualities, and hope to gain its end. (There is no such) thing (as such) fulfillment (on this) ea?*th. Some happy talent, some fortunate opportunity may form the two sides (of the) /adder (on which) some men mount, but the ?x>unds (of that) /adder (must be) made of stuff to stand (wear and tear); and (there is no) substitute for tho?-- ough-going, ardent and sincere earnestness. Never to put one hand to anything (on which) (I could) throw my whole self, and never (to affect) depreciation (of my) work, whatever (it was,) (I find) now (to have been) my golden rules. DICKENS What an Educated Man Ought to Know (An educated) man (ought to) know three things. First, where (he is) (that is to say,) what (sort of a) world (he has) got into ; how large (it is ;) what kind of creatures live (in it) and how ; (what it is) made of and (what may be) made (of it.) Second/y, where (he is) going (that is to say,) what chances or ? - eports (there are) of any world besides this ; what seems (to be) the nature (of that other) world. Third/y, what (he had) best do (under the) circumsta nces (that is to say,) what kind of faculties he possesses; (what are the) present state and wants of mankind ; (what is his) place (in society ;) (what are the) readiest means (in his) power of obtaining happiness and diffusing it. The man who knows these things and (has his) will so subdued (in the) /earning (of them) (that he is) ?*eady (to do) (what he) knows he ought, (is an) educated man ; (and the) man who knows them not is uneduca- ted, though he could talk (a/1 the) tongues of Babel. BUSKIN *0f the is written with the halving principle to avoid conflicting with of a. LESSON XXXV WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 215 The next work to be done is to learn the con- tractions and words out of position. Many of them have been given in connection with the previous lessons. 216 With this lesson, is given the complete list and a reading exercise which contains all of them. 217 After studying the list to some extent, "An Inconsequent History" should be read, and written again and again, until it can be read and written with- out hesitation and without errors. WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS According -to _.T.. already. _/7. accordingly. !7___. altogether.. 7!!?. acknowledge . 7 _T7. . ./ . . .4 among . .-*-/ . administratrix kr>^j?T7? an, and..*... advantage // / _ . -9 -/> - angel . /. JU . . . captain careful.!: catholic S_. celestial-ly_/Z. certificate 140 PHONOGRAPHY change _ jf. / 77! county. .7!. _ ^o v / ^ ^/ I -_^._-_^rrZ-_ December___ length-y_.rA VO ^o -\ long (adj.) s ^ ^^ inscribe ^ a ~ ^~ Malignant - insurance intelligence & ->/- ^ / X. manufactory ^^ intelligent ^ 5fs~ manufacture S= interrogatory v r"^ manufacturer _ . ^ January ^ Massachusetts ^~^ jr. (junior)...^., jurisprudence 7 . member-irx- memoranda ' \ Kingdom memorandum knew mental ^L. knowledge ' misdemeanor ^~\ Language. . . mistake <^~^ ^~b ^~~n-^> laneruish.L..^.. 144 PHONOGRAPHY Mr. (mister) _ number \A. Mrs 0, oh___/__ mistook ob'ject \_ mortgage _ - f77>r: . ob ject' _\ _\|_ . _\_ _ . \_ . mortgagee - _ _' ^~^_ . objection _\i _ _ _\A _ movement.^, observation _\ _ Neglect v-^rrr-- s^^rrL of__ _ .^ particular ^ 7* New York _ __ _a _ notwithstanding peculiarity \r^_. November I^w_. pecuniary. now...^. people..S... WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 145 performance \. _^_ . privilege. -V. . perpendicular.V _. probability perpendicularity \ .,.V. probable-y phonographer_. proportion phonographic. ..^T: public-sh phonography.. \-/^- plaintiff._.\._ Qualify . popular-ity A._Vn \. quality. \ ^\ possible-y . .. \ .. quarter practicable-y . >r^ _'T7^v . . . question cu^_ . _75?. \ practical-ly *: Recollect. \ <\ \ V o practice . . _ N _____:.._.. recollection . _ ,/. _ preliminary_.?vx^r>. recoverable /^.. prerogative...^ refer-ence_. preservation _ . _\i _ _ regular principal-le. 5\ . f\. _?)^7)^- . satisfaction . . _ ^ I/ I/ ^y remember. _Vr^ __ATS . -jcr^ r satisfactory _ ~ 5. . remembrance __rV-^-_ *^__. represent _ ^C\ .^\ j . /\. . savings-bank . - . v^ . ^\-_. revolutionary _ . ,^>/_ southern C . WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 147 speak. .? ____ \ _____ 9___^=&.__ that_A_ \ \ \ -_ the._.-_ them_(_-_\2._ I \ _-V-.%- these.. X \ thing. j-- specification spoke .A subject A ..A i c subjection ___\j o subjective : suggestion _.r ____ Understood _. ^ v_ ^ %J x_p sw^re-!^--,-^-. United States- -- sympathy .^..517 ^ universe.. ./r.. ^ ^ ^ S \ " 1 1 ^ usual-ly.. J ____ .v " system ..... P .^r:. Thank-ed 148 well. were-. what PHONOGRAPHY without. A. world., worth. C..AL.L- worthy .( A. would ___>,___ i.xt A. Year^.^r. - .^. A&..C. r advantage-./. for_A^_ truth__.[. where.. - altogether.. "77?. him./rrv. were._.x- which ../ gentleman.. of ..--.- what.._ WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS WRITTEN IN FULL 149 another go other. A.. any over. > _ do 1 held s found myself ^ send their ) ( there \ ' An Inconsequent History a P ?, 'E V ~ ~ -x--Lasked-^rs_t / 1 o take...-/-...-^/. J l_ff^_.. L_to_. .__ _-. are WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 151 a.-.*i.- i Brown _Ss_. ready to_/.it A said . . -TT^ . . o _ . . ~ . at. . shown _ ^r^ -, ( a \ x to pay.... again ... gon )_ she met. ^ ^ Patter- .it. \ . continue . .strokes strokes 152 PHONOGRAPHY T^._^ Lin a-^/ wayiL.ji L_wc_x.J .to. A. .we ..r^. \ _-._\- x __to this class ~L- ^-s / / .so.. ^x. ._ -. though. :..._ no mere .71 _-/rT_.it_x.._It^ 6 _also^ \. in a by. _ . \ . . . . rrrS... . V_ = crowded x _ _ >^?_to being un- der _\i to.*_ _ --. D or * K~\_P D _it_ .y^X.-to o ,.l ifone .it nor mention it.k,-/Lto _~N ./.. / .._ \_simply _errors xu V s___thus.S_. ..J-.-in Qo \ . .evidences .^. A attending a_ f-t- - note -- i / ^ ^x \ . _^rrl . SL - - - j/- . condition . ^ ... .. ^ pa rty . d not _\. WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 153 /. races_ o _, x ^rA/TT.S -L-!T-_L temperaments "_it--y. ) ( c\ _._. A.^.^ _\care to J A .are not_s^<^>- ^-<^.__L^ '--\._in avoiding _-S\ ---remedies even V /V. ^ though-.\ J c_. v .^..hri_-.^-Our_<-- cities. ?../__ -<^T. -N <\ to._A--taste although it_._*dL.JU. rrr.uselessx To- I o ^-^ day _^ - - ^plays such _h _ . _ . . % . . L^- _ .engineer must be in placing ...C^=^ .plant jc.-\.a _TA..disser- \, ; \ tation not., i-so this__-rl_not be_T! < -.*..Itw^: \ ^ b connected _ - _ _\ -x. ______ > ____ >^^\. . _ . 5s_. this nor _\ _ . _:. however A it may be stated. LESSON XXXVI WRITING EXERCISE KEY TO "AN INCONSEQUENT HISTORY" An intelligent young man having become antago- nistic because a citizen would cross-examine him, to- gether with his domestic, as to religion, spoke to an archbishop who was familiar with his history, and asked him to take charge of the controversy. The Ro- man Catholic gentleman was astonished at the sugges- tion, but thanked the youth for the opportunity it gave him to develop his doctrine, and help his generation. His brethren, nevertheless, were of the opinion that he should discriminate somewhat as to quality and gave him the privilege to acknowledge his responsibility and establish his belief. Another circumstance should be understood as possibly distinguishing between preroga- tive and principle ; the youth mistook the movement for a financial performance, and began to practice his malignant familiarity, which was a new thing in the experience of the evangelical brother, who swore some- what, but yet did not go beyond the dignity of his cath- olic, Christian endeavor. ThiSj it is well for you to remember, was in New York before the first of January, when the Doctor was preaching transubstantiation, a truth not generally held, and the Governor of Massachusetts, a plenipoten- 154 WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 155 tiary from San Francisco, a member of Parliament from Great Britain, and other representative people were particular as to the perpendicularity of his belief. An angel from heaven could have had no difficulty to establish intelligence on the subject of insurance ; and even the archangels, who dwell on the resurrection, have found that knowledge altogether without impor- tance in the peculiar contingency. The fact is, a Southern gentleman, a superintendent, to whom the question was given, began to make memoranda with reference to jurisprudence in the celestial world, and to inscribe in phonographic characteristics his own rec- ollections and observations, and to speak of the objec- tions and advantages of a republic. A swift phono- grapher with a memorandum-&oofc had part in the con- troversy, and several other capable gentlemen, among them a manufacturer, who was a captain and a Demo- crat, began to remark on the effects of an aristocracy. The County Democracy, who are responsible for much neglect and misdemeanor, and who during February, September, November, and December of each year manufacture revolutionary language for the Legisla- ture, gave a satisfactory description of the difference between the plaintiff and defendant ; and the Rev. Mr. Broivn, ever ready to deliver his opinion, or to change it on any subject for a dollar, said, notwithstanding his surprise at the indignity shown him, he would never again have sympathy for a system without a pecuniary object. Mrs. Patterson* was coming from the savings- *See page 158. 156 PHONOGRAPHY bank with the money to pay the mortgage when she met the mortgagee. I remember a time, now past, when preliminary bankruptcy was healthy, and would influence people to swear ; but do not infer from this that any bankrupt would think it practicable to do so. According to 021?* distinct remembrance the architectural bishopric was circumstantial and artificial, and no certificate of bap- tism could dignify the mistake, or qualify the probabil- ity to the satisfaction of the junior member. The peculiarity of the half length in phonography is singu- lar, but practical, and its preservation, because indis- pensable, will probably continue as usual, notwith- standing the number of perpendicular strokes out of proportion. These do not signify where similar strokes come together in a regular way. Regularity is what we owe to system. Wealth lies in that quarter, and worth. Your benignant people belong to this class, and to them we shall send a savior. Superficially, truth hath her home here, and has had, oh, so long ! The immediate kingdom, though large, is no mere man- ufactory, as I recollect it It is also recoverable in a degree by the public and never overcrowded. Next to being under subjection to an executrix, or an adminis- tratrix, it is repugnant to have a representation in the Cabinet, especially if one can govern himself, or ad- vertise what is already begun, or almost to begin. As this is altogether beneficial I need not describe it, nor mention it for children to hear with awe ; but simply collect the facts, and correct the errors, and thus halve the difficulties inartificially and in due form. To this WORD SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS 157 regularity no one could specially object ; because the frequent and peculiar evidences of popularity attending a similarity of movement everybody * knew. I myself a worthy but delinquent baptist note that, financially speaking, the general condition of the Democratic party is not important, but equality of races is ; nevertheless, people differ according to differ- ent temperaments, and it should not astonish any one that the wealthy give special care to health, are not negligent of mental development, and believe in avoiding superficial remedies, even though popular. The principal architecture of our large cities has especial reference to aristocratic taste, although it is inartificial and practically useless. To-day electricity plays such an important part that the electrical en- gineer must be careful in placing the electric plant. But a lengthy dissertation is not possible, so this shall not be long. It will probably represent the celestially inclined, and refer to an interrogatory or two indispen- sably connected with the subject. Thank nobody * for this, nor publish the fact, however responsibly it may be stated. This will not do to republish, for oh, it is so flat. Extraordinary things happen in the United States. *See note page 36. PROPER NAMES In proper names a small circle and N curl may be written to represent the syllable son even where the N stem does not make an awkward outline (par. 91): -A-Addison,.A-Dawson,__^_.Atchison. In proper names a small circle and N curl may be written within a ter hook, also within' an N hook on curved stems :_._.-^.._-Patterson, \__ .Peterson, .^^~~, _. Henderson. In proper names the syllable wood may be writ- ten with the half-length W :.. ^r^W^CV_ Underwood, __7T7T"^?_ .Collingwood. Proper names should always have the accented vowel inserted : -17-^^-^.. - - Cunningham, ... Chat- tanooga. The syllable Con at the beginning of proper names is not always represented by a dot, but may be oc- casionally :_._..^_. Con way, __-_/_ -Condit,_H^^__ Con- fucius, _'. ~ . Concord, _ _ _,_ _ . Constantinople. In writing proper names the H tick may be used before consonants other than K, G, and M (par. 89) : J__ -Manhattan, ___ i; ^7_ Harrison. Proper names beginning with generally have the sign joined :_]7^-_-0'Connell,_: O'Hara, .O'Leary,. 15S HELPFUL PHRASES absolutely necessaryA T_ do you ever L_. again and again___.-rra_^- do you have__.l__ all the time. at any rate, at featt- at all events at all times . at last-_L__ at least. . at some time at the same at the Eastern States fellow citizens. .o. for example -_Vj*rTs__. for instance__kj> for the purpose of_-A from the good while- good-will-. I am not___ I cannot' bank account.. >rrr^_. I could not. bank by express. - Constitution of the United States day time._tr>_ -- I mean to in consequence in consideration. . u._ in order 159 PHONOGRAPHY seems to be _^rzv._ T r Southern States... V b to sell J-. to use.. 6 to other. to their. J... to the. to it., 160 in reference . in regard in return. ... more and more.^^ more or less.. so/C most likely. /rr^TTT. much more /r>. must must not no, sir... Northern States vice-president V* of said 1 . _ years of age . . . of such.. /__ years o\A...^i- on the contrary Y... yes, sir _D- one or more 7 one or right or wrong.... 'C you Secretary of State__or- you are not . Secretary of War..crfN- you were not. . to them. to that L. . ^z LEGAL WORDS AND PHRASES Abstract . abstract of ti accessible.. .A., adjournment.. /,._ adjustment ...(/_. administrator. . . 1^ administration., administratrix administrate administered . affiant...^-. affidavit _.X V -. aforesaid alimony allegation . _L? appearance., appellate __ _\T_ appellant. ...V!_ appurtenances A/^-^-r? ?\ ascertain../. as follows SL_ assignee ...V. . assignment ... assigns. ..r. . Bargained..^-., before and after bill of Borough of / Brooklyn ( Borough of / \/ Manhattan borrower. _ Cause of action. 161 162 PHONOGRAPHY causes of action covenant.. m\^_ chattels../^. Deceased L__ . p Circuit Court. _\^_ default. __d__ City of New York. .P. ' defendant's counsel P. City and County I demurrer f "t: deponent- description devise...^-. disbursements _ . .L^_ . Va dismissal _- distance of New York commonwealth competent.- consignee. .. consignment consignor p constitute copartnership ^. . _ duly sworn ."_ . copy of your I ~\^J^ E t answer | - -y Corporation I ^-A^^-^^ easterly Counsel I" ^T" ' ny " counsel. Court y House ) - eastward.. County of I ~*~7^ New York)- eastwardly eastern.. LEGAL WORDS AND PHRASES 163 good will. ?' grantee "iTT. grantor. ..^ guarantor. ^^-- guardian. endorse, endorsed endorsement Sw_ endorsing .... entitle /: equity evidence...' executed. executors expedient _ expiration \/. hereinbefore.^.." hereafter, hereby. j hereinafter. Foreclosure. - hereof-.rv- hereto..^ foregoing.. A for the purpose of k^.. heretofore. \> forthwith . ^^\ - - I give funeral ..L. immunities -\ Gentlemen of the jury.^.. in accordance. 164 PHONOGRAPHY in consideration... L Lastly. incumbrances .5. indebtedness ^i $ .. Maintenance indenture.. ^^1 mortgage C^ individually yc_ _ mortgagee . . in full.. mortgagor ^^ > ^ in pursuance -L North ^-^\JL^5> in relation.. - plaintiff's attorney. __\ situated.. ... peremptory. .!\^XL. southeast... 166 ~ southeasterly . .?. . southeastern southern __.k. southerly. _AA7_ c south wardly.. .TJC. c south west.. _-T!Y southwesterly... ( southwestern . . hv State of New York subpoena., subscribed subscriber, substitute. _. substituted i| summons. _^s&. supplementary *>. PHONOGRAPHY Supreme Court. _<>s Surrogate's Court. Take notice. temporary... testamentary. . bx testator ____ L_ . J testatrix -p n .- that he is that he was ____ ~ that is to thereafter C thereat. _\__ thereby _____ :\._ therefor.X _. therefore. ..( __ therefrom.Vr^- therein_./?_ ^ LEGAL WORDS AND PHRASES thereinto _- ____ C n thereof.--!. thereon C thereto. />__ thereunder. thereunto. c ' thereupon.. V. o therewith {!. to take place.: transcript . .tll^. TNO Verified v^.. Warrant..?.. well acquainted westerly ...7 westward. westwardly western _.._15._ what is your JL.. whereat... __L whereby.. /\ wherefore. wherein..^ whereof.... whereon... wheresoever..^ whereupon wherever.. xr_ wherewith. wherewithal ithal._x4._ where do you ) reside I witnesseth whomsoever whosoever. ., OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED abandoned \ N abundant above \ \ before "~\J absolute V 'Y obsolete " administrator demonstrator adoration [/> 'T duration advance defiance abundant. accession accusation causation account amount cotton kind advantage J / see abandoned J v adverse \ L e diverse -Var -^ < _ . J advert divert advice advise device icej I isej vb" accusation ____ acute . cute adamant 'I IT demand .i?___t^_._ diamond administered administrate demonstrate affect effect affirm confirm form conform administration! 9 rlaTVirvTiofxrifJ/^-r. *-- ~^" ^ H- affirmation confirmation formation conformation affix .. fix -Vc^ii>--- 168 OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 169 after for of afterward forward froward again altogether together agent / gentlemen almost s~^> ^, most . V^ anybody nobody anyone no one ._ c -., s ^- none 3 anything nothing apart part party C\ fl altitude latitude altogether '..see again amount.^.. see account animal anomaly annexed next appertain pertain apportion portion operation oppression apposition - v opposition V V possession position .>..*...V-v- approbation probation prohibition anomaly see animal appropriate} ^, / purport anterior IX ^_^^ / property interior propriety any appropriation no - < ^^^-s.^. preparation own proportion \) 170 PHON( are ^ where .. / ^ )GRAPHY available o i ^. valuable .^y ^^x v/ x voluble avocation i vacation ) _^ ^ V., p were arm ~V-^ ~\ > army ashore ; j? shore " ~"A" '" assure , vocation i avoid V ^ void avoiding V. ^-x a i i.' sure "^--j??- assured , fighting \^ bank X_^ \ shrewd -<( ~y~ atheism ( - j.i- o-T\ L panic bank note ^-^-^^ ^ theism ~t atheist ( / J-1 ' L -Vl_ I bank account barber i <\ "X briber j -*-^w v/ theist ^; atheistic , , theistic ~~k^-~~\>~~ atonement . . . attainment . t..k L_x^ bribery barley "Nf \/ u i barrel beautiful tenement attainable I 1 tenable "v" ~\~ attainment. _U. see atonement auditor L \j daughter r ) doubter } pitiful f i before, \s_see above ^~ beheld v \_ behold -V- berth ) v s birth \ -Vt._!V.. breath ( OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 171 blast \ V plaster " blasted \ V plastered " c blaster plasterer" blasting plastering " board \ bread " ^ breath .-'V- see berth breed } brute I - N -V-- brood captam-^7^^-_see cabin caricature character causation see accession P & caused cost f caustic o exotic " character. - see caricature chlorate chloride \ .. \X_ collision bribery. -\X... see barber collusion -i; bright % \ broad " ~T~~ brood --SV-- see breed brute_^_-see breed \ _ cabin ~\ captain cajole cudgel capital capitol collapse f\ c eclipse " "V" collation ^^^. see coalition collision --._-,,.- see coalition collusion - _ .. f?-- see coalition coming going 172 PHONOGRAPHY communication . connection copy occupy comparative . v \ cordially cooperative .^,-_-^Vj^V gradually operative cork ^- compositor \ V \ crack"" pastor .-J9._.^--5__ pasture corn -^ gram" condemnation I I _ domination ^ ' come . r dimension 1 > crossing - damnation' confirm_ see affirm corporeal cost - caused cotton .. see account country kindred affirmation conform_:^r?^-see affirm ; _ y . conformation.^^-. kindred ' see affirmation countryman ^^ Connecticut __. countrymen - Kentucky ' crack ! ^ 7 __ see cork connection..- crossing __________ see corner crammed see communication cramped consider Q construe "l~~ \. cudgel 7T-. see cajole cooperative ______ y\- - see comparative cute.^.see acute see administered OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 173 damnation. hT^rr?. demand, j^.. see adamant see condemnation demonstra te_.U- daughter. . _r . see audito r dear n true _L__o__L truth S^ ' debtor I editor ' decease , disease ~o~~*" demonstration. K , *" deceased ) desist I-U--1- diseased P "> dedicate detect deduct ;. t _ L , tion - MWi-l -U^- tion j L_3 T .u. see administration demonstrator. kra _. _ see administrator desist.. .-_i_- .see deceased P destination . . destine .L L.i^.. distinction [^ J ^^ detect _L. see dedicate detection see dedication device. l^.-see advice T diamond.:?. .see adamant dimension .Ut^j2. see dedication see condemnation disease. J_ .see decease diseased. L._see deceased distinction -U-^- see destination dedication detection deduction deduct -L- see dedicate deduction.! defer defray defiance.. ..see advance defray. . J . . see c?e/er 174 PHONOGRAPHY distribute i |x\ disturb b " else 's~ less J diverse. :C^. - - see averse emigrate immigrate ^ divert .Icy ..see advert migrate emigration ' immigration see condemnation migration domination.. doubter.. ee auditor imply duration --L .see adoration endless needless earnestly erroneously easier easier x ^ easily --j- ) i eternity eclipse.frrv-see collapse trinity editor effect, ..see earnestly .see debtor Ivery -^ "^ see affect exotic.. ~_see caustic elder older /7_l later eldest ^, oldest /.jL-vfL./?. latest expansive expensive extensive extension extenuation OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 175 extensive. TJ^Tx.. fiscal . , see expansive P nvslca ' ^y- ^^- v^u fix..L_. ..see affix extenuation _=^_ . see extension fl a ^ flowed " extract' ZT~ *) f i extricate -.see after extraction v ~*\ ^ form.S-O--.see affirm extrication" formal-ly extricate ."T^L .see extract formerly extrication _7ZL^_ . see extraction see affirmation o fairly V^^ (. f owner -^T:_ .see farmer thoroughly "^^Y^' c _^- , _ see afterward fierce , . o f reward. Lr^. see afterward furious -V^- - -\^s- . a funeral fighting .r^rr'_. see avoiding funereal finally x_^ vt furious.^ .$. .see fierce, finely " ^ garden J find guardian found " '"" .^ \f~ garnet / finely see finally granite 176 PHONOGRAPHY genteel . granite -^77^ see garnet genteelly ~^""^r~f^ ^, gentle-y ,/- v. guardian _.__ .see garden gentlemanly .....(.... J intl y guide__7Lsee God gentleman j giant guilt. .. see gilt gentlemanly _^7_see genteel happily V V"~ partly " gentlemen. y_ .see agent i hardily ^ x- ^ giant.^-.see gentleman hardly heartily gilt ) mortally j guilt j -~.*-. gold he-him me go see come held God H hold-e^ guide " ^^ her -^ going see coming our" gradation graduation gradually. ..a. hereafter hereof hereat X hereto herein see cordially hereon "y" \T"" graduation.^.. hereinto see gradation hereunto grain . = s_ see cor?i hereof . r. . see hereafter OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED s~\v hereon_:x-- see herein imply >._see employ hereto. ^ . . see hereat important. ..seehereinto he V~7 hereunto! see impaired incessant unceasing /-i himself myself history ^-^ mystery "p^" hold. crs.. see held T honestly nicely idleness -//..--see dullness i immaterially immaturely . indebted indicted | ^. "~l 1 undoubted j" undated indication -> ^-^j _, induction indicted.^-- see indebted **~1 induction Lo see indication "** A inevitable x X unavoidable"" "\"" "J" imminent. -_see eminent ingenious ingenuous immigrate -^-^- immigration,^^^ interested see emigration understood impaired ^-N\ ^*\ interiors important' impassionate impassioned impatient see anterior invasion see innovation 178 PHONOGRAPHY island v r land January f^ June ~~J" jointly ^., see genteel joy_/__see advantage June__y__see January Kentucky. r^w^_. licorice liquors likely luckily liquors .^71. . see licorice live -^\.- see leave lovely_/^\/7_see level luckily -(T. see likely see Connecticut machine <- mission kind __Tl- see account machinery kindred.^x|-_-see country missionary""^!" marked land__'__see island late ^- ,- old " " "" later _/____ see elder latest./?. .see eldest latitude.^. .. see altitude leave live less^/^.see e/se level lovely market materially maturely me see he melt ^-> mold melter milder^ molder migrate see emigrate migration ^~, see emigration OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 179 mild.C^.see melt myself .^C^ .see himself milder -CT/___. see melter mystery. _C\ /.see history ministry "-(X narrated ^/l c^ monastery -^^/~~ ~ quoted min ute rq> T^L needless.^.see endless mi nute' mon th next._v_^_see'anneo:ea Misses nicely.. 7T... -see honestly Mrs. -s~&-~_ see copy monastery Jc. , see ministry of^-.or see a./2er month m_._see minute old__>T._see mortally jL _ . see hardily older. _v^_ . _ see most.s^ . see almost oldest. vf. .see eldest ^ rs - - 2-5 - see M ses operation \2. see apportion 180 operative PHONOGRAPHY overrun _. see overran see comparative oversaw operator \y^ \ oversee .Ex- porter oversew opposition -.?._ see apposition <^ overthrew oppression.?^, overthrow '\fr- see apportion ^ v own see any overtake overtook oppressor pursuer other C /> their )-> A. there > our.._see her over ^. o very" overarch overreach overdraw overdrew panic. -TT7.- see bank Parisian Persian .\.2__ Prussian part. \_ see ^ happily party. - see apart passed \ partner part-owner overreach.^,. past " '" see see overarch pastor .._,. see compositor OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 181 pasture.^... see compositor pitiful.v.-__see beautiful patient .Xi. see passionate plaster_v,.__ ____ see blast \ s/ 1 pattern " patron see passed plasterer... . see ' blaster . permanent .A^T^.S-^.-. plastering preeminent prominent see biastin poor persecute x/ 9 - %- pure~\^~ nvosppiifp ~~ 1 prosecute persecution prosecution Persia Prussia <\j Persian _V/_. see Parisian pertain..^ .see appertain , .. ,. J petrifaction putrefaction petrified putrefied petrify putrefy poorer purer poorly purely porter . portion \ operator . see apportion position __V- see apposition > p OSSess ion.V- see apposition predict protect preeminent - see oppressor physical . ____ see fisca I see Permanent prefer proffer 182 PHONOGRAPHY preparation!^-^.. prosecute. Jr. . see persecute see appropriation prosecution.^. proscribe 'V^V see P ersecution princes ~ cv protect .^ see predict princess "~~^~~V~ o) Prussia f\J.... see Persia probation _\_ _. see ^ approbation Prussian .'No., see Parisian product..:^.. see predict p ur e._x/ see poor proffer..\..see prefer purely.^.see poorly prohibition..^ purer.xX-see poorer see approbation ^^ purport.X- prominent. ..^rT^r. . . see appropriate see permanent propertyXl.. purpose - N . . see propose see appropriate proportion \ . pursuer..^ -see Nj i oppressor see appropriation \ putrefaction..-^...^.. propose \ \/X purpose "\J see petrifaction propriety -_^9\-__see putrefied .v.... see petrified I appropriate 4 c\^ putrefy . x^ . L see petrify proscribe.. .?rr\-- see prescribe quoted frmV- see narrated OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 183 refinery " ~ ~^"""~ " -^-" ruined -x^-- - see renewed reflect safe S0 a -^ ^ stove registrar registry scorch Q _ fl / scratch " seat p p settee "f"~"fc~" renewed send ruined - reparation repression representation /\ >\ reputation u repression ^A^.. see reparation reputation ^X\_. L, see representation separate sport [, station " skill. f^T... see sofa.JL.-see safe some _^r^_ see same suppresson. L . see separation sure -J)--. see assure tartar trader traitor /i <\ n trader ..J__..Ji..jI.. sport. -\^_ .see separate tagte i i , <\ test spread . . _y . .separate taster \^ \^ tester tenable-L^-.-see attainable tenement _L^^.. see atonemcdt test .-b__ see staid steady staidness f steadiness statesman statesmen station.. U-. see situation L tester. bl.. see taster " see staidness their. A ..see other steady. .I ..see staid theism.^ ...see atheism stove.-C-.see safe theist.^--.see atheist theistic-/---.see atheistic sum. JT^. see same o f) ' support. \/-_ see separate there, v _see othei OUTLINES DISTINGUISHED 185 these v y use s~ this 7~~y; yourself T" thoroughly _\X_ . see fairly vacation . Ss*P. . . see avocation together .= .see again r\ valiant V , n violent "" trader. _L. see tartar valiantly tram L" violently turn n valuable . traitor. J__see tartar S ee available trinity. ..T.. see eternity very.^.see over true.l see dear violent. S^!. .see valiant truth..!.. see dear violently. >L. see valiantly turn. l/ 7 .- see iram v^^v vocation. Ss^^3__ unavoidable.. .^_..see g^ avoca tion inevitable \ void ..Si_- see avoid unceasing. -^) ...see i /T o< . . vrtliiKlo VJ \ '? ??/*^^Sf/ )? r L4W1C see available undated . . JTlj. . see indebted weed c c understood . _^^. . . wood "' " see interested were. ^/ see are undoubted.. ..see indebted where.-x^-see are 186 whereat /I A whereto" wherein whereon "' whereinto whereunto PHONOGRAPHY whereunto- woman women see whereinto -Vv wood ..I., see weed whereon.^ whereto __ - Mary land _/TV Massachusetts Michigan __ Minnesota Mississippi Missouri. Montana . Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey A. New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota, Ohio_.' STATES AND TERRITORIES Oklahoma- .frr Oregon_.._T7? Pennsylvania . ->, Philippine T ' Islands 187 Porto Rico^ Rhode Island . South Carolina. South Dakota,. Tennessee _ Texas ..Lo. Utah-.H-. Vermont - Virginia.- Washington West Virginia. Wisconsin -_T^. Wyoming c CITIES Akron. .TTT:.. Albany _l(.__S^_ Allegheny. !~~~^.. Allentown.. J._ Altoona.yq Asheville,^ Atchison.?.. Atlanta..: ... Atlantic City-_brf__ V\. >o Auburn. Augusta. Aurora. Austin. _(i. J Baltimore. Bangor.^ Baton Rouge ..\./4- AND TOWNS Bayonne._\ Binghamton.v Birmingham Bloomington. Boise City Boston... N__ Bridgeport.... Brockton. ..^. . "^ Brooklyn__v___- Buffalo. Butte-- V Cambridge Camden Canton Dubuaue-J-- X Honolulu-. ..jzL 190 P Houston.^. Indianapolis. _7\xT. HONOGRAPHY Los Angeles ' Louisville ^s\^ or _^L X" ^ r Lowell .6.. Lynn.^r?.. McKeesport Jackson ^~^ Jacksonville \^\. 9 f Jersey City. /. . . ^ Montpelier '\f~\ r^ Lawrence. 'N . Leavenworth /^V^^- Lexington ( ^\). Narragansett _.. ' Lincoln_^?m- Little Rock f Nashville. _^_ Newark ""-^X x-S^JV Long Branch . /x . . _ _ v ^rf. . New Bedford . .^T^S . . CITIES New Brunswick \ AND TOWNS Pittsburgh ______ Ne wburgh _ . >^\_ K__ Portland .V 3 Newcastle . .^r^jT. _ Portsmouth . ^r^ - Poughkeepsie v New Haven ____7Ao. New Orleans. ^r^T < ^ Providence... _i_. ) Pueblo...^.. Quincy.5n?.. Racine P~^ Newport . . *^\^ New York-_7T. Norfolk.. Oakland _.-=^r!- Omaha s*-^^. Reading.. xl.^.. Richmond ^4- - Rochester. ^ . Orange..^. Oshkosh ^i.. Rockford \ Sacramento J P?l1~PT*^OTl *^ Saginaw . Pawtucket-X.. LL Peoria.XX. St. Joseph ..-7 x St. PauL ^. Salem .1C.. Petersburg \ o *^v Philadelphia . Iw _ >^~ 191 192 PHONOGRAPHY X f L Salt Lake City 6 . Tallahassee^'"^. San Antonio ._I^T Irv^ Taunton-J- Terre Haute ._l-^_ Topeka L. Q ,j San Dipgo |_ . San Francisco San Juan .... Trenton .J^ n< \) Troy... 1 ... Savannah _^^r . Schenectady I Utica-^-... Washington^ << ^_ n* ' Scranton !? Seattle.. ..:p. Sioux City_.\. Waterbury . \ ^ Wheeling, cv >^^ r Wilkes Barre . - C7 \-- r - f Somerville . _ ^^s\ Wilmington cv,, Springfield. v Woonsocket. ^--^ - Worcester.. _.">- Yonkers .Sr^T. Superior. S^-X" Susquehanna c ^ f ~^' Syracuse.^.--. Youngstown . \j+ . f* V\r I READING EXERCISES Short Words are Best I -1 \ \ C. r\ j 6 C, \ -**--Vv ...v_, A. :.^...lz. 1D3 194 PHONOGRAPHY ,. v 3 L C x . ^.... _o T 'a ^* V^D ; \ SHORT WORDS ARE BEST 195 L .^../...u.. :._.i_.^ * 7) 196 PHONOGRAPHY 6 _V..... = .(.. -S^.^ -~<~~v f. J Vrr y " x i_ N. ( --*- JL. SHORT WORDS ARE BEST 197 I j> ^ ( f- t ^^ -* 1.1- - ,- - - ; / ^ i ( ( *-*-* O O " J> x^ V / s 198 PHONOGRAPHY 10 t\ ~ ------- 1~ 1" V L -"^ (7 1 - i. ^..^ V. u H --V-- \ 5^-\-.. .-.^L.l-^>-^ .-VT-..A..I...LX' .^4 SHORT WORDS ARE BEST 199 c r c ^ i_ -N - _^^* , >L A__o.-A._ 203 204 20 .. u I PHONOGRAPHY X- ... a 21 . 1..1.V ^-s- -r- \. V A TALK TO YOUNG STENOGRAPHERS 205 22 . - SC.'&L 23 ...,.... 206 PHONOGRAPHY 24 . ..:_./. ( ^S -\ c _Af_0__!*_ I " I -tl^s^X \ I ck > \ ... .... .... __ 26 rT >-v c \ \ .Y. A TALK TO YOUNG STENOGRAPHERS 207 27 k 1 * .,. J' 208 28 PHONOGRAPHY 1 ..:..:2.....r. /.. ' r~ . 29.. .. 1 3 30 ,. I A TALK TO YOUNG STENOGRAPHERS 209 *-*""t~J- .__?)... ....S-^. ^> _____ . n k x ^ o^>--__; ,^-p -XiX 31 >~x . ' ..JO zo ""<' --v -^--^ r ~ : v T b-^-- ijCLlA* 32 o o ._,. 210 PHONOGRAPHY .._. c 33 ^ I /- ..4,, ^ I r..^ A TALK TO YOUNG STENOGRAPHERS 211 i. \ 35 ,__xr___Na .X*R.- C - V -^--- ? . *__. A TALK TO YOUNG STENOGRAPHERS 213 38 . _ -. \ :-Lj. I <^> 39 214 PHONOGRAPHY 40 \ Lp 41 . t--' k- IT 7...X .. -- Post Offices on Wheels 42 ^~s J k..r. \ 43 r 215 216 ..: PHONOGRAPHY \ X J 44 POST OFFICES ON WHEELS /......_< s- V 217 ( <_x i 45 ^ 3 ^ ' ^ \ i- ^ "Is *" """ "" 218 PHONOGRAPHY 46 ^ ./ _. _J_x -/- 48 .. POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 219 ...r^i..x._j. ___X 49 r j ^mh_x-_ B^^^J^LZLl^^-L^ jT---[r>--^^i-_.-.--^:_s,..v_ ?) --- o - Tlo _n N A \5 rry-..-. -f ff? POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 221 ..... ..^.. . 53 __U ___v_. t- 222 PHONOGRAPHY L.-.V 54 . . 5- r .L 55.. ^ POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 223 r ^ 7 t b 56 s / ^ > X) -).-, 224 PHONOGRAPHY 57 . V c x "* ...C..^.,. 3o c -* ^ - .Lw_^ --\^J- ---/- --&-' ^S^l . ff 58 b 'ts l^^ t POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 225 59 60.. *rL 226 PHONOGRAPHY 61 l..:.l i >^ -O (\ p / ~~ 1 /" \ I \ /\ .T_.-!...--^...A...^i _- ... _S*,-,V- WRITING EXERCISE Post Offices on Wheels (CONTINUED) 62 The "helper," as he empties each sack on the distributing table, arranges the packages with the addresses towards the sort- er. This is called "facing" the mail, and the operation of placing it into the pigeon-holes is known as "throwing." Removing the distributed pieces for delivery is "tying out," and the printed labels attached to every package of fifty or a hundred letters, and which the sorter stamps with his name and official designation, so that any errors in separation may be charged against him, are called "facing slips." 63 Some idea of the magnitude of the service may be gained from the fact that the Chicago post office alone serves out 50,000 of these slips to the clerks of the Sixth Division every day. It is to the interest of every clerk's reputation and standing to see that his stint is performed and all his mail properly distributed, tied-out, and labeled before he reaches the end of his run. The work is apportioned so that each member of a crew has an equal share. 64 But in case more mail is received than can be handled, a report is made of the number of sacks unworked and the clerk in charge on the connecting run receives a memorandum to that effect. This official gives his attention first to his own regular work and then to that in arrears, which he makes a strong effort to clean up. * If he fails, he hands a slip to the foreman of the crew with whom he connects, and if the run of the latter end at a terminal point, such as Chicago or Omaha, on the through line from New York to San Francisco, he and his force are bound to distribute every letter and paper before they leave the car. The average clerk will distribute about 2,000 letters or ten sacks of 150 pieces an hour, which means that he will read 33 addresses and arrange them in their proper order every minute. m 228 PHONOGRAPHY 65 Letters are more easily handled than papers, being lighter and involving less physical exertion ; but the movements of the letter-sorter are cramped and in the end prove very tiring. The postal clerk, of all men, has to cultivate a strong digestion and the habit of sleeping soundly under difficulties. He generally takes his meals with him and eats them cold during the brief in- tervals he is able to snatch from his duties, or he may leave the train during the ten-minute stops at way-stations and snatch a hurried repast. 66 In such cases, one or more men are always left in charge of the train, to guard the mails, though the penalty of ten years at hard labor against mail-robbers and the incorruptibility of Federal juries have proved effective in preventing attempts at theft. Attacks on clerks are rare. In an outlying district of Kentucky the solitary agent on a branch road was recently fired at as his train passed a lonely spot, and his life has since been threatened. He has not, however, asked for protection, and the Department has not thought the danger imminent enough to re- lieve him. 67 On reaching the end of his run, the clerk is required to register again. The rules on this point are very strict. A failure to register, even though the work were executed, would involve a loss of pay for the trip, unless a good excuse were forthcoming, the object being to make sure that the full run has been performed. At terminal points dormitories for the railway clerks are provided in the post office building, and to these they repair immediately on arrival. Their names are registered, with the hour at which they wish to be called, and a watcher is in attendance to wake them. On long runs they are frequently compelled to sleep in the cars, in which case they sleep on an improvised couch of empty mail sacks. Smoking in trains or the use of cooking-stoves is not per- mitted. This rule is rigidly enforced on such lines as the New York Central, where cars have been burned through the careless handling of lights. 68 Strangers are also forbidden to enter the postal cars, and those admitted on passes are registered, checked and reported on POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 229 like any other consignment of mail matter. The regulation re- quiring the wearing of a uniform cap, with a gilt badge bearing the initial letters of the words Railway Mail Service, is prac- tically a dead letter and will probably be repealed, since the cars are generally so hot that all superfluous clothing is dispensed with. Errors are charged up against each clerk, and, if numerous, are punishable by fine or otherwise. 69 The clerks are nearly all hard-working, good-natured and intelligent full of anecdotes, as becomes men who travel some- times 90,000 or 100,000 miles a year, and whose memory for general information is strengthened by the severe drill to which it is constantly subjected in their business. Some of the older hands dispense altogether with the use of labels on their cases (although this is an infringement of the regulations), and intrep- idly perform their long journeys with no written memoranda of schedule changes. 70 A fortnightly magazine is published in their interest. From the Washington office a daily bulletin is issued, occupying one and sometimes two quarto sheets, giving the names of post offices established, changed, or discontinued, general orders, rail- road extensions, etc. A division schedule is also supplied to the men once a week, containing the time-tables in detail of the dif- ferent railroad post offices and list of express pouches, and calling special attention to all changes. Clerks in charge are required to notify the Division Superintendent of all changes in schedule on their lines. Order-books are kept of all points where clerks regis- ter their names. But the document which most interests individ- ual members of the force is the little half-sheet of case examina- tions, containing honorable mention of those who during the month have distinguished themselves in correct distributions of the test cards. 71 It is the service roll of honor, and involves the same dis- tinction as among soldiers is conferred by mention in despatches. The General Superintendent further gratifies those highest on the list by a personal letter of congratulation. The oldest clerk, now well on in the sixties, runs between Cleveland and Toledo in 230 PHONOGRAPHY connection with the New York and Chicago Railroad Post office. When first appointed, he had entire charge of the baggage, mail, and express between Buffalo and Toledo, and attended to all the business himself. 72 There now are nine carloads of mail alone passing over the same road every day, and these give employment to a large force of clerks. The heaviest postal route on any railroad in the world is over the New York Central. A train leaves every morn- ing at 4:35, carrying the daily papers from New York to Buffalo. A local train, leaving at 8:30, drops the mails at stations between those points. At 8:50 a fast train starts with two sixty-foot postal cars containing mail for the Western States. 73 Again, at 9 P. M., there is the west-bound flyer which makes the connections for California. A crew of sixteen clerks accompanies it as far as Syracuse. There they are relieved by twelve others, who, at Cleveland, give place to ten more. The train reaches Chicago in twenty-seven hours, forty-five minutes, and is the heaviest mail carrier in the world. The east-bound fast mail, leaving Chicago over the same line every morning, makes the run to New York in twenty-five hours, thirty-five min- utes, and by the time it arrives every letter is sorted for delivery to the different city stations. A few large firms and corporations in New York have secured the privilege of a special separation. 74 The quantity of letters traveling East and West from day to day is about the same, though, as the great publishing centers are all in the East, the paper mail westward is naturally much heavier. Postal cars vary in length from forty to sixty feet, and are named after prominent statesmen or postal officials. Former- ly they were all painted white, but they needed scrubbing so often that the railroads are now allowed to color them the same as their other cars ; 396 mail cars are in use in the service, with 94 in reserve ; also 1,680 apartment cars, with a reserve of 485, making a total of 2,655. 75 The difficulties railway clerks encounter in disposing of letters are akin to those of the ordinary postal officials. Women POST OFFICES ON WHEELS 231 who mark letters "in haste," and leave out the name of the town for which they are intended, and cranks who write addresses in rime, or experiment with white ink on black paper, furnish only a part of their trials. A letter was recently handled on the Lake Shore road bearing this rebus-like superscription : Wood J Mass 76 Every clerk of course prides himself on being a better guesser than his neighbor, but it was only after a series of profane explosions that the champion guesser in the service correctly in- terpreted this to mean, "J. Underwood, Andover, Mass." A correspondent of a Chicago grocery firm was evidently in posses- sion of their business card, for this is what he wrote on an en- velope : J. Smith. J. Smith & Co. E. Smith. Fine Groceries a specialty. Superior brands of California wines. Our representative will call on you shortly. Chicago. 77 General Superintendent Bell is one of the most popular members of the service. His compact, sturdy figure, round face, bright eyes, and spectacles are well known on several thousand miles of mail route, and his untiring energy and genuine personal interest in the work stimulate all with whom he comes in contact. Mr. Bell was born at Reading, Penn., about fifty years ago, and mingles a Teutonic strain with his Scotch-Irish blood. INDEX PAGE Alphabet, Phonographic 7-8 "An Inconsequent History" 149-153 Brief Signs for W, Y, H, N, "ing," "ings" 52 Brief Signs, Phrasing by 128 Consonants 7-8 Circles and Loops 42, 109 Cities and Towns 188-192 Contractions List of Word Signs and 138 Diphthongs 10 Et cetera, and &c 97 Final Hooks 74, 120 Fourth Position 131 Halving 30, 104 Helpful Phrases 159-160 H Brief .... 53 Hooks Initial . 58,115 " Final 74,120 "Ing" Brief 53- 54 "Ings" Brief 54 Initial Hooks 58, 115 Joining Consonant Stems 18 Key to "An Inconsequent History" 154-157 L, R, SH-How to Write 23 Legal Words and Phrases 161-167 Lengthening 37, 104 Loops and Circles 42, 109 N curl Brief 52, 121 Negatives 68 232 INDEX PAGE Outlines Distinguished 168-186 Punctuation Marks 14 Prefixes and Suffixes 88 Phrasing Simple Form of 98 " By Halving 104 " " Lengthening 104 " - " Circles and Loops 109 " " Initial Hooks 115 " -" Final Hooks and Curls 120 " " Ticks and Brief Signs 128 " -" Fourth Position 131 " Helpful Phrases 159-160 Proper Names - 158 R, L, and SH How to Write 23 SH, L, and R " " " 23 Special Vocalization 67 Suffixes and Prefixes 88 States and Territories 186-187 Ticks 14, 128 Vowels 10 W Brief 52, 130 Y- " 52,131 Word Signs and Contractions 138-149 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JB S 10*6 MOV 21196! Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY Z56 Packard- P12 1 Practical iyu8 phonography. IOJ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL UBflARYFACjLJY A 000 573 589 9 P12 1 1908 - c:.