s V ^ UNIVERSITY of CALIFOHNIA. AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY ; A N A C C O U N T e F A V O Y AGE F R M Spain to Paraquaria; Performed by the Reverend Fathers, Anthony Sepp and Anthony Behme, Both German Jefuits, The Firft of Tyrol upon the River Eth^ the Other of Bd'varia^ Containing a Defcription of all the remarkable Things , and the Inhabitants, ^ as well as of the Miffionaries reli- ding in that Country. Taken from the Letters of the faid Anthony Se^ , and Pub- lilh'd by his own Brother Gabriel Sepp. Tranjlated from the High Dutch Original^ Printed at Nurenberg, 1697. '- .1 D t> £ U hill i:t9^ 634 Advertifement to the Reader. THE Reverend Fathers Anthony Sepp and Anthony Behme, with pveral other Zealous Jeiuits^ being inflamed with a holy Zeal for the propagating of the Catholick Faith in far diflant Countries ; refolded with agreat deal of Chearfulnefs to leave their Native Country. And Travelling into Spain, took up" on them the holy FunBion of Miflionaries^ for the Converjion of the Infidels.^ and InflruSiion of the already Converted Indians in Paraquaria, a Province of the Wefiern America. After their Arrival at Buenos Ayres, the faid Father Sepp having thought fit to fend an Account of this Voyage^ together with a Description of that Country^ its Inhabitants.^ Manners.^ Govern- ment^ Sec. in two Letters fent into Germany ; The fame were thought abfolutely Worthy to he PubliJPd^ for the many remarka^ hie Things contained therein.^ andfcarce known hefore in thefej*arts. V^ A N ?> ■« '^ ^ i 591 A N ACCOUNT O F A VOYAGE FROM Spain to Paraquaria ; \, Perform'd by the Reverend Fathers, Anthony Sepp, and Anthony Behme ; Both G^rw^w Jefuits, t^c CHAP. I. An Account of Father Anthony Sepp, of the Society of Jefus. His Voyage out of Spain to Paraquaria, and. his Arrival at Buenos Ayrcs, with x (bort Defcription of that Place^ and its Inhabitants. Dated at Buenos Ayres in Paraquaria, ufon the River calPd Rio de la Plata in America I "yth of April, heing the Holy Eafterday, 1691. WE imbark'd the 17th of Cloth, 6-c. they were worth at leaft f^j^^^ January., on St. Antho- twelve Millions of Reds. Sepp nf sDay Sit Cadiz., znd Concerning my other Sufferings in ,5^1, arriving the 5th of v^- this Voyage, I will write more at large ^^^^sj pril at Bitenos j4yres , were received another time. I will only tell you, that therewith fiich Dcmonftrations of Joy, without God's peculiar Mercy, out of as is fcarce to be exprefs'd ^ becaufe the 4° Mifllonaries that were aboard thefe Inhabitants of this Place (which is no Veflels, not half would have reach d the bigger than a Country Town) had not American Shoar , as bemg altogether fecn any Ships from 5p^:« for 3 Years unacquainted with fuch harlh Diet as lafl: paft \ whereby they were reduced our covetous Captam was pleas d to at-\ to that Extremity, that they had fcarce ford us ^ which was very hard Bisket \ a Shirt left to Ihift themfelves with ; fo ful of Maggots, becaufe it had been that our VelTels fold a Yard of Linnen bak'd 2 Years before -, about a Pint ot/ Cloth at 20 Dollars and 25 Dollars, ill fcentcd and corrupted Water a Day &c. a vaft Profit indeed, it being com- and a fmall quantity ot Flefh ; but io lull putedthat at the Rate they fold their of Maggots, that without the utmolt Commodities of Iron, Copper, Linnen- neceffity, we could not fo much as have Vol. IV. L 1 1 1 3 lookd h^e An Account of a Voyage look'd upon , much lefs have eaten ic. I being the eldell of the Mifllonaries, had the advantage of a Cabin, of about 6 Foot long, and 3 broad, but the reft of the IMinionaries were forced to take up their Qiiarters in the Fore-caftle of tlie Ship, expofed to the Injuries of the Weather and Air, and for an additional Plague were conltantly incommoded with the flench of the Hen's Dung , which were kept thereabouts, and of which 10 commonly died in a Day \ not to mention what other Hardfhips we were expos'd to, our Cloths being all tattered and torn, and it being part of our Daily Employment to keep our felves tolerably free from Vermin. Af- ter all thefe Tryals of our Patience, we arrived in America , at which I could not refrain from Tears , and upon my Knees gave Thanks to Almighty God, for his Deliverance from fo many Dan- gers and Troubles. Thus much of our Voyage : I will now give a brief Account of faraqttaria and Buenos Jyres (referving a more perfed Defcription thereof for another Occali- on.) BHenos Ayres is a fmall Town feat- ed upon Rio de U Plata (the Plate River) which at its Mouth, where it exonerates it felf into the Sea, is at leaft 60 Ger- man Miles broad, and confequently re- fembles rather the Sea, than a River ^ its Water is accounted very wholefome, and to promote Digcftion, we drink every Day of it, even after eating much Fruit, without the leall detriment. Their thatch'd Houfes, or rather Huts of Clay, have no more than one Floor, and fcarce ever lalt above feven Years. However about five Years ago, our Fa- thers have found a way of burning of Lime, and making of Tiles, wherewith they have covered their College, and are building now a Steeple of Brick, and hereafter intend to build alfo the Church and the College of the fame Materials. Hereabouts are no Trees, fuch as our Elms, Firrs, or fuch like, fit for Fuel, but whole Woods of Peach, Almond, and Figg-Trees, the Wood whereof is ufed in the Kitchin. Thefe they Pro- pagate by putting only the Kernels into the Ground, which grow up to ad- miration , and produce Fruit the firfl Year. I gathered this very Day fome Figgs from a Tree, the Trunk where- of was bigger than I could grafp with both Arms. The Grounds are here fo rich of Pafturage, that you fhall fee 1 3000 or 1 5000 Oxen feeding together, fo that when you want a fat Ox, you have no more to do than to go only in- to the Field, throw a Rope about the Horns, bring him Home and kill him for your ufe. Our College fold once 20000 Oxen at a Time , for 1 2000 Crowns \ they are very Tall, and gene- rally White, and valued only for their Hides, all the refl, except perhaps the Tongue, being left generally a Prey to the Birds, and wild Dogs, which flock together fometimes to the Number of 3000 or 4000, and if they meet with nothing elfe, do great Mifchief, and de- vour the Calves, which are as big here as a moderate Heifer with us. Of Partridges they have fuch prodigi- ous Quantities, that you may kill them with your Cane or Stick as you walk along, they being as tame and as large as our Pullets. Their Bread is made of the befl Wheat, as white as Snow, but not Salted, Salt being very fcarce among thefe Indians , and confequently but rarely ufed. The Inhabitants hereabouts as well Indians as Spaniards^ are Roman Catho- licks. The Firft live for the moft pare upon Beef, which they eat without either Bread or Salt, and half Raw -, they go into the Field, and having thrown the Rope about an Ox's Neck, thqy Ham- ftring him with a Knife \ then they kill him by thrufting a Knife into the Neck Joint, cut off the Head, and take out the Entrails, all which they throw away as ufelefs j and this they do in lefs than half a quarter of an Hours time. In the mean while that their Comerades are employed in making a Fire, thefe cut off large Slices from the Ox's Ribbs, or wherever they like it beft, and putting them upon Wooden Sticks, toaft them a little over the Fire, and fo devour them before they are fcarce heated thro*. Sometimes they lay a whole Quarter of an Ox to the Fire, but cut it off and eat it whilft it is on the Spit : Thus have I leen two of thefe Indians devour aa Ox in two Hours time, I mean the Flelh (for they throw away the Head, Feet , and Entrails) fo that they feera to contend in this Point for the fuperl- ority with Caligula^ Manimus^ Apicius, and Tr/pfco, famous Gluttons among the Antients, the lafl of which killed an Ox with his Fift only, and eat him alone afterwards the fame Day. The bettei to digelt fo vafl a quanti- ty of half raw Meat, fome throw them- felves immediately after into cold Wa- ter, from Spain to Paraquariao 637 ter, ftark naked, to retain the natural Heat within their Entrails, to promote digeftion. Others on the other Hand, lie upon the Ground with their Stomachs downwards in the hot Sand j here they Sleep till they think they have well enough digcfted their lafl: Meal, and then go to Work again as before. This Gluttony produces Worms in their Bow- els, progenerated from the vaft quan- tity of raw and indigefted Meat, fo that they feldora attain to the 50th Year of their Age. As for the reft of the Inhabitants of Pa- racjuarU they are very good Chriftians , ai>dacknowledgno other Superiors, but thig, Miffionaries, v?hom they reverence like Fathers, as they are indeed obliged to them for every thing, their Educati- on, Clothing and Food j they are very apt to imitate any thing that is laid be- fore them •, 1 have feen fomc Writing of theirs as exad as the beft Print. They make Clocks and Trumpets, not infe- rior to any in Germany \ but value Mu- fick above every thing elfe. When I Ihew'd them fome of my Compofitions and Mufical laftruments, I brought along with me out of Europe (tho' I am but an rwv.>n indifferent Mufician) they were ready SeT^>^ to adore nie. At the time of our Ar- 1691, rival we were met by about 6^0 Indians^ <.^\'SS playing upon their Pipes and American Horns, one of them keeping the lime by the Motion of a kind of a Flag, after a very ridiculous manner. I prefented thefe Mulicians with fome Toys, fuch as Looking-glalTes, Needles, Filh- hooks, Glafs-beeds ; Agnits''s Del , fniall Pi- dures, &c. which they valued beyond Gold and Silver. But my Paper begin- ning to fail me, 1 will only tell you. That 1, with 20 Miflionaries more, are to leave Bitenos Ayra before long, in or- der to go deeper into the Country, in- to divers Cantons, of which there are 24 in this Province \ each of them hav- ing 50C0, fome 8coo or 9000, others near 1 5000 Inhabitants, each under the tuition of two Miffionaries, who are to provide not only for their Souls, but alfo for their Bodies, by allotting each Family their due Share of Meat, Bread, Flower, &c. without which they would devour all at once. No more at this Time. I recommend my felf, &c. CHAP. ir. A f Articular Defcription of Father Anthony SeppV Voyage out of Spain into Paraquaria, taken out of his fecond, Letter dated in the Canton of Japegu, in theProruince of Paraquaria on the 2^th of June, 1692. n^ J O U R N A L. IT having pleafed the Almighty God to make me an unworthy Inftru- ment in the Converlion and Inftrudion of the Pagans of America, he was pleaf- ed thro' his Mercy to conduct me thro' many Tribulations and Dangers from Cadiz, to Buenos Ayres, where I arrived fafely on the 5th of April, 1691. I left Trent the 9th of July 16S9. and tra- velled thence to Genoa, not without great Danger from the Banditi ; thence em- barking for Cadiz., I arrived there the 1 1 th of September, being forced to ftay a whole Year at Sevile for the depar- ture of the Ships bound for Buenos Ayres. I reimbark'd again on the 1 7th of Janu- ary 1591. at Cadiz^iov the profecution of our intended Voyage thither. Aboard thefe Ships were 44 Miffionaries of di- vers Nations, Spaniards, Italians, Flem- mings, Sicilians, Sardinians, Cenoejes, Milanefes, Romans, Bohemians and ^u- Jirians. I was a Native of Tyrol, and my Companion Father Anthony Adam Behme a Bavarian'; of whofe extraor- dinary Zeal in his new Million, for the Converlion of a certain Nation call'd Tares , wherein he underwent great Hardfhips, and waslikely to haveoffer'd lip his Blood for the Glory of Chrift, by the Hands of a Pagan Barbarian, who had infallibly kill'd him, had his bloody Defign not been prevented by a certain new converted Indian, belong- ing to my Flock, I fay of all this 1 fhall have occafion to fay more hereafter. Our Squadron confifted only of three Ships, of betwixt 50 and 60 Guns each. The Capitaina or Commodore's Veffel call'd DeSanEUffima Trinitate, Comman- ded by Don Antonio de Retana ; the Al- miranta de Chrijlo NaxAteno, by Don Antonio Gonz.alez, and a Pink call'd Ma~ tre Dolorofa, Commanded by a certain Bifcnyan, as were indeed the other two Commanders, We embark'd aboard the 6^8 An Account of a Voyage CNipA-^ tlie Almiranta , in Company of the 3 ifpp, Govci nours ot Buenos Ayres, yijfiimftion \6q\. and CW//, with their Ladies and Fami- iyV^ lies, belides divers Factors, Merchants, Diibcrs, Negro Slaves, 200 Soldiers, 1 00 Seamen and others ^ but before we entred die great Atlantick Ocean , all the Fathers Miflionaries, went over to the Mitre Dolorofa, where the Captain allow'd me no other Place to lie in than a narrow Cabin about 5 Foot long, and not above 2 and a half broad ; and my beloved Companions Place, I mean Fa- ther Amhony Behme and another Auflri- an Father's were fo fhort, that all that while they were not able tolie ftreight in if, feme other Fathers who were not quite lb tall as he, would have changed Places with him, but he would not put the leaft Inconvenience upon them to eafe himfelf. There was a little Win- dow to let in the Air, but this being Ihut for the moft part, to keep out the Sea Waves, we fpent our time in Dark- nefs \ belides which the fcent of the Water in the Ship was fo naufeous to us, that we were ready to be fuffocatcd with it, and were on the other Hand no iefs pefter'd with thoufands of Mice and Rats, fome whereof were not much Iefs than Cats , and made a mofl: terrible Noife. The fmell of the Onions and Garlick, and of {linking Tobacco, of about 600 Pullets, 280 Sheep, and 150 Hogs, which were not far from our Qiiarters, were no fmall addition to the reft of our Troubles. To add to our Affliction we had for our Diet nothing but (linking Meat, and Biskets full of Maggots, the firft having been Salted a Year, and the laft Baked two Years be- fore our departure, and kept by the Captain -^ his Covetoufnefs was in fome meafure puniftied by the lofs he fuftained daily in his Poultry and Sheep, of the firft of which died 6 or 8 a Day, and a peftiterous Contagion reigning among the Hogs aboard, raoft of them v^txe. thrown over-board. How often have we been glad to catch the Rain Water, fent us from Heaven, in Sheets, Hats and Vedels, with a great deal of Thank- fuhiefs ? I will not mention here the Trouble and Vexation we endured from the Vermin \ how often I have been glad to make ufe of the Cables inftead of a Pillow, to patch my torn Cloths, wa(h my own Linnen , and fuch like other Inconveniences, thefe being but Trifles in comp arifon of the reft of our Sufferings; the beft was, that all this was in fome meafure recompenfed by a profperous Gale and Voyage, which bi ought us without any linifter Acci- dent, to our delired Port. The 1 8th of January being ftlll in fight of CmUz., the Fathers of the Jc- fiiics College there came aboard us, to bid us adieu •, we were not a little de- lighted with the vaft Number of fmall Veffels, fome of which came often aboard us, to fell us fome Fruits, and other Refrefliments, whilft others pafFmg in fight of us, wilh'd the Captain, Govcr- nours, and us a happy Voyage, in their ufual Sea Language ; fuch as Dios Ca- velleros^ Adieu Gentlemen ; a Dios buen Flagge., Adieu, a good Voyage j buen Paffage^ a happy Palfage ; Fent in poppa^ a fair Wind; Mar bonanzA^ a quiet Sea, &c. Weanfwcr'dthem with our Drums and Trumpets , and the Fire of our Cannon and fmall Arms. Being got out of Sight of Cadiz, the 19th, 1 obferved the Body of the Sun exactly at its fetting , and that of the Moon exactly to appear much larger than ever I had obferved it in Germany. The 20th we made 60 Leagues with a fair Wind. The 21th, 22th, 23thand 24th of January a brisk North Wind carried us direftly within 30 Leagues of the Canaries or InfuU fortunate ; which lie 100 Leagues from Cadiz^ The 25 th being the Day of the Conver- fion of St. Paul, the Sky began to be darkned with Clouds about Midnight, which was foon after followed by fo terrible a Tempeft, that the Captaia and whole Ships Crew cry'd out Miferi' cordia, Mifericordia, giving all over for loft ; however it lafted not long, the Fury of the Tempeft being fomewhat allay'd by break of Day, and the Clouds foon after difperfed by the Sun Beams. We received no other Damage in this terrible Tempeft, accompany'd with Thunder and Lightning (a moft terrible and difmal Thing at Sea) than that one of our Ships had her Maft brought by the Board , which our Captain wifely prevented in ours, by furling its Sails in good time ; one of the beft reme- dies, to divert the Fury of this other- wife irrefiftible Element. Our Procurator had brought along with him a SanUif^d Bell as we call it, and Kaloke by the Americans , unto which they attribute this Vertuc, thaC as far as its Sound reaches, no Thunder or Lightning can do any Mifchief ; for which reafon we took care to have it rung at this time of Danger. The Original of its Vertue muft be traced as far from Spain to Paraquaria. far as Mexico^ where they fay, was for- merly a Bell of a vaft Bulk, which as often as it Lightned and Thundred , rung of it felf, and as far as the Sound thereof reached, no Thunder-bolt was ever known to fall ; afterwards it was thought fit, to call many Bells of the Mettal of this great Bell , which are given as a fingular Prefent to Perfons of Quality ; and ours is one of. the fame kind, every Procurator who goes from the Indies to Rome^ having fuch a Bell allowed him, to proteft him in his Voyage. The 25th of January having pretty well refitted our Ship, we profecuted our Voyage, the Capiraine leading the Van, which was followed by the Almi- rante ■-, but the Pink being heavier loaden, and pretty much dannged in the lafl Tempeft, remained behind, for 6 or 7, and fomecimes 8 Leagues, yet within iight. Thus we continued our Courfe the 27th, 28th, and 29th. The 30th by break of Day, a Seaman placed on the Main-topfail-maft, cry'd wich agreat deal of Joy, Cavilkros^ Tierra-, Tierra^ LaneLf Landy Gentlemen-^ Itbcingacon- ftant Cnitom aboard thofe Ships, for him that keeps watch on the Main-top- fail-^1afl:, to look about him continual- ly with a perfpective Glafs, and at the light of Land, or any Ships, to give no- tice thereof to the Snips Crew ^ who, if they prove Ships, fet up a red Flag, and difchart^c as many great Guns as there are Ships feen j the fame is done hf all the other Ships, of the fame Squa- dron, with fuch exadnefs , that if a Captain fails in this Point, he is obliged to pay a conliderable Fine. The 30th ot January^ as we told you before, we dilcovered Land, which proved the high and famous Kock call'd the Feak of Teneriffcy which appear'd all bare without any Trees, and cover- ed on the Top with Snow. This Peak is well known to the Mathematicians in their Obfervations. The 31th, coming to the noted Catiaty Ips, at 28 Degr. and 7 Degr. from Cadiz, we pafs'd be- twixt the Ifles of Tenertffe and Palma, the firft to the left, and the other to the light of us, there being Seven of them in all, but Teneriffe and Palma are only well Peopled, where the Francif- cans have a ftately Convent j and the Canary Sack is prefcrr'd by the Spaniards before all other Wines j they are alio famous for a certain kind of Singing Birds, call'd from thence Canary Birds. In the Ifle of Pdma that brave Father Ignatius Az.ebedim obtained the Glory of Martyrdom, with Thirty of his Com- panions. February the ill, we proceeded in our Voyage with a brisk Gale, which lafted all that Night. The 2d, being Candlemafs-Dayy a certain Father, a Fleming by Birth, made his lafl: Vow. Weceiebrated this Day with a Confort of Mufick, but the boilfroufnefs of the Sea not permitting me to play on the Theorbe, we were forced to be content- ed with the Harmony of the Trumpets, and the thundring of our great Cannon, which were difchatged upon this occafi- on. The fame Day a certain Negro Slave belonging to the Governour Don Auguflin de Robles, was alfo initiated with the Holy Baptifm. The 3d we reach'd the Tropkk of Cancer, fufficient- ly known by its exceflive Heat, which generally reigns there ; but we happen- ing to be blefled with a cool North Wind at that time, found it as pleafant as the moft delightful Spring Seafon ia Europe. The 4th, abundance of Bying Ft(h followed our Ship for a confiderable time in the Air, till at lafl; they betook themfelves to the Water again. The Seamen , for Diverfion fake , tyed a Ilrong Thread on a Cane, with a Hook at the end, and a white Feather inftead of the Floating Wood; the flying Fifli miftaking the fame for Whitemgs, and fnapping at them with much cagernefs, were thus catch'd by the Hook. The 5th of February being the Fealt of the Japonefe Martyrs, a Novice entred himfelf into our Society, and made the ufual Vow ; and the MilTionaries took the Holy Sacrament. The (Sth we pafs'd wich a profperous Gale the Hefperides InfuU, or Ifles of Cape Verde, fo call'd from their conftant verdure, which continues throughout the whole Year, notwithft:anding their Situation, under the Torrid Zone. It is an unwholfome Place, by reafon of the venemous Vapours which arifefrom the many Pools and Fens ; fome Years be- fore 8 Miflionaries, with fome Soldiers and Seamen , went A-flioar here, and eating too greedily of the Coco-Nuts, Water-Melons, and Oranges that grow here, paid for it with their Lives ; for which reafon ftrift Orders were given, that no Body fliould go A-flioar here. We happened to have aboard us cer- tain Negroes, that were Natives of this Country, two of which I inftruSed ac the fame time to found the Trumpet j Thefe 640 An Account of a Voyage csJW^ Thcfc told mc divers odd Stories of ^^'PP their Country, viz.. That they had a 1691. A^f^ro Bifhop among them, and divers '-'''V^ Canons that were likewife A^ffl-ro^, and alio many Ncpo Priells •, but that the Fathers of the Jefmts College (be- longing to the Portitgi'.efes) were Blanks. This he told us bccaufe the whiteColour was in no great efteem there, thegreat- clt Blacknefs being accounted the great- efl Beauty among them. This Day we obferved in our Garden ( which we had brought out of Sfain to tranfplant into Paracjuana) the Narctffe-lclower to Blow, and a Mnfcadine Vine begin to Bud. The Jeffamine continuing Hill in Blonbm. The 7th, 8th, 9th, loth, nth and 1 2th, we fail'd forward very briskly, and found our Selves at 6 deg. on this fide the Line or Equator , the North- Star and Vrfa Major being fcarce any further obfervable to us. The 13th, 14th and 15th, we faw divers Sca- Monflers, and among the reft a certain large Filh flying near the Ship, like an Eagle. Our Ship's Crew catch'd ano- ther Filh not unlike a Wolf in his Head, Ears and Hair, but the Body like a Fifli. After Dinner the Seamen being in a merry Vein, threw out a Chain, at the end of which was faftned a Leaver weighing at leaft 6 Pound weight. A fudden Rejoycing being heard among the Ship's Crew , the Governors, the Ladies , MifTionaries and Merchants came running upon the Deck to fee what the matter was, when they found that eight of the ftouteft Seamen were drawing a certain large Fifh into the Ship not unlike an Ox. The Governor of Bnettos Ayres hav- ing a mind to give us a Diverlion, or- der'd the Captain to call his three great Dogs he had brought away with him, which being done, they were not very forward to approach this Sea Monfter till being fet on, they at laft ventur'd, when this Sea Ox defended himfelf fo well by ftriking with his Tail at the Dogs, and fometimes wounding them with his Teeth, that they wereforc'd to give it over j and the Cabin Boys and fomeSea Men came with their Wea- pons to make an end of him, which they did accordingly, boil'd and eat him j we had our fhare alfo, which I and Fa- ther Behme lik'd very well. There was a thing very obfervable in this Sea Ox, viz.. That to his Skin all over his Bo- dy adhered vaft numbers of fmall Fifli, which were not his young ones, but fiich Fifh as being fenfible of their Ene- my who Preys upon them, had faftned themfelves there to avoid his Fury. No- thing is more common than to fee the Dolphins play in the Atlantick Sea. The i6th, we began the nine Days Prayers in Remembrance of the Indt- an Apoftle St. Francis Xaveriiis. The 1 7th .1 8th and 19th, the Heavens blef- fed us with very fcafonable Showers of Rain, to our no fmall Refrefhment, our Water aboard the Ship beginning alrea- dy totafte very ill, and what was worfe- we had no more than two fmall Mea- fures allowed of it a Day •, you may be fiire that every Body was bulie e- nough in catching what Water they could in Sheets, Table-Cloths and Hats, and you might fee the poor Souldicrs and Seamen catch it in their Shoes ^ and it was pleafant to fee even thofe few Sailers that were left, to open their Wells, and to catch the Raindrops with a great deal of eagernefs. The 20th we perceived divers fmall Fires, like Ignes fatui., the reafon whereof is not fo eafily to be found out at Sea as on Land. The 21ft we came within a League of the Ecjuino^ial Line, which we pafs'd by the 22d of Fe- ^rw^ryearlyin the Morning. We were not a little furprifed to find the Air fo Temperate and Delightful, like the Spring Seafon ^ whereas commonly by reafon of the nearnefs of the Sun, the Heat is very excefFive under the Line. Ships are often Becalmed for 60 or 70 Days, and every thing feems to chaifge its Nature : The Water putrifies, Flelh ftinks, Fleas, Lice and other Vermin dye : The Scent of Spices and Balfams vanilh, and abundance of People are peftered with a kind of Vermin in the pofterior Parts, which if not taken care of in time prove mortal ■■, Lemon-juice is the beft Remedy againft them. A Diftemper and Remedy perhaps not much known to fome European Phyfici- ans. Some of our Miflionaries began to be infefted with them,but were time- ly Cured. My Companion Father Beh- me was troubled with the Tooth-ach, but no fooner we were pafs'd the Line, but it ceafed. I for my part was very well during the whole Voyage, being not in the leafi troubled with Vomit- ing, as I Was in the Mediterranean Sea in my Voyage from Genoa to Cadiz.., but was extreamly hungry and could have eat heartily,had I known where to come at it, the Salt Vapours of the Sea being extraordinary good to create an Appe- tite and to help Digeftion. We from Spain to Paraquaria. 641 We vvere not unmindful that among our Friends in £«r9/>e, this was the Mer- ry Thurfday as they call it, which they fpend in Feafting, but we found tliat our African Almanack did not agree with theirs, our Pots and Difhes being quite empty. Father Behme and I were got into the Acquaintance of divers Dutch and Hamborough Merchants at Cadiz., who tho' Lutherans invited us often to Dinner, and Ihew'd us many other Civilities •, among them Mr. Bn- ermafter a Hamborongh Merchant was very kind to us, and at parting prcfent- cd us with two Mufcovite Hams, telling «s that he believed they might fhand us in good ftead in our Voyage, which proved true enough, we having pre- served them hitherto for the laft extre- mity j but being more unwilling not to let pafs the Merry Thurfday unremem- bred , we invited all the Bohemian^ Flemming^ Aujirian^ and fome Italian MilTionaries to partake of our Hams, which they did, and we eat them mer- rily, tho' without Bread, Wine or Wa- ter •, to add to our Mirth, 1 play'd fe- veral Tunes upon the Theorbe^ and Fa- ther Behme and I diverted them with fome pleafant Tunes upon the Flagelet. The 23d and 24th the Night Wind continuing we were advanced a Degree to the South fide of the Line^ it being St. Matthew''s Day, all the Miflionaries, Brothers and Novices took the Sacra- ment. The fame Morning hearing a more than ordinary Noife upon the Deck, and enquiring the reafon thereof, I wasanfwered, that they had feen St. ThelniHs on the top of the Mail. You mult know that this St. Thelmns a Do- minican being accounted a Patron of Seafaring-Men, is Reverenced by them every Morning and Evening. Now it often hapning that certain fiery Mete- ors appear at Sea Like the Ignes fatui by Land •^ the ignorant Seamen cry out immediately St. Tlnlmus^ falling upon their Knees, and faying certain Ejacu- lations to divert the Danger of an ap- proaching Tempeft, which they fay is portended by the appearance of St. Thelmns •, tho' in all our Voyage to Bu- enos Ayrcs we met with no confiderable Danger, nor loft as much as one Man at Sea ^ whereas not long ago in a Voy- age to the /'fc«/tp;>;V?c-Iflands, the Squa- dron that went from Cadiz.^ threw a- bove 500 dead Carcalfes over Board with a Cannon Ball ty'd to their Bodies, under the Difcharge of one great Piece of Artillery, the ufual Ceremony ufed at Burials at Sea< The 25th and 25th we met with very .'X,^^>y^ unconftant Weather , fojnetinics it ^^^? Rain'd, fometimes it Thunder'd and '691- Lightned, and not long after perhaps ^^^'~^ the Sun rejoyced us again for a finall time with her pleafant Sun Beams \ a thing very common betwixt the Trcpus^ efpecially within two Degrees on both fides of the Line •, whereas beyond the Tropics the Sea is generally fo eify and free from Tempefts, that the Spaniards have given it the Name of Mar de las Damas^ or the Lady's Sea. And upon this occafion I ought not to be unmindful of my Promife, made in my Letter from Sevll to the Futhers of our Society, conceraing the Needle of the Compafs, w^. To give them a true Account whether the Needle of the Compafs under the Line, does change from the North were it ftood before, to the other North Pole on that fide, after they arepafs'd the Equator. Concern- ing which 1 will tell you, that accord- ing to my own and Father Behmes, and divers other iMiflionaries Obfervations, that the Needle does not in the leaft change its Pofitions , and Ihews the North as well here in Para^uana as ia Europe, the whole difference being not real, but only in refped of cur own ac- ceptions ; for what they call the South in Europe, is the North with us here-, and as the South wind is the warmelt with them, fo is it the coldeft here. The Northwind is cold in Europe and warm here. The heart of our.Winter is about Midfummer, yet without Froft or Snow, a thing fo littleknown among thefe Indians, that they can't tell whe° theritbe black or white: AndinDf- cemher and January, whai all is COVer'd with Snow and Ice in feveral Parts of Europe, we enjoy here the moft delight- ful Fruits of the Summer. In fhort he that call'd America the World turn'd topfie turvy , was not much in the wrong of it. But we muft return to our Voyage. The 27th of February at 2 deg. of Sou- thern Latitude, we began our Voyage not with Mujcovy Hams as we had done the Thurfday before, but with ftinking Beef and Water, yet we were merry with this flender Fair. After Dinner I vifited the Sick, and gave them fome Almonds and fome confited Anifeeds, which I had brought along with me from Cadiz, for my own ufe. After I had made them a fhort Sermon Vi-poaPatience, I prefcnted to them the Image of oui Lady of Ottingen, which they M m ra m kifs'd 64.2 Au 'Acconnt of a Voyage fvA/~^ Lent. Father Anthony Pant our Superi- or, a Spaniard by Birth, a Perfon who for his Gravity and whole Behaviour refemblcd St. Xavertns^ and inoft of the Span:P) Miflionaries, Brothers and No- vices had been continually troubled (e- ver lince their coming from Cadiz.) with the Sea Diftemper or Vomiting •■, V, hich not only continued but incrcafed dayly ■■, thereafon whereof 1 attribute to nothing clfe, than that this was the firft time of their going to Sea, which being plainly obfcrvable in thofe Mif- lionaries that were aboard us, that came from Gc' many^ the Netherlands and Ita- ly^ and had before pafs'd over the Me- diterrar.earj into Spain , were not fo much afflic'led with it. Our greateft trouble was that we had nothing where- with to Comfort them, for our Pullets were all dead as well as the Sheep, and there remained 12 Hoggs, fo lean and tough, and the Bisket fo full of Mag- gots, that they were very unfit Food for a fick Stomach. The Ships Crew had a kin^ of hard black Bisket, fuch as they feed the Galley Slaves with a- board the Galleys ■■, thefe being without Maggots, Father Anthony Bchme and 1 eat them with the fame fatisfaclion now as if they had been the beft FrenchBvtad. How often did we wifh at this time for the Scraps which we had feen in our College under the Table ? The I ft of March we began to per- ceive the Tcmpefts and fudden Hurri- cans which had pcftcfi-'d us fo frequent- ly about 3 deg. in Latitude of the Lme, betwixt the two Tropics to change re- markably •, the Weather being much more fettled, towards the Evening we faw an entire Rainbow quite acrofs the Sky, refembling our Rainbows, except that we perceived more of the Blew mix'd with the other Colours. The 2d of March we failed along the Coaft of ParnambHco in Brafd^ where Father Anthony VUraone of our Society, a Tortiiguefe by Birth, and formerly Chaplain to Qiieen Chnftme ot Sweden^ lives in the Jefuits College. The fame Night L>c>i Antonio Gonzalez. Capt. of the Almiranta evacuated a Stone as big as a Pigeons Egg. The 3d at Sunfet a ftrange Indiaa Bird fetled upon our Maft, accounted a Sign that we were within 30 Leagues of the Shoar of Brafil^ becaufe the Birds feldom ven- ture further at Sea, where they have no Trees by the way to refl upon. His Tail was like that of a Dragons, the Wings no bigger than thofe of an ordi- nary Cock •, the Head like that of a Turkey, and the Bill like that of a Snipe. The Governor of Buenos Ayres let fly at it with his Fufec, but the Shot not being ftrong enough to penetrate thro' the Feathers, he efcaped with life. The 4th being the firft Sunday in Lcnt^ we had a Sermon, which we con- tinued for 8 Days fucceffively, where the Governors and Ladies were always prefent. The ^th we found our felves at 8 deg. towards the Tropic of Capri- corn., and tho' v;e had the Sun Vertical (becaufe it made not the leaft Ihadow about Noon) we were not troubled with any excefs of Heat. The 6th 7th and 8th, nothing of moment hapned except that now and then we were re- frelh'd with a welcome Shower of Rain. The pth, the Tropic of Capricorn began to ftiew his Horns, but was no lefs fa- vourable to us than the Cancer., we be-^ ing not molefted with Heat. The loth proved a very clear Star-light Night, and among other Stars we then obfer- ved the Vole Star or Polus Antartticus., the Peacock^ the Apis Jndica^ the Cha- meleon., Nuhicula Major and Mi^or^ with feveral other Stars, not to be met with in our celeftial Globe, as being as much unknown to the European Afironomers, as divers Places and Rivers are to the Geographers, and therefore left out ia their Maps. The 1 1 th, we faw fome Sea Pigeons, 4of which fetled on our Mafts-, we kill'd 2 of them, and they were not unlike our Pigeons. The 12th being the Day of Canomz.ation of St. Ignatius and Xa~ verius., we received the bleficd Sacra- ment. I vilited the Sick, andprefent- ed them with what Refrelhments I had. The 1 3th at one a Clock in the After- noon we pafs'd the Tropic of Capricorn., 23 deg. from the Equinoftial Line, and by entring the temperate Zone, advan- ced toward the River de la Plata. Much might be faid of the temperate Zone, were it not beyond my purpofe: I will only tell you that it has got its Name from its moft excellent tempera- ture of^ Air, being neither too Hot nor too Cold, neither too Moift nor Dry ^ of which we found the happy eiFeds, all our Sick beginning to mend from this time, except the lately Baptized Negro who continued very ill ; 1 offered him the Image of our Lady of Ottingen., ex- horting from Spain to Paraquaria. 649 horting him to trufl: to her Goodnefs for Relief, which he did, and kifs'd it with a great deal of Satisfaftion ; and reco- vered not long after. The 14th being Becalmed we catch'd feveral Fiih, very different from ours in Hitrope. In the Belly of one they found a whole Waft- coat,in another an Armof a Man. I fpent the greateft part of this Day in Inflruc- ting four Negro Boys belonging to the Governor of Buenos Ayres to Sound the Trumpet, which coffc me no fmall Pains •, however before the end of my Voyage they had learn'd to Sound about 6 or 7 Tunes. The 1 5th, Don Antonio de Retano^ Captain of the Capitana^ came aboard us to give our Captain a Vilit, which was return'd afterwards by our Captain. They fainted one another every time with 8 Cannon ihot. In the Evening I explain'd to fome of the A^cgro Women certain Points of the Chriftian Religion, giving them an account of certain Mi- racles performed by our Lady of Ottin- gen, the Image whereof I Ihew'd them ^ they Kifs'd and Reverenc'd it , and finding them very delirous to keep it, I prefented them with fome others, which Father Behme and I had caufed feveral hundred to be made of Earth at Sevil ; they valued this Prefent a- bove all the Gold and Silver I could have given them. The 1 6th and 17th the Wind being fbmewhat flackened, we diverted our felves again with Fifhing, and one of the Cabin-Boys laying unadvifedly hold of the Fifh, he faftned his Teeth into his Hand, and held fo fall, that his Teeth could not be difengag'd till they cut off the Head. The 1 8th being the 3d Sunday in Lent^ we were allarm'd with a Cannon fhot, but having fent a Boat to the Capitana to learn the rea- fbn, we found that it was only the ufual Ceremony made at the Burial of a de* ceafed Seaman, whom they had thrown over board with a Bullet ty'd to his Neck. The only Perfon who loft his Life in the whole Voyage, he being not very well before we left Cadiz.. The Baptized Negro begins to mend every Day i of which I defire an account may be fent to the Reverend Fathers, Jefu- its, Philip Scuch Preacher , and Jofeph Adelman^ two great Admirers of this Image j as alfo to the Mafters of the Tartian Scholars, and to all our Com- panions, efpecially to Father FcUhfae- ger ; to fdtisfie them that our Lady of Ottingen does not ceafe to perform Mi- Vol. IV. racks, even among the Indians in Amc- rvA>^ rica. For the Image which I have caus'd ^W to be fct up in our Church, they Revc- i^9i- rence and Prefent with a deal of Dc- ^'^^'^'^^ votions :Nay a certain/// i^/^»Painter has drawn Two, no illCopies after it^which I have prefented to Father Behme., who does Wonders with them among the Barbarians call'd Tares., for fuch as are Baptized Reverence them with bended Knees, make the Sign of the Crofs be- fore them, nay bring their young Babes to the Chappel (made of Straw and. Clay) where one of them ftands in or- der to kifs this Holy Image j all which together with the indefatigable Care of the faid Father Anthony Bchme (of which more hereafter) I look upon as a happy Prefage of the entire Converfi- on of tliefe Barbarians ^ whofe Cafe I defire may be recommended to the fer- vent Prayers of thofe of our Society in Europe., who thereby will have a fhare in thofe BlefHngs that attend the Office of a Mifhonary. But we muft return to our Ships. The 19th being the Feaft of St. Jofeph the Fofter Father of our Saviour, I did read Mafs and attended all the Fathers, Bro- thers and Novices at Dinner, it being my turn fo to do. A little before Sun- fet the Dogs began to Bark and Play very Merrily , beyond what we ever cbferved them to do before ■^ the Cap- tain told us that it was an infallible Sign that we were not far from Land, which the Dogs by their quick Scent could ducover at a great diftance ; we foon found that he was not deceived in his Guefs, becaufe foon after we got fight of the Ifle of St. Thomas on the Goaft of Brafil. The 20th our Mitfcadine Vines in our little Garden aboard uSj began for to caft their Leaves. The 2ift being St. Benediil'sD-^y., I faid Mafs inftead of another Father, whofe turn it wasi in which as well as in every Mafs that ever I faid, 1 bid them adieu. I conftantly included in myPrayers Rn- do., Father Alphonfo , and my Sifter ALtry BenediEla., with all the Brothers and Sifters in their refpeftive Convents; I defire to be remembred to them. The fame Evening I Preach' d to the Ship's Crew , Negros and other PafTengers, my Pulpit being only fome Cables wrapt together ■^ and the Seats of the Audi- tors the Anchors belonging to the Ship. I enlarged upon the Life ot the Holy Father Ber:edict, concluding with a moral Exhortation to follow his Holy Footfteeps- After Sermon I told them M m m m x feve- 644 An Account of a Voyage fVA>0 feveral remarkable Things of the two Srrp Mon^.fteries of St. M.iry s /M, and of 1(591. the Holy Crofs of Loben, of their Origi- Ui^VN^ iial and Situation upon high Rocks, of r heir feveral Rules and Difciplinei and Jiow I had a Brother in one and a Sifter in the other of thefe Convents j vf iio I was lure would offer their Dayiy Pray- ers for my fafe Pailage over the wide Sea. Tho' 1 fpoke to thein in Spanijhy in which I am not very perfect, yet they did hear me with the fame attention as if I had been hovn a Spaniard j aiid 1 always found that when i fpoke to the Indians concerning Germany, and fuch like far diftant Places, they were as attentive to it, as the Europeans when they hear of the Lidcan Aifairs. The 22d. they catch'd a Fifh weighing no lefs than 90 Pound weight. It was of a green Colour, with Gold Colour'd Spots,the Flelh was very fwcet and mel- low. The 23d we werefoiced iolaveer,by reafon of the contrary Winds, fo that we could not make above hair a Degree that Day , tho' at that rate of Siiling there goes fometimcs 24 nay 30 Leagues to a Degree, whereas otherwife it is reckoned no more than i 5. The 24th being St, Gabriels Day, we received the Communion again, and the 2 5ch being the Day of the Aftnunctation of our La- dy, it was celebrated with four MafFes, the Difcharge of all our Cannon, and by • difplaying all our Enligns and Flags, and a Confort ot our Mulical Inftruments, v/z,. The Pipe, Theorbe, Trumpets, Drums and Hautboys. The Ship's Crew Danc'd in the Evening to a Dium and Pipe. Soon after divers Herons and Birds of Prey flying over our Ship, we look'd upon them ascertain Meflengers that we were not very far from the Shoar, to the no fmall Satisfaction of us all. No- thing can be more natural for Men, than to long lor that Element which has given them Life and Being. I fpent part of the Evening in giving good Inflrudions to the Negros aboard us, and in e.xcrci- Img the young Ones at the Trumpet, who began by degrees to Sound fome few Tujies. The Capitana gave us the Signal by a Cannon fhot, and fent us Word by a Boat that they had Sounded the Bottom, and found 70 Fathom Wa- ter ■■, for whenever any Ships approach the Shoar, they are fure to Sound the Bottom by a certain Piece of Lead dip'd in Suet or v;hite Wax, faftned to a Rope of many Fathoms long, which as foon as it touches the Bottom, they draw up again, and by the Colour of the Earth that (ticks to it, judge whether the Ground be Earthy, Rocky or Sandy, the lall being the belt for Anchorage. We difcovered at the fame time a remarkable diflerence in the Colour of the Seu- Water, which appear'd not quite fo Blew as before. The 26th we had a favourable Gale, which made the whole Ship's Crew, but efpecially usM iflionaries, full of hopes to reach thcdelired Shoar before long. The 27th the Capitana gave us the ufual Sig- nal with a Cannon fhot and the white Flag, that they had feen Land j the Al- mirante did the fame foon after, and was followed by the Pink. Our Explora- tor on the Top-Maft difcovered the Land without the help of a Profpective Glafs, to the right hand of us towards BrafU, immediately after break of Day, and it is incredible with what Joy every Body clim'd, fome upon Ladders, others on the Mafts, to take part info agreea- ble a fight i fome were cleaning their Profpedivc GlalTes, whilft others were endeavouring to diicover it with their Eyes^ among thefe was Father Behme, who being very quick fighted, cry'd out about Noon, Land^ Land good tatherSy and not long after every Body had a plain lij-ht of that fo long wifh'd for Continent of Amerka ; which made us fall on our Kneeb to offer our Thanks to God Almighty for his Mercy, in bring- ing us fo near to the defired Port. We found the Depth here of about 30 Fathom , at 24 deg. of Southern Lat. and 26 min. about 7 or 8 Leagues fiom the Mouth of the liivcr de la Plata. At the fame time we faw two Clouds in the South, very high in the Hemi- fphere, which we had firlt difcovered, and conftantly kept fight of ever fince we approach'd to the Line, but only jult above the Horizon. Our Captain told us that thefe two Clouds were the fureft Guides to Ships bound for Para- (jitarta; and 1 remember that as foon as the Captain faw them, before we pafs'd the Line, he told as, Be joyful good Fa- thers, jiere a'e our infallible Guides, thefe two Clouds will fhew us the way to Paracjuaria^ and reft as foon as we come there. Which in effedt proved true, not that thefe Clouds did drive before us, but they ftanding vertical over Para- qitaria., and b-jingin light of us, we had no more to do than to fteer our Courfe directly towards them. We faw in thofe Southern Parts divers new Stars, fuch as Dorado^ Xiphias , call'd the Gold fijh; Noah's Dove, the Faradife Bird, the Phe- nix. from Spain to Paraquark. s nix^ the Fica Brafdica^ Indus SagittiferKs^ wich divers others. The iSth oi February we advanced to the Mouth of the River, which at the Entrance is no lefs than 70 Leagues o- ver •■, and were told that the River of the Amaz-cns in Brafit was miici) broader than this. We had much ado to find the right Channel, and were fain to take in niofl: of our Sails, for fear of touching upon the Sands. The Water continued Salt, as I found by- experience, but the Colour was chang- ed from blew and Green, into a whitilh Colour not unlike the Rivulets. After much Rain, to the light of us, we had the Cape of St. Mary^ where we could plainly fee the Tower , built by the Spaniards after the Difcovery of Para- qua. la. Then we pafs'd by the Ifle call'd Delus Lobos^ fioin the valt number of Sea-vvolveb which are leen hereabouts. We faw a gteat number ot them with Heads like Uo>^s, and Hair on their Backs inllead of Scales, and they how- led like our Wolves. But we came not in light of the Cape of St. Anthony. Thence we had Hill 60 Leaf;ues to Bu- enos Ayres^ which was at 38 deg. Sou- thern Latitude, juft as Cadiz, at 35 deg. of Northern Latitude. We faw heie- abouts valt quantities of white wild Pi- geons. About Noon we came to the lile Aiddonato:, and a Rumour being fpread in Spain^ that the PortugHcfes had taken the Pofl; and Fortihcd chemfelves in that Ifljud, the Goveraonr of Buenos Ayrcs (purfuant to his Orders received from his Catholi.k Majefty) went a fiioar iu the faid llland with Tome Gen- tlemen and Souldiers , to know the Truth thereof^ they took a view of the whole Ifland, and found neither Men BOr the Footfteeps of Men, much lefs any Houfes or Fortifications j but pro- digious numbers of fat Oxen, Cowes, Calves and Horfes, the Giafs being fo high,that it almoft covered theCatile,uot- ■withftanding they were very large. They Icill'd an Ox, which they brought along wich them beiides feveral other Things ^ but the Ox was fo big, that they were fail* to cut him into Quarters before they could carry him into the Long- Eoat. They brought alfo along with them divers forts of Flowers, of which they had made Gai lands and put them on their Hats. The Governor after his return aboard the Ship told us, that near the Shore upon a Rock, there ftood a woo- den Crofs, fet up doubtlefs by the 5p rage in the Woild, full of fine Cattle, fuch as Oxen, Cowes, Calvesand Horfes, all which, as they belong to the firft that catches them (there being neither Village, nor Houfe, nay not fo much as a Shepheid's Hut to be feen in the whole Plain) £0 you may take them by Thoufandti, and difpofe of thematplea- fure. But we mult not venture too far into this fpacioiis Field, for fear of lo- fing our little Town of Buenos Ayref^ which has no more than two Streets built crofswife^ it lies at 35 Degr. to- wards the Antarctic Vole (of Southern Latitude) as Cadiz, in Spain ftands at 35 Degr. towards the Ar&ic Vole (of Northern Latitude : ) It is a very health- ful Place, as its name intimates ^ under the Government of a Spanip Gover- nour, which is changed every five Years, It has 4 Convents, viz.. of the Francif- cans, Dominic^Hs, Trinitarians and Jefu- its; who all live here in a great deal of Poverty, by rcafon of the great Scar- city of many Things requilite for the conveniency of Human Life. The Houfes and Churches here are not built of Brick, but Clay, not above one Sto- ry high \ and this not fo much for want of Stone, but of Lime and Mortar ; the burning of which has been but lately kt up here, as well as the making of Tiles and Bricks fome Years before. They have fince that time began to build a Steeple of Brick , which is near half finifhed, and intend foon to begin a newr Church of the fame Materials. The Jefuits themfelvcs are the Architeds, and the Work-men, certain Indians, fent thither from the Cantons in the Country. The College, and fome few Houfes are alfo covered with Tiles, but the reft only with Stone. The Caftle it felf, where the Gover- nour refides, is only of Clay, furroun- ded with an Earthen Wall, and a deep Trench, defended only by 900 Spani- ards ; tho' in cafe of neceflity, above 30000 Indian Horfe might be arm'd out of the feveral Cantons, and thefe not 648 Art Accowit of a Voyage C>^A^/^ not un-ikilful in die ufe of Fire-Arms Sepp, and Swords , in which they arc iaftru- 1691. fted by the Miflionaries, as alfo how to ^yW^ draw up into Squadrons and Batalions, and to a(ft both Offenfively and Defen- fively, as well as the EurofeAns. Not to fpcak here of their own Arms, as _^ows. Arrows, Slings, &c. -*^7he Ecclefialtical Government here is compofed of one Billiop only , and three Canons , whofe Revenues in all do not amount to above 3000 Crowns fer Annum \ which according to a true Computation, does not amount beyond half the Sum, confidering that Silver is cheaper here than Iron •■, for you may fella two Penny Knife here for a Crown, an ordinary Hat, fuch as you Buy in Germany for 2 Shill.for i o or 12 Crowns; a Gun, of about 10 or 12 Shillings Price, for 30 Crowns, and fo in pro- portion j becaufe thefe Things are of- ten not to be bought for any Mony here. On the other Hand Provifions are dog Cheap \ an Ox, or rather to fpeak more properly, a fat Cow (for they don't value the Flefh of Oxen) they buy for 2 Reales de Plate^ or i o or 12 Pence, a good Horfe for 2 Shill. and for lefs, becaufe I have feen 2 good Horfes given for a Knife not worth 6 Pence in Ger- manyy and a good Ox for a few Need- les ; but of this more hereafter. About Buenos Jyns you fee whole Woods of Peach-Trees, neither have they any other Fuel, but the Wood of Almond and Peach-Trees ; thefe they propagate by putting only the Kernels into the Ground, which bear Fruit the next Year. But Chef nuts and Hafel- nut-trees will not thrive fo well here. Thev tell you an odd Story in Spam^ concerning the Origin of the Peach-trees, viz.. That when the African xMoors in- vaded Spain^ they brought along with them vaft Quantities of Peach-ftones to plant in Spain, the Fruit whereof being ' Potfonous in Africa, they did not que- ftion but it would have the fame effed in Spain; by which means they hoped to root out the Spaniards ; but that, con- trary to Expedation , the faid Fruit proving quite otherwife in the Spanifii Soil , the Spanijh Miflionaries brought abundance of thefe Stones into Paracjua- rid, where they were planted, and pro- pagated to a prodigious Number : This Chantry alfo produces the moft delici- ous black and white Figs ; I remember that a poor Negroe, a Slave belonging to the College, went ia tht Eafier Holi- days along with me into a Wood , where he got upon a Tree, and gather- ed me as many as he pleafed •■, I offered him a Spanip Half- penny, for his Pains, which he refufed , till 1 iforced him to take it, wherewith he thinking Iiimfelf as rich as Croefus, he returned me a thoufand Thanks, and told me, that if I would but give him the lead notice, he would fetch me as many Figs as I pleafed. All this while, our chfef Recreation confjfted in giving them an account of the Affairs of Europe, efpecially concer- ning the Hungarian War, the Siege and Relief of F;>«»<», the taking o( Buda and Belgrade, the Conquefl: of Tranfilvania^ and fnch like ; fometimes the Difcouife would run upon the Anions of Lewis XIV. King of France , fometimes about the Divifions raifed by Father Fontaine in that Kingdom ; all which being No- velties to them , they were extremely pleafed with our Dilcourfe. But the Father Provincial, and the Fa- ther Procurator Ignatius de Trios, ( who has brought this Letter as far as Rome,) not thus fatisfied, would needs have me make a tryal of my Skill in Mulick j fo that to fatisfie their Curiolity , 1 was forced to play before them upon the great Theorhe which I had bought at Aiigskirgh, and upon the lefler Tht' orhe bought at Genoa ; at which they feem'd much furprized : Father An- thony Behme and I , gave them alfo a Confort of the Flute, upon the Violin, and a little ftroke upon the Trumpet Ma- rine, which I got made at Cadiz.; all which they were much delighted with, tho' I muft confefsmy felf but a very in- different Artift. I made alfo a Prefent of certain The- fes and other Trifles, to the Provincial and his Deputy, and gave to the reft of the Fathers a few Earthen Images of our Lady, which were received and valued by them beyond Gold or Silver : For, it is to be obferv'd, that in this Coun.. try the fmalleft Prefent of this Kind is fit for a Provincial, who will think hira- felf as much obliged upon fuch an ac- count as if in Europe you prefented him with a piece of the belt Miniature ; the reafon whereof is, that the Mer- chants who traffick into thefe Parts , thinking it not for their purpofe to trouble themfelves with the felling of Pictures, Images and Beads, the fame are fcarce ever brought hither but by the Miffionaries , and confcquently highly valued by the Inhabitants : Father Behme^ from Spain to Paraquaria. 649 Behrne, my Companion, did in like man- ner give them fufficient proofs of liis Liberality ^ He prefeuted that Father Provincial with a wooden Crofs , on which were no lefs than feven Sun-dials neatly done, and to the reft of the Fa- thers he gave feme lefTer Crofles, which he had bought at Ca^iiz. and Sevil. By fucli like Frefcnts,tho' of little in- trinlick Value , we fo gain'd upon the Affedtion of the College, that they be- gan to be very inqnilitive, of what part of Germany we were, and would often wonder what was the reafon that they had not hitherto had fo much as one Miflionary out of Germany in thofe Farts j v.'hich was indeed no more than the Truth. I told them that the only reafon I knew of, was. That there be- ing but few Jejuits Colleges in that Part oi Germany which is immediately fub- jeft to the Emperor, they could furnilh but few Midionaries. Unco which they reply'd, That the whole Empire be- ing fubject in fome meafure to that Em- peror, and the Spaniards making no dif- ference betwixt the Nations of the feve- ral Provinces of Germany , ( provided they were not of the French Faction, a Nation ever hated by them, ) and that there was at that time a moft ftrid Al- liance betwixt the Emperour and the Houfe of Bavaria by the Marriage of that Prince with the Emperor's Daugh- ter, they could fcarce conceive how lb many Colleges could not furnilh fome MifTionaries for the hd.es. I had no other Anfwer to make, than that my firfi: aliedged reafon, being an Opinion generally received in Germany^ I had taken all poflible pains to unde- ceive them , in that point lince my departure thence, and that I had writ- ten on purpofe to my Friends from Se- vil , that they were in an Error as to this point : A Bavarian^ Siiabian, Swifs or Palatin MilTionary being as well qua- lified for that Station , as a Native of Tyrol^ or t^iema it felf j which has been fufficiencly verified fince , by the truft rcpofed in Father Anthony Behme, (tho* a Bavarian,) by the Superiour of our Order. Unto which we might add, that fince oar coming thither , the Natives feem to be more fond of us than the reft. But we muft return to our Story. After we had refted our felves for a Month at Buenos Ayres, the Father Pro- vincial fent moft of the MifTionaries lately come from Spain to Corduba. in Tucuman, for the conveniency of their Studies, moft of them being but Novi- Vol. IV. ces, and the reft Students of Phi.'ofo- phy and Divinity. But the moft of the MifTionaries as they were no Spaniards^ and moft of them arrived to a good Age, he difpatch'd to the feveral Can- tons upon the River Parana, and Fin- guas , deeper into the Country. We pafs'd up the River in the following manner : Three hundred /»^/o- mas, from St.Thomas of Borgia, next to that Apofioli, La Conception and fo forth. The 15th of May we took a Walk along the Banks of the River and adja- cent Woods •, we found near the River Side abundance of fine Stones, which if poliQied would refemble our precious Stones ; we alfo faw a kind of Veflel, naturally bak'd by the Sun , of Sand, and as bright within as if it had been glafed by a Potter : In thefe the Indians keep their Drink in the hotteft Seafon, and hanging it in the Night Time in the Air, it keeps the Water as cool, as if it had been fet in Ice. We alfo found here divers Pieces half Wood half Stone, and divers Pieces of Citron Peal and Flefh Putrify'd, which feem to ftiew a Putrifying Quality in this Ri- ver. The 20th, a confidcrable Number of Barbarians approaching our VefTel, we fentour Interpreter to know what their Bulinefs was, they told us that they had brought 20 HOrles to fell, fo we landed, and having ask'd the Price of the Horfes, we produced our Needles, Knives, Fifh- hooks. Tobacco, Bread, and the Pow- der of certain Leaves of a Tree grow- ing in Paraejuaria, which they look up- on as extraordinary wholfom, and put it in their Drink (of which more anon) thefe Trifles, which in all coft not above a Crown, were changed for 20 Horfes ; and they were befides fo well pleafed with their Bargain, that they went a- way whillling, a certain Sign of their Satisfadion. He that was their Chieftain, and is commonly a Sorcerer, (whom they call Cazjque) was clad only in a Doe's Skin, hanging down from his Shoulders, the reft had only a Piece of Skin wrapt about the middle, hanging down be- fore, as far as to the Knees ; the Boys and Girls were ftark Naked ; upon the Head they have nothing but long Black Hair, as itrong as Horfc-Hair ; in their Ears they have Holes , in which they Hang either Filh-bones, fhining like the Mother of Pearl , or a coloured Fea- ther ty'd to a Thread. The Boys and Girls had likewife white Filh-bones or Feathers, which they wore on their Chins, in Holes made for that purpofe ; they alfo wore Feathers of divers Co- lours ty'd in a String round their Necks. The Men are much of the fame Size as the Europeans, but not quite fo tall, with thick Legs and large Joints : Their Faces fcarce differ from one another, be- ing rather round than oval, but flat, and of an Olive Colour. They were arm'd each with a Bow , and a whole Hand- full of Arrows, thefe being accounted the moft couragious and moft addided to Sorcery among thefe Barbarians. And thefe are the fame Tares}, for the Converfion of whom Father Anthony Behme was fent thither, and lives among them to this Day, not without a great deal of Difficulty and Danger; they having more than once attempted his Life. Some from Spain to Paraquaria. 651 Some of the moft robufi; among them had feveral deep Seams on their Bodies ^ thefe Wounds they give themfeives in their tender Age, without the leafl: re- pining, and wear ihem afterwards as a mark of their Courage. Ttie Women appear more like Devils than rational Creuturesj their Hair hangs loofe over their Fore-heads the reft twifted in fe- veral Locks covering their Backs to the Hippsi Their Faces are full of Wrinkles, with their Arms, Shoulders and Brealls naked; their Ornaments about the Neck, Hands and Arms, are certain Fifh- bones, made like Scales of Mother of Pearl, or large Scales of Filh ; the Wife of the Caz.iqHe wears a triple Crown like the Popes, made of Straw; their Children they wrap asfoon as they are Born in a Tyger's Skin, give them Suck only for 2 fhort time, and afterwards Feed them wich halt raw Meat, out of which they fuck the Juice. * The Men have a Cuftom at the Death of their neareft Kindrtd to cut off a Finger every time o'Y the left Hand ; and if one of their Daughters dies (pro- vided Ihe b? Handfomc) they make a Fcdft, and di ink round out of the Skull. The 22tn we went alhoar again to purchafe fouie Meat or thefe Barbarians ; not above 18 Faces from the Bank-lide we faw their Huts of Straw, without any Roots fix'd upOn the bare Giound ; all their Hbulhold-ftuffconiilled in a few Tompions, hollow'd out, which they ufe as we do oui Copper and Earthen Veffels, anda few Sticks inftead of Spits; their Bed was a Tyger or O.x-Hide , fpread upon the Ground, except that their Cazjqne had a Net faftned at fome diltauce from the Ground, on two Trees, for his Bed, the better to fe- cure himfclf againft the wild Beafts and Serpents ; there being a confiderable Number of us, they begjn at our ap- proach to quake for fear like an Afh- leaf, but no fooner did they fee us pro- duce our Needles, Fifh- books and Bread, but they did run towards us with open Arms, and we exchanged for as much fat Cow's-Flefh for our 300 Indians^ and as much Veal for our own ufe as we had occafion for all that time. In the mean while having caft my Eye upon a little innocent Boy, that had taken hold of me, and coniidering with my felf, what Pity ic was that fo inno- cent a Babe (hould be left among thefe Barbarians, and in time become a Sacri- fice to the Devil, 1 told the Father that if he would confent to the Sale of the Vol. IV. Child, I would Cloath him, and take Care of him as long as I lived ; he con- fented, fo my next AddrelTes were to the Mother, whom I tempted with Bread, Needles, and Tobacco, to pare wich the Child, but fhe anfwering me, that fhe had a peculiar Kindncfs for this Child, but would confent to let me have one of the reft ; 1 pitch'd upon a Girl, which ftie feem d pretty well fa- tisty'd wich ; but when fhe faw me pro- duce the Needles, Tobacco, &c. her Heart began to fail, and her natural In- flation overcoming ail other Confide- rations Ihe recall'd the Bargain, fo that I was fain to reft facisfy'd ; but how- ever made her a fmail Prefent of fome Trifles, to engage her againft another occafion. The 23th, after I had faid Mafs, Fa- ther Anthony Behme and I erected a Wooden Crofs upon a Hovel, near the Bank-fide, wich this Inftription, Germa' nia •, to intimate, that we were not with- out hopes ot fettling one time or other the Gofpel here ; and tho' fome of our Company could not forbear to fmile at it, and faid among themfeives, Thefe are ■ndeed good Jim fie Germans-^ ytt were we not altogether deceived in our Hopes, for within the Year God was pleafed fo to Blefs the Endeavouis of Father Anthony Behme., that not far from this Place he ereded a kind of Cantoa for the Converted Indians., with a finall Ghappel dedicated to St. Joachm, as we Ihall fee more at large anon. The 24th of May., the Meat which we had bought of the Indians., being almoft confumed, we mounted the 20 Horfes, we had purchafed, and riding for about half an Hour into the Coun* try, over the moft fertile Meadows ia the World, met with abundance of fat Cattle, whereof we took 6 of the fatteft Cows, and 4 Calves, which we kill'd upon the Spot, and having thrown away the Entrails, Head and Feet, cut them into Quarters, and fo carried them to our Boats : It is almoft Incredible, hov? nimble the Indians are in Catching, Killing and Quartering thefe Beafts ; but they are no lefs nimble in Eating them, without Salt or Bread, and more than half raw, a Cuftom not eafily to be abolilhed among them , tho' I have of- ten attempted it ; for I remember, that feveral times I have fenf fome Meat Boifd after our way to fome Indians thaE were Sick, which they received thank- fully, but afterwards gave it to the Dogs, and return'd to their 0V7n Diet. N n n n 2 Thg Sepp, 1691. 652 An Account of a Voyage C-^y-^y-^ The 25ch we faw coming down the Sejrp, River a Boat like ours , which after- 1691. wards proved to belong to Father Jo- \yV^^ fcpb Seravia, a MilFionary of the Canton of St. Cruce; he had 20 Muficians with him, vvho welcom'd us with their Iii- ftruments iu the Name of all the reft of the Cantons •, he alfo prefented us with pD white Loaves, 2 fmall Barrels of Hony, preferved Peaches, Lemons, Ci- trons, Apples, Water-Melons, and fuch like American Fruits , which came in very good time, ours being moll fpent before ^ this was the fiift MifTionary we met with, being an antient Perfon, and very venerable for his Gray Hairs, and the Service he had done in taking care of 8000 Souls, without a Companion; it was upon this Score, that he was ra- vifli'd to hear, that 4+ Millionaries were larely arrived from 5pfting the MilTionaries in their Voyage hither \ but we will leave them to their Devotion and return to rlieRiver,wberetheFather TioLurator a id Father Sitperiour itrove to outdo ci)e/n'ii«- ,f ill all tneUemonftratioiis of ilic rrolt liiiLcre Joy and Satisfadion that coald be iinagihed. They had fent two v.ell cqiiipp'd boats like Galleys to meet us, lined on both fides with Fire- locks j thefe two made a mock Engage- ment, difchargiug their Muskets brisk- ly at one another, under the Sound of Drums, Trumpets and Hautboys, whilfl; fome Indians d'i\'ein.d us with Wreffliug together in the Water, till at laft wind- ing about, they gave us a triple Salvo and joyn'd with ours. On the River fide we law the Father Trociirator^ and Father Sitperiour at the Head of two Troops of Horfe, and as many Companies of Foot, all Indians but Clad after the Spantjl) Fafhion, and Arm'd with Cymetars, Muskets, Bows, Arrows, Slings, &c. Four Enlignsdid their utmoft in (hewing us their Skill in managing their Colours j as tour Trum- pets, and fome Hautboys animated the People,a.,d fainted us at ourLauding.We had no fooner fet foot a Shore, but em- bracing one another, we march'd in good Order thro' a green Triumphal Arch towards the Church, being follow'd by Ibme thoulands of Converted Indians , where being Welcomed by the Ringing of the Bells, and entring the Church with a finguIcJr Gravity and Devotion, rOO^i we found the Indian Won.cn Itiil at their Scpp Prayers, and that with fo much Ferven- ^691. cy, that not one among them Itir'd as ^J^'V^ much as her Head, or caft her Eyes at us as we cime into the Church. Wc began thcLjHdate Dominam omnes genres, which being done the Corregidor or Chief ot the Indians received us in the Name of the whole Nation with a fliort but very good Speech, the like did one of the Indian vVomen; and that ' very elegantly, if we may credit what the Father Superiour, (who is well vt.fed m the Paraquaria Language ) alTured us. Thus we fpent that Day and the next follo.ving in Mirth and Jollity. In the Evening we were invited to fee four different Dances. The fiifl: was per- formed by eight Boys, managing their Pikes or Lances with great dexterit7 whilfl: they Danced. The fecond was by two Fencing-Mailers. The third by fix Seamen. And the fourth by fix Boys on Horfeback. All thefe were Indians, but Clad after the Spanijli Mode, and that v/ich fo much Curiolity, that they might have not been afhamed to appear before Perfons of the firfl: Rank in £«- rope.^ They afterwards gave us the di- verfion of a kind of a Turnament oa Horfeback i it being then Night, they had illuminated the Place with Ox Horns fill'd with Suet, they having neither Oyl nor Wax here. The 3d of 'June being Whin. Sunday j all the Miflionaries faid the firfl Mafs in the Indian Church here j returning their mofl: humble Thanks to God Almighty, for having made them his Inflruments in the Converfion and Inftrudion of thefe poor Indians, and imploring his Mercy to enable them to go through with fo great a Work, efpecially in the attain- ing of the Language of the Natives ; a- mong which that of the Fara^uarians is the chiefell, having for the reft not the leatt refemblance to the Spanip, German ov Latin ; being a peculiar Language, as may beby theenclofedTable, containing the Tater Nojler and Ave Mary in the Latin, Spanifii and Paraquarian Langua- ges, with fome few Rules for the Read- ing of it', as it was Copied by an Indian, Pa- 654 j^n Account cf a Voyage Pater-Nofter & Ave Maria J In Lingua Paraquarienli, Hifpanica & Latina. CsJ^^y^ QAnta Cruz ^''P? iJ R3 angaba rehc 1091. uramora rey mba- V^'VX? ragul. Oiepiciiocpe Tupa Oieyara, Tuba, hacTaira hae. Efpiritu fanto rera pipe Amen, Jefus. Ore rttba. Ore ruba Ibape ereibae Imboyero bia ripiramo Ndercta maranga tu toy- co Tou ndereco maranga tu- orebe TJyaye nderimimbotara, Qiiie ibipe. Ibape yyaienabe. Orerembiu Aranabo guara Emee curi orebe Nder.y ro Oreynangai pabae upe. Orere recumcngu ahara up Oreny ro nunga Hae eipocareme Angaipape orea Orepiciro epccant Mbae pochia gui Araen, Jefus Tupa randeraaro Maria Ndere ni he Tupa graciar- che Tupa nandeyara Ndcirunamo oyeo Ymombeu catupiramo ereico Cuna pabeagui Ymombeu cacupiramo . abe oyco Ndemembira Jefus. Santa Maria. Tupaci raaranymbae Enemboe ndemembiraupe Ore ynangaipa bae rehe Ang, hae oremano mota- ramo abe. Amen, Jefus, POr la fenal Dela fanta Cruz L)e nueftros enemi- gos Libra nos Senor Dios nueflro ' En el nombre del Padre Y del HiJQ Y del Efpiritu fanto Amen, Jefus. Padre nuejlro. Padre nueflro Que eftas en los Cielos Santificado Sea el tu Nom- bre Venga a nos el tu Reyno Hagafe tu voluntad Afli en la tierra Como en el Cielo El pan liueftro D cadu dia Da nos !o oy Y pel dona nos Nueftras deudas AfTi como nos otros Perdouamos. A nueftros deudores Y no nos dcxcs caer En la teutacion Mas libra nosdemal Amen, Jelus Dios te falve Maria Plena de gra- tia El Senor Es contigo Bentida tu eres Eetre todas las mugeres Y bendito cs el fru- to. De tu vientre Jefus Santa Maria Madre de Dios Ruega per nos otros Pecadorcs Apra,y en la era de nueftra Imuerte Amen, Jefus. PEr Signnm Sanftas Crucis De inimicis noftris Libera nos Deus nofter. In nomioe Patris Et Filii, Et Spiritus SanQi, Amen. Pater nofter. Pater- nofter Qui es in Coelis, Sandificetur Nomen tuum. Adveniat regnnm tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, Sicut in Ccelo, Et in terra. Panem noftrum quotidianum da nobis liodie. Et dimitte nobis debita noftra, ficut & nos dimittimus debitoribus noftris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, Sed libera nos a malo. Amen. Ave MARIA, gratia plena, Dominus Tecum : Benedicla tu in mulieribus: Et benedidus fru- ftus ventris tui Jefus. Sandta Maria, Mater Dei, Ora pro nobis Pcccatoribus, nunc & in hora , mortis noftra:, Amen. Hsc from Spain to Paraquaria, 655 Hate Lingua componitur ex meris particulis. Literas F. L. duplex R R. non habet. Loco Futitur P. hinc Mufici non dicunt : Uc, Re, Mi, Fa, fed Pa. Ut, Re, Mi, Pa, Sol, La. Loco L. utitur R. fimplici. Pronuntiaciones habet tres non ita faciles, liis Signis notatas Primum eft gutturalc, & femper ponitur fupra i, pronuntiacuique intra os rctrahendo linguam, & qualiaerem atcrahendo, utibi terra, y aquaj ibae, coelum. Secundum fignum ponitur fupra vocales a, e, i, o, u, non tamen femper, & pronuntiatur totum in naribus, ut Tupa, Deus, quafi intra u & p eHet ra Tupa. Tertiura eft dilEcilliraum, forraari namque de- bet in gutturefimul& naribus, ut: amoiro, incitoj alcerum ad iram : aroyro, contemno. Hocque fignum fjepiffime integrum fenfum mutat: Sic Tupa cum pileolo gemino lignificat Deus : Tupa fine pileolo fignificat Ledum, in quo In- di dormiunt, quod eft rete ex duabus arboribus fulpenfum. Lineola fupra n pronunciatur in naribus ficut Italicum gna, ut : cuna, mulier, quafi cugna. Ya, ye, yi, yo, yu: Velut Cha, che, chi, cho, chu, lene, ut yara, Dominus: Han de yara, nofter Dominus, yu acus. Prajterea notandum, quod vocabula debeant pronuntiari cunl accentu in ultima, nee non cum aliqua afperitate guttural! Helvetica : quam me Lucerna olim apprehendifie plurimum modo juvat. Declinatio Nominis : Nominativus. Abare, HicSaccrdos. Gen. Abarembae, Res Sacerdotis. Dat. A- bare upe, Sacerdoti. Accuf. Abare, Sacerdocem. Voc. Abare, o SacerdoSo Abl. Abaregui, vel, agui, de Sacerdote. Abare pipe, cum Sacerdote. Aba- repe, in Sacerdote. Abare rehe, pro Sacerdote. Jorge Chapare gibuta hey ta, Muficus, i5p2. yo feyart Jumi. Sepf The fime Day the Father Superionr did allot to each of the new MifTiona- ries his Place. My Lot was to ftay in the firft Canton, call'd Japeya, Dedica- ted to the Three Wlje Men of the Eafly the Patrons oi Germany^ and the City of Cologne. Father Antriony Behme was fent to St. Michael., a hundred Leagues from hence. The two Bohemian Miffionaries one to St. Anne., and the other to Ad re- ditilionem Corporis Chrifii , a hundred twenty one Leagues from hence, the reft to other Places, but all ufing the fame Language. And upon this occafion I cannot but give fome account of the prefent Condition of our Cantons (call'd by us Redtitlions., becaufe they were redu- ced to the Catholick Faith by the Miffio- naries) or Diftricts or Towns, which you plcafe. Of thcfe there are in all twenty fix, each of which is provided with two Mifil- onaries if pofllble, tho' of late Years by reafon of the flow fupplies of Miffiona- ries from Spain., they have been faid to be contented often with one \ fometimes they have alfo a Brother for an Afiiftant. Each of thefe Cantons contains general- ly 3000, 4C00, 5000, 6000, and fome- times a greater number of Souls. All fuch as are capable of receiving the Com- munion, come to Confeffion at leaft 4 times a Year j befides which the Miflio- nary muft Baptize the Children, give the extream Unftion to Dying-Perlbns , Pray with them, and laft of all Bury them : His Bufinefs is alfo to Marry fuch as intend to enter into the Matrimonial State, after they have been three times Proclaimed in the Church ^ to Catechife the Children -, to fay the Ave Mary and Litany Dayly before the old Ones, who are fo fimple and forgetful, that if you Ihould neglect them but one Day, they would not know how to make the fign of the Crofs. Every Sunday and Friday the MilTionary is obliged to Preach and fay high Mafs^ during Z-f«r he muft give them a kind of Sermon three times a Week, and take care of the Procefll- ons. All this would be paflable enough were it not that at the fame time they muft aft the part of a Clerk, they muft take care of the Church Ornaments and Plate, and keep it clean, unlefs they will have it brought to the Altar Nafty and Dirty, thefe poor Wretches being not capable of managing thefe Things. Every Mifilonary befides his Ecclefi- aftical Funftion, is alfo under an abfo- lute neceflity here of afting the part of a Steward, not only for himfelf, but likewife for all the Indians under his Ju- rifdiftion. To be fhort, he muft be Cook, Nurfe, Doctor, Architeft, Gard- ner, Weaver, Smith, Painter, Baker, Pot- 656 An Account of a Voyage Potter, Tile-maker, and every thing, that may, or is necefTary in any Com- mon-weakli: This may feem incredi- ble to ibme People, but is neverthclefs the naked Truth, the Indians being na- •turally fo Stupid, that unlefs, as for In- ftance, I don't my fclf bring what quan- tity of Salt 1 think fit into the Kitchen, and plainly (hew my Indian Cook, how much of it he muft put into fuch a Pot, and how much into another, he would certainly put it all (tho' never fo much) in one, and leave the reft unfeafoncd ■■, and all the Remedy you have, is, that if you cannot Eat it, h- will, and tell you afterwards, he could find no Fault in it \ nay, what is more, if I exped to have my Viduals drefs'dany ways clean- ly, 1 mufl: take care to have the VelTels brought every Day into my Cham.ber, and look into them my felf before they are ufed , without which you would certainly be Poifoned with Naftinefs. Next to my Apartment I have a Gar- den, divided into feveral Partitions, one whereof is my Flower-Garden, ano- ther my Phyfick-Garden (for they know not what a Phyfitian or Apothecary is) another my Kitchin Garden, belldes an Orchard and Vineyard. In the Kitchin Garden grow all the Year round, di- vers Sorts of Salet Herbs, Endive, curl'd and not curl'd, Cichory-Roots, Parfnips, Turnips, Spinage, Radiflies, Cabbages, Carriots, Beet-Roots, Parfly, Ani-Seed, Fennel-Seed, Coriander-Seed, Melons, Cucumbers, and divers forts o( Irdian Roots i in my Phyfick Garden I have Mint, Rew , Rofemary, Pim- pinel, Sweet-Mai joram, e^c. my Flow- er Garden produces wbire Lilly's Indian Lilly's, yellow and blew Viols, Poppies, and many forts of Indian Flowers. In my Orchard I have Apple and Pear Trees, and Hafel-nut-trees, but thefc two laft will bear no Fruit here, tho' they grow very lofty ^ Peaches, Pomegranates , fweet and ibwer Le- mons, fweet and fower Citrons, Vanin- ceys, and divers other Indian Fruits. My Vineyard has fo many Vines, that fometimcs it may produce 500 large Casks of Wine in one Year, but this Year I have fcarce had Grapes enough for my Table ^ the Reafon is, the vaft multitude of Pifmires, Wafps, wild Pi- geons, and other Birds, which have de- voured all, tho' I have conflantly kept S Indian Boys on purpofe tocleanft them of the Pifmires ; add to this the North Wind, which has blown continually all this Year ; a flender Recompence for the Pains I have taken, in Pruning, Shaving, L and attending the Vines •, but Patience. /; However thefe frequent Mifcarriages in the Vines, make the Wine here a dear Commodity , a Cask being fold fomctimes for 20 or 30 Crowns, a great Price for fuch an unwholfome Wine as this, which is not to be prefcrved with- out a great deal of Lime, without which it would turn to Vinegar in a little time ; this makes us ufe the Wine very fparing- ly, and fometimes not a E^rop in fix Month?, it beijig fometimes ^ fcarce, that we fhall not have enough for the Communion Table. The Minionary is alfo obliged to be both Phyfitian and Apothecary, and both order and adminilter Vomits, Purges, Venifedions, or what elfe feems to be requifite for the Recovery of the Pati- ent ; nay what is worfe, he mufl be head Nurfe, for tho' they have Four ap- pointed on purpofe in each Canton, yet are they fo void of Senfe and Judgment, that without conftant overlooking they foon would fend the Patient to the other World. The beft of all is, that thefe Indians are not fubjed to many Diftempers ; the Worms are their chieteft Plague, oc- cafioned by the vaft quantity of half raw Meat, they eat Daily, which being ill digefted corrupts in the Bowels, and generates Worms, and thefe the Bloody Flux, which puts an end to their Lives, efpecially if it happen to be Cold Wea- ther, of which thefe Indians are extreara- ly fenfible ; tho' their coldeft Seafon, even in June is fcarce fo Cold as with us in ji^ril. To remedy this Evil, no- thing IS more proper, than to give a Vomit made of Tobacco Leaves, all bit- ter Things being at mortal Enmity with the Worms ^ after the Vomit we take fome Cow's Milk, into this we fqueeze the Juice of a fower Lemon, put feme Rew and Mint into it, after all is well mix'd, fqueeze and ftrain the Liquor from it, and fogive it the Patient. Scarce any other Diftempcr is known here , except that now and then the Spotted Fever reigns among them , which about four Years ago carried off" above 2000 Perfons only in our Canton ; Providence, asitfcems, having thought fit not to afflidt with many Diffempers a wretched Nation that is deftitute of all forts of Remedies. For, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Mace, Saffron, Ginger, Cloves, Rice, Antimony, 1 heriaca and Methri- date, as well as other Medicinal Herbs and Compofitions, are not as much as known from Spain to Paraquaria. 657 known here ; nay, even Sale is a very fcarce Commodity with us, efpecially if our ufual Supplies from Spain happen to fail: Hence it is that the Indians ufe no Salt either with their Meat or in their Bread, tho' they elfe are very ea- ger after it and will have it if they can come at it. For my part, I find that Cu- Itom may bring a Man to any thing, for 1 begin to love their Bread tolerably well, and find no great difference be- twixt that and ours, viz. Hunger is their niceft Cook. Mod of their Cantons are fVA,^"j fea ted upon an Afcent, for the conve- Se^p, niency of carrying off the Rains and o- 1691- ther Waters into the River on which L''V%=> they lye ^ which is much of the fame bignefs with the Danube^ and the Wa- ter thereof fo wholefom , that you maydrink of it as much as you pleafe, even after Melons, Peaches, Figgs, &c. without receiving the leaf: harm. CHAP. V. Defcription of the Cantons or Towns inhabited by the Converted Indians in Paraquaria. TTlHefe Cantons, as we told you jufl 1 now , are generally featd upon an Afcent near the Rivers Vriigiiay and Paraka^ Jome of which contain 700 or 8co, others 1000 Families and above, fo that comprehending Father and Mother with all their Children , ( which are very numerous, ) you may fafely reckon 5ooc, 7000 or 8000 Souls to a Canton. Near the Church of each Canton is a Square Market-place 400 toot long, and as many broad, the reft being divided into Streets like ourTowns in Europe \ but the Houfes are very dif- ferent, being no more than Huts ereft- ed upon the bare Ground, the fides whereof are only of Clay, and the Roofs covered with Straw, except fome few that of late Years have been covered with Tiles: Windows and Chimneys are not in ufe among them •■, hence they are conftantly fo full of Smoke, that I have been in danger of lofing my Eyes by it, when I have been frequently vi- liting the Sick. Thefc Huts are not divided into Chambers, Kitchins, ore- ther Apartments , all thefe being com- prehended in one Room, their Cellar being a hollow Pnmpion in which they keep their Water for drinking: Thole that value themfelves above the reft, make ufe of aNett faftned to two Trees, inflead of a- Bed ^ but the poorer fort are contented with a Tyger's Skin or Ox Hide fpread upon the Ground, with- out Pillars or Bolfters, inftead of which they make ufe of a Stone or piece of Wood. Their Kitchin Furniture con^ lifts in two or three Pots or Pans^ the Hand ferves inftead of a Spoori^ the Teeth in lieu of Knives, the five Fin- gers for Forks ; their Drinking Veifel is 3 Silver Pumpion , the Fire-hearth is Vol. IV. under the Bed, there th^y faftentheNet at night, then fpit the next Stick they meet with; and whilft their Meat is a roafling, they eat it off continually in Slices ; tho' fome only hold it a lit- tle over the Flame, and fo eat it with- out farther Ceremony. The Door of thefe Huts is of an Ox-hide, about fix Spans high and three broad ; this brings you iuto the place where Father, Mother, Sifters and Bro- thers, Children, and Grand- children, pigg all together in one Room ■■, befides, three or four Dogs, and as many Cats j whence you may guefs what aScenc there muft arife from fuch a Mixture in fo narrow a compafs, which ftrikes the No- ftrils of the poor Miffionaries, when they come to do their duty among them, be- yond what can be imagined or exprefs'd, for all which they have no other com- fort than to fee thefe poor innocent Wretches expire, with all the Signs of an entire Refignation that can be ima- gined ; It is rarely to be feen, that during their Diftempers , they difcover the leaft Symptoms of Im- patience , no Sighs after their Wives and Children , no Defires after Trea- fnres, nor Troubles how to pay their Debts,no regret of leaving their Friends j for as they fcarce ever take care of thefe things in their Lite-time, fo they feldora difturb their Reft when they are to leave this World. When a Virgin has attained the 14th Year of Age, and a Boy 16, they ar« marriageable, and we feldom ftay lon- ger, for fear of worfe confequences \ it having been found by Experience, that when the Maidens and Young Men con- tinue in a fingle State for any confidera- ble time, they have found means to pair O o o o thera- 658 An Account of a Voyage fN^A-^. tiieinfclves. The Objeftion which in Se^p other places is made againfl: fuch young 1691. Miiriages takes no Place here, where \yV\^ there is no difpute about Dowry or Set- tlements, or which way they will main- tain themfelves \ all this they leave to God Almighty, and our Care, they never applying themfelves to any Trade or Profcflion. So that upon Marriage it is the MifTionary who provides the Hut, it is he who provides the Wedding Cloths, viz.. 5 Yards of coiirfe Wool- len Stuff for each^ a Bed they never want. Ox's Hides being cheap enough-, and the Wedding Dinner is made with a fat Cow, which is likewife piefented by the Miffionary. Their Marriage Agreement confifts only in two Articles, viz.. The Woman promifes to fetch what Water the Huf- bnnd wants, from the River, in lieu of which he engages to furnilh the Kitchin with Fuel. We allow them no Mufick nor Dancing at their Weddings, but lb foon as they are Married, and have heard Mafs , the Bridegroom goes his ways, and the Bride hers ^ and if the Miffio- nary has prefented them with a fat Cow, a little Salt, and a few Loaves, they invite the Parents to Dinner, and fo make the belt Chear they can. There is one Thing peculiar in their Marri- ages, viz.. that here the Man does not Woe the Woman, but on the contrary the Woman the Man ; in this Cafe the Maid comes to the Miffionary, and fays, Pay., i. e. Father (for fo they call us) I have an Inclination to Marry fuch or fuch a one, if you will be pleafed to gi'/e your Confent \ whereupon the Miffionary fending for the Perfon, fays, my Son (for fo we call them) fuch or fuch a one is defirous to be Marry'd to you, are you contented fhe fliould ? Un- to which if he reply's Yes (as they fel- dom do otherwife) then the Match is made, and wants nothing but the Prieft's Blcflmg. Let us now take a view of the Churches. Each Canton has a very hand- fomc lofty b, ilt Church and Steeple, with 4 or 5 Bells -., one, and fometimes two Organs, a high Altar, richly gilt, befidcs two or four Side Altars ; a rich- ly guilt Pulpit, divers painted Images, done by the Indtans , and that tolerably well •, Eight, Ten, and fometimes more Silver Candleflicks ; Three, Four, or Five Silver Chalices ; Three or Four Pair of Silver Offering- Velfels; Three Silver Croffcs, and a large Silver Ci- hortum. The Chalices are not gilt here, but of the natural Colour of Silver, as they ufe them in Sfain ^ all the Jimi- pendia., and other Ornaments belonging both to the Altar and the Prieft's Vclt- ments , arc as Rich and neatly kept as any in Europe. Every Saturday we Sing the Litany of our Lady, and every Sunday a Sermon, and high Mafs , when our Muficians entertain the Congregation with their Mufick, which they begin to perform tolerably well. I don't queftion but that feveral of our Friends , fuch as Father Glette , and my two Brothers Paid and Gabriel Sepp., when they hear you read this Paf- fage will be apt to ask you, who it is that Compofes thefe Pfalms, Litanies, Hymns and Mafles ; who is it that has taught the Indians to Sing, who to play on the Organs, and to found the Trum- pets and Hautboys ? Unto which I an- fwer, that the fame Miffioaaries, who taught thefe poor Wretches the Rudi- ments of the Chriftian Religion, to fay Our Father, to bake Bread, to Paint, caft Bells, Organs and Trumpets, and to make Clock-works j the fame 1 fay have inftruSed them in Mufick -., which was fii ft introduced here by fome Ne- therland Fathers , who with incredible Labour taught thefe indocible People to Sing, and compofcd certain Pieces, not according to Art, but fuch as their natural Inclination led them to : The lame was improved afterwards, by a certain Spanijh Miffionary, but after the old way, without a Bafe , without Meafure ;, of Double , or Triple Notes, they know not the leaft ; nay, even not the Spaniards themfelves to this Day, as I obferved whilft 1 was at Ca- diz, and Sevil. Thus I faw my felf o- bliged to begin with them, quite after another and new Method, and to teach, old Gray Hair'd Fellows, the Vt, Re, Mi., Sol, La again. By which means I have (tho' with incredible Labour) in- ftrufted Six Trumpets (of whom each Canton has Four) Four Organifts, Three Theorbifts, Thirty Hautboys, and Fifty Voices (befides other Inftruments) to Play and Sing moft of my Compofiti- ons ; which has got me fuch a Reputa- tion with the other Miffionaries, that they fend continually to me fome of their Flocks, with Prefents of Hony, Pre- ferves, and Fruit, to court my Friend- Ihip, and to have them inftrufted in Mufick i and, to Speak without Vanity, has purchafed me the fingular Efteem of the Indians. Upon W from Spain to Paraquaria. 659 Upon this occafion I can't but intrcat you dear Fathers Ignatius and P/r«/, and other Friends who have been formerly ray School-fellows, to have picy of a poor Miflionary at fo vaft a diftance, and of fo many Muficiaus under my Care^ to fend me over fome iMifiion Pieces, which I delire fliould be no other than the F'efperej Mijf'i-, Breves^ Breviores, Brevijfima, as alfo the Litany of the Compofition of Mr. Mekhior GUttle, Di- rector of the Million in the Cathedral of Augsburg ^ and thefe I don't delire to be new ones, but others tho' half torn will ferve my Purpofe as well j for I intend to have them copy'd by the Indians^ which they do very well, and with great exactnefs, all the Books we fend to the other Cantons being tranfcrib'd by them. In requital of this Kindnefs, I will oblige my felf and lixty Mtilionaries be- lides, that we will fay fixty MafTes for him, who will be at the charge of Buying them, and twenty more for him ■who will take the trouble to fend them, iho' as to the refunding of the Mony there is no great difficulty j for what ever is laid out upon this Account is therein fully repaid by our Father Fro- citrator here to the Father Procurator at Munichen j which had I known it before I left Germany^ I would have provided my felf with feveral Things in Germany for my and the other Millionaries ufe, which will ftand us in great ftead now in Paraquaria, and would not have a- niounted to above 10 or 15 Crowns there ; a flender Addition to the Sum of 80000 Crowns bellowed upon that Million, whereof I waj. an unworthy Member. I mult confefs that my Father Procurator here, has given me feveral Reprimands upon this Account, which however is not lb much to be imputed to my Negleft, as want of knowledge of the State of Affairs here. As for the Direction, you need fend them only to Genoa or Rome, but belt of all to the Father Procurator in Rome, who will take care to fend it to the Procurator of Pa- raquaria, or the Father Procurator of the J/ikies ; but if any of our Society inGer- many Ihould come this way as Miffiona- ries, it were fo much the better, and they might bring divers other ufeful Things along with them. But 1 have dwelt too long among the Mulicians, it is time to return to the Defcription of our Cattton. Tiie 2d of June 1 69 1, as I told you I arrived at Japcgu, after a Voyage of a Month from Buenos Ayres, upon the Vol. IV. River Vruguay, being no lefs than 200 rv^'V-o Leagues. Ja^egu is the firft of the a6 5^/?/? converted C3«ro«/, feated at 29 degrees 1691, upon an Afccnt of a Hill near the River ^^"'^T^ Vrnguay ; a Place which feems by Na- ture chofen for its Situation, for the de- light of the Inhabitants : To the Eaft it has the before-mention'd pieafant River Vrnguay, the Waters whereof excel for clearnefs and wholfomnefs all the Rivers of Europ ; being cleanfed and purified by the Roots of an incredible number of Trees, which for 400 Leagues toge- ther ftand on both fides, upon the very brink of its Banks j as likewife by the vaft quantity of Gravel and Pebble Stones, over which it carries its Sih'er Stream ; for which reafon it is our conftant Ta- ble Drink, and we ufc it in great quan- tity even after the eating of Mel -ns, Cucumbers, Figs, Peaches, and futh like Fruics, without any harm. This River produces vaft ftore of Filh, which the Indians catch fijnietimes with their Hands only ; and for want of Fifh- Hooks (which are very dear here) they catch them with a large Nail bent at the end. Among all the Fifh I ever law here, I met but with one European kind call'd Bocado by the Spaniards, but they are larger here, dark, yellow, and well tafted ; As for Carps, Pikes, Eels, Gud- geons, Flounders, and flich like European Fifties are not to be feen in this River j but many very delicious Filh of the In- San kind, among which the King's FijJi is one of the choiccft, tho' but fmall, and taken only in Winter j It has no Bones. Abundance of moft delightful Iflands are to be Ceea. in this River ; there lies one direftly oppofite to our Canton, infi- nitely pleafant for its Woods and Trees, which afford a moft agreeable Shade, and the Ground produces the beft kind of Melons, it being not above a Stones caft from the Shore ^ I often divert my felf here with my Difciples, to take the cool Air, and with a fet of Mulicians. The Situation of this little Ifle is fo extraor- dinary Pleafant, that the beft Painter in Europe would have Work enough to make an exaft Draught thereof On the other three fides, viz. to the South-wefi and North, this Canton is fur- rounded with the moft fruitful Pafture Fields in the World of a vaft Extent, and ftor'd with an incredible number of' Cattle. Stables are things unknown here, as much as the mowing of Grafs, or making of Hay, bccaufe the Cattle feed all the Year round up to the Knees in O o o 2 Grafs, 66o An Account of a Voyage C\^j\./^ Grafs, wuliout being watch'd j Theft 5fpp, being eicher not underflood, or at leafl: 1(591. no"^ pradis'd among thefe Indians. So L/VVJ tliac if 1 have occafioii for Milk, 1 have no more to do than to fend my Boy into the Fields, who Milks one of the Cows, and brings me as much Milk as I delire in a hoilow'd Pompion •, as the Cooks in the Kitchin ulc Scollop Shells inftead of Ladles. The worft is, that thefe Fields are iufclled with vafl: numbers of Tylers., which come fomctimes in whole Troops, and devour the Calves, but feldoni the O.xen and Cows, becaufc they will often make their Party good with them, and their Flefh is not fo tender \ But if the Tyger happen to catch an O.k alone, he leaps upon his Back, and Points him in the firlt Joint of the Neck, and after- wards tears it open with his Claws ^ when he has a mind to a Calf, he watches it, as it lies upon the Ground, and ad- vancing foftly bites ofFthe Head at once, and fucks out the Blood through the Neck. The Tygers are not only very hurtful to the Cattle, but alfo very dreadful to the Inhabitants, who know of no other Enemy but this ; they feldom are far from their own Canton^ except when they Travel with the Mifllonaries j up- on which occafiou they defend themfelves againfl: the Fury of the Tyger by making a Wood Fire all round the Place where they reft either by Day or Night, by which means they keep off the Tyger , who dreads nothing more than Fire. But if they happen to fall afleep, and the Fire goes out, the Tyger will be fure to watch his Opportunity, and lay hold of him that comes next to him, as it happened to a poor Indian^ who a- mong the reft conduced me hither from Buenos Ayres., and a Boy belonging to Father Anthony Behme had likewife not long ago the .Misfortune to be feized u]>- on by a Tyger (tho' not many Paces from his Hut) who tore his Flefh to that degree, that his Life was defpair'd of, but by the fingular Care of Father Behme, he efcaped with Life. The Tygers will fometimes come over the very Fences of the Gardens, and thence into the Houfes ■-, I remember that one time a Tyger got into one of the Indian Huts, where there were only fome very young Children playing toge- ther, the Father and Mother being a- broad in the Field j the innocent Babes taking it for a greai Dog, laid their Hands upon the Tyger^s Head, and court- ed him like they would have done a Dog, at which the Tyger wagging his Tail, went away without doing the leaftHarni to the Children, making the belt of his way over the Fence, and ciofs the Field, for fear of meeting with fonie of the old Indians, who are Dexterous, beyond what can be imagined in killing even the fierccft Tygers, which thefe Creatures being fenlible of, feldom Attack any of them, unlefs it be by Surprize, and from behind. A Brother of our Society walking one Day in my Garden with nothing but a Stick in his Hand, a Tyger which got near the Fence, attack'd him, and as thefe Creatures are very nimble, Icap'd fometimes before, fometimes behind, endeavouring to lay hold of him with his Paws, but the Brother defended him- felf fo well with his Stick, that the Ty- ger beginning to defpair of the Vidory, thought fit to make oiT again over the Fence. Such like Accidents are frequent here, and ic is very remarkable, that ic was never known that either a Father Miflionary, or a Brother was hurt here either by a Tyger, or any kind of Ser- pents, of which there are many here. Venifon we have alfb in great plenty, fuch as Deer, Harts, Wild Boars, Goats and Gembs ; but the Indians fel- dom eat the Flefh, and catch them on- ly for their Skins fake. Among the Wild Fowl we abound efpecially in Partridges and Wild Pidgcons •, The firfl are fo numerous and tame that you may knock them down with a Stick, fo that my Boys bring them home fometimes by Dozens : And the Pidgeons are eafily catch'd by Snares, which I have fhewn the Indians how to lay, they being na- turally too Simple to think upon any thing of that Nature, but ufed to be contented to Shoot at them with their Arrows ; Thefe they catch as often as they pleafc, fo that if another Miflio- nary comes this way, I can foon Accom- modate him with a Pidgeon roafled or boiled, with a Salat drefs'd with Hony inftead of Oil and Vinegar (both which we want here) and a Bottle of our moft delicious River Water ; This was the Entertainment I gave lately to our Friend Father Anthony Behme, as he pafs'd this way in his Journey to his Miffion. Oxen, Cows, Calves and Horfes are here in fuch prodigious Quantities, that in fome- Places the Fields are covered with them, as far as your Eye-fight will reach ; and that of the bcft kind, which having from Spain to Paraquaria. having no Proprietor, are Dog-cheap here, as wanting only to be fetch'd, in which the Indians are very Expert \ and when they have brought a Cow to the ZWilTionary ready kill'd, he gives each his Share twice a Day : For a little in- conllderable Knife you may Buy or Ex- change a very good Horfe, a Bridle (if the Bit be of Iron) being valu'd here beyond three Horfes j they don't Shoe their Horfes here, partly by reafon of the foftnefs of the Ground without Gra- vel, being all over covered with Grafs, partly by reafon of the fcarcity of Iron, a good European Horfe-Shoe being worth lix Horfes here. Some oi omCanton did not long ago tra- vel 2 Days Journey deep into the Coun- try, to fetch Proviiions for the ufe of our Canton for this Year •, within left than 2 Months they brought together 50000 Cows, and might have brought looooo, if we had wanted fo manyj what I have faid of this Canton is to be underftood of all the reft, being i6 in all ; all the trouble is in keeping fo vaft a Number of Cattle together, whillt they are bringing of them hither , in which thele Indiaus arc alfo very well verfed. Hence the Reader may judge of the immenfe Quantities of Cattle in the Fields of Paratjuaria : The three Ships wherewith we came from Spidi- tns. Their Strength. The Dif- coverers Laad in anlflandi above a League from La Dominica, the Channel clean, and foundable. The /f- deUntado call'd all che Iflands together Las Aiartjuefas, or the MarchionefTes, in honour of the Marquefs de Cannete, and as an Acknowledgment of the many Fa- vours receiv'd of him in the difpatch of his Bufinefs. They fail'd backwards and forwards feeking a Port in the Ifland Dominica. Several Canooes with Indi- ans came out, fome darker colour'd than others, and by their Cries feem'd to de- fire the fame the others had done. A- mong them was a comely old Man, who had a green Bough, and fomething white in one Hand. He was calling jufl as they tack'd about, and believing the Ships were going ofT, he began to cry out the louder. He made Signs even with his Hair, pointing to the Land with them, and with his Finger. The AdeUntado was inclinable to go thither, but it could not be done, becaufe it was Eaft, and the Wind blew frelh from that Point, befides that there was no fafe Harbour to come to an Anchor in, tho' the Fri- gate fought it clofe to the Land. Here he faid there was abundance more Peo- ple whom they had feen from the Ship, and added that an Indian came aboard, who with much eafc lifted up a Calf by the Ear. Four handfome Indians were got aboard the Comadore, and having been there a while, one of them fnatch'd up a curious Bitch, and giving a Shout, they all boldly leap'd into the Sea, and Swam away with her to their Canooes. The next Day, being the Feaft of St. James the Apoftle, the General again fent the Colonel with twenty Men in the long Boat to fetch Water, or find out a Harbour in the Ifland of St. Clori- fiina. He went, and being come to an Anchor in a Port landed with his Men in good order, and Drum beating. He went round a Town, the Indians never offering to ftir \ then he halted, and call'd to them, and about 300 came to him. Our Men drew a Line on the Ground, making Signs to them that they muft not come over it, and asking Water of them, they brought it in Cocos, with fome Fruit. The Indian Women came out, and the Soldiers affirmed that ma- ny of them were extraordinary Beauti- ful, and made no difficulty of fitting down by them. The Colonel bid the Indians go fill feme Jarrs of Water, they made Signs for our Men to carry them, but at the fame time fled with four of them, for which reafon they were Cano- naded. On tile 28th of July the Ade- lantado came to an Anchor in a Port the . . Colonel had found, and Landing, car- with^'the ry'd his Wife, and moll of the Men to indigns. hear the firft Mafs faid by the Vicar, at which the Indians were prefent Kneeling, very Silent and Attentive, quietly doing all they faw the Chriftians do. A beau- tiful Indian Woman fat down nere the Lady EliT^abeth to Fan her, and (he fee- ing her Hair fo very Fair endeavour'd to have fome of it cut off", but perceiv- ing fhe avoided it, they forbore, for fear of angring her. The General in His Majefties Name took Pofleflion of all four iflands, view'd the Town, fow'd Indian Wheat before the Natives, and having convers'd with them amicably, went a- board leaving the Colonel alhore with all _. - ^ the Soldiers. No fooner was Mindana jj. ^yarf- gone, but they fell together by the Ears, ance. fuch are the Confequences of ill Govern- ment. The Indians threw abundance of Stones and Darts, which hurt one Sol- dier in the Foot, but did no more Harm. That done, they fled to the Woods with their Wives and Children. Our Men purfu'd firing at them till they got into the flielter of the Trees. They went up to the tops of three high Hills, where they intrench'd. Morning and Evening they all at once made a regular harmo- nious Noife which Eccho'd in the Dales. Then they hollow'd to one another, Ihew'd an Inclination to do Mifchief, throwing Darts and Stones, but all to no Purpofe. The Colonel placed Guards upon three feveral Avenues, to fecure the Town and Shore, where the Wo- men were Diverting themfelves, and the Men taking in Wood and Water for the Ships. The Indians perceiving how lit- tle harm their Weapons did, and the great Lofs they fuftain'd from the Fire., arms, endeavour'd to come to an Ac- commodation. This they made appear, Reconcifd becaufe when the Soldiers went over again, their Lands, they came out lovingly to meet them, offering them clufl:ers of Plantans, and other forts of Fruit. They feem'd to mifs the Conveniency of their Houfes, for by Signs they enquir'd when they would be gone. Some of them came to the Guards bringing fuch as they had to Eat, which they gave freely, efpecially one good likely Indian, with whom the Chaplain contrafted great Frienddiip, and they call'd one another Comrades. He taught him to Blcfs him- felf, and fay "Jefus, Mary. In the fame manner the others convers'd with their new Friends. Every one had one whcrm he fought out when he came, and would fit Jflatids of Salomon. 667 fit down with liira. They ask'd of one another by Signs how they call'd the Heaven, Earth, Sea, Sun, Moon, Stars, and other Things they faw, and they feem'd to be pleas'd in their Anfwers. The laft Words they faid at parting were Friends, Friends, Comrades. The Indian^ we faid, was Friend to the Chap- lain, came to the Guard, and was car- ry'd aboard that the General might fee liim. He went merrily along, faying Friends. The Addamado rcceiv'd him with much Kindnefs and Affedlion, of- fer'd him Sweetmeats and Wine, but he neither Eat nor Dranlc. He began to ta.ke notice of the Cattle, and to ap- pearance gave them Names, obferv'd the Ship, Rigging, Mafts and Sails, went down under Deck, and noted all Things with more Curiolity, than could be ex- pected from an Indian. They delir'd him to fay, Jefus, whii.b he did, and feem'd well pleab'd. Then he prefs'd to be fet alhore, and he was fo Fiiendly, that when he underflood the Ships were a- bout departing, he exprefs'd Sorrow, and would have gone away with them. The Iflaiid St. Chriftina is well Peopled, fomeuhat high, has Vales and Hollows where the Indians dwell, the Port they call'd, De la madre de Dios^ that is. Of the Mother of God. It is on the Weft fide, in nine Degrees and a half of La- titude, ftielcer'd from all Winds. The St. chriili- {hapc of it is like a Hoi fefhooe, the Neck *lfl!:k"j O'' Entrance very narrow. At the Mouth there is 30 Fadom Water clear of Sands, 24 in the middle of the Harbour, and J 2 clofc to the Shore. A Rock on the South fide upright next the Sea, ferves for a Land- Mark to it. At the top of all is a fharp Clift, befides others there are, a.nd-on the North lide a Hollow. There appear out at Sea five feveral Groves facing the Harbour, and a Ridge of Hills which divides two Strands, with a Spring of excellent Water, which falls from the height of a Man and a half, as thick as ones Wrift, and by it a Brook as good as that, running clofe to a little Town of the Indians^ fo that the Spring, Brook and Town are together on the Shore, at the foot of the Hill on the North fide. On the South fide there are fome Houfes among Trees, and on the Eaft fome Rocks and Clifts whence the Brook flows. Moft of the Indians in this Itland, did not feem to be fo white as thofe in the Ifland call'd the Magdahn. They ufc the fame Language, the fame fort of Weapons, and Canooes, which ferve them near at hand. Their Town Vol. IV. dcfcrib'd. is like two fides of a Square, the one North and South, the other Eaft and W'clt, withthe Aveaueswell pav'd, the reft like an open Place encompafs'd with thick Trees. They are built like dou- ble Galleries, the Floor higher than the Street. Abundance of People feem'd to lie in each of them, becaufe there were many Beds. Some had low Doors, o- thers had all the Front open. They are made of Timber interwoven with great Canes, whofe Hollow is as big as 3 Man's Arm, and they are above an £11 loog in the Joynt.They affirm, the Women have moft beautiful Faces, delicate Hands, a good Shape, and flender Wafte, many of them tar exceeding the moft accom- plilh'd Women at Lima. They were white enough, from the Breaft down- wards clad with a fort of Tunicks curi- oufly Wove of delicate fine Palm-ttxe Leaves. At a diftance from the Town was an Oracle, or Place of Wor.(hip Pa- lifadoed about, and the Entrance on the Weft fide, almoft in the middle of it a Houfe with the Door to the North, in which were fome Mifliapen wooden Fi- gures, and fome eatable Things offer'd there^ among the reft a Hog, which the Soldiers took down, and being about to take away other Things, the Indians hindred tliem, making Signs that they Ihould not touch them, and fhewing that they had a refpeft for that Houfe and Figures. Without the Town they had fome Piraquas, a fort of Boats, long, i^^'m and handfomely wrought out of one ^°^''^' piece of Wood, with a fort of Keel, Head and Stern, rais'd with Boards, faft bound with Ropes they make of the Co- coes. Each of them will carry betwixt thirty and forty Men to Row. Being ask'd by Signs, what ufe they put them to, they gave to underftand they went in them to other Parts. They Work them with little Hatchets they make of Fi(h Bones and Snails, or rather Fifii Shells, and fharpen them on great Stones for the purpofe. The Conftitution, Health, Strength, and Corpulency of thofe People, (hews the goodnefs of the Air they Live in. Cloaths could be well born with Day or Night, the Sun was not very troublefomc, fome great Rains fell, there was never any Dew, but a dry Air, infomuch that whatlbever they left wet over Night on the Ground was dry in the Morning without being hung and laid out, but it is not known whe- ther it were fo all the Year. There were Swine and Hens like thofe in S^air.. The Trees we mcntion'djvere in the P p p p 2 Square,' 668 A Difcovery of the Square, bore a fort of Fruit, as big as a Boys Head^ its Colour when Ripe is a light Grccii, and a very deep Green when Sour, rhe Shell is inark'd with Fruit of (.^yjj Screaks like a Pine Apple, its (hape forts?' '^ "°'- ^•tog^'^'i^'" round, but is fome- wliat fliarper at the other end than at the Stalk. From the end there runs in ns it were a Plug, or Core, and from tliat there fprcad feveral Webs. It has neither Stone, nor Kernel, nor any thing to throw away, but only the Shell, and that is thin, the rcfl: is a folidMafs with little Juice in it when Ripe, and lefs when Green. Abundance of them were . eaten Ripe and Green, and they are fo Delicious that the Men call'd them white Meat, a dainty SpaniJJi Difh made of the Brawn of Fowls. It was look'd upon as Wholfome, and very Nourifhing. The Leaves the Tree bears are very large, and lliarp pointed like the Papayas. There is another fort of Fruit enclosed in Prickles like Cheftnuts, but its Kernel is as big as fix Spanijh Cheftnuts, and tafts much like them. They are fliap'd like a plain Heart. There arc Walnuts about the bignefs of ours, and much like them i 1 Talte, their Shell is very hard, and all of a piece without any joyning. The Kernel is not interwoven with the Shell, but fo loofc that when crack'd it drops out whole. They eat and carry'd away a great many, and at laft found it was Oily. On the Shore they faw Spamflj Pompions fow'd, and among them fome Flowers, beautiful to the Eye, but with- out any Scent. Nothing can be faid of the Inland, becaufe no Body went up it ^ but by what they fnv, the Souldiers af- firm'd all the Groves wereof Fruit Trees. Whilfl: the General was in the Ifland, he had the Galliot refitted, becaufe one Day before it came to an Anchor it was foul of the Commadores Boltfprit, and in great Danger. He orderd Wood and Water to be taken in, the Ships to be made ready, and the Men to come aboard. Before they fet Sail, heereded 3 Crofles in feveral Places, and Carv'd another on IheDifcc- ^ ^'^^ *^'^'^ ^^^ '-^^y ^"^ ^^^^ ^'^^" '*■ verers fail ^'^^ done. On the 5th of Aiigtifr they away. weigh'd, and Sail'd away in quell of the Iflands they were to Difcover. They held their Courfe VVeft and by South, the Wind at South, and veering to Eafl South-caff, running, by their reckoning, 400 Leagues, Eafl: and by South, and Wefl: and by North. After three or four Days fail, the AdeUr.tado faid, they fhould that Day fee the Land they fought. All the Men were pleas'd with this News, but tho' they look'd out, they faw none in many Days after, which difcourag'd the Souldiers, for the longer they were out, thefhorter their Water and Provi- lions grew, having been extravagant up- on hearing the Land was nigh. Irrefolu- tion and Defpair began to prevail, and few were untainted, nor is it to be ad- mir'd , for fuch undertakings require Men enur'd to Sufferings and patient ia them. On Sunday the 20th of j^ugufl-, after Djfcoyer running 400 Leagues, at break of Day, four i- the Ships found themfelves near four lit- (lands, tie low Iflands, the Shores Sandy, and cover'd with abundance of Palm and 0- ther Trees. The extent of them all four fcem'd to be eight Leagues, little more or lefs. They ftand almoft fquare, clofe to one another. On the Eait-lide of them lye certain Banks of Sand, South- weft and North-eaft, for which rcafon there is no coming at them on that lide. In the Channel that runs to the South- weft there appears a Cape. The Ge- neral call'd them St. Bernard's, Iflands, becaufe Difcover'd on his Day. They would have endeavour'd to find a Har- bour , but at the requeft of the Vi- car it was not done. It was not known whether they were Inhabited , tho' thofe in the Galliot faid they had feen two Canooes , but it was only a fancy. They are in the Latitude of loDeg. and 20 Min. South, their Longitude 1400 Leagues from Lima. Having left thefe Iflands the Wind Hold on held always at South-eaft, and fome- their times there fell fhort but heavy Showers Courfe. of Rain. The Clouds were thick and of feveral Colours , appearing in various Shapes, and many Hours were fpent in obferving them. Sometimes they were fettled fo, that it was a whole Day be- fore they difpers'd, which made them jealous they were near Land, being to- wards that part that was unknown. They held on their Courfe Weftward, that is. Weft North-weft, and Weft South- weft, always keeping in fuch Latitude as the AdeUiuado directed, which was never to exceed twelve deg. nor be under eight, fo that they kept betwixt ten and eleven. On Tuefday the 29th of Augufl^ they faw a little low Ifland, quite round full of Trees, and hemm'd in along the Shore with Ridges of Rocks above the Water. Its Compafswasabouta League, the Latitude 10 deg. 40 min. thediftance from Lima 1535 Leagues. It wascall'd the Solitary Ifland, becaufe it ftood alone. The Adelantado order'd the two fmall VefTels Iflandf of Salomon. 66q VefTels to feek fome Harbour, to take in Wood and Water, the Vicc-Admiral being in great want. They came to an Anchor in lo Fadom Water, and hail'd the Admiral to (land to Sea, becanfc all theShoar was full of great Rocks, which were to be feen. Sailing over them and founding as they went, fometimes they found lo fathom Water, and fometimes found no ground with loo. It was frightful to fee the Ship over fo many Rocks. All diligence was us'd to get out to open Sea, as they did. The Admiral bore patiently with all the Men's muttering and defpair, endea- vouring what he could to prevent any publick, or private Sins, he ftudy'd the Peace of all Perfons, giving a good Ex- ample, with his Beads in his Hand at all times. Eveiy day he caus'd the Salve Regina to be faid before an Image of our .Blefled Lady of Solitude. He had E- venfong fung Solemnly, and kept Holy- days, putting out the Colours and found- ing warlike Inftruments, reproving thofe that Swore, charg'd the Souldiers to ex- ercife their Arms, and every Afternoon review'd them, put his Hand to every thing that was to be done aboard the Ship, tho' it were the moft laborious Work. On the 7th of September they fail'd before the Wind, which was a ftiffgale at South-eafl, under a Top- fail reef 'd, due Weft. The Sky appear'd very thick ahead, for which reafbn the Mailer Pilot fent out the Galliot and Fri- gat ahead, one in fight of the other and of the Galeon. He order'd them, if they difcover'd Land, or Shoals, or any thing elfe to give notice of, they Ihould make a fignal with two Lights, and he would anfwer in the fame manner, but Fear prevailing they fell a Stern. Thus they fail'd in dread, under fuch appre- henfioas as that Night fuggefted. About nine the Vice-Admiral came up, and a- bout 1 1 on the Larboard fide, they dif- cover'd a great thick Cloud, covering all the Horizon on that fide. They that ■were upon the Watch doubted whether it was Land, but were foon undeceiv'd by a heavy fliore of Rain that fell prefently after. As foon as it was over they plainly Difcover'd Land,from which thcAdmiral was not above a League. Being aflur'd it was Land, they Proclaim'd it with the ufual Joy, and all came out to fee it. The Galeon took in her Sails, and lying E thwart the Land, made Signs to the other Ships, only two anlwer'd, the o- ther was not feen. Day appear'd and difcover'd towards the South- r/cif, a Pomtof Land, Plain, Large and Black, being cover'd with Trees ; and looking about they could not find the Vice-Ad- miral, which was a great Trouble to all the Men. Day-light alfo Difcover'd a high Hill like a Sugar-Loaf, all fmooth; and another little Hill cowards theSouth- eaft, which appear'd to be three Leagues in Compafs, and is eight from the Iflaiid. It has no Harbour, nor any other Place to land, being all rocky and bare with- out Trees, or any thing green, but a dry Colour'd Earth and Stones. There are fome Clefts in it, particularly two on the Weft fide, out of which and che very Top of the Hill,, there gufhcs out much Fire and Sparkles, with a great Noife. It had a very handfom Head, which a few Days after the Ships got into Har- bour, broke ofi'and flew with fo terrible an Earthquake, that tho' the Anchoring Place was cen Leagues off, it was heard, to the great Terror of the Men, and made the Ship Ihake. From that time forwards there were great Thunder- claps within it every now and then, and for the moft part when it gulch'd out Fire, after which there came out fuch quantities of thick Smoke, as feem'd to afcend up to the Heavens, and then fol- low'd a rumbling Noife. The Admiral order'd the Frigatto fail round the fiery Mountain, to fee whether the Vicead- miral, happening to fall to the other fide of it, lay there under fhelter, or- dering him to come away to the Ifland they had Difcover'd. Being pretty near it there came out a fmall Boat with a Sail, and after it a Squadron of 50 more. The People in them hallo'd and made figns with their Hands, as if they hail'd the Ship, who did the fame, but not without apprehenfion. When the Vef- fels came clofe, it appear'd the Men in them where Cole black, and fome a lit- tle clearer, all of them with curl'd Hair, fome white, fome fair, and of other Colours,_ it being certainly Dy'd^ half the Head fhorn, and with other Diftin- dfions, their Teeth colour'd Red. They were all Naked fave their Privities, which were cover'd with a fort of foft Stuffs. Moft of them were ftain'd with a Dye blacker than themfelves, and 0- thers with other Colours. There were flreaks to be feen on their Faces and Bo- dies , their Arms were feveral times wound about with black Withes, and a- bout their Necks many Strings of fmall Beads of Bone, Ebony and Fifties Teeth. About feveral Parts of them hung abun- dance of fome little and fome big Plates Land dif- cover'd a- gam- A burning Ifland. Other IildiMS, their Co- lour and Weapons- 6j o A Difcovery of the Dr fiat Pieces of Mother of Pearl. The Canooes wore fmall, and fome of them liiik'd two and two together. Their Wciipons were Bows and Arrows with fliarp Points of burnt Wood. Others were Pointed with bearded Bones, and Ibmc with Feathers-, the Points fcem'd to be infeftcd with the Juice of fome Herb, but not very hurtful. They had alfo Stones, MacMsas^ which are their Swoids made of a heavy fort of Wood, Darts of Hard .Vood with three Rows of Beard?, and the fpear Part above a Span in length. A-crofs them like Shoulder Belts, hung Budgets of Palm- Trce-Lcaves well made, full of Biskct, which they make of Roots, all of them were eating of it as they came , and freely gave Part. As foon as the Ade- lantado faw the Colour of their Skins, he concluded they were the People he look'd for, faying, This is fuck an IJland^ or fuch a Land. He fpoke to them in the Language helearnt the firil Voyage, but they neither underftood him , nor he them. They Hopp'd to view the Vef- fels, and went about them as if they had been Chattering. Noperfwafions could prevail with them to come aboaid, but having talk'd to one another they Itood all to their Arms, a Tall, Old, Lean In- dim who was formoft fccming to per- fwadethemfo todo.They prefently bent their Bows to let fly, the old Man talk'd to them, and they clapt thcmfelves down again j they gave the Word about, and could not refolve what they were to do. At length they concluded, and giving a fiiout let fly many Arrows, which ftuck in the Sails and other Parts ot the Ships, but did no harm. Upon this the Soul- diers who were in a readinefs, had Or- ders to Fire upon them. One was Kill'd, many Wounded, and the reft fled in great Conftcrnation. They Cruiz'd up and down feekiriga Harbour, which they all were imp.aient for, having fiifter'd much, and believed they Ihould be eas'd of all their Troubles if they could but V:ce-Ad- land. The Frigatreturn'd without find- aiiral loft. j„g the Viceadmiral, which increas'd their Sorrow and Apprehenlions. The three Ships came to an Anchor at the Mouth of a Bay, under the flicker of certain Flats. The Anchors were a-peek, and the Water flowing about ten at Night, the Galeon dragg'd hers with ve- ry great Danger of being a-ground on the Sands. The Admiral ran out to en- courage his Men, who were in great Diforder andConfulion, the Danger be- ing at hand, and the Night making it more dreadful. At laft the Anchors were weigh'd, and letting fly the Sails, the Ship with much difliculty got out to Sea. At break of Day the Adelamado went aboard the Galliot to feck out a Port. The Mafter Pilot found one, tho' fmall, lying North-weft of the burning Mountain, fhelter'd from the South-weft Wind, with 1 2 Fathom Water, a Town, River, Baliaft, Wood and a good Airy place. It being then late, they came to an Anchor at one of the Points that jetted into the Sea, a Serjeant with 12 Musketiers went a flioar to fecure the Port. T he Indians belonging to a Town that vvas hard by, came out and ply'd them fo violently with their Arrows, that they were forced to take flieltcr in a fingle Houfe they found. The Ship fir'd two Guns, which put them to flight, the Boat going off to fetch the Men. All that Night they ply'd it out at Sea, and the next Day, the Addantudo found a ftill Harbour, flielter'dagainft all Winds. There they came to an Anchor in 15 fathom Water, the bottom owfy near to the Land, where was a River and Towns, which founded all Night with the noife of Dancing, and Mufick af- ter their manner, beating Sticks one a- gainft another, and Tabors, Abundance of Indians came to fee the Ships and j„ii^„. Men. Moft of them had red Flowers cornea- on their Heads and in their Nofes. With board, much perfuafion fome of them came a- board the Admiral, leaving their Arms in the Canooes. Among the reft came aboard a handfome body'd Man, and of a good Afpeft, a brown Complection, lean and Ibmewhat grey Hair'd. He feem'd to be about '.,.,,. thespm- being of force to prevail with him to trds. ftay, but got him to Shoar, followed by all his People. There was another num- ber of People on the Shoar, by whom he was receiv'd with great Demonftra- tions of Joy, and they feem'd to confult together ; that fame Afternoon the /«- dians remov'd all they had in fome Houfes near the Shoar, to Malopis Town. At Night they made great Fires on the other fide the Bay, which lafted almoft till Morning. It was look'd upon as a Signal of War , which was confirm'd by the Jealoufie the Canooes had caus'd that Day, running haftily from one Town to another, as it were to make ready, or carry Advice of fome Matter. A Skir- Next Morning the Galliot fent its Boat mifhwith a-flioar for Water , which was at Hand, xheliidi- and as they were Shipping ir, fome /«- *"• di^tns who lay in Ambufh fell upon the Men, Shouting and Shooting their Ar- rows, following them to the Boat, where the Musketeers firing on them they halt- ed. The wounded Men were taken care of, and the General immediately or- dered the Colonel to Land and do them all the harm he could with Fire and Sword. The Indians made a ftand, and Five being Kill'd the reft Fled. The Spaniards went off" without lofs, having cut down fome Palm Trees, and burnt Houfes and Canooes. This fame Day the Adelantado fent Captain Laurence in the Frigat with 20 Sailers and Soldiers, in queft of the Vice-Admiral : He had Orders to Sail about that part of the Ifland they had not yet feen, till he was at the Place, where Night came upon them, when they difcover'd the Land, and that when he was there he (hould fail away from Weft to North-weft, which was the Courfe the Vice-Admiral could ftand, to mifs that the Admiral took , and to obferve what he could difcover in his way. He alfo order'd the Colonel to The spi- be ready with 40 Men, to go in the r,iiris Morning early, as he did, to certain ^""^fl ^"'* Huts that were near a Hill , to take re- ^^ venge on the Indians., for (hooting at his Men, and to endeavour by the Harm he did to them to prevent greater Mifcheif. He came to the Place without being dif- cover'd by the Natives, fecur'd the Avenues, befet their Houfes , and fet Fire to them, attacking Seven that were in them. They feeing themfelves hard fet by the Fire and Enemy, made as brave a Defence as they could, but being over- power'd ran defperately upon the Spani- ards Weapons, without valuing their Lives. Six were Kill'd, and the Seventh made his Efcape much Wounded. The Colonel went ofTwith his Men, among whom Seven were wounded with Ar- rows. After Noon Malope came down to the i^jnnn; Shoar, for the Towns and Canooes that sue to be had been Burnt were his, and with a reconcil- loud Voice call'd the Adelantado by the ^• Name of Maiope, and ftriking his Breaft, call'd himfelf Mindana. Then he em- braced himfelf, and complain'd, point- ing to the Harm they had done him, making Signs that they were not his Men, but the Indians on the other fide of the Bay that had Shot our Men, and bending his Bow, gave to underftand , that they Jhould all joyn in taking Re- venge, and he would be aiding to it. The Adelantado call'd him, being defi" rous to appeafe him , but he came not till ne\t Day, when much Friendlhip was exprefs'd on both fides. Qix ^ 6^1 A Difcovery of the Ou S. Matthew's Day they fct Sail from this Harbour to another larger and more convenient, which they found half a League^ higher within the fame Bay. As they were failing towards it Captain Laurence returned, and brought an Ac- count, that ds he faild about the Ifland according to his Orders, he found in the fame Line North and South as the Bay l;iy, another not Inferior to it, better Pcopl'd, and more full of Canooes, He alio faid, he had feen beyond that two other little Iflands, near the great one , both of them very well Pcopl'd j and that eight Leagues to the South-weft they difcover'd anotherlllandjthat feem'd to be no lefs than fo manyLeagues in com- pafs, and that nine or ten Leagues Weft North-weft of the Place, where Night overtook them, when they difcover'd Land, he had found 3 Iflands Inhabited by Mulattoes of a clearer fort of Com- pletion, and full of Palm-Trees, with abundance of Ridges of Rocks, running Weft North- weft, and Channels be- twixt them, which they did not fee the end of i and to conclude, that they met with no Foot-fteps of the Ship they fought after. The Ships came to an An- chor in the fecond Port, the Indians thereabouts making great outcries all the Night long, as if they had fported or fcofFed , very often plainly repeating the word Amlgos, that is. Friends. In the Morning about 500 Indians came to the neareft Shore, (hooting abundance of Arrows, and cafting Darts and Stones at the Velfels, but perceiving they fell fliort, many of them ran into the Wa- ter Breaft-high, and others Swam, com- ing up fo clofe, ftill (hooting, that hav- ing got hold of the Buoys they were making to Land with them. The Adelantado perceiving their Boldnefs, Commanded Captain Laurence to go out with 1 5 Men in the Boat to engage them. Thofe that carry'd Buck- lers cover'd them that Fir'd and Row'd i yet they (hot two, and had hurt more but for that defence, fonie of the Buck- lers being ftruck through. The Indians fought fcatter'd and running, but with fuch Refolution as made it appear the Spaniards had met with Men that would defend what they had. This lafted as long as they were not fenfible of the Harm our Fire- Arms did, but being un- deceiv'dby the Death of two or three, and wounding of others^ they left the Shore, carrying away their Dead and Wounded Men. Next Day the Colonel being a-(hore he propofed to his Men to unwood a Place near a great Spring, in order to build a Town there. Ail of them did not like the Place, believing it would be unhealthy. Therefore fome of thofe that were Marry'd went Aboard to ac- quaint the Admiral with the Colonel's Defign , and defire him to go a-(hore and give Orders that they might fettle in one of the Towns belonging to the Indians, for that the Houfes being built, and the Ground about it beaten, ic muft be fitter than the Place pitch'd upon. The Adelantado landed, held a Councel, and moft of the Soldiers being • Here it breaks off abruptly, and fo be- gins a- gain. miraculouily. /»i//^«j came off from the lllands in their Boats, fome with Sails, and (bme without. Not being able to ^ . get over the Rocks, they got out upon lOanjj. them, and from thence made Signs with their Hands to come to them. In the Afternoon one Indian alone in a fmall Canoa came out at the end of-the Flats, made to the Windward , keeping at a great diftance, and therefore it could not be difcern'd whether he had any Beard, the Iflands of the Bearded Mea being thereabouts. He feem'd to be a well (haped Man, naked, and had long Hair hanging loofe. He pointed to the Place from whence he came, and pulling a white thing he brought in Pieces, eat it, then turn'd up Coco-(hels as if he Drank. They call'd him, but he would not come. This Ifland is in 5 large De- grees of North Latitude , is almoft round, about 30 Leagues in Compals, and not very high. It is well Wooded, and on the Sides of the Hills there are abundance of Rofes, and much Till'd Land. Three Leagues almoft Weft of it are four bare Iflands, and a great ma- ny more clofe to it, aU ot them liemm'd in with Rocks. This feem'd to be clear- er on the South (ide. They held on their Courfe North North-weft, and on Monday the Firft of January found themfelves in 14 Degrees of Latitude. They fteer'd away due Weft. The Wind was large and blew frefh, and on Wednefday the 3^ of the jQ^^^j^Je fame Month at break of Day, they had los u- fight of Two of the Iflands de los La- drones, drones, which they fought after. One, of them was Guam, and the other Ser- pana. They fiil'd along between them, lying North-Eaft , and South-weft , through a Channel lo Leagues in length, which Iflands of Salomon. 675 Iflands. which lies clofe to Guam, Here a Man fell overboard as he was trimming the Top-fail; there. was bat one Fifhing- I.inc in all the Ship, and fomebody had put it over juft where the Man hapned to fall, he laid hold of it, and was fav'd, giving Thanks to God for fo great a De- liverance. It will be an Excufe forgiv- ing fbme Lines in this Book to Things of fmall Moment, to fay as the Antients did, that little Things have, I know not what that is Divine, which tho' all Men perceive , yet none can comprehend. Therefore it is , they often draw the Attention of thofe who fee or hear them infuch manner that they take a liking to them without any other Recommenda- tion or Erlcomium. Such a one is the Dcfcription of Countries, Habits and Manners of the Natives, tho' fte that is curious, when he meets with it, may reckon it among the moll material of that Sort, as well on account of the Plea- fure its variety produces, as for the In- ftruftion and Benefit reap'd-by it. Gum one The Ship being in figlit of Guam^ abun- of thofe dance of Canoocs began to come off" from it. Thefe are fmall Boats made of a certain Wood as light asCoik, only one Indian goes in one of them, and tho' it has a Maft, Sail, Yard, Tackles, Hal- liards and Helm, he Steers with one Hand, and with the other, Hoifts, Low- ers and Trims his Sail, hiving one of the Tacks faftned to each Foot, and fo veers out or hales to-as dccalion ferves. Both Ends are Heads, and as fbon as the Sail is nipt round, they make way with- out bringing about the VefTel. They are veryivvift, and when a. Wave breaks, and fills it full of Water, the Man cads himfelf into the Water like a Filh, over- turns the Boat, and fo clears it of all the Water. The Boat being clear , he gets in atone Side \ being come to Shore he takes his VelTel on his Back ^ and leans it againft a Tree, on which he has his Habitation, like a Bird, living upon the Fi(h he takes. Thus he lives, tho' Barbaroufly, yet happy in being a Strang- er to the fall of Court Favourites, and to the Favours of the World, fuch as Wealth, Honour, and Preferments, Ima- ginary Blefllngs and chimerical Delights. Many of thofe Boats came to the Ships Side, with fuch Fruit as the Country produced, as Cocoes, Plantans, Com- boyes and Sweet Canes, befides feVeral forts of Sea-fi(h, which they catch with their Hands, among the Clefts of Rocks^ without any other Tackling, inforauch that no Filh is fafc from their Nimble- Vol. IV. nefs but the Cayman or Crocodil, the Superftiti- Shark and CaeUa. Thefe they Worfhip °"5 of the as Deities, and on account of the harm '■^^^^^ they do them, and the dread they have of them, they offer to them part of the Produd of the Earth in the nature of Tithes. They lay the Offering in a Canoa, turning it to Sea under Sail with- out any Body in it, by which means it foon overfets and finks. The People of thefe Iflands are of a dark Completion, neither Men nor Women wear any Cloaths, but they are mighty Hairy, large. Limb'd, very Strong, and their Skin fo hard, that they run naked and bare Legg'd, through Thorns and Bri- ars, and over Rocks and Stones as fwift as Stags. They ufe no fort of Mony, defpife Gold and Silver, for which rea- fon Strangers could not deal with them, but by bartering for Iron , which they value fince they have known the Sfani' ards, feeing it cut down Trees, and hew Timber. They chiefly covet Axes and Knives, becaufe thofe they ufed be- fore were made of Pibbles and Flints, wherewith they made their Boats and other Things. Several times when Sea- men and Soldiers went A-flioar upon thefe Iflands for frefli Water, they found, as has been faid, Houfes of thefe Indians built upon Trees. There were alfo fbme Huts upon the Shear, and Sailors through Govetoufnefs having of- ten fearch'd hoth of them , found no- thing but Oziers acrofs them, on which many Leg-Bones and Skulls of Men were Strung. Thefe are Bones of their Fore-fathers, which fuch Brutal People Worfliip as Gods , becaufe they know no other, except the Sun, Moon, Alli- gators and Sharks, in whom they fup- pofe the Souls of the departed to be. in order to give dead Bodies honourable Burial they flea them , and burning the Flefli, put the Afhes of it into a Jar of Tuba (a fort of Wine they make of the Coco-Tree) and Ihaking it about, drink it ofl^among them. They only ftvethe Bones for the Kindred to hang abouE their Houfes, and keep their Friends al- ways near them. As long as they live , they lament their Dead upon certain Days and Nights, at Hours appointed. To this purpofe there are abundance of Mourners, to be hir'd, but they mourn for one another either for Intereft, or out of Friendfliip. He that has lament- ed for his Neighbour, is to be paid when he has occafion , either by coming in Perfon to Mourn, or hiring one to do it. They obferve thefe Obfcquies,vlrhich dqqq art 674 A Difcffvery of the are pleafant enough, for they Eat and Drink plentifully , they iaft about a Week at a time, the bulinefs of the Day being Drunkcnnefs , and Weeping of the Nii^ht. Every one Mourns an Hour in his turn, and amidft his Tears relates the Life and brave Aftions of him or them he bewails. He relates his Infant Behaviour, and fo on as he grew up, defcribing particularly his Stature,Shape, good Qualities, Valour, and all that may be for the Honour of the dead Pcrfon. Ifany thing in his Relation be comical, he burfts out a Laughing as heartily as lie Wept before ^ all that are prefent Laughing out fo loud, that they cannon hear one another. When the Laughing Fit is over, after Talking and Drinking a while, for this they never omit, the Lamentation begins again. On the other fide when they hint at any forrowful PafTage, all the Standers by Ihreik as loud as they can, and there ufes to be 200 of them together. A notable In the Year 1668. two Companies go- Accident, ing over to the FhiUppine JJlands^ one of them Q)mmanded by John Lopez, de j4gHirre^ and the other by Laurence Cha- con ; it happened that fome Men going A-flioar upon this Ifland of Guam, for frefh Water and fome Fruit, a Spaniard of about 20 Years of Age, went up from the Shoar to feek fome Fruit, and en- tring into a Grove found a little Savage about 14 Years of Age. The Stranger feeing fuch a Boy naked, and without any Weapon, was not afraid, tho' he was unarmed himfelf, not defigning to go far from his Companions. The Iflandcr drew near, and Embracing the Soldier, fawn'd upon and feem'dtofliew Friendlhip , as if he were very glad to fee him. Then he fhew'd him where there were Plantanes, and fo they con- tinued fome time, without any Jealoufie on the Spaniard's fide. When they were a good diftance from the Guard, the Sa- vage again Embraced the Soldier, and was carrying him away with much eafe under his Arm into the thick of the Wood, holding fo fall that he could not break loofe, neither durft he call out to his Companions, tor fear the Savage fliould make the more hafte, and becaufe he carry'd him away Laughing, and as it were in Jeft. As they kept along in the fame Path among the Trees , there happcn'd to come towards them four Spaniards, who had gone up the Wood to find fomething to (hoot. They all ftood, hearing the Noife the Barbarian made among the Bufhes, and prefenting their Pieces that way they heard the Nolle, as fuppofing it was fome Deer or Bufalo. They were much furprifed to fee the two Men, and that their Coun- try-man ftrugled to get loofe. The Savage feeing them, let him go, and run and hid himfelf in the Wood, the Pri- foncr remaining among his Friends, by whom, and his Captain, he wasreprov'd for going away from the reft alone and without Arms. Five Years after this Accident, D. Martin Enriqiiez., Viceroy oi Mexico, order'd John Lopez, de jiguir- re, as he pafs'd by thofe Iflands to carry away with him one or more Savage Boys, to be inftrufted in the Faith, and leara Spanip, that when they return'd to their Native Country they might ferve as In- terpreters , and teach the Natives the Faith and Language. The Captain us'd all his Endeavours, and could get only one Savage Youth, whom he carry'd a- long with him to Manila, where he was Bapciz'd. It hapn'd by good Luck to be the fame we fpoke of above, and he talking one Day with the fame Soldier, they remember'd one another, and were afterwards great Friends. After re- peating the whole Paflage, he own'd his Defign was, when he had got him to his Cottage, to fuck his Brains, drink up his Flefh, reduced to Afhes, and adorn his Houfe with bis Bones. The Ship" holding on its Courfe to- -ihe Dif- wards the Philippine Iflands , left the coverers Iflands De los Ladrones aftern, without inDiftrers touching at them , tho' it had need P"'^ '"'o enough, having no Tackle to launch the . P^ '^^j' Boat, or Ship it again. She fail d on due Weft, till upon Friday the 12th of January, when they found 13 Degrees of North Latitude. The Mafter or Pi- lot having never been in thofe Parts, fail'd upon Information, without any certain Rule, feeking Cape 5p»r« 5<««o, or of the Holy Ghoft, which is the firft part of the Philippine Iflands. On 5««- day at break of Day they difcover'd the top of a high Hill. They all rejoyced as if they were already arriv'd at a Place of certain Reft. Molt of the Men were fo fpent they could hardly ftand up- on their Legs, and fo thin that they look'd like Death it felf, fo that it was become a Saying among them , that they would carry off nothing but the bare Skeletons well prop'd up. Abun- dance of Rocks and other frightful Difcoveries, every Moment interrupt- ed their Joy , being hourly in emi- nent Danger of their Lives. They loft fight of the Hill by reafon of the Fog, IJlands of Salomon. 675 Fog, their Sorrow iacreas'd and they be- gan again to mutter againft the Mailer, or Pilot, whofe fair Speeches avail'd him little, no more than his Skill. They difcover'd the Land again where it made a Cape. It being fomewhat to Wind- ward, they put a Bonnet upon the Sail, and lay as clofe to the Wind as poflibly they could, intending to run along the Shoar, founding all the way and ready to drop Anchor when they found con- veniency, and do as they thought mofl expedient. They hoifted the main Yard, but the Halliards giving way, it came by the board, and the Men who were before out of Heart,fo entirely defpair'd, that they would not look to fave them- felves. At laft good words, and cer- tain Flats they difcover'd to Leeward, prevailing, the Yard was hoifted, and fixed to the Maft with Ropes to ftay it. The Ropes broke and the Yard came by the board again j good words were of as much ufeas Hands to hoift it again. The Sea had run high that Night, and did foftill, and the Ship failing hard up- on the Wind, it rack'd her fo much that almoft all the Tackling gave way, but efpecially that belonging to the Foremaft, infbmuch that it had only one of the Ropes of the Shrouds left on each fide, and look'd fo naked, as if it wouldhave fpent itfelf the very next time the Ship beat, but it was good and ftrong. The Ship and Men were much in the fame condition, and it pleas'd God to look down upon them in his Mercy, and to order itfo that as they were ftanding in for a Bay , the Wind came about large, fo they got into it, through a Channel enclos'd with Rocks at the mouth of the fame Bay. By this time 3 Indians came in a Boat to view the Ship, and took their Poft to Windward with- out fpeaking one word. Aboard the Ship there was a Souldier that fpoke the Language of the PW/pptwe-lflands, tho preteding to know fomething of the Voyage, he had like to have been the ruin of all the Crew. He fpoke to them in that Language, and the Indians being fatisfy'd the Ship belong'd to Chriftians, drew near, and went aboard to fliew the Anchoring place they were looking af- ter. They came to an Anchor in the midft of the Bay in 14 Fathom water. One of thefe Indians fpoke feveral Lan- gnages, and another of them, as he faid was the fame Sr. Thomas Candijli carry'd away with him, when he fail'd that way to (hew him the Channels amidft thofe Iflands. Being ask'd what Land that Vol. IV. was, they faid it was Cape Efpirim San- to, or of the Holy Ghoft, and that the Port and Bay was call'd of Cobas. This account gave new Life, to thofe who an hour before look'd upon chemfelves as dead Men, which made many exprefs their inward Joy with outward Tears. The Indians went away to their Town, and others came in their place, one of them carrying a long Rod of Juftice, which together with a Crofs they fawon the Shoar, convinced the Men they were Chriftians and Friends. They brought Fowls, Swine, Palm-tree-wine, abun- dance of Cocos, Plantans, Sweet Canes, Papayas, Roots, Water in Pipes,Woodj and all fuch relief, as People in that di- ftrefs ftood in need of All was bought for Royals, Knives, glafs Beads, which they value above Silver, fo that for three Nights and three days the fire in the Cookroom was never out, nor did they ceafe Cooking and Baking, minding no- thing but eating. This excefs was very prejudicial to the Sick, for being us'd to eat very little, and now ufing no mo- deration, 3 or 4 of them dy'd of it. In this Bay which lyes in 12 degrees and 50 minutes of North latitude, they conti- nu'd a fortnight. At length alter much debate about Sailing, without refitting the Ship, they fet forward on the 29th jj^g- p.^j of January. At five in the afternoon to Sea a- the Ifland of St. Bernardine was far a- gain for ftern of them. Night overtaking them wM*;//^. near another call'd Capnl, they met with furious Eddies and Currents, which brought the Ship quite about, and had Ihe not anfwer'd the Helm well, muft have run alhoar. Next day fome Indi- ans came out in Boats they call Baran- gays, from a Port call'd Nibalon in the Ifland Luzon, bringing abundance of Fowl, Swine and Fruit, but little was purchas'd becaufe there was little left to give for it. They fail'd on, keeping the Ifland in view amidft many others, at Night by guefs, and pafling through fe- veral Places, in which afterwards skilful Pilots admir'd they had not been all loft, there being abundance of Flats that way, but they never faw any, fo that it was God's Providence preferv'd them. On Thurjday the firft of February, being come to the Place they call Galban, the Governefs fent her two Brothers with feven Men more in the Boat, on pretence they were going afliore for Provifions. They waited its return all day, but it came not, being gone to Manila fifteen Leagues diftant from that Place, over a narrow neck of Land the Ifland makes CLq q q 2 ther« 676 A Uifcovery of the there to give Advice of the Ships com- ing. Next Morning about break of day tl'.e Ship appeared cnclos'd ainidll Iflands, feeing no way to get out, with- out its Boat, and very bare of Fro- vilions, what they got at the lalt Fort Getan/K- being fpent. They faw a great many dun Pilot, j^^^ij^^ j3q3J5^ but they all fled from the Ship, tho' they made figns to them, be- caufe, that not being the Seafon when the Ships ufe to go from New-Spairj,thcy took that to be an Etiglif) Ship. The trouble Hunger caus'd, was increas'd by feeing no way for the Ship to get out. Thus they mov'd every way as much as the Calm would permit, and at lafldif- cover'd a narrow Channel, about a Stones throw over. The Wind frelh- ning aftern they flruck into it, and run- ning between the Ifland they call Cafa^ and that of Luz.on^ clofe under a Point, call'd Azjifre^ or Sulphur, they got out into more Sea- room, being a large Bay call'd Bonbon. By this time they difco- vered two Caracoas, which arc large IfiMan Boats. Forty Indians row'd in each of them, twenty on a fide, with long Skoops. They made a figa to the hcadmoft of them with a fmallFlag. It flood off and would not ftay. They ftood right upon the other, which fear- ing to be foul, came to, and drew aboard with a Rcpc they threw over to it. They ask'd the Mafter whence he came, and whither he was bound. He anfwer'd from Manila, which was 20 Leagues from that Place, and was bound for Ce- hu, the firft Town the Spaniards built in thofc Parts, and is 100 Leagues di- stant from Manila. They ask'd for an Indian Pilot, the Ship being that Night to pafs over the Flats they call of Tulei. It was agreed he fliould have 3 Pieces of Eight for his Pains. The Night was fpent very watchfully, and in the Morn- ing they difcover'd the mouth of the Bay, drawing near to it clofe under the Land of the Ifland of Fortune. The Wind was not fair, the Mouth of it lying W. and the Breeze coming from the North- eaft. At the Mouth of the Bay is an See the ^^^'^^ call'd Marivdez^ where there is iPoit, but ufually a Spaniard (lands Centinel, with are kept fome Indians to llow, and fwift Boats, off by tlie to go fee what Ships come in, and carry Wind. quick advice to the Governor of Mani- la. There is alfo a fmall Mount or Rock lying North and South with Ma- rivelez.-, which they call El Frayle, or the Friar. Thefe two Iflands make three fmall Channels, and they began to tack to get in at that which lyes between Marivelez., and el Frayle. The Ship hav- ing none but the two Main-fails, and the Men being fpent with labour, they ad- vanced little or nothing and fometimes fell off confiderably. Thus they fpent three days tir'd to Death, and in dcf- pair to fee that for want of teething up that Ifland, they were depriv'd ot the fa- tisfadion of coming to reft at Manila. They were Hill ia Pain, expeding eve- ry Tide, reckoning when it would be Flood to carry them in, but that being irregular the hour never came. The Sailers bid the Mailer, or Pilot run the Ship aground, for they had laboured fuf- ficiently, perhaps it was becaufe they faw Land 011 both fides, and the Smoke of Manila. They did the work of the Ship, as if it had been rather a compli- ance than Duty. All their aim was to run aground, alledging that fince they were lo near a Chriftian Country, it was better the Ship Ihould be loft alone, than fo many Men in her. The Water and Provifions were now quite fpent, and all they had too much of cvas the brisk contrary Gale. This made the Mafter exprefs more concern to the Great di- Seamen, and therefore he bid them take ^i"^'^' notice that all the Coaft was inaccefljble and the Sea ran high, befides that they had no Boat, nor Provifions, but many fick Men, that in the weak condition they were in, it was impoflible they could hold out many hours, much lefs days. He faid it was a fhamc it fhould be faid of them that they had endea- vour'd to fave themfelves, becaufe they were ftrongeft and couid fwim. Heen- courag'd them, faying they had brought that Ship from fuch remote Parts, thro' Seas never cut by Ship, and therefore they that had fo bravely endur'd the moft, ought not now to boggle at the leaft. He declar'd it was not to be born, that they Ihould lofe the Honour of fo ftrange a Voyage at the very en- trance of the Port, from whence they were obferv'd. He added, that had they brought the Ship well condition'd, full of Provifions, the Men in health, and well pay'd, they had deferv'd very little commendations ^ but all things being quite otherwife, they now merited the greateft Praife. By this time they dif- cover'd a Barangay making all poflible fpecd towards the Ship. W hen near, they difcover'd four Spaniards in it, and eight Indians that row'd. One of them was the Cencincl at Marivelez., whofe Name was Alonz.o Alb^rran •, he came with the Governor's Mafter of the Houfe- hold Jjlandf of Salomon. hold fent by him with two Soldiers to condole with the Lady Elizabeth for her Misfortune, bringing a Letter containing many honourable Ofi'ers. The Sight of the four Spaniards rais'd the Hearts of thofe difconfolate Men, as may well be imagin'd, conli- dering their Circumftances. They were handed up and mod lovingly receiv'd. A Boat They went about carefully viewing all comes to ,.j^g jyjgj,^ 3„jj feeing fo many Sick, fo Shear. '"^"V ""'^^^ ^"^^^^ ^° i^agged. Poor, and DiftrelTed, only faid, God be prais'd, God be prais'd. Albarran went down betwixt Decks to fee the Hofpital, and when the lick Women faw him, they cry'd out \ What do yo»u bring us to Eat, for we are ready to run Mad with Hun- ger and Thirfl. He comforted them with Hopes of frelh Provifionsthat were a coming, and fo went out upon Deck, aftonifh'd at what he had feen. At length God fent them all BlefTings toge- ther, that Tack the Ship made up with Marivelez., whence the Lady EUz,aheth Tbev s.f.t ^^°^^ ^ Soldier, with her Anfwer to the into the Letter flie receiv'd from the Governor, Harbour, and he went away mthe Barangay. Soon after they difcover'd another, in which came the Chief Alcalde of that Coaft, with the Governefs's Brothers, bringing a great deal of new Bread, Wine and Fruit, given them m Manila. As it was dividing, the greateft Perfons did fome Adious misbecoming them, but who can forbear in a time of fo much want ? Next Day there came a good large Boat, loaden with Fowl, Calves, Hogs, Bread, Wine, and Greens. It was brought by James Diaz. Marmolejo^ by the Gover- nor's Order j it was di^'ided bountiful- ly among all the People. Tiie Ship drew neater to the Har- bour Hill upon the Tack. One Pitiao, Mate to one of the King's Ships, came to help with a Boat full of Seamen, all Clad in Silks of feveral Colours. The Captain of the Port was on the Shoar with his Colours flying, and all the Sea- faring-men drawn up at their Arms. As foon as the Anchor was dropt, they fa- inted the Royal Standard with all the Canon and fmall Arms. The Ship an- fwer'd the bell it could, and came to an Anchor on the nth of February^ 1696. in their delired Port of Cabite , two Leagues South-weft of the City Manila^ the Capital of the PhiUppine-IJlands., in 14 Degrees and a half of North Lati- tude, with fifty Perfons lefs than they brought from Sama Cruz.^ who all Dy'd by the way. The Ship being at an An- chor, other Perfons came aboard, who charitably brought fo much Bread and Flefli , that now there was to fpare. Next Day in the Morning a Colonel came from the Governor D. Lays Perez, de las Marinas^ a Rigidor or Alderman from the Common-Council of the Town, and a Clergy Man from the Chapter of the great Church, to receive the Lady Elizabeth. They prefently carryd her ofTto the King's Houfe at the Port, fa- luting her again as fhe landed. After Dinner they carry'd her to the City, where fhe made her Entrance by Night, and was receiv'd with Flambeaus. The fick People being taken out of the Ship, were convey'd to the Hofpital, the Widows to the Houfes of Perfons of Note, and all of them afterwards Mar- ry'd to their Satisfaction. Thofe that were recovering , and the reft of the Soldiers v.'ere quarter'd in private Houfes, and thofe that were Marry'd went to Houfe-keeping. So that they were all of them lovingly receiv'd and entertain'd by the charitable Inhabitants of Manila. Soon after, ten Dy'd, and Four betook themfelves to Religious Orders. The Frigate never came home j there was an Account that it had been found with all its Sails abroad, the Peo- ple Dead, the Veftel rotten and run A- Ihoar. The Galliot arriv'd at an Ifland vvhat bs- call'd Mindanao, in ten Degrees of La- came of titude. As they fail'd without know- theGalli- ing what way to take among thofe °^' Iflands, they were reduced to fuch want, that they went A-fnoar upon a fmall Ifland call'd Camaniguin^ where they kill'd and eat a Dog they found. They accidentally met fome Indians., who di- reded them to the Harbour, where there were Fathers of the Society of Jefus, and they fent them to the Corregidor or Governor of thofe Parts. He fent 5 of them Prifoners to il/rf«/74, the Cap- tain having made his Complaint to him that they had mutiuy'd, with a Letter to Dr. Antony de Morga, Lieutenant General of that Government, in which were thefe Words : Here arrived a Galli- ot, xohofe Captain was as Impertinent as his Difcourfe. I ask'd him, whence he came., and he told me that he had been with the Adelantado Alvaro de Mindana , who faiCd with four Ships from Peru, ta make the //lands of Salomon. This one arrived here, and bearing his Majejiy's Co- lours, I received it, as was proper. If the ethers happen to go thither, you will have a better Account of this Affair. Tlie Sol- diers were not profecuted, as was l^id, only 678 A Difcovery of the One of the Difco verers re turns to Pin,. His Rea- fons for proceed- ing; again upon the Difcove- only becaufc the Captain with liis Galli- ot toilbok the great Ship. This was the end ot that prodigious Voyage. If I have been too tedious in giving an Account of it, the Strange- ncfsof it may be my excufe, fince nci- ti)er that of IJlyJfes, nor that of Gama were equal to it, and yet both of them deferv'd Poems compos'd by thofe two mol!: noble Poets the Greek and the For' tHgitcs. But becaufe it might feem fu- perfluons to have faid fo much of an un- dertaking, to appearance unfortunate, it will be fit to give an Account of the benefit accruing from it, andfhew what future Advantage Heaven was pleas'd fhould be the Confequence of the prc- fent Lofs, to the greater Honour and Glory of God, and of the Viceroy, his Inftrument. Qniros, after waiting upon the Lady Elizjtheth from Manila to Mexicoj where flie flay'd at that time , went away to Lima., where he made Intereft with D. Luis de Velafco^ the Marquefs's Succellbr in the Government of Peru^ to be fur- nifhd by him with Ships, Men, and other NecefTarics to continue the Dif- covery they had begun, and as he faid to plow up the Waters of the unknown Sea, and feek out the undifcover'd Lands under t\\z Antartick?o\Q^ the Cen- ter of that Horizon. He prefented two Memorials containing the Motives that inclined him to this Undertaking, exprefling himfelf much to this effedt. That part of the Moon, which is darkned when (he is Eclipfed, being the part of a Circle, proves that the Body of Earth and Water which caufes it is round. About this Body is an imagina- ry Line, long, without breadth or depth, which encompafles and divides it into two equal Parts, one whereof is call'd the North, the other the South. At this Equinoflial Line commence the De- grees, reckoning from i to 90, which is the furtheft extent of Latitude, to- wards either of the Poles. Towards the North all is already difcover'd to 70 Degrees, the remainder from thence to 90, tho' it were difcover'd, feems unin- habitable, becaufe of the extream Cold, the inequality of the Day and Night, and other Inconveniencies. It is well known, that in feveral Parts already fufficiently difcover'd, the People live in Caves, and ufe much Art to fupport Life againfl: the Hardlhips of the Wea- ther. Towards the South there are Dif- coverie?, as far as 55 Degrees, beyond the Streight of ^/.r^fto, and to 35 the Latitude of the Ca^e of Good Hofe, or fomewhat above 40, which Ships make to Weather it. Thefe two Points of Land, with their Coafts, and the Coafts oppofite to them are already fully known. It now remains to difcover the remain- ing part parallel with this, and in lefs Latitude Weft wards, up to 90 Degrees, to know whether it is Land or Water, or what quantity of each. The jidelan- tudo j j4lvAro de Mindana^ss he was fail- ing in the Year 1695. towards the Iflands of Salomon, which he faid lay between 7 and 12 Degrees of South Latitude, and 1 500 Leagues from the City of De los Reyes, found Four fmall Iflands together. Inhabited by fo good a fort of People, that none of thofe yet difcover'd can equal them, but are for the moft part ill-Iook'd Indians, indifferently fhap'd, and dark Compleftion'd, fuch as we fee in Peru, the hrm-Land, Nerv-Sp/iin, Ni' caragHA, the Philippine- //lands, and Other Parts. Thefe Iflands are between 9 and 10 Degrees of Latitude, 1000 Leagues diftant from the City De los Reyes, 550 from the neareft Coaft of New-Spain., and 1000 from New-Guinea. Theufual Breezes there are Eafterly, for which reafon to return from them to Pern or New- Spain, a Ship muft run upon a Bowl- ing, North or South, to meet without the Tropicks, thofe they call general Winds, and to this purpofe it is requiflte to have proper Inftruments for Navigation, and fubftantial Veflels, two Things, befides many others very neceffary, which thofe People are deftitute of. Thefe, ana many other Reafons that may be alledg'd, make it appear that they could never have any Commerce with thofe two Pro- vinces above-mention'd, nor much left with New-Guinea, or the Philippine- Iflands, becaufe there is no Sailing irom thofe Parts to the faid Iflands, by reafon the Wind is Weft and quite contrary to them. From the four Iflands no other Land was difcover'd. The Veflels the Inhabitants ufe are for ftioft Voy- ages, and therefore it was confider'd which way it was poflible for them to get to far diftant Parts, and the mofl: likely way is, that when they fail from a Place whence no other Land can be dif^ cover'd, they make their Obfervations, and take aim by that Land they leave behind, till by degrees they lofe fight of it, and when they have loft that, then they have a view of the other part they are bound to i for whenfoever Sight is loft both of the Land they come from, and that they go to, there is then an ab- folute Jflands of Salomon. 79 folate neceflicy of underftanding at leafl the Sea-Corapafs, which they have not. I will (ay nothing of contrary Winds, Currents and other Things, which may put them from their Courfe. This ap- pears the more plain in that the molt experienced Pilots, furnifh'd with all thofe Neceflaries thefe People wantj when they have been three or four Days out of fight of Land, cannot pofitively aflign where they are. Therefore, ge- nerally fpeaking, it mufl be faid, thofe Indians Inftrumentsof Navigation are no other but their Eyes, or their Gaefs at fmall diftances. As to what might be objeded, that they take aim by the Sun, Moon and Stars, the Anfwer is, that the Sun cannot be feen at Night, the mutability of the Moon is well known, and in fliort neither Sun, Moon, nor Stars are always vifible, nor are they fix'd in one fame Place, or free from Clouds. Yettho'all thefe Things were as they are not, their Voyages muft ftill be but fhort, as has been laid. And tho' it be true that the moil Ignorant may in their Veflels go from a fmall Ifland to a large Continent, fo it be near at Hand, fince if they mifs of one part, they will hit upon another, yet it is not therefore to be granted that they can without Art feek fmall and far diftant Iflands, from large or lefler Countries. Among thofe Indians there were Ibme that drew to- wards Mulattoes , which difference in Colour argues fome Commerce with other People. Belides thofe four Iflands being but fmall, it is to be obferv'd, that great ones are fcarce able to con- tain Men who are always looking out for another where they may live more at Eafe, and they leave them either becaufe they cannot agree, or becaufe they will not be fubjed to their Rulers , or elfe becaufe they would Rule themfelvcs. It may therefore be rationally bclicv'd, that towards the South-eaft, South, and South- welt, quite away WcHward, there are other Iflands one after another, or a Continent running along till it joyns with New- Guinea^ or comes near the Philippine-IJlandsy or the South Coaft of the Streight of Magellan^ for otherwife we know of no Parts whence People could go to inhabit thofe Iflands, unlefs it were miraculoufly. Whether it run the one or the other, or both ways, it is likely there are abundance of Iflands, or a large Continent , being the A)m- pdes to the beft part of Eiirofe^ Afia and ^''"^ ^^^ Africk^ where between the Latitudes of endra- 20 and 5o Degrees, God made Men fo bruptiy. ufefuL THE EMC> THE HISTORY O F T H E PROVINCES O F Paraguay, Tucuman^ Rio de la Plata, Parana, Guaira and Urvaica. And fomething of the Kingdom of Chili, In South America. ^-".. Written in Latin by F. 'Nicholas del Techo , Pricft of the Society of Jejus. ""^ 681 — ' — ^ THE P R E F ACE. TH E jiutUr h(»ving deflgtid this for a Hiflory of his Order ; has filfd a co7jftdera-\ ble vartofic mth the Lives, particular JUions, Preachin^andTsAchingolhis^Bi^ thremthe \dmts., and inferted abundance of Miracles, Und^ other f lens Matter, which is _ -k net %e StdrjeH: of this prefent Work, nor likely to be at all acceptable to the Reader ; who J in a Book of Travels, will expe^ to meet with nothing but what is profane Hiflory^ Defcrip- ^ tion,firange Manner s,Cuftoms and Snperfiitions,fnrpriung j4ccidents,Difcoveries,Co;iqnefts, and fitch Things as are ufual in Books of this Nature. Such Care has been therefore tak- en, that his ExpeBatio/i may be anfwer''d according to the Nature of the Work, and therefore thofi religions Narrations are either quite left out, or if any thing be faid of them, it is fo concife as may no way be tedious, but rather afford fomethingof variety, and ferva to make a connection, left breaking off too abruptly in fome places, we fhould altogether lofe the Order and Method of the Author. But he having difposd Things fo as that the ^ delivery of the Affairs of his Society, may appear to be the principal Part of his "Jnder- * taking, has not therefore digefled the others to the befl advantage for a Reader that looks J only for Travels, who therefore may think all Things are not fo regularly recited as might ^^ have been, which is here endeavour' d in fome meafure to be recttfy'd, by joynino fome Ac~ counts, which in him lye far fevered, that fo all Confufion might be avoided. Andlefiany~ one (hould object here is too much mention made of f/jc JefuitS and their ASlions, it is to be ebjerv'd they are the main Subject of the Hiflory ; and that with good reafon. For whereas '^i' in all other Difcoveries, we fee the whole Relation lyes upon Commanders and Souldiers, who *^ Conquered thofe Nations found out by force of Arms ; Here on the contrary, and which is very well worth our curious Obfcrvatiou, wcfee vaft Pjyvinces converted to^ Chrijtianity, andbrouffhtunder the Dominion of the Kings of S'^zin by a few Religious //«•«, Arm'd ori^wiihthf^woVd of^ the Gofpel, and yet thefe fame Preachers arebrowht in here no . more iloan oFfolutely NeceffTty requires, they being the great Difcoverers of fhofe far extended 5* Countries we treat of, and Founders of Towns, fo that thefe Things cannot pojftbly be deli- . ~-, ver''d Without mentioning thofe who were theprime ASlors ; but the Thing willjuftifie itfelf. \ ^/ for the Truth of the Relation, I fee little reafon to call it in quefiion, fnce the Author 'J could have no Inducement to forge any^ part of it, as being a Religious Man who valued his ^ Reputation, and could propofe to himfelfno Benefit or Advantage by Faipiood. Nor could *^ he eafily be imposd upon, having Liv^d 25 Tears in thofe'Countries, during which time he miijl have feenmuch, and learnt more~from Perfon'sof CreWFand Authors above blemijif. Now to give a more particular Actount of what is done, as to the Traflation, fever al Matters as was hinted before, which in the Original lye far a fun der, are here for the bet- ter underfianding of them bi-ought together. Thefirfi 1 1 Sections run exaEily with the Au- thor, neither adding nor diminifhing, becaufe fo far he proceeds upon the account of thofe Countries, not interrupting it with any fpiritual Matter. At Chapter 22 he begins to enter upon the Subject of the Jefuits coming into thofe Parts, where we reduce many Chapters into a few Lines each, till fome Matters altogether fpiritual occurring; there are Chapters quite left oat, till we meet with more temporal Affairs. This fame Method is co?iti- nued throughout the whole Work, fometimes delivering whole Chapters, oftner reducing them into lefs compafs, by leaving out thofe Things that are not Hifiorical, and fometimes wholly omitting Chapters, which contain nothing but the particular Lives of fome of thofe Fathers, or Miracles, and fuch Things from the piirpofe. The Original is' divided into Chaptei^-and Books, which method is not j'ollow''d here for the Reafons already fet down. In fine, the whole Work is Diverting, full of f^ariety and New, for of thofe Parts we have had but very im- perfeEt Accounts bejo^e, and fuch peaceable Conquefis as are here found we do ?iot meet with in any other Travels. . '*'" V ■ R rrr THE 68: HIS TO R Y OF PARAGUAY, TUCUMAN, And the adjacent PROVINCES In South America. Techo. TheTntro- duftion. A MERIC A is divided in- to the Northern and the Southern. South America is (hut in between two Seas, has a confiderable part of its Shores In- habited by the Peruvians and Brafdiarts^ neither of them ftretching far into the Inland, unlefs where the defire of Gold or Silver, or the goodnefs of the Soil has drawn the Spaniards on the one fide, and the Portuguefes on the other. All the Land between i?r-f Wo valuing his Wife's Honour above all he could hope to gain, excus'd himfelf to the Barbarian, pleading the rigour of military Difcipline, which forbid fuch Liberty, and direded much Watchful- nefs to be obferv'd among Strangers. Mangora inrag'daC this Difappointment, drew his Brother Slripis to his Party, and refolv'd to defbroy all the Spaniards., that he might debauch one Woman. Nor was it long before an opportunity offer'd, for underftanding that Nmio de Lara Governor of the Port, had fent Ridz. Mofcjuera and Sebaftian Garcia Husband to Lucy de Miranda, with 40 Men into the neighbouring Iflands, to bring in Frovilions, Mangora haftily drew toge- ther 4000 Arm'd Indians., and lay'd them in Auibufh to wait his orders in the Mo- ralles near the Spaiii^i Fort. This done he conduds 30 young Men loaded with Provifions into the Fort, as he had done at other times, and beftowing what he brought with great difTimulation, feafted among the Spaniards till late at Night. Then moft ot them being afleep, having order'd his Men what every one was to do, he fir'd the Magazines, flew the Cen- tinels, threw down the Gates, and let- Slaughter ting in his Men, fell upon the Spaniards ofthej'pj- gj[.[,gj- gflgep^ or in a Confternation. miris. j^j^^y Qf thenj were ftruck through with Darts before they knew of any Delign againft them, others as ignorant of the Treachery, were butcher'd as they ran to put out the Fire, fome few forcing their way through the Barbarians into the Parade of the Fort made a mighty flaughter of them. Among them Nnno de Lara., tho' he had receiv'd many Wounds, feeing Mangora the Contriver of the Mifchief proud of his Succefs, made his way, and being incens'd at his Treachery, run him through, fo oftea repeating his Strokes as he lay, till he was aflur'd of his being dead, and not fo fa- tisfy'd flew feveral others of the chief Men i but being furroundcd by many he fell down dead upon Mangora., all his Men opprefs'd by the Multitude under- going the fame Fate. Lucy de Miranda, theraufe of this Misfortune, with four Span.'jh Women and as many Boys, whom their Age or Sex rcfcrv'd for greater Sufferings, furviv'd the Slaughter. VV^hich being over, Siripns, who had inherited his Brother's Luft, allowing his Men all the other Booty and Prifoners, taking none but Lucy de Miranda to himfelf, and left no means uneflay'd to overcome her Conftancy, calling her Sovereign Lady of a numerous People, and Wife of a powerful Lord, whereas flic had loll a Husband that wasdeftituteofall things. But nothing fo much pcrplex'd the vvor-. thy Lady, as being Belov'd by the Bar- barian, and (he blam'd her Sex for having fav'dher Life, and her Beauty which had made her belov'd above the reft, fo that flie could not fo much as afford her new Mafter a good Look. After fome Days fpcnt between the Indian Courting, and Lucy Refifting, fome Parties that were abroad, brought in Sebafiian Hurtado her Husband. He returning from the Iflands and perceiving the Deftrudion of the Fort and Slaughter of his Country-Men, gucffing at the occafion of it, delivered himfelf up to the Timbufan Guards, to be conduced to his Wife. As foon as Sirifus faw him, being enrag'd with Jea- loulic, he order'd him to betaken away and ffiot to Death, which had been ac- cordingly done, but that hi. Wifciiiter- ceded for him, and the Barbarian granted her his Life upon Condition, theylhould for the future abftain from the Marriage Bed, otherwife both fliould dye. Hav- ing accepted of the Condition for fome time, tliey only allow'd their Eyes the liberty of Enjoyment, tho' they liv'd to- a faithfui gether, till at laft Siripns furpriz'd them couple ^ in conjugal Embraces, his old Wife be- niuider'd. ing the Informer. Then being inrag'd above meafure, he order'd Lucy^ to be Burnt, Paraguay, Tucuman, &>€, 6Sj Burnt, who being dragg'd from her Hus- bands Arms to the Pile, having recom- mended her felf to God, perifh'd in the Flames. Her Huband Sebaftian like the Saint of his Name, being bound to a Tree, was fhot to Death with Arrows. Thus 'tis to be hop'd the two faithful Confbrts , having purg'd all earthly Guilt, were receiv'd into the heavenly Manfions. The forty Spafiiards, whom we men- tion'd before, tohavegoneout under the Command of Mofcjiura^ to get Provili- ons, having bcwail'd the Misfortune of their Companions and Fort, and Bury'd the Bodies, not knowing how better to bellow themfelves, fail'd over to the next part of Brajil^ where they built a ftrong little Fort, in 25 deg, of South Latitude. Having made Friendfiiip with the Natives they fow'd the Land, and one Edward Perez, a PortHguefe, being by his King Baniih'd to Braftl with 2 nu- merous Family, had encreas'd their num- ber, when Martin Alfonjo de Soufa, Go- vernor of the Southern Coaft of Brafil, fent a MelTenger to order Perez, to retire to that Part of Brajll to which he was Baniih'd ^ and to require Mofquera and his Men, if they defign'd to live Peacea- bly there, to take the Oath of Allegiance to the King of Portugal^ in whofe Domi- nions they were fetled. Mofqnera an- fvver'd, that there was flill a Controve- fie depending between their Kings, a- bout the divifion of the Indies, which did not belong to them to decide, but that he and his Companion's Intention, was to keep that Part they had pofTefb'd themfelves of, for their Sovereign C/js,A_yn Succefs, having every where made In- Techot quiry after Gavots Silver, the Nature ^^^"V^J of the adjacent Countries, and the hopes of building Cities, and finding all things far (hort of expectation, repent- ^^'^f^'- ing him of hisExpcditioii built the Fort port built. of Corpus Chrifii in the Territory of the TymbuftanSy brought Mofqucra and his Companions from the (Hand where we left them near Brafd^ and caus'd a Ship to be fitted out with expedition, which done, having appointed Francis Ruiz. Governor of Buenos Ayrcs, and John dc Oyola of Cuipufcoa his own Lieutenant, or Deputy Governor, he fet Sail for £«- rope. But his Voyage proving tedious, and the fmall Provilion he had being fpent, he was reduced to eat all filthy things, and at laft dy'd miferably with feveral of his Companions, who all ran Mad after eating of a Bitch that was big with Puppies. It is reported that ma- ny of thofe Mendoz.ac^YV'j^d with him to this Expedition,had {erv'dunder^o«r^o» at the Siege of ^oOTf, whence returning through Shame of that fi||ndaIous Ser- vice, they went away to this Part of ,(4- mericay where God's Judgments follow'd them. In the mean while John Oyola the De- ^i,^ Qy^u puty Governor, running up into Fara- goes away guay with fbme Ships, the fame way, that by Land Gavot had gone before, and being in- ^o •P^'"' form'd there was to the South- Well:, a Country abounding in Gold and Silver, which might be gone to, partly by Land and partly by Water,refolv'd to go thither. At his departure, he order'd Dominick IrAla, whom he left as his Lieutenant, to expeft his return in "fix Months in the upper part of Paraguay^ and if he return'd not in that time, to be at his own difpofal. During Oyolas abfence, Salaz.ar and Gonz^alo Mendoz.a Sailing from Buenos Ayres to Paraguay for Provifions, contra£ted Friend(hip with the People call'd Guaraniansy and found a fit Place to ereft a Fort, where- upon they two parting, Mendoz.a built Aff'umption the Fort call'd by the Name of the Af- Fort fumptioriy in the fime Place where it ftill founded, continues, being the Metropolis of the Province of Paraguay^ Salaz.ar going at the fame time to bring away the wretch- ed Sou'.dicrs almoft ftarv'd to Death, from the Port of Buenos Ayres. Whilft they Sail'd backwards and forwards, the barbarous /»^i^wj of Caracara, who hat- ed the Spaniards, dilTembling their Ma- lice fiaudulently delir'd Alvarado Go- vernor of the Fort of Corpus Chriftiy to affilt \ 688 The HISTOKT of Techo. Two Tn- ftances of crafty Treache- ry in the indiMs. afTifl: tliem agalnft another barbarous People. Alvarado fufpeclingno delign, readily fent them 50 Spaniards com- manded by jilotifo de Flgueroa^ who be- ing come into a little Wood adjoyning to the Town of Caracara, were endos'd on all fides ^ and every Man kiird. In this heat the Barbarians haft away in great numbers to the Fort of Corpus Chrijli, then much weakned with the lofs of that part of the Garrifon, and made feveral Attempts to break in. It muft certainly have been loft, had not God in his Providence orderM that Rarnu^, a Flemming, who had the Command as to Martial Affairs , fliould touch upon that Coaft, and guefTing how the Mat- ter went, fir'd from two Ships, which oblig'd the Indians after lofing many of their Men, to quit their Enterprife. The Indians that were taken faid, that du- ring the Fight they faw the likcnefs of a Man over the Fort of Corpus Chnfti, clad in White, dazling their Eyes with his Brightnefs , and threatning with a Sword , which made many of their I\Ien drop doi^ with the Fright. This hapning on S. Blafe's Day, the Spaniards concluded it to be he that appear'd, and therefore the Planters of Puragnay reck- on him as one of their Patrons. About the fame time Domimck Irala failing on the River Paraguay had like to have Pe- rifli'd by the Treachery of the Paraguans^ for about 400 of them appearing on the Shoar oppofite to him, and fending to delire there might be an Interview and Trade between them, upon Condition both Sides fliould come unarm'd •, Irala accepting of the Condition, order'd his Men to lay afide their Weapons, where- upon the Barbarians fuddenly attack'd them, and they muft have perilh'd had not the Spaniards run to their Arms, and flood upon their Guard. Whilft they fought a-fhoar, the Ships were befet by other Indiansy and the Fight continu'd doubtful for a confidcrable time, both by Land and Water, till the Cannon firing from the Ships funk the fmall Vef- fels of the Natives, and gave the Vido- ry to the Spaniards, both in the Ships and a-fhoar. Of the Spaniards 40 were Wounded, and 2 Kill'd, befieds Cara- vajaL a brave Man, who dy'd within three Days of his Wounds. Of the Ene- mies many were Kill'd, with their Com- mander , the reft fled , where a vaft Multitude expefted them. Eight Months were now pafs'd , fince Irala had been waiting for Oiola\ return, and he began to confider, whether he fhould yet ftay longer, or go off to avoid the Danger that threatned from Famine, and from the Enemies. W hilft he was thus divided with himfelf, on a fudden he hcar'd the Voice of an Indian on the oppolite Shoar, who ask'd to be carry'd Aboard, which being done, the Tears flowing from his Eyes fhow'd he brought difmal News, and being order'd to declare the Caufe of his iiiirow, fetching a deep Sigh, he faid he had been an Eye Witnefs of the Death of Oiola. Irala inquiring after the Particulars , he delivered himfelf to this effect. John Oiola, laid he, with whom 1 went of my own accord, leaving Paraguay, travers'd all that vaft Trad of Land that lies between this Place and the Borders of Pf?-//, andgather'da great i-j^g Mafs of Gold and Silver among the 5^- Slaughter mococians and Sivococians, who dwell oi Oiola. near the Mountains of Peru, which he ?5}^*''^ brought back into Paraguay, but in his ^' return the Paiagnans, the worft of Men, and counterfeiting a readinefs to do any Service, at firft fiecly offer'd him their affiftance and Provilions, till they thought he and his Company might be cut off with fafety. Having therefore obferv'd what Guards the Spaniards kept at Night, the chief of the Nation appointed feve- ral to cut off every one, and in the dead of Night they all at once fet upon and Butcher'd them. OioU alone, I know not by what Accident, fled, and hid himfelf among the Reeds in a neighbour- ing Marfh, whence being dragg'd out, he pay'd for delaying his Death by the Cru- elty of it, being inhumanly Alurderd in the Market-Place of the Town, amidll the Clamours of the bloody Paiagnans. Thus not one Spaniard efcap'd. Being an Indian I faV'd my Life , for by that means I was deliver'd from tlieir Hands, and efcap'd to bring you the News of fo great a Slaughter. Thefe Misfortunes taught the Spaniards how little Confi- dence was to be repos'd in the Indians, for the nioft ftupid People have a fort of Craft, which is the more dangerous, becaufe leaft fufpefted. The Marfh to which Oiola fled for fi;fety, rctai;is his Name to this Day. Dominick Irala, being left at his own j^^y ^j^q. difpofal, after the Death oi Oiola, fail'd fen Go- down the River with his Company to vernor. the new Fort of the Ajfumption; and the Spaniards met in Council there from all Parts, having read the Emperor Charles the 5th's Commillion, newly brought out of Spain, with fome Recruits, and a few Priefis, by Antony Cabrera, by which the Inhabitants of the River of Plate and Paraguay, were authoriz'd to choofe their Governor, in cafe tlie for- mer Paraguay^ Tucuman^ &c. mer dying had appointed none ; they all unanimoufly picch'd upon Dominkk /rc. 691 700 Men befides Women and Children upon five Ships, and failing from C^diz. with a fair Wind, v?hen he came to 28 Degrees of South Latitude, landed in that part of y^/wmcrt with 500 Men, and fending the Women and Children with the reft by Sea, travell'd himfelf by Land, almoft the fame way jilexins Garcia had gone before, for 300 Leagues, difcover- ing the Country, and in the Year, 1 541 , happily arriv'd at the City of the Ajfttmf- tion, and what is moft remarkable, he loft not one Soul in all that Voyage and Difcoverv Jo'^'""y ^y Sea and Land. As foonas he up Pari- had taken PofTelFion of his Command , guaj. he fent Dominick hala, the late Gover- nor, with 300 chofen Men, ordering him to run up the River Paraguay^ as far as poflibly he could towards the Weft, having agreed in Sfain with ya- ca de Caftro., Governor ot Peru^ that they would ufe all thtir Endeavours to make that way eafy and fit to be fre- quented, that Peru and Paraguay might fupply and fupport one aiKji r,cr. Do- minick Jrala purfuing his Oders, ran 250 Leagues up the River in his VelTels, and returning acquainted the Gover- nor that he was of Opinion, Peru might be gone to that way. This Affair be- ing laid aflde for a while , the Gover- nor fent Meffengers to the Barbarous People living upon the Banks of the River Ipana, to defire them to reftore the Son ot Alexins Garcia. The Ipanen- fians having Murder'dall the MeQengers IpMienftMs but one, fent the Governor word again, fubdu'd. that they would never have any Peace with him, but if he would revenge the Death of his Meflengers, they were rea- dy for War. The Governor provok'd by this Anfwer, appointed Alfonfo Ri- qnelme his Nephew , to go with 300 Spaniards and 1000 Indian Confederates, to reduce thofe inhofpitable Barbarians. A Battle was Fought, in which 4000 of the Ipanenfians were flain, and 3000 taken, of the Spaniards 4, of the Con- federate Indians 1 50 were kiU'd. This Victory obtain'd on the Eve of the Feaft of S. James the Apoftle, Patron of Sp^/w, induced other People to fubmit them- felves to the Spaniards. The Go- After the Expedition againft the Ipa- v-fnor nenjiansy the Governor refolving to open goes to tiie Yj^Y to Peru in Ferfon, and at the ''w^-no ^^"^^ ^^'^'^ obferve what Places were pro- Feru. P^"" ^'^ plant Colonies, and find out the iMines of rich Metals, took aboard his Ships 400 Spaniards attraded by the Hopes of enriching themfelvcs, and ex- tending their Dominion. By the way Vol. IV. he punifh'd the Murdeiers of Oiola., and r0 Pcrfons ot Birth and Quality to Plant Icihi. in it. Yet the Nature of the Place has v-vvi much leffen'd that Nobility, as afford- Nobility' ing no Wealth to fupport the Grandeur p^, ''"^ of thofe Famihes. k js plain, no part ^"^"'" of that new World did fo much deceive the expedation of the Europeans. For Paraguay is quite a Stranger to Gold, Silver, and Jewels, nor do the Natives dig any Iron, wherein that Country a- bounds, and as yet the Spaniards, ex- cept only the Inhabitants ot E.un7! Ayres, aud Sa. Fe, by rcafon of their I radc with Peru, know any thing of Mony, but live ftill by exchange of Commodi- ties, after tlie manner of Antiquity. There are but few Places where they make Wine, or fow Corn, the prime Men feldom eating Bread, or drinking Wine. They make Bread and Drink of x>avttts of Indian Wheat. All other Dai.ities, they the Coun- feek in Fifliing, Hunting, and Shooting ; try. tho' at prefent their Herds of black Cattle being increas'd, they are not fpa- ring of them. For a long time Sugar and Cotton both produced in fmall quan- tities, were their chiefeft Wealth, till the Leaves of certain Trees growing in Marlhy Grounds, commonly cail'd the Herb oiParaguay^z^^zn to be in Efteem. Thefe Leaves they dry at the Fire, and reduce to Powder, then mixing it with warm Water, the Spaniards and Indians both Men and Women, drink of it fe- veral times aday, and Vomiting it up with all they have eaten, they find ic creates an Appetite. Many thiiigs are reported concerning the Virtue of this Powder, or Herb, for they {3.^, if you cannot Sleep, it willcompofe you to it ; if you are lethargick it drives away ^^'^^ °^ Sleep i if you are Hungry, itfitisfiesj ^"^^^^' if your Meat does not digeft, it caufes an Appetite ; it refre/hes after weari- nefs, and drives away Melancholy, and feveral Difeafes. Thofe who once ufe themfelves to it, cannot calily leave ic, for they affirm their Strength fails them, when they want ir, and cannot live long ^ and fo great Slaves are they to this flen- der diet, that they will almoft fell them- felves rather than want wherewithal to purchafe it. The wifer fort, tho' mo- derately us'd it Strengthens, and brings other advantages, will hardly ever make ufe of it ; and if immoderately us'd, it caufes Drunkcnnefs,and breeds Diftem- pers, as too much Wine does. Yet this Vice has not only over-run Paraguay, but Tiicuman, Chile, and Peru, and is near coming over into Europe, this Herb of 694 The HISTORT of r-A^^ of Furafuay, being valu'd among the Tecbo. precious Commodities of ^/wfnc/». At ^^^""^ liifi; die Spafiiardj in Paraguay were well pleas'd with their Cotton Garments,and Liquor made of Honey ^ but afterwards Trade enhancing the value of this Herb, Covetoufnefs and Luxury increased, to feed both which the Indians began to be moreenllav'd to makethisPowder.Labour made their numbers decreafe, and that made the Spaniards poor again j to fliew us that very often the fame Methods wc take to gather Wealth ferve to im- poverifli us. Thus much of the Founda- tion of the Colonies of Paraguay, and the River of Plate. ^ The Kingdom of ChlU joyning to Towns Pertly and running along on the fame ^utrS"o'f ^°^^' ^y^^ between the Pacl^ck, or cto. South Sea,and a continual ridge of Moun- tains parallel to it, from 28 to almoft 44 degrees of South latitude, being but 30 Leagues in breadth, and fometimes Icfs. The firft, I know of, that invad- ed this Kingdom, was James Almagro with 400 Spafiiards, and the Son of the Jttga of Peru that was Slain, follow'd by a croud of Indians. This was in the Year i 536, and the fuccefs did not an- fwer his Expedbtion, for having fcarce dilcover'd the Vale of Coquimba^ he re- turn'd before he had done any thing,into Peru, to Govern one part whereof he was appointed by the Emperor Charles the Vth. Not long after Peter de Fal- divia breaking into that Kingdom with fbme Spanijlj Forces, fubdu'd all the whole Country, Planting feveral Colo- nies. He built the Metropolis, calld Santiago, or S. James, afterwards beau- smligo. tify'd with ftately Strudures after the European Manner, 25 Leagues from the Sea, in 34 degrees of South latitude. The City calld Imperial, \he feated in Impend. gj^^Q^^ ^3 degrees of South latitude •, which place Lipfms fays was fo calfd, bccaufe the Spaniards there found Eagles with two Heads carv'd in feveral Hou- fes and over the Doors, as they are drawn in the Imperial Standards, whence he would infer, that this new World was perhaps formerly known to other Nations. But in my Opinion, this is a groundlefs Conjecfure, for Charles the Vths Eagles had been carry'd about in America, for feveral Years before the City Imperial was built, which the Peo- ple oi Chile Trading with thofe of Peru might have feen. FaldMa founded a ViUiviA. City of his own Name in the latitude of 40 degrees, and in a Soil abounding in pure Gold, not far from the Sea, as al- io nilarica up the inland. Coqnimbo or Sirena in the Valley of Coquimto, and Ccquimbo Jngol between Imperial and the Ccrccp- oxSatti^. now, another new Town, were alio built by him. The Kingdom of Chile being thus fccur'd by building of Colonics, the Natives of thg Valleys of Arauco and Pitren much iftytaied by being immodc- ratly kept to dig Gold, confpir'd toge- ther under the Condud of C:ftis in the Vale of Aruco in fome meafure curb'd thofe Peo- ple, us'd to rebel at Pleafure, infomuch that Martin Lololahh Suceffor received a Kingdom to govern, in fome meafure peaceable and renowned, for twelve SpanijhC\UQ% there were in it. What A- dions the Spaniards perform'd in fo ma- ny Paraguay, Tucuman, e>c. 695 ny Years \Var wich a relblute Nation, does not belong to me to relate, it is e- nougfi for my purpofe to mentio.i thofe things that conduce to the un- derltanding of the Hiftory I have in hand Dercnp- This I muH add further, that nothing tioQ of can be more Pleafant and Delightful, or cbiU. better furiiifh'd with all that is requifite for a luxurious Life than is the King- Itsbeauty. dom of Chile. It abounds in all forts of Fruits, and produces on its pleafant Hills banks of Rivers, charming Plains, and fides of Springs, moft of thofe that are difpers'd through Europe and Arnerka. There is fuch plenty of Milk and Wool, as is poffible for Sheep and Cows to af- ford in plentiful Pafture. It yields as much Honey, Wheat, and generous Wine, as ferves for his own ule. The Strawberries, and Apples growing a- bout Wild are wonderful fweet. The whollbmenefs and delicacy of the drinking Water, which runs through veins of Gold is in great Efteem a- Fert'iljty. mong the frugal Spaniards^ tho' I can- not deny but the Veins of Gold them- felves are much more valuable to moft of tht Spaniards. No thunder is hear'd throughout the Year, Lightning, Stor- my Winds, and fnch like Storms are not known. The whole Country produces no Poifonous Creature, or hutv^^tulVild Beaft. Only fudden Earthquakes, fome- times terrify Men luHd afleep, with long intervals of undifturb'd Happinefs, nor is there any thing that fo much aws tlie Planters, v\ horn the delicioufnefs of the Country and plenty of all things, for the moft part rather inclines to Lux- ury than Piety. Throughout all Ame- rica fcarce any Gold is more valu'd, than that of Chile^ in digging whereof, if the Spa-mArds had at firft us'd Juftice and " ' Moderation, and fubmitted their ava- rice to the Laws of the Catholick Kings, they might have continu'd long Happy. But when the Kingdom of Chile was brought under by building Colonies in aU parts, private Men in oppofition to the Catholick King's Edifts, began to cpprefs the Natives ; whence enfu'd continual Wars, and the Wars were follow'd by fo notable a depopulating of the Country, that there Icarce re- mains any thing of the Splendor of that moft happy Kingdom, but the Name. Tucumn Tucuman lying in the middle, between bowftated p^ragt, ay zn'^Chile, on theE.partly Borders upon Puragiiay^'cinA partly upon theRiver ot Plate on the W. it is bounded by the Mountains ot Peru on vaft Piaiiis j on the S. it Borders (-sA.^-, running as far as the Techo, Streights of M.tgcUan^ and on the North '--"^W is (hut in by moit fierce Nations. It isal] within the temperate Zone, except fome fnjdll part that runs out into the Torrid, and what is moft wonderful that partis Subjcd to immoderate Cold, as being full of high Mountains, and therefore nobly coiifutes all the Antienc Notions of the torrid Zone. But Tucu- man being about 300 Leagues in length, but varyiiig much m breadth, and end- ing fomewbat like a Cone, is generjHy TheKa- fpeaking inhabited by foui fuits of Peo- tives. pie. The moft Southern Jive in the Plains,andon craggy Mountains \\ it'.cut any Habitation, teed upon nhat they kill, and carry about Macs tofervethem inftead «f Houfes or- Tents. The Nor- thern People live in the Marfhes and feed upon Fi!h. Both Nations arc equal- ly fierce, the Southern a* e the talleft, the Northern the more Biutal. Bones of Giants have been found there above four times as tall as other Men, though now there are fcarce any to be found that exceed eight Foot. Others Born to darknefs, denying themfelves the en- joyment of the Air, bury themfelves all their Life time in Caves they make under Gronud. The laft fort live in fmall Villages about the Plains and Mountains, after a more plentiful and polite Man- ner, by reafon of their nearnefs to, and Trade with Pcru.^ They are almoft all alike, given to Sloth' and Idlenefs ; they make little ufe of Brafsand Silver, which are not wanting among them. I dare rather affirm they have no Gold, than that the Europeans have neglected to fearch after it. Thefe People make ufe of Sheep to carry their Burdens, which Their for fhape may be compar'd to Camels, Beafts. Colts. They are of a great Strength, but their Wool much finer than ours, of which they make all forts of Gar- ments, much refembling Silk. There are alfo Lions, like thofe of Africk in fhape, but not fo large, or noble naturd, for they are not bigger than a Maftif, fcarce fb ftrong, or fierce, have no Mains, and are terrible only for their Roaring. But the Tygers are fiercer than in any other Country. The chief Rivers in Tucuman are two, the one River* call'd Didcc, or Sweet, the other Sdado or Salt, from the taft of their Waters. Both of them, tho' many others fall in- to them, are rather like brooks than Rivers, and not capable of carrying lit- tle Boats but only at certain Places. Next 6<)i> Ike HISTOKT of Techo. Of the ift difcove- rers of Tv.- cumM and founders of Cities. Next to tiiefc is C<«r-ri«i'«,7jW, and fomc o- thcrs of no Note, which having run a flioi t Coiiife, as if they were aiham'd of their own littlencfs, are either fwal- low'd up by the Earth, or loft in Lakes. Some ot thcfe petrify Sticks and Bones, and caufe great Aveilings under the Chins of Men and Hearts like large Bladders, which are dilTolv'd by the Wa- ters of other Rivers. The fcarcity of Rivers is fjfficiently made amends for, by the Multitude of Springs gufhing from the Woods and Mountains, and the Lakes in the Plains, which was the caufe, that moft of Tucuman was for- merly well Peopl'd. It is very well known, fome hundred thoufand of Na- tives were found by the firft Spamjl) Planters ia Provinces of no great ex- tent. That part, which lay nexj; to Pf- rtt was Subjed to the hgas. The reft divided into little Parties, were under feveral Ca-icines, lefs remarkable for their Manners, than for their variety of Lan- guages. It was very rare that two or three of thefe fmall Parties combin'd to repel! their Enemies, which was a great help to the Spaniards towards fubduing them, for they fcarceever confulted the Publick good. The firft I know of that difcoverd Tucuman, was one Cxfar a Souldier be- longing to Sebajlian-Gavot, who in the Year 1530, undertaking to find out the way from the River of Plate to Peru, attended by only three Companions, travelling with wonderful Courage and Succefs over Countries then unknown, and over vaft Rocks, and Moralfes, and travcrfing all Tucuman^ the Borders of the Kingdom of CbUe, and greateft part of Peru, at length arriv'd attheCity of Otfco, at fuch lime as Francis Pix.arro having taken yhabalipa the Jnga in the Marflies of Cacamarca, kept him in Chains, in ordir to put him to Death. In this Journey he traveU'daoooLeagues. But becaufe there are many fabulous accounts fpread abroad, concerning the Countries difcover'd by that Souldier, which tho' it be an Age (incc, infatuate the minds ot fomc People, who believe that in South America there is a Coun- try caird of the C^f^^rs, from this Cdfar, not yet found out, but abounding in Gold and Silver, and remarkable for multitudes of Men, and political Go- vernment, I (hall forbear fpeaking any more of him •, being refolv'd not to tread in an uncertain By-Path, whilft I have a known fure Road to go upon, rive Year after, whilft Peter Mendoz.ii was building the Caftle of Snenoi Jyres, Bol'^nefs upon the Banks of the River of Plate, z of two other Souldicrswith incredible boldnefs \Sould.ers. travelling through Tucuman to Peru^ fili'd their Country-men with the hopes of a vaft Empire. Therefore in the Year 1 540 after Jamesyllma^ra the Younger, was defeated at Chupas, the Viceroy f^aca de Cafiro,zhcr pacifying Peru, giv- ing new Provinces as a reward to thofe that had ferv'd well, Tucuman fell to the lot of John Rojas, who crofTing the Mountains of Peru with 200 Spaniards, and coming to a Battle with the Indi- ans, was kiird in the very Borders of his Province by a poyfon'd Arrow. After his Death, his Men taking Francis Men- doz.a for their Commander,march'd thro' Tucuman to the River of Plate, and ar- riv'd vihQxcGavot had built a Fort at the mouth of the River Caracanial. Mendo- x<» defigning to go thence up the River to joyn the Inhabitants of the Town of Affumption, he was Stabb'd by his own Men, who mutiny'd refuling to follow him, and rcturn'd the fame way they came. In the Year 1 549 after P/^rtrro was defeated, John Nunez. Prada by the Authority of Peter Gafca the Vice-roy, feven of Mendoz.a's Souldiers or Mur- derers advjling and accompanying him, he gather'd upon the hopes of mighty Succefs a Company of brave Spaniards and piercing into the Heart of 7«c«m : want there was of Priefts. They both knew the Language of Onichoa, and Batfen* had learnt romcrt-hc;!. of that of Tonocote, by which means they began to Inftruft the Indians, till having fpent a Month in this laft Place, they were call'd away by the Bifhop of Tucuman to Santiago, the Capital of the Province. The Fathers we received out of the Town, and conduced to it by the Go- vernor and all the People with the great- eft Pomp, and came at fo good a time into the Province of Tucuman, that there were then in it befides the Bifhop, only five Priefts and a itvi religious Alen , who labour'd as much as in them lay, but few of them could fpeak the Indian Language.The Town ofS^w/M^oconfift- ed of 5C0 Spanijh Families, but in the Territory about it there had been 80000 Bow-Men muftcr'd befides Women and Children, whereof tho' many were de- ftroy'd by the common calamities of the Indies, a vaft multitude ftill remain'd without any to inftrud them till the Fa- thers came. To work the more power- fully on the Natives, they apply'd rhem- felves in the firft place torefoimthe Lives of the Spaniards, wherein they had extraordinary fuccefs, and then ap- plying themfelves to the Heathens, in- ftrufted fbme Converts chofen out from the Multitude, v;hom they employ'd to help teach the others, who came ia mighty Crouds to be Catechis'd. How- many thoufands were Baptiz'd is not known, for no account was kept, but great numbers reforted to Confeflion, and coufin'd themfelves to one Wife, contrary to their former Cuftom. F. Alonfo Barfena was fent by the Bi- fliop with the Lay-Brother, to the City of Efteco, to preach to the Infidels dif- pers'd in 50 Villages belonging to the Territory of that Town, where they fpenc ^efuits at Salta and EQeco. They re- pair to Santiago. X Converfi- ons at £- 6eco. Paraguay, Tucuraan, &c. 699 fpent nitte Months undergoing vaft La- bours and Toils, during which time 6600 Indians were Bapciz'd and Inftru- fted, and many thoufands lawfully Mar- ry'd, which done by order of the Bi- fhop, they return'd to Santiago. Immediately both the Fathers without any refpite, were fent to the Territo- ry of Cordova, ICO Leagues diftanttrora Santiago, built fixteen Years before. Ic was hard to inftruft the Indians there, becaufe of the great variety of Langu- ages, yet 500 of thofein the Town were Baptiz'd, and three hundred without in the fpace of a Month, beddes 400 Con- verts brought to lawful Wedlock. This done they return'd to meet others of the Society that were coming from Brajil. The Provincial of Brafd having re- cciv'd the Bifhop of Tucnmaas Letter, fent five Fathers in the Year 1587, who after many Dangers efcap'd, arriv'd fafe at Cordova, where two of them dilTatis- fyd that they had been fetch'd out of a Porttiguefe Province, to a place where the Spanifl] Fathers of Peru were before, retnrn'd back to Bra/il, the other three Ilay'd with the Spaniards, where they al- together labour d in the Converiion of Souls incelTantly, Baptizing many thou- fands, and Marrying no lefs number. But Father Barfena who was to teach the Brafd Fathers the Language, falling Sick, they went away to the City of the jijfumption the Capital oi Paraguay, where having labour'd with the fame fuccefs as they had before in Tucitman , two of them travell'd through into the Province of Citaira , Baptising and Inflrudting many thoufands. It is here to be ob- ferv'd fpeakiug of thefe feveral Parts, that about Cordova the Indians live in Caves they dig under Ground, no Roof appearing above it, for they are alto- gether in the Earth, and diftant from one another as Rabbets in a. Warren. Thirty Leagues from the Town of FilLmca in the Province of Guaira, are a People call'd Ibirabas, being not above looo Men, who liv'd difpers'd upon Hunting, a fierce Nation and hard to be Reduced by Force. Thus far the Tranflation has follow'd the Original pretty clofe, but muft here, as is obferv'd in the Preface, omit all things wh^ch only relate to the Jefuits, and therefore only a few words ftall be added out of the firfl: Book which have fomechiiigHillovical. Thofe, thefe and the laft mcncion'd feem to come in fome diioider. John Ramirez, de f^eLifco Go- vernor of Tucnman, went out with Sp4- Vo!. IV. nifl) and Indian Forces to reduce the Cal- chaqnines who had revolted. They be.^ ing a fierce and warlike People, had pof- fefs'd themfelves of the Tops and Clifcs of the Mountains, lying there ready to roul down vaft Stones upon the Spaniards as they march'd up the narrow Paths ro them. Father Barfena ordering the Spa- niards to halt, durft go up alone, and by, the force of his Eloquence, lb far pre- vail'd with thofe obftinate People, that they fubraittcd themfelves to the Spani-' ards. In the Year I 590. two other Fa- thers came out of Peru, one of which with another of thofe that hjd been in Tuciiman before, went to Preach upon x}atRioRoxo, or red River. This River has its Springs in the Mountains of Peru, and being come down into the Plain, fweliswith the Winter Rains, overflows every Year the Country for eighcLeagues about, except where ic finds Hillocks, which it converts into Iflands, all which multitude of Waters, gently f^ow into the River of Plate, a little below the great River Paraguay. Not far from it on the Banks of a Lake, 30 Leagues from the Rivers mouth, the Spaniards built the Town of the Conception, to the end an infinite multitude of Indians might by degrees be Civiiiz'd. This City is 90 Leagues fiomSantiago the Metropolis of Tucuman, all over a valt Plain with- out any Water, but what it receives from the Clouds. The People about this City the Spaniards call Frontones, be- caufe they make the foreparts of iheir Heads bald to have high Foreheads, At their Girdle hangs a Club, and Quiver or bunch of Arrows. They carry a Staffs fet with the Jaw-bones of Fifiies, with their Teeth like Saws, their Bodies nak- ed, and painted to look more terrible. Being full of Fadlions they are continual- ly at War among themfelves, about the Limits of their Lands. They fix the Bo- dies of the Enemies they kill, in Rows to the Trunks of Trees for a Terror, that the Borderers may not dare to go over to Hunt in their Liberties. Their Houfes being made of Mats, are eafily remov'd at pleafurc. They do not ap- ply themfelves to 7 illage, but live upon what they flioot and Filh, and have one good quality, which is, that they keep to one Woman. Almoft every Fai^tioa has a feveral Language, lb that there are eight feveral Tongues fpoke on both lidcs of the Red River. The N;ition of the M.itar,rrians \i much more dociblc than any of its Neighbours. Alonfo de Fera, Founder and Governor T t t t 2. of Tecloo. Fier-;? />,•- ditms fub- init. RedRiver Concefticr. City. Frontones theirMan- ners, ^c OiUtirm-i ms. 700 'Ibe HISIORT of Tech. Revolt of Chili. The Go- vernor kill'd. Several SpMijh Towns de ftioy'd. of the Town of che Conce^t'mi., took thcni from living difpers'd after their barbarous Manner, and brought them together into a Town, caufing many of them to be baptiz'd, but ftill they con- tiiiu'd very ignorant of the Principles of Chriftianicy. The Place of their Ha- bitation was very wretched, lor they had no Water to drink, but what was mud- dy and ftunk, being only the Rain that fell gaiher'd in Ditches cut for that purpofe. All their Food was Indian Wheat and Pompions. Yet here the Fathers Preach'd and Taught with fuch Succefs, that in the whole Town there was not one Hea- then left, nor any but liv'd as a Chrifti- an to the bcft of his Knowledge and Ca- pacity. In, the Yeaj 1593-tli? Jefuits began to preach in CWr, they that de- fire may fee their Aftions in our Author. Having given an account in numb. 17. of the Towns built in CbiU by the Sfa- fiiards., and a defcription of that Coun- try in number 18, let us now look back 10 fee many of lliofc Colonies deftroy'd, and the Spaniards almoft expeli'd that Country. They had, as has been faid, built twelve Towns at convenient di- flances, which fcem'd to have fccur'd the Poflelllon of that Kingdom, where they found great quantities of the pureft Gold, and abuling the Plenty and Deli- cioufnefs of the Country, liv'd in De- bauchery and Leudnef?. Vice produceth Sloath and Security, which gave occa- fion to the Indians to revolt, and in a gieatmcafure tocompafs their Defignof extirpating the Spaniards. This hapned about the Year 1598. when Martin de LotoLt being Governor of the Kingdom, lying abroad in the Fields in Tents with- in no Works, and attended by a very fmall Guard, was fet upon by the barba- rous Chdenians, and kili'd ^ which was no fooner done, but they drew all the reft of the Country to join with them, and exercife all manner of Cruelties up- on their Enemies. The Indians might caiily have been queli'd at firft, had any good advice been taken, but what could be expedcd where, there was no head? Bcfides, the fuddennefs of the Misfortune took away all time to confult, or pre- pare for War, the Indians every where falling upon and flaughtering them in confulion. The mifchief began by the Spanilh Souldiers abandoning their Town of MilUpoii in a confternation, next fol- low 'd Aiigol and Chilla., two neighbou- . ring Towns, firll plunder'd by the Indi- ans and then burnt •, only 1 50 Spaniards with the Women and Children faved thcmfelves fiom the Fire and Slaughter in a Woik caft up in haft, where they w'llh txMt Sfani^j Bravery, fevcial times repuls'd 8coo Natives that bclicg'd tiiero, till at length they got off with fafety. The City Imperial was a whole Year be- fieg'd, fo that the Inhabitants having fpent all their Provilions , and being drove ro eat unwholfom Food not fit to be nam'd, it bred lufedions among them, which made fuch havock , that many more dy'd of Sicknefs than by the Ene- mies VVeapons.. In this diflrefs they patched up a Boat, in which they fent Meflengers to demand Succours. Ac- cordingly the Governor came from the City of the Conception, with Forces to refcue the Inhabitants and carry them away in fafety. But the City was left to be deftroy'd by the Natives, who fail'd not to exercife their Fury on the Houfes, being difappointed of the People. The Town of raldivia far'd not fo well, for it perilh'd with all its Inhabitants. When the Indians had glutted their Rage with Slaughter, they fav'd 400 Women and Maids belonging to the Town,to de- bauch and make Slaves of; This Turn of Fortune making them Servants to thofe very People they had before kept under. The Gold of ^aldivia is count- ed the befl: in America., and there the Enemies moft exerted their Cruelty ^ that, where Avarice had moft predomi- nated in fecking after Gold, there the Judgment might fall the heavier. The Town of OJorno follow'd the fame fate, but the Inhabitants fav'd their Lives in a Work they had thrown up in haft, and fome Forces coming to their Relief, were carry'd off in fafety. It was here re- markable, that a Nun of the Order of the poor Clares., being taken by an Indian who would have deflour'd her, fhe us'd fuch powerful Arguments to defend her Virginity, that he kept her a whole Year in his Houfe among his other Women, with the greateft Refpcft imaginable, till he found an opportunity to convey her to the next SpaniJI) Garrifon, and fome time after fled liimfelf to the Spaniards^ among whom he became a Chriftian, liv- ing many Years in a very pious manner. The Revolt ran through the whole King- dom ; the Enemy after deftroying the Spanijl} Towns, being abfolute Maftcrs for above an hundred Leagues. The Metropolis or City of Santiago was not out of Danger, but had certainly fallen under the prevailing Rage of the Indians., but that the Magiftrates being inform'd of the Confpiracy, prevented the exe- cution Paraguay, Tucuman, e>c. / oi Cordova City built Converfi- oa and Su- perftition of the Di- tguitis. cution among them, by thePiini/hirent of the Confpiracors. Thus a bloody War broke out between the two Nations, which might have been more fatal to the Spaniards^ had not the Catholick King foon after fenc over yilfonfo Rthera fa- mous for iiis good fervice in the Low Countries, who entring upon the Go- vernment, ereded many Forts after the manner of Flanders in the Enemies Ter- ritories, whence making Excurfions, he refcu'd feveral Spaniards who defended themfelves in fmall Works, and baffled the deligns of the Enemy. In the Year 1573. Jerome Cabrera^ a Gentleman of Cordova in Spain^ founded the City of Cordova in a Plain, at the foot of vail; Mountains, 120 Leagues from tiie Port of Btiems Ayres. It does not Rain there in Winter, but in Sum- mer cheie arc thick Milts and Rains e- nough to make the Land in Ibme mea- fure Fruitful. When iheCiry was firft built, there were reckned to be 60000 Archers in its Terri:')i y, of which num- ber only 8000 continu'd in Subjedion to the Spaniards. In the Year 1 600, the reft were either dead, or being fond of their Liberty and ancient Way of Living, had revolted from the Spaniards. In this Place the Jejutts were at firft coldly re- ceiv'd , but fbon after all the Town vy'd to ferve and honour them, building them a Church, and allowing them a Monaftery, which was afterwards the Head of the Province. Hence the Fa- thers fet out to preach to the People call'd Diaguicas., where whole Towns were Converted without any difficulty, only one confiderable Place objecting. That they would not cut off" their long Hair, as ufually Converts did, nor take off the Ornament of Feathers they wore on their Heads, when they went into the Church ., but being inform'd their Hair was no obftruftion, provided they forbore fuperftitious Practices, they all readily fubmictcd themfelves. Other Places at the fame time freely ofTer'd to part with their long Hair, which was held in fuch account among them, fend- ing to invite the Fathers to come to them, going out to meet them, and clearing the Roads they were to come for three Leagues in length. All the Heathens were baptiz'd in thefe Towns, and in- quiry being made after their antient Wor- ftiip, it appear'd that the whole Nation adoi'd the Sun, and in Honour of him fprinkled bunches of Feathers ituck up in their Houfes with the Blood of Beafts. They believ'd the Souls of their Ca/iftes when they were dead became Planets, and thofe of the common fort and Beafts, lefler Stars. A Temple they had dedicated to theSiin, which thefePeople at the cons- mand of theFathei s, dcftroy'd,burning ail that was in it, and Crofles were ereded whercfoever fjch Temples had ftood. In the midft of this fuccefs the deputyGover- nor ofT'Ka.'/w<««'sSon,who was with theFa- thers, prefuming upon their Procedion, ordcr'd a number of Servants to be ga- thered out of the Valley, which fo exaf- perated that People, believing that Re- ligion only a Cloak to enflavcthem, that the Fathers were in great danger of be- ing Murder'd, and forced to haft away whilft they had time to fave their Live?. Let us again look back into the king-' dom of Chill., where we left Alonfi Ribe- ra pacifying that Country, by building many Forts to curb the Natives; and the Succefs would doubclefs have anfwer'd E.vpedation, had he not been unfeafona- bly put out of the Government, when he had gain'd more Reputation for his military Exploits, than any Governor before him. But as he raised the Repu- tation of the Spaniards among the Chile- W7"4w^, by his Courage andCondud, fo he loft himfelf by confiding too much in his own Merits. For notwithftandiug Go- vernors by the Laws of Spain, are forbid marrying Wives of thofe Provinces they have in charge, left Affinity Ibould make them partial and corrupt ; yet Alonfo Ribera prefum'd to marry a noble Wo- man in Chili. Whereupon the King of Spain., (tho' he was very Serviceable) took away his Government, left the Exam- ple might be of ill Confequence, but fo moderated his Punifhment, that by the next Letters he was appointed Gover- nor of Titcimanj a Poft little inferior to that of Chili. After him AlfonfoGarcU Ramon obtain'd the Government, who when he fet out from Lima, took F. Lu- is raldivia along with him, in hopes by his means to pacific the kingdom of Chili. After efcaping Fire and Tempcft at Sea, they at length arriv'd at the Port of the Conception, the Rcfidence of the Gover- nors of C/>//<, fmall for number of Build- ings and Inhabitants, and built along the Shore of the Pacifick or South Sea. Its Territory towards the Metropolis of the Kingdom, extends it felf largely, and grows ftreight on that fide towards the revolted Indians , that Space Ribera and other Governors had fecur'd by ereding Forts at due diftances, the Garrifoas whereof with much difficulty kept the Indians under. . As foon as the new Go- vernour Techo. New Go- veinor in Chili. CoHceptiim City. V 702 The HISJO'rT of ^v>^--o vernor aiiiv'd, hecau?'d the Kings Pro- Ttcho. clamacion for a general Pardon co be V^/'V^ publifh'd, inviting all that were in Re- Gcneial bcllioa to ictiirnto their Duty. That pardon, j^^^ j^^ ^^^ out to vilit the Forts and Vil- lages of Indians that continued in Subjecti- on to tlie Spaniards, either of their own free Will or by Force, yet the Minds of them all were fo alienated, that they might well be accounted Enemies, and therefore tho' they had the Name of Friends, no Man went among them but what carry'd a Guard of Souldicrs, for there is little confidence to be repos'din them whom only Fear binds to you. The Governor was attended by the King's Troops j but Luis yddivia was a better Security than many arm'd Men, becaufe the Indians were inform'd and found by Experience, that Valdtvia had always proceftcd them from the Infolencies of the Soiildiers, and being made Slaves. For this reafon whcrcfoever he went, the prime Men of the Country f^ock'd about him, calling him their Father, Proteftor, and only fafety of their Bodies and Souls j and Faldivia laying hold of that favou- rable opportunity, gain'dall he could to Chrillianity, and the fubjedion of the Catholick King. Twenty Caciques were met in the Fort, they call'd Levo ; where hearing rrtWm^jdifcourfe of the Immor- tality of the Soul, and other myfteriesof Faith, they all delired to become Chrifti- ans. All the Children were baptized, the Men put ofF till Tryal was made ot the Truth of their Call. About 40 Ca"/ifii Fort, of whom it was hard to judge whether they ought to be counted Friends or Enemies , nothing being friendly in them but the Name. The Governor thinking open Enemies lefs dangerous than falfe Friends, threatned them with War j but yddivia interpos'd, and prevail'd with the Tucapduns to enter fincerely into Unity with the Spaniards. War breaking out in other Part--, he A *-f t ventur'd with five Souldiers among thofe _^nder-' t'cople, and was honourably rccciv'd by takes to the Caciques^ where beginning to dif- inake courfe ot the end of good and bad Men, Peace. Qj^e of the /W/rfw interrupted him, ask- ing. Who taught him that DoUrinef Val- divia anfwering. It was delivered by the Son of God? Then faid the Heathen, rowr God had a Wife., if he begot a Son f This Jed him to make fuch a difcourfe on the Myfteries of the blcITed Trinity and In- tarnation, that the Infidels were much taken and furpriz'd. After this they avk'd, Hew Driwke'iinefs could be a Si», f/ice Sleep vas innocent , and that pro- vok'd Man to Slitpf Which Ijcing an- fwer'd by telling them. That Drunken- ncjs deprived Atanoj his Rcajon., and the) e- Jcre was more prejudicial than tj it took oJJ a Limb? They next put the Quell ion, Why it was jorbid to have many Wives ? ] o which Valdivia anfwer'd by asking, Why Women were not allowed many Husbands ? Then they alledging Cullom againft the one and for the other ^ he Ihew'd them that Cuflom neither made any thing law- ful nor unlawful, and with many other Reafonsand Arguments fatisfy'd their Curiofity. Thus they fpent the greateft part of the Night in difcourie, till a- bout break of Day 20 Caciques came from the remoter Villages, whom Faidivia im- bracing and difcourfing upon the King's Pardon and former Kindneilcs pafs'd be- tween them, very much inclin'd to his Party. Among the la ft Comers, one Avila a Cacique had great Authority, who underftanding that f^aldivia aHirm'd the God of the Chriffians was the only Creator of all Things, in a great Rage cry'd out. He would never allow Pillan the God of the Chilenians, to be denyd the Pow- er oj Creating. Valdivia inquiring con- cerning this imaginary Deity. A-vila told ^''^''" the him, That his C'odd.d, after Death, tr an- ^0?""" flate the chief Men of the Nation, and Souldiers oj known Bravery, to Places where there was Dancing and Drinkiwr, there to live happy for ever. That the Blood of no- ble Men flam in Battle, was placed about the Sun, and changdinto red Clouds, which fometimts adorn the rifing Sun ; but that the common fort and poor People received no Reward from their God. What an unjufi God is yours, fa id f^aldivia, to be fo kind to wicked Men, and take fo little notice of the Innocent ; for it is plain that many of your Nobles and brave Souldiers are onilty of much greater Crimes than the common fort. As they were thus difcourling , fome of the Spaniards told him, Theyfiif- petied Treachery defignd againfl them , whereupon he withdrew, and nipt away to the next Spdnijh Garrifon. This jea- loufie prov'd groundlefs, for thofe fame Caciques came to". ^"l''i»sTc- The whole Nation was much concern d that '■°"''' ' he Jliould fiifpe^t them, and promifing, if he would go with them 10 the inland Parts of the Kingdom, they would be Mediators of Peace, and Guard him. f^aldivia accept- ed of their offer, and Travelling over uncoth Mountains, Bogs and other inac- ceffible Places, at laf^came to the Place where the Enemies Leaders were aOcm- bled to confer together. There the King Paraguay, Tucuman, e>c. 703 King of Spain's Pardon, tlie manner of fetliug a lafting Peace with the Spamards, the propagating of Chriftianity , and other Points were fb handled , that it plainly appcar'd thofe People would ea- iily embrace the Chriitian Religion, and fjbmit to the King, provided their Grie- vances were redrefs'd. Three Com- manders ot the JtidiMs, not far from the Place where this Conference was held, engag'd to fubmit to the Spaniards, and feveral other Indians being reconcii'd, Valdivla return'd to his People. A notable At this time there hapned an Accident Accident, woith relating. After the Southern Towns of the Kingdom of Chili were deftroy'd, as has been mention'd, feve- ral Spamfh Families remain'd in Slavery among the Indians, of which Number was one Heredia, a Man of fbme Ac- count, happy in this that he had with him his VVife Marcella Grajal a worthy Woman, and two Sons grown up to .Alan's Eftate, and his Mailer was not unkind, as requiring nothing of them but i certain quantity of their made Wine, which they carefully perform'd, for fear of being put upon worfe La- bour. It hapned that Heredia falling out with his Mailer, as they were drink- ing, had very ill Language given him, which he not being able to endure , kill'd his Mailer upon the Spot. This done he fled, and tho' purfu'd, made his Efcape ; whereat the Indians were fo inrag'd, that they fell upon his eldell Son, and without giving Ear to the Mo- ther's Prayers, or minding her Tears, burnt him alive. The Mother, with her other Son, terrify'd at this Sight, fled as foon as it was Evening, and to avoid being taken, travell'd by Night, retiring to Caves in the Day, and feed- ing on fuch Herbs as they found by the v/ay. After three Days they came into a Wood, near a little Village, alraoll fpent, and expecting to perilh by Hun- ger, or at the Hands of the Indians. A Woman of the Country going out for Wood, found them both, and mov'd by Marcellas Tears, promis'd to adifl: them, provided they were not difcover'd by the other Women that came on the fame Account. To prevent fuch difcovery Ihe left them hid in a Ditch cover'd with Leaves, and returning to bring them fomc Meat, at lad fled with them her felf, through By-ways , and after three Days more, they all arriv'd fafe at Arauco, a confiderable Garrifon of the Spaniards, where the Indian Woman embraced Chriftianity , and was chari- tably provided for. F. ValdiyiA having rv.A^^ labonr'd inceflantly to reftore Peace, Techo. and finding that the enilaving of the hi- (-/"WJ dians was the Caufc of aU thcCalamities that befelthc Country, and that lie was not able to remedy that Diforder, he apply'd himfelf to the Viceroy of Peru, who finding his Authority not lufBcient to redrefs the Evil, fcnt him into Spain, to the King to procure the Abolition of that Abufc. Wc now come unto the 3d Book of y, .^^ our Author, which he begins with the im/of^iie firlt entring of the Jefuits into the King- jefuits. dom of fern 1568, who profper'd fo well that about the ead of the fifteenth Century, that Province was grown too great to be manag'd by one Provincial. Wherefore it was refolv'd to divide it, and in order to it t. James Torres was fent to Rome to the General, for him to fettle that Affair, who contrary to what they had contriv'd and defign'd in Ame- rica, united the Provinces of Titcuman, Paraguay and Chili, into one Province ^ ; independent of 7V«, and committed the | ; Care of it to the faid F. James Torres as; '| Provincial, in the Year 1607. This ' Father in his Journy through S/>-<»«ir(?, feat- cd in a Valley of the fame Name, not far from the Sea, in 36 Degrees of South Latitude, with a Garrifon of 500 Spa- niards, and a convenient Number of fn- dians. The other Forts built in the Province of Jumheline, near the River Biobio , were defended by 600 chofea Spaniards and Indian Soldiers. All the Country about thofe Forts was inhabited by abundance of Heathens living in fmall Villages, and fubjeft to the Spaniards, either by force, or of their own accord. Both Natives and Europeans liv'd diflb- lute Lives, for generally the beftof Men did not go over to thofe remote Parts, but if any had been good among them, they were corrupted by ill Company, or the Country it felf, for the Plenty and Delights of the Kingdom of Chiil, are a great Snare to thofe that defire to live voluptuoufly. The Indians were U u u u S«- 706 The BISTORT of Valour of the Arau- CMS. rv^^-^ SiiperlHtioiis, Obftinacc, and refns'd to Tetho. embrace Cliiillianity, or converfe with ^-^^\r^ the Spaf7iardsy for tear ot being oblig'd to Work. To remedy thefe Diforders, the Society fent three Fathers into thefe Parts, whofe Aftions lince we do not intend to give an Account of, we will proceed to fpeak of the Place. The Fort of Araucoy as was faid above, is fcated in a Valley or Plain of the fame Name, fro.n which not only thofe that inhabit it, bat all the other revolted In- dians of Clidi are call'd Araucans^ as all the People of the United Provinces are call'd Hollanders^ or thofe of the Spaniflj Provinces fUmmin^s, taking their Names from the principal Towns. Thefe A- raucans have made thcmfelves Famous thvoughoiit the World, being inferior to none of the Indians for Valour, for they hive tlicfe many Years oppos'd the Spani.irds to afTert their Liberty, and ftill tiold out iii their full Vigour , to the vaft Expenccof the Kings of Spain -^ ex- erciiing the Spanijh Troops in thofe Pares, that they may be always enur'd to vVar, to keep under thofe valt Dominions they pollefs. The Plain of Arauco^ which is alroofl 20 Leagues fquare, when firit the Spaniards enter'd it was inhabited by the following Numbers of Indians. Tuca- pellan Commanded 3000 tMen, belides Women and Children j On^ol 4000 •, Caieadienpec 3000 ^ Paicave 3000 ^ Alil- Urapuc 4000 i Levo^ Pure, and Limoia each 60CO •, Levopia and Coleno 1000^ belides other Caciques who had fmaller Numbers. But the chief of them all was fetugiiittt I-Ord of 6000 hidtans. Of all which Number, when the Jefuits came into that Valley, which was in the Year, 1608. there were fcarce 2000, asHora- tiiis Bechiiis one of them teftifies. But out of the Plain, beyond the River Bio- hio, there was a far greater Multitude kept under by the Spaniards , either through Fear or AfFeftion. What the Number of the Enemies might be, could never be underftood, none agreeing in their Accounts. The whole Nation is of a ftrong Conftitution of Body, and what is wonderful, fit for War, or Couiitry Labour, tho' addided to a thoufana Vices. Whatever Weapon every ons choofes in his Infancy he is oblig'd to ufc all his Life-time, and for- bid any other, lelt by changing their Arms, they prove expert at none. Be- ing all divided into fmall Parties, when an Enemy invades them, the Heads con- fult together whether they Ihall be for War or Peace. A Decree once made Their Numbers. Their Manners. after three Days Confultation, Feafting all the while, like the antient Ganls, is inviolable. Thofe that perform any notable Exploits, are prcfer'd to Com- mands, the reft of the Soldiers are maintain'd at the Publick Charge. Lip- fiiu tells us in his Political Examples, that the Araucans us'd to choofe their Lea- ders only by their Strength of Body, trying it with a great Log of Timber, which he that could carry the longeft, was thought fit to undergo the Burden of Government. But this Folly is laid afide ; for at prefent being continually train'd in War by the Spaniards y they choofe their Commanders by the expe- rience they have of their Valour and Condud. Tho' the Spaniards before the revolt had fpread their Colonies through- out all the Kingdom, yet very few of the Natives were Converted. One Ob- ftacle there was from the Europeans^viz. that the Avarice of private Men cnfla- ving them, and the ill Example of their Lives created an averfion to Chriffianity. , ^ On the Indians fide there were many j obftades firll their living difpers'd in the Moun- to their tains for fear of the War, and not in Converfi- Towns, the multiplicity of Concubines °"' they keep, the Authority of the Caci- qius .igainit whofe will there is no per- liiading of their Subjeitj ^ their wicked Cuftom of revelling to fuch a Degree, that they would invite the Country round about , and two or three thoufand of them meet at a Feafl, where they com- mitted all Lewdnefs and Debauchery j their fond Opinion that Baptifm was Mortal, occafion'd by the Cuftom us'd at firft to allow it to few till they were near Death, becaufe of their intoUerable Vices, the coofufion of continual VVar, the great Number of Wizards or Ne- gromancers among them, and their Stu- pidity, occafion'd by their natural in- dulg'd Vices. For the better Preaching of the Gofpel to thefe People, at the in- ftigation of the Fathers, the Governor drew the Inhabitants of abundance of Villages, into 20 large Towns, where much Good was done upon them , till the Spaniards again opprefiing them they all flipt away and difpers'd as they were before. Oppofite to the Shore of Arauco, at jq^^ ^f 15 Miles diftance is the fmall Ifland of s. Mury, S. Mary. The Inhabitants ador'daGod they call'd Quequebu, had general Meet- ings at certain times, which they call'd Requets., whereafter much Debauchery, they made Prielts, confulted the Devil, and perform'd many deteftable Ceremo- nies Paraguay, Tucuman, &c. JQJ ifland of nies, CMoe an Appendix of the King- ckiloe. dom of CkiU^ is an Ifland oppofite co the Southermoft part ot the faid King- dom, 50 Leagues in length, and feven in bieadch,in the fhapeof an Arm Bow'd, contrary to what Geographers formerly reprefentcd, who made ic fquare. The South part of it, is parted from the Con- tinent by a very narrow Sea,and the Con- tinent itfelf, as if loath to part with the Ifland, makes a Bay to receive it. All the Country is uneven, Mountainous, Woody, and Marfliy, fubjeft to extra- ordinary Cold, lying all beyond 43 de- grees of South latitude. I'he Summer Seafon is interrupted by fuch Cold Storms, that it is fcarce to be diftin- guifli'd from Winter. The Frofty Winds and little warmth in Autumn hinder the Fruit from ripening. If you turn up the Earth a fpan deep, you prefent- ly come to a red Sand, fo mighty dry that it deltroys any Seed, and yet the Woods produce fuch tall Trees, that Ovalle with good Authority tells us, fe- veral lengths of Boatds are cut out of them. The Soil being unfit for Plowing, was formerly Planted. This unfruit- fulnefs of the Air and Land, makes them think they have a good Crop, when they have five for one of an inlipid fort of Roots. On the North end of this Ifland, fome few Spaniards that efcap'd, being the remains of thofe Towns de- ftroy'd by the Arauc.ws whei\ they re- voked, built a little 1 own call'd Caflro^ which the Engltjh Pyrates plunder'd in the year imng them, he with hts confederate Caci- ques, would build a Town, and fubmit to the King 0/ Spain, The Governor over- joy'd at this Offer, went diredly to the Bilhop to demand of him Prielts, to bring thofe People to the Faith, and obedience of the Cathoiick King. The Bifhop re- fos'd to fend any, becaufe thofe Indians were mortal Enemies to the Spaniards and Cambals, and could by no perfwafi- 'i ons be prevail'd upon to alter his Refo- lution. F. James Torres Provincial of the Jefuits, finding the Bifhop not to be mov'd, fent F. Marcellus Lorencana then Rector of the Ajfumption, and the only one he had that could fpeak the Langu- age, with his Companion fcijwm ^4m«. Thefe having travell'd thirty Leagues into the Country, pafTing the Marfhes with incredible difficulty, ftay'd in the firfl: Village of the Indians they came at j where they gather'd the People of all the A Town neighbouring Country, and mark'd out built. a Place for building a Town, labouring Day and Night to reduce thofe Barbari- ans to the Worfliip of the true God. But it was a Work of Time and much Pati- ence to change theManners of thofe hard- ncd Heathens. Thefe Indians follow'd their Debaucheries in the new Town, at certain Seafons, Painting cheir naked Bodies to look the more Terrible, and \ Ipending two or three Days and Nights together without Sleep , in Drinking, Laughing and Roaring, after fuch an e.K- travagant manner, that the Fathers did not queftion but they fhould one time or other perifh at their Hands, in thefe drunken Fits. Nothing but Patience could Conquer this preverfe Cuftom , which at length in fome meafiire pre- vail'd, and many of them fued to be Bap- tiz'd, which was not granted them till after good Trial of their forfaking their barbarous Manners. It hapned that the Fame of fo many Perfons being Baptiz'd fpreading abroad, a Paranian Woman with her Daughter ftole privately from her Husband, to get an opportunity to be admitted to the Chriltian Religion. The Indian enrag'd at his Wife's flight, and laying all the blame on the Prieft, flir'd up his Country People to take Arms to revenge his Quarrel. Being got toi- gether, they firfl vented their Fury on the Mahomas, Friends to the Spaniards, and having made a great Slaughter of them, drove away a great number of Captives to make their inhuman Feaftsof Man's-fiefh. F. Lorencana hearing of it, fent in the Name of the Spaniards to com- plain of that Adion, and demand the reftitution of the Prifoners. They an- fwer'd, They had already eaten a good War a- number of thofe MahomiS, and were fatning "ongthe up the reft for Slaughter: Threatning the ^""^'"' Father, aad fending him Word, It would be a merry Day, when they had his Skull to Drink out of. This was a fufficient De- claration of vVar , and therefore the Converts taking up Arms for their Pa- llor, chofe Aniangara for their Com- mander, which difcovcr'd the Pride and Arrogance of that Nation ; for Anian- gara, being a Man in great Repute a- mong his People, and pufT'd up with his Eledion, fpoke to them in this haughty manner. Tou had good reafon. Gentlemen, to chufe me for yourCommander,who am well known far and near to be fingularly Brave j Me all the Country about Fears and Loves for my noble Exploits in War. For who has fo often Routed the Enemy, . but Anian- gara ? Who has Baffled their Defigns, but Aniangara ? Who has brought away the Spoils of their Commanders, but Anianga- ra ? Aniangara is my Name, equally Lov'd and Dreaded by my Enemies. For tho' I have overcome many, yet after the f^iUory I have us'dftch Moderation, as to kill none of the Prifoners, being no lefs famous for my Mercy when Action is over, than for my Bravery in War. This Speech was re- ceiv'd with great Applaufc. Soon after a Com- 71 The HISTOKT of Techo. The Town of S, Igna- tius. Guiicure- MS live dirpers'd. a Company of Spa/nards with 300 ot their Contederate Indians, came to their Afliftance, and Aniangara joyning them, they all march'd mto Parana, where they routed a 1000 /«(^/,y^ fine , the Fathers labour'd there long Techo. with little Snccefs, tor ail thofe Nations '-/^vX^ of Indians which do not Sow, nor dwell in fetled Places, arc more vicious, bar- barous and obftinate than the others, and lefs fit to receive the Faith. The Provincial having done fuch good Service about the Town of the Jf:imp- tion, fail'd down the Rivers Paraguay and of Plate to the Port of Buenos Ayre's, where arriv'd 19 Fathers out of Spain ^ fent by hisCathoiick Majefty to forward the propagating the Faith in thofe Parts, with Orders that all fo Employ 'd Ihould be Maintain'd at his Coil. About the fame time Ferdinand Arias late Gover- nor of Paraguay, prevail'd with the Pro- vincial to fettle fome Fathers in the Town of Santa Ft, eighty Leagues a- Townand bove the Port of Biienoi Ayres. This Town was built by >/.»«(7«r^;', not long SS*^ before that of Buenos Ayres was rebuilt, aboutfin- upon the Banks of the River Quiloaifa »« ft- juft where it falls into theRiverot Plate, for the conveniency of Shins coming out of Europe. The Indians often fell upon the new Planters, but without Succcfs. It was formerly very remarkable among the other Cuftoms of the Natives, that the Women were not allow'd to paint their Bodies with a clay Colour, till they had tailed humaneFlefh.If they hadnoPri- foners taken in War, they would cut the J^^^'^ deadBodies of their own People in pieces, ^»°°"^" and give them to the young Maids to eat. They planted Trees over the Graves of their Anceftors, and adorn'd them with OftrichFeathers,and met there at certain times toLament. Before the coming of the Spaniards they liv'd upon Filhing and Hunting; but afterwards the Herds of black Cattle multiply'd fofaft, that they ferv'd not only to feed the Natives, but in fome meafure to inrich the Spaniards. It appears upon Computation, that from the Year \6ii till 1 531, a Million of Ox- en were drove from the Country about Santa Fe into the Kingdom of Pem^ which have yielded a prodigious Profit. This is all that was remarkable concern- ing the Town of Santa Fe, befides the hopes of bringing thofe Barbarians to the Faith of Chrifl: ; for on that fide next Paraguay,r\}ns the Plain oiCalchaquina al- mofl: an hundred Leagues along the Ri- ver of Plate, and is Inhabited by molt inhuman People. In this Town the Fa- thers fetled a fmall Houfe, and Ferdinand Arias the late Governor, with his maiden Daughters, carry'd Earth upon their Shoulders at the building of the Church, X X X X The 7 tcho. A College 7he HISTOKT of Another in Chili. The Fathers had now more Work up- on their Hands than it was poflible for rhcin to go through, by reafon of the great Multitudes of Infidels, and vaft ex- tent of the Country, belides many Pla- ces delir'd they would fettle among them, but they were too few to fix in every Part. Their chief Seat was at Cordova, w here they fetled a College and Novice- fliip, choofing rather to breed up their Young religious there, than in Chili-, the Delights of which Country might ren- der them lefs able to undergo the Toils they were to be expos'd to. Many thou- iands of Infidels were Converted in the Country about this Town, whence the Provincial went over the Mountains to Chili, and in the Metropolis of that Kingdom, at the requefl of the Magi- ftrates, Founded a College for the Edu- cation of Youths, under the care of the Fathers. The Provincial returning into Tncumaft, Luis Quinones Governor oi the Province, fent to acquaint him, That certain firaglitig Sotddiers having kiWd fame Caciques of the Diaguitas, thofe People ■were again Revolted, and deftred he rvould fend fome Fathers to pacifie them. John Darius and James Baroa were appointed to manage that Affair, who paffing thro' ^congiiinca, betwixt the Cities of S. Mi- chael and London, and the Places adjoyn- ingto the Wood of Joncavil, Conver- ted abundance of Infideh. Then entring the Territories of the Diaguitas, the Succefs anfwer'd their Expe£tation, thofe People freely condefcending to their Pro- pofals, and they on their fide ingaging to have them fecur'd againfl: all Outra- ges of the Souldiers. Thus they vifited the Giiajfans, Malleans, Huacajfes and u4n- dalgalas. Inhabitants of fmall Towns , Baptizing 5coof them. Thofe Fathers we mentioned before that had been a- mong the Guaiciireans, having met with very little Succefs, were about tobere- caird, but the Commander of thofe Peo- ple defiring they might be continu'd, :nid delivering up his Son then twelve Years old, to be bied a Chriftian, they were continu'd in hopes of bringing thofe Barbarians to more Civility. In the mean while the Fathers in Guaira and P.i,a>ia continu'd indefatigable in their Labours, in the latter of which Pro- vinces they found the Natives fo wild, ■ and unfit for the Yoke of Chrift, that they thought fit to forbear for fome time, till by degrees they could by fair means, and good offices reclaim, and bring them to fomethi.ig of Humanity. Inthefirft their Endeavours Ibmetimes feem'd to anfwer Expeftation, but then on a Hid- den thofe unfetled Infidels would flip away from the Towns to their ufual lurk- ing Places, and fall to their antient Pra- ctices, feizing upon fuch other Indians zs they could come at to fell them for Slaves, and fpending whole Nights celebrating their Vidories, and performing many fuperftitious Afts. F. Romero one of the Miflioners there, inquiring into their Religion, found that they ador'd the Moon and the Conftellation, call'd the Charles Waine, and had no other Wor- Ihip. During thefe Tranfadions, Fa- ther Valdivia had been in S^ain to foli- cite for the Indians of Chdi.^ and having obtain'd all he went about, return'd in- to that Kingdom, where he prefcntljr had a Conference with ^oVlmes (fo they call their great Men) and after a fliort time concluded a Peace with the Leicurc ans and Pareneans:, Vtahlame one of the principal Indians anfwering for the reft. He prefs'd to have fome Women belong- ing to Aganamon, another prime Leader of thofe revolted People , reftor'd to him, they being then Prifoners. It was granted that a Daughter, who was an In- fidel (hould be return'd, but for his Con- cubines and another Daughter, who were become Chriftians, he could not prevail. Peace being fetled, Vtahlame took three Fathers along with him to per- fwade the remoter Indians to fubmit theinfelves, but when they came to bis Town call'd Leicura, Aganamon dillatis- fy'd with what had been done, entred the faid Town by force , killing fome Vlmes that had been for the Peace, and railing at the Jefuits becaufe his Women had been detain'd, firft dalh'd out their Brains with Clubs, and then hew'd their dead Bodies with other Weapons. Thus dy'd Martin de Aranda, Horatius Bechi^ us and James de Montalva for refufing to reftore the Infidel his Concubines. Af- ter this Murder moft of the Indians fell from the Peace, many Fadions, tho* wholly Innocent, fearing they might fuf- fer among the Guilty j yet 8000 Cata- raians continu'd Friends to tht Spaniards. Becaufe we do not pretend to write the Anions of the Fathers, but only what is Hiftorical, or relating to the Defcripti- on of thofe Countries , we have pafs'd by the greatcft part of the fourth Book, according as our Author divides his Work, only relating what is to our pur- pofe, and omitting all that relates only to the Society. All we can add out of the faid fourth Book, is. That about 50 Leagues from the City of the Ajfumptiwy up Paraguay, Tucuman, &c. 715 up the River is au Indian Town call'd Cuaramba, conlifting of about 900 Fa- milies part Chiiftians, and part Infidels, and remarkable for nothing but being ve- ry unhealthy, and about ten Miles from it are two others of about 300 Fami- lies each, the Names of them are fitave and Niegita. . Tho" ibmewhat has been faid before at Country num. 43, concerning the People of Para- of PiTini. na, that relating only to fuch as live be- tween the Town of the jijfumftion-, and the River of that N^me, we mufl: in this place add fomeching of that Coun- try in general. The River Parana runs 500 Leagues, as has been faid above, before it falls into the Ocean, through a Mouth 80 Leagues in breadth, and has not undefervedly the Name of Pa- rn we now tread that Ground, which nti- Techo. ther my Sword, nor the Valour of the '.^^''^^ Spaniards could conquer in fo many Years. Then having appointed Com- manders of the Indians, and charg'd them to be refpedful to the Fathers, he fet out from the Port of Itapna, the fame Day he came thither, covering his Fear with the pretence of Bufinefs, becaufe the report went that the Inhabitants up the River, were alarm'd at his coming, and their Boats began to appear. As he was failing down the River about 300 Indians appcar'd on the fteep Banks, arm'd with Clubs and Darts, and had certainly attack'd the Governor, but that Gonz.alez. by his Authority with- held their Commander. His Name was Tabacambitts, who . being ask'd by the Governor to accept of a General's Staff in his Catholick Majefties Name , by which he might be known to be Com- mander of the Paranenfians ; Haughtily anfwer'd, He had been their Commander before, and ihould be fo ftil! without a Staff All the Country that lies between the Qf ^^^^ River Maranon, otherwife cail'd of the Cuxrmi- Amaz.ones, and the Parana, which are ««f- above a thoufand Leagues diftant from one another, makes almort one half of South America. All which Country the Cnaranians Inhabit, and not fo fatisfy'd, pafTing thefe Bounds, poIFefs all that lies between Paraguay, Parana, and the Bor- ders of />fr«. But within that Compafs there are fevcral other Nations to be found, differing from the Guaranians in Language and Manners, and whom they out of their natural Pride call Slaves. With them they have continual Bloody Wars, fatning the Prifoners they take, and eating them. At thefe Feafts tliey take new Names to exprefs their War- like Exploits. They live in little fcat- ter'd Villages, which are under the Com- mand of Caciejncs, renowned either for their noble Delcent, or popular elocuti- on. In time of War they chufe a Ge- neral of known Valour ; but know no- thing of Regular Troops, keeping their Ranks, forefeeing Dangers , chuling a proper Time or Ground, improving Op- portunities, or laying up Provifions. For the moft part they Fight as Chance offers the Occafion, being hot the firlt onfet, but cowardly if fuffcred to cool, la Fight they ufe Clubs and Arrows ; and make their Bodies hideous with dif- mal Colours before they ingage. They jj^^j^. make no ufe of Lime, Stone, or Tiles ; Houfes, but 1 8 The HiSTOkT of Techo. Women- Hofpita- lity. Witch- craft. but build Houfes of Clay and Straw, c.-cher round or long, and for the molt pat c lb large, that one of them makes a \'il!;ige. Matrimony is at Will, for every one has as many Wives or Conca- bines as he can keep or get The Ca- ciques claim a Right to the handfomeft Maids in their Village, whom they ca- fily give lip to be dcfiower'd by their Followers or Friends. To have to do with their Daughters-in-law is frequent, and no Shame to put away Wives, or be call off by them. It is look'd upon as a great Crime to turn any Stranger whatfoever out of Doors. They enter- tain their Guefts with Weeping, and long Praifes of their Anceftors, but their Sorrow ends in Laughing and Feafting. They cover their nakednefs with a very fhort Garment made of Shells or Fea- tiiets put together, the reft of their Bo- dy is Naked. They fow Indian Wheat, and fcveral Sorts of Fompions, Beans and Roots. When any Ferfon, parti- cularly thofe of any Note among them Dies, it is not lo be exprefb'd, .what horrid Howling the Women make in all paits-, fwclling their Cheeks, they by Fits give hideous Shi ieks, t hey fomctinies caft themfelves headlong from high Places, tear their Hair, batter their Fore-Heads, turn the Dead Bodies, em- brace and talk to them, bow their Sides, open their Hands, lay the Carcafles in- to great Potsj and believing the Souls are bury'd with the Bodies , cover the Faces of the Dead with concave Difhes, that the Souls may not be ftifled ; to (how they had the fame Mafter, who pray'd that the Earth might ly light up- on thofe they lov'd. They adore no God, but are addided to the Superfti- tions of Wizards and fuch Impoftors. Their manner of Conjuring varies ac- cording to the fcveral Countries ^ but they almoft all agree in giving the great- eft Honour to thofe Sorcerers, who are moft familiar with the Devil. Thole that afpire to the Knowledge of their Magick Arts are to mortify themfelves with moft fevere Faftings and other Afflictions j which whilft they are per- forming, they live alone, naked, and witliout walhing in dark and remote Places, eating nothing but a fort of Pep- per and Jniiian Wheat roafted, affeding to look gaftly with their Hair uncomb'd and clotted, their Nails grown to a fliameful length, and other filthy Cir- cumftances, and bring down their Bo- dies with other rigorous Practices, till having almoft loft their Strength and Senfcs with Fafting, they call upon the Devil and fee him. It is their Bufinefs to doMifchief, by darting Bones, Coles, and Hairs undifcover'd ., which Things being deprav'd by their Charms, and pieicing the Bodies of Men, make them waft away, and fometimes Die, unlefs he that did the Mifchief, take the Caule out of the Parts fo affefled. There is another fort of Magicians, who do no harm, and only Boaft of their familia- rity with the Devil, and pretending they can difcover Secrets and Things done a great way ofT, to them that ask, which they learn of the Hellifh Fiends. In fome Countries, if a Woman will be a Witch, Ihe muft pretend toChaftity, for if once fhe proves with Child fhe is no longer refpefled. The Devil never appears to thefe Conjurers without a hideous and frightful Noife. There is alfo a fort of Sorcerers who pretend to Phifick \ it is alfo their Bufinefs to talk much. Lye without meafure, and for the moft part do nothing. They Suck the fick Bodies, and pretend to fpit out fome corrupt Subftance, as if they had fuck'd out the Caufe of the Diftemper. The whole ^, Nation minds Dreams, and fuperftiti- tjJJ^T ous Obfervations to a Madnefs. They think the touch of an Owl will make them Lazy , becaufe that Bird among them does not fly much , nor build a Neft. If a Woman eat a double Ear of Millet, fhe believes fhe fhall be deliver- ed of Twins. They exercifc a young Maid the firft time fhe has her Courfes, after a ftrange manner. She is put into the Hands of a lufty brawny Woman to be thus exercis'd \ fhe is forced to abftain from eating Flefh, till her Hair before cut off grows down to her Ears. It is a Crime for her to look upon Men. If fhe happens to fee Parrots, they think fhe will be talkative ever after. She is made to fweep theHoufe, to carry Wa- ter walking apace without ftepping out of the way, to pound Corn in a Mortar, never to be idle, and fo do all the Bu- finefs of a good Houle-wife. This Ex- ercife of theirs John Rho reckons among their many Virtues. In fhort they are of Opinion the young Girl will behave her felf all the reft of her Life, as fhe does about the time of her firft Courfes. Women with Child abftain from almoft all forts of Food. They eat no Elk, left the Child fhould be born with a fwoln Nofe. If they eat fmall Birds, they fancy they fhall bring forth a fmall Child. They are forbid eating any of thofe Creatures, whofe Qualities they fan- Paraguay, Tucuman, ^c. 719 fantaftically imagine may hurt their Children. The Laws the Men are to obferve when their Wives are with Child, are thefe, not to kill any wild Beaft i not to make Arrows, Clubs, or Handles to any other Inflruments ; to abftain from eating Flefh, fifteen Days after the Wife is brought to Bed ; to unbend the Bow j not to lay Snares for Birds ; to lye at Home idle, and falling \ till the Infants Navel-String be cut ; if they do any thing to the contrary, they mud expeft fome great Mifchief will follow. When the new Born Babe hap- pens to be Sick, the Kindred Men and Women abllain from fuch Diet as they believe would hurt the Infant, if it eat Childrens ^^ ^^- -^^ ^'^^'^ ^^ ^^^ Children are Names. Born, they give them Names agreable to the Beauty or Imperfedions of the Body. If it be black or fwarthy, they call it Crow ^ if it have a hoarfe Cry, Frog. 1 omit much more of the fame Stamp, left it naufeate the Reader. Yet it is found by experience that this Nation, notwithftanding this Folly and Barbarity, if it be well taught is more apt than any other People of America : to embrace and retain the Chriftian ,' Faith, and to learn mechanick Trades, and a good meafure of Civility. Many following Chapters affording but little Matter to our purpofe, we will only coUedt out of them, what may be worth relating , giving this Advertife- ment of it, that the Reader may not be furpriz'd to find many fhort Relations put together, which have no particular JError of Connexion among thcmfelves. The the Cuii- Fathers of the Society Preaching among iurtMs. jjjg Guaicureans were not fo fuccefsful, as in other Parts, thofe Indians looking upon Baptifm as mortal to whofoever re- ceiv'd it. The caufe of the Error was, that by reafon of their many Vices this Sacrament was not granted them till they were in theutmolt extremity, and therefore moft of thofe that receiv'd it, immediately Dy'd j which thofe Infidels imagined to be the effedl of Baptifm. But Time and Experience undeceiving them, they afterwards came in more freely to embrace the Faith. It hapncd that a Sorcerefs among them lying de- fperately Sick, and having try'd all the Arts of their Impoftors for her Cure, and been fupply'd during the time of her faid Sicknefs with fome better fort of Suftenance by the Fathers, overcome by their Charity , turn'd off" her Indian Charmer, and defir'd to be Baptiz'd. As the Father was about complying with her Defircs, a multitude of Indians flock'd vjv,^-) about him , begging he would not be- Techo, flow that Favour on the worft of Wo- t/^-^NJ men, who was us'd to do much Mifchief j for if he Ihould according to his Cuftom, bury her in the Chappie, flie would turn into a Tyger and deftroy all about her, and therefore it was better to car- ry out her Carcafs when flie wasdead,in- to fome remote folitary Place, left fhe Ihould do more harm dead, than flae had done alive. This they faid, be- caufe the Guaicureans are of Opinion, that the Souls of wicked Perfons tranf- migrate into wild Beafts, which are mifchievous in Proportion as they were when living. But the Father undeceiv- ing them, Baptiz'd her, fhewing that the Virtue of Baptifm was fuch, when rightly apply'd, as to make the blackeft Souls brighter than the Sun, and fend them into eternal Blifs. At Cordova, in the Province of Tucuman about the the Year i6i5, a Monaftery of Nuns was founded by ElUnor Texeda, which was the firft in thofe Parts. She de- lign'd them for Dominicans, and accord- ingly they wore that Habit, and the Monaftery was erefted under the invo- cation of S. Catherine of Siena ; but there Pirft being none of the Order to begin it, nor Nuns in any Book of the Rule, they follow'd that Tucuman- of S. Terefa with fome little alteration, which afterwards bred great contefts ; for fome would have it that their Vows were void, becaufe they were defign'd for Dominicans, and follow'd the Car- melite rule, befides other circumftances that made them a confus'd fort of an Order; but after much Debate the thing was refer'd to Pope Paul the 5th, who order'd the prefent Nuns fliould re- main for the prefent as they were, un- der the Rule they had taken their Vows to, but for the future others admitted fliould be reduced to the Rule of S. Do- mintck, and fo the Monaftery continue as had been at firft defign'd. Great Hopes were conceiv'd of ad- vancing the Faith , throughout the f^^^^"* Province of Parana , and introdu- built, cing it into that of Vrvai^ or Vrva- tea, when the Governor Ferdinand Arias had like to difturb all, by de- figning a Conqueft on the latter of thofe Places, from which all the Perfwafions of the Fathers could never divert him, till the Spaniards refufing to follow him in that dangerous and unprofitable Ex- pedition, oblig'd him to alter his Re- folution. F. Gonzales being cas'd oi this Fear, which would have alarm'd the the HlSrORT of rvA./^ Indians, and utterly deftroy'd all that Techo. had been done for their Converfion, WV>J went away to a Place the Indians call Jaguapia^ where he perfuaded a good Numbei- of the fcatter'd Natives to come together and fettle. Tamboaieta^ Caci- que ot an Ifland oppoiite to Ja£uafna increased the Number of thofe People, and by his Example many more flock'd thither out of the Woods, who altoge- ther built a Town, F. Gonzalez, marking out the Ground for them. Jaguafna is about four Leagues from the Town of Itafua, and twelve from that of S. Igna- tiM, and therefore there being no Fa- thers to fettle at Jaguapua, thofe of the other two Places took it by turns to go over thither to inftruft the Indians , where they made very many Converts. At this time Arafiz.andnvini the Indian Commander of the Town of S. Ignatius^ taking fome difguft at the Fathers, ga- thcr'd a number of Malccontents, and ftirring up the ParanenJJan Infidels, went away to joyn Tabacambiui, who wefaid before had refus'd to accept of the Ge- nerals Staff from the Governor of Para- guay. Thcfe two great Men retiring fnto a Peninfula made by the River and 3 Lake, call'd by the Natives Maracana- f.f, ftruck a Terror into the new Towns of Parana, and the Fathers were much afraid left they (hould by their great Authority draw many Converts to aban- don the Faith. Therefore F. John de Sales, before they were well fettled in their Defigns, ventur'd to go from the Town of S. Ignatius to them, to per- fuade them to Peace, where he had doubtlefs been Kill'd, had not an old Woman put them in mind that the Spa- niards would revenge his Death, which made the Infidels hold their Hands, and the Father taking that Opportunity to fpeak to them boldly. His Words had fuch force, that Arapitjinduvim imme- diately bcgg'd Pardon, and drawing to- gether his Followers, forfook Tabacam- bins, returning to the Town of S. Igna- tius. At the fame time f. Jofeph Catal- dinns attended by a fmall Parcel of Con- verted Guacianians , ventur'd through the Country among the Piropoenfians, among whom he fpent lo Months, and having converted 700 of them, caus'd them to remove out of their Woods, and build a Town not far from that of Lorcto. Very little good vfas done among the Gnaicureans, their Obftinacy and Stupidity prevailing above all the Labours of the Fathers, and therefore many advis'd they Ihould be given over, but Father Peter Romero, who had fpent fome Years among them, and brought them to live together in a Town, was for overcoming them with Chriftian Pa- tience and Kindnefs. The Plague raging among them, they all difpcrs'd and fled to the Woods, many of them that had taken the Infcftion dying by the way. F. Romero never ceas'd following them, and prevail'd with fome few at the laft Gafp to receive Baptifm, and when the virulency of the Plague was over, brought back thofe that had efcap'd it to the Town. They abufing that Health they had been reftor'd to, according to their natural Inclination , prefently ingag'd in unjufl; Wars, making Slaves of the Prifoners they took, fpending the Nights in hideous Cries, giving up themfelves to Drunkcnncls, and celebrating their new Moon Feftivals with fuperftitious Madnefs. This Year 1617, Father >fe« de riana, who had been fent Procurator to Rome, arriv'd at the Port of Buenos jiyres, with 37 Fathers he gather'd by the Generals order, for a fupply to the Province of Paraguay. This addition made the Province fo flourilhing, that the Provincial now fetlcd nine Colleges in it, and feeking which way he might enlarge either among the Spaniards or Indians, foon found an Opportunity, the Spaniards of Ejiecho and the Calchaquine Indians, admitting the Fathers to fettle among them. Efieco, otherwife call'd Nuejlra Senora de Talavera, is a fmall Town, very conveniently feated for the relief of thofe that travel out of Peru, to the River of Plate and Paraguay, through Tucuman, and it had increas'd beyond all the other Cities of Tucuman, but that the unwholefomnefs of the Air, which is hot and moift, obftruftedits thriving. This Place being in want of Pricfts, made Provifion for and receiv'd five of the Fathers. The Valley of Calchaquina above- mention'd running thirty Leagues in length, from North to South is but of a fmall breadth, and almoft enclos'd on both fides by the high Ridges of Moun- tains that make the Borders of Pert* and Chili ; the two Angles of it look, the one towards Salta, the other towards London, two fmall Towns of Tucuman. Many Monuments of the Conqueft make it ftill appear, that the Inhabitants of this Valley were formerly fubjed to the Ingas Kings of Peru ; and thofe People, to this Day, have a Veneration for the very Name of the Ingas. It is moft cer- tain, there are Mines of rich Metals ia this 37 lefuits anive at Buenoi Ayres. Edeco Town. Valley of Cdchx- quint» Paraguay, Tucuman, ^c. 721 this Valley, buc as yet they could not be difcover'd, thofe Indians for fear of being forced to dig concealing the Gold and Silver, which have been the Caufe of fo much Mifchief. It is reported, that in the Night there is a fort of Creature feen there, which calls a mighty Light from its Head, and many are of opinion that Light is caus'd by a Car- buncle; but as yet this Creature could never be taken or kill'd, becaule it fud- denly baffles all the defigiis of Men, leav- ing them in the Dark by clouding that Light. The Natives of this Valley , ever obftinate from the firil coming of t\\tSfa>iia ds into Tiiciiman, have defend- ed tbenifelves and their Families with fuch Refolucion, that the Women have been feen to force their Husbands back to fight, driving them with Firebrands, when rhey law them give way or fly j and when their Strength has fail'd them, Rage ftill prevailing, rather than fall into the Hands of their Ei-cmies, they have either run upon their Swords, or caft themfelves headlong from the tops of IVlountain<;. jilanfo Barfena had for- merly pacity'd thefe Peo'-lc , which Peace they had often broke at Plealure without regard to Articles, either run- ning into open Rebellion, or doing harm under (how of a falfe Peace. During thofe Intervals of Peace, fuch as they were, fomc Fathers of the Society made feveral Excurfions among tlicm, where- in they found much more Difficulty than Succefs. Butthefe Excuihoiisforafliort w refidf° ^^'"^ turning to no accouut, it was be- ihere. liev'd their obftinacy might be overcome by continually inculcating the Doctrine to them, or at Icaft it would be fomc curb to their frequent Revolts. There- fore F. James Torres having this Year i5i7, obtain'd an allowance of 600 Pi- ftoles a Year from the Viceroy of Peruy for the fupport of the Society, he re- Iblv'd to fix two conftant Seats of the Society in this Valley, and accordingly fent four Fathers with full Power from the Governor and Bilhop , to build Towns and Churches, and do all other Things for the well governing of thofe People as they Ihould think fit. The Indians were willing enough to entertain the Fathers, not fo much for the fake of Religion, asbeoufe their numbers being much diminilh'd during the late Wars, they DOW thought not themfelves Supe- rior to the Spani.rrds, and therefore were glad to have an honourable Opportuni- ty offer'd them of putting an end to the War. For this Reafon the principal Vol IV. Men went out to meet the Fathers, offer- (K/^^/^ ing their affiltance towards building of Techo. their Houfes ; and having carry'd ths txv^ Fathers about the neighbouring Villa- ges, diligently built a Chappel in a con- venient Place, with Cells made of Mud and Straw. This Place in gratitude to Cardinal Ferdinand Borromaus, was dedi- cated to S. Charles Barromaits, After fome time Chriftopher Torres, who was Superior of thaf Mi/fion, leaving two Fathers there, went away with a Com- panion to the further part of the Valley, where he fctled another Manfion, under the Invocation of the blefled Virgin Ma- ry^ the Indians allilting as the others had done. From thefe two Seats they were in continual motion over all the Valley endeavouring to propagate the Faith, but with very little fuccefs, theCuftoras of thofe barbarous People being tooop- pofue to Chi iltian Religion, and there- fore it will be proper in this place once for all to give an account of their Man- ners. It was fufpe^ed that thefe C4- Cuftoms ^f«w« were defcended from the 7f IP/, be- ofthcfe caufe at the firft coming of the Spaniards ^~P'*' among them, many of them had the Names of David and Solomon; befidcs, the eldeft among them affirni'd, that their Forefathers us'd to Circumcifc themfelves. It was alio a Cuftom among them to raife Seed to their dead Brothers ; and their Garments hanging down to the Ground gather'd up with a Girdle, Ihews fomething of a ?ewijh Cuftom. This Conjedure is confirm'd by the opinion of jfofeph d' y^coFta and other Writers, who affirm the Americans to be defcended from the Jews. The whole Nation like the Jews, is fuper- ftitious even to Madnefs. They fre- quently adore Trees adorn'd with Fea- thers, fo that what was faid formerly of the Synagogue may be well apply'd to them. Thou didfi fall down under everv fiourijhing Tree. They worlhipthe Sun as their prime God, the Thunder and Lightning as next to him. They pay an Honour to Heaps of Stones, which are the Monuments of their Anccftors, which is a further inftance of their Jervijh Extradion. They give much honour to Sorcerers, whom they ufe as Phylicians and Priefts, being raoft: notable Impo- ftors. Thefe .Men live in folitary Her- mitages, converfing with the Devil, or at Icalt pretending fo to do. It is the duty of thcfePriefts to bring up others to their hellifli Pradices. They praftife ail fort of Extravagancies wirh thefe No- vices, and are as Mad and Abominable Yyyy i* 722 ihe HlSl 6>/ir of Their Fu- nerals. (>U^^/^ in thefe their filthy Debaucheries, as Techo. can pofTibly be imagined from the worft .W>J of Men, iiiflam'd with continual Drun- kenncfs and Rage. When they are heat- ed with Wine, they fall upon one ano- ther in a riotous manner to revenge pall Injuries, battering one anothers Heads \vith their Bows. In thcfe Drunken Frays, it is an everlalting Shame to fliun a Stroke, or put it by with the Hand , but it is reckoned the greatelb Honour to receive feveral Wounds , to fhed much Blood, and to have their Faces made hideous. In the heat of their Mad- nefs, the Friefl muttering many Words, Confeciatcs the Skull of a Hind ftuck full of Arrows, to the Sun, praying for a good Harveft •■, this done he delivers the Skull to another, who receiving it, becomes Head of the next mad Revels. Thus the prime Men of the Nation giv- ing the Token round, fpend their Lives in raving Mirth. At their Sacrifices they are daub'd with the Blood of Beads by the Sorcerer. But they are never fo mad as at their Funerals. All the Kin- dred and Friends repair to the dying Man's Houfe to drink together Day and Night, as long as the Diftemper lafts. They encompafs the lick Man's Bed with abundance of Arrows ftuck into the Ground, that Death may not dare to approach for fear of them. As foon as the Party is dead, they bewail him with the loudefl: Cryes they are able, place all forts of Meat and \Vine about the dead Body, which is featcd on a Chair, make Fires, and Burn a fort of Leaves inftead of Frankincenfe. To move Companion, both Men and Wo- men fhew the dead Perfons Gbods to the Multitude ^ whilft others Dancing and Leaping after a diftrafted manner, clap Meat to the Mouth of the dead Carcafs, as if it were to cat it, and then fwallow it themfelves. Having fpent eight Days in thefe and fuch like Follies, they Bury the Body, calling into the fame Grave with him, his Dogs, Arms, Horfes, and other Goods, befides abundance of Gar- ments ofFer'd by his Friends. This done they burn the Houfe he dy'd in, that Death may' never return thither again. Having fpent a whole Year in Mourning, they celebrate the Anniver- fary with the fame Ceremonies, Inllead of Mourning Cloaths, they paint their Bodies Black. That nothing may be done amifs, they make ufe of a Matter Grofs Er- °^ ^^^ Ceremonies. They believe no rors. Body dies a natural , but all violent Deaths, which Error makes them always Carmeats. full of Jcaloufies and i-igiunig ^ the Devil to promote War, fometinies whe- ther truly or falfly laying their Deaths at fome Perfons Doors by the Mouths of their Sorcerers. They think the Souls of their Friends after Death are convert- ed into Stars, whofe Brightnefs is pro- portionable to the high Poft they had in this World, or the brave A(!lions they performed. On Fellival Days they make themlelvcs Crowns of Feathers of feveral Colours. Their Hair, whicli reaches down to the Waft, they wreath with Ribbonds like Women. Their Arms are cover'd as high as the Elbow with Silver or Copper Plates, which is ufcful for Ihooting with their Bows, and fome Ornament to them. The chief Men of the Nation wear a Silver or Cop- per Ring within a Diadem or Coronet of fome other Matter about their Heads. Youths are forbid having to do with Women, till they are Emancipated or made free by their Sorcerers. Maidens wear Cloaths of feveral Colours, which when they have loft their MaidenJieads, are chang'd into one Colour only. The Fadlions among them are almoft continu- ally deftroying one another in warlike manner. The Women are moft power- women- fui to reconcile the two jarring Parties, peace- and produce Peace, thofe moft barba- makers, rons People ealily granting any thing at the requeft of thofe that Boreand Suck- led them. It was reported there were at this time about 30000 Natives living in abundance of Villages ; but I find even thofe that went to inftruft that Nation differ about the Number. But this they all agree in, that the Calchiquines are as ealily induced to imbrace the Chriftian Faith , as they are afterwards ready without any Caule to renounce it. Not one of thofe, who had been formerly Baptis'd, liv'd at this time like a Chri- ftian, but redded promifcuoufly among the Heathens, following the Cuftoms of their Fore-fathers. For which reafou the Fathers agreed, that for the Future none Ihould be Baptis'd, but at the point of Death, or after feveral Years Trial, Infants were more ealily admitted to Baptifm. Becaufe the antient deprav'd Cuftoms of the Indians were to be abo- lilh'd, before the Laws of Chriftianity could be introduced, therefore the Fa- thers fpar'd no Labour, but without re- garding the Danger of Death, caftdown Idols whercfoever they came, exdaim'd againft their Funeral Rites, andhindred their being performed about any Body that had been Baptis'd. Befides they took Paraguay, Tucuman, ^c. 723 took much Pains to difTwade many from the opinion they held that nothing was a Sin, and therefore they had no need of Confeflion. But tho* the Fathers gain'd few Profilytes among that perverfe Peo- ple, yet it was a Comfort to them that they often baptiz'd dying Infants, and fometimes others grown up, and liept that Nation from revolting openly againft the Spaniards^ and warring among themfelves. Befides the ufual Allow- ance for the fubliftence of the Fathers, the King fent Bells and Church- Stuff for both thofe Man lion Houfes. tuDilli- We now enter upon the fixth Book aent of a Qf our Author, and find nothing in his Sorcerer. ^.^^ j^|.^ Chapters, but little excur- iions of the Jcfuits, and theretore wholly omitted i in the third we find this fol- lowing account of a BrafiUan Impoftor, who repair'd to the Town of Loreto in the Province of Guaira attended by a Man-fervant and a Woman. All the way he came this Sorcerer had pradi- fed his Frauds, and as foon as he ar- riv'd at Loreto, the relidence of F. Catd- dinusy he there gather'd the Multitude by the River fide, and putting on a Gar- ment of Feathers us'd by Sorcerers, and Ihaking a fort of Rattle made of a Goats Skull, crying after a mad manner, he proclaim'd himfelf abfolute Lord of Death, Seed, and Harveft, that all things were fubjefl: to his Power ■, that he could deftroy all things with his Breath, and create them again ^ that he was three in Perfons, and but one God. For, faid the Blafphemous wretch,/ be^ot my Com- f anion, (that was his Man) with the SpUn- dor of my Face, and this young Woman proceeded from us both,wloom we equally love. Making ufe of her by turns. This Monfter of a Man aftonilh'd thofe Ignorant Peo- ple, and he the more to terrify them, roar'd after a hideous manner, that he ivould make a mighty Slaughter, and prefuming to rave before F. Cataldinus, fliaking his Rattle, skipping, repeating his Blafphemies againft the blefled Tri- nity, and declaring, if they durft at- tempt any thing againft him, he would deftroy their Converts and their Priefts ^ The Father juftly provok'd, order'd thofe that were next to feize him, and being deliver'd to the Officers, the (ham God was well Whipp'd ; and tho' he cry'd out after a few Stripes, that he v/as no God, nor any thing different from any other vileFellow,that all hisDi- vinity was vanilh'd, and he had no Pow- er in his Breath ; yet the lufty Converts who had him in Hand left not ofl, till they had given bim an hundred lafnes rN^A-^ by tale, the Boys laughing and making Techc. fport at him. The two following days t^VNJ he was again publickly Scourg'd, that he might three times abjure his being God three in Perfons. This Punifhraent brought him to a right underftanding, for hisMan andWoman being detain'd ac I'O'-^o, he was bani/h'd thePiovince for a time,which being expir'd hereturn'd and became a Chriftian. This hapned about pia^u^ the Year i5i8, at which time a raging ° Plague ran thro" all the Province oi Gua- ira, which abundance of the new Con- verts believing would be lefs contagious if they were difpers'd, they fled in Shoals from the new Towns, into their antient Woods, fo that the laft of the three Towns erefted in that Province, was utterly ruin'd. 1 he Heathens to whom fome of them fled endeavour'd to perfuade them quite to abandon the Towns, and reftore themfelves to their antient Liberty ; adding threats to their perfwafions, and declaring there was nothing they fo earneftly defir'd, as to have one merry bout at drinking out of a Prieft's Skull. Howfoever, when the Plague abated, the Fathers with the af- fiftance of the moft faithful of the Con- verts, began to gather up thofe that had furviv'd out of the Woods and Marfhes, fome travelling one way, and fome an- other, and having brought together all the Converts, they by continual labour drew a great number of Infidels, which more than made amends for what the Plague had deftroy 'd. The Converts, who were- continually fearching out the . .,. wild Indians between the Rivers Parana peopif and Hutbaio, light upon a fort of Men more fierce than generally the Guairani- ans are. Many of thefe had faftned three or five little Stones in their Lips whicti ftuck out, and made them look hideous. They liv'd in Cottages not fo high as themfelves. All their Food was Dates, the Pith of the Palm-trees, fome little Venifon, and Roots. Having no Iron, they fupply'd that want, with fharp Stones and Bones fix'd to long Wooden handles. They had no name to exprefs God, but worfhip'd the Thunder as their only Deity. The Fathers brought 73 of thefcMcn at one time to inhabit theTown; but being us'd to feed upon fuch things as grew naturally, and to live in fhady Woods, they all bet four dy'd within a Year, having been firft Baptiz'd. About this time fome of the Planters of BrajR that went about to take Indians, came to the new Towns of Guaira, reporting Y y y y z they 7H 'I he HI ST OUT of cv_A^^ they had crofs'd a vaft Country asYar as Tedm. the River Marannon^ and telling many \yw^s> wonderful things they had feen, which their Authoricy not being very good, we ihall not impofe upon the Reader, as not becoming the Authority of this Hiftory. Among other things they faid, they had found fome Memory among thofe Peo- ple of S. Thomas his having Preach'd there, of which becaufe I find fome ac- count from better Hands, I will here Of S. no- fay fomething. OTiftheA- F. Jofeph CatalJitius, and Simon Mace- poftle'sbe- ^^ being employ'd about reducing the ing inthe p^^p^g about the River Parapatia to live in Towns, MaracAna a Powerful Man, among thofe Indians^ and feveral other Heathens told them. They had a Traditi- on from their Ancefiors, That S. Thomas (whom they callZume Brafili, as the G\ia- ranians do in their Language) formerly travefd through Guairania, and Prophecy'd to thofe Country People, that it would come topafsin procefs of Time-, that all their Na- tion Pionld be reduced to two Towns, by Men carrying Croffes in their Hands, which they faid was fulfiU'd, by building the Towns of Loreto and S. Ignatius. Seven Years after, the fame F. Cataldinus preaching the Gofpel to the Plrapoenfians, and after him other Fathers in feveral Parts oiGuaira, found the fame Memo- ry and Prophecy of S. Thomas flill pre- ferv'd ; which is confirm'd by part of a Letter written by f- Emanuel Nobrega, Vilitor of Brafil, in the Year i s 52, whofe Words are thefe. The Natives^ (fays Account' ^'^) ^^'^'^ '•^' '^^ Brafilians, have fome of him in knowledge of St-lhomd.^, whom they call Brajil. Zume, and have it delivered down to them by their Aiiccflors, that he traveled this way, and affirm his Footfieps are [iill to be feen near a certain River, which that 1 might be more certain of, J went my felf, and with my own Eyes, beheld the Impreffion of four Feet and the Toes made pretty deep, which are fometimes cover'' d by thefwelling Water. They report thofe Impreffions were made as S. Thomas fled from his Perfecutors, who would have kilCd him, and that the River divided it felf, through the midfi of which he pafs'd without wetting his Feet, and went away to India. They alfo recount, that the Arrorvsfiiot at him, return'' d back upon thofe that flm them ; that the Woods through which he pafs'd made way for him ; and he promised he would fome time return to vifit thofe Countries. Thus far Nohrega. Nor is what Orlandinus relates in his Hiftory of the Society unlike this. There is a Path ftill to be feen by fuch as travel out of Brafl to Guaira, to which the Natives have given the Name of S. Thomas, be- In Titi' guiy. lieving the Apoftle travel'd that way. This Path continues much the fame all the Year about, the Grafs growing on ic but low, and quite different from the adjoyning Fields, which arc very full of Grafs, and looks like a Way made by Art; which the Fathers teaching in Guaira , affirm, They have often feen, but never without Aflonifiiment. Befides , near the Metropolis of Paraguay, there is a fharp Rock having a fmall flat fpace at the top, on which there are lUll the prints of Mens Feet in the Stone, and the Natives affirm, That from thence the Apoftle S. Thomas us'd to preach the Law of God, to the Multitude reforting to him from all Parts ; adding, That he taught them to plant the Mandioca, of which they make their fort of wooden Meal. Laurence Grado, Bifhop of Paragu.iy and after- wards of Cufco, as alfo Francis Alfaro of the King's Councel, affirm, They found In Teru. Footfteps of the fame Apoftle in the Province of Miiqua. The Peruvians (hew a fcam- lefs Garment of an unknown Stuffy found amongthe Afhesof a burning Mountain, a pair of Shooes of a molt fragrant Smell . As James Alvarez, de Paz., affirms. Prints of Feet upon Stone with exotick Characters^ and a Path through the Reeds on the Marfh of Titiaca, are fiill plain to be difcern'd. And Men of Authority areiof opinion all thefe Things belong to S. Thomas the Apoftle, becaufe of the memory there is Qf him among the Indians, who call him Tume. Torribius Archbilhop of Li- ma, renowned for Sandity of I,ife , caus'd that Rock on which the prints of a Mans Feet are, to be enclos'd within a Chappel ; and before the coming of the Spaniards, Colla Tupa Tutor to Guar- car 'Inga in his Youth, caus'd that Rock to be worfliip'd. In the Province of the Cachenfians, there are Rocks ftill to be feen fcorch'd with Fire, and it is a re- ceiv'd Tradition, that they were former- ly burnt with Fire from Heaven, fent down to punifh the Peoples attempting to kill a certain Man that taught the Law of God ; which Man the ColU, another People of Peru, held in fuch Veneration, that they call'd him the Son of the uni- verfal' Creator. But nothing makes fo much for my purpofe, as the Crofs at Carabuco, famous through all Pm«. Ca- rabuco is a fmall Town ot Convert Indi- ans upon the Lake of Titiaca , under which, upon Information received from the Indians, Sarmiento Curate of the Place, after much digging found a Crofs, foon after famous for working many Mi- racles ; among which one very remark- able is, its growing up again as faft as bit; Paraguay, Tucuman, ^c. 725 bits'of ic arc cut out to facisfy Peoples Devotion. It is a receiv'd opinioa that this Crofs was formerly erected at Cara- buco, by 5. Thomas the Apoftle. The Devils at the fame time declaring, they would give no anfwers by their Oracles, till it was taken away, and therefore the Indians call it into the adjoyniag Lake, which they having often repeated and finding it ftill fwimming on the Water, and that no Fire would confume it, at laftthey dug deep under that Lake Titia- ta and bury'd it, laying a vafl heap of Earth upon it. The figns of their hav- ing in vain attempted to burn it, are ftill vifible upon it. But there beiug no fuch Wood as this Crofs of Carabuco is made of, to be found either in Peru or the adjacentCountries./^«fo»y Ruis guefles the Apoftle carry "d it through the Pro- vinces of Gnaira and Paraguay out of Bra- fil, where he fays there are many Trees of that fort, which he has feen himfelt. But if any Body (hould objeft the weight of it, which is above three Horfe loads , they may as well refufe to give credit to Oforiiisy who affirms. That at Malepur or Meliapor, a Town in Cambeia, where the j4poJiles Tomb is to befeetiy they to this Day fiew a fiece of Timber miracnloufly breught thither^ which is fo vaftly big, that a great number of Oxen., or as Mendozjt lays, fever al Take of Elephants, cannot ftir u out of the Place where it is. If any Man makeaqueftion, which way the Apoftle laird into America, lee him read Navar- cha's Jfiatick Epiftle, where he proves that might bedone without any Miracle. I am not ignorant how many Stories of S. Thomases Travels are counted as Apo- crypha i for as it is certain the found of the Apoftles was fpread throughout the Earth, foitis doubtful whioh way every one went. Therefore I rather relate than affirm what has been here faid, left by omitting it, 1 feem to contradiS the Opinions of grave Men ■■, or by aflerting to deliver Conjeftures for certain Truth. Let us proceed to what is better known ^, . The Fathers fent to Convert and In- ;„^, ftruft the People of the Jnhipclago of Chiloe, on the Coaft oi Chili before fpoken of, built among thofe Iflands 80 little Chappels, and fpent the whole Year fail- ing from one to another to affift thofe poor People. The Fathers Melchior yanegas, and John Bapti/t Ferrufin, fent thither by the Provincial F. James Torres, were by himorder'd to inquire diligent- Jy into the Manners of the Chnnians and Huillans, Inhabiting near the Streights of Magellan, aud to fend him an account if there was any hope of propagating rv^A^n the Gofpel among them. DeUo the chief Techo. Man among the Chnnians, fatisfy'd their O'WJ Defires. He being us'd co come from his Country to the Ifliuds of ChUoe on account of Trade, trafficking with the Spaniards, found the precious Stone of the Gofpel, and having taken the Name of Peter in Baptifm, defir'd nothing fo ardently, as that his Son mii^hc leceive the fame Grace. He repai: iog to the Fathers then bufie among the Iflauds up- on this Account, gave them very great Comfort. He brought along with him 'n five Vedels, befides his own Family, I numerous Train, and one well skill'd n the Language of Chiloe, who ferv'd for his Interpreter, and after a courteous Reception, being ask'd concerning the 'lanners of the Chunians and Huillans , he deliver'd himfelf to the Fathers to this Effeft. ' Three Days Journey (faid he) from the Archipelago of Chiloe is Gua' tana, the firft Illaud of the Chnnians. All the way thither is through a Sea fubjedt to continual Storms, which is not very dangerous to the Iflanders, who by continual pradice are perfectly acquainted with the Sea and Winds ; but if Strangers go thither, the ha- zard of being Caft away is almoft ine- vitable, by reafon of the Shoals and narrow Channels. The whole Nati- on lives partly on the Continent of America, and partly in an infinite num- ber of Iflands not far diftant from the Shore, but thefe fo thinly Peopled, that none among them except Guatana,coa- tains above three or four Families. The Soil is all Barren, Stony and Wild, fcarce bearing any Grain. The Trees as to greennefs, arc much more difmal than thofe of Chiloe. The Natives Yliek live upon Fi!h and what the Sea cafts Food, up, the Women diving to the bottom, and foon after coming up with great ftoreof Fifli in Baskets hanging about their Necks. Their greateft want is frefli Water. They prefs an Oyl out jjj.j„jj, of Sea Wolves, which they drink, and know of no other Wine, or deli- cate Liquor. Having drank a great deal of that Oyl, and gorg'd themfelves with eating unreafonably of Fifli, they vomit it up, and fo celebrate their Bac- chanals with Motions like drunkenMen, that they may not feem to be outdone by the neighbouring Nations, whofe drunken Feafts are their principal Mer- riment. Yet at prefent the Indian Wheat, of which Drink is made, grows indifferently well in the Ifland of Cua^ tan4 72< ThetilSTOKT of rv-A^o ' tana, my native Country. The Na- 7'echo. ' lives are for the molt part red Hair'd, {j^^V^^ * of an olive Colour Complexion, and * of a mild difpolition. In the remoter * Iflands tliey breed Dogs with long Hair * and Mains, whom they trim, and of ' their Hair make Garments, fo Ihort, ' that they cover nothing but the Shoul- ' ders and Bread, covering their Nak- ' ednefs with Sea Weeds, or Leaves of * a vail bignefs growing in the Sea, and ' hardned in the Sun. Delco deliver'd himfclf much to this purpofe. ' The ' Condition of the Huiltans who are near The Hull- 1 j^j^g streigbt of Magellan, is much more ' * ' miferable, and their Difpofition more * barbarous. They live in almofl: 50 * degrees of South Latitude, in a very ' cold Climate, aad ftark Naked, build * moveable Huts of the Barks of Trees, ^^l' ' In the Ihape of a Cone or Sugar Loaf, * eat nothing drefs'd, and nothing but * raw Filh and Oifters. Their Skins al- ' moft black, and their Hair fo harfh * and upright, that it looks more like a * Bufh than Mans Hair. Their number * is fmall, and they give no other rcafon * for it, but that the Nature of the ' Country and the Incurfions of their * Enemies, fuffer them not to increafe ; * for the Ckwians hunt after the Huil- * lans as if they were wild Beafts, and * either keep them as Slaves , or fell * them in the Iflands of Chiloe, or elfe ' give them away ; and they are ftill * happier in Slavery than in their own * Country. They rather make a Noife ' than Talk. They are of no ufe in the ' World before being tranfported ^ they * learn the Language of Chiloe, but to ' drive the Birds from their Corn Fields * like fcare Crows, being equally fit to « fright and to be frighted. By the help of the Interpreter, John Bapift her- rufin, in two Days time tranflated the ten Commandments , fome principal Prayers and thcCenfiteor^'mto the Chitnian Language fo fuccefsfully, that the poor Indians were befides themfelves for Joy. Ddco carneftly beg'd his Son might be Baptiz'd, but he not being fuIHciently Inftrufted, and the Chunians oblig'd to return home it was put off till another op- portunity, thofe People mofl: humbly in- treating the Fathers to go along with them, which could not be granted to the great Sorrow of thofc diftrefledConverts, who had no other Comfort, but that F. Melchior fane^as pomis'd he would let flip no opportunity of procuring the health of their Souls. Yet for ten Years following thofe Nations had no help buc what fome few of them rccciv'd, who came to the Iflands of Chiloe. Till this Year 1619. the aforemention'd K A/«/- chior Vanegas and MatheW Stephaniis, with great Danger and Trouble faiFd over to the Ifland Guatana, where Delco being inform'd of their coming, had built a Chappel after the manner of thofe of Chiloe, and gather'd as many of his Peo- ple as he could, that they might be bap- tiz'd and received into the number of the Faithful. Thence they pafs'd over to the Continent and other Iflands, where they found abundance very defirous of learn- ing the Chriftian Dodrin ; yet baptiz'd only 2 1 2, becaufe they could not be long- er abfent from their own Province. Let us return from the South Sea to- wards the jitUntick and Brafl. The ^T^'"" River Vrvaica of the firft Magnitude, pro^LSf riling out of a fmaU Spring in the Moun- tains of Brafil, carries but a fmall Stream for a long way and without any confide- rable name, till having fwallow'd up many Streams and confiderable Rivers on both fides, and by that means increas'd its ftore, it becomes equal to, if not greater than the Paraguay, and falls into the River of Plate, a little above the Port of Buenos Ayres, where lofing its Name and Channel, as it were for a Pu- nifliment of its Prefumption, it is hurry'd away into the Sea. For when it has once left Braz.il running diredly up the In- land, it gives a turn and runs continu- ally parallel to the River Parana, not much inferior to it for greatnefs. Great Stones and Rocks lying in it at certain diftances, make it incapable of Ships of burden ; but when it has receiv'd the Winter floods from the Rains and other Rivers, fwelling over its Shoals, vaft Rocks and both Banks, unlefs where con- fined by mighty topping Shores,itfpreads its Waters like a Sea. It runs two hun- dred Leagues from its Source with a mighty Noife, being ftreightned by con- tinual Ridges of Rocks and Woods, till having with much ftrugling rid it felf ' of thofe troublefome Obftacles, it glides more gently along the Plains. The Woods, which abound in Monkeys, Ty- gers, Parrots and other forts of Crea- tures, difi^er but little from thofe of Pa- rana. Formerly nothing was to be feen in the Fields, but Oftriches, Lions and feveral forts of Goats and Deer ^ at pre- fent all that vaft extent of Land on both fides the River is Pafliure, cover'd by an infinite number of Cows and Horfes ; as ifthefc Beafl:s had fucceededin the place of Men, who formerly in great multi- tudes Paraguay, Tucuman, ^-c. 727 tudes Inhabited thefe Plains, but are now very thin confidering the largenefs of the Country. The Province Vrvaica, fo call'd from the River of that Name, reaches as far in length as the River. On the Eaft it has BrazJl and the AtlamUk Ocean, on the Weft Parana^ on the North Guaira, and on the South the River of FUte j and is divided into feveral Provinces diftinguiOi'd by as many bar- barous Language?. Among them all the Guaranians far excel the reft, both in number and aptncfs to be civiliz'd and become Chriftians. The firft European Firft Dif- ^ "" ^^^^ that attempted to difcover this coverers Province, was Ramon or Raivmnd-, fent Q'iVTviUi. thither by (j.jw? the Difcovercr of South America for the Emperor Charles V. in the Year 1 5 26. He failing up the River in a Frigat, was flain in Battle by the Charvai a moft fierce People, with ma- ny of his Companions. Afterwards in the Year 1557, an hundred and twenty Spaniards were fent by the Governor Martin Irala^ to build a Town near the Mouth of the River Vrvaica. But the very firft Year of their fetling there, the Natives tir'd them out with fuch conti- nual Attacks, that they were forced to abandon the Colony. As they were iailiog back to Paraguay^ a moft difmal accident befcl them ^ for many of them being gone afliore at Noon to dine, the liigh Bank on which they fate, on a fud- dcn opening and linking under them, drew thofePerfons that were dining, af- ter it into the River, making fo great a Commotion in the Water, that one of the Ships being overfet, ftock its Maft in the Bottom of the River, not one of thofe that went out to dine efcaping. But the Ship recovering, brought up a Woman alive after (he had been many Fathom under Water. About the Year i5io, the Governor Ferdinand Arias made his way with fome Spanifl) Troops to the Province of Vrvaica; but hearing of the great Multitudes of Natives there were in thofe Parts, retir'd ingloiioufly without doing any thing j for the Bar- barians had fecur'd themfelves by fpread- ing the Terror of their Name far and near, infomuch that the Spaniards, as co- vetous as they were to make themfelves Mufters of thofe vaft Countries, fo fa- mous for the fruitfulnefs of the Soil , plenty of Paftare, and conveniency of their Rivers ^ yet defpair'd of ever fiib- duing the Vrvaicans by force of Arms, This great Work was refblv'd to be pcr- form'd by the preaching of the Gofpel , and the firft chat atteoipted it was F. Roch Gonzalez.. Whilft he and F. James (XA^O' Boroa were teaching the Law of God Techo. upon the River Parana, fome of the Vr~ ty^NT^J vaicans, attrafted by the fame of the new Religion, came feveral times to the new T own of It apna, under pretence of Trade, and were there courteoiidy en- tertain'd by the Fathers , hoping the Manner Chriftian Faith might be propagated in 5^ '"'^'^°' their Country. The fraall number of chrTffa- Preachcrs obftrufted it for a long while, nity.' ' " till the Provincial Peter Onate being re- inforced, appointed F. Rucb Gonzalez, for this great Work. He fe: out attended by a fmall number of Converts, and hav- ing travel'd through difmal Places as far as the Brook Aracnta, which j uns into the River Vrvaica, found there a great number of Indians, who had notice of his coming by their Spies, arid were there naked, but arm'd with Clubs and Bows, haughtily commanding him to proceed no farther, becaufe it would cer- tainly coft him his life. His Compani- ons terrify'd by their Threats left him, but he lay in a Wood all Night with on- ly two Boys that ferv'd atMafs, and the next Morning Quaracipnctttiiis a Cacique of note came to him, promiling his Pro- tedion againft his Country People. By his foUicitation feveral Caciques met, and refolv'd to hear the Father, who having declar'd to them the caufe of his coming, fo far prevail'd , that Niez.a the moft powerful of all the Caciques, invited him to his Village. The River Vrvaica was two Leagues from this Village, whither he went with Nieza, and gathering a multitude of Indians, fet up a Crofs of a mighty bignefs on the Bank of it, teaching thole People to pay a devout Veneration to it, for having expounded the myftery of the Redemption, and thereupon kifs'd the Crofs, all the Hea- thens fell down and worfhip'd it. There is a place a League diftant from the Ri- ver Vrvaica, call'd Ibitiraqna, where fe- veral of the Caciques alfembling upon the Day of the Conception of the Virgin Mary, F. Conz.alez. mark'd out the Ground for a Town, to which he gave tiie Name of the Conception, and abundance of /«- dians from all parts reforted to Inhabit it, fo that it afterwards became the Me- tropolis of the Province of Vrvaica. Some Indians beyond and others up the River, at firft threatnedthenew Town, but were foon appeas'd by F. Gonzalez- He by the Provincial's Order, fet out with a few Converts to diftover all the River down to the Port of Buenos Ayres, which the Indians beyond the River be- ing 728 The HIS TORT of fV/wO ing inforin'd of, and imagining he went Techo. to bring in the Spaniards, now he was ac- ^y^/"^ quainted with their Conntry, they pur- fu'd with a Refolutioa to murder him, but he let them pafs by in a darl^ Night, and return'd to the Town of the Concep- tion without daring to proceed further. Being difappointed of this Defign, he apply'd himfelf to build another Town, whxh, that it might be done with Icfs danger of his life, he caus'd the Con- verts to appoint a general Hunting, as they call it, to which the Vrvakans dwel- ling in all the neigbouring Plains were General invited. The manner of thofe general Hunting, i^ujjtings is thus. The Indian Hunters befet a large Field, encompaflTrng it with their Multitude^ then upon a Signal gi- ven, they contrad, drawing equally in- to a lefs Circumference towards the center, whither all the Oftriches, and wild Beafl-s retire for fear of the Men ^ having fhut them up into a very narrow compafs, they give a (hout for joy, and fall to flaughtering the Game, which thev drefs and feafl: together : The In- dians us'd to refort to this fport from far and near. F. Gonz.alez. under pre- tence of feeing this Sport, hop'd to gain an opportunity of finding a fit place to build a Town, and become acquainted with the Heathens. Both thefe things he perform'd, yet could not for the pre- fent, attempt the eredting of the Town. Befides, at his return from the hunt- ing, he found the Plague in his new Town of the Conception, which made the Converts difperfe, and found him and his Companions work enough to follow them into the Woods and Plains, that they might not die without help. After the Plague follow'd Famine, which was fo fharp, that what had efcaped before, fled to remote places, eating any filthy Food they met with. The Sorcerers gave out, this was a Pnnifti- ment for embracing the Chriftian Faith ; and the Paranenjians were not wanting to blow the Coals, but ftill the Patience and Refolution of the Fathers prevail'd, and they brought back the Indians, and reftored the Town. In the Year 1620, the Provinces of Paraguay and the River of Plate, which till then had been fubjeft to one Gover- nour, and one Bifhop, were divided in- to two feveral Governments and Bi- fhopricks, the River Parana being the Boundary of both their Jurifdidions. The firft new Govcrnour of the River of PUte, brought over with him from Lisbon^ contrary to the kaown Laws, a confiderable quantity of Merchants Goods;, whereof Information being gi- ven at Court, the King fcnt over a Judge v/ith power to examine the mat- ter. The Town of S^ienos yiyres fa- vour'd the Governour, and contriv'd to expell their Judge, who, at the fame time, happened to offend the Fathers at that Port 5 whereupon fome crafty Friends of the Governour, advifed the ReJ on on the Prelates of the Coaft of A- frickj if thofe Defefts which ihey de- fir'd to corred but could not , vvc:e reSify'd in any other part of the World, That it was not to be called a Niceneft, or Scruple to fecure the Salvation of lb many Souls, vvhich was otherwife dubi- ous. That the Blacks, who had once been examin'd, would eafily be paci- fy 'd. That it was improper to iaftance the Baptifm of Hereticks, who rarely do any thing to invalidate it; but yet in thofe things wherein they err'd, the Errors were cautioufly to be reiftify'd; but as for the point of Innovation urg'd by the other part, it did not at all make to the purpofe, becaufe it is certain, there daily arife Difputes ftarted by in- genious Perfons upon leveral matters, which as Circumftances vary, alter from the former ftate they were in. Thus they argu'd on both lides, but the time of ftarting this Doubt, and caufe of it, was as follows. In the Year k^oj, F. James Torres^ who was then laying the Foundation of the Province of iJui- to-, obferving that many thoufand Blanks were every Year brought out oi Afrlck unto America^ by the way of the Port of Canhagena, he committed the care of them to F. Alonfo de Sandoval^ who afterwards compos'd a very ufeful Book, about reftoring the Blacks to a ftate of Salvation, and dedicated it to the fame F. James Torres. He often enquiring of the African Traders, after what man- ner the Blacks were baptiz'd at Loanda, and finding by feveral Years experi- ence, how ignorant moft of them were of the Myfteriesof Chriftianity, thoughE he would do a very good Work, ia compofing a fmall Book, and direfting it to the Archbifhop of Sevil^ (hewing it was his Opinion, that theBaptifm of moft Blacks brought out of Africk into Eu- rope and America was void for want of catechizing them; and that therefore they ought not to be admitted to other Sacraments, 'till they were conditional- ly baptiz'd. The Book pleas'd the Arch-bi(hop, who caus'd it to be ex- amin'd by Learned Men, not only of the Society, but of other Orders, who all were of Sandoval's Opinion. By their confent the Archbilhop pafled a Decree, ordering all Blacks brought into his Dioccfs, without exception, to be ex- amin'd by able Men; and thofe thaE they had any Scruple about to be con- Z X z z ditionally K 73 o The BISTORT of Techo. Tovm of Corpus Chri^i. ditionally baptiz'd. The Bilhops of Mexico and Ntw Granada fbon follow 'd his Example, and appointed Examiners of the Blacks in the Sea-port Towns. The News hereof being brought into Tuciiman, F. James Torres labour'd to in- troduce that Examination there, with much oppolition from the adveife Par- ty. Whilft the Controvcrfy was de- pending, he received Letters from F.Je- rome Bogado., Reflor of the College of the Society at jingola, whom F. Torres had fcnt to confult upon the matter, the very Words were thefe. F. James Torres, Tour Reverence is in the right in qHcJliofiifif the Baptifm of the Blacks fent out of Africk into other farts ^ for in my Opinion, they are not baptized, and ought, at leafi, to he conditionally rebaptiz'd, be- iaufe they receive Baptifm with out being fcarce Catechia'd : For the Day before they fail, they are carry^d in Troops to the ViCar ^ by whom being ask'd all together, whether they defire to he made Chrifiians ? and a few words more faid to them, they are baptized, and have Chriflian Names given them, before they underjiand what Faith they embrace. I have often charged the P^icar Generals with this great negle£l, in the prcfence of the Bipops, but to no purpofe ; for tho'' at firfi, when they have been checked they are more careful of their Duty, yet they foon relapfe into their for- mer Negligence, and ferve thofe poor Wretches ajter an undue manner. The Si- fiwp thinks he had fufficiently clear'd his Confcience, if he lays fome punijliment upon the Ficars that are accused of fuch neglect. Thus F. Bogado. When thefe Letters •were read, the Controvcrfy ceafed, and all the Fathers applyed themfelves to the relief of that miferable Nation. This may fuffice, as to the matter of the Bap- tifm of Blacks, which I thought worthy to be inferted, being a curious point which may give the Reader fc tisfadtion. The Plague continued to rage in the Province of Parana, in the Year \6ii, yet the Fathers fupplycd the places of thofe that dyed in their Town, with new Converts brought out of the Woods, and were fo fuccefsful as to build a new Town. The Inians are fifteen Leagues diftant from the Ita- fuansxi^ the River, and had been car- neltly iblicited by F. Gonzalez, tor fome Years, to joyn with the Itapuans, but cither the natural fiercenefs, or the na- tural love of their Country, had ftill made them refufe :, yet, at this time, they became fo well inclin'd to Chrifti- anity, that, of their own accord, they ask'd for Fathers to be fent among them. F. James Boroa and F. Peter Ro- mero went and found all things to their mind ; ib that very few ojipofiug it, they apply'd themfelves to build the new Town, upon the Banks of the Ri- ver Inian, which falls into the Parana, giving it the Name of Corpus Chrifli, un- der which it flcurifhes to this Day. Not far from it are the Rivers Tibiapo, Pirapo, and Caapibari, whence many in- habitants have been drawn to the new Town, and in the Year 1670, there were computed 50CO Souls to have been baptiz'd there : About the fimc time this new Town was built, a num- ber of wild Indians, of the Province of Jbitaranbeta in Brazil, came to the Woods of the Town oi Loreto in Guairay to fetch Wood to make their Arrows j fome few of which Nation had been a- mong the Converts at Loreto, and told them that their Country fwarm'd la. Men. F. Cataldinus laid hold of this Opportunity, in hopes of converting thofe People ; and having, by means of the Converts, entertain'd many of them lovingly in his Town, defir'd they would take him along with them, to teach them the Chriftian Religion. Namba- haius their Cacique, faid he was willing enough to do it, but that he fear'd it might coft them both their lives. The Father being willing to expofe himfelf to the danger, went along with him, and they travel'd a Month up the Ri- ver Tibafcia ; but as foon as they came near the Borders of Jbittrambeta, the Cacique Nambahaius ftole away before his People knew of his bringing the Father : He thinking it a rafhnefs to go on, fent two Youths to invite the G?- ciftes of Ibitiramheta to come to him, but they with threats prevail'd with one of thofe Youths to marry among them, tho' he was marry'd before, and re- nounce Chriftianity •, the other, rather than comply, fufFer'd himfelf to be cut in pieces and eaten by them. Whilft thefe things were doing, F. Francis f^af- quez^ who had been fent Procurator in- to Europe, arriv'd at the Port oi Buenos Jlyres, with a fupply of 21 Fathers. There F. John Vas had taught (ixteen Converts Mufick, which play'd and fang fo well, that they gave extraordinary Jatisfadion. Thefe new Fathers brought over the Catholick Kings, and Pope Gregory the i5th's Letters Patents for erefting Univerfities in the Province, and accordingly, the City Cordova'in the Province of Tucuman, and that of San- tiago Paraguay, Tucuman^ o^c. 731 iiago or S. James, in the Kingdom of ChiU liad thac Honour conferr'd on tiiera. There were now in this Pro- vince of the Society, eleven Colleges, two Refidences, one Novicefliip, and thirteen fmall Houfes among the Indi- ans, and in them 194 Fathers. Nicholas Durandus, the new Provincial oi the J efitits, in the Year 1623, erected Towa of a College of the Society at Salta, a fmall *'''''• Spanijli Town, built in the Year 1582, not far from the Borders of Pern, and at the very entrance of the Valley of Cal- chacjiiina, to curb that barbarous Nation, by Ferdinand of Lerma, Governour of the Province of Titcitman. The Town furnifh'd all Ncceilaries for building the ^oufe and Church ; and the Provincial perceiving the Fathers, who had been fent into the Valley fix Years before, and fetled there, did reap no Fruit wor- thy of their Labours, call'd them away, thinking it enough for the prefent, if they made fomc Excurfions at times from the Town oi Salta. The News being brought into thofe Southern Parts, that S. Ignatius Loiola, and S. Francis Xaveri- us had been Caooniz'd the Year before, there was extraordinary rejoycing in rnofi: coftly manner, not only in the Spa- nifli Cities, buteven in the Indian Towns. The pleafantcft Sight, for its novelty, was in the Town of the AJfnmption, where ^ Pj^^**"*^ a number of Vrvaican Boys lately made Chriltians, and brought thither by F. Roch. Gonzalez, were divided into two Troops, the one in the Indian, the 0- ther in the Chriltian Habit, and repre- fented a Battle, dancing very dexteroufly to the Mufick: The Indians diltinguifh- able by the variety of their Feathers, were arm'd with Clubs and Bows, the Chriltians with long CrofTes. It was diverting to fee them fometimes all mix'd, and then prefently parted ; fome- times fiercely attacking one another; Ibmetimes falling into two Ranks, and then mixing again, as if they would de- ftroy one another : After they had thus fought a confidcrable time, the Chri- ltians got the day, and the Mufick fol- lowing to another Tune, they led the Indians as their Prifoners, and prefent- ed them to their Bifhop, and Gover- nOur, to exprefs they became Subjedts to the Church, and Catholick King. At this Solemnity 0;«irir amber ans, the People t./VN^ whereof, tho' they forbore acting aay Cruelty, yet fhewing ihtir miflruft de- clar'd they would not allow the Faihers to ffay among them , left after them fhould follow the Rovers that went a- bout to carry the Indians into Cantivity. As they were in this Condition, theCt- ciqiie of another Village promiling F. Ruiz, his Protection, gave fome Hopes of Succefs. Having therefore cali'd away F. SaUz.ar, from the River, they mark'doat the Ground for a Town, fell to build a Church , and abundance of People flocking thither from the Neigh- bourhood, ordcr'd a Form of Govern- ment, As they were thus Employ'd, News was brought, that feveral Fadfi- ons had confpir'd together , and parti- cularly thofe that the Year before flew the Youth fent by the Fathers, all una- nimoufly agreeing, that the Strangers were to be made away, left they fhould bring fome Mifchief upon the Province ; and that they would Tafte whether the Flefh of Priefts difFer'd in Tafte from that of other Men. The Enemy being within lefs than a Mile of the Town, f. Ruiz, came to F. Cataldinusy then bufie about building the Church, to acquaint him with the Danger, who anfwer'd, yis the Will of Heaven is, folet it be, and went on with his Work. The Enemy being told of this Refolution of the Fa- thers, went off without attempting any thing, fearing fome great Misfortune might befall them, feeing thofe Strangers make fo fmall account of Death. This Storm being blown over, there enfu'd fuch a Calm , that they had leafure to build the Town in Peace, and Dedicate it to S. Francis Xaverius. Not only the neighbouring People, but even thofe that before had been Enemies, and others from remoter Parts reforting to Inha- bit this Town, it came to contain 1 500 Families. Here F. Cataldinus was left alone, and fo continu'd a Year among thofe barbarous People. The other two Fathers Rr.iz. and Sda- z.ar undertook a new dangerous Expe- ^'■"'f-''^ ditioninto the Lands of Tiijh City, thirty Leagues from its Mouth, and eight Indian Towns not far from it, and under its Jurifdidion. Above this Town the River falling from a Precipice 734 The HISTORT of <^^\-/0 hinders any VelTels going farther up. Techo. This Precipice was a Boundary and En- '-'"Y'V.' trenchmcnc to Taiaoba, and his confe- derate Caciques. AH this Nation is fo Canibals. harbaroudy greedy of Human Flelh, that when they want Enemies, they inhu- manly Kill and Eat their own People. Some of them wcau their Children with MansFlelh, and make the Heads of their Arrows of Men's Bones , making the Monuments of their Brutality the Inftru- mcnts of frefh Cruelty. Which makes jiic admire Raafonierius fhould write , that ill this part of Guaria^ there are no Tygers or wild Beafts, whereas there arc almofl: as many wild Beads as Natives ^ for the old Saying fits no Na- tion fo e.xaftly, iJiz.. Man flays the IVolf with Man. The reafon why this Coun- try took its Name from Taiaaba, was becaufe he being the mod powerful of all the neighbouring Caciques, was by his People caird the Great. Take this Of Taho- Account of him. Some Years before tj. this we now write of, an European Com- mander, famous for his Hatred to the Liiiians, coming from the Metropolis of 2'a>\miay to Kllarica with a Power, pre- tendTng f riendlhip,fcnt to invite Taiaoba to come to him, proraifing him much Courtcfie and fome Prefents. Upon publick Faith given Taiaoba, and three other powerful Caciques, come to f^Ula- rica, full of Hopes of what they were to receive, but there inftead of Gifts, tliey met with Threats , Stripes and Bonds ; that Commander terrifying them with Death and Tortures, if they did not bring a Number of Indians to Villartca, to be made Slaves. Three of the four Caciques, rather than betray their People, flarv'd themfclvcs to Death in Prifon. Taiaoba alone efcaping with his Fetters into his Territories, for the future was fo drift in hindringany re- fort to his Territories, that he not only kept o(FtIie Spaniards, but tore to Pieces and devoured the Indians fent to him at feveial times to fettle Peace. The Spa- niards had often invaded him, but never cameOiTwithout much Lofs \ infomuch that there were no further Thoughts of fubduing them. Thus dood Taiaoba, when F. Euiz. entertain'd Thoughts of Converting thofe People. When his Delign was known, every Body affirm'd he went in great Danger of his Life ; but he fet out and travell'd eight Days difficult Journey, with F. Salazar, a re- folute Man, to the Borders of Taiaoba, and leaving his Companion in the Towns about nilarica, he pafs'd over the Precipice, and got to the fird Vil- lage of Taiaoba's Party ; and perceiving how great the Danger was, thofe Man- eating Indians flocking about from all Parts, he prepar'd himfelf and fifteeti Converts that attended him, for Death. As he was fo imploy'd, the Canibals and Sorcerers gather'd about him, to whom he declar'd the caufe of his coming, which was to teach them the way to Heaven thiough Jefus Chrid, and how to avoid eternal Torments. Scarce had he fpoke thofe Words, when the Indi- ans gave him the Lye, declaring him guilty of Death for denouncing eternal Torments to them, and were jud rea- dy to fall upon him. John Guiraius a Convert pcrfuaded him to fly, which as they did the Arrows flew about them fb thick , that Seven were immediately Kill'd, and Guiraius perceiving they all aim'd at the Father, who could not fly fo well as the red, clap'd his Gown and Cap on him himfelf , that the Indians might midake him for the Pried, and aim at him. Thus they both cfcap'd in- to a Wood, with Seven more of their Companions, whence with great Sor- row they made their way through the Buflies and Brambles, down to the Ri- ver, and there found a Boat two old Men had brought from a Village that was in Amity, hearing of the Danger they were in. This Boat carry'd him down the River to the Towns about Fillarica, where he found F. Salaaar. In the mean while, the Canibals having di- vided the Booty F. Ruiz, left behind him, made a Fead of the Bodies of the Con- vert Indians, nothing troubling them, but that they had mid of the Pried's Flefh, and could not drink about in his Skull. F. Salaz.ar was left in thole Towns of Converts about nilarica, that being near at Hand, he might endea- vour by Kindnefs to win Taiaoba's Peo- ple, but nothing fucceeded for a Year and a half F. Ruiz, went away to the Town of S. Xaveriiis, which he found much encreas'd by a great Number of Converts, and having afterwards been to give an Account of his Anions to the Provincial return'd into the Province of Guaira, where attempting to reduce the Tucutienfians, he found the Succefs an- fwerable to his Expeftation. The Peo- jhe T«w pie lay in the mid-way between the tUnfms old Towns of Cuaira, and the new Co- lony ofS. Xaverius. It was therefore very convenient to fettle a new Colony among the Tucutienfians that there might be a direct way and Commerce between Paraguay";, Tucuman, &c. 735 the aforefaid Towns and Colony, be- caufe before the way was very trouble- fbme, being far about, and along the Rocky River Jibariva, befides the Dan- ger of leaving barbarous Enemies be- hind. The Cacicjue of the firfl: Village the Fathers came to, ofFer'd them that Place to build the Town, but that be- ing unhealthy , they chofe another, to which 200 Families immediately refort- ed out of the Neighbourhood, and foon after fix Villages came over to it entire. The Church and Town had the Name Town of of S. Jofefh given them. Having fetled s.^ofqh. j;{ji5 Town, and left F. Simon Maceta in it to inftruft the People, F. ^^/^ under- took to open a way through the Woods • and Mountains, to the Colony of S. Xa- 'vertusj and tho' he met with almoft in- fuperable Difficulties and Hardlhips, be- ing feveral Days without Water, and forced to fuck the moifture of a certain Branch that runs up the Trees like a Rope, for Drink, and feed upon Leaves, he at length prevail'd, and got fafe to the Town, to which he had made this new Road. I have folio w'd F. Ruiz, in all thefe Travels to come to the conclufi- ou of what we are to fay of Taaioha^ with whom we began this Seftion, and am now drawing near to bring them to- gether that the Relation may not be dif- membred, as it is in our Author, who has divided it too much for the Conve- niency of the Reader. Suruba a Caciqtee in great Authority had been the main Obftacle for a long time to the Converfi- on of the Taiatenfians, a People of the Territory of Nivafngtiia^ oppofite to the Plains of Gitaira^ he being an ob- ftinate follower of the Cufloms of his Fore-fathers, and a profefs'd Enemy to Chriftianity. He, tho" his People were well iaclin'd to the Faith, kept them from any Communication with F. Ruiz.^ becaufe he was refolv'd to have no Town built within his Liberty. This Suruba^ attended by feveral Cuciqiies and their Followers, all Enemies to the Sf^- niards^ went into the Lands ot the great Taiaoba, to gather the Herb of Paraguay, in which they take great delight, and whereof an account has been given be- fore. Among them was Pindoviiu^ a powerful Man among his People, who the Year before lay in wait for F. Rniz., to eat him, and afterwards would have had him come to erect a Town in his Territories. Taiaoba the Great, dillem- bling his hatred to Strangers, gave th^m free Paflage through his Lands, to ga- ther the Herb, but laying aa Ambulh Pw\vO for them as they rctuni'd, flew Sitriib.i, Tccbo. and all his Company, fecuring their Bo- ^./'V-' dies to make a Fealt. Only Pindo-jiw making the bell ufe of his Weapons, broke through a Company of Bow-Men, with three Followers , and made his Efcapc. Suruba being thus taken oftj Pindovius conlidering to what a peacea- ble Condition the ltibirambeta?is were re- duced by the Society, from their former Confufions and Diforders, but erecting the Town of S. Xaverius., and that he had Enemies whom he could not with- ftand, unlefs he joyn'd the Chriftians, fent three Cacicjues of his Faftion to F. Ruiz., to defire in his Name he would come and build a Town. The Inhabi- tants of the Town of S. Xaverius hear- ing of it, fevercly reprimanded his Mef- fengers, hindring them from the Speech of the Father, alledging that was one of Pindoviiis his ufual Frauds, to draw the Fathers to him, that he might devour them. Yet F. Ruiz, taking the McfTen- gers apart, promis'd to go with them in three Days, notwithlbnding any Dan- ger that might threaten. They thank'd him for giving Credit to them , rather than to thofe that gave fo ill a Character of them, and promis'd, they would be as zealous in proteding him and his, as the Itihirambetans had been. After the three Days F. Ruiz, and his Compa- nion fet forward, and the fourth Day of their Journey came to the Place of Findovius his refidence, by whom they were receiv'd with triumphal Arches made of Boughs, amidfl; the Noife of Drums and Trumpets, and throng of People flocking from all Parts , and Co Conducted to a Chappel built for them. Pindovius promis'd to ufe all his Endea- vours to gather Inhabitants for a popu- lous Town, he gave the Fathers a Houfe that was Fortify'd with a Trench and Palifadoes, againft the attempts of a cer- tain Cacique, who had taken and eaten Pindovius his own Mother, as Pindovius had done by feveral of his Friends ; and not long before the coming of the Fa- thers that Enemy had taken three Boys of Pindovius his Party and roaftedthem, and kill'd fome Indian Women, whofe Bodies Pindovius recover'd, and among the refl: one that was /hot through hav- ing Life left was Baptiz'd and recover'd. The Place pitch'd upon to build the Town, was a Field very commodious by reafon of the River running along it, and abundance of Fir Trees clofe by. There 736 the HISTORT of Tciho. Incurnxti- on Town builc. concil'd. There a Crofs was erefted, and the Names of many Saints being put into an Urn, they drew to give a Name to the Town, and mining j4il Saints, tooic out Ihc I tic am at ion ^ as the Place is ftili cail'd, which foon contain'd 1500 Fa- milies. F. Chrijiopher Mendoz.a was left in the new Town of the Incarnation., F. Ruiz. repairing to other Parts. Whilfl: he was abfeat, the Indians of the Plian rofe in Anns againfl: Pindovius, for having re- cciv'd the Society, refolving to kill F. Afendoz^, and deitroy the Town. Hav- ing gather'd their Forces, they fent a Youth to difcover the Strength of Pin- doviits. This Youth being taken was put to the Rack to difcover the Defigns of the Enemy, which ftill he refolutely re- fus'd to have any Knowledge of, till F. Mcndoz.ci taking up his Breviary to fay his Office, he believing that Book difco- ver'd all Secrets to the Europeans, of his own accord reveal'd all that could not be extorted from him before, declaring that the Enemy defir'd nothing more than to gorge themfelves with the Flefh of the Pricfts, and had refolv'd to ruin the Town, and Slaughter all its Inhabi- tants. Upon this Intelligence Pindovihs led out his Men with all expedition a- gainlt the Enemy ; bur their being dif- appointed by their Spy, fearing fome Treachery, retir'd to their own Lands. But to return to the great Taiaoba, from whom the conunu'd Series of thefc Af- fairs has diverted us, he being now fomewhat moliify'd by the Fame of the Society, fent two of his Sons in a Dif- guife with the Cacique Adaendius to the Tovin oiS. Xaveriiis, to difcover whe- ther all was true that was reported of the Society. They having liv'd con- ceafd fome Days in the Town, were at laft: difcover'd by a Servant of theirs to F. Francis Diafianitts, who then had charge of the Ib'.tirambctans. The Fa- ther hoping that opportunity might ferve to oblige Taiaoba, fent for the two Youths, and Maendius in an honourable manner, and ask'd what was the Delign of their coming ^ who ingenuoudy an- fwer'd, they came as Spies to pry into the Manners of the Chriftian Priefts and their Converts. Next he ask'd, How they lik'd the Religion ? To which they unanimoully reply'd, they lik'd ic well, and would perfuade T^/^et^ to ad- mit Chrifl:ianicy in his Dominions. This done they were handfomly clad and fent Back. F. Riti^ being inform'd hereof by Letter, halted co the Town of S. Xaveriits. Taiaoba hearing of his approach, went out ro the Borders of his Territories to meet him with a great Retinue, and em- bracing him with great Demonftrations of Joy, faid. Behold me hcre^ O father, receive me as your Sen, and inftrn^ me what I am to do. His Wife in no Icfs obliging a manner, fct before him her three little Children, whom F.Ruiz, lov- ingly Imbracing, wonderfully obliged both the Parents. For nothing fo much takes with the Indians, as to fee their Children belov'd by Strangers. Being conduced through Arches made of Boughs, with great Noife of Trumpets, into Taiaoba's Lands ; His firft care was to chufe a Place to build a Town, and having pitch'd upon it near the River Huibaio, with the afliftance of 300 /»- dians he erected a Crofs, laid the Foua- dation of a Church, mark'd out the Plat for the Town, created Magiftrates In the Name of his Catbolick Majefty, gave the chief Command to TrfMo/irf, appoint- ed his eldeft Son Captain of the Forces, honour'd the other C^c/^ww withfeveral Titles , baptiz'd 28 fmall Children of Taiaoba's by feveral Wives, and gave hopes to thofe that were grown to Mens eltate, that they fliould be receiv'd into the number of the Faithful, as foon as they had learnt the Rudiments of Chrilti- anity. The Sorcerers enrag'dat this Sac- cefs, ftirr'd up all the neighbouring Peo- ple againft Taiaoba, who letting out gave llridt Command that no harm fhould be done to F. Ruiz., their defign being to take him alive , and kill him with So- lemnity at a Feafl. Taiaoba and his con- federate Caciques being much inferior to the Enemy in number, and fcnfiblc of their Danger, went late at Night to F. Ruiz, defiring to be baptiz'd, and pro- mi liug, If that Favour were granted themf to dye Manfully in Defence of the Faith. The Father confidering the prefent Cir- cumftances, Inltrufted them the belt he could for that fhort time, and made them all Chriftians. Before break of Day the Enemy having divided their Troops in- to four parts, attack'd Taiaoba's Forces. At the firft Onfet feveral of the Enemies and two of ours fell, many on both fides and among them Taiaoba's Son being Wounded, and his whole Party put to flight. F. Ruiz, order'd Taiaoba to ftay in the Place delign'd to build the Town, with the Cacique Piraquatia , till they could have an opportunity of retrieving that Misfortune. The People of ni- larica hearing of what had hapned, fenE 500 Converts well Arm'd againft thofe revolted Paraguay, Tucuman, <(p^c. revolted Indians. Tliefe coming to a Bat- tle, and being overpowred by the Mul- titude of the Enemies, were forced to fecure themfelves within Palifadoes. Where the Fight being renew'd, they mult all have pcrifh'd, had not h Ruiz. advis'd them to receive all the Enemies Arrows without (hooting apy, becaufe both fides make ufe of the Enemits Ar- rows, and when they have none left they certainly fly. By this means our Men having receiv'd all their Arrows without any harm, foon put them to flight, which done they return'd home. It hapned in this Expedition that our Men having put the Enemies to flight, brought away a Pot full of Flefli, v/hereof f. Ruizjs Hun- ger prcfliDg, and believing it to be Veni- fon, eat a little, but was ftruck with horror, when at the bottom of the Pot they found a Mans Head and Hands, and above all when it was found to be the Flefh of his own Clerk, who being taken in the former flight, had been referv'd for a folemn Entertainment. Concern- ing the Ceremonies of their Feafts of human Flefii, becaufe we have often oc- cafion to mention them, take this fhort account. The Man-eaters of the Pro- vince of Guaira led any Prilbner they took in War to their Village, allowing Ccremo- ^^^^ ^1' manner of Dainties they could niesofkil- think of, that he being fatted, might lingMea fatten Others with his Flefh. During the toeat. fatting Time, it was a Crime to refufe him any Thing he had a mind to. On the Day before the Slaughter was to be, the Inhabitants of the Village calling in the Neighbours on all fides, made a mighty Appearance. Firlt went a great number of armed Men two and two, and Women in the fame manner ^ one Maid in the midfl of the Proceflion rich- ly adorn'd with Feathers and Garments, carry'd a Club, the Inftrument of their Cruclty,in a fine Difhjand another drefs'd like her,a Crown or Garland for the in- tended Vidtime. Lufty brawny Women led the Prifoner, bound about the mid- dle with flack Ropes and his Armsloofe, throvving Sticks and Stones at all about him. If the Prifoner hapned to hurt any Body, all the Multitude applauded his Valour and Dexterity, with great Shouts and Acclamations. The ProcefFion of the Eve being ended, they fpent the Night in confufe Noife , Dancing and Drunkennefs; cramming the Prifoner with Meat and Drink. In the Morning they led him in the fame manner as the Day before to the Place of Slaughter, tyhere having repeated all the fame Fol- Vol. IV. 737_ lies, the Prifoner being Crown'd by es^/\./^ fome powerful Cacicjue and cuiioufly A- Id'^o. dorn'd, was knocked down rvith the Club. '-'"'V^ When down all there prefcnt flriick him, leaving their old Names and taking new Ones, and even the little Children hav- ing Names given them by their Mothers, were forced toftrike the Body with their Hands. When it appear'd he was dead, all the Company broke out into immode- rate Laughter, and Danced about before the inhuman Feafh Then they boil the Carcafs, cut in pieces and eat it, fend- ing fome Pieces to the neighbouring Villages, that liiey might Tafte aud take new Names. This Barbarity waslook'd upon as a glorious Death, and therefore very few Prifoners made their e(c:ipe, tho' they might ealily do it. Tilings not being yet ripe for building the Town, becaufe the Enemies wete toof powerful and the Friends but few ^ F. Ruiz, retir'd from thence to vilit the other Parts of Guaira. Having perform'd that Duty, he return'd with greater Re- folution, and tho* all People diffwaded him, alledging, He would infallibly be de- vour'd by the barbarous Indians, nothing could alter him. He therefore fent be- fore Nicholas Taiaoba, with Orders to gather all the Force he could to oppofe the Enemies, whilft he had recourfe to God for Aid. About the fame time an hundred of the Bloodieft of thofe Indiafis who had formerly eaten the feven Con- verts that attended F. Ruiz.^ came and fubmitted themfelves to him ^ and News was brought that feven Caciques^ who were mortal Enemies to Chriftianity, had been beaten to Death with Clubs in the Woods, and many others of that ftamp Slain in the fame Place , yet it could never be known who had made all that Slaughter. So many Obftacles be- ing remov'd, F. Ruiz, fet forward, and within a few Days was met by Taiaoba and Piracjuatia^ with whom he went to the Place defign'd to build the Town, where he found very few Indians, be- _ r caufe the Followers of Taiaoba and Pa- ^^^Snen raquatia underftanding the other Indians jinhangks had again Confpir'd againft them durft built, not aflemble. Guiravera a Cacique was the moft inveterate of Canibals, who now threatned F. Ruiz.^ fhould not ef- cape him, and therefore call'd together all the Cacicjuesot hisFadion, whoagre- ed to put his Delign in E.xecution, which was thus diiappointed. Among the reft was Ararundio, who in the former At- tempt againft F .R«/~, Commanded their Forces j him Guiravera upon fome fulpi- A a a a a cioa The HiSTOKf of Of the clon, Muidcr'J with his own Hand, and lay'd liim before the reft to be eaten, defigning to make a Fcaft ot all his Fol- lowers. Accordingly Cheacabic another Cicique, who had formerly promis'd his Concubines to Treat them with F. Riiiz-h l.cgs, was (hot through. Thefe Mur- ders bred Difcord, and fo the Enemies Forces were divided, and Taiaoba's Par- ty (b couliderably Increas'd, that of 80 Caciques there were in that part of the Country, 60 favour'd Chriftianity with Taiaoba. F. Fm'z. encourag'd by this Suc- ccfs, fell to Work on Building the new Town, gave it the Name of the Sevot uirchangds^ and fetlcd the Form ot Go- vernment. There he baptiz'd 500 Per- fons, before he left that populous Town to the charge of F. Peter Spinofa tO go himltlf into the Plain, where we Ihall fpeak of him again hereafter. ' Tho' fome Account has been given be- Peopleof ^^^^ ^"- »""iber 40. of the Province of Olio or Cttio or Chicuito, we will here add a fur- Chiiuito. ther Relation our Author gives out of a Letter off. Bominick Gonzalez., Redlor of the College of Mendoza, the Capital of that Province, wholabour'd much for the Converfion of thofe People, and writing to the Provincial , fpeaks thus of them. The Indians (Tays he) among whom I have been,^ inviting one another from feveralFillages, h.vue often folcmn Re- vcHings. 1 faw the Places of their mad drunken Meetings, which the Lord of the Fillage and Mafier of the Feafts enclofes with Straw, making them round with Gaps at certain diflances, and in btgnefs proporti- onable to the number of the Gitejh. There all the Men pafs three or four Days in Dan- cing and Sinaing, without Sleeping. The Women are not to come within thefe Inclo- fures, only when they bring their Husbands iVine, which they do with their EyesJImt, and their Face turned away ; if through any neg- le^ they look upon the Men when they are Revelling in that Ring, the PuniJJ)ment is Death; which Law is fo rigorous, that nei- ther the Husband forgives hisWife, nor the Father his Daughter. The reafon they give for this fitperftitious Cruelty, is that they have found by Experience, as they pretend, that fome of the Revellers dye prefently, and fomctimes are openly killed by the Devil, if they are feen by Women in that Enclofure. The Devil before calCd upon, is prefent at thefe Dances, and the way of raifng of him is thus. An old Fellow fianding in the midfi of the Dancers, heats a. Drum till he vifibly appears with d mighty Noife, in the Jljape of a Man, Dog or Fo.v. Whefi come, the Devil does not refufe to Drink., then having made a Speech to the Company., the Parents offer their Children to him , whom he marks as his, drawing Blood from them with his Nails. .At other times, thofe that deftre to devote their Children to the Devil, carry them to certain old Men ap- pointed for that purpofe, who tear the Chil- dren's Skin with their Nails, and pierce their Heads with ajharp Bone till they bleed plentifully, the Bloodwhich runs they receive in their Hands and fcatter it in the Air, believing the Children Confecrated by this Ceremony. Having thus Blooded them, they make them fafi in fome retifd Place remote from all other Company, by which Mifery they pretend they become firong. jill the Nation adores the Sun, Moon and Morning Star, hoping for all Health and Profperity from them. Thus F. Conz.alez. of the People of the Province of Cuio or Chiciiito. Let us look back a little into the Pro- tv-.t^™- vince or Parana, where lome attempts of thczsr^- had been made to introduce Chriftianity «v/tx built among thofe People, Inhabiting on the Banks of the upper part of the River, yet at length fome of the Caciques had been fo far oblig'd by frequent Courte- fies, that it was believ'd there might be a probability of building a Town. P. James Boroa and Claudius Ruiz, undertook this Work in the Year 1624. fetting for- wards in March, with a Company of fe- Icdl Converts. The Mouth of the River jicarai is 30 Leagues from the Town of Corpus Chrijh, whence they fet out. A- bout that River dwelt fevcral Caciques., one of whom of his own accord, aflign'd a Place in his Liberty to build the Town. TheReport whereof being fpread abroad, drew many Caciques thither to confer, who departed fo as was believ'd they had been gain'd over to the Faith. The Fa- thers therefore built a fort of Chappel for prefent ufe, and give the new Towa the Name of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, taking all pofliblc care to attraft all the neighbouring People to come to Inhabit there, f. Claudius Ruiz, was left there alone, and endur'd very much, there being fcarce a Man in the Towq but what fell fick, as foon as they rcco- ver'd he drew over the Inhabitants of two Villages. But his main Dellgn was upon Quaracipucatius an Apollate, who hearing the Father was coming to him, aflembled the neighbouring Caciques to Murder him ; but the Father wrought fo powerfully upon him by his Words, that he furnilh'd him Provifions, and fome time after joyn'd the other Con- verts. At this time and others the Fa- thers Paraguay, Tucuman, ^c. 739 thcr brought feveral Indians to his Town, but they out of their natural Lazinefs negleding to build their Hoiifes, were fo frightned by a Tyger that us'd to come into the Town at Nights, that they fell to Work in their own Defence, and with wonderful Celerity built fubftan- tial Habitations to defend them from Danger. Soon after the Tyger was tak- en in a Gin. This Place was long fiib- ject to be fo infefted by Tygers, and had another Plague, which was a multitude of Gnats breeding in that low hot Ground, that Day and Night were a continual Torment to the Inhabitants, yet the Town profper'd and continues to this Day. JagHafinus a Cacique of this Province of Paraguay was a great hindrance to the progrefs of Chriftiani- ty, and perfuaded the Heathens of Vr- vtiica, to build a larger Town near to that of the Conceftion, to the end they might with united Forces make War on the Chriftians, and obftrud their Increafe. The Converts of Parana having notice of his Defign, drew together and fell upon his Town, where they took him, and fenthim intoBanilhmeut; which prov'd a double Advantage to the Towns of Parana and Vrvaka, for Jaguapinns be- came a Chriffian with all his Followers, and afterwards many more Towns were A famous built. Yet amidfl all this Profperity, Sorcerer, no little Trouble was rais'd by one John QuaraciKs a wicked Sorcerer, famous for many Villanies, who being born in the Province of Gnaira came into that of Pa- rana, fufiering himfelf to be Baptiz'd , that he might being the lefs fnfpeded do moft Harm. He travelling into feveral Countries, fpread every where his dam- nable Superflitions, endeavouring todif- fvvade all he could from embracing Chriftianity. In the Town of the jlf- fumption, being Convided of heinous Crimes, he was Condemn'd tobcHang'd, but fav'd by fome indifcreet Perfons, and Banifh'd to the Town of Santa Fe. Making his cfcape from thence up the River Piiranr,^ he privately got into the Town of the Itatlncnfians, fubjeft to the Francifcan Fathers. Being a crafty Fellow he pcrfwaded the People to con- cejl him, and by infinuating Difcourfes prevail'd with thofe credulous Indians, to repair to him in great numbers at Niglit. The Doftrine this Night-Doclor taught, was this. ' That they Ihould *• take heed of the Chriftians and their * Priefts, who were devoted to the Ruin ' of the Indians. That they perfuaded ' the Converts to Confclfion, that they Vol. IV. ' might make an ill ufe of the knovvlege fX^A-^ ' of their Sins. That the Salt they ufe Techo. ' in Bapcifm, was a fure Poifon fooner ^>'V*v; ' or later toinfeft the Bodies of Infants ' or Men. That the holy Oyls ferv'd ' only to caufe Deformity. That the ' Chriftian Priefts forbid the having of ' many Wives malicioufly, left the /«- ' dians multiplying too faft, Ihould be ' too hard for the Spaniards. That ' therefore he by the Power he had in ' him, commanded them all jiot ro be ' fatisfy'd with one Wife for the future, ' but to keep as many as they could get. Live (faid he) and Drink after your an- tient Manner, making Merry with Dancing and Drunkennefs ; celebrating the Ademory ef our Anceftors. Give no Honour to the Images of Saints, but lock upon me as your only Deity. If you do otherwife, I will deli- ver you up to be fxvallow'd by the Parana, transformed into Frogs and Toads. To thefe blafphemous Dodrines, he added a leud Example. For befides keeping feven Concubines conftantly to fatisfie his Luft, he would have to do with any others at Pleafure. Having thus done much harm by Words and Example, ia a fhort time he fo perverted the Itatinen- Jians, that they look'd not like the fame People. For inftead of Refpeding they Revil'd the Priefts. Inftead of fre- quenting the Sacraments, they were fal- len to their former Vices fo openly, thac a Revolt of the whole Town was fear'd. F. John Gamarra a Francifcan., well skill'd in the Indian Language, and in the way of managing thofe People , was then Chief there, who inquiring into the caufc of this fudden change, was a long time before he could make any Difcovery , till at laft a Boy made forae Difcovery. For having a particular kindnefs for him, and asking him, Whether be lov'dhim? The Boy anfwer'd, Indeed I love you Fa- ther, but John Qiiaracius lies privately in Town, whom I love better than you, Qua- raciu's Name was well known, and there- fore having heard this Account , he made no queftion but that was the caufe of all the Mifchief. But he being more earneft in that Bufinefs than was proper, Quaracius making his cfcape with his Con- cubines up the River Parana got away into Maracana , the refuge of wicked Men for many Years. Then making fome Loofcs from thence, fpreading his Venom in all Parts, he infeded our Con- verts, and fail'd to the Villages of the upper Parana, to perfuadc the Infidels not to embrace the Faith. F. Gonz.aUx. obferving the change in the Converts, A a a a a z and The HISTORT of _74o_ rsJV-'^ and not knowing the caufe whence that Ttcho. iMifchief proceeded, having receiv'd Lct- ^y^''^ ters from F. Gamarra, giving an account of (^laraciiih efcape, gather'd a Compa- ny ot the moft Faithful of the Converts, and with them hafted to Maracana, but before he could get thither, the Impoftor had betaken himfelf to his lurking Places in the Marlhes, wherewith he was well acquainted, and would never have been drawn thence, had not one of his Con- cubines betray'd him. When found, the Converts bound him faft, and after (hew- ing him in the Town of /r>'t<»«4,conduft- ed him down the Parana^ and up the Paraguay tO the City of the Ajfnmpion^ where he was hang'd, and fo deliver'd the Provinces of Pardna and Vrvaica from imminent Danger. About this time, that is, the Year 1625 or 25. the Kingdom of Cfc«7/ which hitherto had been a part of the Jefuits Province of Para^uay^ by reafon of the vaft extent of the faid Province, and the vaft Mountains which part thofe Domi- nions, and are paflable but at certain times in the Year , was divided and made a Vice-Province, fubjedi to that of Peru, which I mention here, becaufc this Hiftory treating only of the Father's Province of Paraguay, we Ihall for the future have no more occafion to fpeak of the faid Kingdom of Chili. Upon this Separation, all the Fathers born in that Kingdom retiring to it, there began to be a want in Paraguay, to remedy which Cafpar Sahrino was fent Procurator to Rome, to bring new Supplies out of Eu- rope. There we will leave him and re- turn to F. James Boroa, who being cho- fen Reftor of the College in the City of the Jjfumftion, beg'd of the Provincial that before he entred upon that Dignity, he might have leave once more to try to bring the JguazMam, a People border- ing on Parana, among whom he had been before with imminent Danger of his Life, to build a Town and embrace the Faith ; which having obtain'd, he fet forward with all Neceflaries for his De- llgn. Jguavt, which figniRes, great Ri- ver, falls into the Parana with a mighty Noife, at an almofl: equal diftance from the Town of Ita^ua and borders on the Wver/^tt- Province oi Parana, inabout i+degrees vaica; which Letters were of good efFed at Madrid, for ob- taining the Fathers that came two Years after to Paraguay with F. Gafpar Sobritio. James de ^ega, a rich Portugiiefey gave confiderably towards prieftly Veftments, and other Church-ftufF, and promifed to fend for all forts of Iron Tools for the fervice of the new Towns, which he af- terwards perform'd, and was of great life. Having fpent tea Days in con- cluding thefe important Affiiirs, f. Gon- zjilezrcwrned the fame way to the Place from whence he came ;and having again viewed the Shores of the River Vrvaica, found there was little Hopes of founding any Town, for an hundred Leagues from the Port of BueKos Ayres., becaufe the Natives were of that fort of People, who wandring about all their life time, would not be brought to Till the Land, or fettle in one place. Beyond that, he encouragd the Japeivians to build a Town; and twenty Leagues further, prevail'd with the Jaguar ait ians to do the fame, whereof we fhall foon give an Account This done, he return'dto the Town of the Conception. This was the pofture of the Province l^°TuZ of ^'"^"'C'* ■■> when the Provincial F. Ni- mtn to'"' '^^"'"^ Durant, having relign'd the King- Guairt. dom of Chili, refolVd upon vifiting Guaira, where no Provincial as yet had been. There were two Ways out of Titcuman into Gitaira ; the one had been ufcd for many Years paft, which was up the Rivers of Plate and Paraguay, and the reft by Land. But his wras much about. and almofl: 500 Leagues in length ; be- fides, that it was infefled by the Paia- giians, the moft inlium3i.cot ihc Indians., and famous for the flaughtcr of many Travellers. The other Way was much (horter, which was failing up the Para- na, and had never been attempted be- fore the Society ercAcd the Towns a- bovc fpoken of, for fear of the Infidels; and becaufe of a vaft Precipice running quite athwart the Parana, near the Bor- ders of Gtiaira. MoI> of thofe People being now brought into Towns, the Provincial hoped he might take that way. F. Anthony R/iiz being inform"d of the Provincial's Defign, fent feveral Mcflengers one after another, to difco- ver that new Way ; the iaft of whom making h's way through into Tucitman; fatisfy'd the Provincial, that he might go up the River to Guaira with very little danger. He fct forward from Cor- dova, and travell'd 60 Leagues to the College of the Town of St. Fe ; thence I 50 Leagues to Itapita on the River, and 1 5 further to Corpus Chrifii Town, and fo 30 more to the new Colony of S. Ma- ry Major of Iguazu, wherein were alrea- dy 2000 Inhabitants. He held on his Courfe to Acarai, and thence towards the Precipice, which was 40 Leagues further. Drawing near the Precipice, jhe won- he began to be fenlible of the force of derfulPre- the VVater that tell ; the little VelTel cipice of that carried him being much batter'd ; ''«'"''''• ' and another in which were F. Martin Marims, and Mendiola Priefts going to affift in Guaira, beaten to pieces againfl: a Rock, but the PalTengers fav'd. This oblig'd them to travel by Land. F. An- thony Ruiz had laid Bridges over the Clefts of the Precipice, and open'd a Way through the impaffible parts of the Woods ; yet they were forced very of- ten to lay Planks over from Rock to Rock, going over them in great dan- ger of their Lives, if their Feet had flipped, being fure to fall a vaft depth into the rowling Waters. Very many fabulous Stories have been made con- cerning this Precipice, which I will not take notice of. Moft certain it is, that many have loft their Lives, being dafh- ed by the falling Waters againft the Rocks ; and I know not whether there be any thing in the World more won- derful of that kind ; at leaft in America, there is nothing moredreadful, or more fpoken of ; for a little above the Pre- cipice, the River Parana, which is two Leagues over, draws into fo narrow a compafs, that the breadth is not above Paraguay^ Tucuman, d>c. 743 a ftones throw. When it is at this nar- ro'.vnefs, it tumbles molt impetuoufly from a prodigious height, down a def- cent of twelve Leagues, the Hooping Channel being full of hideous Rocks, a- gainft which, the Water violently beat- ing, flies up a wonderful height. In ma- ny places the Channel is obftructed by mighty Rocks j but as foon as the Wa- ters, thus ftopt, get a head again, they make moft dreadful Whirl-pools. In o- iher places, the falling Waters, after making their Efforts againft the Rock?, flip away out of fight through private PalTages, and having been long conceal'd, piercing through the Rocks, break out again at the bottom of them, and fpread abroad with a frightful noife, as if it were out of incxhauftible Springs. In fine, fo great is the violence of the Wa- ters, tumbling headlong down that in- clining Channel, that there is a continu- al Foam of an Iron-colour for all the twelve l^eagues the Defcent lafts, which being reflected upon by the Sun, dazles the Eyes of thofe that behold it. The noife of the Waters falling and beating againft the Rocks, is plainly heard four Leagues ofi". Not far from the foot of the Precipice, the Water feems defi- rous to reft in a fmoother Bed v and ha- ving made, as it were, a Sea, looks more like a ftanding Pool than a Cataract. But that calm is mifchievous, for almoft every Hour thefe rifes a great noife from the bottom, the caufe unknown, and throws up the Water many Cubits high, perpetually giving warning, that there is no confidence to be repofed in its counterfeit ftillnefs, which every now and then grows boifterous to the de- ftrudion of many. There are Filhes there of a prodigious bulk. F. Anthorty Rttiz, affirms, he has feen one as big as an Ox, fwimming with half its Body a- bove Water. It is reported, as a moft certain truth, that an Indian was fwal- lovved by oneof thefe Filhes, and after- wards caft up whole on the Shore. They fpent fix Days with unfpeakable toil in climbing the Mountain-, for tho' the Way of it were ftrait, would be but twelves Leagues, yet the many Wind- ings make it almoft double. Befides, it is all along an uncooth rocky Shore, di- vided by Lakes, Brooks, Woods and fcorching Sands. No part of the World would be hotter, did not the Woods at fmall diilances make a (hade j and yet that very thicknefs of the Trees, which does not give free paflage to the Air, is very tirefome to Travellers, Where they were to lie at Night, the (XA^ Indians fet up a little Cottage, the Techo. Walls and Roofs whereof were made of 0'''^/'^*^ Leaves, orderly placed, which being bound together with Roots inftead of Cords, kept out the Rain. When they came to the top of the Precipice, F. Peter Spinofa met the Pro- The Pro- vincial with Boats from 60 Leagues Tincial's further up the Province of GuMra, and Travels, eatertain'd him and his Company with a plentiful Provifion of the Country Fruit ; this meeting at the top of the Precipice being in fome meafure, an Em- blem of thofe, who afcending with much difficulty to the pitch of Virtue, tafte there the fweet Fruits of their paft la- bours. Two Leagues beyond the Pre- cipice, the chief Men of Cuidad real, came out to ttieet the Provincial, re- ceiving him with the greater Honour, becaufe, 'till that time, no Bifhop, Go- vernour, or Provincial had been in Guai- ra. After the reception, they defir'd of him that he would ereft a College in the City, which he could not grant, be- caufe of the fmall number of Fathers, but promis'd he would appoint fome to take care of the City, and to fee the Indians perform'd their two Months fer- vice, according to the King's Orders, and fuffer'd no further OpprelTion. Thence he went to Loreto, where the Converts, to honour his coming, repre- fented a Fight among themfelves on the River, which was all cover'd with Boats, re-founding with mufical Voices and Inftruments. The Church he found a- dorn'd with fuch curious Inventions, that he declar'd, he thought them a fufficient Reward of all his Labours. The Town of St. Ignatius entertain'd him with no lefs Tokens of Affei^ion^ and he departing from it, left the River Pa- rana on his left hand, and went up the Ttbaxiva, which being very (hallow in many places, he had much ado to make 30 Leagues in fifteen Days, to come to the Town of St. Xavtrius, containing 1500 Families, under the direction of F. Francis Diaftaniiis. Hence he fent F. Chrijlopher Torriano fome days journey by Land to yniarica, to reftore theRefi- dence of the Society in that City, that it might be a check to fome who opprefs'd the Indians^ and aflift them in their Spi- ritual concern. In his return upon the K\vtrTibaxivaj the VefTel that carry'd him was caft away, and many things loft. Wherefoever he went,he beftow'dShirts, Hooks, Pins, Needles and Glafs Beads zmon^ih^ Indians; infomucb, that be is faJd 744 the HISTOKT of fN-A-^ faid to have fpent to the value of 2000 Techo. pieces of Eight among the Gualciireans j '^'V^^J which Liberality was not ill beltow'd, tor the Fame of the great Father's Gifts, (as they caird him) gaiifd the Hearts of abundance of the Infidels, and incourag'd the Converts. At his Departure, heor- der'd F. Antony Ruit. to build 3 Towns more among the Inianians^ and in the Countries of Taiaoba, and the Coronadas. When he came down the Precipice of Gitaira, he went to fee a vaft Rock, The poor which by contraries they call Penapobre, S-ock. oi- the poor Rock. This Rock is of fc- veral Colours and fo bright, that the Sun Beams ftrikingupon it are rcfleaed, as it were from a Glafs ; which makes the ignorant Multitude believe it to be all of fome rich Metal, if not of Gold ^ but they are deceived, for it is known to be meer Stone, fo Rub'd and Polifh'd with the Sand of feveral Colours drove by the Wind, that it looks at a diltancc like Glafs. It is reported that 30 Spanijh Boats were formerly lofl: going near to view this Rock. Thence the Provincial proceeding through the Province of Pa- rana, diew away the two Fathers that were among the Gitakureans, there being no hopes of the Converfionof thofe Peo- ple, tho' the Society had been fixteen Years fetled among them. At Itapua the Inhabitants Petition'd the Provincial, that he would fufier the BleQed Sacra- ment to be placed in their Church, and the beft Infcrufted among them to receive it, which he granted, whereupon they . kept a Feftival with fuch Solemnity, that the nicell Europeans who beheld it were Itruck with Admiration. Let us return a little CO the Province of Vrvaica, which not long fince we left in a good Poflure towards being Reduced. Tumults The too hafty eagernefs of the Go- in Vrvika. vernor of the Province of Rio de la Plata, on account jj^^j ^^^]^ Diforder and Confufion there. GovSrs This Governor Tent from the Port of Buenos Ayres, Ferdinand de Sa, Peter Bra- vo and Paiva, all Spaniards, to be Cor- regidores, or Governors of the new Towns the Fathers had or fliould ered for the King of Spain. F. GonTialez., tho' he forefaw the ill Confequence of that unfeafonable Refolution, yet not daring to withftand the King's Governor's Commands, permitted Ferdinand de Sa to aft as Corregidor in the Town of the Conception. Paiva he fent to the Jagua- raitians. And Peter Bravo to the Japei- vians. People of Vrvaica, who had de- fir'd of the Society to be gather'd into Towns. But it was not long before this precipitate Projeft did much harm, for tho' out of refpect to the Fathers, the Converts for fome lime bore with the ftrange Governors, yet it foon appear'd that could not be lading, which was to- lerated fo nnichagainft Inclination. For the News being fpread abroad, the It.t- pHans a People oi Parana, fent a Meflt-n- ger to threaten the Ihitiraquans with War, if tlicy did not call ofl' the Yoke of that foreign Governor. And the In- fidels Inhabiting the oppofite Shoie of Vrvaica, gathering into a Body, fell upon a Party of Ibitiracjuans, and plun- dering them, fent them home with ma- ny Reproaches and a Declaration of War. Ferdinand de Sa by his imperious Carriage added Fuel to the Fire, provoking the People not ns'd to be under Command by his Threats and arbitrary Pradices, and by giving a box on tlie Ear to a Youth who had powerful Relations, for not obeying his Orders immediately. The Ibitiraqiians impatient to be upbraided and provok'd by this Aftion of Ferdi- nand de Sa, befides fome Jealoufie of his Luff, ran n Arms in a tumultuous man- ner, befet the Fathers Houle, and de- manded to !iave the new Governor to bedeliver'd to them tofuffer Death, and had done it, but that F. Jama de Alfa- ro interpoling his Authority in fome mea- fure appeas'd them, but Ferdinand de Sa diirft not go out of the Hojife, or prefume to exercife any Command. Not long before this hapned F. Gonz.alez. had got together as many oi the J:igt!araitians,zs were fufficient for a handfome Town, which they had begun to build. Paiva coming thither had with hisThreats fo in- cens'd thofe People, that Potlrava a pow- erful Cacicjite contriv'd to kill him, and had done it, but that Tabaca the Indian Com- mander of the new Town obftrufted it. Potirava being difappointed of hisDefign, for fear of being Puniflied, fled to his an- tient lurking Places, drawing along after him about a thoufand of the Inhabitants of the Town. Paiva for fear hid him- felf in the Woods. Upon this News the Provincial with fome Companions haded to the Province of Vrvaica. As he came into the Town of the Conception^ the chief Men of the Town tlock'd about him, rather Demanding in a tu- multuous Manner than Intrcating, that he fhould interpofe his Authority, unlels he would have the Church perilh there ; for the Vrvaicans were ail agreed. That the Faith could not be fropagated among' them, if any other Governors came among them but thofe of the Society.^ under whom they Paraguay, Tucuman, &c. 745 (hey would obey all the King's Commands, The Provincial having heard their Cora- plaints, defer'd giving them an anfwer till the next Day, when he told them, h was not in his Power to difplace the Cor- regidors fent by the King's Governor Gene- ral^ but that he rooidd fend one of the Fathers to hira, and did not quefion^ but he would remove the Caufes of their Troubles. The People were fatisty'd with his Anfwer , bets to Sacrifice' him and demolilh the fNJV^ new Town. At firft Onfet they thrcv/ Techc. down the Crofs, burnt the Chappel, t^'^^'V threatned the Supporters of the new Re- ligion with Death, anddeftroy'd aU they found. The News being brought to F. Gonzalez, he fet out with F. Romero contrary to the advice of all the Japei- vians, who affirm'd he was running to moft certain Death. Having run up the andhcprcfently fent F. Michael Ampuero River Jbicuit twenty Leagues, his Spies .4 .!-- r.:..-.. ^, .. ■. .- .:-- .._ . _ r ^^^jj ^^im hc could not poITifaly efcape if he advanced. Neverthelefs fending F. Romero back, he ventur'd alone with on- ly a few Men that tow"d to the Place where the Town had been deflroy'd. There he was inform'd by Tabacn and the neighbouring Caciques^ that the thing had been done in their abfence, and that tho' they had been there, they could not have oppos'd fuch a iMultitudc of Enemies. The Father having fent for fome of the Caciques of the upper Coun- try, by his Authority and Rewards, pre- vail'd with them tho' much againft their Wills, to convey him into the Country of the Tapenfians, to retrieve what had been loft. Being there, as he was exa- mining all Things and difpofing the In- dians to build a Town, News was brought that the further People were marching in great Numbers to kill him. The C<- ciques his Friends gave fome check at firft to their Advance, but being pi efs'd by too great a Number, andalmoft loft, F. Gonzalezmadc ufe of his Wits to (hun this threatning Danger, fetching out a great Book, and a Saw he carry'd with him to cut down Timber. The Enemy's Spies being terrify'd at the fight of thofc Things, ran back to acquaint their Peo- ple, That F. Gonzalez brought along with him an Iron Inftrument full of Teeth, which he faid could with great Eafe cut in Pieces an infinite Number of Men : And that hc talkd with a parcel of Leaves put together^ which certainly were able to deflroy whole Armies. The Indians hearing this Ac- count, being very apprehenlive of the Power of Books, and not knowing the Power of the Saw, v/ere ftruck with a pannick Fear, and fled. F. Gonzalez, find- ing Matters were not yet ripe there for his defign, return'd to Vrvaica. But it was not long before an opportunity ofFer'd to attempt it again, for the chief of the Piratinians inform'd him, that above the River Piratin there was a Place call'd Caafapamin, very commodi- ous to build a Town, and that the Peo- ple thereabouts (if it were put to them) would eafily be brought to embrace the B b b b b Faitfc, down the River Vrvaica to the Port of Buenos Ayres, who obtain'd of the Gover- nor not only the removal of thofe Corre- gidors, but new Supplies for the fupport of the Fathers in that Province. The Provincial then continuing his Vifitation, proceeded to the Town of S. Nicholas on the River Piratin^ and thence to the Ja- peivians, where he forwarded the build- ing of a Town already begun, and call'd Los Reyes, or the Three Kings, which made way to the Convcrfion of the Jaro- fians, Aiembaquas, Charuas, Guenoas and other fierce Nations till then untouch'd, which hope is fince much advanced by the building of the Town of S. Andrew among thofe People. Here let us leave thefe People ending this Seftion to pro- ceed upon other variety of Matter. The River Ibicuit, falls into the Vr- . vaica an hundred Leagues from the Port of Buenos Ayres, on the oppofite Shore among the People call'd Japeivians. It was requifite to bring the People dwel- ling on its Banks to the Faith of Chrift, in .order to open a way to thofe other Nations that Inhabit the great Continent, between the River Vrvaica and the At' lantick Ocean. To this purpofe F. Gon- zjj/(?z, with great danger of his Life, ven- turing up the River Ibicuit in a Boat with only a few Indians to Row, ran forty Leagues, till he came into thcCountry of Tabaca, a powerful Cacique, by whom being friendly receiv'd, he found the be- ginning of his Attempt eafier than he had imagin'd. For Tahaca having heard the Doclrin of Chrift, took upon him to ga- ther as many Infidels as would fuffice to make a confiderable Town. The Father thus affifted, prefently ereded a Crofs, built a Chappel to ferve for the prefent, nnd mark'd out the Plan of a Town, to which hc folemnly gave the Title of the Purification, othcrwife call'd Ibicuit, which done he return'd to the River Vrvaica, promiling to fend them a Frieft with all poflible fpeed to Re fide there. When he was gone, the People further up the Country Confpir'd, and thinking he was ftill there, came Arm'd in great num- Vd. IV. 746 Ihe HlsrORT of 0«>A*i^ Faith. Upon this hopcf. Gonz.alez. tal;- Techo. ing f. Romero along with him, entcr'd ^■''^V"^^ tiie Borders of the Casftpaminians, where- of about 200 met him in Arms, threat- ning in cafe he did not retire ^ but thefe very Men being perfuaded by the Fathers, promoted their Defign , encouraging their Country People to embrace the Faith, fo that h Gonz.alez. laid the Foun- dation of a Town, calling it the Purifi- cation, as he had done the firft time, the Carewhcreof he committed toK Romcio^ under whom it profper'd fo well, that there were 3000 Souls reckned in it the firft Year, and above 7000 had been Bap- tiz'd when the Author was there. The famine. Country of Jgiiazji was now miferably alHifted with Famine, the Fathers in the Town of S. Mary Major being reduced to Extremity, and the Indians for the nioft part difpcrfing, of whom f. Riti?^ afterwards with much difficulty gather'd 400. A Tyger having tore to Pieces a young Girl that lay in the Woods, f. Ruiz, laid a Snare for and catch'd it that fame Night, which gain'd him much Re- putation among the Indians, and there- upon many of them return'd to the Town. But their natural Fiercenefs prevailing , they broke out into War with fome neighbouring People their Enemies, and having taken a number of Prifoners , Slew fome, and defign'd to Butcher the reft, and would have relaps'd into eating of Man's Flcfh, had not F. Ruiz, boldly ceas'd the Promoters of it, and forced them to releafe the Prifoners. Yet ma- ny hundreds there and in other Parts were Converted by degrees, and became Tows of religious Chrillians. At this fame time s. Paul, p Maceta Founded the Town of S. Paul among the hiians, a People lying be- tween the Town of the Conception and the Lands of the great Taiaoba. The Cacique Gairavera a great Man-eater and Sorcerer, us'd all pollible means to ob- ftrud the Increafe of this Town, which neverthelefs in a fliort time grew to 4000 Inhabitants, but we may have occalion to fpeak more of this Matter hereafter. . .. J About this fame time the Indians of the plains. '■^^ Plains, fo call'd bccaufe they Inhabit the vaft Chanipain Country above the Town of the Incarnation, found the Fa- thers new Employment. They are alfo caird Coronados and Cavelludos , that is, Crown'd and Hairy, becaufe both Men and Women wear their Hair down to their Shoulders , but the top of the Head fhav'd round like Religious Men. Thefe People feem'd to have excluded all hopes of being brought to Civility ever fince, as was faid before :, they at- tempted to deltroy the Town ot the/«- carnation and Murder F. Maceta, yet now they began to be better inclin'd upon this account. The Tupies a People of Braz.il, (of whofe Fiercenefs Orlandinus in his Hiftcry of the Society makes men- tion) breaking into the Territory of the Town of S. Xaverius in great Numbers, were driving away fome Converts into Slavery, which were recover'd by the Induftry of the Jefuits. Another Com- pany of them had made Priibners fome Townfmen of the Incarnation, whom F. Mendoz.a refcu'd, purfuing the Rob- bers with Pindovim and a parcel of Con- verts. And being further inform'd, that a Village of the Coronados had been Plun- der'd by the fame People, and many car- ry 'd away, he furpriz'd them, and reco- vering the Booty and Prifoners , fent them back well reprimanded into BrafiL The Coronados oblig'd by this Kindnefs and fome Gifts he bcftow'd on them, were difmis'd, promiling. To [end their Country People to the Fathers to be informed in Matters of Religion, which they pcr- form'd. Not long after ten Caciques of the Coronados, mov'd to it by Taiaoba's Example, fent to defire of the Fathers fome one to Inftruft them in theChrifti- an Dodrin. Hereupon F. Ruiz, hafting out of the Country of Taiabba to the Town of the Incarnation, took F. Diafia- nius with him, and fet out towards the Coronados. When they had travell'd eight Days over Rotks and Marflies at- tended by thirty Converts, they met fome of the Coronados, who told him. That Guabair a powerful Cacique, hear- ing of their coming, had drawn over fever at tillages to his Party, and by common Con- fent lay in wait for them in the next Wood, where they would undoubtedly all PeriJJi if they pre fum'd to advance. That they them' fellies had been Summon'd to have a Hand in that Bufinefs, but being mindful of the Kindnefs received from the Society, were come a By-way to give them Intelligence. The Fathers thanking them, con'fultcd whether it were fafe to proceed, and finding it was not, turn'd back and put off that Expedition till the next Year. It is time we ftiould fay fomething of „ . the Province of Chaqua, under vvhich of c^L„a„ Name is comprehended all that part of Paraguay, Tucuman and Rio de la Plata, under the Jurifdidion of the Birtiop of Santa Cruz., or the holy Crofs in the Mountains, and the Archbilhop of C/^ fes being as many as his Concubines, were all burnt. Having thus, in fome meafure, re- venged a jult Quarrel, Nuhgnrlm lead- ing back the Conquerors into the Vira- Ths Ca- ttntcm Territories, found new Succours ^V^-^ P*^' were there alTembled. F. Emamid Ca- '''"'"' bral Alpoino^ a Noble Portiignez.e, had, at his own ccft, brought a Company of Spaniards by publick Authority, from the City of St. John, 80 Leagues diaant; and from the Indian Towns fubjefl to the Francifcans, F. Gregory de Ofuna, a Godly Man, had fent 200 Converts j and F. Tohn Gamarra, worthy of Eternal Honour, as many more. Arapifanduvi- us and other Caciques, had brought a conliderable number from other Colo- nies of Converts. Thcfe things were much forwarded byF. ?ames Boroa, Re- ftor of the Ajfiunption, who having un- fuccefstrjHy try'd the Spaniards in Para- guay, drew fome Men together himfelf, and came with great fpeed to joyn the Piratijiians, becaufe he acled for the Provincial, who was then abfent. In December, Emanuel Cabrel, who com- manded in chief, led the Forces to the Territories of the Caafapaminians, where F. Romero was in danger. It was a Pro- vidence that he was fo expeditious ; for the next day after his arrival, the Caa- roan Murderers, to the number of 500, knowing nothing of our Foices entred the Borders of the Caafapaminians, and were now atha.nd,threatningtheTown, when our Troops marching out unex- peftedly, ftruck fuch a terror into the Rebels, efpecially at the light of the Spani^ Horfe, that after the firft onfet, they never flayed for a fecond, but be- took themfelves to the next Woods, Cabral on the one fide, and Niengurius on the other, making a great flau'ghter of them. Many fled, and fifty were ta- ken, among whom were the Caciques, Caabure and Caarupe, with others of the Murderers. The next day they march- ed, and made themfelves Mailers of the Town of the Caaroans, where a con- fult was held about the punifhment of Of- fenders. The Multitude was for punifh- ing all, the wifcr fort for taking ofFthe Heads of the Rebellion, and the Society for no Blood. Cabral order *d it io, as to endeavour to pleafe all, for having given fcntence of Death againft them all, he pick'd out only twelve of the num- ber, by their E.xample, 10 Ihcw what aU 752 Jhe HISTOKT of r^-v^'! all had defeiv'd. Caahure and Caam^e Tecbo. were hang'd firft, and then Marangoa V/V>.' ia the fjme place where he had murder- ed F. Gonzalez.. Potiravtt, the Author of tlie Coiifpiracy, having abfconded for fome time vith jlragnira, the Mur- derer of F. Cafiil/n, they were both de- liver'd up by the Heathens, and put to Death. They all dcfircd to be bapti- '/ed before they dy'd, except Caabure, who dyed blafpheming. After punifh- ing the Criminals, the Bodies of the Fathers were taken up, and carryed in a very honourable manner to the Town of tlic Conception, where they were re- ceived ia folemn ProcefTion. Firft went the viaorious Forces leading their Pri- foners, then the Children of the Town, nex't the Women, after them the Men, and laftly, the Chiefs of the Nation, at- tended !)y variety of Mufick. On both fides of the Biers, were Fathers who had rcforted thither from all parts. The People had adorned the Way with tri- umphal Arches, lighted Bone-fires, and made other demonftrations of Joy. In the Church the Bodies were placed in an honourable Tomb, and F. Boroa made their funeral Oration. Thus ended the Rebellion of thofe Indians, whom we muft leave to give an Account of o- thers. Tlie Province of Guairanow calls up- on us, v/here the Fathers Rmz and Dia- fiamus venturing upon the Gndaches, /^f , met with unexpcfted fuccefs. The Coun- CuiUchC' ^^.y ^^ ^^^ cnalaches, who are alfo cal- led Guanines, lies between the Lands of Taiaoba, and the Territories of Vr- vaica, and I^nafu, running out as far as the Sea towards Brazil. All this Na- tion differs from the Guaranians both in Cuftoms and Manners, and is for the moft part, at War with them. It would be far more populous, did not the In- habitants continually deftroy one ano- ther^ for when theyaie heated with their Drink made of Honey, in their circular drinking Meetings, their Plea- fure turning into Madneft, they fall up- on one another with whatfoever Wea- pons come next to hand , with fuch fury, that many aredefperately wound- ed, or killed in the height of their Drunkennefs. Thefe Feftivals coming about very often, muft needs leflen the number of the People. Befides, their numerous Sorcerers increafe the number of the Dead, killing many with their Charms and Poyfon. They frequently eonverfc with the Devil, and live rather apon Hunting than Tillage, dwelling ia fmall Villages, not far diftant from one another. No body had been among them as yet to preach the Gofpel ; but the Borderers came to the Iron Mines, where a few Spaniards wrought, not far from the River Piojueri, which falls into the Parana. Thefe Gualaches hearing the News, that the great Taiaoba, with whom they had been at War, had for- faken his barbarous manner of Living, and was become a Ghriftian, fent feve- ral MelTengers to F.Ruiz, to acquaint him that the People of feveral Villages were willing to live together in a great Town. F. Ruiz was then in the Colo- ny of the Incarnation, with F. Diafianius, and taking him for his Companion, he went away to FUlarica. From thence, there were two ways to the Gualaches j the one by the Iron Mines, which was fives days Journey ; the other about, up the River Huibaio, th'rough the Lands of Taiaoba and the Indians of the Plains, who were always at War. F. Ruiz took the former, F. Diafianius the latter, but with very great danger, becaufe no Man had as yet ventur'd through thofe Lands, which were much infefted with Soicerers, and this Father was the firft that got through that way. \^hen he entred the Country of the Gualaches, the fixth day of his Journey through the Defert, he met with greater danger, being met firft with two Companies of Men- Eaters, and afterwards by a great- er number, from whom efcaping through fpecial Providence, he at length came to a part of the Country of the Guala- ches, then infefted with the Plague, where he baptiz'd abundance of InfantSy| and fome Men and Women, after, in- ftrudting them by the help of an Inter- preter. F. Ruix. taking the direft Road, as was faid, came upon the Borders of the Gualaches, the fifth day after he fet out of Villarica, baptizing very many, becaufe the Plague rag'd in thofe parts. As he was thus employ'd, Mellengers came to him from the Chi^juitos, beyond the River Piqueri, defiring to have one The Cbi- of the Society fent to inftruftthera, and J""*** make out the Plan for a Town ; whom he difmiffed, promillng to fend a Prieft as foon as they had gather'd a fufRcient Number for a Town. Having fpent 8 Months in Baptizing thofe that were infefted with the Plague^ at length the Fathers, Ruiz and Diafianiits met in a convenient place to build a Town, which was the rcfidence of Cohe a Ca- cique, Father of five Sons, each of which was chief of a Village. Befides theoij many Paraguay^ Tucuman, c>c. 753 many other little Villages were willing to joyn. The Indians therefore aflera- biing in great numbers, a Crofs was e- reded, and the Foundation of a Town . laid, which was call'd the Conception. Cit- -^va'"" ^'^"i "-'^^ "^°^ powerful of the Gnalachesj builc. renowned among both Spaniards and /«- diansj being invited by F. Ruiz., came to him with an hundred Followers, promi- fing he would either ereft a Town in his own Lands, or joyn the People of the Conception. The firfl: of thefe Pro- pofals was approved of, and he fent home with Hopes ; the Spaniards admi- ring thata word from the Fathers (hould be of more force than their Arms, with which they had defpair'd of reducing the great Curito. After he was gone, becaufe the Way to the Country oiTai- aoha was not ftreight, and through the Lands of War- like Indians, F. Rmz,, with incredible labour, open'd another through impenetrable Woods, which was but four days journey. F. Diafia- nius left in charge with the new Town, reducing the Language of the Gualaches to Grammar Rules, and committing the Elements of Chriftianity to Writing, made things eafie for thofe that were to fucceed him there in the care of Souls. Befides, he gain'd the Affedtions of thofe People by his Skill in Mechanicks, and fpecially in Smiths work, which he had learnt of himfelf, and moft neceflary where there was great want of Iron Tools. Yet the Converts were not ve- ry numerous, becaufe of thefe Indians in- clination toDrunkennefs, and other bar- barous Cultoms. - F. Ruiz, being come into the Lands of Taiaoba, through that Way he had made himfelf, bent all his Thought upon gaining of the Cacique Guairavera, who The Ci- did all he could to obftruft the founding ciqueGuu- of any new Towns, and endeavour'd to lidted to deftroy thofe already founded. And in- embrace deed it Was no indifferent Conqueft to the Faith, reduce him \ for Guiravera was the Chief of all the Man-eaters and Sorce- rers in the Province of Gnaira ; looked upon, by the People far and near, as a Deftroyer of Human race for his gree- dinefs of Man's Flelh, and made it his principal to ftudy to contrive to have F. Maceta, who had drawn over many of his Heathens, fall into his Snares. Befides, he had declar'd to all the Caciques, who for fear of his Power and Sorcery, adher'd to him, that the greatefl fervice they could do him, would be to feize F. Ruiz., and fervc him up^roftcd for him to eat. This Cruelty was attended by Vol. IV, Pride, which made the Monfler f!ile f^\y^ no caiife, Guiravera, fjid lie, to ^sppre- Techo. hetid any Jyeacbery from thojcy who de fire ^^'^T^ nothing fo much as to die for the Glory of God't yon fee our Innocence is eur defence, fiifoccling nothing, tho' unarmed, iimidji your armed Guards, and only fitidying to entc/tnin thofe, who are reported to covet nothing fo mxch as to catch and devour us. Our etdy care being to gain Souls ; we have tiever been known to hurt the Body, it be- ing our only Study to bring all Men to worJl}ip one only God. Trufiing in this Hope, we defpife all Dangers. But be not de- ceived, Guiravera, with the falfe glittering of an empty Name :, for you and I are mor- tal ; I arrogate nothing Jrom the Impo- Jlures of your falfe Oracle, nor da I allow you that Divinity you vainly baafi of. You Mid I were made of Dufi, and to Duft we fhall return ; this was our Original, and this will be our end. Allay thy Pride there- fore, Duft and Afaes, and learn what di- fiance there is between a vile Clod of Earth and the Vniverfal Creator. Why do you hoafl of having created the World ; who have hitherto behaved your felf, as if you had been born to be a plague to it} Tou are not the Creator, but defiroyer of Men ; not the befiower of Dignities, but a bafe Slave to kice ; not the joy of Humane race, but its devour er, flill gorgd with Bodies of Men, and gaping after more. Tou are not the Makir of the Vniverfe, but an empty prodiiii of the Devil's, Tet believe, Godts always fo merciful, that he is ready, if they repent, to pardon the Tranfgreffors of his Laws. Honour this God, unlefs you will rather chufe to endure his Punifljments for ever. Return home for the prefent, wefoon will follow you. The Barbarian becom- ing much more complying, made fliow, as if he approv'd of what was faid ; but it plainly appear'd he only temporiz'd, and counterfeited. Several of the Ca- ciques that came with himlhewed an In- clination to embrace Cbriftianity pri- vately, affirming, if the Fathers would come into their Country, that many of Guiravera's followers would quit him to embrace the true Religion. F. Ruiz. knowing that the People were all led by their Caciques and Sorcerers, and that all things would be eafie when they were gain'd, to oblige Guairavera, gave liim a Rod, fuch as the Spanijh Magiftrates carry, in the Name of his Catholick Majcily, and caus'd him to 'be honou- rably conduced about the Town by 400 armed Converts, by which means, he feem'd tobe fomewhat oblig'd. After his departure, the Fathers confulted a- bout felling a Colony in his Lands, what- ever the danger niight be. \\ hilft F. Rmz. was upon this Delign, Letters were brought, giving an Account that the Town of the Incarnation was iufeft- cd by tlic Mamnlucs, and therefore put- ting off the Bulinefs oi Guairavera, he hafted away to oppofe them. Some Companies of Mamalttcs (of whom we (hall give a full Account here- after) had pafs'd the River Tibaxiva, ^"^5,^'°"^ near the Town of S. Xaverius, and en- °^^^ '""''' camping near the Colonics of Converts, ftruck a terror into all the Province of Guaira. For befides a Multitude of In- fidcls,they had drove away intoCaptivity feveral Converts, whereof F. Mendoz.a complaining they made a mcer Jeft of what he faid. F. Ruiz, being come, and expeding no civility among Robbers, order'd 2 thoufand Converts to take up Arms in their own defence, and fenc two Fathers to try thofe Rovers, who kiird one that went with them, and wounded one of thofc Fathers, yet they proceeded, ihreatning to raire{.all the Province againfl: them, and boldly un- binding the Prifoners, cafry'd them back to F. Ruiz.. The Robbers ftiil feem'd inclin'd to give Battle, tho' F. Ruiz.^ in the name of the Catholick King, con- jur'd them to peace ; however at laft they drew back from the Towns of the Converts, (hewing as if they would be fatisfy'd with driving away the Infidels, and forbear infeftingihe Converts. Yet itwasfear'd, and the event fliew'd there was no truth in their Pretences, to the ruin of the Province, as we ihall fee in its place. New Fathers coming in the midft of thefe Troubles out of Europe., found matter to exercife their Patience and Charity. For the Coronados Indians inhabiting the Plains, who had been at- tempted a Year and half before without any fuccefs, fentnow to P. Aiendox^, re- fiding in the Town of the Incarnation, to defire they might have Priells fent them, and Towns founded. Which they were the more earneft for, when the report was fpread abroad, that only thofe were to be led away Captives, who would not fubmit to be inftrud^ed by the Society. F. Ruiz, taking F. Mendoz.a with him, went and found all things in a great For- wardnefs. Ibitiruna is a very craggy Mountain, three Days journey from the Town of the Incarnation, the In- habitants of which Mountain being commanded to demolifh their Villa- ges , which lay fcattcred up and down, and to build a Town in the Place appointed, readily performed it. In Paraguay, Tucuman^ ^c. In the mean while f, Alendot^ fent to the Jbianguesj a People oppofite to the Sea, to build a Town there, finding they were all difpcrs'd for fear of the Mamalucs, J brought an hundred Families he could s°&itcblel gather, . to add to the new Town of S. Michael, fo that there were 2000 Souls in it. This Place being fetled, F. Ruiz. attherequell oi Pataguirufnviits a Cacique of Note, went a Days Journey further, and gathering Indians, laid the Founda- tion of another Town, under the Invo- S. Jvtoiif, <^3tion of S. Antony the Hermit, fo many ' Inhabitants reforting to it, that in two Months it contain'd 2500 Souls. The Fathers were no lefs fuccefsful in the Lands of Taiaoba, for F. Diafianiiis being fent by F. Ruiz, from the Town of the Conception to look to the Colony of the Archangels for fome time, feveral Caci- ques ot G Hair aver as Faftion reforted to him, requeuing fo earneftly to have a Town built, that there was no refufing of them. There is an Eminence half way between the Towns of Archan- gel and S. Paul., which the Indians call the Burying Place of S. Thomas., hav- J. Tbomis. jjjg receiv'd by Tradition from their An- cellors, that the faid Apoftle of the In- dies palling through thofc Countries, Bu- ry'd a great Multitude he had Baptiz'd in that Place. This Spot being very com- modious and cncompafs'd by abundance of Villages of Infidels, was chofen by F. Diaftanius to build aTown on, anda Crofs erected j and what is wonderful, thofe very Men who had contriv'd to murder F. Ruiz., and were counted the cruelleft yof Man-eaters, came voluntarily into it. Bcfides 400 » Families that came in of their own accord at firft, F. Diaftanius gather'd 400 more in the Woods and Mountains, and call'd it the Town of 5. Thomas. But the Plague raging at this time throughout the Province of Guaira, found the Fathers a great deal of Employ- ment. But the dread of the Infblency of the Robbers was more grievous than the Dillemper , for it was now feard they had loft all Refpedt to the Fathers, and would fall openly upon the Converts. The Jealoulie was increas'd by the Arrival of the new Governor of Taraguay, who coming through Brafd, the fame way the Robbers came, and being an Enemy to the Society, was fcar'd would furnifh a forrowful Subjeft for Hiftory. -, . The Province of Vrvaica was not parfu'd"in ^cl! fetled after the Troubles rais'd by Tain. the Murderers of the Fathers, and it was much fear'd that Niez.nviHs being ftill Vol. 1¥. 755 : iQ alive, might elfewhere gather new For- fS.AyO ces and do the more Mifchief, becaufe Techo. the Converts were grown confident of t/'V^:? their own Strength after their late ViQo- ry. Hereupon the Ibitiraquans calling in Succours from all Parts, fet out a Fleet of an hundred Boats, with which they ran up the River Parana, to the Place where Niezjivius was thought to be con- triving an Infurreftion. They fearch'd all the Woods to no efFed, til] they heard lie was fled an hundred Leagues further. This done they return'd home without any Succefs, but the baptizing of two old Men they found Dying in the Woods. The Territory of Ignax.H was no better fetled. Ail the Heathen Inhabitants of _ . the Town of S. Mary Major had been ?' - warn'd, That if they intended to be TZl Inftruded for Baptifm, they muft put away all their Women but one, whom they were to take to Wife. Many who had fo much Grace, obey'd, the reft fear- ing they Ihould be tompell'd to it, fled up the River into the Woods, andfow- ing in remote Places, built a Village af- ter their antient Manner, renouncing Chriftianity. F. Ruiz, fent after them thofe bethought the fincereft of the Con- verts, to tell them, It Jhould he no Dif- grace to them, if they would return in time. Thefe Meflengers pleas'd with imagina- ry Liberty, changing their Mind, grew more Mifchievous than thofe they were fent to, for they not only perfwaded thofe that were fled to ftay abroad, but un- dertook to draw the reft from the Town, and it was fear'd they might by their ill Example debauch other Converts, and trouble all the Province of Parana. To prevent this Mifchief, after mature De- liberation, the Fathers Ruii. and Badia. went to the Place where the Deferters were, attended by a Company of trufty Converts, and coming at a time when the Men were gone a Hunting and to cut Wood, with the alliftancc of the Caciques that Came along with them, they fet Fire to the Huts, and began to drive the Women and Children to the Town. The Deferters returning at Night, and fufpecting by the Fire how the matter Hood, for the fake of their Wives and Children, came and fubmicted themfelvcs to the Fathers, who commending them for Returning, inftead of blaming their Defertion, reftor'd them to the Town, where they continu'd without ever relap- fing, to the great Joy of the whole Pro- vince; moft of them foon after embrac- ing Chriftianity, quitting their Concu- bines, and marrying lawful Wives. Yec G c c c c 2 th4i 75^ The HIST OUT of ^ the Plague ceas'd not to rage thoughoit lecho. tiig Province of Parana, and therefore ^y^/"^ becaufe the Town oiCorfusCbriJli fcem'd to be feated in an unhealthful Place, as drawing the Vapours from the River with the Rifing Sun, ic was rcmov'd to a better Seat. Next all the Fathers ap- ply'd thcmfelvcs to repair the Damma- ges fiiftain'd by the Revolt of NicT^uvi- cmotm «'s Faaion. This Delign was not a lit- fubmir. tie forwarded by the Repentance of the Caaroan Murderers, which they were ealily brought to by Tambataius a Prifo- ner fent back to them. To teftifie their Penitence, they fent a piece of F. Con- z.n a long time piefcrv'd their native Ho- I'echo. „our, till the European Women failing, '^'~V^ they began to mix with that barbarous Racc,and corrupted theNoble ?ortugnezj blood. This mixture, in proccfs of time, running through them aIl,andbadSons fuc- cccding good Fathers, and worfeGrand- fons% riie Sons that generous J>ortngHez.e breed, being fo often mix'd, degenera- ted, fo that there nothing remain'd a- mong the Pofterity of thofe firfb re- nowned Conquerors of Braz.il, but their Names. The Portu£uez.e difdaining to call this Generation by their Name (as Orlandimis iu his Hiftory of the Society obfervcs) gave them the barbarous Title of MamaUics \ that fince they are like them in nothing elfe,they may not be a- li.kc in Name. This dcprav'dRace was in- creafed by the addition of vvorfe Com- panions, who reforted to'^'them in great numbers from other places,being invited by Liberty, and the good difpofition of the place. For Piratininga, as to fituation and fvuitfulners of Soil, furnifhes fuchas delire to live wickedly and daintily, with Neceflarics and Safety. It is fifteen Leagues from the Ocean, and a little South of the Tropick of Capricorn. Be- ing therefore in a temperate Climate, it produces mofl: things necelTary for life, fo that it not only furnifhes it felf, but the reft of BrazJlj which is fo lu.vurian^ ny reafon of the great Heat and Moi- llure, with plenty of Corn and Cattle. It produces Sugar,and is laid not to want Gold Mines. There is but one way thi- ther from the Ports upon the Ocean, which is over craggy Mountains, and very difficult to pals ; and fo narrow, that a very few may keep out any num- bers. This fertility of the Soil, and in- acceffiblenefs of the place, draws many, who are forced to fly for their Crimes, or defire to commit them to fly thither out of Europe and Brazjl. Thus Men of fcveral Nations, and guilty of all Crimes, having found out a place fuitableto their .Inclination, and joining in amity with the Afamaliics, began to treat the Indians after a far different manner from the firft generous Portugals, who firft plant- Tupituques cd Colonies in Braz.il. The firft, and a fingular Proof of their Villanies, as I find it fell upon iheTtipinafies. Thefe People dwelt on both the Banks of the River A,:iambi, which rifing out of the cold Mountains, and running a long race through the Proviace .of Guaira, falls into the Parana. They were computed to be 3000c Archers, living in 300 Villages ; but they fo deftroy'd all that Nation in fix Years War, that there fcarce remains any token of that Multitude, except the Ruins of the Villages. The War with the T/.'<«^«« being atan end, they en- ti ed the Territories of the Tupiguas, in- j-^pj^^g. habiting both fides of the River Tff/crf/, in the Year 1589, after having fpread their Terror through the neighbouring Countries, and for fcven Years drove all before them ^ after which followed the five Years Defolation along the River Paraubaba., which falls into the Springs of that of the Amaz^otis. King Philtf ranuhabi abhorring the cruelty of thefe Robbets, River, fet out an Edidt, which was only the re- newing the Laws of the Emperour Charles the 5th, and the Kings oi Portu- gal., forbi(ilding the Indians being made slaves on any pretence whatfoevcr. The Governours and Magiflrates oi Brazil., and even thofe" of the Town of Pirati- ninga cndeavour'd to have the King's Commands obferv'd. But the Mama- Ihcs breaking through all Antient and Modern Laws, were Hill moi e wickedly bent upon the deftruiftion of the Indians. Yet, left they Ihould feem openly to vi- olate the Laws, they had always fpeci- ous Pretences, and fuch as feem'd to carry a Zeal of the King's Service for what they did, palliating their Villauy under a fliow of Juftice. Thus, under a colour of going to the Gold Mines found up the In-land, they often broke out in great numbers from the Towns of Piratininga, S. Vwcent., and the Saints^ and drove away an infinite Multitude of Indians into flavery. But what is raoft prepofterous, they perform all adls of Devotion before they fet out upon thefe Expeditions, which laft three or four Years, as if Heaven could hear the Prayers of Mifcreants, and give a Blef- fing to Villanies ; and what is moft pro- voking, thefe Wretches call their Rob- beries, jifojlolick E.xcttrfions j faying, they go to ferret the Indians out of their lurking Holes, to bring them to Civili- ty and Chriftian Religion. I could give a particular Account, having the Au- thentick Relations by me, of the Perfons, Times, and Places j I could fliow how cruelly they wafted wholcProvinces,who theCoramanders of theRobbers were,and what particular Places they utterly de-» ftroy'd -, but I fhall exprefs it more briefly, by faying, that all the vaft trad of Land, from the River Marannon to thirty Degrees of 5o/«fe Latitude, up the In-land, fuffer'd by their continual e.x- curfions. There remain'd a part of GHairH.t ^nd fome other Countries fa- mous Paraguay, Tucuman, d>c. 759 mous for the Labours of the Society in them, which how they plunder'd or damaged, I am now about to fet down as afted in feveral Years. (- Luis de Ce/pedes, a Man nobly dcfcend- Sthe De- ^^■> arriv'd from Spain in Brazil, in the relation of Year 1629, to proceed to Paraguay, Cuiira. having obtain'd the Government of that Province of the King. There are two Ways from Braz.il to Taragaay. The one by Land, the other by Sea. The Way by Land was abfolutely forbid by the King, to prevent the OpprefTion of the Lidians. Yet the new Governour thought fit to go by Land, alledging he bad the King's Difpenfation. Being at Firatininga, he fet out at fuch time as 900 Mamalucs, and 2200 Ticpimsj (thefc are fierce Indians^ m League with the Mamalncs') were preparing to enter Guaita to plunder. Their Commander in chief, was Antony Rapofo •, other Men infamous forenflaving the Indians^ were Captains under him. The Governour fetting out of Paratininga in an ill Sea- fon, having travelled fome Days by Land, made the refl of his journey into Guaira on the River. Being honourably entertain'd at Lorcto by F. Ruiz., all the Return he made was ill Language j and having confulted about providing againft the A-famalitcs, he fixed upon nothing. Tho he could not but commend the La- bours of the Society, he could never be brought to order Supplies tooppofe the Robbers, declaring he was not ftronge- r.ough for them :, but it appears he was faulty in that particular, and therefore fome time after was fined by the Coun- cil of Spain. In the mean while the Troops of the Mamalucs drove the Lands of the Infidels not far from the Towns of the Converts, attempting nothing upon the Converts of the Society , yet the Fathers did not doubt there was Fire hid under thofe deceitful Alhes, which foon broke out into a dreadful Confla- gration •, for it was plain that the Rob- bers only wanted a Pretence to fall on. The Cacique Taturana was the innocent taufe of all this Miflhief. He had been once taken by Simon Alvarez., a Mama- liic, but having made his efcape, with his Men, fled to the Town of S. Anto- ny. This being known, Simon Alvarez, Commander of one of the Troops of Mamalucs demands Tatitrana of F. Alola Dire(flor of the Town of S.Antony, who anfwcring. That Tatnrana was free by Nature, and therefore could not, con- trary to the Laws of Nature, put him into Chains, who had fortunately de- liver'd himfelf; the Rover was enrag'd, ^\-.V>o and confulting with Antony Rapojo, chief Tccho. Commander of the Mamalna, ordered l^^/'VJ his Company to Arms, refolving, in re- ^^maiucf venge, to deftroy the whole Colony of deftroy S. Antony. F. MoLi, on the other lide, the Town not qucftioning he fliould be attack'd, °^ ^' ■^^'' baptiz'd all the Infants in the Town. ^'"'^' The next Day a numerous Company of Mamalncs under the command of Simon Alvarez, ailaults the Town, plunders it, fpares none, cuts off fuch as oppofe him, fecures the prime Men, drives away the weak Multitude, robs f. MoU of all he had, tho he us'd all^means to move thofe Robbers to commifcration ; but finding no humanity among them, and defpair- ing of defending the Bodies, apply'd himfclf to procure the health of the Souls of thofe poor People, baptizing, inflruding, andothcrwife helping them, as occaiion would permit in that Ihort time, and this not without danger of his Life, oneofthefe Milcreants aiming to kill him, had not another of the Gang obftruftcd him. About 2500 Indians are faid to have been taken at this Inva- fion by the Robbers ; the Shepherd was left without his Flock, lamenting the lofs of his dear Children in God, whom he faw drove away like Sheep before his Face, without hopes of redrefs. Nor was the Sorrow of thofe poor Captives lefs, who ftill look'd about to fee whe- ther there was any polfibility of making their efcape; and fome having found means of compaflig it, made their Way to F. Mola. To the'fc were added fome others who had hid themfelves from the Robbers, all whom as he was leading to the Town of the Incarnation, he was a- gain in danger of being kili'd -., for fe- veral of them changing their Minds, be- gan to Mutiny, accufing F. Mola of Trea- chery, and affirming he dealt underhand with the Robbers; whereupon they were ready to fall upon him, but that he commemorating the dangers he and 0- thers of the Society had expos'd them- felves to for their fakes, diverted them for that time, with the afllftance of fome fincere Converts. But the danger was accidentally doubled ; for a great num- ber of Gentiles, altogether ignorant ot the Mifchicf done the Day before, com- ing to the Town of S. Antony., with a defign to embrace Chriltianity, finding it abandoned and ftrewed with dead Bo- dies, grew enrag'd, and difperfing into feveral Companies, fought about for the Fathers as Betrayers of their Country. But f. Mola was got fafe to the Incarna- tion 760 the HIST ORT of f\-A*y^ S. Michx- '■^'s Town Plundtr- ed. And that Oifefu MtrU. tlon^ F. Paftor having come out to meet and relieve him. The News of the Invafion being brought to the Town of St. Muhael-, oblig'd t. Mcndoza and F. ranfuck, who rcfided there, to provide the bell they could agaiufl if. And bccaufe it was un- fafe to remain in the Town, endeavour'd to perfwade the Inhabitants to fly with them to the Town of the Incarnation., where with joint Forces they might op- pofe the Robbers. Many taking the Ad- vice, follow'd F. f^anfmkj and were met and reliev'd by the Fathers and Con- verts of the incarnation. Having fecured them, F. ranfack retl^n*d to the Town of S. Michael, and perfuaded the reft for fear of the Enemy, who was now near, to hide themfelves in the Woods. He himfelf flayed in the Town with two Youths, to the great danger of his life j for many of the Indians were full of Jea- loufies, and fome were reported to de- fign agalnft his life ■^ whereupon fome Converts venturing from the Incarnation to defend him, fell into the Hands of the Mamalucs, and were carryed away into flavery, notwithftanding he went tode- mand them. Soon after, Antony F'iciido, Captain of another Band of MamaUtcsy envying the Plunder of the Town of 5. Antony., without any other provoca- tion, enter'd the Town of S. Michael., and finding it abandon'd, in a rage,fearch- ed all the Country for four Leagues a- bout, making all Slaves that he could meet with. Thefe two Towns being dellroy'd, there could be no opportuni- ty of attending the Converfion of the Caaivans, a numerous Nation, that de- fired the afllltance of the Society. In the mean while, great numbers fied for pro- tedion to the Town oijefit Maria., but in vain, for neither could this Place a- void the fury of thofe Mifcreants. Ema- r.uel Morato, Captain of a Band of thole Thieves, being iiiform'd of the Multi- tude there was in the Town of Jefu Ma- ria, taking fome Detachments out of the other Companies of Rovers, and 2000 of the Tupi:s thtir Auxiliaries, in march appear'd before the Town oijefit Ma- ria. The chief Men of the Town go- ing out a little way to difcover whether thofe were profefs'd Fnemies, were prefenfly feized and bound. M. Maceta j)erceiviug they adcd in a hoftile man- ner, went out to them with a Crucifi.K i;i his Hand, and an Albe or Surplice on to try whether any Refpecl would be given to his Prieftly Function, but they fcorn'd him, calling him. Fool, and Deceiver of the Indians. The new made Chriftians furrounded their Father, ex- prefGng their Affcdtion the beft they could in Words or Tears. Among them Curuba, a powerful Cacique complaining to him with a filial Confidence, of the Violence offcr'd him, was fliot through the Body with a Bullet by one of the Robbers. F. Maceta provok'd at this V'illany , feverely reprimanded that Wretch, who drawing his Sword threat- ned to kill him, but was diverted from it. Curuba in the mean while wallow'd in his Blood, and having not been before baptiz'd, was there at his Death made a Chriftian. Guiravera with the reft of the principal Men had their Hands bound behind them, and were drove away like Sheep. F. Spinofa hearing of the Danger F. Maceta was in, came with fome hundreds of Indians by Night to his Afiiflance, and had like to break his Neck ofT a Rock, of which fall he lay three Hours asjf he had been dead, re- covering afterwards with much difHculty. Three hundred more Converts came with F. Diafianius on the fame account from the Town of S. Thomas. All the good thefe Succours did, was only to receive fome few that made their efcape from the hindermoft Troops, for the Robbers were gone off in time. F. Maceta went away with F. Diaftanius, whoadvis'd him to purfue the Robbers, that if he could not move them by intreaty, he might force the Prey from them in Brafil by the afllftance of the Magiftrates. This being refolv'd on, F. Maceta and F. F'an- furktHs who had been rob'd of their Flocks, follow'd the Robbers through a vaft De- fert and foon overtook them. The Ma- maliics divided into Companies as they were, drove a numerous Multitude of Captives before them •., and that none might efcape, had fecur'd the Caciques with Fetters link'd to a long Chain, the reft were put forward with their Hands bound. F. Maceta ran among thefe poor Wretches embracing them, and begging of their Keepers for his Children in Chrift, but they fcoff'd at him, faying he was Mad, and yet he defifted not till he had mollify'd one of thofe Thieves, and relcu'd fome few of the Indians. En- courag'd with this Succefs he went to an- other Company, where with much in- treaty, he obtain'd Liberty for Eight, one of whom was the famous Cacique Guiravera and wich him his Wife. He try'd others, but with no Succefs, for Cruelty once hardned is not to be mov'd by any Intreaties. Therefore left the Rovers^^ Paraguay, Tucuman, €. cruel Temper; which inhumanity they call War. They are fo much concern'd to be overcome, that thofometimes they are fpar'd by their Enemies, they will neither eat, nor fuffer their Wounds to be drefs'd. The Fathers in Guaira^ had ac feveral times, got fome numbers of both thefe Nations out of the Woods, but moft of them, as foon as they were Ihut up in the Town, dyed like Plants that grow in the Shade, and cannot bear the Sun. The Fathers of Acarai had done the fame, and were defirous to find Ibme expedient to provide for the Sal- vation of thofe wretched Creatures, with more fafety to their Bodies. F. Al- varez.^ with incredible Labour and Dan- ger, made his way through almofl: im- penetrable Woods to thefe People, and having got eighteen of them together, he return'd to the Town, where be in- ftrufted them the beil their flupidity would bear; and having baptiz'd them, they all dyed. The reft of the Province of Parana was peaceable, and the Hea- thens daily came over, and were bap- tized. The Province of Vrvaica was ftill Town of more profperous, and yielded a more Ajjiimpt'm plentiful Harveft, for above 3000 Souls were there baptiz'd, anew Town built, and the Foundations of two others laid. The River Acaragua falls into the Vr- vaica^ feven Leagues above the Coloiiy of St. Xaverius. The Provincial f^af- quez, had promifcd the People, dwelling on its Banks, to fend them a Father, in hopes whereof, they had fb gather'd their Icatter'd Houfes, that they feem'd ferioufly to delire to be civiliz'd and be- come Chriftians •, and the Society thought it a matter of great confequence to fecure that Poft, which would open a Way to the upper part of Vrvaica^ and cbftruft NicKuviuf from raifing new Troubles. F. Romero repairing thither, and finding 350 Families already aflem- bled, and as many more ready to meet, ercdted a Crofs, appointed Magiftratcs, and baptiz'd the Children. F. Altama- riniis well skill'd in the Indian Language, govern'd this new Town, call'd the Af- fumption, twelve Years, with fuch fuc- cefs, that 4200 were there baptiz'd. It was here I learnt to exprefs my felf in the Language of Guaira-^ and having gain'd fome skill in it, through God's great mercy, was able, tho unworthy, to employ my little Talent for twenty Years, through the Towns of Parana and Vrvaica. The Infidels of the In- land of Vrvaica towards the South., were 765 built ia Vrvaicii. no lefs forward to ask for Fathers, and fvA^^ particularly, the Caapians and Caafapam, 7 echo. mov'd to it by Apicabija^ and Mbo- o^'-v; carata^ the Lords of thofe numerous Nations. But Ibapiruis, a fierce Man, oppos'd their Defigns. He being grown famous by his skill in Sorcery, among the Heathen People about the River 1- jbapiriu: gai^ raifed the neighbouring People, de- fubdued, daring he would revenge Niezjiviits his Quarrel, and crufh the Caapians^ and Caafapansy that they might do no harm by their Example. The Multitude ran to Arms, and marched towards the Caa- fapans. This being known, the Ibitara- pans, Tabativians, Piratinians, Caafapa- nimans, Acaraguans, and Caarvans^ drew out their Forces, left the new Candi- dates to Chriftianity (hould fuffer, and meeting the Enemy, put them to flight, and purfuing, overtook them again two Days after, but they flipt away over the Fords of the River, Igai, before they could be cngag'd. There Jbapirins re- cruiting his Forces, making many more Fires about the Fields than were necef- fary for his Men, to ftrike a terror, and putting on the Veftments F. Gonz.aUz. formerly us'dat the Altar, with apiece of the Chalice he had, carry "d himfelf as vainly as Niezjivins had done. Then afFeding Divinity, he threatned to de- ftroy all thofe that follow'd the Fathers. The Converts, frighted at thefe things, had certainly fled, but that AlfonfoQue- rana, a Man of note among them, ha- ving fppken fome words to encourage them, bid them follow him, and then with Father Romero^ tho the Seafon was cold, ran into the Water up to the Neck, where the Ford was, and the reft fol- lowing his Example, made their way o- ver, attacked and plundered Ibapirius his Houfes. Then marching with dili- gence, overtook, and routed the Ene- my. Ibapirius i[ed with fuch precipita- tion, that there was no hopes of reach- ing him. The Conquerors alledging, it was requifite to hang fome for a terror fo others. F. Romero advifed them to hang one of thofe that had been killed, which was accordingly done. Cunanti- pita, the promoter of this War, Ibapi- rius his Son, and four of his Concubines were taken, and afterwards became Chri- ftians. Ibapirius himfelf, after he had lived fome Years in Banifliment, wan- dring about, defir'd to be carry'd to a Town of Indian Converts, but dyed by the Way. F. Romero, before he difmif- fed his Forces, mark'd out the Ground for a Town among the Ctafapaguans^ and being 766 The HISIOKT .of p,^./^o being iiiforra'd that Jpicabij^ had ga- Techff. ther'd a fufficient number, laid the Foun- u'V^ datioiis of another among the Caafians. The firft of thefe Towns was dedicated to S . Peter and Paul, the other to S. Charles Boromeus. Not long before, F. Rua falling up the River Ibicnit from the Town of Jafeire to the Province of T4pf, invited the Inhabitants of three Villages to go with him to the Colony of thcThree Kings^ then very thin of People. They all refus'd faying. That if the So- aety would build a Town among them, they would all confent and become Chrijiians j and the Chief of them fhewing that they and their Neighbours could make a po- pulous Town, the Father promis'd Care Ihould be taken of them, and return'd, Priefts being yet wanting to fupply fo many Places. The Plague now raging, deftroy'd many hundred of /w<^;^ thoufand Strangers -, redocingthcmfelves Techo. to cxtieam want to fupply them. Be- ^^''W fore it was propos'd to build Towns, the whole Nation difpcrs'd itfelf among the Colonies of Parana and Vrvalca^ which Colonies, by reafon of the ill Crop the Year aflbrdcd, being ill pro- vided to fupply the Natives, involv'd themfelves in wonderful Calamities. It is well known that the Inhabitants of the Town of S. Ignatius on the River Paraguay^ diftributed two thirds of the Provifions they had, in Alms among the Strangers. The Itapmns beftow'd 3000 Oxen among them. The Inhabitants of Corpus Chrifti^ flaughter'd a great num- ber of Cattle to relieve them ; and yet foon after Plague and Want deftroy'd many of them. Six hundred were bu- ry'd in the Town of jicarai^ in a fhort time after fome Thoufands of thefe Pilgrims came thither. Thofe that fur- viv'd having confumed all the Food there was about the Town ; labour'd to pro- trad Life, difpers'd about the Woods, killing what came in their way. F. Al- varez, ranging the Forrefts to take care of their Souls, was reduced to fuch ex- tremity, that he had nothing but the Skin upon his Bones, and look'd like a Ghoft, being juft ready to cat a pair of old Shoes, be had foftned by long Boil- ing, when fome fmall Supply was fent him by the other Fathers. The Igua- zjians for four Months maintained 1500 of thofe Gnaira»eans^ for which they af- terwards fulFer'd Famine. The Plague foon after deftroy'd 500 of them. In the Town of S. Mary Major, the Tygers firft flefli'd on the dead Bodies, devour'd 20 hiiian Converts. The People of Vr- vaica, whither a part of thefe Strangers were fent, were profufely bountiful to themj notwithftanding all which fome dy"d of the Plague and for Want. To be brief, of the remains of 13 Towns of Guaira, fcarce 4000 furviv'd the firft Year after their Tranfmigration ; all the reft either Dying in the way, difperfing themfelves about, or Perifliing by Hun- ger or Famine. When the Peftilence was a little abated, F. Kiuz. gathering the Survivors from all Parts, apply'd himfelf to rebuild Towns. The River Jabebair is about half way between the Towns of Itapua and Corpus Chrifii \ on its Banks, not far from the Parana into whigh it falls •, were lay'd the Foundati- ons of two Towns, under the old Names of Loreto and S. Ignatius. That the Peo- ple might not perilh with Hunger whilft they were Building ; the Fathers out of the Mony the King allows them Yearly, and what they could raife by fail of the Goods of the Towns deftroy'd, bought loooo Oxen; which, with fome other helps, kept them from ftarving; and thofe tranfplanted Colonies, through the Induftry of the Fathers, began to re- gain fome part of their former Luftcr. Hither were brought the remains of Guaira, where the Fathers had fpenc 23 Years with incredible labour in re- ducing thofe People;, having Founded thirteen Towns, befides the Spa,.ijh Ci- ty oiFillarica, which v/us alfo abaiidon'd. The Province of Guaira through their indefatigable Labours was thus improv- ing, and it was hop'd the whole would embrace Chtiftianity, and fubmit to the Catholick King; when that Plague of the Mamalucs, as has been faid over- threw all, cutting off the hopes of any return thither ; for after Plundering the Towns erefted by the Society, the Robbers firft ruin'd the VilJages under the Jurifdiftion of the Spamfli City of Fillaricti, and then without any refpeft to the Bilhop of Paraguay, who came thither in Perfon, overthrew that and the City of Guaira. Some of the Spa- niards of f^illarica were remov'd to the River Paraguay , and fome took up among the Mamalucs. The two Towns being fetled, F. Ruiz, was appointed to have charge of them. Where we muft leave him to look a little into the Pro- vince of Vrvaica, and fome other Parts. When F. Romero had made fome Pro- ^ . . vifion for the poor Guairanians, being olfofj^e' ftrengthned by the AccefFion of the Fa- province thers came from that Province ; he fe- of Tape. rioufly apply'd himfelf to propagate Chriftianity beyond the bounds of Vr- vaica in the Province of Tape ; wherein God's fpecial Providence was vifible, which after the Deftrudion of fo many Towns, furnifli'd a new Province for that of Guaira which had been utterly ruin'd. Under the Name of the Pro- vince of Tape, is comprehended a ridge of Mountains running an hundred Leagues from Faft to Weft-, but the Extremities of which Mountain are eight Days Journey from the River Vrvaicay and twice that diftance from the Atlan- tick Ocean. The Vales below it are excellent Pafture for Cattle. The Land which will bear any Grain, and Water''d by abundance of Springs and Brooks. In the marlhy Grounds towards the Sea, there is often found an amphibious Crea- ■^"^ ^ ture very like a Sheep, but that it has phibiouT' Teeth and Talons like a Tyger; and is creatuvt. reported Paraguay, Tucuman^ t^t. 771 reported to be fo fierce, that it dofes not fpare Lions, nor do the Natives dread any Creatures fo much as thefe, which fometimes come out of the Wa- ter in Flocks, and do much mifchief. There is no way toefcape them, but by fpeedy climbing of Ttees, and even that will noL do fometimes, for thofe Sheep either root up the Trees, or ftay fo long about them, 'till Fear or Hunger makes the People drop ofE If ever they happen to kill any ot thefe Creatures, which is veiyrare, they wear their Skins, whence the Guarans call a Garment Ao, taking it^ Name from the Beaft, or giving the Beafl: the Name from the Garment. Thefe Monfters really are in Sheep's Cloaching, but are thcmfelves ravenous Wolves. There is alfo a famous White Biid, which tho it Guint have but a very fmall Body, has a Voice aftrange ^^^^ founds like a Bell, wliii-h therefore Bird. ■ the Natives ca'' G-uiapo, or the found- ing Bird. Tl-.e vV/oods produce a low fort of Palm-trees, not unlike the Ifidi- an 'jt:-cs, of the Bark whereof they make Bow-ftrings, (tronger and finer than if they were made of Silk. There is plenty ot fhining Stones, which doubt- left might be curioufly polilh'd, if there were European Artifts. The Tree Efa- pis, which ii; alfo found in other parts, tciph^z when the Son rifes , weeps or fweats notable out a plentiful Flower, which appears •Tree. jQ ljg j^Q Oew, becaufe the other Trees about it are dry. This Tree feems to put us in mind, that Men Ihould weep when the Sun of Profperity fhines on them. The People of the Province of Tape differ not from the reft of the Gua rans, either in Cuftoms or Language, only they feem to be of a milder Tem- per, and lefs Vitious; and Experience has taught, that no Nation in South A- merica fooner embraces Chiiftijnity, or retains it more fteadily. Loving their Antient Liberty, tiiey were utter Ene- mies to Strangers, and could not eafily have been fubdu'd by force of Arms, had not the power of the Crofs pre- vaifd. They liv d after the manner of the Guarans in little Villages, built ei- ther on the tops of Mountains, or in Woods, near to Springs or Brooks ; of all thofe Villages, Tape, which gave Name to the Province, was the biggclf . E Genz.alez. had been there before his Death, but the People being not well difpos'd, retir'd withfomedanger. But in the Year 1631, F. Ruiz, coming hither up the River Jbrinit, and F. Romero by Land ; they found, that by converfing Vol, IV. with the Converts, many of the People fx/wO vyere become inclinable to ChriftianRe- Tecko. ligion, and particularly Cuamtca , Jabi- ^^^'W^^ CO, Cuniamho, Aracaio, and fome Other Caciques, earneftly intrcated they might be turnilhed with Teachers of the true Law. Their Requcft was now granted this Year 1632, becaufe the Province of Cuaira being ruin d, tiie Fathers that came from thence, did not only know the Language, but knew how to deal with the Indians, and were zealous to retrieve their late Loffes. F. Romero, ha- ving lent two other Fathers before, and following himfelf wich two more, was honourably received there by Cuamica and his confederate Caciejues, and con- duced toaHoufe and Church they had built tor him. F. fl1endoz.a iudF. Ber- nardes, left there to take care of that new Colony, within the fpaceof a Year, gnther'd 750 Families. The Town had . the Name of S. Michael given it, where JS^.", , above 8+00 Souls have been baptiz'd. ^•^"^*''' In another part of the fame Province, F. Romero was receiv'd with abundance of Bonfires , where there was alfo a ^ fortol Church ready built, and Huts a- bout it, to Ihew their readinefs to obey vvhatfoever the Fathers Ihould command, and in three Months time, 1200 Fami- lies fetled in that pLce. This Town had the Name of St. Thomas given it, ^„^ g^^ and was two Days Journey from that of Tbtms^ S. M.chael; in the mid fpace between both which places, there were abun- dance of fcatter'd Indians, who affem- bling of their own accord, in a place called Itiquatia, built their Houfcs in order as for a Town, with a Habitation and Church for the Fathers, fending fome Men to F. Romero, to deiirc he would not fli|;ht them any more than o- thers, for they were refolv'd to become Chriftians. F. Romero blefling God for this wonderful Succefs, hailed to them, call'd the Town S. Jofeph, and promifed to fend them a Pi left. The fame was done in another place call'd Ararica, on the top of a Mountain, where 600 Fa- milies met together, and had the Name of the Nativity of the BUjfed Virgin gi- ven it. Another Town was ereded near the Wood Ibitarana, and call'd S. Ttrtftt^ of which more may be faid hereafter. Nothing bred more frequent of the Troubles , and made the Indians fly Marriages from Chriftianicy fo much, as the confi- of theGw*- ning of them to one Wife, wliich gives ^'^'' us occaGon to fay fomewhat of a Con- troverfy that arofe among the Fathers, concerning the Marriages of the G"***- £ e e e e % rmns-i 772 The HlSroiiT Qf <>^A-/^ ranSf not unworthy to be here mcoti- Techo. on'd with the decifion of it, becaufe it (.:^^V%I was nice and curions. The Chief Men of this Nation, were wont to keep as many Concubines as their Luft inclin'd them to, or their Authority could ob- tain among their People ; and it was a great difcouragcment to them to embrace Chriftianity, when they were warned to be fatisfiedwith one Woman. This was in fome meafurc heightned by the too aufteer nicety of fome of the Fathers , who would oblige thefe Men to take to Wife the firft of their Women. O- thers, without any Scruple, allow'd the new Converts to chufe any one they pleas'd of their Women for a Wife. Thefe different Opinions having con- tinued and been maintain'd for fome time, the decifion of it was at length re- ferr'd to the Pope, who was then Pope Viban the 8th, and the whole Contro- verfy fent him in Writing by F. Lugo^ who was afterwards a Cardinal, which becaufe it fhews the barbarous praftice of thofe People, and feveral particulars worth obferving , I will fet down at large ^ his Words arc thefe. Mofi Holy Father, " There arifes a mighty Diffi- *' culty in the Converfion of the Jndi' " MS, of the Province or Kingdom of *' Paraguay, in the Weft Indies, on ac- " count that fome of our Miffioncrs, " will oblige them to take to Wife, and " ftick to the firft Confortthey had, du- " ring their Infidelity ; for this Nation, " according to their barbarous Cuftom, *' turn away at every foot, their Wives, " if they may be fo call'd, as v;e do " our Servants i and this, only becaufe *' the Wife is fick, and cannot drefs the *' Meat, or few the Garments, or look *' to the Houfe, or becaufe fhe grows *' Old. Nay, very often, a Man takes *' not only one Wife at once, but with " her, all her Daughters, or Sifters if " fhe has any, of which he afterwards *' beftows fome on Friends or Servants, " and then takes them again if the Ser- *' vants go away. Others leave their ** Wives only becaufe they remove to **• another place, and will not take them " along. For this reafon many are of *' Opinion, there is no true Matrimo- " ny among them, but that thefe are all *' Concubines ; and therefore when *' Converted, they are allow'd to take *' a Wife or Husband that is Baptiz'd. *' Others are fcrupulous, and oblige *' thefe Men fo ftrict to their firft Wife, " which caufes many Inconveniences. " Krft, Becaufe many on this account. " take an Antipathy to Baptifm. Se- " condly, Becaufe they lye, faying they " had no other Wife, and thus deceit- " fully marry another. Thirdly, Be- " caufe they pretend to return to their " firft Wife, but in reality have ano- " ther, and value not the firft. Fourthly, " Becaufe it is often a difficult matter to " know which was the firft , becaufe " amidft fuch a Multitude, they fcarcc " remember which was the firft ^ and " when they have found her,Inquiry muft " be made again, whether Ihe had any "■ Husbands before, and again whether " thofe Men had any prior Wives. Be- " fides all this, they ufe no outward " Ceremony at thefe Marriages, more " than they do when they take a Con- " cubine for a Week or a Month ; fo " that very often there is no exterior " iign to be found to exprefs their gi- " ving confent to that Marriage. There- " fore confidering their pra(flicc and " manner of proceeding, many Learned " and Godly xMen are generally of O- " pinion, that there is no true Con- " traft of Matrimony among them. " But to remove all Doubts and Scru- " pies, and to take away this mighty Im- " pediment to the Converfion of that *' Nation, we do humbly pray, that fince " according to the Judgment of Learned " Men, the See Apoflolick can, upon " urgent Caufes, annul the IVIarriage of " Infidels, as your Holinefs has declar'd *' in your Brief, of the 20th of OBoher, " \6i6; and again, in another of the " fame nature, dated the ivthofSep- " temher \6i-j, in thefe Words, M'^eob' ferving that fitch Marriages of Jnjidels are not looked upon as fitch, hut that they may, in cafe of necejfity,be dijfoived, &c. " And " in this cafe the Motives are very great, " or rather anabfolute neceffity, for the *' Converfion of thofe Infidels, wethere- " fore pray as before. That your Ho- " linefs will be pleas'd, in your Apo- " ftolick Goodnefs, to grant Power to " the Provincial of the Society ofjefus, " that he and fuch of the Society, as " are cm ploy 'd in the Converfion of " that Nation, and are fit to be entruft- " ed with it, may when occalionoflers, " upon due Examination, and there bc- " ing a doubt of the validity of the " Marriage contrafted in Infidelity, or " a great difficulty of difcov^ering the " Truth, or of finding the firft Confort " fo parted from, that they may, I fay, " for the more eafe of their Converfion, " or for the retaining of thofe already " converted in the Faith and Obedience " to Paraguay, Tucuman, &-c. 773 " to the Church, difpenfe with fuch " Converts, that after Baptifm, they " may contraft a real Marriage in the " Face of the Church. For by this " means, your Holinefs will open a " way into the Church for thofe Infi- " dels, \vhich the Devil endeavours to *■' (hut up j as our Duty obliges us to *' hope of your Holinefs, whom God, " &c. Pope Vrban the VIII. having coufulced learned Men upon that Point, declar'd he did not believe there was any need of his fpecial Difpenfation, there being the probable Opinions of Doftors on both fides ; and therefore they fhould follow thofe Opinions, which according to the Nature of the Places and People they had to deal with they found molt favourable to them , flill leaving learned Men the liberty of be- lieving according to their Judgment. It was therefore the general Opinion of mort: of the Fathers rcfiding in thefc Countries, that the Marriages of thefe Infidels were void, for the reafbns above alledg'd, and that the hidians Convert- ed might lawfully take any one Woman that was Baptiz'd, to Wife, and call off the reft. Yet this they always aSed cautioufly in, as the matter requir'd. Province The Province of Gttair/t being totally of /««»«. overthrown as has been faid, fome amends was made for it by the reduftion of that of Itatina, whereof we will here give a perfedt Account. The mighty Ri- vers Paraguay and Parana, as was declar'd in its place run through large Conntries for above 300 Leagues from their fource, before they joyn their Waters. A long ridge of high Mountains divides the Land lying betwixt thofe two Rivers, out of which Mountains feveral Rivers and Brooks run down, fbme Eaft to the Tarana, and others Weft into the Para- guay 1 with this notable difference, that the Vvaters flowing into the Parana, running along high Lands, prefcrve their original clearnefs, the Mountains where they have their Birth ftretching them- felvcs Out with a gentle Defcent till they reach the Banks ot the Parana. But on the Other fide being in a manner up- right, precipitate their Waters into a low marfhy Ground, where drawing the Mud along with'thcm, they continually Tirmiii ^^fil^ ^^ Paraguay, and overflowing in River why feveral Places with the faid River make fo Muddy, a little Sea, which makes fome compare this Winter Inundation with that of the JSlile. In this low Part lies the Province of /f(jfm^/"S> the Villages of Indians within tlie Jurif- didion of the City of the j^jfitmption, on the North the River Bntmeo hems it in. The Inhabitants differ but little in Language and Manners, from Paranians and Vrvakans, being alfo alike in this, that they have fmall Parties of different Languages abo.it them, with whom they formerly wag'd endlefs Wars. They us'd to try their Strength (as Llpfms writes of the Chiltmani) by carrying a great Piece of Timber, which whoever could firft run with to a Place appointed, gain'd a Reward or Honour. The Wo- men deform rather than Paint their Bo- dies, pricking their Bodies in Streaks which they daub'd with a Dirt Colour. They honour'd the Funerals of their Kindred bycafting themfelves from high Places, and fometimes with lofs of Life. The rebounding Balls of hatina made of the Gum of Trees are famous all the World over, and being tofted are us'd for curing the Flux. The whole Na- tion conlidering the great extent of Ground, and variety of People, is not very numerous, the Place, which is hoc and moift, being naturally fickly and conlequently thin of Inhabitants. Yet it was hop'd that when the Province of hatina was once fubdu'd, the Light of the Gofpel might be carry'd beyond the Paraguay, as far as Peru one way, and the other way to the Lands about the River Maranon , all famous for Multi- tudes ef Indians. The Provincial had in the Year 1531. order'd F.Suizy then refiding in the Province of Cw^j/r^i to re- pair thither , but he being bufy about tranfplanting the Colonies of that Pro- vince fentF. Rancionieri inhisftcad, who repairing to Xerez., a Spanij}} Town on the Borders of Itatma , after ferving thofe Inhabitants, went away into the Lands of the Infidels. At his firft com- ing the Indians fhew'd rather jcaloufy Native* of him, than any Affeiflion. The rea- oppofe fon of it was, becaufe one Acofla a Por- ^^^ ^>" tugucs Prieft, having brought together ^^' many of the Itatinians into a Town, on pretence of Religion, endeavour'd to drive them away into BrazJl, to make Slaves of them, which he had wickedly perform'd, but that the /«^/4«^ dilcover- ing the Fraud put him to Death, and now they feared leaft F. Rancionieri ffiould prove another Jcofia, Their Fear was increas'd by the indifcreet faying of an European., whether in Jeft or Earneft, tor 774 'ihe HISTORT of Techo. Receive him with Joy- Towns built, S. Angels. Jttctmati- on. for meeting fomc Itatinians oa the Road, he told them, that all thofe who receiv'd F-Ranuonieri, flioiild afterwards ferve the Spaniards. To this was added the Kna- very of their Sorcerers, who gave out, that the Stranger Pricil was come thi- ther, that he might gather the Multi- tude in the Churches he built, and burn them. The calmefl: among them, taking up Arms, as if War had been declared with the Spaniards, openly detlar'd, That the Peace could not be kept as long as F. Ranciomeri was there, for he was the fore-runner of Slavery and other Cala- mities. But whether the Miifortunes that fell uponfomeor his thief Oppofers, or fome other Providence pi evail'd with them, the hat. mans foou thang'd, fo tliat tnty not only allow'd him free li- berty of Preaching, but invited him to their Villages, and he making ufe ot his Time, fet out to view all the Country. Some for Joy of his coming, went out to meet, and carry'd him Home in their Arms. Famine now raging they liv'd upon tlK; Pith of Palm-Trecs, call'd Palmitos ground into Meal, and fome- times eat Locufts. The Father by his difcreet and religious Behaviour fo gain'd the Hearts of thofe People, that they were abfolutely at his difpofal, when three other Fathers came to his afliftance, and they all apply'd them- felves to building of Towns. The firft there founded was calld S. Jofeph^ and put under the Care ot F. Enantus^ who prefently gather'd 200 Families. The fecood was the Angels, under F. Marti- nez.^ who gather'd the like Number of Families. The third the Incarnation, not far from the Borders of the Guaramha- raais, formerly famous for rUe La'iours of the Society, whither F.Vinjuck dvtw 500 Families. N^ar to this Town was a Village, the Chief whereof very op- portunely order'd the Father not to ap- ply himfelf to any thing but inftruding his People, for he would plentifully fupply him with all Ncceflaries. The fourth Town under the direftion of F. Rancionieri, appointed by the Provincial Superior of this Million, was built in the Lands of Nianduabufuvius , who did not only boaft himfelf to be Lord of the Jt4timans, but extending his imaginary Power, beyond the bounds of his Coun- try, pretended all the Indians as far as the City of the Ajfumptton ought to be fubjed to him. It appear'd he was al- moll ador'd by the Itatinians. The Spa- niards had for many Yc-^rs us'd endea- vours to have a Sight of him, but in vain ; for to deceive them, he always appointed another Indian, who repre- fented his Perfon. This fame Deceit he •' made ufe of towards F. Ranciomeri, re- ceiving him into his Dominions by ano- ther who perfonaied him, having ftridt- ly enjoyn'd his People, not to dilcovcr him to the Stranger Prieft , till he had obferv'd his Life and Converfation. He in the mean while having given another his Enfigns of Honour and Attendance, went about like a private Man. A^er four Months fpent in leaking this Dif- covery, perceiving that the Father tru- ly favourd the Indians, and that he alone it was to be hop'd would piotcd them againft their Enemies , he took off his Difguife, piomiling for the future to be favourable to him. Thus all Things feem'd to favour the Father , who Baptiz'd many of Nianduahufuvins his Followers , and call'd the new Town S. Peter and Paul, It being fcated three S. Petef Leagues from the River Paraguay. On and S. the oppofite fide of that River is the ^*^^' Nation of the Paiaguas, which from the firft coming of the Spaniards had contin- ued its aniicnt Crutliy, infefting all the Neighbourhood with Rapine and Slaugh- ter :, fo that thofe People were accounted as bad as the Ouatairtanu Some Con- verts cither of their own wicked Incli- nation, or elfepiovok'd by hardUfage, hjd fled to them at feveral Times, and given them an account of the Fathers, informing them that they only fought the good of Souls, without any prejudice to the Body , whereupon ihey relorted to PuitgMu F. Ranciomeri, affii niing they would build a Town. As they faid they did, fetting up their Mats alter the Country Fafhioa not far from the Town of the ApoJ}Us, after the manner of a Town. But be- ing naturally Fickle, they foon after flipt away to their old lurking Places, beyond the River Paraguay. The Fa- thers in their four Towns labour'd to Convert thofe People with good Succcfs, not omitting to attend the Spaniards of Xerez., whom F. Enartius ferv'd fo dili- gently in the Lent, that they writ to the Council and Bilhop of Paraguay to de- iire the Society would fettle among them. Bcfides not far off were the Guatians^ Gualachians, and other People of fundry Languages, who feem'd inclinable to re- ceive the Light of the Gofpel, if there were any Body to convey it to them. Beyond this Province in the Lands to- wards the great River of the Amaz.ones there were Pigmtys remarkable for the fmalnefs of their Stature \ and Amax.enes^ fo Paraguay, Tucuman, e>c. 775 fo call'd becaufe living in War all their Lives, they are reported every Year for a very fhort time to call Men from the Neighbourhood to get them with Child ; befides other Nations fo numerous, that F. Rancionieri writing to his Superiors, affirm'd there might be many Towns built at once up the Country , if there were Fathers to fervethem. Thuscon- fiderin^ the State of the Province of Jtatina, this alone with its neighbouring Countries, was fufficient to blot out the Memory of the Unfortunate Giiaira. But another Storm, overturning the prefent State of Affairs, and in a great mea- fure eluding the Hopes concei\'d, will almoft reprefent to us another Gnaira in the Province of Itatina. Mmnhus For the Fathers had not been long deftroy fetled in their new Towns, before they t^S^^t^ receiv'd the difmal News that the Ma- I'epb. "i^lncs were broke into the Province. They after deftroying the Province of Cuatraj being joyn'd by a numerous Company of the Tupus, took the fame way the Fathers had done into the Coun- try of Xeres, and joyning with fome o- ther Robbers, conluked about the means of plundering the new Towns ; which that they might do with lefs Trouble, they fent Meflengers to S. Jofeph^s in the Abfence of F. Enartius, fraudulently to Infinuate to the People there, that they were not come to Plunder, or do any Mifchief, but to revenge the Wrongs done to F. Rancionieri^ by the Indians further up the Country, that if they joyn'd their Forces with them, it would oblige the Society. The chief of the Town innocently giving Credit to the Robbers, order'd his Men to go out arm'd to take Revenge, and led chem direftly to the Mamalucs Camp ^ where when they came they were all difarm'd and bound, the Women and Children thus depriv'd of all Defence being after this eafily convey'd from off the Town to the Camp. F. Enanius returning, and finding the Town empty wich the Tokens of the Enemies Fraud and Cru- elty run to the Mamalucs Camp, where inftead of any Favour he was threatned with Death, which he flighting, they forced him from among them, giving him abufive Language, tearing his Cloaths, and treating him in an oatra- gious manner. Another Party of Ma- The An- malucs invaded the Colony of the An- Sf^^' gels, but found it in a great Meafure a- bandon'd, for F. /I/^rriMf;, being inform'd of their coming, had taken Care that iraoft of the Inhabitants ilnould hide them- felves in the Woods, yet many were {>^A>o taken, the Captain of thofe Thieves 7echo, having order'd the Father to be bound, '^'W? if he made any Oppolition. They drove thofe they found to their Camp, whi- ther F. Martinez, following them, he was there confia'd three Days, that they might carry no Intelligence, or Advife thofe in the Woods. At the fame time another Company of thefe Rovers plun- dcr'd the Lands of Nianduabitfuvius, where they deluded the People after this manner, in the abfence of F. Ranconieri. Having drawn the chief of the Nation to a Conference, they gave out, that they were not come as Enemies, but to AndS.Pe- gather the Indians, who liv'd (catter'd ter and abroad, into a great Town, for inftruft- Jaw/- ing of them in Religion, and if they would lend their helping Hand, they fliould all live friendly together. The poor People deluded by this Pretence came in Crowds to them, whom the Mamaliics cruelly bound, l^cur'd Nian- duabiiftivius, and appear'd as open Ene- mies ; but then profecuting their deceit- ful Villany, they told the principal Men, they had no way to efcape being made Slaves, but by delivering up their Peo- ple ; who being produced, were perfi- dioufly fecur'd without releafing the CacicjHcs. As F. Rancionieri having heard of the Invafion, was hafting to afTiIt his Convert, he was met by about 500 In- dians of Niandtiabufiivins his Fadion, who were to be deliver'd to the Robbers for him and other Caciques ; which the Father underftanding, he encourag'd them to ftand upon their Defence j but before they could make Head, the Ma- malucs fell upon them, and did fome Harm. Seventy of them, who were arm'd, having joyn'd F. Ranconieri in the abandon'd Town, bravely withftood 30 Mamalucs, and 'joTupits. Thefe Towns being deffroy'd, the Fathers flew to all Parts, where they might relieve the Captive, or fcatter'd Indians. F. Ran' cionieri in vain begg'd of the Mamahtcs for his Flock j for they fearing left the Gf.alaches, PaiaguaSy and Spaniards fhould unite to revenge the Itatinians, driving away about a Thoufand Captives, hafted away to joyn the Plunderers of the other Towns. Before they departed the Pro- vince of Itatina, F. Enartitis going to them, by many Intreaties obtain'd Li- berty for Niandnabtifuvius ;and following after them, aflifted many that made their Efcapes ; among whom he found the chief of the Town of S. Jofeph, and fav'd him from fome purfuing Marnaliics. Some of 77^ lie HISTOKT of fxjv.-^ of the TiipKs in hatred to the Mamalucs Techo. defci ted to F. Enartius, but the hati- t/^Y**^ ma>!s fiifpcciing fome Treachery, flew them ail. The Mamalucs going off de- clafd, they had met with no Nation oi Indians fo brave as the Itattniavs^ and magnifying the Dangers and Difficulties of the Ways, protelted they would ne- ver return thither to Plunder ^ like Sea- men, who in a Storm vow they will ne- ver go to Sea, but are always Forfworn. All the Caciques of the Itatmians were drown'd in palling a River, they being all in a Chain, and a fudden Storm ari- fing. The reft of the Prifoners, Pro- vifions failing, were reduced with the Mamalucs to eat Snakes, and other Ver- min. After the Departure of the Ma- malucs, F. Ranconitri fent F. Martinez, to the City of the Aflumption to demand Supplies of the Governor of Paraguay, and ask Advice of the Redor of the College. Which done, lie travelled to all parts of the Province, very often ia danger of his Life ^ for the Jtatinians grown Jealous, kept in mind the Words of fome of the Mamalucs, who had the Impudence to fay they had been call'd in to Plunder the Province by the Fa- thers. This fo inrag'd them, that a Company attempted to Murder him, faying he was the forerunner of them, and they had come in the fame way he did, yet by great Providence he efcap'd. The /WMwVillages every where fmoak'd, the Inhabitants being hid, or running about like mad Men; and becaufc the Mamalucs had given out, that another Troop of them was gone to deftroy the Villages of Paraguay, neither tjie Fa- thers, nor the Indians knew which way to turn themfelves, yet by degrees thefe Jealoufies vanifh'd, and Things were in fome meafure reftor'd. After all the Mifchief had been done, the Governor of Paraguay fent two Troops of Spani- ards to defend the Country ; but they coming late, and the Soldiers being ea- ger to make Slaves of the Indians did more harm than good ; for returning to the Town of the j^fumption, that they might with more freedom enilave the Indians , they told the Governor , he would do well to give the Charge of the Jtatinians to the Clergy, and not to re- ligious Men. The Governour was about imbracing this iljcontriv'd Ad- vice, had not F. Vaf^uez., the Povincial jnterpos'd. Hereupon F. Rancionieri , who was come to the City of the Jif- fumption, was fent with two other Fa- thers, and full Power to take care of his Jtatinians. They wiih great Labour, this Year 1633, gathering thofe that had been difpers'd for fear of the Rob- bers, and calling in other Indians, foun- ded two Towns, the Firft upon the Ri- ver Tepotio, under the Care of F. Vanjiuk, the other an hundred Leagues from the City of the Jjfumption, not far from the River Paraguay, under the Direction of ^.Rancionieri znAY. Enartius. Tofpeak of the Haidfhips they cndur'd is need- lefs, being much the fame as we have mention'd on other Accounts. All Ob- ftacles to the Converfton of the Indians were remov'd by the Catholick Kings Letters, wherein he declar'd all Converts free from any Service of private Perfbns, and immediately tributary to himfelf. Ic was no fmall hindrance to the Proceed- ings of F. Rancioncri that the Paiaguas hapned to report, that the Spaniards of Paraguay were about making War on the Paiaguas and Jtatinians. Which made fuch an ImprelTion on the Indians , un- der the Fathers, that 400 of them un- der the leading of Nianduahufuvius the Elder, croffing the River Paraguy, fled away to the Mountains that run out a vafl length, and were by this means made pervious to the Excurfions of the Fathers, who the following Year brought back many of thofe People. The chief Heads of the Province of .j^^ -^^ Paraguay who fhould have forwarded it, thers for a while ftopp'd the fpeedy Courfe of troubled the advancing Gofpel. For the Cover- ^^ ^^ nour imprifon'd a Convert Cacique of the ^^^^aJ,^ Province of Parana and his Followers, B°Qjop« only becaufe he had made fome Canoes, or Boati of the body of a TieehoUow'd out, lefs than he was Order'd, adding fcurvy Words tohisillUfage, threaten- ing he would go with arm'd Forces to the new Town of Parana, and make all the Converts of that Country Slaves to the Spaniards. This fo incens'd thofe Peo- ple , as yet not enur'd to Subjedion, that it was much to be Fear'd they would have Revolted, had not the Authority of the Fathers prevail'd. But the Bilhop provok'd them much more, for he forgetting the Commendations he had given the Society, fludying his own pri- vate Intereft, conceiv'd that his Revenue would be much greater, if the care of the new Towns of Parana was taken from the Jefuits, and beftow'd upon the fecular Clergy, over whom his Power was more Abfolute. Therefore pre- tending fome Reafons for what he Did, and particularly the Converts under the Fathers not paying the Fourths and Tithes, Paraguay, Tuciiman, ^c. 111 I'uiics, he iiicerciided all the Fathers ia the Province of Parana Both the Go- vernor and Bi(ho[) would have proceed- ed further had not F. Romero fuperior of thofe Fathers hafted to the City of the j^jfmnftion ^ an hundred Leagues from where he was, to oj)[)ore them. The Governour he foon perfuaded not to cpprcfs thofe People, and force them to revolc bcfoie they were well fubdu'd ; but he had more to do with the Bilhop, who Itood obftinately to what he had un- dertaken. To convince him, he pro- duced the Grants of the Catholick Kings, and Briefs of Popes in favour of the So- ciety, by which it apieir'd the Bifliop bad no Power to Interdidt them upon that Account. Whillt the Controverfy was (fill depending, F. f^afjnez.j the Provincial, coming to Town opportune- ly feconded F. Romero, and put by the Bifhop from attempting any Innovatioln, by fhewint^ him the King's repeated Or- ders, forbidding any Pcifon whatfoever upon any pretence to molelt the Society in the care of their Converts. The Goveinour who was before reconcird now alfo interpoling, at length the Bi- lhop comply'd, and following F. Romero into Parana, again vilited the new Towns and Confirm'd the Converts. Thefe Troubles were foilow'd by rumours of War, and the Tranfmigration of two Towns. F. Contreras had been feen by his Superiors up the River Parana, to bring away the remaining People and Goods of the ruin'd Province of Parana. When he was pafs'd the famous Preci- pice, fome Mamalucs met him, diligent- ly inquiiing about the Towns of Igiia- Z.U and Acarfii feared on theRiver Parana^ Towns of ind telling him there were three Troops 4^ri^uand Qi Mamalucs with the Booty they brought ■^"'''" from the Province of Jtatina , not far ofn This gave occalion tofiifpedt ano- ther Invafion, and therefore F. Contreras returning from whence he came, went bimfelf with all Fpeed to acquaint the Inhabitants of Ignat.it and Acarai with the danger, and fent Letters of it to ?.Ro- tnero, who fending MelTengers to all the Towns of Vrvaica and Parana, call'd to- gether as many Fathers as he could. Being altogether, they all unanimoufly agreed to expofe their Lives for their Flock, and encourag'd the Converts to take Arms, in the mean while the Aca- raians, upon frefh Reports of the ap- J)roach of the Robbers, abandoning and burning their Town , went away and joyn'd themfelves to the Inhabitants of itaBUd and Corpus Cbrifti , fome Days Vol. IV, abandoa- Journeys diftantfrom them, where they lull continue, having laid alide all hopes of returning to their Country. Here- upon F. Romero apply'd himlelf altoge- ther to deliver the Ignaz-uans from Dan- ger. It was maniitit that Town could not be fecur'd but by removing it to another Plate \ for bclides that it was thirty Leagues from any other Colony of Conveit<;, there was an cafy Defcent to it either by Land or Water , out of the Province ofO«<«/rrf. The Tranfmi- gration being refolv'd on, the next de- bate was to what Plate it (hould be, 1 he! e was a Plain on the River Vivalca^ about half way between the Towns of the Conception and S. Xaverins , fit to build a Town in, but the way was round about, and 50 Leagues in length, and the Fathers were afraid, lett, as a gieat part of the Tranfmigrators out of the Province of Guaira had perilh'd by the way , the fame might happen to the People of Ignazjt:, but the fear of the Enemy foon took off this Apprehenfioo, Reafon pleading it was better a pare fhould fuffer than the whole. Befides F. Romero rendred the matter caller, having order'd Provilions to be furnifh'd by the other Towns, and gather'd Boats from all Parts, dii ceding the Fathers to attend the 1 ranfplantation. 1 }ius 2200 Inhabitants of Iguazjt were trailfplaiited without any confiderable Damage, and building a Town on the Banks of Vrvai- ca, (till retaining the Name of S.Mary Myor, they began tobereckned among the Vrvaieans. Many, as is ufual in fuch Cafes, were againft this removal, hiding ihemi'elves in the Woods, whom the Fathers and f^gjhful Converts at feveral times brought away. Afterwards the Town was increas'd by the AcccfTion of many Indians, where 1 refided two Years. The Inhabitants of JgH4zji being thus Tranfplanted, there were ten Towns then built by the Society in the Province of Vrvaica. Yet as great as their Succels was there, ftill the Province of T-i^e exceeded it, for in the Town of S. Michael %^ were Baptiz'd, and in that of S. IhomMs 1500 of all forts ; befides far greater Nufn- bers that were ftill Inftrufting. AbooE a days Journey from each of thefe Towns,, that is, half way between them, was a woody mountanious Place call'd Itaijuatia. whofe heathen Inhabitants had left no Stoac unturn'd for the ob- taining of one of the Society. F. Romcri$ had promis'd to fulfil their defires when the Provincial came from the Ci^ JFffff p.td Jtcho, . 77 8 7he HISTOKT of Cs^A/^ pital of PAra^uay. They not fatisfi'd Techo. vvith this Promife, and underllanding txvxj that the Provincial was in the Province J°Z?r°l of Parana, fcnc the chief of them to him, buUt, ^° defire he would not deny their Re- queft. But the Provincial having been inform'd of their defires, had already fent away F. Cataldmits the firft Founder of the towns of Gmira, to lay the Foun- dations of a Town among them, which took the Name of S. Jofepb. The Jta- -« , joyning in Confe- deracy with the Paranians, either for fear of Punilhment, or for the liberty of Plunder, they forfook their native Soil, and went away to the fame Place where they had been with the faid Alex' ius Garcia Having appointed the time of Tranfmigration, the Paranians, tra- velling along the Country adjoyning to the River Picolmayo, came to tiie Moun- tains about the Spanijli Town calFd Ta- rica. The Paraguanans taking another way, having travers'd a vaft Tract of Land, fetled in that Place where the Town of S. Laurence is feated, not far from the Banks of the River Guapaio. Then confuking together, and fi.^cing their Villages on the Tops of the Moun- tains, they plunder'd all about them far and near fo inceflantly, that it is report- ed, tiiefe Chirigiians, of whofe Name I know not the Original or Ecirrology, in lefs than a Year, either kill'd or drove away into Captivity an Hundred Thou- fand Indians. For fome time after their Tranfmigration, it was a folemn Feaft among them to eat the Bodies of the Prifoners they took ; but having after- wards fetled an underhand Trade with the Europeans, they forbore Eating of Man's Flcfli, taking Prifoners to fell thera as Slaves. Yet they dealt after fuch manner, as not to forbear doing the Spaniards a Mifchief, if occafion offer'd, fo that they had feveral Battles with them, and they carri'd it fo far, as pub- lickly, and without any Danimage to defy Francis de Toledo, the Viceroy of Pe- ru ; and they do not yet ceafe to infeft Tarifa, Pafmaia, Pilaia, Momina, Mif- ca, the Towns of Peru, all the Province of Santa Cruz, de la Sierra, or the Holy Croft in the Mountains, and the Bor- ders of Tucuman and Paraguay. So thaC there is no Nation in the Inland of South America, more terrible to the Spaniards^ or more deftrudive to the Indians, thaa thck Chiriguans , encourag'd by the de- fire of Gain , and enur'd to conftanC Robbing. What is moft to be admir'd, it is reported that only 4000 of theni tranfplanted themfelves at firfl: ; but in procefs of time having brought fome Prifoners to follow their Courfe, and increas'd by Procreation, they fpread abroad beyond their Mountains, and (cat- ter'd the Terror of their Name far and near. Hitherto no endeavours had been of any force to bring thefe People to Chriftianity, theBifhops of P^rw, had in vain try'd all Expedients i F. Onega, an excellent Man, had in vain attempted thirty Years before this to difpel their Darknefs by the Light of the Gofpel j in vain had feveral others labour'd among them, fo that they had been quite aban- don'd for feveral Years, as People alto- gether defperate. Till at this time, F. Diafianius being folliciting the Affairs of the Society with the Kings Council in the Town of Clmguifaca, fome of thefe Chi' Paraguay, Tucuman, VNJ Body. The way was very bad from S. 'Joachims to the Town of Jefus Mary beyond the Mountains, which F. Arenas took great Pains to mend, falling many Trees, and removing abundance of great Stones. From S. Jcachtm's the Provin- cial went two Days Journy over the Mountains of Tape^ to the Town of Jc- fus Mary, built the Year before by the Fathers AfoU and Arena. Two Leagues from the Town of "jefiis Mary was a Place appointed for building a new Town , whither fome hundred Families had reforted, defiring they might be al- lowed a Prieft. Caraichure., a Heathen, fent by his Country People to requeft this Favour of the Provincial, came 50 Leagues to meet him, and would not defiH: till he order'd F. Conner as to go lay the Foundations of a Town accord- ingly, and to call it S. Chrlftopher, which profper'd better than any other Colony, for within a Year and a half 4600 Indi- ans reforted to inhabit it. The Colony of S. Anne, beyond the River Iiai was ill a profperous Condition, being in- creas'd to 800 Families. The Provin- cial pafllng the River Igai proceeded to Ararica, or the Colony of the Nativity of the Blefled Virgin, lefs than a Days Journy from S. Anne. The Town of S. Cofmus and Damianus Is but a few Miles from Ararica founded this Year by F. Formofus., who gather'd to it out of the neighbouring Woods a thoufand Families. Not far from it was the Co- lony of S. Michael, then at a fmall di- ftancc that of S. Jofeph, and laftly that of S. Thomas , the true diftances between which Places I do not find. The Pro- vincial having run through his Vifitati- on, fail'd away to the Port of Buenos Ayres, whence he fentf. Diajlaniusy who had been four Years folliciting the King's Councel of Peru in favour of the Indians.^ into the Province of Tape, to take care of the Town of Jefus Mary againft the Mamalucs, for now the Re- port ran, and not without Reafon, that the Mamalucs defign'd to invade that Province. F. Romero giving an Account of the Anions of the Fathers under his Jurifdiaion, fays they Bapcis'd 13800 this Year 1634^ which was a fmall num- ber in refpcft of the many that delir'd it, and could not be difpos'd and inftru- Cted for want of Fathers, there being more Harvelb than Labourers. For now in thefe beginnings, every fingle Man of tbera was taken up in marking out the Ground for the Inhabitants, in build- ing Churches and Houfes for themftlves, ordaining their Civil Government, in- viting the Infidels to the Towns, re- ceiving thofe that came, in time of Plague to feek them out in their lurking Places, afFifting thofe that continu'd in the Towns in all their wants, Catechi- fing, adminiftring Sacraments, Comfort- ing the Afflicted, difappointing the Ar- tifices of the Sorcerers, Curing the Sick, letting Blood, preparing Medecines, dreffing Sores, tilling the Ground, and drefling their Garden, fo that adding to this their Prieflly Duty, they bad fcarcc time to Eat or Sleep. Nor was this all, for they labour'd under great want of Bread, Wine, and moll Ncceflaries , were forced to accuftom themfelves to ftrange Diet, and bear with the loath- fome Cuftoras of thofe People, living always in miferable Solitude, for it is rather a Pain than any Comfort to Con- verfc with barbarous Men. And the Spanijli Towns, where Things necellary for their Cloathing were Sold, were an hundred and fifty Leagues off", whereby their Sufferings were much the greater. The two Towns of the Guatranians y^ j-gj ^^j after their Tranfmigration were in great cjdent. want of Cloaths, becaufe the Fields and Woods near the River Parana, were not proper for producing of Cotton, the Damps of the River deflroying the Flow- er before it was Ripe. To fupply this defed, F. Ruiz fent F. Spinofa with a choice Company of Converts to the Town of Santa Fe, or S. Faith, an hun- dred and fifty Leagues diftant, to bring Sheep through a vaft Defert. They were about half way, whenadifmal Ac- cident hapned. A hw Days before, fome Spaniards travelling that way, had offended the Cuapataches , a wandring fort of Indians, who being upon revenge, as foon as they perceiv'd a Smoak in the Fields, near the Parana, and the Foot- (feps of Travellers, thinking they had been the fame Spaniards, ftole very gent- ly to the Place where F. Spinofa lay, as the Cuftom is there, in the open Air, and at firft; onfet murder'd Five of his Converts. Next they fell upon the Fa- ther himfelf, then awak'd, and asking what was the matter. As foon as they heard his Voice, the Indians concluding he was one of the Spaniards, they had refolv"d to Kill, ffripp'd, and then beat him till they thought he had been Dead j but he coming a little to himfelf, and calling upon Jefns Mary, brought thera on him again, and fb they made an end of Paraguay, Tucumah, &c. m of him« They tore ofFone of his Arms, and lefc the reft of his Body to be de- vour'd by the Tygers. When it was Day, and they perceiv'd they had klll'd a Prieft, they are reported to have re- pented, it being faid they only fought to (j'eftroy thofe Spaniards that had of- fended them ; yet others affirm they knew he was a Prieft before they kill'd him. In the Year 1535. the Seminary the Fathers had in the Metropolis of r«- cKmaf7 was diflblv'd , the Canons of the Church having writ to the King that it was ufclefs, and thereupon the Society quitted it. About the fame time the Several College of the City of Efieco was dif- Faffao^es. folv'd, the Town being left almofl: de- folate by the Plague, and the Goods of the Society perifhing for want of Ser- vants to look after them. The General fcnt Orders that all the Villages of J17M' 4ins in the Province of Tucuman fliould be vifited at leafl once a Year, which oblig'd the Fathers of feveral Colleges to make many Excurlions into the Coun- try, not without a confiderable gain of Souls. The Provincial himfelf to give a good Example, travell'd thiongh the Plain by the Port of B.ienos Ayres an hundred and twenty Leagues, inviting the Troops of wandring Indians to em- brace the Faith and be Civiliz'd, but without any great Succefs. He held on his Jouray with three other Priefts, fer- ving all the Indians in the Villages be- tween Cordova and the Metropolis of the Province of Tucuman^ whence he went on in the fame manner to the Territo- ries of S. Michael^ Salta^ and Rioja. The Fathers at Salt a long exercis'd their Fun- £lion in a private Houfe, their College having been the laft Year, as was then mention'd, deftroy'd by a Flood, and another Inundation now carrying away their Houfe, they betook themfelves to another out of Town. F. Herrera this Year made an Excurfion among the Td- lares, but to little Advantage, the War diverting them from any Care either of Soul or Body. In the Port of Buenos jiyresy the great Employment of the So- ciety was to Inftruft and Catechize the Blacks brought from Angola. Many Things are here related concerning an Image fweating in the Port of Sama ft, and other mtrnculous Matters hapning thereupon, which I omit here, as is done in all other Places. ^ . Some Things remarkable hapned in racy°de-'" ^^^ Province of Vrvaka. Among the letted. reft Chemombeus , a wicked Impoftor, being call'd by fome Sorcerers from the Country near the Sea to the Town of S. Xaverins, gain'd great Authority among the Multitude by his voii.ble Tongue, and prevail'd fo far as to carry on aCon- fpiracy for Murdering F. Cefptdes. Some ot the Townf-men had builc him a large Houfe without the Town, where the Plot was lay'd for the Murder amidft Drinking and Dancing, and Fafter-Eve was pitched upon to be the Day, when they had perform'd the Villany , but that a Youth, bred under the Fathers, difcover'd the Defign ; which being known, the faithful Converts, a little before Chemombeus came with his Arm'd Followers, convey'd F. Cejpedes away in- to a Den in a Rock. VVhilft he in vain fearches about for the Prey, which had dipt out of his Hands, the Inhabitants of S. Ma-'-y Aiajor having Notice of what was doing, came to the Father's afli- ftance in great Numbers , and having fecur'd Chemombeus and other Confpira- tors, fent them away into Banifhment. F. Cejpedes brought out of his Conceal- ment continu'd in the Town of S. Xave-^ riiis^ where he reckned above 3000 that had been made Chriftians fince the Co- lony was founded. The Plague devour'd 500 of the Converts of Acoragua, whofe Places were fill'd up by great Numbers of Infidels foon after brought over to Chriftianity. This Plague extended to the Province oiPiratina^ where Proceffi- ons were made, the Converts carrying great CrolFes to appeafe God. Nor was it lefs deftruftive among the Caaroans, where it fwept away 852 Souls. About 80 Converts of the Town of the Three Kings of Japeiva , going out to gather in the Cattle that ftray'd about the Plains, without any certain Mafter, fell among certain fierce People, and Fighting with them, loft half their Number \ and at the fame time the Plague carry'd off ma- ny more, fo that in a Ihort time the third Part of the Inhabitants was milT- ing, yet the Town was recruited by frelh Indians brougiit in. Having briefly mention'd thefe Things in the Province of Vrvaica, let us now remove to The Province of Tape, where there is much Matter worth relating. F. Bo- roay the Provincial, at his going away into the Province of TucHman, had or- der'd Excurlions to be made into the Countries of the Heathens towards the Sea, as well to gain Opportunities of founding new Towns, as to invite thofc Indians to repair to the Towns already built. As alfb to contraft Friendlhip with thofe People, to oppofe the com* Techo, Plague. Excurfioa to the Ri" ver tcbU 784 Yte HISTORT of Techo. Fear of the Al4- milucs. iiig of the MamalMcs into the Province of Tafe i for there were many Tokens of a newlnvafion. The firft that went from the Colony of S. Terefa^ attended by afmall but faithful Company of Con- verts, was F. Ximcnes^ whofe chief De- fign was to bring as many Indians as he could to the Colony of the f^ifnmon^ which was begun to be built, but as yet wanted a Prieft. The fifth Day after his fetting out he came to the River Caapibarisj and having fail'd on it two Days, came to another call'd Mhocariro^ and out of that in two Days more came into the tehii^itar. Searching the Rocks, Woods and Forrefls along thefe Rivers, he found many Men defirous to embrace Chriftianity, and was every where re- ceiv'd with great Joy, and conduced by the Indians from Village to Village. Sometimes he was met by thirty Canooes at a time, allrefounding with Mirth and Jollity, and the Indians defiring him to ereft Croffes, and build Towns, where they would readily obey all his Diredti- ons, fo they were not oblig'd to quit their native Soil. Yet fome confented to remove, whereof fifteen hundred went to the Town of the Vifitationy and 300 to that of S. Terefa. Having fpent 25 Days in this Expedition F.Ximenez. return'd Home, having found chat fome Towns might be built upon the River Tebiqifar, if there were Fathers to at- tend them. VVhen he was at Home, uaderftanding that the Heathens all a- bout were much diftrefs'd for want of Provifions, he fow'd a vaft Traft of Land, to the end that Hunger might draw thofe People to him to receive the Nourilhment or the Soul, as well as that of the Body ; which fucceeded accord- ingly, for great Numbers came in to him. The Plague raging at the fame time fwept away above 900 Souls, 1030 of all forts were Baptized. F. Snare:. travelling into thofe fame Parts, from the Town of S. Joachim , over Rocks and difmal Places, having fuffered much by Hunger and Wearinefs, brought a confiderable Number of Infidels to the Town j which he and F. Arenes pra- diifing afterwards by turns, they made that Colony of S. Joachim, which was inconfiderable in its beginning almoft equal to any other for number of inha- bitants. Amidll: thefe Succefles many Things hapned that caus'd Dread and Fear , and the Fathers Apprehcnfions were all of the MamalHcs ; for there were feveral Reports fprcad abroad in the Towns of the Converts concerning the Deligns of thofe Robbers. For the better oppofing of whom, F. Romero going away upon Bnliuefs, appointed F. Aiendoz.aX.0 be Superior over the reft in the Proviiice ot Tape, and to be watch- ful and ready to oppofe thofe bloody Villains. F. A'fendoz.a accordingly pro- vided the beft be could for his Defence^ as foon as he came to the Town of Jefus Mary. The Mamalucs had us'd for ma- ny Years paft, to run along the Coafls from the fouth Parts of Brafil in fmall Barks, to the Mouth ot the great River of the Holy Chofi, which is compos'd of the Rivers of the Province of Tape. Then going fome way up this River, they traded with the Indians along the Shores, giving them Iron Tools, Apparel, and other Things for Slaves. The Indians flljur'd by thefe Commodities, fometimes Sold their own Country-men feis'd by force, or made Irruptions up the Coun- try to take Prifoners to fell. Thefe were generally call'd the Friends and Confederates of the Mamalucs, who a- bout this time, had the bokinefs to drive away many out of the Villages that were fubjeft to the Town of yrfus Alary. This being made known, who had made their efcape out of Captivity, /truck a great Terror into the Indians of the Province, and perplcx'd the Fathers, as well knowing the iW return Home he fet out towards the Caaguas, becaufe it was fear'd the Enemy might break in through their Lands. Caagiia is a populous Country, in the mid way between the Province of Tafe^ and the Atlantick Sea, as yet not entred by the Europeans, but delign'd to be attempt- ed as foon as there were Prielts to fup- ply it. To this purpofe the Caaguas that came to the Province of T<«/>f, were kindly receiv'd by the Fathers , and liandfomly prefented. It hapned about this time many of them were come to the Towaoi Jefus Mary to Trade, with whom F. A/(?«^oc<»eafily prevail'd totake him along with them into their Coun- try. He took along with him a nume- tous Train of Converts to ftand by him in cafe any Violence were ofFer'd, and after fome Days travel entring the Country of the Ibians where Jaguuca- porims redded, found many feemingly fa- vourable ; for they promis'd by that time he return'd from iheCaaguas, abun- dance of their People would be got to- gether to receive the Gofpel. With this Hope he proceeded to the Caagiias^ wheie all things fucceeded according to his Defires, thofe People readily hark- ning to the Account he gave of the Be- haviour of the Mamalitcs, and to the AfTiirs of Chriftianity. But whilfl: he was there employM the Jbians confider'd to kill him, at the Infligation of Tainba- iiis, a crafty Man, and Enemy to the Chri- ftian Religion. He had formerly en- deavour'd to exclude the Society of the Province of Tftpe, and alfo he flill endea- vonr'd to debauch the new Converts, fetting up for a Deity \ he was punilh'd with one Days Imprifonment by the procurement of F. Mendoz.ay in the Town of S; Michael. Sometime after flying to the Infidels, he us'd all his Endea- vours to oppofe Chriftianity, and now under/landing f. Menioz.it was gone to the People up the Country, he ga- Vol. tV. ther'd the Heads of the Ibians.^ and with many Words perfuaded them to Mur- der him in his return. They were eafi- ly perfuaded, and fent to JaguacaforuHt to joyn with them. A Day being ap- pointed, the principal Men, with their Followers in Arms, laid an Ambufh in a convenient Place, which the Fathers Company difcovering , many of them fled to hide themfelves; Ibme few fought, but overpower'd by Numbers. The Fa- ther mounting on Horfeback, for he had alighted to Dme, rode about to ftrikea Terror into the Enemy, but endeavour- ing to Baptize one of his Catechumens that was defperately wounded, as he rode to fetch Water , his Horfe ftuck in a Bog, where the Enemy hem'd him in, and gave him many Wounds, till he fell oft' his Horfe almoft Dead. One of the Indians cut off his Ear to keep as a Monument of his Cruelty^ but the Wea- ther being Rainy , they foon betook themfelves to the \Voods , thinking he hid been Dead, deferring the Burning his Body, and Cutting up his Belly till the next Day. When they were gone he crept to another Place, which fur- pris'd them the next Morning, but they foon found him by the Track, and then exercis'd many Barbarities on him till he dy'd almofl cut and mangled in Pieces. This done they Feafted on the Bodies of two Youths that us'd to attend the Fa- ther. When the News of his Death was fpread abroad in the Towns of the Pro- vince of Tape, the Converts were all in- flam'd with the defireof Revenge, Thofe of Jefus Mary would have taken the Field immediately without expeftingthe afliftance of other Towns, had not F. Mola ftopp'd them, protefling he would have no revenge ; yet foon after 1 500 Men of that and other Towns affembling could not be hindred from going to feek the Body. As foon as they entred the Territories of the Ihtans, the Enemy met them, forbidding them to proceed any further, (hewing a part of Y.Men- doz.^. 789 Towns built. Towns of S. Charles, and S. Pi- ter and Paul de- ftroy'd by Mimalitcs. Mamakcs j and this Opinion was con- firm'd by thofe Robbers, who told the Converts they held Intelligence with the Fathers, fo that many contriv'd to Mur- der them. F. Contreras had like to have been Kill'd by a Cacicjue enrag'd with this Jealoulie. The Araricans plun- der'd F. Alfaro and fled to the Woods, declaring they would rather deliver themfelves to the Mamalncs, than be tranfpJanted to Vrvaica. Nor was the Province of 'L'r'y^«V<» any quieter. The Caafafaminians^ who for fear of the War had remov'd to the River Parana, hav- ing no Hopes of returning Home, with the alTillance of the Itapuans, built a new Town, three Leagues from Jtapna, Itill retaining the Name of the Purification. The Caaroansy aided by the Inhabitants of Loreto and S. Ignatius^ founded ano- ther Town on the fame River. The CaafapagttafHanj and Caapians continuing to behave themfelves in a tumultuous manner, many of them being difpcrs'd, and many taken by the Alamalncs, put the Fathers to much trouble j whofe principal care it was to keep together and cherilh the remains of the Towns deftroy'd the firft Irruption, the Indians being much diftradied in their Thoughts betwixt the Love of their Native Soil and the fear of Slavery. Tho' they be the Adions of feveral Years, let us go on with the Mamalucs, that the Account of them may not be too much difmem- bred. In January 1638, the dreadful News was brought that great Troops of Ma- malucs and Tnpus were marching thro' the Lands ot Caama and Caagua^ and defigu'd when they had carry'd away the Heathens, to divide and attack the Colonies of Vrvaica and Tape, and lb proceed to deftroy all the Province of Parana. The Alarm thus given, F. Alfaro the Superior in thofe Parts, en- courag'd all the Indians to defend them- felves, and having Lifted Men in every Colony, ordcr'd the Rendevouz at the Town of S. Peter and Paul, whither the Enemy feem'd bent, and where the Men in a pannick Fear, abandoning the Women and Children, were tied to the Woods. This being known, the Troops of the other Converts not confiding in their own Strength, retired diforderly. The Enemy in tiie mean while drawing near, had certainly drove away the Wo- men and Children, but that F. Al',aro getting them over the River in fome meafure fecur'd them. The Robbers difippointed of this Booty, falling up- on the Towns of S. Tettr and Paul., and S. Charles, and the Villages about Osjv^^j them, feiz'd many Caapians z.:A Caafapa- lecho. guacuans, deftroying thofe two Colonies. ^ysT^ In feven Years fpace tl.e Society had Baptiz'd 4337 Souls in the Town of S. Charles, and 58+5 in that of S. Pete-r and Paul. Scarce the third part of thefe Numbers was afterwards gather'd to fettle in the other Towns. After de- ftroying thefe Towns, the Robbers bene their Force again ft the Lands o< the Caaroans and Caajapaminians. The In- habitants of both thofe Places, had dur- ing the former Invafion tranfplanted themfelves into Parana , whofe Towns had been in fome meafure reftor'd by the remains of the Colonies of the Pro- vince of Tape, to defend whom 1500 arm'd Converts were brought together from feveral Parts, and flood the Ene- my in the Lands of the Caaroans. Com- ing to a Battle and many being Woun- ded, and fome Kill'd on both Sides ; be- fore the Aftion was over, fome Con- verts in 3 Confternation, fled as if the Mamalucs had got the Day, and as the Cuftoni is there, fet Fire to the Town- to lignifie they fubtniited themfelves. The Women and Children feeing the Fire, and knowing the Caufe of it, ap- pear'd in a moft lamentable Condition. The Sight was difmal, yet neither Side got the Viftory, each Party after the Fight retiring. The next Day the Wo- men and Children were by the Fathers conduced away to theColony of the Caa- fapaguacuans, fix Leagues diftant, whi- thei"our Men retiring, were opportune- ly recruited by fome Hundreds of Con- jj r ,(. c verts from Parana, for the Enemy ap- jAmalm. pear'd foon after. The Converts per- form'd their Devotions before they En- gag'd. Fifteen Hundred of them En- gag'd with fuch Bravery, that they foon drove their Enemies into the Wood, taking Ibme Colours and a rich Booty. The A'iamalucs having fecur'd them- felves there with PaIifadoes,put out their Fire3 at Night, and lay very ftill, that it might be thought they were gone. The Converts deceiv'd by this falfe ap- pearance, and thereupon prefuming to go plunder their Fort, pay'd for their Rafhnefs, for the Robbers firing on them kill'd one of the principal Men, and wounded others, the reft fled, and be- ing feiz'd with a panick Fear, could not be brought to face the Enemy again. Moft of them never ftopp'd till they came into the Territory of P/<», the reft follow'd them by the Advice of F. Alfaro. Of five Towns built in the Province of Vrvaic.i beyond the River of 790 'Ihe HlSTORT of Teche. S. Nicho lis Town abandon- ed. Mamtlucs defeated. of that Name, only that oi Piratina was left ftanding, out of which ¥.Alfaro in very good time fent all the Women and Children over the River, for but a few Days after News was brought that the AUmaliics feeking for more Booty, ftill continued between the Territories of the Caafapaminians and the Caaroans. Many of the Converts, after the late Fight, believing the Enemy was gone away in- to Brafil , rcturn'd to their Towns , whom it was hard to call back ■■, yet about a Thoufand Indians drawn together in lialtegave the Enemy a Check, till more forces could be gather'd. The Fight laffed five Hours, with almoft equal Damage about 80 being wounded on both Sides, and fome few Kill'd, Af- ter the Fight the Enemies ftrew'd the way our Men were to go with Crows Feet, which might have done harm, but that they were difcover'd. Then they fent a Woman gaudily drefsM to allure the Chiefs of the Converts, to go over to the Mamalucs., who was turn'd away with Scorn. Before this Chemom- heits, that famous Impoftor had gone over to the Mamalucs^ drawing fome Converts with him , and to do them fome fignal Service, now by their Con- fent, pretended to Defer t, but being taken endeavouring to debauch fome Converts, he was put into Irons, and afterwards truly repented. All Frauds tailing, the Robbers fell again to open Force, and drawing out their Forces, fu- rioufly charg'd the right Wing of the Converts, which was led by Nicholas Nienguirius^ a Man no lefs skill'd in War than Peace, They had been eafily re- puls'd, but that he who commanded the left Wing, being offended at Niengniri- us for having forced him to put away a Concubine, refus'd to fecond him ^ fo that NUngnirnu being inferior to the Robbers, was forced by this Treache- ry to give way, and leave the Vidory to them. The Fnemy having taken the Town of S. Nicholas^ and not daring to pafs the River, drove the Prifoners in- to the Territory of the Caafapaminians. Thus the Colony of Piratina, remarka- ble for its ftately Church, and the Num- ber of Converts, was drawn back over the River Vrvaica, and forced to build new Houfes a little below the Town of S. Xaverius. Thi'i done the Chiefs of Parana and Vrvaica joyning their Forces, drew to- gether the greatefl: Army that had ever been therein the Field, that they might either recover the Booty, or oppofe the Enemy, if they durft attempt to crofs the River Vrvaica.^ Having crofs "d the Rivei, the firft Parties tfiat came to the ruin'd Town of Piratina^ found Letters writ by the Mamalucs in the Church, full of virulent Slanders on the Society. But the Converts underftanding the Robbers were marching away for Brafd, ceas'd not to purfue till they overtook them. The firft Day they Fought with indifferent Succefs, ftill with greater lofs on the Enemies Side than on ours. Fif- teen hundred freffi Men now brought by F. Romero encourag'd our Men, and quite difmay'd the Enemy. Thefe hav- ing juft refted themfelves, fell furioufly on the Mamalucs^ who were ready to fly, doing much harm, and had utterly routed them , had they not defended themfelves within their Palifadoes fct up before. The Converts throwing up o- ther WorkSv^rgw them out to Battle, in which the Lofs was equal on both Sides, but thcConfuIion greater on ours. But now eleven Spaniards fent two hun- dred Leagues by the Governor of Buenos Ayres coming up, the Enemy quite de- fponded, for when they drew up 4500 Converts in military Order, the Rob- bers were fo aftoniffi'd, that defpairing of Succefs, or fo much as being able to efcape, they humbly fu d to be allow'd to Article. A Conference being grant- ed, F. Alfaro after fevercly reprimand- ing and making them Swear they would never return nor fend any of their Gang to difturb the Towns of the Converts, fent them away unpunifli'd, to the great regret of the Converts. Other Troops of Mamalucs were picking up the dif- perfion of the ruin'd Towns, and threat- ned the others, but the Provincial ga- thering other Regiments of Converts, repulfed them and fecui'd the Province of Tape for that time. However thofe Towns being 60 Leagues from thofe of Vrvaica^ it was 'plain they could not continue there with any Security, and therefore it was refolv'd to tranfplanC them, and the Place appointed for it was between the two Rivers Parana and Vr- vaica, becaufe they being but fourteen Leagues diftant from one another, would ferve as vaft Trenches to fecure the great Multitudes of People in the feveral Towns, who might draw together the eafier to ftand upon their own Guard. Ten Towns as has been faid had been built in the Province of Tape, whereof pe»^/„7 Four being deftroy'd , there remain'd Tran- Six, which could not all be tranfplanted fplanted. at once, abundance of the Inhabitants choofing rather to run the hazard of be- ing made Slaves, than forfake their na- tive . The Ti- Paraguay, Tucuman, d>c. 791 tive Soil. The Work was begun by ferae Hundreds of the People of the Town of S. Cofmtis and Damianus^ who with great difficulty drew them over the Mountains and River Vrvaka to the Parana^ where they rebuilt their Town under the Invocation of the fame Saints, between the Colonies of Loreto and the Purification. The A'aricans^ or Town of the Nativity of our Lady had been re- built between thofe of S. Mary Major and S.Xaverius^ but many of the Inhabitants had fled to the Woods, whence they could not be drawn , till now become fenfible of their Danger they fubmitted themfelves and went where the Provin- cial order'd them. Of the Townf-men of S, Anne difpers'd for fear of the Mama- lues^ F. Comreras gather'd as many as built a Town firft on the River Vrvaica^ but afterwards on the Parana^ where they ftiil cohtinue. The People of S. Jofepb^ were n obftiaate as the reftagainft re- rnoi'ing, buc being at lafl: wrought upon, had the Woods of Parana, between the Towns of Corpus Cbrijti and S. Charles allotted them. In the mean while the Inhabitants of S. Thomas, fetting fire to their Town, went away part by Land, and part upon the Rivers Ibiacit and Vrvaica, under the Condudt of F. Ernot and Bertot, and fetled 14 Leagues below the Town of the Conception, on the lat- ter of the two lafl; named Rivers, where building their Houfes, they prov'd more fortunate than the others ; for tho' at their firfl: coming they were not alTifted by other Colonies, yetin Procefs of time they enjoy'd many Conveniences the others wanted, becaufeof the vafl: Plains about them, fiteither for Pafture or Til- lage, fo that at this time I am writing, after fo many Calamities, there are com- puted in this Colony ^^oo Souls. The Colony of S. Michael tranfmigrated as well as the reft, and in its new Seat took the Name of the Immaculate Conception. Thus above 12000 Souls were brought with little lofs through a barren Solitude for 60 or 70 Leagues to the Places where they fetled on the Rivers Parana and Vrvaica. Woods were cut down to make room for this Multitude to Sow, Seed fetch'd at a great Expence, Cattle bought, Houfes and Churches built, and all other NecefTaries provided. After they were fettled the Fathers palTing the Rivers that lay in the way, gather'd many thou- fands of Converts and Infidels that lay lurking in the Woods, and brought them over to increafe the aforcfaid Towns. All Things being thus fetled the Caciques of Parana and Vrvaica fu'd to the Pro- fNJV^O vincial, begging he would for the future Techo. make fome Provifion of the fafety of fo ^-^y"^ many thoufand Souls, as were expos'd to the Fury of the Enemy, unlefs they would allow them the ufe of Fire Arms. For how can we, faid they, who are naked Fight with thofe that are in Armour, or Fire have finjf'd Coats ? How can we defend Arms onr felves with Arrows of Reeds, which granted fcarce do any Execution, when the Enemies ^^^ ^"'^' attack as with Guns thatjling Bullets a vafl diftance r Let us have equal Arms, and we Will fliew as much Courage as our EnemieSj and make it appear we can as well defend our Wives and Children, as the Mamalucs hunt for Slaves. Thus the Indians plead- ed, and the Provincial thought there was reafon enough to furnifh them with Weapons equal to the Mamalucs, who elfe would never defifl till they had de- populated all South America, and it was much to be fear"'d , left if ever there was a War betwixt Spain and Portugal they might break into Peru. Having therefore receiv'd Letters out of Spain from Men of great Note employ'd by the King, diretfling him to provide for the fafety of thofe miferable People for the future, he us'd all pofFible means to geC them Fire Arms; and tho' the Gover- nours and Civil Magiftrates alledg'dthat the ufe of Fire Arms had never been al- low'd any Indians for fear of a Rebelli- on, yet after weighing all Circumftances, they all agreed with the Provincial, and granted they fhould be allow'd Fire Arms. Which Refolution the royal ' Council of Peru , and afterwards the Kinghirafelf approv'd. Mufquets were accordingly bought up and made, and granted to the Converts upon Condi- tion they fhould make ufe of them in time of War -, but in Peace to avoid Tu- mults, they fhould be lockd up; which I find has been very ufeful in War, and it is certain the Robbers have not fince been fb bold as before. Therefore to give every Man his due , there is no doubt that the liberty of the People of Tape and Vrvaica is in a great meafure owing to F. Boroa, the Provincial, but for whom the Indians would not have confented to be tranfplanted, nor had there been Fire Aims obtain'd to defend them for the future. Let us after fo many Calamities and Troubles look back into the Province of Tucuman, where the Fathers made £x- curfions from their Colleges to Convert and Inftruft the fcatter'd Indians , with Succefs in the Valley of pAf^ama^ and ia ths 792 The BISTORT of f^^-^^-^n the Villages fubjed to the Jurifdidion Tccho. of the City of London lately rebuilt, yr?^' but advancing further to a nioft barba- rous"eo- ^^^^ Nation, they made no improve- ple. menr, for thofe People being wholly de- voted to Drunkennefs and Extravagant Superftition?, would give no Ear to bet- ter Advice. It is the Cuftom among them to hire Women to commend their Dead. They do not clofe but open the Eyes of their Friends departed, lefl; they Ihould mifs their way to the other World, which abounds in Delights. The fame Error makes them Place their belt Goods and ftore of Provifion about the dead Body, which they drefs in its bed Apparel, and do not Bury, but lay in an open Grave on fome high Ground. They fprinkle the Corn when it firlt comes up with the Blood of Bcafls new kiird to obtain Fertility. By the per- fuafion of their Sorcerers, they think they fhall dye prefcntly, if they give Ear to our Priefts, and therefore having this Horror of them, it is no wonder the Fathers could do no good among them. But F, Oforius in the Year 1(538, happi- ly attempted the Nation of the Ocloias. Thefe People lye between the Borders of Pent and Tiicitman, within the Pre- cind of the City of Xuxui. The Fran- cifcan Fathers had formerly Preach'd among them, but for many Years paft they had been wholly abandon'd and left to their old Cuftoms, Ochoa a power- ful Bifcainer ^ to whom the Oc/o/*?^ had been given, as is the Cuftom of the In- Mesy recommended them to F. Oforius in hopes a way might be made through them to the Province of Xuxa. He taking F. Medina along with him, tra- Thc(7V4;<»,the firft Village of them, and fo in other Places. F. Oforius going on to the Guif- faras, and F. Medina to the Guarcontes^ found thofe Indians wcW inclin'd towards them, and fo returned through the Lands of the Homogiiacas. F. Oforius coming again to them with F. Riparins they us'd all their Endeavours to bring thofe fcat- ter'd People to live together in one Place, that they might be the better in- fl:ru£ted in the Faith, As foon as their Defigrt was kaowQ the neighbouring ais. Caciques offering to remove, began to lay the Foundations of a Town clevca Leagues from the City of Xnxui^ and others rcforting to them by degrees from further Parts, having built a Church, they placed their Houfes regu- larly, to the great Satisfaction of the Spaniards. Thus 600 Ocloias were Bap- tiz'd and given in charge to F. Medina^ who being about to proceed, the Fran' cifcans interposed , alledging they had firft Preach'd the Faith there, and con- fequently that Province bclong'd to them. The Provincial to avoid all Con- troverfy refign'd the new built Town to then). Yet F. Oforius and F. Riparins having in vain attempted to make way through the Province of the Ocloifis , into that of Xanxa^ took another way through impenetrable Woods, Such Indians as they met they endeavour'd to Catechize, and gain their AfTeftions with fbme fmall Gifcs, as they did fome of thofe the Spaniards call Palomos , and another fort known by the two Names of LabradiUas and Pintadillos. Their Provilions falling fliort, they fent back Sebaftian JUrcon, a Youth born in Pars- £uay, who delir'd to be admitted into the Society, with fome of the LabradiL- los, to fetch Supplies from the City of Xuxui. They, the fecond Day after they parted from the Fathers, murderM >»<«/«c/, was (hot dead routed, by one of them , who lay in Ambufli. His Death being known, the Indians fell furioully upon the Enemy, and totally routed them. Many of the Mamalucs and Tupus were taken in this Aftion. The Governour having feverely rcbuk'd the Mamalucs, put them into the Cufto- dy of the Converts, till it fhould be de- termin'd what Funilhment was to be in- flifted on them for fo many Villanies. The Indian Prilbners were happy in that being deliver'd from Bodily Slavery, they were adopted into the Liberty of the Sons of God, being Baptis'd, and made equal in the new Towns to their Conquerors. The Body of F. j4lfaro was carry'd four Days Journey to the Town of the Conception, and there ho- nourably Bury'd. His Death undeceiv'd many Converts, who were flill jealous that they were gatherM into Towns, to be the better betray'd to the Mamalucs. The Governour carry'd the Mamalucs taken fourfcore Leagues back to the Ci- ty of the jijfHmpion ; and was blam'd for being afterwards too favourable to Vol. IV. the worft of Men^ for tho' he fent them rv.A-»s might be permitted to go into the Church with tbeil Bows and Arrows, and that they Iho'. Id not be Funilh'd, which was readily granted. Then they all defir'd, that if any Ceiaqites (hould embrace the Chrillian Faiil), it might be lawful to bury their Bo- dies after the manner of their Anceftors, on the Tops of Mountains near the Tombs dedicated to their Deities •, but this could uOt be allow'd as being Su- perffitious. When the AITcmbly broke up, a great Crofs was ereftcd, and the ChriftiaaDoctrinexplain'd, which fome of the liidians in a very (hort time grew io perfed in, that the Curate of the Ma- taruns was for Baptizing fome of them undeihand; which the Redor perceiv- ing, he feat hira back to the Place from whence he came. After his Departure he built a Church with Clay and Straw, began to write a I'Didionary of the Lan- guage of the Abipoaes , Inftrnfted the Youths, and there was hopes thata great Multitude might be Converted in a IhorC time to the Faith, when he was forced by the Provincial's Order to quit that Undertaking. Thus the Converlion of thofe People was put off for want of Fathers, and therefore we will herein a few \A^oids fet down the Account F. Paftor gives of their Manners. Generally ^^""^ the Ablfones are of a large Stature, well pones. Made, Brawny and looking Big. In Summer they go Naked, in Winter co- vered with Skins. About thcii Necks hang their Clubs, and Quivers on their Shoulders. They always carry a Bow in the left, and a Spear in the right Hand, flaining all their Body with fcveral Co- lours like Tygers, to be the more Ter- rible; aud look upon thofe as moll Ho- nourable who make moft Ho!es in tiiCir v^'Oo Bodies and llick Ortiiclics Feathers ii: Tcdio. them; which they wear in their Noftrils, U^Y%^ Lips and Ears as if they dcfign'd to fly. A Beard they look upon as difhonoura- ble, and therefore pluck up the Down that grows in their Youth. They make themfelves Bald by way of Ornament, and none may let his Hair grow, but he that has kill'd an Enemy in War or in Duel. Manflaughter among them is the Proof of their being Soldiers, and no Man is allow'd Military E.iligns till he has committed it. They have alfo their Nobility and Heroes, to whiui Ho- nour they are advanced by degrees of e-xceflive Cruelty ; for he that defires to be accounted a Hero, muft give Proof of his Bravery by enduring mod horrid Tortures, piercing their Legs, Thighs, Arms, Tongues and other parts of their Body not fit to be nam'd, and then tear- ing ofFthe Skin of all thofe Parts with a rough Stone. Five of the Elders exer- cife this Butchery on the Candidate , who if he gives the lead: token of feel- ing the Pain but by never fo inconfidera- ble a Motion, is not admitted into the Order of Noblemen. But if he carries himfelf refolutely in the Torture, row- ling himfelf in his Bipod to denote his Satisfadion, then the Enfigns of that Honour are confer'd on him. That they may be the fecuier of obtaining this Ho- nour, they enure themfelves from their Infancy to prick and flea their Limbs af- ter this manner, fo that it is frequent to fee Boys and Youths run Thorns or Bri- ars through their Tongues, Lips, No- ftrils, Ears or other Parts ; and forcing a fort of Laughter to conceal all Senfe of Pain. Thus much of the Men. The Women Cloath themfelves below the Bofom with courfe Nets, the reft of their Bodies they paint or adorn with Stones fet in it, particularly their Breafts and Faces ; making themfelves bald, /having the hinder part of their Heads with Razors of Flint or Reeds. When their Caciques dye, they all change their Names, and faft a whole Month, howling moft difmally Day and Night. The manner of Fafting among them is this, to eat no Fifh, but devour as much Flefh and as often as they pleafe. They breed up but two Children, cruelly Murder- ing the left; and the reafon they give for it is, that being usd to War and Robbery , whence confcquently they have no fetled Place of Abode, but live up and down wherefoever they fet up their Mats, after the manner of a Town, therefore 798 The HI ST OUT of (Syjv./) therefore they keep but two Children, Tecbo. one of v/hich the Father carries, and the L/VNJ other the Mother, that they may not fall into the Hands of their Enemies j but if one or both the Children be grown up to be able to follow them before another is born, then they allow more to live. Many of their old Women are Witches, and have frequent Converfe with the Devil. Thefe would fometimes invite the Fathers, ufing a Motion Arrange to other Nations, often contradting their Hands turn'd upwards like Claws or Hooks, and diftorting their Faces with wrinkled Laughter, ratling fomething in their Throats, and whiftling, for the Abipones underftand one another by whirling. Yet little good was hop'd when they call'd, deprav'd Habits being as hard to be remov'd in the Mind as in the Body. One of thefe Witches being preft when (he was dying to be Baptiz'd, as the only remedy againft falling into the Power of the Devil for ever, au- fwer'd, She did not fear the Devil, hav- ing been long acquainted with him, and fo Ihe dy'd. The reft of them cordially Entertain'd the Fathers, and when they were returning to Efteco , bore them Company in great Numbers under the Condudt of Caliguila^ for thirty Leagues, furnifhing them continually with what they kill'd, and defiring they would not ftay long away from them. The GiM' malcas border on th& Abif ones, and other Nations that know nothing of Chriftia- nity. Whilft the Fathers were thusemploy'd r ert ^^ Tiiciiman, the Province of Vrvaica raUd a- was full of Troubles i for News being gainftthe brought that a great Body of Mamalucs Mmilucs. v?as in motion, no doubt was made but they defign'd againft the Converts of Vrvaica and Parana. All Men were therefore order'd to be in Arms, and it was decreed, the Forces of both Rivers muft be join'd whatever it coft, and the Enemy drove out of their Liberties at the common Expence, to put at once an end to that continual War. To this purpofe 4000 Indians were chofen out of all the Towns , and Arm'd as the time would permit, fome with Slings, others with Bows after their antient manner, and 300 of the Chief had Fire Arms given them. As foon as they had Rendevouz'd at the Town Mbororeo, on the Borders of Vrvaica , they were order'd to pre- pare both Soul and Body, their Scouts bringing an Account that the Enemy was but one Day's Journey from them, and had poflefs'd themfelves of the Ri- ver Acaraguai which fails into the Vrvai- ca, with 300 Boats :, that they were 400 Mamalncs in whom lay the grcatcft Strength and 2700 Tiifus. The Enemy confiding in their Numbers, and encou- rag'd with afTured hope of a mighty Booty, mov'd down the River againft our Army, offering Battle, which was as readily accepted. The Fight was begun by the fortunate Firing of a Can- non, which funk three of the Mamalucs Boats, and then both the Fleets engag'd. The Adamalacs defpairing of Succefs on the River, moft of them landed, where jHi»jaZ«« our Men fought with no lefs Succefs, and defeated, had totally Routed the Enemy, but that Night put an end to the Adion. Ano- ther part of the Army in another Place came off without lofs, doing much harm to the Robbers. At Night the Retreat was founded, as well that the Converts might reft themfelves, as to prevent loling the Vidory obtain'd, by falling to plunder in the dark. Only three of the Converts were kill'd that Day. The next Morning as foon as the Light ap- pear'd, they were at Arms again, and hemming in the Mamalucs , fell upon them on all fides, and would certainly have made an end of them in a fmall time, had not they by the favour of a Storm riling fuddenly, retir'd into the adjacent Woods. After taking their Camp, our Indians ftill purfuing, over- took them as they entred a fmall Wood a little before Night. Being there be- fieg'd they became rather Dcfperate than Contagious j yet our Men hunting them out through the Thickets and over the Rocks, overcame their Rage with wonderful Bravery. They Fought eve- ry where hand to hand, for the Place would not allow them to do any Exe- cution at a diftance. The Enemies flight put an end again to the Battle at two in the Afternoon, the Vigors through wearinefs not being able to follow them. Of ours three were Kill'd, and 40 Woun- ded; of the Enemies a vaft number, par- ticularly of the Tuftis, many of whom furviving the Fight came over to us, alledging as a reafon for what they did, the Cruelty of the Mamalucs, and their haughty Government. The Robbers being difappointed of their Booty on the River Vrvaica, when they had gatber'd fome Strength after the Fight, altering their Defign, divided their Forces to fall upon the Heathens , but this way of Robbing was no more fuccefsful than that of open War. For thofe Indians who were the remains of the Town of S. Tvefa Paraguay, Tucuman, ^-c. 799 S.Tcrefa, about the River Te^/Mr, whi- ther they ficd during the former depo- pulations, delivering themfelves up to one Company of Mamahtcs^ unbound themfelves in the Night, and falling up- on them, made a great Slaughter j which done, they fled, and joyn'd the Converts oi Parana. At the fame time another Band of the Thidves was utterly de- ftroy'd by the Heathens, and Ten prime Ring- leaders of all Mifchief, are report- ed to have been flaughter'd with their Leader, by Ilragling Parties. Another parcel of them counterfeiting themfelves to be of the Fadtion oi Ignatius AbiacH, Captain of the Mhoreans, enflaved ma- ny who came in, taking them for Friends. Thofe that went to take the Caagiias,\is'd much the fame Artifice^ for, pretending there came Fathers of the Society with them to teach the Lav/ ofChrilt, many Indians deliver'd themfelves up j but the greater pare defended themfelves againll Force and Fraud. Many of the Mama- lues were cruelly handled by the Guala- ches, the fierceft of all the Indians j for when they fell into their Hands, they tore off their Beards and Hair, and tore off the Flefh from their Arms and Thighs to eat, mangling their Bodies, and fixing their Heads on Poles upon the tops of their Cottages to terrify o- thersj many of the Guftds far'd no better. It was certainly reported from Braz.il, that 120 Mamalucs perilhed in the fight and flight, and almoft all the Gitpnis. When our Forces were difmifs'd, it be- ing known that many, both Infidels and Chriftians were difperfed for fear of the Mamalucs., and might be eafily drawn to the Towns, if invited j and that many of thole taken before the Fight, had made efcapes ; the Mborean Converts making Excurfions by Land and Water, for two Years together brought in a- bundance of them. Among thefe few Captives the Mamalucs gather'd before the Fight ^ and were driving to Brax.il^ a young Maid not above fourteen Years of Age, got into one only Boat there happened to be on the River, and ]o- fing it , was drove down by the Stream, the Robbers having no means to fetch her back, fhot abundance of Ar- rows and Bullets at her, but Ihe making no account of them, and receiving no hurt, ran down the River till fhe fell a- mong fome of the Mborean Indians , who conduced her fafe to the Town, where ftie was Baptiz'd. Another about Nineteen Years of Age having been fo- licited to confent to the Luft of the Rob- bers, and not knowing how to reli/t (NJV^O Violence, knowing they were in great Ttcho. Diftrefsfor wantofProvifions, pretend- '»'Or*«J ed (lie could find excellent Roots in the Woods to fupply them, if /he were fuf- fered to go, but as foon as Ihe got thi- ther, flie hid her felf fo fafe, that they could never find her, till fhe got fafe to the Town of the Mhoreans, Two o- ther Sifters, the one of 13, the other of 10 Years of Age, after they had been drove an Hundred Leagues towards Brazil, made their efcape with a Youth their Kinfman, and came fafe to the lame Town above mention'd, where they found their Father and Mother. But we muft not inftance too many of thefe Efcapes, tho' ftrange, becaufe the Cir- cumiiances may be much alike. A pow- erful Cacique ofVrvaica, who was a great Enemy to Chriftianity in general, and the Society in particular, hadcontraded Friendfhip with the Robber, that he might be able to do Mifchief, and was fo bafe as to deliver up many of his own People to thofe Thieves. The Mama- lucs, the more to fecure him to their In- terefl, of their own Authority, which was none at all, gave him the Title of Lord of all Vrvaica, and the adjacent Rivers^ and he, proud of his new Au- thority, for fome years, did great harm in the Lands of our Con ver ts,to the great benefit of the Mamalucs. At length, diA pleafed at the fmallnefs of the Reward of his Tieachery, he renounced their Friendfliip, and fled with the faithfulleft of his Followers, but being taken by the Mamalucs, and accufed of being unfaith- ful to them, he in vain pleaded his Ser- vices, and was by them put to death. Another Cacique, who in a boailing man- ner was ufed to threaten the Fathers with Death, and the firfl Chriftian Wo- man with his Luft, declaring he would never give over till he had deftroy'd all the Towns of Parana, and Vrvaica, had his Wife cruelly Murdered by the Ma- malucs, and he at the fame time broke his Leg in the Woods. Some Converts finding him out by his hideous Cryes, would certainly have made an end of him, hid not the Fathers obftruded, faying it was che Duty of Chriftians to return Good for Evil. Thus he was not only fav'd but carry'd to the Town, •where he became a Chriftian. Here we will conclude with the Mamalucs, whofe barbarous Villanies have afforded fo much Matter for this Hiftory. Now the War is ended, to come to ^'■''pf'O" a more plealing and peaceable Subjeft. %l^Jj'^ The Sod /k HI STORY of fN>A-^ The Fioviiicial corning to make his Vi- Techo. fitatioi) along the Parana^ was met at o^'^NJ the firlt Town by 200 Boats full of Con- verts from feveral Colonies, reprefent- ing a pleafant Fight, whilft others on the Shore congratulated his coming with Vocal and luftrumental Mufick. All the Towns received him with green Arches, and extraordinEry demonftrations of Joy. He, on the other fide, difmifs'd none without feme Gift, diftributing among them Glafs Beeds, Fins, Needles, Knives, Iron Tools, Garments, and fuch other things as were acceptable. Being or- dered by the General to adasVifitor, as well as Provincial, he regulated the Af- fairs of 20 new Towns built on the Ri- vers ParafjA and Vrvaica. Two Fathers refided in each Town, who alter the Du- ties of their Funftion, were attended by the chief Men of the place, whom they direfted how to manage their Country Affairs, what Lands to till, whether they were to Fi(h, Hunt, or killfome Cattel, and whatever elfe was to be done ^ for in thefe beginnings it was not lawful to go about any thing but what the Foun- ders approv'd of. Every Year the Fa- thers by the King's Authority,appointed Magiftrates, and gave them all honou- rable Titles, to civilize thofe People by degrees. But thefe Convert Governours of Towns, could not do any thing of moment without the Approbation of their Inftruftors •, and yet it is incredible how proud they were of that fliadow of Power, and of their Officers Rods. It will not be to our purpofe to reckon the many Sufferings of the Fathers to bring things to this pofture, and therefore we will pafs on to other matters. In the Year 1642, two Fathers were fent out of the College oiCordovato infpedt a part of the Seniority of that City, one of whom, when they came to that they "5 0/ call the Fourth River, writ back to one _.' ""'' of his Friends concerning thofe People, ^"'"'' in this manner. The Indians^ fays he, dwelling on the Banks of the fourth River^ border' upon the Parparos , Guarpa- ros, e merica, made fo by celebrating the firft ^^S//' Age, or hundredth Year fince the Infti- tution of the Society. Rome kept it firft by the magnificence of the Berber mes ; Eu- rope the following Year, a.ad the New World Paraguay, Tucuman, e>c. 80; World theuexL dtcerthat, not with the Majelty of Rome., the Expeiice of S/»«/», the Wit and Vivacity of Prance , the Plenty of Germany ^ or the Ingenuity of the Low-Countries., but no lefs Devotion and good Will. Cordova the Metropolis of the Province began by keeping it eight Days in moft folemn manner. There were publick Procefllons made, triumphal Arches eredted, and curious Altars fet up. The Bifliop of Tucnman Preach'd in commendation of the Soci- ety. A Pillar was fet up where four Streets met, on which was S. Ignatius., darting Fire out of a Cane upon a Hy- dra and a Giant that were at fome di- flance, to fignify his Conqueft over He- refy and Paganifm. Plays were Aded, the Tower was fet about with Illumina- tions, and all manner of Sports per- form'd on Horfeback. But the moft in- genious part was the Orations and Po- ems made in Honour of the Society. The Port of Buenos Ayres upon this oc- cafion outdid all it had ever done before, and fo other Parts , but thefe were all European!., yet the Indians aCQ0x6\n^ 10 their Ability would not be behind them. The Colony of S. Xaverias on the River Vrvaica began, and entertaiu'd the Fa- thers and principal Men invited thither from other Towns, with variety of Di- verGon. The Feftival commenced by Singing Vefpers in MuGck , and making Bon-fires at Night. The next Day produced Triumphal Arches, abundance of Altars, variety of Dancing, and fe- veral Exercifcs and Reprefentations. There were Declamations both in Latin and the Indian Language. In the After- noon the Mboreansy who were Guefts there acted a Play, in which the Ma- malucs making an Irruption to Rob , were fhamefully routed and punilh'd. Another Colony among many other ex- traordinary Things erefted Six hundred Triumphal Arches, and hung under them all forts of Things ia token of gratitude, to exprcfs they had receiv'd all Goods from the Society. The fame was perform'd upon the River Parana, the Converts exprefllng moft Angular AfFedtion towards their Inftructers. They made a general Review of their Forces, and Danced after a military manner , bearing the Letters of the Name of S. Ignatius on their Shields, compafTing ingenious Anagrams. At Night a Fight of Boats upon the River by Torch Light, put an end to the Solemnity. At the Colony ot the In- carnation after a Play, there appear'd in Vol. IV. publick an old Giant of a vaft Size, fol- rsJ'^-^ low''d by an hundred Boys in feveral Techo. Colours, by their variety reprefenting ''^Vv* the Duties of the Society, and finging Praifes to the old Giaat. At a little diftancc they were met by an Herd of an hundred Oxen , and ib pafs'd oa through an hundred Triumphal Arches to the Church, on the Porch whereof aa hundred Loaves were offtr'd •, on the high Altar were an hundred Lights, and before them an hundred Praifes of the Society. Over the Gates of the Church were three Statues -., that in the middle reprefenting the Society i thofc on the fides Wifdom and Piety, with this In- fcription. The Society an hundred Tears old Triumphs , under the Conduct of Piety, attended by Wifdom. An excellent La- tin Oration gain'd the Applaufe of all that hearM it. Then appear'd a vaft Triumphal Chariot, on which fat the chief Heroes of the Society, with many other particulars ^ the whole concluded in a Play, and fo ended the Solemnity. The College of the Fathers at Cor- a rich dova was now enhrg'd, and fuch a pri- ChapeU vate Chapel finifh d in it, as may vie with the beft in Europe. It is all Paint- ed, the whole cover'd with excellent Reprefentations of Saints , except at certain Intervals where Pillars of Jaf- per, and feveral Sorts of Marble are reprefented to the Life. Under the Pedeftals of the Pillars are turn'd Seats ■■, the Roof richly diverlify'd with Gold and coftly Colours, and a little Arch'd, feems to be fupported by Architects, the Art of perfpective impoling upon the Eyes. The Altar is very beautiful, and on it a Throne all Gilt, finely Arch'd and Carv'd in the Shape of a Scollop, on which is Tea ted an Image of the BlefTed Virgin, made by an excel- lent Spanijl] Carver. Under the Image of our Lady lies the Body of S. Epima- chus., fent by Pope Vrhan the 8th in a curious Shrine ; below that again in a rich Cafe is a Crucifix, which S. Ignati- us held at the time of his Death, given by the General of the Society F. rttelef- ci. Some Fathers making Excurfions from this College into the Province of Tucuman, faid they met with old Men, who had never been near a Pricft fince the firfl; coming of the Spaniards, but now hearing of the coming of thefe Fa- thers came out of their Caves, with long Beards and Hair, over-run with Vermin, and almoft wafted to nothing j yet more hideous for the Corruption of their Souls , being grown old in I i i i i Wiclc^ 8o2 Techo. The HISTORY of Barbarous old Men. The Mil- taguaits. Wickednefs, and more like Bcafts than Men ■■, yet thefe confefs'd their Sins, and exprcfs'd Repentance. Among the reft they found one Man an hundred Years of Age, who for want of Priefls had liv'd about 80 Years without ConfefTi- on, and yet without being guilty of any grievous Sin ■^ for contenting himfelf with his own Wife, he had never co- veted any other Woman , or other Mens Goods. Being as'd by one of the Bathers, whether he knev/ there was a God, he anfwered in the Affirmative. The Qucftion being put to him again, whether he us'd any fort of Prayer to God, he reply'd, He knew no other manner of Worftiip, than putting his Hands together, and holding them out towards Heaven, now and then to cry, God ! God ! God ! and had never us'd or known any other Form of Prayer. Being defir'd to do it as he was wont, he readily clapt his Hands together, and lifting up his Eyes to Heaven, call'd up- on God feveral Times with fuch a Ten- dernefs, as drew Tears from the Fa- thers Eyes. F. Medina was lent by the Provincial from the College of the City of S.Michael in Tucuman^ to try whe- ther any progrefs could be made in the Territory of Chaguay. The Father be- ing come to Omaguaca^ fent one Lau- rence an Indian^ a Man well vers'd in Bu- finefs, to try the Mataguaias^ through whofe Lands there was a fhort way in- to the Province of Chaguay. Thefe Matagitaias Inhabit four Towns fubjeft to as many Caciques, whofe Power is almoft equal, Laurence having deli- ver'd fome Prefents to theChief of them fi-om F. Medina^ and declar'd the Caufc of his coming, was the Caufe that the other CactcjHes were call'd together to confult what was to be done ^ there it was decreed by unanimous Confent , that the Fathers were not only to be permitted , but intreated to come among them , that the fhorteft way fliould be found out , and the Road to be mended. That therefore Laurence Ihould return and acquaint the Father that his coming would be moft accepta- ble to them, but they defir'd him only to flay till the Floods were in, for then they would fend him Guides and Pro- vifions, and if the Father would bring them fome Iron Tools, it would be a great Advantage. The Refolution of the Caciques being known, all the Peo- ple ran joyfully to exprefs their fatisfa- rtion to Laurence. The old Women and Maids petition'd that the Father would obtain fome Supplies of Cloths to defend them againft the Cold, and make them appear more modelUy. All Things feem'd to promife fuccefs, and yet the Defign was then laid afide for want of Fathers to employ ■, the Pro- vincial by Advice recalling Y.Medina., and putting off this Enterprize till frelh Supplies were fent out of- Europe^ be- caufe at prefent it was thought fitter to continue the Million to the Cakhacjiiincsy of whom all that can be faid has been deliver'd before. The Year 1644. produced a mighty AContro- Controverfy about the Confecration of verfy D. Benardiri de Cardenas., Bifhop of Pa- about raguay. He receiv'd the King's Letters ^onfecra- in Peru., acquainting him that his Ma- e-Jhoo. * jefty had conferr'd the faid Bilhoprick ^* on him, and expected only the Pope's Bull of Confirmation. The Bifhop elect, impatient of delay, was unwilling to exped the Pope's Bull of Approbation, wherein becaufe of the fmall number of Bifhops in the Indies., it is ufual to al- low one only Bifhop, contrary to the general Practice to Confecrate another. He therefore for the more fpecdy at- taining his Dignity, put the Qiieflion to the College of the Jefuits at Cordova., whether the ufual Form might not be difpens'd with, and by reafon of the great diftance, the Pope's Confent be taken for granted. The College an- fwer'd it was contrary to the Opinions of the Learned, and Decrees of Coun- cils. But he was too hafty to be ftop'd, and being Confecrated by one Bifhop, without expeding the Pope's Bull, re- pair'd to his Church of Paraguay., which was the ground of an eager Controver- fy, which being carry'd high, fpread through the World, and was the fub- jeft of a doleful Hiftory writ by ano- ther Hand, and not to be handled by me. Yet I muft not omit to mention fome Slanders rais'd upon this Occaiion, and afterwards clear'd, which I will de- liver all at one View. The new Bi- fhop's diflike to the Society being knowa abroad, their Enemies laid hold of this Opportunity to revive the antient for- gotten Calumnies, the chief whereof was a fabulous Story of the Gold ofVr- vaica., long iince exploded, and then again given out through all Chrtfiendom. For the better underftanding of the whole we will look back to the origi- nal of it. Many Years before this time, one Bonaventure an Indian of the mean- eft fort, having liv'd fome time in the Port of Buenos Ayres., went away firil among Paraguay, Tucuman, d^r. among the wandring The Soci- av falfly in: Gold. Infidels, and af- terwards to the Colony of the Jafeivians on the IJrvaice:-^ where he ran away with another Man's Wife, and being taken was publickly whip'd for an Ex- ample to the other Converts. Being fent again to Buenos Ayres^ he there, I know not by whofe Inftigation, fram'd fo plaufible a Story about Gold found by the /.<■, near the River 'L'?-'t'^ dc reUfco Governor of Paraguay to exa- mine further into it, with the Title of his lofpedor ^ he repairing to the River Zrvaica^ and having narrowly fifted the Matter, and Convifted all the Accufers of manifeft Forgery, impos'd heavy Fines on them, the Fathers interceding that their Punilhment might not be feve- rer. Thus this Slander call upon the Society was quite expung'd almofl: 20 Years after it was firft caft upon them, and been carry'd fo far that all the Fa- thers who were not Spaniards, had like to have been difgracefully fent out of the Provinces of Parana and Vrvaica into Europe-, for they had added to the reft of the Fidtion, that the Fathers who were not Spaniards^ had fent a vaft quantity of Gold to the French and Portuguefes Ene- mies to Spain; but the Foundation of the Calumny failing , this fuperftni- fture of Courfe fell to the Ground. Nor did the wicked Practices end here, for the Invention above mention'd failing, the Society was accus'd of dilfuading the Converts from paying Tribute to the King, but the fame D. John de Felafce clear'd them of this Imputation upon ftrif^ inquiry made, and wiit honouiably to the King in their behalf. The ground of this Accufation, was the Fathers pro- tefting the Indians from being made Slaves to private Perfons , the dread whereof was the main thing that ob- ftrufted the Convcrfion of thofe poor Souls. Befidcs, the King to encourage thofe People to imbrace the Faith, had allow'd all that (hould be Bapti7;d, to be free from paying any Tribute for 20 Years after they were Baptiz'd ; and his Majefty well knew that thofe poor People being continually harrafs'd by the Mamducs, and in Arms to defend them- fclves, could not be expefted to pay any Tribute, but ought rather to be Supported and Maintain'd. This Re- fiedion was alfo taken away by the Con- verts themfelves, who when the 20 Years of Grace were expir'd, and they had a little rcfpite from the Mamalucs, freely promis'd to pay the Tribute to the King. Since we have gone fo far, we muft go through with all the Calum- njes rais'd againft the Society, and finifh this Matter in a few Words. The Ene- mies of the Society further alledg'd. That the King was at a great Expence in fending Fathers over to Paraguay to no Advantage ; which Imputation could not be of any force, where it was vifible fuch a vafl Trad of Land had been Con- verted to the Faith, and 1 educed under the Dominion of his Catholick Majefty, by their only Labours and Sufferings. This failing it was further whifper'd in the Ears of the Magiftrates, that they did not teach the Converts found Do- drin. To make this out, they urg'd that the Fathers in lendringthe Names of God, the Son of God and Mother of God into the Cw^ir^w/*?/? Language, made ufe of prophane Words formerly apply'd to their Supcrftitions. To wipe this offj it was prov'd that the Society made ufe of the fame Words all other Orders had made ufe of before their coming into thofe Parts j and that they were the fame that had been always us'd in Brafd, be- tween the Language ot which Province and the Gw/ir/iMMw, there is great Affini- ty ; and therefore a Synod held at Lima^ and approved by the Pope, clear'd the Honour of th£ Society in this Cafe, as in the others that had been done before. The laft Acciifation, wasthat the Socie- ty difbwn'd the Confecration of the Bi- fhop of Paraguay, for the reafons men- tion d at the t)eginning of this Sedion, and therefore not to be repeated in this Place, and this was objedled to them as Schifmatical, till the Pope declaring, that the Bi(hop fo Confcciated had no JuriC- didion, the Society was clear'd from that Imputationof Shifm j but before all ihefe Slanders could be remov'd, the Bifliop of Paraguay had great ftrugglings with the Society, which do not at all belong to this Hiftory , and therefore we will proceed to put an end to the lit- tle that remains. Great Diforders were committed this a Mutiny fame Year 1544. in the Colony of the/«»fe Pro' Fuienjians of the Province of Itatina, the '*"''^5 'f Natives at the Inftigation of Manduabu- 1^'""* zMvius, prefuming to Mutiny, and open- ly difobey the Fathers, who offering to reprimand them for their Infolence, were not only abus'd in words, but ftruck. For Borobebeus, Nephew to Nianduabu- zjtvius, after F. Mamioa had been ill treat- ed by another, hit him in the Face with a Cudgel •, and another wounded F. Are- nos on the Head. F. Badia reproving their bafe Proceedings, NianduabuzMvi- us himfelf gave him very ill Language, declaring, He would tranfmit thoje Cu' Jfoms he had received from his jinceflors to Pofterity. Nantabagua another Nephew oi Nianduabiizjivius, enrag'd becaufeone of the Fathers had taken away the Rod of his Office as a Punifhment for his Of- fence, interrupted the Sermon in the Church Paraguay, Tucuinan, d>c. 805 Church, ftirringupthe People to Revolt, and railing agjinit the Dodhin of the Fathers, as oppoiite to the Manners and Culloms of their Forefathers, pievail'd with all the Audience to foriake the Preacher. Fiom that time the Fathers Commar.ds, the Authority having been thusdebdb'd, were made no account of j they themfclves were fcorn'd by all de- giees, no honour was given to Religious Tnings, no body was lefc to attend the Fathers even in the Church. The Fa- thers having in vain try d fiir Words and Threats, finding it neceiriry roukea haifher Couife, artfully drew Ntandmt- buzjiviH\ Son and two Nephews out of the Town, and had thern coiivey'd to the Town ot the Japeivians on the Ri- ver Vrvaica, loo Leagues dillant, that it might not be Cifie tor them to come back. The Heads bein^ reino" d, rhe face of Thi.Tgs immediately chang'd. Tlie People fl )ck'd to the Church, and pcrform'd allChiiflian Duties, all Leud- licls and Barbarous Cultoms were Ban- ni!h d, and Virtue and Submifliun fuc- cecded in their place. Many Heathens v\ ho were before kept back by Nianduab. z. .vi- w's ill Pradtices,rf forted to the Tow,, and embraced the Faith. Many Infidels day- ly refoited to the Town, which give hopes of greater Succefs \ but no.ie fo much icjovced the Fathers as (omcCen- tils fiom the other lidt of the Kiver Ta- raguay^ where the Fachv rs had not yet been i who came to acquaint them. That abundance of their Counti y-men, being expos'd to the continual Incurlions of the CiiaufeAns ^ were indin'd to for- lake tlieir o vii Country, and come over into the Lands about that Town. Be- iides Guairamina, Nephew to ParallcjHin the greateft Man among the Ouirapos , coming to the Fathers, and counting to them according 10 the Cuftoiii of the Country, what Nations were on both fides the Paraguay, infljm'd them with a delirc of exrendingthe Empire of Chrilt beyond that River. Hitherto the Fathers of the Province of Jfijf/«« by reafon of their fmall Num- bers, the Invafions of the Al.tmalucs and Troubles among the Conceits, had kept themfelves within this fide the River Pa- Attcnpt of ^ but having now obtained Feacc the Faihirs A ^ j u • • » j • vi l htyond Pa- '^^ hoine, and bemgincrea-dinNumbers, nguay. t^h^Y were delirous to carry the Gofpcl beyond that River, knowing by Infor- mation from many, th it the vail Ti aft which extends an hundred and fifty Leagues between Itatintt and PerUj was very full of Indian Villages, where the Chriftian Faith was not yet profefs'd, and where many Towns might be built, if the Society were once admitted. But this was a difficult Province, as being much infefted wich Sorcerers, and A- poltates , and therefore required a Man of Experience and Refoluti on. For this Reafou f. La^uercius the Pro- vincial, kiio.ving F.Romero to be fit for any fiich Undertaking, O'der'd him to the Province oiJiatina, and with all fpeed to pafs the River. He bei ng come unto his Province, confulted with the other Fathers and principal Converts, who all refolved the attempt ought to be made without delay, and acxordi.i^iy he fet Oit in the Year i545,jtteiided b/ F. ^.*»- fu'k and fome faithful Converts of both Towns i and pafTing the Paraguay the il\ Hay after his fetting out, came un- to the fi. l\ Village of the Indies, where he found sn i.iy, who having before hear'd of the Society, were not ill difpos'd to receive the Faith. He would have gone further in hopes of a more plentiful Harveff, but was held back bv his owa Company, and the Natives, who affirm'd he would ruin all if he was too hafty. For this Realon he fetled with Curapaioy a Cacique of gieat Fame in the firft Vil- lages ^ and many reforting to him from the neighbouring parts, he marked out the Ground for a Town, built a Chap- pel under the Invocation of S. Barbara^ eredfed a Crofs, and began to declare the firft Principles of Religion to the People. Finding the Heathens inclinable to embrace Chriftianity, he writ to the Ptovintidl, defiring him to fend, with all fpeed, fome able Pcrfons to affift him in the Work fo happily begun. This done, he fent away all the Con- verts but lix, to thcirTowns, and F. Fart' furk to the City of the Affumptien^ for netelTiry Tools to build a Town. Ic happened at that time, one Guiragueray a Heathen from fome remote part, was come to the fame place, on account of Trade, whom f. Romero labour'd to win, and he craftily promifcd to ule his en- deavours to reduce his Country People to the New Town i but being a cruel and deceitful Man, he made it his Bull- nefs when he came thither, to inceufe them againll the Chriftian Preachers. Many who had fled out of frr« and o- ther parts to live n-ore at liberty, ie- conded him^ and above all, o.ie Aihoro- feniHs an Imroftor, who being skill'd in Sorcery, affum'd the Tide of a Deity. Ic Techo. 8o6 Ihe HISIORT of C*c. 807 This Paragraph was omitted in Vagt yo^^ and muji be infe) cU \J>r^ after the prft Break in the laji Column^ which the Reader is defired to take notice of. Francis de jilfaro, the King's Vifi- tor throughout South America^ by his Majefty's Order, utterly took away the Abufe of perfbnal Service, fetting the Indians at full Liberty, and delivering iheni from all Oppreflioa. But becaufe many of the Indians oi Paraguay had no- thing to pay as Tribute, he therefore order'd, that in lieu of it, they fhall ferve one Month in the Year,but if thsSpaniards would make ufe of them any longer, they fhould have them as hired Servants, upon their own free will, and paying them their Wages. He enadled other Laws for the common benefit of the Spa- niards and Indians, which the King af- terwards ratify'd, and continue to this Day in force, faving only that his Ma- jefty allowed two Months Service inltead of the one we faid yilfaro had appointed. And to the end the Heathens for the fu- ture might notbedeterr'd from embracing theFaith,for fear of being feiz'dand put to trouble, the Countries ofFarana^the Guai- cureans, and Cnira, were put under the direftion of the Jefuits, upon conditioa the Indians being brought unto Towns, fliould not, upon any account, be given to private Men, by way, as they call it, of Encomiendi ; that is, to be entrufled with, or rather to Lord it over them. The Fathers were order'd to be main- tain'd at the King's Colt ; and it is re- markable. That Alfaro afligning every one of thofe that fliouId be fo employ 'cf, the fame Allowance that was given to the Curates of the Indians in Ferity the Provincial F. James Torres oppos'd it, faying the fourth part of that Allow- ance was enough for religious Men, who were to live Iparingly. God's 8o8 Gods Power ^nd Providence, Shewed jn the Miraculous Prefervation and Deliverance o F EIGHT ENGLISH- MEN, Left by Mifchance in GREENLAND. ANNO 1630. Nine Months and Twelve Days. With a True Relation of all their Miferies, their Shifts and Hardfhips they were put to, their Food, fyc Such as nei- ther Heathen nor Chriftian ever before endured. With a Defcription of the chief Places and Rarities of that barren and Cold Country. Faithfully reported hy^Ass^xdVcWnzm-, one of the Eight Men afore f aid. As alfo with a Aiaf 0/ Green- Land. To the Right Worjhipful Sir John Merick Knight, Goveniour oj the worjhiifu} Company of Mufcovy Mer- chants : Sir Hugh Hamerfly, Knight, avd Alderman of the City c/London. J«d to the Worjhipful ;Mr. Al- derman Freeman, Captain William Goodler ; avd 10 all the reft of the mrjhipful Afftftants and Adventu- rers in thefaid famous Compivy. Edward Pellham dedicateth both this and his future Labours. Right Worjhipfid and mofi famoKS Merchants^ ^n«" ""^ H E hard Adventure my poor Self and Fellows underwent in your I Wordiips Service, is a great deal pleafanter for others to Read, than I it was for us to Endure. However hard, we have now endured it j JL and if ever After -ages fhal! fpeak of it, (as the World Itill doth of the Dutch-mQiis hard Winter in Nova Zembla ^) Thus much of tlie Voyafe Ihall redound to your Wonours, that it was done by your Servants. This may alfo return to our Countrey's good ^ That if the firft inhabiting of a Coun- try by a Prince's Subjeds, (which is the King oi Spain's belt Title to his Lidics) doth take polTcfllon of it for their Sovereign : Then is Green-land^ by* a fccond^ Right, taken Livoy and Seifn of for his Majefty's Ufe •, his Subjects beiftg the firft that ever did (and I believe the laft that ever will) inhabit there. M'ilny a rich Return may your Worfhips in general, and the brave Adventurers in particular receive from this and all other places: And may your Servants be ever hereafter warned to take heed by our Harms. God fend your Worflnfs long Life., and much Honour^ andfnfficient Wealth to maintain both. This is the hearty Prayer of your Worfhips poor Servant, ' ID WARD PELLHAM. TO 7Si7 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hllgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the lll>rary from which It was borrowed. 58 00388 8467 t C- OJ (U 0) Q Q H cr u (U (LI U3 <; D o U -H I— I •• CM U ^ (N (U (M .. 3 o (U not) O 4-1 ft •- W -* o o e o M-l 0) rH <; >. u o !^ - > 3 rn m r t 0) > ■H c Di C -H I 3 I O 1 u ■ o