1 〜 I 奏 CANTONESE MADE EASY: A BOOK OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN THE CANTONESE DIALECT, WITH FREE AND LITERAL TRANSLATIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE RENDERING OF ENGLISH GRAM- MATICAL FORMS IN CHINESE. • SECOND EDITION. REVISED AND ENLARGED. By J. DYER BALL, m.r.a.s" etc., OF HEB JtAJESXr'S CITIL SERVICE, HOXGKOXG. Author of " Easy Sentences in the Eakka Dialect with a Vocabulary," " Easy Sentences in iJie Cantonese Dialect with a Foca&w^an/," " The Cantonese-made-Easy Foca&U" lary" and " An Engl}sh-Cantonese Pocket Vocdbidury without the Chinese J^haracters or Tonic Marks" dec. university; HONGKONG: PRINTED AT THE ' CHINA MAIL' OFFICE. 18 8 8. [AUi EIGHTS RESERVED.] 4t 3 产 CONTENTS PREFACES. Preface to the First Edition, ，， Second Edition, INTRODUCTION. The Cantonese Dialect, . . . . The Correct Pronunciation of Pure Cantonese, The Tone?, • • • • Methods of Describing Tones, List of Tones, • • Division of the Tones, . . Description of the Tones, . . Marks to Designate the Tones, Tonic Exercises, • • A ，- and ？ fern-aspirated Words, Long and Short Vowels, . . Pronunciation, , • Syllabary, • • " " LESSOiNS. Abbreviations, . . . The Numerals, . . . Lesson I. 一 Domestic, „ II. 一 General, . ，， III— ,, . Page. IX xriT XV XVI EI XXII XXIII XXIV XXIV XXVIII XXXII XXXVIII XLII XLVI XLVII 3 65359 嘈 Page. Lesson IV. ― General, .. .. ,. ..10 ,， v.— ，， 12 ，， VI. ― Relationships, ..*... . . • . . . . • . . 14 „ VII. ― Opposites, 16 ，， VIII.— Monetary, .. .. 18 " IX. 一 Commercial, . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 20 ，， X.— ，， 22 XL— Medical, - .. . . 24 ，， XTI. 一 Ecclesiastical, . . . • • • . . . . . . . . 26 ，， Xlir.— Nautical, 28 ，， XIV.— Judicial, 30 ，， XV.— Educational, 32 GRAMMAR. Nouns, . . 36 Articles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Classifiers, &c., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Adjectives, . . . . . , . . . . . • . . , . . . . . 59 Numeral Adjectives, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Pronouns, , . , , . , . , , , • • • • • • • • . . 68 Adjective Pronouns, • , • • • • • • • • • • • • . . 73 Verbs, 77 Adverbs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Prepositions, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Conjunctions, . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , , 109 Interjections, •. .. •• •• •• •• . . Ill Finals, •• . . . 112 Simple Directions, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Final Directions, .. ..118 APPENDIX. Excursus 1. Chinese Grammar, •• •• •• •• •• •• •• 1 ，， 2. Differences between the Book Language and Colloquial, . . 1 ，， 3. Reasons why Europeans speak Cantonese poorlj, . . . . 3 INDEX. ir* ― — «4 ^ «^ PREFACE. I tfNIVERSI-" PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION, This little book is meant to supply a want* The Author has heard a beginner in Chinese sadly lamenting the difficulty he had in the use of his phrase book to know what the Chinese words really meant. Before him and before many a learner there appear on the opened pages of his book sentences in English and sentences in Chinese. He reads the English and his Chinese teacher reads the Chinese over to him until he learns the sounds. By dint of memory he learns that a certain English sentence is expressed in Chinese by certain Chinese words, which he sup- poses are the equivalents of the English words ； but as soon as he commences to analyse the two sentences ― to place them side by side, he finds that there seems to be very little similarity between the two. The one often has more words by far than the other; there are no numbers, no moods, no tenses, or but halting ex- pedients to represent them, which are well nigh unintelligible to him ； and the use of his dictionary, at first, affords him but little assistance in his attempts to pick asunder the component parts of a Chinese sentence, for either he does not find the word that is given in his phrase book, or he is embarrassed by the multiplicity of renderings for one word. ARRANGEMENT OF THIS BOOK. In some of the first books in Cantonese and English by the veteran sinologists this difficulty was in a great measure met by a literal as well as a free translation being given of the Chinese. The Author has resuscitated this old plan and trusts it will be found of service. In some cases it will be found, however, that it has been well nigh impossible, on account of the idiomatic differences of the two languages, to give a perfectly intelligible and literal rendering of the Chinese ； for it sometimes happens, as George MacDonald well remarks, that ：一" It is often curious how a literal rendering, even when it gives quite the meaning, will not do, because of the different ranks of the two words in their respective languages," (Adela Cathcart, p. 34). Yet with the object of pointing out the connection of the different words i ， *^ t - PREFACE. PREFACE. and their respective places in the sentence, even a poor literal translation will assist the learner far better to grasp the construction of the sentence and the real meaning of the words than a free translation, which must necessarily often "be but a paraphrase of the Chinese. When two or more English words represent one Chinese word the Author has in the literal translation connected them by a hyphen, and the same holds good of the Chinese and English. Any exceptions to this are so plain that there is no necessity to make any note of them. The fault of most phrase books in Chinese is the multiplying Chinese words in a sentence ； especially do such books delight in a redundancy of particles ； one is almost sickened by a glance through some of the phrase books in use where (koko), 《ni ko\ ke)， and many other particles are brought in at any time and every time to the detriment of the learner's fluency in speaking. The consequence of this fault in that learners pile up the component parts of a sentence until the outcome is some- thing wonderful to hearken to, and more like a foreign language than good Chinese. The Chinese are fonder of expressing themselves in a terse and concise manner than most book-makers represent them as doing. Redundancy of words are cut out of good Chinese colloquial with, an unsparing hand : and it would be a good thing for a learner to lay it down as a general rule that if it is possible to express his meaning with few words he should do so ； for though to his own ear the addition of words may make the meaning plainer, it has probably a directly contrary effect on a Chinese ear* Compare : ― "N^i (lai to〉 ^ni sW k(ap〉 （p6i 《ko ko, (shU kwo) 'ugo (t'ai kin* (la, There is often also no distinction made in phrase books between the colloquial and book language : immediately after a sentence which would be understood by ears of his erudite teacher, he would find his talk utterly unintelligible to the mass of his hearers. In short a hotchpotch of anything and everything is thrown together, mixed and pure, Cantonese and provincialisms, and the result is a phrase book. Many of the simplest and commonest forms of expression are entirely omitted even ia books of considerable size where want of space could be no excuse. There is often also apparent in these books an evident attempt to put the English sentence which the compiler chooses into Chinese, ignoring often to a great extent Lai (ni sbii》 （p 豸 i ko， （sM "ngo "t*ai ^li any his woman or child comes one so bookish that if the learner were to attempt to air newly-acquired knowledge, thus obtained, out of the range of his study or of the -4 t ^ I PREFACE. ITT PREFACE. the simple fact that the idiom is essentially English ； and the result is a sentence composed of Chinese words which is either constructed on an English idiom wholly foreign to the genius of the language, or stilted in order to convey the whole meaning of the English sentence into Chinese ； or else the two sentences are not the counterparts of each other, and the learner is misled. Knowing these defects, the Author has endeavoured to avoid them. It appeared to him that a compiler should endeavour above everything else to have his Chinese perfect and readable, or shun, as a Chinese would term it, and then, try his best to render the Chinese into English. Under such conditions there is more likelihood of getting good Chinese into our phrase books than when the opposite plan is tried. Daily intercourse for nearly a quarter of a century with all classes of Chinese in their daily life, and years of daily contact with all grades of Chinese in the course of his official duties, where no attempts, or but few, are made to adapt them- selves to the foreign ear, have placed him, he believes, in an exceptionally &yourable position to hear and note the different idioms of good Cantonese. He has en- deavoured to embody a number of them in this book, which, if it meets with a £iTourabIe reception, might induce him to attempt something more pretentious on a future occasion. Nothing, he hopes, will be found amongst the fifteen Lessons bat pure good colloquial ； and from the examples given in that part of the book, as well as in the part which follows, the learner will be able to frame other sentences. In learning Cantonese, the learner should aim first at acquiring such common idioms and such words as to make himself understood by even the illiterate class, for then all classes will understand him. Starting in this manner he will lay a good solid foundation for his colloquial, which will stand him in good st«;ad all through his stay in China. After this foundatioa is laid lie can easily acquire the mixed colloquial, composed principally of what he has already learned, and partly of book terms ； and if he has previously pleased the illiterate ear, qualify himself to please the ikstidious ear of the scholar. Though there is no hard and fast line between these two forms of colloquial, as they merge more or less into each other, there is still a distinction. And the learner should keep this distinction in his mind and ask his teacher whether any new phrase he comes across is colloquial or not. Without this precaation he will find himself talking in a most ridiculous style, at one breath as it were using Johnsonian words and pure Englislu In most, if not all, phrase books the tones seem to be a thing of secondary importance. If the compiler carefully gives the tones as he finds them in his dic- tionary he congratulates himself on at least stretching a point. As a general rule ir^ <4 ^ 一 IV PREFACE. PREFACE. no attempt is ever made to give the tones as they are spoken, or when the attempt has been made the compiler has had so little idea of the frequency of difference between colloquial and book tones that his attempts to point one or two out have not been of the practical use that they might have been. It is one thing to read a book and utter all the tones correctly, but quite another thing to explain to a Chinese the contents of a few pages thereof, and if the speaker sticks to the same tones in speaking as in reading he will not find that all he says is understood. It is, the Author believes, an ignoring of this fact that often spoils foreigners' Chinese. The awkward thing about ignoring these tones in books for the use of those who wish to learn to speak Chinese is that the learner attempts to say the word in the tone that he sees it marked in his book or dictionary, the consequence being that he systematically mispronounces it; while if the tone were marked properly he would at least attempt to pronounce it properly. The colloquial tones in this book are given instead of those used in the book language ； but an asterisk is placed at such words to show that the word has another tone as well. It will be noticed that occasionally the tones of one word are different in differ- ent connections. Learners may at once make up their minds to the belief that there are more tones in the Chinese than many of the old scholars will give credit for. The chung yap is introduced in this phrase book. The man who pretends to doubt its existence may as well confess at once that he knows nothing about differences in tones ； it was well known by one or two of the older sinologists in olden times, but was well-nigh forgotten until unearthed recently. There is more excuse for the scepticism that exists about some of the other tones, though there can be no doubt as to their existence. The Author would call attention to what has never been noticed yet in Cantonese as regards its systematic application to all the tones, and that is what for want of a better term he must call complimental tones. These tones are very distinctly marked in the Swatow dialect, where the latter of two words, the second of which is a repetition of the former, is put in a slightly higher or lower tone according to which series of tones the word occurs in. This, it would almost seem, also happens but to a very infinitesimal degree in Cantonese, though it occurs in conformity to the general rule which differentiates the tones in the Cantonese and Swatow respectively, that is to say that as a certain word in Swatow which is in the lower series of tones, when rendered in Can- tonese rises into the higher series, and vice vers&, so the complimental tone which in Swatow would be lower than the original tone in the Cantonese is higher than the original tone sound, and vice versa. This variation between «4 PREFACE. V PREPACK. the original and coraplimental tones in Cantonese is about the interval of half a tone in music.* Each tone of the nine can have this secondary tone. This of course will be considered a moot point at present, as even some Chines^ deny their existence. It would appear to be a law of Chinese pronunciation that when two words of identical sound follow each other, the latter of the two falls, or rises into a higher or lower complimental tone. And it is probably the same law or one nearly akin to it that gives rise to the formation of new words in different tones to dis- tinguish them from words of identical sound of which there are not a few in Can- tonese, such as 'ko and ko) &c. Instead then of only eight tones in Cantonese it is the fact that there are a dozen well-defined tones at least, and possibly otli»*rs which are very indefinite and perhaps are only being formed at present. This however need not trouble the beginner. It is well that he should know at the same time that he must not attempt to fit every Chinese word into a sound corresponding to the eight, nine, or ten tones recognised by the dictionaries. Cantonese will not be confined in that way, and much of the poor pronunciation of Chinese by Europeans is on account of their persistent attempts to pronounce all Chinese words as if they must belong to one or other of the eight or nine tones their dictionaries tell them about. Get a good teacher, then copy him exactly no matter what your dictionary may say about the tone of the word; for it is important that the beginner, who wishes to do more than just run a chance of being partially understood, should pay particular attention to these important tones, though at the same time let him not run into the other extreme of hesitating before he utters a word to think what tone it should be in. If he can manage to get fluent in Chinese idioms, an occasional mistake in the tones is not of such vital importance, though to be deprecated. GRAMMAB, The Directions for rendering English Grammatical Forms and Idioms into Chinese and vice versa will, it is hoped, prove of service in enabling the beginner to form a conception of the mode in which English grammatical forms may he rendered in Chinese, a language which at first sight appears to be devoid of all grammar. The construction of the component parts and the building up of the sentence from its component phrases will also appear to a certain extent. * Note to Second Edition. 一 It will be noted that the Author does not here refer to the CoHoqnial rising tone at all, though one of his critics so misunderstood and consequentljr proceeded, owing to the misunderstanding, to contradict tbe above statement. XJNIVERSITT 庙 VI PREFACE. PREFACE. The notes are not exhaustive, but it is hoped that they are of sufficient variety and length to give the learner such an idea of the construction of the colloquial, and of many of its idioms, as to enable him to avoid egregious errors. diffidence one makes the attempt of laying down instructions, when hitherto the learner has generally had to bungle on as well as he could himself. It is hoped, however, that the experience of one who has made the study of Chinese a life work will not prove useless to the beginner. The study of Chinese is sufficiently difficult to make every little hint a desideratum. FINAL PARTICLES. The Final Particles are most useful little words, quite altering the whole force of the sentence when differently applied. These little particles at the end of a sentence are often put to a dreadful martyrdom in beginners' books. The student must not suppose that because they are so plentifully sprinkled over the pages of his book that he cannot close his mouth without enunciating one or two of them as he would punctuate each of his written sentences. They are in fact often left out with advantage ； but when left out to make up for their absence the voice lingers often on the last word in the sentence longer than it would otherwise do, and with a peculiar intonation and rising inflection. Too little attention has been paid to them hitherto. Our dictionaries do not contain all that are in use. A list appears of as many as the compiler has been able to discover up to the present time with their tonal variations; but it is not at all improbable that there are more to be discovered. Nearly half of this list is not to be found in the dictionaries. If the finals used in the different dialects and sub- dialects of Cantonese were included, the list might be made of an enormous length, as， for instance, in the Shun-tak dialect, to mention a few instances amongst many, we have the finals, td， te'i, ft; and others besides those in use in pure Cantonese. This is, however, not the place to go into a dissertation on the finals, but the hint may be of use if taken advantage of, for there are a great many more shades of meaning to be expressed by a proper use of these little words than most Europeans have ever dreamt of. CHINESE CHARACTERS. The Chinese characters are given more as a guide to tbe teacher than for use by tbe beginner. If the latter can and will take advice it is this: ― Don't So little has been attempted in this way hitherto, that it is with considerable •4 PKEFACE. *J p vn PREFACE. trouble yourself with the character, or the book language at first. If you will learn the characters, learn them out of the colloquial books for the first year, and then, when you are tolerably proficient in colloquial, a knowledge of the book way of expressing what you have already acquired in colloquial will not be apt to confuse yoUj or spoil your colloquial. One thing at a time is enough. If you wish to speak Chinese well, learn to speak it before you learn to read it A Chinese child learns to speak his native tongue before he learus to read it; and yet we, go-ahead Westerners, think we know better than Darae Nature, and insist on learning two languages (the book language and the colloquial) at the same time ~ two languages whicb, be it remembered, are so alike and yet so dissimilar as to create no end of a confusion in the tyro*s brain. The result is that we produce but few good speakers of Chinese. Above all things let him who would speak Chinese not be ashamed to talk whenever he has a chance. Air his Chinese at all tiroes : it will get musty if lie does not. What does it matter if he does make mistakes at first? If he finds he is not understood when he puts a thing ia one way, then put it in another. He should try to get up a pretty extensive vocabulary of apparent synonyms, and by experience and experiment he will learn what words are best understood by different classes of people, and what are the right words to use. Of course all this implies a great deal of patience ； but if a man has no patience he had better not come to far Cathay- ORTHOGRAPHY. The orthography is Williams' with the exception of some slight variations where * necessary. The classes of variants are given below, so that the scholar may find no difficulty in using Williams' Tonic Dictionary or Eitel's Chinese Dictionary. In ihu hook. In Williams' md EUets. ei ， … 1 (or i in Eitel*s.) o eu wu li 、vui ui yii ii If the beginner would be a good speaker let him not follow the pronunciations given in Dictionaries, if he finds such to clash with that of his teacher, provided he VIII PREFACE. PREFACE. bas a good one, but imitate the latter. Let him remember : ― 1st. That the dictionaries have been made by Europeans to whom Chinese was not a native tongue, and that consequently they are not free from errors. 2nd. Also let him remember that at the "best it is but a halting expedient this attempting to represent Chinese sounds by the letters of an alphabet, which, as we are accustomed to use them in our own language, are never in every case capable of producing the identical Chinese sound. 3rd, Let him also remember that some of the Chinese assistants that Dictionary makers have depended on for their pronunciations were not pure Cantonese speakers. These several reasons will "be sufficient to assure him of the necessity for adhering to the above advice ； and when he becomes a proficient in the use of this beautiful (when spoken in its 'purity) dialect he will see an additional reason in the miserable pronunciation of some Europeans, who have considered their dictionaries wiser then the Chinese themselves, and he may be gratified by being told by the Chinese that his pronunciation is clearer and better in many respects than many a native's. In conclusion the author may express the hope ― a hope that has actuated him throughout the preparation, that this little "book will prove a help in the study of a tongue which he has known and spoken from his earliest infancy. Should it prove of assistance to those who unlike him have not been able to avail themselves of the easiest and best mode of learning it, he will be proud that these efforts have proved capable of assisting those who desire to acquire a knowledge of this, one of the finest and oldest dialects in China. ， His thanks are again due to Mr, H. A. Giles of H. M.，s Consular Service for again permitting him to make use of his arrangement of sentences and the plan of his book, as far as the first part of it is concerned, which it will be seen he has con- siderably enlarged upon. Mr. A. Falconer, of the Government Central School, Hongkong, has also kindly assisted him in correcting proof sheets. Should mistakes be discovered the author will be obliged by those using the book informing him of them. After having written out the whole of the lessons and while they were in the press, the compiler's attention -was called to Mr. Parker's orthography as applied to the Cantonese ； and finding that in one instance it supplied a want that he had felt, 铲 PREFACE. IX PREFACE. and that in another instance it represented a sound which had not been brought out clearly, his spelling in both these instances was modified in conformity with. Mr. Parker's system, though he cannot endorse Air. Parker's attempts in their entirety (his attempts to rid the orthography from diacritical marks do not always appear to be the best) ； especially all the conclusions he arrives at as exemplified by his orthography that is to say if he understands what the spelling always refers to, but unfortunately his syllabary is printed without any Chinese characters, so that one scarcely knows what word the new combination of letters always re- presents. Finding that in certain cases Mr. Parker's was an improvement on the current orthography, other cases have also been referred to Mr. Parker's syllabary, and the author must acknowledge occasional assistance he has derived from such a reference while "working by the guidance of his ear to free himself from the, in too many cases, - barbarous and incorrect spellings used by the dictionaries. He has been pleased to find on reference to Mr. Parker's syllabary that he also had arrived in the majority of instances at the same conclusions that the author had. This he trusts "will give more confidence in the accuracy of those sounds represented by Mr. Parker and himself to those who may be inclined to look with suspicion upon and doubt the propriety of any change, however simple, in the admirable adaptation of Sir William Jones' system of spelling made in his younger days by that venerable and learned sinologist, Dr. Williams. J. DYER BALL. HOKGKONG, 1883. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. - 丄俨 7^、 NIVERSITY It is now rather more than four years since the first edition, of five hundred copies, of this book was published. Uncertain of the success of the venture at the time the book 、vas but lituited in its scope. The disposal of the first edition and the approval the book has met with has led the author to now issue a second edition of the same work, which, though running on the same lines as the first edition, has been considerably enlarged. The first part of the book, that containing the fifteen lessons, may at first sight appear to be the same in the two editions, but though ^ —— X PREFACE. PREFACE. the same number of pages are occupied, it will be found that there are many more sentences in this part of the book than formerly, great care has also been exercised in a careful revision of the lessons, and here the author must acknowledge the great assistance rendered to him by Mr. J. H, Stewart Lockhart, who kindly volunteered to assist him. In the second or Grammatical portion of the book it will be seen that thirty- six pages* are added. A new table of the Classifiers has been drawn up from which it has been attempted to exclude words not rightly entitled to the name of Classifiers, though often so called, and these words have been placed in a list by themselves. A better table of the Personal Pronouns has also been drawn out. An important addition has likewise been the lists of the idiomatic uses of verbs, and other addi- tions it will be seen have been made, all of which the author trusts will make the book more useful. The old matter has also been revised. A new feature appears in the shape of an Index to the Second part, which will no doubt render reference to passages sought for easier than with the help of the table of contents alone, which is still retained. la the Introduction the tones have been more fully treated. It has been the author's endeavour in what may be called the Grammatical portion of the book not so much to lay down Grammatical Rules describing the structure of the language irrespective of its analogy to other languages ； but it has been his aim so to word these rules as to show the learner tlie difference between the learner's native language and that he is endeavouring to acquire, for in detecting the points of resemblance and difference between his own language and one foreign to him will the learner be the better able to appreciate the similarity and dis- similarity between the two languages. It is but a waste of time to draw up a Chinese Grammar on the same lines as an English Grammar ； such Grammars are useful to those who wish to learn the structure of their own language, but to those who already know something of the Grammar of one language this knowledge is best utilised by being used as a vantage ground. The knowledge already acquired is compared with what it is desired to acquire. The mind instead of being burdened with going over old ground has its powers left free to tabulate the new knowledge under the two heads of " the same as I learnt before, I do not need to trouble about that," and the other head of "this is different from what I learnt before, I must try and remember this." Any learner who desires to acquire a new language if he wishes to make any progress must consciously or unconsciously thus tabulate his knowledge. If it is not already done for him in the books he uses, his time is taken up with wading PREFACE. —— ^ XI PREFACE. through a mass of rules and examples to pick out what is new to him. His time is saved and the acquisition of the language rendered easier for him, if it is done before-hand for him. Exception has been taken by one or two to the use of the literal translation of the Chinese into English on account of its barbarous nature, bat its manifest advantages to the beginner are so obvious, not only theoretically but in actual practice iu the use of this book, that the Author's predilections in its favour are con- firmed. As to its being barbarous, what does barbarous mean ？ Simply that any- thing is outside of our pale of civilization and customary mode of expression, &c. A literal translation of any language into English proves more or less barbarous : this is even true with regard to the classic languages of ancient Greece and ； Rome. As a hint to the use to which this literal translation may be pat the following passage given from an essay by Proctor with regard to the use of literal trans- lations such as the Hamiltonian method, the literal translation employed by the author of the present work being very like that Mr. Proctor says : ― " Take then first * * a passage * * and go carefully over it, word for word as it stands. * * * Next, read it over several words at a time. After this, read the English through alone, and then turn to the original, and read that through. You 、vill find that by this time you can read the original understandirigly. Take the passage next * * and turn it into English by a free translation ― not too free, but just free enough to be good English. Now follows what in practice I found the most improving part of the whole work. Make a word-for-word translation ia the exact order of the words in the original, and note what this tells you of the character of the idiom and also of the mental peculiarities of the nation who * * own the language you are dealing with." {Miscellaneous Essays, by R. A. Proctor). J. DYER BALL. Hongkong, 1887. INTRODUCTION. xm UNIVERSITY California^ introduction: THE CANTONESE DIALECT OR LANGUAGE. An impression appears to have got abroad that Mandarin is the language of China, and that Cantonese and the other languages spoken in China are but dialects of it. The impression is an erroneous one. One might as well say that Spanish was the language of the Iberian Peninsula and that Portuguese, as well as the other Komanic languages spoken elsewhere, were dialects of it. There is no doubt, that, as with Spanish in the Peninsula, Mandarin in some one or other of its various dialects is the language of a large portion of China (say of thirteen out of the eighteen provinces), but no less is Cantonese in some one or other of its numerous dialects the language of a great many of the inhabitants of the two provinces of Kwangtung and Kwongsi, (which two provinces have a population roughly stated equal to that of England). It is true that the Mandarin is used as a lingua franca in all official courts and Government offices throughout the whole of China, but though more than five hundred years ago for a considerable time in English history French was the Court language of England, yet there was an English language, though it may have been despised by those who knew nothing but French. One of the unfortunate things about terming these different languages in China dialects is to lead those who know nothing of the subject to suppose that Cantonese is merely a local patois differentiated from the Mandarin by dialectic peculiarities, and that those who speak it differ as far from a correct method of speaking their native tongue, as a Somerset man or Yorkshireman, who speaks his native dialect does from an educated Englishman, who by virtue of his education and culture has sunk all the peculiarities of pronunciation, whicli inevit- ably point out the illiterate countryman. In fact the Cantonese is more nearly akin to the ancient language of China spoken about 3,000 years ago than the speech of other parts of China. It is more XIV INTRODUCTION, INTRODUCTION. ancient itself than its younger brethren, the other so-called dialects of China, and to prevent any false ideas of its importance the following extract is given from the Preface to Douglas' Dictionary of the Amoy language, the statements in which are equally applicable to Cantonese. It is as follows, viz.: ― "But such words as * Dialect* or ^ Colloquial ' give an erroneous conception of its nature. It is not a mere colloquial dialect or patois ； it is spoken by the highest ranks just as "by the common people, by the most learned just as by the most ignorant; learned men indeed add a few polite or pedantic phrases, but these are mere excrescences, (and even they are pronounced according to the" Cantonese sounds), " while the main body and staple of the spoken language of the most refined and learned classes is the same as that of coolies, labourers, and boatmen. "Nor does the term ' dialect ' convey anything like a correct idea of its distinc- tive character ； it is no mere dialectic variety of some other language ； it is a distinct language, one of the many and widely differing languages which divide among them the soil of China. * * * "A very considerable number of the spoken languages of China have been already more or less studied by European and American residents in the country, such as the Mandarin, the Hakka, the vernaculars of Canton and Amoy, and several others. These are not dialects of one language ； they are cognate languages, bear- ing to each other a relation similar to that which subsists between the Arabic, the Hebrew, the Syriac, the Ethiopic, and the other members of the Semitic family ； or again between English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, &c. "There is another serious objection to the use of the term 《 dialect ， as applied to these languages, namely that within each of them there exist real dialects. For instance, the Mandarin, contains within itself three very marked ' dialects/ the Northern, spoken at Peking ； the Southern, spoken at Nanking and Soochow ； and the Western, spoken in. the Provinces of Szechuen, Hoopeh, &c.，， It may be stated that it is as absurd for any one who intends to reside in Hongkong, Canton, or Macao, and who wishes to learn Chinese to take up the study of Mandarin, as it would be for a German, who was about to settle in London to learn French in order to be able to converse with the English. Cantonese has its "real dialects " some of which are spoken by tens of thou- sands, or hundreds of thousands of natives, and which if they were spoken by the inhabitants of some insignificant group of islands in the Pacific with only a tithe of the population would be honoured by the name of languages. These "subordinate dialects " of the Cantonese are again subdivided into many little divisions spoken in INTRODUCTION. —— , XV INTRODUCTION. different cities or towns, or groups of cities, towns, and villages where peculiar colloquialisms prevail. Some of these dialects of Cantonese are as follows, viz: 一 The San Wui Dialect. San Ning ，, Hong Shan „ ，， Shun Tak ,, ，, Tung Kwiin „ THE CORRECT PRONUNCIATION OF PURE CANTONESE. So far is this minute sub-division carried that even in the city of Canton itself, the seat and centre of pure Cantonese, more thau one pronunciation of words is used ； the standard, however, being the Sai Kwan wa, or West end speech, to which the learner should endeavour to assimilate his talk. It has been the Author's endeavour to give this pronunciation, or at all events the Cantonese, and the students ot this book may take it as a fact that it is Cantonese and pure Can- tonese that is given in this book; and that where the author has corrected the orthography of Williams and Eitel it is because this orlhogi aphy in such cases does not represent pure Cantonese, such for instance as in the spelling of the whole series of words, such as nutj htu^ &c. which these authors give most un- fortunately as nil, hii, &c.， such a sound as nil being abominable Cantonese ~ not pure Cantonese at all, but SaL Chii'i Dialect or some other wretched dialect, not- withstanding it has the sanction of-such sinologues as Williams, Eitel, and Chalmers ； and those who know Chinese thoroughly will know that the author is throwing no slur on the luasterly scholarship displayed by these men \vhen he says that their pronunciation of Cantonese as shewn by their orthography in many instances is neither pure nor correct. It is a great pity that Dr. Eitel, in his new Dictionary, has not followed the lead of good speakers of pure Cantonese instead of perpetuating the mistakes of Dr. Williams ― njistakes due partly to the implicit following of a Chinese author's ideas of pronunciation and mistakes more excusable in the olden days than at the present time. To those who are inclined to be suspicious of any change in an established orthography of Chinese by Europeans the fact that the author is not alone in this changing of the mode of representing another class of sounds may give more confidence to their acceptance of it, and to those "who know Mr. Parker's wonderfully acute ear for Chinese sounds the following extracts may help to confirm their acceptance of such changes. . ： — XVI INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. " The only place where a really short e comes in, * * is in the diphthong ei (as in feint * *), This, sound is * * actually ignored by Williams in favour of {， as in the English t/iee, a Cantonese sound which only exists in one or two colloquial words such as mi, ni, &c.，，， China Review, Vol, 8, p. 364. And again, " but, unfortunately Williams uses i to represent "both the ee and ei as in feel and feint," China Review^ Vol. 8， p. 365. He again says in a paper on "the Comparative study of Chinese dialects " published in the transactions of the North China Branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society. "In Dr. Williams' dictionary again, several classes of vowels existing in theory, according to the standard in nuhihus encumber the work, when one vowel would have stood in each case for them all. One of the nine regular tones, too, is entirely ignored ； and the whole class of colloquial tones called the pin yam, which form so striking an element of quasi-inflection in the pure Cantonese dialect, has been completely overlooked. Dr. Eitel, in his corrected edition of the same Dic- tionary, has introduced the ninth regular tone, but he likewise, instead of adhering steadfastly, (as did Mr. Wade in the case of the Metropolitan Pekingese) to the Metropolitan Cantonese, has, by overlooking these colloquial tones, once more lost the opportunity of firmly establishing another standard dialect." The opinion of another enthusiastic student of Cantonese, than whom it is difficult to find one showing greater zeal in all matters connected with the language, (the author refers to Mr. J. H. Stewart-Lockhart) likewise says : ― "It is much to be regretted that Dr. Eitel's . , Dictionary, though excelleut in many ways, has not modified the spelling in Williams', " China Review^ Vol. X., p. 312. The matter resolves itself into simply this, whether we are to go on perpetra- ting mistakes by accepting the orthography of Williams and Eitel in extenso ― in every minute particular, when it is a well-known fact by those who speak pure Cantonese that this orthography in all its particulars is not pure Cantonese by a long way, but is mixed up with local pronunciations, or whether we are to try to get an English transliteration of Chinese sounds, which shall attempt to approach as near as possible to the standard Cantonese, that spoken in the city of Canton itself. That such attempts may be open to partial failures in some particulars none knows better than the author himself, but because the matter is a difficult one to tackle there is no reason why we should go on in the old ruts. They are getting rather worn out now after half a century of use and it is time that better ways were followed. A curious argument is sometimes used as a support to a not conforming to a standard, ― a real standard and a pure one 一 namely that it does not much matter as long as they, the Europeans or Americans, who speak Chinese are understood. In ^ INTRODUCTION. UNIVERSITT INTRODUCTION. this argument it is taken for granted that they must be understood, but they are often uot. A good story is told of an Englishman in Russia coming across a Russian, who accosted him in broad Yorkshire to the astonishment of the Britain, the Russian being under the impression that he was conversing ia good English, he having availed himself of the services of an Englishman to learn his, the Englishman's, native language, but unfortunately the teacher spoke a dialect, Yorkshire, which is not now considered as pure English. This is bad enough, but supposing the Russian instead of learning from au Englishman had used books to acquire the language, and that these books had taught him to invariably leave off the initial h, as cockneys do; to pronounce the 8, as if it were a e, in imitation of the Somerset dialect; to pronounce the article the, as if it were a t alone, ia imitation of Yorkshire; and to pronounce every word like bay, day, fay、 gay, hay, jay、 lay、 may, nay^ pay, ray、 say, way, as if they were spelled he， rfe, fee, gee, he、 g€， lea, me, Tmee、 peOj re, see, we^ and other mispronunciations of the same character. What a delightful hotch-potch this would be! This then may give an idea of what results ensue in Chinese from the orthography of some of the books that are now in use by Europeans for learning Chinese. What would be thought of an argument to the effect that it mattered little to the Russian, as many English dropped their li all through the length and breadth of the land, that likewise numbers of genuine Englishmen pronounced the the ^ i alone, and that there 、vere not a few that pronounced the s as a and that the other mispronunciations were also in use in English ？ And yet the same style of argument is used with regard to these dialectic pronunciations of Cantonese by some book makers. The following statement by Mr. Parker is conclusive on the point except to those who are prejudiced against any conclusion except their own : 一 " The argument so frequently used that, in the presence of so many conflicting forms of Cantonese it is unwise to make a special study of one, ought to condemn itself without demonstration to every logical student, apart from the obvious fact that the dialect of a metropolis, as spoken by the most highly educated classes, is prima facie more likely to be a standard and to be more widely known than a dialect spoken by less educated persons in the country, or ia a town less thickly populated than the metropolis," China Review, Vol. 8, p. 367. INTKODUCTION. INTRODUCTION, THE TONES. As the tones are the initial difficulty in learning Chinese it is well that the beginner should have his attention drawn at the very first to them, Premare says, "The mere sounds are, as it were, the body of the character, and the tones are in like manner the spirit."* This description of the tones, at all events, contains a just appreciation of their importance. And that learned sinalogue seems so thoroughly to understand the subject that his further descriptions of the matter form very good answers to the questions, What are the tones ； and are they of any importance? To answer these questions let us take, for instance, the word ^sin, before. The sound is represented by the English spelling, sin (pronounced seen) and the tone by that little semi-circle, but insignificant as that little semi-circle is, yet a right understanding by a native of the word a European wishes to pronounce is as much conveyed by that little semi-circle as it is by the English letters s i n. Neglect that little sign and ignore the tone which it stands for, and the native is at a loss to know what the European means to say. In other words, Chinese words may be compared to specimens, geological, botanical, or what you like, in a museum, and in this museum, of Chinese ideas, it is necessary not only that the words, the specimens, should be arranged in cases or classes, similar in general characteristics, such as sound, but the differentiation of one from the other, which is already an accomplished fact, shall be represented in a manner to at once appeal to the ear. The methods of so distinguishing them is by the tones. These are the labels to the words to point out clearly what they are. Tones -then are used in this language, so largely monosyllabic that confusion would ensue but for their use. For example, let us take the sound szn (pro- nounced like the English word seen) again. That sound, amongst other ideas in the book language, stands in the colloquial for the words, before, ringworm, and ikread, but with a separate tone for each * word, and written differently in the Chinese character. Now if the word meaning before, is pronounced in the same way as sin), meaning thread, it, of course, is no more tke word before, but becomes the word thread, and vice versd^ or if it is pronounced 《si'n, it means ringworm^ and no more thread or before, or suppose the word is pronounced in some other tone, which does not belong to any word in that sound, no meaning is conveyed, or to use an illustration try to write English without any regard to spelling, and think that scene will do for seen^ or vice versa. It may be imagined how confusing and ludicrous it would be to hear a man talk about ringworm * " Meri Boni sant litterarum quasi corpus ； accentas autem sunt ipsis loco auimse." Prem are's Noiitxa Linguse Sinicx, p. 10. INTKODUCTION. XIX INTRODUCTION. when he meant to talk about thread. Most ludicrous mistakes are constantly made by those who are just learning the tones, or who will not take the trouble to learn them. The learner will not have tried to speak Chinese long before he will find every now and then that something he has said falls flat on the ears of his listener, conveying no idea, as his blank or perplexed face will show, in such a case the learner may think himself fortunate if some bystander, guessing at the idea, puts the word or words into the right tone or tones and repeats them, intelligence will now take the place of bewilderment on the listener's face. If the learner is deter- mined to learn the tones he may find, as time goes on, some criterion of his success from noticing if such failures are decreasing. There are other helps it may be noted here, such as some words being aspirated and others not, and the context also helps to the understanding of the word, but notwithstanding all other helps the tone is of the utmost importance. As Premare rightly says: ― "But if the sound simply were pronounced, no regard being had to the tone, or breathing" (the breathing being the aspirate) "it would be impossible to determine its signification ； and indeed, it is the want of attention to this subject which occasions Europeans, after protracted labours devoted to the acquisition of this tongue, failing so often to be understood by the Chinese. They are learned, talented and industrious, and yet can only stammer, through their whole lives, while at the same time some stupid Caffrarian, in a very short period, learns to speak as well as the Chinese themselves."* It is not learning nor talents that are a sure passport to an ability to acquire the tones, but more an ear gifted with, or trained to, a power of distinguishing between musical sounds, or a power of mimicry, a determination to succeed accom- ♦ Tbe quotation in full in Premare is as follows : ― "Exemplo sit littera viJere ； sodus qnem ipsi dant sitise est k*an, spiritus est asper k'au, accentus est rectos k*an, et interdom acutus k'an ； atque liaec tria， scilicet son as, spiritus et acceutus sunt omnino necessaria. Cum vero sint aliae litterae aliud plane significantes, qaae debent eodem modo pronunciari, evidens est quod etiamsi recte dicas k'an, tamea ex circutnstantiis, hoc est, ex materia de qua sermo est, et ex bis quae prsecedunt vel sequnntar, plerumqne colligaat ainse qaod vox ilia qaam profers significat videre. Et quid igitur esset, si duntaxat dicas k'an, nulla babita^ratlone nec ad spiritual k*an, nec ad accentam k'in atque haec est prsecipaa causa cur Europaei post tot labores iu lingua sinica discenda posit08 a sinis vix intelligantar. Docti sunt, ingeniosi sunt, attend sunt, et tamen per totam vitam pleriqae balbntiant, interim dam stnpidas aliqals cafer (sic) post tempos sat breve tarn bene loquitur qaam ipsimet siflae." Fremar«*s NotUia Lingum Sinicm, p. 10, A» ― INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. panied with well-directed industrious efforts, which will generally assist a man in his acquisition of the tones, but his success is more rapid and certain if he be blessed with a musical ear and a power of mimicry. A man should not, however, give up the attempt to learn the tones from an idea that he is not thus blessed. It is but few men that have not some idea of musical pitch, or the ability, if they will only try, to closely imitate wliat others say; and the continual attempt to do the latter, or detect the differences between the tones, will materially increase the ability to do both the one and the other, just as a man who exercises the muscles of his arms and legs, &c. in a properly directed manner is able after months of continual practice to pull an oar in a boat, in perfect time and accord with other rowers, in a manner which would astonish those who do not know what training will do. So training in the tones is bound to produce good results. The pity is that people get it into their beads that they can speak Chinese without knowing the tones. You might almost as well expect to be able to speak French without learning the French pronunciation, though do not be led away by the illustration to suppose that tones are pronunciation. But still the question remains, What are tones? It is easy enough to say what they are not, for instance they are not pronunciation, emphasis, or accent ； but the difficulty consi-sts in explaining to a European something which he knows nothing about, something to which there is nothing akin in bis own language, or in the languages, which in the course of his education he has learned, be they dead, Classical languages, or living modern languages, or, if there were, the knowledge of them has been lost. This being the case it would perhaps have been as well, as Dr. Williams says, if the Chinese name for them, shing, had been adopted into our language instead of using a word such, as, tone^ which conveys other ideas to our luinds. It is very much as if a race of mankind, say in the centre of New Guinea, were to be discovered, who had a new sense, that is to say, a sense which the rest of mankind were not endowed with. It would be well nigh impossible to describe this sense to the rest of mankind, who had not seen the effects it produced and what it was, and any attempts at description would be in many cases misleading, for those who heard the description would be inclined to follow the illustrations out in their entirety, and thus misunderstand what was being attempted to be explained to them. Tones then may be said to be certain positions or inflections of the voice which are used for certain words, each word having its own tone, or in some cases two, "which are used at different times. These positions into -which the voice is put for words are various in their character. The position is for certain tones a level or sustained modulation, the difference between the tones belonging to this class being A* mft IXTEODUCTION. —— , XXI INTRODUCTION. one of musical pitch. For others it is a rising modulation of the voice, as if when a violin bow were being drawn across a string of the violin the finger of the player should slide from a lower note to a higher ； 一 the difference between the tones belonging to this class being in the amount of rising modulation the voice under- goes. Another class, a diminishing, receding modulation of the voice, the difference between the tones comprised in this class being, as in some of the others, a high or low one. And there is yet another class which has been described as an evanescent modulation, the tones in this class being distinguished from each other hj the musical pitch. If the beginner could only put himself into the same position that a child appears to be in when learning Chinese, there doubtless would be no difficulty at all in the tones. A European child in infancy, given equal facilities, learns Chinese, bristling with difficulties, as it appears to adults, more readily, and, if anything, more correctly than his or her mother tongue. What is the reason of this? The language is, as a general rule, more natural and logical in its construction, or rather the Chinese mind is more natural and logical in its sequence of ideas, and consequently the Chinese language is more logical in the manner of putting ideas; furthermore a monosyllabic language, or at all events with regard to Chinese, one which is to a great extent monosyllabic, it is natural to suppose would be more readily appre- hended by a child's mind. Besides these two great advantages there is the further advantage of tone, to which a child is naturally inclined, and it is only by educa- tion that an infant learns that tone is unnecessary in a European language. A Chinese child never learns this, and, having originally, in common with its European cousin, copied the exact tone in which it hears a word first pronounced, adheres to this original pronunciation of the tone, assisted materially by the fact that it hears this word pronounced in no other way, or tone, while its cousin, the European child, while acquiring its own language, at first adheres to the ori^al tone in which a word has been first pronounced, and persists in this adherence for some time, as a general rule, till it gets confused by hearing a multiplicity of tones given to the same word and eventually finds it is useless to battle for a language in its infant state when his superiors have long ago decided that the language has out- grown its infantile state, and eventually yields to the force of circumstances and copying the example of his elders forgets that there is such a thing as tone at all. How is it possible for a European adult to place himself in the same position as regards tones as a child would be in? Clearly he cannot place himself in precisely the same position, as he has already the experience of his own and pro- bably other languages, which at the present day are wanting in tones, to mislead him. Let him however try and get as near the child's position, in this respect, at XXII INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTIOX. least, as he can. Listen acutely to the tone that his teacher pronounces a word in, repeat it after him and re-repeat it and go on a hundred times ― a thousand if necessary, till the exact tone has been got, and do this with every new word. More pains are necessary for the adult than for the child, as to the child the tone is everything while to the adult it is nothing. Repeat the same plan with every new word learned, and surely such infinite pains will not have been spent in vain. Being unfortunately an adult the learner ought also to use his superior abilities and previous knowledge as a vantage ground for further attainments by, for one thing, having a formula, shall v'e call it? such, for instance as， ^sin (sin sin sit), (sin "sin sin' sit), and with each new word finding from enquiry, or better still from tbe dictionary, the correct tone, then try to say it in exactly the same tone as the same toned word in the formula, but do not be content with supposing that you have it correct, test it with your teacher and "bother him with questions as to whether you are perfectly correct or not, and do not be content with anything short of perfectness. You may think it is not of much importance and he will probably think that you being a European cannot ever learn Chinese perfectly correctly, especially if after several attempts at a word you make very bad shots at it, but other Europeans have learned to speak Chinese, and amongst them have been some, "who have approximated very closely to the Chinese in their tones, so close that much of what they said might be supposed to be uttered by Chinese. If others have attained to such an excellence, why should not you? At all events you will not unless you try. And it is well worth the trial, as you will know when you have attained to this excellence. All this trouble and painstaking when you are in your study, and on the learning of every new word, but when you go out to exercise your hard-acquired knowledge do not cramp yourself by constant thoughts as to the tone of every word in the sentence you utter, any more than you would bend your head down and watch every step you take when walking. Speech must come ireely from your mouth, and you must not hesitate over and examine every word mentally before it issues from your lips, or you will never speak freely. A general and his officers do not minutely inspect each soldier to see as they issue out for the attack whether their uniform and accoutrements are all right, that has to be done at drill. Never cease to drill yourself in tones for many a long day after your first start. METHODS OF DESCRIBING TONES. Different methods have been used to try and convey to the foreign mind unacquainted with tones an idea of what they are. To depend only upon these descriptions to acquire a knowledge of the tones would be but of little use, as tones ^ %^ INTRODUCTION, XXDI INTRODUCTION. in their correctness are only to be learned from the native pronunciation of them, but these descriptions may assist the learner, supplemented by hearing them pro- nounced, to a correct knowledge of what they are, imperfect though such methods may be by iliemselves alone for conveying a perfectly correct idea of the tones to one who is previously unacquainted with them. One way of describing the tones has been to compare them to the inflections of voice, which are used in certain passages properly read and emphasised, or in speech properly inflected in its utterance. When this explanation is given it must not be supposed that the same words, as a rule, are capable of having different tones applied to them just as in English different words may have a different emphasis, owing simply to the position of the word in the sentence, or the exigencies of the case, such as the emotions the speaker desires to give expression to, by the inflexion of his voice ~ such are intonation and expression ― not Chinese Tones ； for Chinese words are capable of intonation of voice and emphasis, which can be thrown into the voice without, though it may seem strange to those unacquainted with the fact, interfering with the pitch of the tone, and this brings us to another way in which it has been attempted to make the tonic system intelligible to the foreigner, viz: ― by comparing the tones to musical notes. LIST OF TONES. The following is a list of the 12 tones in Cantonese, which are all that the beginner need trouble himself about, as the others that may exist in Cantonese are not sufficiently verified yet. Upper Series. Middle iones^ 上 平 Sbong- ^p'ing, ！》 中平 ^Chung ,mg. Lower Series, 下平 H々ing. \' ：上上 Sbbng- -shong. 、上 § 變音 Shong^ 卞 上 Ha' ahong^. ( ^ 卜 Shdng" hui), ^shing pia' (yain.* 【、 ■j^ Ha" hui), " u JlA ShSnr yaPj. 中 71 (Chang yap^. 卞 入 Ha' yap^. "The degree in which these two series " (that is the upper and lower series) " vary from each other is not the same in all the tones; the upper and lower pHng shing being distinctly marked while there is very little perceptible difference between the upper and lower shong shing." Williams' Easy Lessons m Chinese, p. 49. * This is scarcely a correct name for this tone. It is really a pfn) (yam for the 【、 平 ha'^p'ing, 下 去 ha- hui' and any other of the tones which occasionally rise into it, •4 ' XXIV INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. DIVISION OF THE TONES. These tones are classed together in different ways, such as, those of the Upper and Lower Series, which together make the 8 tones into which the Cantonese as a nile say the words in their language are divided, and which are the only tones appearing in the majority of dictionaries. These eight tones are divided by the Chinese again into correct and deflected, or (p'ing and Jj^ chak》, the first of each series belonging to the former and the others being classed under the deflected, just as in Latin with the nominative and other cases. Of course the three medial tones, if coming under these two divisions, would resolve themselves in the same way, viz: ― The 中 (chung (p'ing would belong likewise to the correct, while the other two would come under the category of deflected tones. These eight tones are further divided into the : ― (p*ing， or Even tones. 卜 shong", or Upper tones, hu 卩， or Receding tones. ^\ yapj> or Entering tones. This classification is so simple that there is no need for offering any remarks on it, of course the three other tones can also come under this classification. DESCRIPTION OF THE TONES. No better definition can perhaps be given of the ^p'ing (shing than is contained in the following words : ~ The J)^ing ^ehing is precisely the musical monotone, pronounced without elevation or depression, being the natural uncon- strained expression of the voice, * * Thus in the sentences : ― / am going to town ； / hope it will not rain ； Yoii must look and see ； ' if the last word in each is sounded in somewhat of a dissatisfied or commanding tone, higher than the other words, the previous part of the sentence will naturally fall in the j>Hng ^hing^ la questions, uttered in a pleasant inviting tone, the words preceding the last naturally fall in the upper pHng Mng, as, Will you let me see it ？ Will you come too ？ "The negative answer to such questions (spoken by the same voice) would naturally fall into the lower ^Hng 、shing as : ― When I asked liira, * Will you let me see it? ' he said, ' No, I'll do no such tiling,, "Here the different cadence of the question and reply illustrate the upper and lower ^pHng —ng." 一 Williams* Easy, Lessons in Chinese, p. 49. INTKODUCTION. XXV IKTRODUCTIOX. There is however a second Upper Even Tone into which some words are put. This second, or 中 ^chung ^p'iiig, Medial Upper Even Tone, is found in the following words, for example ： ― • 。！ nau, a cat, and ^^ts'oDg, a gun, " It partakes of the nature of a slight shriek," differing not only in musical pitch (being nearer to the shong" j)(ing, Upper Even Tone, in that respect than to the 【、 ha" ^p*ing, Lower Even Tone,) from the other two Even Tones, but also in the manner of its pronunciation, it having "a certain quickness or jerkiness of pronunciation/' 一 Parker in Overland China MaiL There is an octave's difference between the two Even Tones. That is to say if you pronounce the J* ^2 shong" (p'ing, Upper Even Tone, as the C which is placed in the third space in the lines in music, you must pronounce the "J\ ha" ^p'ing. Lower Even Tone, as the C which appears in the first leger line below in the treble. These Lower Even Toned words seem to give a stability and character to the Cantonese ； they are full and rich, and a European who has a full toned voice gene- rally speaks Cantonese better than one with a weak piping voice, at all events Cantonese from his lips sounds better than from those of the other man. There is no doubt this tone, the 中 (cliung ^pHnp:, Medial Even Tone, does exist, and the Beginner will do well to keep his ears open for it, though to the average European ear it is so subtle as uot to be distinguished, obtuse in this sense as most Europeans have become from speaking a language in which tone is of no account. And here consists the fallacy of learuing Chinese by simply learning Avhat the tones of a word are, that is to say learning that a certain word is in the 卜 shong' (p(ing， or Upper Even Tone, for example, instead of first learning to pronounce the word propeily, and then bracing yourself up to that pronunciation by comparing it with other words in that same tone and then finally fixing in your memory that it belongs to that tone, the 上 shon^ ^p'iug, Upper Even Tone, for supposing you learn first that it belongs to this tone class instead of making a point of pronouncing it properly first, you run away at once with the idea that it is a Jj^ shong* jving. Upper Even Tone, and it is possible that it is a 中 (chung ^p'ing, Medial Even Tone, word. If you have a good ear and good powers of mimicry, great points of advantage in learning Chinese, you run a good chance of learning the word in the right tone, then it is possible you may detect the difference on coming to compare it with other ■words that are really of the Jj^^ shong^ ^p'ing, Upper Even Tone. At all events keep your ear open for these distinctions between the slicing^ ^p'ing, Upper Even, and 中 ^chuug ^p'ing, Medial Even Tones, lor no dic- ir^ - TWE ， UNIVERSITY XXVI INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION, tionary yet published gives all the words which should be in the 中 平 ^chiing ^p*ing, Medial Even Tone, in that Tone. Dr. Eitel puts a lew of them into his dictionary. Do not consider such disiiuctlons hypercritical, or a waste of time. The disposition to do so makes some learned Sinalogues commit such egregious errors as to entirely ignore a well marked Tone the 中 八 （clmng yap^ the Medial Entering Tone, of which we shall speak presently. These distinctions do exist, subtle as they may seem to you, and while not distressing yourself with them too much, at the same time try to train your ear into distinguishing them. There is no reason why you should not ti y to speak Chinese properly, and if you make the - effort you may find that you will succeed better than you thought for at first, and it is possible that eventually you may be able, after a sufficient lengthened course of study, to distinguish some more of these subtle distinctions which are still believed to be lurking about in Cantonese, but which have not yet been brought to book, mo re's the pity. - "The shong' —ng," (Rising Tone,) "is a rising inflection of the voice ending higher than it began, such as is heard in the direct question, pronounced in somewhat of a high, shrill tone; — ^it loudly calls, vehement ardent, strong.'* It is also heard in exclamatory words, as, ah! Can it he! The hist word of the preceding sentences are in the shong' 一 ing," (Rising Tone). ― Williams' Easy Lessons m Chinese, p. 50. With regard to the difference between the 上 上 shiing" 'shong, Upper Rising Tone, and 上 ha* 'shong, Lower Rising Tone, the following statement will give an idea : ― "the Upper Rising Tone gradually ascends, altering its pitch about half a tone while the syllable is being uttered with a Steadily waxing intensity of effort, * * the Lower Rising Tone starts from a lower pitch, does not ascend so high as the other and suddenly breaks off with a sort of jerk or circumflex." —— EitePs Chinese Dictionary in the Cantonese Dialect, Introduction, p. xxix. The Third Rising Tone differs from all the other tones in this that every word that is used in this tone belongs originally to another tone and is generally likewise used in this other tone as well. Nearly all the tones contribute words which are occasionally, or often, as the case may be, used in this Third Rising Tone. The words most generally put into this tone are Nouns, " familiar words in Lower Departing Tone (or lui" huP). It often happens also that words in the Lower Even Tone, or 1^ hu" ^p'ing, are put into this Third Rising Tone. Occasionally words in the Upper Departing Tone, or Jj^ shong" hui) are like- wise put into this Tonef It is seldom that words in the two Rising Tones, shijng^ ^shing, are put into this Tone, but it does happen sometimes. The Upper Even Tone, shong" ^p*ing, however, never contributes words to this Third ^ «f INTRODUCTION. XXVII INTRODUCTION. Rising Tone. It must be remembered that iu reading this changing from the other Tones into this Third Rising Tone never happens, it is only in conversation. It is a little misleading to say. that this Third Rising Tone is adopted when a word ends a sentence. It does undoubtedly do so at times, but the following rules will generally describe their use. * The Third Rising Toue is used when the word stands alone, but when it is used in combination it takes its original tone, as: ― ^to (original tone t 力 but when used with ^shlin, a boat, it reverts to its original tone, as: ― to' ^shtin, a passage boat. The third rising tone is also used as a sign of past time ~ of an action being accomplished, as: ― B4 但嚷 kfd) -k^ui ^lai, fell him to come. ^ 'lai* lok^, he has come. tH 'iai* lo> ^me ？ Re has come has he? ^ fig. 'lai* lok^, ytss. "The hni (s!dtuj》 Departing Tone, is a prolonged tone, diminishing while it is uttert'd, just as a diminuendo, or an inverted swell, does in music, and sounded somewhat gruffly. The Chinese say that it is * clear, distitict, its dull, low path is long ；' and they call it the departing tone, because it goes away like flowing water never to return. It is the converse of the shong' (sking, ending lower than it began. The hu" hui\ Lower Departing Tone, is nearer a monotone, not so gruff as the 上 shiiug' hui)， Upper Departing Tone. The drawling tone of re- pressed discontent, as when one calls, but is still afraid of offending and ekes out the sound, juay perhaps illustrate this tone." ― Williams' Easy Lessoiis in Chinese, p. 50. . There is no difficulty in knowing what words belong to the fourth Tone Class, as all words that end in k， p, and t belong to this class. " They further differ from all the other tones by a peculiar abruptness of enunciation." ~ Eitel's Chinese Dictionary in the Cantonese Dialect, Introduction, p. xxix. There are three well defined tones belonging to this class the 匕 shdng", 中 （chung, and ha", Upper, Middle, and Lower, yap^, or Entering Tones. There is also some assistance to be derived from the fact that most of the words having long vowels belong to the 中 (chung )'ap)， Middle Entering Tone. The others as well as some Avords with long vowels belong to the shong" )'ap)， Upper Entering Tone, or "J^ ha" yap^, Lower Entering Tone. "The correct application of the tones to every word in speaking or reading is the principal difficulty 、、- ith which the beginner has to contend. In English they are all heard in conversation every day, according to the different humours of people, or their peculiar mode of enunciation ； "but in that language, tones of words never affect the meaning of the speaker, except so far as they indicate his feelings ； ^ ； —— 0^ INTEODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. and moreover they are applied to sentences rather than to isolated words. In Chinese, on the contrary, the tones are applied to every word, and have nothing to do either with accent or emphasis; in asking or answering, intreating or r el using, railing or flattering, soothing or recriminating, they remain ever the same. The unlettered native knows almost nothing of the learned distinctions into * * tones, but he attends to them closely himself, and detects a mispronunciation as soon as the learned man, while he is much less likely to catch a foreigner's meaning." MARKS TO DESIGNATE THE TONES. It must be remembered that Chinese books are not marked with the tones, an educated native knows the I'iglit tones of fhe words, as they occur in the books. It is only when a word is in a tone Avhicli is not the common tone of the word that it is marked, and the nu'thod by 、v】iicli this is done is to iDake a little circle at one of the four corners of the character. E;ich corner has its appropriate tones assigned to it. The left hand lower corner being ap- propriated to the ^p'ing, or even tones, the left hand upju'i' to the shong\ or rising tones, the right hand upper to the hui)， or receding tones, and the light hand lower corner to the yap^, or eutering tones. These are the only signs that the Chinese use, and this only Avhen it is absolutely necessary that they should be used. It will be seen that there is no distinction in tlie native signs employed between the different tones which belong to tlie same class, that is to say a 2p sliong* ^p'ing, Upper Even, and ^-p- hk ^pMng, Lower Even, are both represented by the same tonal mark. . No difficulty, however, arises from this paucity of tone marks, as far as the Chinese are themselves conce rned, for as has been already stated these tonic marks are but seldom used, only occurring a few times, if as often as that, in the course of as many pages, and furthermore if those few words which are occasionally used in another tone, it is, as a rule, but one other tone that they are used in, therefore no ambiguity is likely to arise. The onse is, however, very different when we come to deal with foreigners, such ns Europeans, learning the Chinese language, for here we have those who do not know by con- versational practice from infancy upwards, and from an educational course extend- ing over many years the correct tones for each word, and yet again as an addi- tional reason when a foreigner desires to write out the sounds of the Chinese words, transliterating them into his own alphabet, as he best can, he has a number of Chinese words, groups of which are represented by the surne spelling in a foreign language ； so many words belonging to each group that the foreigner is confused, more especially at the beginning of his course of study, as to Avhicb Cliincse Avord INTKODUCTION. XXIX INTRODUCTION. a combination of English letters is intended to represent. The context will show what many of the words so spelled represent, but in some cases this requires thought, and it is therefore, taking the whole subject into consideration, best that each word so written should be accompanied by a tonal mark, which shall represent accurately, intelligibly and in a manner easily to be apprehended the tone which the word possesses. The above remarks will show the reasons for books prepared for those who wish to learn Chinese bristling with tonic marks, and the man who wishes to learn Chinese thoroughly and properly will find that in the long run he gets on better with such a book, and makes more real progress than he does with another, though the other may be more useful if rightly used to the tourist or to the man who has not the time nor the inclination to learn more than a smattering of Chinese. We come now to the methods used by foreigners to represent the tones. Some have endeavoured to shew tones by " marking the vowels Avith different accents." This is a confusing method except to those intimately acquainted with it, as it is the most natural course to utilise such marks to represent the value of the vowels, as is done in our English dictionaries, and use extraordinary signs to represent what is an extraordinary incident of words ― to use signs not used by us in English to represent tones which are unknown to us in English, ― and moreover such a method of representing the tones has not been employed by foreigners writing books in Cantonese, no types are in existence and if there were it is better to stick to the established usage Avhen that established usage is the better plan. The effect of using the contrary plan is that an awkward arrangement is arrived at of marking over the vowels their quantities or powers as well as the tone of the word, or else nearly all "prosodical marks affecting the vowels " have to be left out and the next step arrived at is to leave out the tonic marks entirely ― a process of evolution, or rather of retrogression, eminently unsatisfactory. Another objection is that it would lead beginners to suppose that the tone was connected Avith the voweL The vowel no doubt has sometimes something to do with the tone, but not to such an extent as . one would naturally infer from such a method of distinguishing the tones. Another method is that of marking the tones by figures. We have already said that though pretty well adapted for Pekingese with its paucity of tones it would be inconvenient for Cantonese with its twelve or possibly more tones, Marks of apostrophy have also been used in some of the dialects, but it will be readily seen that there is not sufficient material to use for such a purpose. In the Hakka as written by the German missionaries there is also another system employed, which consists in putting acute aud grave accents at different ^ 9^ XXX INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. corners of the words, in some cases with a straight short dash underneath the accent as well. Again in Hakka the tones are but few in number, and such arrangements are more easily used than they would be in Cantonese, besides which these marks have never been used in Cantonese, and there is no type available even supposing it \vere a good plan for Cantonese. There is yet again another method, which has been employed in Cantonese by Dr. Chalmers, which consists of a combination of one of the above modes with a new plan of using different type, and a leaving out of the tonic marks when the word ends in those consonants which show that it belongs to a certain tone class. This method has not been adopted by anyone else. This method is no doubt very convenient consitlered from a typograpical point of view, but it seems a more regular and systematic way to give every word its tonic mark. And lastly there is the modification of the native method of representing the tones, which was first xised in Bridgman^s Chrestomatby, and has continued to be used up to the present day by nearly all who have written books dealing with the Cantonese dialect, amongst whom may be mentioned Williams, Lobschied, Kerr, and Eitel. It is the system adopted in this book. This method has several advantages over the others. All the other methods are strange and unknown to the Chinese. The learner would, in using the others, require to tell his teacher what tone such and such things were meant to represent, and such telling would be of little use with regard to some of the marks that are used in some of the modes employed to represent the tones in Chinese, Of course in the majority of cases the teacher can tell the tone from the character, but in some cases it is well that the teacher should be able to see himself how the tone is marked. In this system likewise every word is marked with its tone, and it occasionally happens that some of the words which by Dr. Chalmers' system are left un- marked go in Colloquial into a rising tone. These marks in this method are as applicable to the Chinese character as to the English spelled word, which represents that character, but figures and accents cannot well be printed along with the Chinese characters. This method is applicable to any dialect in China, and it is a thousand pities that when such an admirable system is in use it has not been availed of by foreigners for all the Chinese dialects, which have been treated of in books instead of different systems being in use for different dialects, thus increasing the diificulty of learning them when the difficulties are sufficiently great without being added to. It unfortunately even happens that in some dialects even more than one system is in use. This system as has already been stated is an adaptation of the native system, the semi-circle being used for the upper series of tones, and the semi-circle with a INTRODUCTION. XXXI INTRODUCTION. There now remains the Third Rising Tone. This has been represented by the Upper Rising Tone mark, and an asterisk at the Rising Tone position placed at the right baud upper corner of the word. In this book this asterisk is retained, as it is useful in showing that the word is in a different tone in the colloquial to what it is in the book language. In the first edition of the present work the same raark was likewise used for this Third Rising Tone as for the first, or Upper Rising Tone. This method is unsatisfactory, how- ever, as should by any mishap this asterisk be omitted the wcrd then appears to be in a wrong tone and even without chance of the asterisk being omitted it is apt to be confusing to beginners and for this reason amongst others it is undoubted- 】)' better that each word should have its own tonic mark. It is better that the Tonic Mark should show distinctly the tone of the word, and the asterisk be reserved alone to show that the tone is a different one to the original tone, and not to show what the tone is. Mr. Pearce of Canton recommended to the author the advisability of having a distinctive tonic mark, the trouble was however to know what to have ； but at last the author devised the following as a sign of this tone, viz., 'lai and resolved to adopt it. It has several recommendations. 1st. It is in harmonoy with those already in use. The only differeuce being that instead of being a semi-circle it has corners. 2ni It is a mnemonic sign, as being a trifle longer than the semi-circle it helps to fix in the learner's mind the know- ledge that this Kising Tone is a longer tone than the other two Rising Tones, banning lower and ascending higher than either of them. 3rd. It is a distinctive sign and as such attracts attention, preventing the beginner from thinking the XXXII INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. tone is the same as another tone, and 4th. It is a mark easily procurable in a printing office. TONIC EXERCISES. Go through the following Tonic Exercises, taken with slight alterations from Bridgman's Chrestomathy, every day regularly for three months at least. Let your teacher read each set to you and then repeat them after him. He will read the first line in the First Series to you and then the first line in the Second Series. The meanings of the words are simply given to satisfy any laudable curiosity the learner may have as to the meanings of the words he is repeating so often. In this way it often happens that the meaning of many words are learned without the learner actually setting himself down to learn them. This drudgery must be gone through most conscientiously and thoroughly, not considering that you have done your duty until you have gone through each set dozens or scores of times every day ； for these voice and ear exercises are as important as finger exercises are to tlie learner on the piano. "It cannot, however, be too strongly impressed upon learners from the outset that both aspirates and tones are of the utmost importance to one who would learn to speak Chinese intelligibly. *************** * * * The distinction of tones in Chinese often appears to beginners to make the acquisition of the spot en language almost hopelessly difficult, but this difficulty like many others, is found to yield to persevering effort, and by constantly reading aloud after a teacher, the ear becomes familiar with the difference in the tones of the words pronounced. At the same time it is not desirable to trust to the ear alone in trying to remember what is the tone of a particular word. A child will unconsciously acquire the right tones in speaking, as the Chinese themselves do without any effort of memory, but with the rarest possible exceptions adults, if they wish to speak correctly, will find it necessary to learn what the proper tone of each character is, together with its sound and meaning. Both tones and aspirates are chiefly important in the spoken language, but even in studying the written language, it is necessary to notice that a character often has two sounds, one aspirated and the other unaspirated, or one of one tone and another of another, and its shade of meaning varies accordingly ； thus, the word 中 *the middle * is differ- ently pronounced when it means 《 to hit the centre.' " ― Foster's Elementary Lessons in Chinese. Mr» ' ~ ― — INTRODUCTION. xxxm INTRODUCTION. TONIC EXERCISE IN THE ^'iNO TONES. 2 3 Sbong- ^Chung (P'ng- jP'ing- J'ing. Meaning of the Words. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. 1. 2. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9. 20. 21. 22. 鄕 #楊<1— 空德畠 cl 励 g 膠貓 胃 尸詩匙 csl" 握単形 c«J"5 丁泞 g cteng 聽慮亭 ,e。g 付 丁侉， g 丁订 女亭' t;ng 當墙堂 （t。ng 煎養翁 & (Chung p*ing. 'shong, hui . - yap). sin 1- 先 蘚線屑 2 威偉畏 （wai 3 . 幾 紀 記 cl<6i 4 諸主著 20. (。he 'elie 。^。， 30. 千 j ^齒 害 ij k6n 'kbn k6a' k6fc, 音敢糸 'kbm W k6p。 82. f „„ > In these two orders no words occur ia this series. 33. i t y r c k ,:u > > >n ,1 1。 ，： S ，- g INTRODUCTION. XXXV INTRODUCTION. SECOND SERIES, COMPRISING THE LOWER TONES. 2 3 4 H^- Ha^ Ha- Ha" ^p'ing. shong-. bui*. yap^. 1- 建璉 鍊列; 2 迷米, 严 i 3 宜 p 蕺 4- 如語寓 5. @ UP |>g jlau 6. 容舅 ffl 欲; yung 7- 靈領合 力~ 8 - 文敏 問勿严 n 9- 陽 檨藥产 g 。• 主往 S 鑊 s 職 g 1. 察了料 ,liu 2. n6 3. 元 1^ 願月产 4 鞋蟹懈 ？'" 5' 盟猛 圭墨严 ug 6 詞似自 产 z 7' 吟枉 {壬入， 8 茅卯貌 smdu 9 臺殆 产 i 2。 - 嚴染 騐業; 倫卵 論律一 n 22. 雷騫類 23 鵝我臥 sng。 24. 藍灣 緩纖产 25 . 蘭 彌辣 化 26 牙雅迂 PVi^ 悶未 -mdn 28. 梅每3^^ 尸& 29 . 蛇社射 户 a 3 。 寒 旱翰渴 sl'an 3 1- 合 頷憾合 shbm 32. 彭碌 篛/— 33 . 吾五搭 ^mai V ^Jau yang "ling "raau yong "v.oug %u "m6 yuu. -hai "inang "ts'z 'yam 'mau Voi yi'm •lun "lui ^igo "lara -^aa "miiu "mm -she "boa "li5ra lit mai" lau" lin^ man" yongT wong^ b'u^ mo" yiin^ hai^ mang" tsz- yam- mau' toi" yim" lua- lui^ ngo^ 1am- laa- Dga' raiiu^ mui^ sbe^ ugiing- ngak. yuk lik^ mat^ yofcj wok. mak. lut lap lat 气 Lot Meaning of the Words, To auite, gem, chain, to separate. To deceive, rice, cuff of the sleeve. Eight, deliberate, tlie second. As, to coaverse, to lodge. To detain, willow, base or mean. Manner, brave, use, to wish* Spiritual, the neck, to order, strength. Letters, celerity, to ask, do uot. Light, to look ap, pattern, pbydc. King, to go, abandauce, a pan, A window, finished, to estimate. Without, mother, business. Origin, flexible, desire, moon. Shoes, crab, lazy, Tb swear, fierce, first, ink. Sentence, like, self. To chant, lappet, to sustain, enter. Rushes, laxnrianti countenance. Terrace, dangerous, instead o£ Severe, to dye, to examine, occupation. EelatioD, egg, discourse, law. Thunder, to involve, species. Goose, I or we, to sleep. Blae, to look, rope, wax. Fading, lazy, broken, pungent. Teeth, elegant, to receive. Door, full, grief, the end. Plum, each, obscure. Snake, local deities, to shoot. Cold, drought, peucil, hempjen cloth. To endure, jaws, indignation, to unite. Abaudant, a mace, stiff, forehead. My or our, five, to perceive. XXXVI INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. In the following exercise care must he taken that the teacher who reads over the exercise understands that the third word in each series is in the Third Rising Tone and not in its original tone, which may be a ha" hui^ or ha" ^p'ing, &c" as the case may be. The same may be said to a certain extent of the exercise on the ^pHng tones (on page 33) where the word giveu in the 中 ^chung (p《ing is in certain connections pronounced in the Jj^^ shong* (p'ing. TONIC EXERCISE IN THE 上 SHONG^ TONES. N 》' ^^Shong^ Ha- Third ' 'shong. "shong. Eisiug. (au 訪觀房 （fong 喺、蟹計'ha^ . 解械 ilTkdl -紀企 *'kgi -矯8 轎' kid -舉但 ffkui . 貪 掛桂 扣。 hap To soak, a duck, a straight passage. 3, $111 核 at， hat^ To thrust in, to press down, the kernel of fruits. 4. 鮮責宅 eli"k， cliak^ cbak A small boat, to reprove, a mansion. 5. 執 剳 閬 。―， 。cMp chap To pick up, to write out, a barrier. 6. 郛 扎窒。 hat， cliat^ cbat^ To ascend, a bundle, to stop np the mouth of. 7. 職^ 甫 Chile, 竹捉獨 cbuk， chek^ chik^ To govern, one of a pair, straightforward. 8. chuk^ chuk Bamboo, to seize, turbid. 9. 惚 罰 H fat^ fat^ To dip np, law, to pnnish. 10. 刻摑嚇 liak> kwak^ Mk。 To carve, to slap the face with the baud, to threaten. 11. 急甲及 kaP， k'ap Hasty, the plumula, and. 12, 骨刮掘 kwat) k"t。 kwat^ Bone, to scrape, to dig. In fyuDg* 产 n， commission. 4 INTRODUCTION. 2 a Shong^ Ha^ Third "shong. "shong, Kisiug, Meaning of the Words, Summit, to pull tip, an ingot. Son, a mulletj together, A son, similar, persimmon. To look for, correct, rhyme. A bowl, fuUj changed. Small, to entice, man. "Rotten wood, to have, allow. To rely on, ear, sister-in-law. To close, to dye, examined, (very seldom used iu this tone). Shortlived, to give trouble, a kite. To shake (as a cloth), to rear, pattern. Bubbling, brave, commission, yielding, distant, a college. 33. 夭擾意 yiii yiu* 34. 扶養樣 yong "yong yong* 35. 湧勇用 Vu"g "yu"g Vung* 36. 婉遠 1^ Syiin 【yiin* 24. 頂 梃 |g (ting "ting 【thig* 25. 仔驗齒 'tsai -ts'ai 'ts'ai* 26. 牛似怖 （tsz "ts'z 【ts'z* 27. ^ ^ Van "wan 'wan* 28. vSS 抱 Snin 'rnun ^wun* 29' 隱引人 Van 3。. 智由 Vau 31. 倚耳姨 掩染驗 Vm ly ^ V V Ly ey to ，- XXXVIII INTKODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. 2 3 Shong" (Chung 13 14. 15. 16. 17. 助肋 lak, 笠 洄 蠟 laP> 障劣樣 lut, 搣咽臬 m''t， 18- 微鈉捺 nat， 20. 5 匕會白 pals 21. 八魃 pat, .22. ^ 鼈 别 pit, 23- 毫搏、 禽 Pok, 24. 、M 絡千 shap> 25. ^ shatj 26. 恤 雪 月 sut, 27. lig: 答踏 tap, 28. nfigfitat, 的踢敵 tik， 择脚蕃 tSk， 則册賊 tsak, 喊雜雜 tsap, 33. *b ^ 申 ts'at^ 34. 35. 36. 卽瘠腊 tsUs 屈控滑 wat3 讎職葉 y*， mt。 msit ；。 yK plt^ pok^ sbap^ shdt^ 气 tat^ t'eka kok^ ch'dka cli'ap。 ts'At。 tsik。 yiPo lak lap hit》 mat) yi\ nat^ pak pit shap^ slmt) y^t^ tap tat tik〉 lok ts*ak tsap tsat^ tsek wat Meaning of the Words. To bind, the ribs, the ribs. A hamper, to lump, wax. Out of order, infirm, a statute. What ？ to wipe, stockings. To break off, to choke, the judge or ruler of a city. Joyful, to smooth, a dash to the right in writiug. To talk at random, to tuck in, to beckon. North, hundred, white. Not, eight, the god of draught. Must, a species of pheasant, to separate. Name of a District, spacious, jungle. Wet, to boil, ten. To lose, to behead, firm. To compassionate, snow, the moon or a month. To lick, to answer, to step on. Dab, a spot, projecting. ' Clear, to kick, an opponant. To pound ou wood, the foot, a little. Precept, a register, a thief. A heap, to insert, mixed. Seven, to bnwh, a cockroach, as : ― ^ij kat tsat . Immediately, lean, mat. Bent, to scoop out, smooth. Provision for journeys, to salt flosh, a leaf. ASPIRATED AND NON-ASPIEATED WORDS. Another distinction which calls for the special attention of the learner is the difference between aspirated and non-aspirated words. "It is a very important part of pronunciation, as much so in every respect as the tones, and should be particularly attended to." ― Williams' Easy Leasom in Chinese, ip. 55. "It cannot ♦ * be too strongly impressed upon learners from the outset that * * as- pirates * * are of the utmost importance to one who would learn Chinese intelligibly. Carelessness about the difference between aspirated and unaspirated I INTKODUCTION. XXXIX INTRODUCTIOX. words in Chinese, will often render a speaker as absolutely unintelligible in China, as a foreigner in England would be if he should substitute d for t or t for d, saying for instance, * too dry' for * do try,' or if he should substitute b for p or p for b, speaking of * bears ' when he rqeans * pears ' and of * pears ' when he means ' bear^/ It is not intended here to assert that the difference between aspirated and un- aspirated words is exactly the same as the difference between the English d and t or b and p sounds, etc., but the difference is quite as distinct and great as this, and it is even more important in speaking Chinese to observe these differences dian it is in speaking English," — Foster's Elementary Lessons in Chinese, pp. 29 and 30. And yet it is one of the features of Chinese pronunciation which is, one might almost say, systematically ignored by many foreigners learning Chinese, either from a failure to see the distinction, from not understanding the definitions explaining the differ- ence, or from an idea that it can be of no importance. This last idea being probably fostered by the feeling that there is nothing of the kind in English, or in other words instead of the voice passing quietly from the initial consonant to the vowel and the final consonant, a strong breathing out often takes place in English im- mediately after the initial consonant. To explain the difference between the aspirated and unasipirated prouunciation let us take, for example, the word ^in. To pronounce this word the following actions take place. First place the tip of the tongue on the palate immediately behind the front teeth, then let it quietly drop while the voice pronounces a something between an English t and an English d, that is, it has the sound of the English t but unaccompanied with any forcible emission of the voice, which generally does accompany the pronunciation of the t in English, then after this initial consonant immediately follows the in pronounced like een in English. Next take an aspirated word spelled in the same way, but with an inverted comma to represent the aspirate in Chinese, as: ― t'in. Here begin as before by placing the tip of the tongue on the palate behind the front teeth, but immediately the tongue falls and the t is pronounced, it is followed by a strong breathing out of the voice, this being the way in which many pronounce the t in English. There is, however, some difference amongst different speakers of English as to the way in which they pronounce their consonants: that is to say that there is a dual method of pronouncing two precisely similar combinations of letters of the alphabet by different individuals in English. Some pronouncing them with a more forcible emission of voice, while others let them, as it were, simply fall quietly out of their Souths without any or but slight propulsion. It therefore follows that the usual directions given as to the pronunciation of the aspirated and unaspirated consonants as pronounced in Chinese are misleading to many persons. To many persons the directions should be given to pronounce the XL INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. aspirated consonants in the same way that they do these consonants in English while the unaspirated ones are to be pronounced flatter and more like the other consonants, such as d and b, which they pronounce without any explosive force of the voice in English. Now in Chinese it must "be distinctly understood it is different. The same consonants are pronounced by the same individuals in two ways, thus manifestly increasing the number of words while economising the spelling according to our English ideas of orthograpty, or in other words the consonants in Chinese which are pronounced quietly are also pronounced Avith a forcible emission of the voice immediately following them which is represented by the inverted comma. Thus (chd, the ch being pronounced quietly means, to hold, while the same sound, but intensified by an explosive forcje, as, ^ch'a means, fork. Just as in English there are two ways of pronouncing the th (as for example, thy and thigh, where the only difference in the sound of the two words consists in the difference between the pronunciation of the first and second th) ； so in Chinese the same English consonants in many cases are used in two different ways, one aspirated and the other followed by the aspirated. The consonants which have the aspirate alter them are the following, viz: 一 Ch, k, kw, p， t， and ts. The learner will find it a good practice to go through the following exercise daily at first, till he finds uo difficulty at all with the unaspirated and aspirated words. ydfe ^cbd refuse ； ^ch*a, error, ^cLdi, ((ti (chdi, mass) ； 《ch(Ai， police. Jj^ J^lJ chak) slanting ； ch^ak^, to fathom. cMk。, to reprove ； cli《drwi; 《k'in, to lift vp (a cover). 魚京 （king, capital ciiy ； ^k'ing, a whale. 、^{ Jj^^ k(to, clear ； k t^, to borcoio, 【kid*， a sedan : ^k'iu, a hridye. (koi， to chtihye \ k Vi〉， a cover, 0^ kok^, each ； k'ok^, really, ^1 去!] kok^, foot ； k*6k^, to stop (book), ^l] 區 ^ong Just ； k'ong\ a ―、 蓄 强 ―， — '^'^ng, force. yjfe 《k:'"， to dwell ； (k(iii， n drain, Jj^^ (kiin, to squeeze through ； ^k'iin, the fist, ^ 窮 ckung, ic〜 ^k'ung, oor. kiito, deficient ； k'lit), united sirenytk, JJ^ ^kwa, a melon ； ^k'wa, to brag. 一、 vai， home ； ^kw*ai, a cvstom. (lovan, rfUer ； 《kw'an， a skirt* 多王 c^won; ？， r"jht -、 ^kw*oug, waff. <1、'、 to $e;:e ； (p'd, a f/iatar, ^tHj cPai， ！ "派； (r'ai， to pare, 1^ ^pai, to spread out\ ^p*U!, a shield, "5* P ：〜， "wJrec?; p*ak^, to clap. Cpnn， a petition ； 《p《an, poor, ^ ^ J>^i"， « f,ade ； (plan, to drag. 崩 崩 cP"nS， "/''"c'wre; ^p*nng, a friend. piing', hany\\ ^p'ang, a land crab, yj^ pat^, not ； p， related to, ^\ (tsira, sharp ； (ts'ta, to subscribe, ^tsin, to fry -、 ^ts*in, a thousand. 晶 淸 ^tMng, crijstal ; 《ts'bg， pure. ts"、o， to receive ] ts^lp^, a concubine. tsit^, averse ； ts(i't。， to cut (In slices}, tsi'ii, pepper ； ^ts'i'u, scattered wood, ！ ^tso, the left ； t;s(o>， wroug. yjs^ ^ jfg ^ts5, rent ； (ts'6， coarse, t^j^ tsoi), again ； ,s《oi ！ pshaw ！ tsok, to male \ ts'ok, to tattoo, tsorig), io bury ； ts'ong, a granary. 將 翁 （ts— , shall; ^ts'ohg, a gun. tsui", to assemble ； ^ts'ui, to take, tsuk^, tlie Joot ts'uk^, hurried. ij^ 《《( ^tsun, a bottk ； (ts'iin， to cruise, ^ >|"J' tsvi\ honourable ； (ts(iin， a village^ (tsung, coir ； ^ts'ung, the pine tree. tsiU、， to sunder ； ts(，'it。， a pinch, ^tsZj a son ； ^ts'z, mercy, ； 1^ 《tLii， a heap ； ^t'ui, to push amat/, tiik、, to lead ； t'uk)， a Buddhist protest. ^tun, "ngry ； ^t'un, a rapid current, pPj ^tiiiij short ； ^t^iiu, a globular mass, 東 通 ctuiig ，- erts 《； （t*ung, to go through. t), to take by fotxe ； t'ut^, to strip. LONG AND SHORT VOWELS. Another most important feature in Cantonese is the long and short vowels and diphthongs. The beginner must drill himself in these daily, and make sure that he is pronouncing a Avord containing a long vowel with the voAvel long and one with a short. vowel with the vowel short. Dr. Eitel rightly says about these: ― * Another characteristic feature of the Cantonese dialect is the distinction of long and short vowels and diphthongs, which should be specially studied from the beginning, to accustom the ear to the discrimination of these shades, which is indispensable for a ready and correct understanding of tbe spoken language.' ― Introduction to Can- tonese Dictionary, p. xiii. To enable the learner to " specially study " these distinctipns, tables of many of them are here appended ； and the learner should go through the in with his It*" — i INTKODUCTION. XLUI INTUODCCTION. teacher duj by day till perfect, and even then a run through them occasionally will do Litu good. 揮 al》、 to grasp ； ak^, a ba"yk. • ^1 ？ itn， to coctr ； (jim， an unopened Jlower. ^ang, the niijktittgah ； ^ang, a jar, 洽 鴨 aP)， b corer over ； ap^, a duck. ； it), (o thrust in ； jit^, to pawn for a thne, Jj^ cliak^, slanting ； cliak^, to reprove, "^十 cCharo, a needle ； (cham, to citt in too, 【目 ^ehau, (rue ； VhiUi, a shallow cvp for oil, 箏爭 clmp》， (o pick up ; clidp), a barrier. 才 L cliaf). subs(unce \ chiit^, a b"、i^ ^liai»g, to I nod- against ； filling , to tcnU\ 哈 卩印 l^aPo' gulp. 巧 o/wA ； ^iigam, precipice. 銀 s"gan， woney; "ngan, eye, 1^ ngap^, to talk wildly ； ngap^, to Uck in, ugat), to stcatf; ngat^, a rank smell. 4 匕 1^ pak)， north ； pak^, one hundred. (P*an， poor; ^p'an, to had. ^pang, an e"iperor、s death ； pang", « buvg ! 不 八 P:it)， P"o， eiffht. — > sam, the heart ； ^sam, three, ^san, new \ sdn), to scaiter^ 口隨 saP>, 《0 en/f" mouth ； sap^, suddenfy, sat), the I: nee ； sat^, io disperse. (sliam, deep ； (shdrn, clothes, I 1 1 ^slian, hod^ ； ^shau, mountain. (slmng, to produce ； fi"al P(。'"ck ； ^Un, the lotus, 面 （me， awry ； mfii^, the face. dJI^]^ Jie, there ! (nfn, year. ^^H? whine ; ^ngl, hesitating. (l)e, beer ； piii^, convenient. 《8(3， to write ; ^siw, fi^st, (she, o'l credit ； slifn", virtuous, Se, dad; ,fn， the $ky. h5 tse)， horroiv ； ts" ？， an arrow. INTKODUCTION. XLV INTRODUCTION. EXERCISE ON SHORT AKD LONG f, VIZ" I AKD chik〉， to weave ； 《clif， to hiow^ fing", to swing ； (hm, manifesto ]^ 灘 c^iug, a capital; kit^.pure. 1^ [^J kwikj, a crack ； kwit^ sArill. ^ling, t inkling ，• （lin, commiseraie. 1^ ^miug, clear ； 'min, io force* (ping， a soldier ； pin), to aUer^ 星 仙 （sing, a star ； (sin, gmiL ^sliing, a sound ^shi, a kymn. a canm, 3^ ^ tsing〜 pure; tshi, to fry, —— (wing, io throw ； wit^, creaHng. 《ning， to tale ； 《uin, a slice. Whenever o is only used with an initial consonant or consonants, and with- out a final consonant both the open o， and close sound 6 of the o are used in the Cantonese, Exceptions :— cho, fo, kwo, and wo, there being no cho, fb, kwo, or wo. Whenever the o is followed by the final consonants k, n， and ng, then the o is an open one, as ： — ok, on, and ong. Whenever the o is followed by the final consonant m, then it has the close sound of 6, as, 6m. EXERCISE ON LONG AND SHORT O, VIZ., O and 6. jjj^ (cho， to hinder ； (ts6， early, ^ho, what? (lid, down (hair). 歌 高 （ko， a song ； ^k5, high. (lo， to fetch ； ^16, a fellow, ^mo, to rub ； ^tnd, hair. (ngo, a goose ； ^ngo, to skale^ T^j^ (po, a wave ； (p6, io boU, 1^ ； 1^ (sho, wide apart ^ slid), an occaunL (so, a lock ； (s6， a beards 左 ； *^ 气 《0 There are other combinations in which the o both long and short are used ； but in these other combinations only one kind of o is used with each combination ； they do not therefore come into such striking contrast, as -when appearing simply ■with initial consonants, and, moreover, the above Exercise is sufficient to give the learner a knowledge of the difference between the two pronunciations. EXERCISE ON U, {j AND 化 ^cbun, to permit] ^fnn, to relax ； ^cbuiii single. 門 7 Chap as chup. Like Uk, that is to say the 8 In the x not being sounded. Not choong, but tho word is pronounced as if the li of hung were changed into ch. A IXTKODUCTION. XLIX INTRODUCTION. t5 cbabp. ff^ Iiii A 畫 tf^nn A • V-U Hp i(r)k.* Cbot as ch(li)u(r)t. Chi cheese. Cli*ok « u Chh(li)n(r)k.* Ch*ut somewhat like chut{uey). r chhee(se). Choug as chong. bnt purse the lips together. CLika s chick. Cb*ong tu cbliong. Chut as Chuet CL'ik i 1$ cbhick. Chong < M Ch(h)n{r)ng * ' CLim c IS cbeem. s kbn(e)t« s qua(lm), 2S qhua(Im), 15 kwiee, kbwiee. IS qui(etU8), as kwabk. La as La ！ Lai as {g)li(de). Lai as lie, Lak as luck. Lak as la(r)k. Lam tis Luin(ley), Lam as Labm. Lau as Lun(dy). lAn as labn. Lang as lung. Lang a« lhabng. Lap as lup. Lap Tsiit Or r tsooeet. Tsfip a 5 tSUp. 丄 9 ill 5 tshccoo. 丄 Si Ub C TsS'ip i ts tsluip. Tso CLS Tsz OS tsz. Tsdp (X S tsull J), £sha we* Ts'z as tshz, ts(£)7^ Tsfit irly like tooee. 丄 8 or d s tsliiit. TVd as :。ho ^2 : arly like t(li)ooee. T^fini /Iff tsoy , took. 1 s at a s tsluiht. Fs'oi a 9 tshoy. 丄 ILK Q. 8 t^h)ook. Tsau a s ts(h)ow. Tsok €u t tsawk. Tun as tu(r)n. Is au ( 25 tsllOW, Ts'ok c IS tshawk. T'uQ a J t(h)u(r)n. Tse as ts(tli)e(re). Tsong ds tsawng. Tun txme. Ts'e as tsh(th)e(re). Ts'ong as tshuwiig. T'un a Tseng as tseng. Tsong < IS tsu(rr)ng. Tung s toong. Tsik cu tsik. Ts'oug as ts(b)u(rr)ng. T'ung 8 Ts4k s tshik. Tsui nt arly like tsooee. Tut 7ie %rly I lie tooeet. Tsfra a 3 tseem. Ts'ui n early like tshooee. T'iit nearly like t(h)ooeet. Ts'i'in c IS tslieem. Tsuk a s tsook. Tsin a. tseen. Ts*uk ( IS tshook. Uk something between ak ook. Wa as wah. Wai as wei. Wdi as Wye. Wak as wahk. Wan as one. Wan as walin. - Wang as wmig. u d Ung as ooong. w Wang as wahng, Wat as wut. Wdt as waht. We as we(ar). Wik as wick. Wing as wing, Wft as weet. Wb as wa(r). Wok as walk. Wong 05 wong, Wii as woo. Wui as wooee. Wiin as woon. Wut as woot. French une. t —— LVI INTRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION, Y yah. Ye as y(th)e(re). Yok a ！ yu(r)k. Yai a s yi(dle). Yi as ye. •Y— YAkc is yabk. Yik a s yik. Yii as yue. Yam as yum. yim ns yeem. Yui a. nearly yooee. Yan %s yun. Yin s yeen. Yuk a s yook. Yap c 18 yup. Ying as ying. Yun a * yu(r)n. Yapc IS yahp. Yip 8 yeep. Yiin 5 yune. Yat a 8 yut. Yft a s yQet. Yunor OS yooiig. Yan ( IS y(h)ow. Yino IS yeeoo. YiU a s yueet. * It is well nigh impossible to represent the difference between tliis d and u ； but it may be of some assistance to know that the former is pronounced witb the lips open, wliile the lips require to be pursed together iu pronouncing the latter. ABBRETIATMS USED IN THIS BOOK. *，、 [C] = Clasafier. [S, of p. t.] = Sign of past time. Lit, = Literally. ♦ Indicates that the tone the word is marked in is different from the tone in the book langaage. f Indicates that the pronunciation of the word as given in this book is different from that given to it in the book language. The figures at the end of phrases and sentences denote the Final Particle which is used in the Chinese. The numbers correspond with the uumbers of the list of Final Particles towards the end of the book. jr» ― ^ I s 卜 1 2 THE NUMERALS. j 1. Note these cond n' ted forms for the tens are not used alone in colloquial, but precede some other word, as, ^ 錢 ^d-d^ thirty cash. When nothing follows thirty, 三 十 $hap should be iwi ' 1^ — *^ THE NUMERALS. Gomp Heated form. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2i. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 80. 31. 32. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 30 31 40 79 84 96 100 101 110 111 200 300 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Simple for Running hand. l=3XVH一.w夂±l十ii十早肝iH十吡i^汁^f5^十£s智jlsEM£wg歸 一 九四. K . 1 二 1 呀 1 呀呀呀 - 1 什卄 呀卅呀 七八九 什 ^ ^ 讲 ^ 四 W I ^ 一十 ^ 1,11 ^ 1， ^.f^ 四六 零 1 萬 1 二三. f 十十. f 十. f 十十 十百百 一 百百 W 千 萬萬百 一二三 四五六 七八九 十十十 十二二 二三三 四 七八九 一 1 百一 二三一 一 十】 壹 壹 拾 . 壹 K 壹 ^建睦 零壹 萬 壹貳 S 拾拾拾 拾拾拾 拾拾拾 但很壹 但倚佰 仟萬萬 is 壹蕺鑫 建伍陸 梁柳^ 拾 拾拾拾 K 戴蔵 .is 建、 a- 柳玖 壹鱟佰 一壹 壹拾壹 LESSON I. LESSON I.— Domestic. Ning piii— ch'A 《lai. Kid) 冷 躍- 聽曰 月尾囀 • 昨腕 眞正洽 ■ 呢個月 大#^ 月小呢 先幾 S3 打風 颶- 而家有 風有呢 • 呢陣落 雨鑼， 落雨微 «• 槔杷遮 俾我， 唔使呀 • 天熟 落大雨 Pg"- 我下晝 要出街 叫抬轎 傻( 。"轎 夫 > 嚟抬 轎- P 足 處有馬 tr^. 我估唔 多好卦 ，都 幾好錄 • 熟頭今 日好猛 ，冇 雲遮住 熟過頭 ，我 B 頭 唔嗷行 街- 叫人 *扯( 。"掹 } 風 扇呀. 你 唔使扯 ，你 有力 of- 閒事。 遮;^ 相 千咯. 我慌洽 親呀我 見好' 出 汗咯， rtl 熱行街 見好辛 苦 咯- 呢 處水土 唔合我 f 浐- LESSON III. LESSON III. —General. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. ^cluing ^ni ？ <0， sliap^ (tim piin^ lok^. Kfii) "k^ui ^tang "ha. '^Tang yat^^a (or 'ha*) (Tang ^lia* (lai. wa- -nei yWi (tang a\ yat^ (or ^ts^am-mat^) lok。. Tai--yi--ko' yttt^ (halrf "lang lo\ ^T*ing-yat^ yiit) "mei la\ [ching^ "lang lo). Tsok) (often pronounced (ts(am) "man (chau (Ni-ko》 yiit) tar, per yiit^ W (ni? (Sill ^kei yat) ^ta ^fung-kau'. , ^Yl-^ka "yau ^furig 'mo ^ni ？ (Ni 【clmn* lok^ 'yii lo\ Lok^ 'yii ^mei* ^che, ^Ning ^pa ^cbe ^pei "iigo. M (shai (T ^han 《1 "A. Kam-^maa* yau^ lai ^la. 'Mai k5m' ye' lai d). TJiis is what thing eh ？ This is butter (lit. cow's oil). 幼 Have fruit not eh Have two kinds only/ [that there are several kinds? Not is have several kinds is-it-not or Is it not No, have plantains, have pineapples. No second kind eh ？^^ No second kind.^^ Bring fire come. Trouble you lend a light to-me. This [C] letter from wLat place come eh? 幼 From Tak-k^i hong come,^^ Have answer not No answer. Bring [C] chair give me. Place on table face. Nonsense ！ Why yon so silly eh Nonsense ！ Act in that silly way ！ [strange eh I speak laughing words only.^ You perceive Bring pencil, ink come give me.^^ Upstairs have [C] pencil I-tbink.^^ Downstairs have man not eh ？ Down go see a-bit. This [C] house has seven 「(?•] rooms.^ [place ？ Have flower garden not eh Flower king at wbat Have a small flower garden. Master Gone-out street. He go-out street have how long eh ？' What time back come He even not say what time back come [or not say).^^ Mistress at place, not at place eh ？^^ Not at place ； sLe with master go-out street, 幼 With me go find (or look for) liim.21 I not go can. Not can.2 Have business. Not have leisure.^ To night again come. Don't so late come. 12 LESSON V. LESSON v.— General. [up for money. He says he is hard 1. What does he say? 2. He says he has no money. 3. Did he say that ？ Give him some. 4. Can you read? 5. I cau't read. Neither can I write. 6. Ask the teacher to come, 7. Wliat is your surname? {To an inferior) What is your surname ？ 8. My surname is Wong. 9. Can you speak Chinese? 10. I can. Whafc's your name? 11. My name is A Luk. 12. He is an Englishman. 13. You are a native of the place. 14» He is an American, 15. How many Chinese are there? 16. Do you like this? 17. Do you like being here ？ 18. I do. It would be well to be here always. 19. Tell him to go back. He cannot come. 20. Seize that man. If you don't, be will run off. 21. What has he been doing? or What does he do ？ 22. He is a thief. 23. What has he stolen ？ Is it of value ？ 24. He has not stolen anything yet. [strike with ？ 25. Has be struck anybody ？ What did he 26. With his baud ； he is a very dangerous man. 27. He wanted to suatcb that pair of bracelets. 28. Take him to prison. [tan. 29. Afterwards give him twenty blows with a rat- 80， Only let him go when he has been beaten. 31. He ought to be sentenced to two weeks* imprisonment, 32, Warn Lim not to do it again. If he does he will be more severely punished. 六 佢話^ 野呢 •fl 銀 Bfiti ，銀 両緊 佢係咁 話#. 俾 啲佢喇 你識 字唔識 《了 唔識1^^5^，我叉唔曉寫字添- 請先 生噪喇 高姓呀 你姓" ^ 呢- 小姓 黄。" 姓黄. 你喰 講唐話 唔喰呢 • 嗜 《 你 b4( 做)^ 名呢. 我名 B 斗 (做; 亞六 。'我 叫做阿 佢係 英國人 呀- 你# 本地 人咯. [旗人 • 但 係美國 人， or Cmore commonly) 花 有幾多 唐人呀 你 中意呢 的 唔中意 呀- 你中意 Pft 呢 處 唔中意 呢- 中意吖 ；時時 處都好 呀- 叫佢 翻去錄 ，佢唔 做得嚟 拉 4; 個人 《y 唔係 佢就走 咯- 佢做 4i 野 町- 但做 賊略— 佢係賊 咯). 佢偷 野呢 係値錢 嘅唔値 呢- 晤 曾偷倒 ( 到>1 野呀. [打 呢. 有打人有呢係使^！野嚟 使 手略佢 好勢兇 嘅- 佢想槍 個對鈪 拉但去 坐監喇 後來 打佢二 十籐. 打 * 睹好放 佢出去 咯- 應 該辦佢 坐兩個 禮拜監 It 牙 警戒佢 咪製過 ( 。'咪 再製 、 若 係再 製就加 重嚴辦 This is the correct character, but the lirst represeuts the correct tone. LESSON V. 13 LESSON v.— General 1. ~K*m ^mi-'ye (ni? 2. ^6 【ngan* wo". Ngan-^oug (kan wo^. 3. "K'ui bar (kdm wa" me ？ 《JEVi 《ti ^'oi ^ 4. "Xei shik^ tsz" shik> ？ 5. (M shik^ k)\ "Ngo yau' (m W 《se tez^ (t*im. 6. ^s'engt ^Sin-^shangt (lai 春 7. ^Ko sing》 a^? hsei sing) 《ni? 8. 《Sffi fiiiig》 （Wong, or Sing) (Wong. 9. • ^ei "wiii ^ong ^T'ong-Va* "wUi 《ni? 10. %ui ^a; ^ei kiu (tso-) mat) 【meug*t 《ni? 11. h 'k'ui, ^Ni ^cbong 't*oi*-po sliap^, Shai^ (kcm (ning ^faa lai (1 夭. (Ni kau" sliek^ ^h6 ugang", "Xei yid) sMp> to' ^ni-^ti yuk^ ^nan (ti yuk〉 "nei yM， sMp〉 t6》 （nam, (shau o^-^ts6 lo^ po\ 'N^i htu 《sai ^kon-tseng'f cLi^-^lio lok^. "Ngo yi'd, yi't^ (shui. M':yid， tung Sliui. Tai'-^hoi (sliam li). Ho (ts'i'n kwo) (hoi. ■yiin lok ' (Ta 16" hoi) 'mo yat〉 piin， k6m》 'jun. Ko，-(ti (tsiii mei" sbuk 】ok。. (Xi、ti cb^ang* ^shangf kwo*- t^au. Ko^^ti 'tan*^m (h5 shap (tak》） kom^ -16. ^Ho, -ngo oi) ^shdngt sliik^ "Yau (h6 (to ^shui-^ngau. -Yau 'h5 ^K'ui Lai' ^ho (ts'img-(ming lce， ^yan. tihap^ Jan (yti- 'long ts'at> ^ts'in ^uk ^fan jak . ["ngo. Yat) ko'^ngan-^ts'in 'cbau tak^'kei (to 'ta'fn*? 'Chau tak) yat) ^ts'in (leugt sz sliap〉 【ts*iu*. 'Xei yat) ko) yiit^ yiii) ^kei (to 々'an-(kung (ni? Yin pato ko^ ^ngan-*ts'm* ko〉 yut^. ^To 'kwo*-^t'au ^a. 《sliai fai, ^sln'ii, *shai yid) kom* 《to. Hai" shik) tsz'-^kei (ra hai" (to (4. (M hai" sl3ik^?-Vau,* bid" sliik) tfiz"-^6i 《M 'kam tak) lok^. [ke， 'ting* Ja. "Nei ^hm tso" 貴 過頭， 。'貴 得嚤 Pg^- 我唔買 呀， 唔要咯 • - 有平 啲嘅' fj?^. 呢 個平啲 fW 呢的 米黠賣 呢- 吔麻鄉 她減價 喇. 你添 n 的喇 你貴 ny. 唔係貴 《 丫， 係第一 好货咯 • 好唔好 》 丫. 我 P 旣至好 pg^. 我舊 時見過 好啲嘅 • 重有好 H 的嘅 有呢》 槔嚷 俾我蹄 • 合使我 是必買 1^. 貴的都 唔計帶 u'f 通 香港都 有呢啲 好 嘅- 係假嘅 • 晤係； 係眞 嘅- 你 都唔識 好醜嘅 識《丫 ，我都 做過個 *] 生意 p^. 係舊嘅 罅啉. 唔係係 新嘅. 呢個^ 用咯， 唔中用 咯- 佢 要得價 錢多咯 你俾得 少叮， 唔好 Pt 慳 ny- 唔 够本— 本錢) 0丫. 使 得幾耐 呢， 我包 用四年 個張係 揭單举 本 銀利息 (。" 本利， 。，• 本 息) 幾多 呀- 毎月 三個銀 錢利息 睹. 好重利 呀* 唔係 n 丫， 幾平利 呀- 本 銀一百 元隨時 取间. 、 LESSON IX. 21 LESSON IX. -Commercial. 2. 3. i. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. IG. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. (Ni-(ti *kei (to 'ngan* (or ^ts'in*) (ni? Ko,-(ti *kei (to ka*-^ts in (ni? Kwai* 'kwo* t'au, or kwai' tak -tsai" lo). "Ngo (m "inai ； i'. (M yiii lok。. "Yau ^p'eugt-^ti ke) "mo a' ？ ^Xi-ko 【p'eng-(ti o, ？ (Ni-(ti Tnai Sim inai" jii ？ (Ai ^yd, ^ma-'iiia*-'tei*, *kam kd \A. (t'l'm (ti ^la, h\e\ kwaP ^a. hai* k\^ki) ^a, bai" tai" yat) ^ho fo) lok^. (Hd 《m *b6 (d? "Xgo-ke^ clu^-^bo lok^. 'Ngo kau" (sbi kin) kwo) (lid (ti ke), Chung" *yau (hd-(ti ke) "mo ^ni? (Xing (lai (p^i "ngo S*aL Hop^ Sliai "ngo sh^-pit》 "mai ^a. Kwai -(ti 《td kai) tai^ This bow much money {or cash) eb That how much price Dear over macb, or dear much too. I not buj.^ Not want«32 ^ave cheaper ones not This cheaper.^ This rice how sell eb Oil I Let-i"pass* Eeduce price^ You increase little.^^ You dear. ^ 1 32 Xot is dear, are No, 1 good articles. Good not good eh?^ Mine best^ I old time (formerly) seen have better ones. Besides have better ones not eh? 幼 Bring come give me see- Suitable for-use I certainly buy. [ke • ' Dearer even not reckon (it) great (cost). (T'ung* ^Hong-^koug ^to "mo ^ni-^ti kom^ (lid | Throughout Hongkong even not these so good" Hai" *ka ke>. (M bai" ； bai' (clisin ke). Is false. Xot is ； is trae.^^ You even not know good bad ones. 叙 Know ― I also done over that business. 一 h\ei to m sbik^ (lid (c，i*au ke) lok^. Sbik^ ^a. 'Ngo ^to tso" kwo^ ko ti shaugt Hai" kau" ke， Id) kwi). (M hai", hai' (san ke》. (Xi-ko) ^6 yung" Iok。. （JI ^cbung yuug" "K'ui yiu-takj ka?-^ts*in (to lok^. [lok^. pei-tak^ sbi'u ^4. (M ^b6 kom^^ban ^a. 《M kau' %un {or (piin (ts*fii) ^a. ^Shai tak》 *k^i noi^ 《ni ？ "Ngo (pda yuDg' sz， nm lolc^. « "凑 都 係雜貨 過稅 唔曾呢 過 n 阻咯 • 欖載紙 呢- 但想開 閬舗. 我慌 但賠本 呀- 佢個 間 舗 « 邊處 呢- 呢處冇^^生意呀，好淡《了- 招牌储底傢生項得幾多銀呢- 瞰 個^8^|生意係你煩過佢^1¥- 叫人 枱货落 货瀹 « 聽日 禮拜我 唔嚟咯 • 火船 幾時開 身呢. 有大多 搭客 我要寄 信翻歸 鄕下- LESSON X. 23 LESSON X— CommerciaL 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13； 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. tso" ^mi-"ye ^sliangt-p* (ui? "Xgo tso" ^nam- pak^ 'hong*-ke*. 〜(； i (ksin 'hong* (hai (piu-slifi) a' ？ ^Mi-(-ye) tsz'-ho" (iii ？ ^ei ts6" (sMngt-y? "j^au 'kei 'noi* a' ？ Kiii' "mai-'pan* (lai (did. a'? ^M-^ts'ang kai〉 ^tsing-^ch*o lok^, T'ung "Dgo tui) slid) 《la. ^ang "ha chd〉， ^ni (t'l'ii ts'o' lok。. Yid〉 kai) kwo' lok^. Tso" tak^ lo), "T^ai Kiii) Vai-【ugan*-ke) lai Vai ^la. wuu" pt 0》. Tui ^iigau-Ja. Shap^-ko kau* *cli'ung*t 《Hengt ^a. (Xi-shU pi'n-ko^ tso" ^chong- 'kwai* ni? 'Xgo ^p'ang--yau. (Xi-ko) hai" tso" ^sz-sz~- 严 loko. Shaugt-yi^ ^*ui "jau 'fan* "mo a^? ， ^Ki- (ti hai" ^mi-'ye fo) ^ui ？ Ham"-pa*-lang' ^to hai" tsap^-fo^ lok^. 'Kwo* sliul ^m-^ts'ang (ni? Kwo， （cho lok^. "Lam tsoP ^ei (to ^ngan* (ni ？ ["k*ai me ？ (Kdm, (ko-fti ^sliangt-yi^ hai" "nei 'ting kwo) Ki ，？ ^yan ^C*oi fo^ lok) fo*-^ts*ong ^la. ^T*iug yat〉 "Jtai-pdi' 'ngo ^lai lok^, ^Fo-^shnn ^kei-^slu ^hoi-^shan ^ni? h'au (to tap^-hak^ lok^. "Ngo yid) kei^ san， ^fan ^wai He does what thing ouaness I do soutii-Dorth hong's. Your [C ] bong at what place eb What (thing) style eh You do business have bow long eh Call compradore come tirst.^ T0|i reckon accounts not jet eh Not yet reckoned dearlj.^ With me compare accounts, Wait bit first,6 ihis item wrong. Must reckon agaia.^^ Do can,^^ Looked over that money not yet eh Call shroffing one come look? Have Hot good ones mast chauge.^ Weigh these dollars.^^ Ten not euough heavy .2 Ligbt.^ This place who [C] is accountant |My friend. This [C] is being manager,* Business he Las share not eh ？ 2 These are what goods eh All even are miscellaneous goods. Passed customs not yet Passed [s. of p. Bill-of-Lading eb He wishes open [C] shop. I fear he lose capital.^ [eh His that [C,3 shop (that shop of his) at what place This place not much business very dnil. Sign board, shop residue, farnitare, sold able how . much money eh?^ [it?^ Then that busiuess 'twas yoa sold (it) to him was- Call men carry goods down go-down.^ To-morrow Sunday I not come. Steamer what time start Have great many passengers. I want send letter back home country. ^i* . _ - 24 LESSON XI. LESSOR- XI-Medical. 1. This gentleman is a doctor, 2. Is he a surgeon, or pliysicinn ？ 3. Call a Chinese doctor to feel my pulse. 4, I atn not very well to-day. 5, What is the matter with you? 6, My Lead aches. 7， Have you been sick ？ 8, I have not, but I feel inclined to be so. 9. Is there anything else the matter ？ 10. I have also the stomach-ache, 11. That is not serious. 12. Take a little medicine. 13. What medicine ought I to take ？ 14. "Wait till I come back. I am going to the hospital now. 15. I will send a man with medicine for yon. 16. You have fever, I will give you a draught. 17. I buve ague. Take this powder. 18. Do you feel your throat dry ？ 19. I do, and it is very painful, 20. Don't drink so much water. 21. Take a little chicken broth. Take a little congee. 22. Arc you able to sleep at night? 23. Has he got cold ？ Does he cough ？ 24. At times he does, nt times be doesn't. 25. Put on a plaster. Does he drink ？ 2G. I am afraid he smokes opium, iJ7, Perhaps he does. I am afraid ho does. 28. How long has ho been ill ？ 29. He lias been feeling weak for a long time ？ 30. Tell him to take some cooling medicine. 31. Did he feel better after taking the pills? 32. No, he was much worse. 呢位 係醫生 咯- 佰係 外科醫 生噱內 科呢. 請唐人醫生嚷蹄脈呀- 我今13晤多自然卩各- 你有^i野病呢- 頭 «呀， 有嘔 有呢. ^jpi 想嘔口 3- 重有 "fe 野病有 呢. 我肚都 痛《了. 個啲有 41 相千 f,. 食啲嶷 P 翁 我應食"{^^野藥呢 等 我翻嚇 《年 我而 家去醫 生館 我 打發人 獰藥嚟 俾你. 你發熟 囉. 我 俾藥水 你食. 我發' 淪囉 食呢 藥散 • 你 見喉鑪 乾牟 見乾 ■ 又見 好痛添 Pg^- 眯飮 pB 多水 吖- 食的 鶴湯 食的粥 《- 腕 頭瞓得 唔歸得 呢- 佢 冷親牟 佢咳 有時有 ，^時 tf. . 貝占 膏藥. 佢飮 酒唔飮 呀- 我慌 佢食? il 片她 i 嘅- 怕係呀 或者係 都唔定 呀- 拒病有 幾耐呢 佰好 耐見軟 弱醱 叫 但食啲 凉 刺. 佰食« 藥九 見好的 嗎- 唔係， 越發敝 \ (Yam could be used ； but the above form is better. LESSON XI. *^ P 25 LESSON XL— Medical. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. (Nl 'wai* hai" (yi-(sMug 个 lok。. 'K'ui hai" ngoi'-^fo ^yi-^sbaagf, pei" noi'-^fo mak a^, "Xei (T(au ts'ekot ^ • "Yau (aa "mo (ni ？ 'Mo . [ke， 《ni ？ Yatj ^kan hai" 《T'fn (Chii k'4u) k^. ^Sliau-fii" hai" ^mi-^yan* ？ Ko，-ko， ^to bai* Fat^-^ldn-^sai (yau d). "K'ui-t^i" 'yau ^ka-kua^ "m6 ^ui ？ ^sbiin ^cliong tak^ ^ei 《to fo) (ni? 31. Shik ^kei (sham (shui ？ TVat) cli'ek。 pat^, 32. Tsau" 'ch*e "lei lo\ This [C] is steamer. That [C] is sailing ship. To-day no wind. Must by £re ship diminutive go.' Ship on have how many passengers Have fully tboasand ones so thereabouts not eh ？ Chinese most. Going Singapore. Chief mate eh or Chief mate at what place eh ？ This one is Captain ； tliat one is second mate. What time arrive pott This [C] vessel go can very fast. [about eh One hour of-tlie-clock go can bow many miles road Probably steam can fifty more li road. Is it the Chief en^eer, or second engineer gone a- Have times use sails have uot eh [shore eb One day use how much coal eh?53 See that [(?.] vessel go fast, or go slow. Steam fast then bum more. Steam slow then burn little. Ascend ship's surface.^^ Don't walk near funnel that place. This [C] passage-boat, or ferry-boat eh? 幼 [boat. Is passage-boat,^ this [C] is Kau-Iung passage- You what time start ； what time arrive (or touch bows) eh?^ Women's cabin eli Pantry eb Call carpenter come, make again good that [C] door, [broken. Tboee hinges come-off [s. of p. t ] the lock moreover No lock.3i Not see that [C] lock key. 於 Make again another [C]^^ [before it- will-do. First use [(7.] purse-lock lock firmly that [C] door Ship on bave how many sailors {lU, water hands) ; how many firemen (lU. burn fire) eb That vessel hold can how much goods eh Eat how deep water eh Seven feet eight. Just- about haaling-ap sails.^*^ 30 LESSON XIV. LESSON XIV.-JudiciaL 1. I want to summons tliis man. 2. He is a thief, and has stolen tilings of mine. 3. Have you any witnesses ？ 4. I have witnesses ； they have not come yet, 5. Issue subpoenas for them to come. 6. Has the constable arrived? 7. He is at the Gaol. , 8. This is the Yamen. 9. What Yamen? ' 10. The Consul's Yamen (Consulate). 11. "Who is the present Consul? 12. Mr, Fut {UL Mr. Buddha). 13. I will trouble you to present this petition to His Lordship, tlie Chief Justice. 14. Kindly tell me what to say. 15. Are you Plaintiff, or Defendant? 16. You must tell the truth, and only say what you have seen and heard yourself. 17. Then I must just say what I know myself. 18. That is right ； that is quite right ； no mistake, 19. Your evidence is not believed. 20. The evidence given on both sides does uot agree. 21* One of you must be telling lies. 22. No, I am not. All Hongkong knows about it. 23. If you had said, "the whole neighbourhood knows," I might have believed you. 24. Will His Lordship allow us to go to the temple and swear on a cock's head ？ 25. How many prisoners are there to-day ？ 2G. There is a murderer, five thieves, two burg- lars, and three kidnappers. 我 想告呢 個人. • 佢做 賊偷我 野咯. 你 有證人 町- 有 證人； 唔曾嚷 f^lf- 出證 人票叫 但嚟喇 差人 (差 役。 r 緑衣 >1 到 嗨 佢 Pi 監房 呢間 衙門囉 • 邊 間衙門 呢- 領事 官衙門 而家邊 個做領 事官呢 • 係佛 大人? ^- 多 煩你同 我遞呢 張鎮過 按察 司大人 唔該 你教我 黠講? 你係 原告囌 被告呢 • 要照 直講. 親眼見 ，親 耳聽， 至好講 出嚼. 瞰我硬 要講本 身所知 "^事 P^- 5g 咯， ^p>i(£n|f，tr 錯 咯- 你口供 唔入信 呀- 雨頭口 供唔合 是 但有個 講大話 唔 係有講 大話. 通 香港都 知 呢件事 咯- 你話 通街坊 都知, 我或者 可 以信你 "丫- 大 人准我 地去廟 斬鷄頭 唔准呢 今日有 幾多犯 呢. 有個 兇手五 個賊雨 個打明 火嘅， 三 個抄) 帶嘅. LESSON XIV. 31 LESSON XIV.— Judicial. 2. 3, 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12, 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. "Ngo Song "kb* (ni-ko, ^ynu, "K'ui tso" 'ts';ik*，l (t'au -„go -ye lok^. ^Xei "yau cbing'-^yan 'mo ？ "Yau climg ，- (yan， ^ni-^ts'ang ^lai lok^. Cli'ut citing'- yaii-p'iii' kiii' "k'ui lai ^la*. ((Jh'iii ^yan (or (ch'di yik), or luk^ (yf) to' ma*? "K'ui 'hai ^kam-^fong. (Ni (kfin ^nga-^miin lo), Pi'n-^kan ^nga-'miiu* (ni? "Ling-sz"-^k\vun ^nga-'mun* lo . (Yi- ka ^pi'n-ko' tso" "Ling-sz'-^kwun (ni ？ Hai- Fat^ Tar-^Yan a'. (To ^faii "nei (t'uiig "iigo tai" ^ni ^chong 'pan kwo' Ou'-Cli'at^-^Sz Tai"- Yan. (M 、p# 封佢 貨呢 LESSON XV. — Educational. 1, All! here we are. This is a Government Free School, ["classes. 2, There are sixty scholars, divided into four 3, The master is a friend of mine, and a Chinese B.A. 4, Has he got any assistant ？ 5, Not at present, but he wishes to engage one after the New Year, [I suppose. 6, There will be holidays at the eud of the year 7, Certainly, we Chinese think it of the utmost importance to keep the New Year, 8, What book is this boy reading ？ 9, That is the Trimetrical Classic, the book that a Chinese boy first reads. 10, Then it is a simple book ； for probably you proceed from the simple to the difficult. 11, It is neither very simple, nor very difficult : the words are most of them simple, but the xneauing is sometimes very abstruse. 12, How many years have you been at school ？ 啊， 到咯， 呢閬係 皇家義 學. 有六十 個學生 ，分四 班嘅. 個先 生係我 朋友， 佢係秀 才- 有人 帮教冇 呢- 現時 ，但 係過 年想請 個， 年尾放 -假囉 定 P 旣喇， 我地 唐人過 年寞至 ?/5個呢，讀^^^野書呢- 個音 1; 係 三字經 n& ，唐 人細 依 仔先讀 個部嘅 iJg^. 瞰就 係淺書 i^ff ，大槪 自淺而 深 嚟學嘅 - 又唔係 幾淺， 叉唔係 幾深， 字大多 淺嘅， 但 意思有 時好深 嘅- 你讀 幾多年 書呢- LESSON XIY. - Vets? LiDR^V) ■ " . OF THE UN I VERS IT 33 LESSON XLY-JudiciaX,-iContinued). 27. (K6m "yau *h6 ^to on?ldn* lok。. 28. 【T'so* mai 【t;'oi* ke〉 Lai" chong^-^sz lok^. 29. (Sliam (kSi ,ong lo、 ^k^i-^shl ting on) ^ni? 30. -Ngo 《tim ^cbi a^? Pdi)-t*ok。 cli'iin-W , (t'tmg 'nei ^man* Ja. 31. (Hai ^T3'un--Jei-^t'eng (sliam kwo\ Tai'-^o- (ye (cliun (tdm-(p6 Pei^-ko^ di《ut) (lai lok。. 32. "Xei (sbng ko》 （yau, wdk^ (or pei") (fuug Then have great many cases. Sit at table those are law^ers.^^ Try several sittings ；^^ what time fix case I how know eh Beg on-your-behalf Interpreter for you ask a-bit.^^ At Magistracy tried over, His- Worship allowed bail Defendant out come.^^ You wish arrest the man, or seize his goods eh ？幼 LESSON XV— Educational. in 1. 0-! tf), lo\ ^Ni ^kan hai" ^Wong-^Ka hok 么. 2. "Yau luk^-sLap^ ko》 hok -^sliangt, ^fan sz, ^paa ke). 3. Ko) ^Sin-^Sbangi" hai 亙 "ngo ^p*aDg-"yau ； "k'ai hai- Sau, 4. ^au ^yan 《pong-kdu) "in6 ^ni ？ 6. Yirr-^shi W, tan--hai^ 【kwo* ^nfn ^song (ts'eng ko). 6. (Nin "m^i fong ，- kd， lo，-kw?. 7. (Ting*-ke》 ^la, 'ngo tei" T'ong-jan kwo) ^in siin ch^ ^au-yM^ ke) lok^, 8. ^Ni-ko^ ^ui, tuk mat^-'ye ^sbii ^ni? 9. Ko， p6* hai' ^Sam-Tsz"-^kiug lo》. （T(ong- (yan sai^-^man-^tsai (sin tuk ko) p6^ 10. (Kom tsau" hai" (ts'fn ^shii lok^, tsz" (ts'in '(yf (sham (lai hok ke). 11. Yau-^m hai- (kd Vln, yau、m hai^ *k^i (sham. Tsz- tai^ (to 《ts'fn ke〜 tdn" y?- sz》 "yau-^shf (hd 《8ham ke), 12. -Nei tuk〉 （kd 《to ^nin ^shii All ！ Arrived. This [C] is Government Free Study. Have sixty [C] scholars divided-into four classes*l5 The teacher is my friend ； he is B.A. Have man assist teach not At-present no, but over (New) Year wishes engage one. Year end holidays^^ probably," Certainly ,51 21 ^re Chinese passing (New)-year consider most important.^^ 32 This [C] now, reads what book That [C] is Three Character Classic.^^ Chinese cbCdren first read that [C.]^° 32 OA Then just is easy book. Probably from simple to difficult come study.^^ Also not is very shallow, also not is very deep. Characters grerter-many shallow/^ but sense Lave times very deep.^^ You read how many years books eh —— S4 LESSON XV. LESSON XV.— Educational— {Co7itinued). 13. I have studied between ten and twenty years. 14. Then you must be very learned, [learned, 15. Oh no! I cannot consider myself as very 16. Where is your desk ； where is your seat? 17. I do not belong to this school, I have only come to visit ― to see the teacher. 18. Oh ！ probably you are a student. Have you passed any examinations yet ？ 19， I have gone up several times, but have not , graduated ； my brother has taken his M.A. ■20, When does this class say its lessons ？ 21. We Chinese don't do that way; when a boy knows bis lesson he comes up and re- peats it, the whole class does not come up at once. 22. If he does not know it, what then? 23. He has to go back to bis place and learn it" well, if he is lazy he is beaten. 24« These are reading tlie Four Books, and those the Five Classics. 25. It would be well to hang up two more maps in this school of yours. 26. How many have commenced to write essays? 27. A number of the scholars can construct antithetical sentences I suppose. 28. Bring ink, penholder, and pen nibs. I have brought them. 29. Has the Government Inspector of Schools been to see this school ？ 30. He has; he has been several times. He comes every now and then. 31. How many names are there on the roll? 32. There aro sixty odd ； two or three are absent on sick leave. 我讀十 幾年書 p& 瞰你 就係好 聰明嘅 pg". 唔係. 我唔敢 話自己 好聰明 p 旣 你 個書位 書 靈，。 呌薹) 呢， 你 P 旣椅呢 我唔係 做學生 nY, 我不 過啜 坐吓 《；!，嚷 見吓 個教館 先生睹 啊 你係讀 書人啩 考過試 唔曾呢 考過雨 三勻， 未曾 入我大 佬己經 中舉咯 呢班幾 時念書 呢. 我地唐 人唔係 瞰嘅， 一個讀 熟就一 個嚷背 唔係成 班 一齊上 嚼 念嘅. 或唔 識呢， 勲呢 • 要翻 去位讀 熟咯， 若 係懶惰 就 tT 佰 咯- 呢啲讀 四書， 個《6 ^讀五 經- 你呢閬 書館， 掛多雨 幅地理 圖都好 0丫- 有幾 多個開 * 作 文章嘅 呢- 有好 多學生 P 會對' 對 撺墨水 ，筆竿 ，筆嘴 嚼喇. 拈 (^唂 皇 家一書 館嘅監 督有暾 魄過 呢間 館有呢 _ 有， 嚟 過好幾 勻咯, 耐不耐 都 ® 嘅. 日記紙 有幾多 人名呢 • 有六 十幾個 有雨三 個因有 病告假 • LESSON XV. —— ^ 35 LESSON XV. — Educational. — (CWi»"«0. 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. hsgo tak shap (nfn ^slifi lok^. [lok^, *K6m "nei tsau" hai* ^6 ^ts'ung-^ming ke hai", "ngo 《in (k6m wa* tsz^-^k^i ^6 ke). ^'ei ko* ^shu-Vai* (or (sha-Voi*， or Voi*) 《ni ； "uei-ke^ (yi (ni ？ ^go (m hai"-ts6" hok -^sbangt ^a, ^go pat)- Icwo) (lai 【ts'o* *h4 (cbe, lai klu) ko> kau -^wun 《Sin-(Shang (op (Sengf) che*. 0"! 'uei bar tuk -^sliii-^yan kwa^. ^Haa kwo) slu^ nX'ts'Sdig 《ni ？ ^Hau k wo) 'long (sdm 《wan， me^-^ts*ang yap^; "ngo tai"-^Jo 'yi-king 【chung* (kui lok^, ^Xi (pan ^kei-^slu nira'-^shu ^ni ？ ^go-t*^r (T*oug-"n (m hai" ^om ke>, yat) ko) tuk^-sliuk^, tsau" yat〉 ko) lai pdi>， rn bai" ^sbengt ^pan yat^ 'te*ai* 'shong (lai nlm" ke). WAk^ shlk) ^ni, Sim (ni? Yiu fau hoi) 【wai* tuk shak lok^, yok • hai~ ^an-to* tsau' ^ta ^k'vi lok^. (Ni-(ti tuk) Sz)_ Shu, ^ko-^ti tuk "Xg-^King. "Nei (ni ^kan ^shu-^wua kwa^ (to "long fuk^ 巧 d-(t'd (t6 ^5 ^4. h'au kei^ ^to ko》 （hoi pat》 tsok。 nian-(clidiig ke' (ni ？ h'au *h6 (to hok -^shtogt 'wui tui) (tui kwd\ ^ing mak ^shai, pat) 《kon, pat) (tsui lai Woug-^Ka (8hii-(kwdn-ke) ^Kam-tak^, ^au (lai Vai kwo) (ni ^kiu *kwun *m5 《ni ？ "Yaa, -1^?,严 t^^tso^ke', it w« not I that did it ； it was some one else, 人 係 顿 講 /an tei- hai" *k6m ^ong, people say so. 人 她 講 'kong, it is said— on dit. 人 她話我 人子係 "li 誰呢, an t 栌 '"SO /an 'tsz hai^ mat, W* ^ni ？ Whom do men say thai I the son of vian am f Note. ― (yan alone is also used in this sense, as : 一 ^§ (yan wa" hai" 'kom, it is said to be so (i.e. men say it is so.) VIL The Plural is sometimes formed by the reduplication of the Noun, as ：— ^ff (yan (yan (cW lok^, off men hnow. Note 1. ― This repetition of the noun shows, as above, that tbe whole of the class for which the noun is a name ― in its entirety, or the whole of the portioa which is then tbe subject of thought or conversation is referred to. Note 2. 一 Sach a form may often be equally well, or better rendered into English as follows : ― ^ (yan ^an ,5 (cW, every one knows it» 人都做 •lit 唔使 tft s^an s^an ke，， (sliai p'i， (d« every body does it， you need not be afraid, VIII. Sometimes a collective and exhaustive phrase is used to express what in English, would oftener be expressed by a simple Plural and Adjective, as: ― 所有 多人 1^ 齊 5^ (sho -yau kom' ^to ^yan ^lai ^ts'ai sdi), aU the men • came, (As many men as there were all came without an exception). 人呢， 有 多去 Ptt 多严 （ni, Van W 《to hui' W (to, all the 讓 wenU (Of the men, as many as there were went). IX. Very often a Numeral is added to the Noun (or Pronoun), owing to the necessary ambiguity when no Plural is otherwise expressed, when in English the simple Plural would be sufficient without any such device, as : ― 但六 個嚼 W lukg ko， (lai, they six came. Eemark. 一 Without 'j^ might equally well mean he, she or it. Note. ― (tang is given in some books as a sign of the Plural, It is booky and is not often used as an affix to the noun (or pronoun) in every day conversation. 38 NOUNS. CASE, X. Strictly speaking there is no case in Chinese ； See No. I. XI. There is then no means of distinguishing whether a noun (or pronoun) in Chinese is to be rendered in English by the Nominative, or Objective Cases or other Cases (for Possessive Case see No. XV, XVI, XVII, and XVIII) except by its posi- tion, or tiie obvious meaning, sometimes shewn by Prepositions, &c,, as : ― 我 俾 ""go Vi， 1 《卑 "ngo, give me, *f 卑 ^(^i kwo^ "ngo, give {it) to me, Eemark. ― The position of "ngo shows whether it is /, or me, the same word being used in Chinese for both. 巨 "k'ui wa" "Ego, Ae scolded me* Note, 一 { 巨 "k'ui wa" "ngo, may mcau, he scolded me, or li& said to me ； but in the latter case there is another word added to amplify tbo meaning, as " [巨 ^ 知 -(k'ui wa" -ngo 《cW， or 話 我. ^ -k*ui wa' "ngo (t'engt, he told me. XII. The position of the Subject or Object with regard to the verb may be stated generally to be the same as in an English sentence. See No. XIV though. XIIL When two Verbs are used in Chinese to express what in English is shewn l)y one Verb, the Objective or Dative is placed between the two Verbs, as: ― Sk'ui wa" 'ugo ^t'engf, he told me. 1 巨 打 發 -k*ui 、d fat^ "ngo hui), he sent me. Remark. ― The meaning of the above and similar phrases will be better got at by paraphrasing them, as: ― ^fl Sk(ui wa" 'ngo ^chl, he told me, i.e. he spoke to me about it in such n. way that I acquired a knowledge of it, or more simply, he told mo so that I knew about it, or, he informed me about it. XIV. When particular attention is to be drawn to the object in the sentence, then it and its qualifying words take precedence of all other words in the sentence, as: ― 個 tlKl 生意 你做有 幾耐呢 K。， , (sli'ing yi' -nei tso^ 'y.n 'kdi 'noi* (ui? I/ow lotig Itco0e you been in that business f 响 R 的 屋 我 賣 iJpJL 《ti uk) -ugo mai- ^clio lok^, J have sold those houses. XV. The Possessive Case may be, and is often, expressed by the addition of P 旣 ke> to the Noun (or Pronoun), as: — 人 P 旣 /an ke,, man's, Sf^ ™ - 、 ^ NOUNS. 39 CASE. 人驰 口 旣 ,yan t^i^ ke，, men's. 我 口旣 '"go ke，， mine. XYI. P 旣 ke， is often understood and not expressed at all, as : ― 'Dgo ukj， my house. XVn. A Personal Pronoun preceding a Noun may be in the Possessive case, or in apposition to the Noun which follows it, as: ― ' 'ngo 5z~ Vau*， my master, or /， ike master. Note. ― In the latter case the tone may be more strongly marked, or a slight pause, represented in English by the comma, may be made after the Pronoun. XVIIL The word 之 (cM ^kung is allowable, but seldom used. uk) (cM alone is Masculine and Feminine. XXIL 您 ^16 and ^p*6 are used in the same way as ^ ^kung and 婆 jP'o, as:— 蛋家 f 老 t^n- ka (16, a boatman. tdn" ^kd ^p*o, a hoatwoman. • XXin. The Genders are distinguished by the use of ^ ^kung, or 粘 （kd for the Masculine and ^nd for the Feminine for animals and birds, as : ― ^kai, a Jowl ； ^kai (kung, a cock ； jff^ ^kai (nd, a hen. ^ 'kau, a dog ； 狗 ^ 'kau (kung or {(J 'kau 'kii, a male dog ； 艇 'km (nd， a bitch. 馬 -md, a horse \ 馬 粘 'rad 《kii， a stallion (馬 ^ "ma (kung is not used) ； 馬 'ma ^na, a mare, ^ngau, an ose, or cow ； ^ngau (kii, or & ^ngau ^kung, a bull; 2|l ngau (nd， a cow. None. 一 ia even applied to women when spoken of together with their child- ren, as ： 一 jjj^ "long ^tsai ^nd, mother and child* ZI^ ^sdm (tsai W， mother and children* The word (tsai is common to both genders here. The Masculine for ^nd used in such a manner is ^ye, m : — ("ai S^e, , "仏 er and ton. ， NOUNS. 41 GENDER, (sdm (tsai (ye) father and ttoo sons, 1 白 Piik。 （ye*， and 也每 '15 ^nA are used for father and mother ； the latter is rather vulgar. Remark. ― It is remarkable, that with all the Chinese reverence for age and the superiority of those who are older over those who are youuger, that in two or three Collo- quial idiomatic phrases in common use the younger aud inferior is named first before the elder and superior. Those give a above for father and son, &c, and mother and child, &c， are two of tbem. Besides those there is 'long (sham "mo, two sisters-in-law, (two brother's wives are thus styled), 'long tai' ^hing, two brothers* Other words are sometimes given as expressing Gender ； but the beginner will find that they are but seldom used in Colloquial, and that the above are quite sufficient for all practical purposes, as far as the vernacular is concerned. , XXIV, 《tsai used by itself is Masculine, as:， . hai" 'ngo (tsai， it is my son. "nui is the Feminine, as: ― 'ngo "m6 "nui, / have no daughters. In combination the compound word of which ^tsai is a part is common to both Genders, if it refers, to living objects (See Note), as:— 《田 sai) 《nann Ssai, a child, 猪 仔 （cha 、sai， a little fig、 狗 仔 （kau 、sai, a puppy. Exceptions ： ― m^n (tsai， a boy. Masculine, "nui (tsai, a girl, Feminine. S2" 《tsd， a " boy ，， (servant) Masculine, Note. ― (tsd wbeu nsed as a diminutive with Nouns, whether they apply to objects without sex, or living beings, has no effect on the Gender of the Noun, as : ― ； 慕 ^t*oi* (tsai， a small table. ^^j^ fp5* (tsai, a pass boolc) or small manuscript booL ^f? Veng ^tsai, a small boat*' J^ff a (sd (tsai, a baby. XXV. It will be seen from the above that Gender is not generally either inherent to, or a necessary condition of a Chinese word. It is made use of to prevent confusion, and is often not used even where to our ears it seems as if con- fusion were already worse confounded without its use. in . ― ― t ― ^ 42 NOUNS. GENDER. ' Remark, ― As a rule abstain fnom the use of sex-denoting words, when others will do equally well. XXVI. Notice that in Chinese the names of the eight principal points of the compass are reversed in their order to what they are in English ： ― 1st， As to the order of naming the four cardinal points, instead of saying North, South, East, West, they say 東西南 北 （Tung (Sai ^Nam Pak^, East, Westy South, North. 2nd. The order of the component parts of the names of the other principal points of the compass, the names of which are compounded of the names of the four cardinal points, is reversed in Chinese, as :— * Chinese. English, 東 北 L ^Sam shuk), uncle A Sdm, Note. ― It is politeness amongst the Chinese ； 1st, to give a title of relationship to every one with whom they are acquainted ； 2ad, to everybody to whom th6y wish to be polite, though perfect strangers to them even to the extent of never having set eyes on them before. The title of relationship thus bestowed on an individual, to whom the speaker is not in any way related, depends upon the age of the person addressed and of course the sex. The large terminology, which the Chinese possess for indicating the differ- ent shades of relationship, lends itself readily to all the gradations of respect considered ne- cessary iu thus addressing strangers and adopting them for the moment as relations. If the stranger looks older than was at first sight supposed and a favour ia being asked, to which it may be thought a ready response is not likely from appearances to be given, a more respectful degree of relationship cnn readily bo substituted for the one originally bestowed on the spur of the moment without sufficient thought. Do not tlicrcforo suppose that when a Chinese eponks of uucle and sister-in-law So and So that these people are his relations, ■ . _ — «^ NOUNS AND ARTICLES. 43 GENDER. Kemark. ― To those who have been iu the United States the analogy of this custom to that prevalent in the Soutberu States of addressing elderly negroes and negresses as Uncles and Auuts will be apparent. XXVIII. 《sin ^shangl, literally, elder born, but which is applied to teachers, is also used in tlie same way that Monsieur and Herr are in French, and German respectively, as : ― 陳先生 sCh'an ^Si'n ^sliangt, Mr. Ck'an, ^ P^, ^ ^ hai--a\ (Sin ^shangf, Yes, it is so, Sir. ^1 "yau ko^ (sin ^shangt (lai， a gentleman {or teacher) came, # 先生係 1^ 盼附 @ 做 ko) (sin ^shangt bai* (kom /an fu' ^lai tso", the goitleman directed it to be so done* Note.— The feminine of 《sfn (shang 个 is g 币 ^sz ^ndi. XXTX, Notice that titles in Chinese come after the name of the person, as: ― 陳大人 ^Ch*aa Tai- jan, His Excellency Ch'aiu XXX. Notice that in Chinese the surname, as in our directories, precedes the other names which an individual bears, as: ― 林 亞 有 ;Lam A' ^Yau. Note. ― The is not really a part of the name. The surname and name iu the example if given alone would be ^Lam "Yau, but this particle }^ 人〉 is often pre- fixed to a Chinese individual name (JThey can scarcely be called Christian names) when it consists of only one syllable. XXXI. Amongst phrases expressive of quantity occur such as ^^， tdi" pun》， /j、 ^siii pun〜 which mean two divisions of any thing, one being rather more than the half, and the other rather less. ARTICLES. XXXII. There are no Articles in Chinese. XXXIII. " "-^ » yatj is often used before a Noun where in English the Indefinite Article is used, and ko\ that, where the Definite Article would be employed in English, as: ― ""- ' 個 人 yat) ko， ,an， a man. ko> ^yfin, the. man* Note. 一 When the Numeral Adjective is thus used it must always be accompanied by the appropriate Classifier for the Noun, as above. 44 AETICLES AND CLASSIFIERS. ARTICLES. XXXIV. But the words which may take the place of the Article in English are often omitted, as : ― 曰 eatenc8 would, however, be generally used as a subordinate one in a compound sentence niid not used alone as a simple question. The more natural form would be, 蹄 ！^]^ 有幾 多隻船 • 't'ai "ba "yau 'kei (to chek。 ^sliiin (hai sliii^, see how viuhy bouts (or vess Js) there are here. Note. 一 ko^ can be used after ^yan when a Numeral comes between them, as : — Js^ j ― ~ "Ipj ^yan ("yau) ^sam ko', of men there were three, XLII. A more common use of the Classifier after the Noun is when it is accompanied by a Numeral in which case any Classifier may follow its Noun, 、、- hen particular emphasis is to be given to the Noun. It is then brought out with more distinctne.ss than when rapidly said with the words in tlioir common order. When so said it is well to 】mke a momentary pause after the Noun, which would be re- presented in English by a comma, as: ― ' ^^， . Hi ^yan, ^sam ko', three men， or of men there were three, or as to men there were three of them. Note 1. ― When the Classifier is used after the Noun it does not appear before the Noun as well. 46 , CLASSIFIERS. CLASSIFIERS. Note 2. ― When a Classifier is used after a Noun whether it forms in this connection a Compound Noun, or is still simply a Noun and its Classifier, it sometimes happens in order to enumerate the number a Numeral and a Classifier again require to be employed ； in such a case the same Classifier is never employed again, as : 一 ' ^—^t on) kin" yat) (tsung, a case at law. j^fif ^shiiii 【wai* yat) ko\ a seat on board a boat, (your place on board a boat, or ship that your passage entitles you to.) It is also to be noted that if the order were to be reversed different Classifiers would require to be employed, as: ― ~ • 宗案件 yat) (tsimg on kiir, and • 個船位 yat^ ko， ^shiin Vai*. XLTII, If an Adjective is used with a Noun accompanied by a Classifier and Numeral, the Adjective is placed between the Classifier and the Noun, as: ― ' >^ yat) clieko tai" (shiin, a ― large ship. XLIV. Adjectives and the Adverbs which qualify them, when unaccompanied by Numerals, precede the Classifier, as : ― tai" ko) ^yan, a large man, or an adult. is not the proper . Classifier for thread, jj^ ^t'iii must be used in this case. LI. The Classifier must be used with 呢 《ni, but 個 ko, can be used alone, as: ― c'li (k^n this—house* uk》， that house. Exception. ― ^ni (as well as ko，) is used alone before common Nouns of Place and Time. Lll. When the Demonstrative and Classifier are thus comlDined it often happens that the Classifier is dropped in the Plural, R 的 ^ti, the Plural addition to fjfj^ (ni taking its place, as : ― ^ ]|& c"^ cheka ^sbun, this— ship. 呢 fl 的 船 fco) kW, ts6- ,h'aii A) Yat^, there is one called Ch^an A LV. The Classifier is often used where in English the Indefinite Article would appear, as ： ― "j^ ^ ^sdm ko》 （ugan 'ts*ia* ko， yut^, three dollars a month, Kemark, 一 The Eales given above are equally applicable to the Geuuine Classifiers as well as to other words such as ' pair,' &c, commonly miscalled Classifiers whea used iu Chinese. LVL List of Classifiers and other words used before nouns. 1. ^Chan is applied to lamps, &c., as: 一 ― yat》 ^chdn (tang, a lamp. ― ijt^ yat) 'chan (fo, a lighted lamp, — vat^ ^cban ^yau, a lamp-saucer fiiU of oiL Note.— The Classifier ^cMn after (tang lamp, i.e. used in combination with it, as:— ^tang *chaa, forms a Compound Noun. It is the name given to the saucer-like portion of a Chinese lamp which holds the oil and wick. 2. Chek^ 隻 is used for boats, ships, birds, animals, the hands, the feet, plates, balls of opium, &c" &c" as : 一 (sAm chek^ (sliau, a pUferer. 1^ tai" chek^ shiin, a large ship, /V 隻 ^ pat^ cheko (yto ^nai, eight balls ofopitm. . yat》 chek^ (T'ong 《yan (kau, a Chinese dog. Exception. 一 The Classifier ko) is more appropriate with 會 g 人 ^bong ^an, a bear. 3. ^Chi Jj^ is applied to sticks, walking sticks, muskets, &c" pencils, pens, flowers, branches of trees, pieces of ginseng, cinnamon, &c., &c" forks, lamps, flags, masts, flagstaffs, candles, incense-sticks, a band or body of soldiers from two upwards, oars, &c., as : 一 — * jjv^ yat) (cbl pat), a pen, or pencil* ~ "枝花 yat) a flower. - yat) (chl shii^ ^chl, a branch of a tree* 4. 《Chong 1^ is used with 事 情 sz^ 《ts(ing, an affair, a concern^ ' where the object of the speaker is to speak specially of one matter amongst a number. It is ^ 50 CLASSIFIERS. CLASSIFIERS. a means of particularising.' kiir is much more common with *| 宵 sz" 5. ^Ch^ong a bed, is used with coverlet, mattress, and very rarely with carpet, as: — ■""^ ' 牀 轉 yat) ^cli*oug yuk^, a mattress. 6. ^Chong 張 though it means to spread out is not applied only to articles that may be spread out, such as sheets, table-covers, mats, documents, letters, news- papers, (where the latter are unsealed or opened out, not closed in envelopes, or wrappers, &c.) curtains, carpets, beds, tables ； but also to cliairs， stools, &c" as: ― — * f 山 yat) ^cliong pat^ (sfn Vo"* an octagonal iahJe. "~ ' 張 ya、 ^cbong shui" yf, an easy chair. —―' yat^ ^chong sun), a letter (not enclosed in an envelope). 矛 J* ^/l* ^ta \\o\ \q ^chong (san (man ^clii, open out that neiospapei\ 7. ^Ch'bng is used for matters, or business, &c,， as : ― yat) ^cli*dng 《hd ^sam, a good action. ' yat) ^cli*ong (l"lu， to have a fight, take a case to Court. 8. 火王 Chii》 is applied to cash, or incense sticks, games of fan-tan, &c., as : ― yat> chii' ^ts*(n, a pile, or heap, or lot of cash. 火 yat^ chii^-^hong, a cluster of incense sticks, 火£ yat) cliii》 ^tan, a game of fdn-tdn* 9. Fai^ is used with cloth, leaves of trees, or plants, mirrors, stones, wood, iron, copper, paper, &c" as: ― 一 塊樹葉 yat) fdi， sW- yfp^, a leaf. — * yatj ^(a muk^, a piece of wood. > — ' )'at) f") sliek 么， a piece of stone. 10. Fukj iJjQ is applied to walls, pictures, maps, pieces of ground, cloth, &c.， as: 一 • 幅田 yat, fuk〉 ,fn, ajidd. 1^ yat》 fukj tsz*, a scroll, • '― ijlQ yat) fuk) 'wa*, a picture, • CLASSIFIERS. —— 嘈 61 CLASSIFIERS. 11. (Fdn is applied to sections, or articles of laws, treaties, petitions, busi- ness, news, cash, cases in Court, &c" as : 一 ―—' yat^ 《fiia sz", a matter of business, ' yat ；》 《fiiu ^shangj yf^, a business. yat^ Cftiu ,s'in, one hind of cask, ' yat ；〉 Vuu on) kin", a case (in Court), 12. (Fung is used for letters and despatches, &c" as: ― ~" • 封 信 yat) /ung suii〜 a letter. ' yatj (fung (man 《shii, a despatch. 13. "Ha is used for sighs, and ia a number of phrases where short periods of time are expressed, as : ― , to gite a gasp, or sigh, 14. ^Hau 口 is applied to small arras, to knives, swords, &c.， and in- dividuals, as: ― 口 p§[ yat) (ban tui) mfn^ sfii)， a revolver, or pistol, &c.， &c. . 口 pj yat^ ^liau liik 《hau 'lin* (or (11m) ， a six-barrelled revolver, 'Jj^ 口 ^kwai tdi) (yan ^hau, to liduap. 口 yat^ (liaa ^au, an individual, —-^ 口 yat) (hau t*it^ wok^, an iron cooking pan* * 口 资 J yat^ . , ts'at) ^kiin 【fong*， seven rooms. Pi 系 ^ 間 廳 （hai (ko ^kdn ,'eugt， in the sitting room. Exception. ― Do not use ^ ^kau before the word pagoda. 1 9. Kin" is used for articles of clothing, matters of business, goods, such as balls of opium, cases in Court, cushions, &c.， &c.， mirrors, glass, &c.， as -"^ • 件 事 yatj kin^ sz*， a matter of business* — • ； yat》 kia" ^sbam, a jacket. ―' yat) kln^ on\ a case in Court. -―- -^2Jl yat) kin" muk> *pan, a board, 20. Ko> *j^， is used before the names of the human species and many inanimate objects ； no definite rule can be laid down as to its use. On the othw: hand it is absurd to say that it can be used with * other substantives when the correct classifier is unknown.' * is 人 yat》 ko》 ^yan, a man. — • yat ；》 ko) (chuiig, a hell, 21. 《Klin 卷 is applied to pictures, maps, plans, books, as:— (sliii ^kiin, hooJcs. * 卷 地埋圖 yat》 tei^ 'l^i ^t*6, a map. 22. ^Kwun is applied to needles, nails, pencils, fifes, flutes, flageolets, pipes, water-pipes, quills, and tubular objects, &c" as: ― yat> ^kwiin ^chara, a needle, — * yat) (kwiin (siU, a flute, 23. (Man is used for cash and coins, &c,， as: — yat^ ^man* 'ts*ln*, a cask* j^— » ^^Jr yat》 《rnan* ^ngau 【t84a*, a doUan 24. Min^ 面 is applied to gongs, looking-glasses, shields, &c., as:-— ' 面 yat) min^ ^lo, a gong, ' V— • p0 yat〉 mix?' keng'f* a looking-glass. • 肉 jjl^ yat》 mfn^ ^t'ang ^p*di tfp^, a rattan shield. _ 一 —— ， CLASSIFIERS. 53 CLASSIFIRRS. 25. ^l(m 門 is applied to pieces of artillery, anchors, rudders, matters of business, &c.， as : ― —- 門 包 yat^ (imin p'du)， apiece ofartiUety. ― ZjlT 'g、 yat^ (mUa ^sbangf y?, a business* ' 門 yat^ (miia sz" yfp^, a matter of business* 26. Nap J * 立 is applied to seeds, grains, buttons, grains of sand, shot, peanuts, fleas and other ver:nin, mites (of humanity), spots on the person, &c., as: ― 申立 叙 yat) nap》 《腿, a button. "~ ' ^JL 星 yat> nap》 ^sing, a star. 27. "xsgiin 肖艮 is used with, or for, needles, lamps, nails, wells, &c., as : 一 目艮 yat) 'ugan ^cham, a needle, 28. ； m is used for articles that can be grasped though not confined to such things alone, as, knives, umbrellas, a head of hair, torches, a bunch of chop- sticks, sheaves of grain, or large bundles of grass, firebrands (both literal and figurative,) as: 一 一杷刀 、- at) V (t^>， « , —-' ^fi yat) (clie, an umbrella. 29. ^Pan is applied to tableau vtvant, as : ― ^」 yat》 ^pan shik), a tableau vivant, 30. P《at) 匹 is used for horses, &c., as: ― l^t^ J 爵 yat) p'at) 'ma, a horse, 31. ^P'ln is used with essays of all kinds, as : ― TjJ^ -^' yat) (p'in jnan ^chong, an essay. Note. 一 in is here used in a different manner to what it is when it is used with the word book, as ： ― jat) (p'in ^shii. In this connection it is not a Classifier but means a page of a boo " 32. Pv is used for trees, vegetables, &c., as : ― 一翁齒 )'at) 《― • ' -. • ' yatj (p'o te'oi), a vegeiable. 33. 鋪 is used with bed, as: 一 "鋪牀 'vat> ' ' ' "- ■ ~ - — ^ 資 54 CLASSIFIERS. CLASSIFIERS. 35. ^Pun is used for volumes of books, acts of plays, &c" as: ― ― yat^ (piin ,hii， a hook* — ' ^Zji yatj (piin M〜 an act (of a play), 36. P*ung" is applied to bad odours, and walls, &c" as: ― — • yatj p'ung" (ts'ui, a stench. — • yat) p*uug-^t8*ong, a wall. 37. ^Shing is applied to carriages, sedan chairs, &c., as: ― yat) (slung ^kiu*, a sedan chair. ~ • 乘 車 yat》 ^shing (ch'e， a carriage. 38. ^Sho is used with buildings, places, &c., as : ― * 所 花 圍 yat) ^slio ^fa 々'iiii， a garden. 39. Shu) 个 盧 is used with places, &c" as: 一 一 處地坊 yat, sM)t tei- /ong, a place. 40. Tai^ 帶 is used with walls, trees, &c , as: ― — * 1^ yat^ tdi) ^wai ^ts'ong, a surrounding walL « jjipj* yat^ tAi shii^ muk^, a row of trees. 'ij^ y^*> tai^ (sliui, a neighbourhood, or locality^ 41. T"o 首 is used for spots, or marks, &c.， &c -， as: 一 ； ^iJj yat^ tat^ te'r (fong, a spot， a place, ' 哲 印 跡 yat》 tdt。 yan， tsik), a mark, 42. (Tail is used as a Classifier of trees, as: ― ' ^ 樹 yat> ^tau sbu", a tree. 43. ^I'm 點 is applied to dots, spots, hours, drops of fluid, souls, inspirations, actions of the mind, &a， as: ― • yat^ \im ^ling ^wan, a soul. " ~ ' 譯 1^ 實瘦 t 幾 （tfm ^li"g (ke, a sudden inspiration^ a happy thought. • yat^ Sim (h6 ^sam, a kind heart, 44. ^inf? 丁兩 is applied to hats, caps, sedan chairs, &c.， as : ― ' T 胃 yatj (ting 【kiii*, a sedan chair. ~ ' 》'at》 （teng1 W, a hat. Note. 一 This word is often pronounced 'teng. It is pronounced (tiug or Seng when speaking of a sedan chair; and 《teng when referring to a hat or cap. It is however very generally in colloquial pronounced (neng when used with the word hat、 as : ― yat ；》 （ncng 'm6*, a hat jr ― CLASSIFIERS. 55 ' CLASSIFIERS. 45. T'l'Po 貝占 is applied to charms, plasters, as: 一 一貝 S 特 yat) t'ipo fii", a charm. ' ' 貼 臂 藥 yat) t'fpo ^k6 yok^, a plaster. 46. ^T*iu 條 is used for a handkerchief, a single stocking, a pair of trousers, a road, a street, snakes, whips, girdles, fish, worms, rivers, pieces of thread, sticks, pieces of wood, rattan, bamboo, reins, a single body or person, a passage or hall in a house, villages, seas, &c,， as : ― 一條路 W ，"卿 ―' yat^ (Viii (ho， a river. ^—- 虫它 yat) ,*M (she, a snake. "^魚 "t) Vii*, a fish. — — • yat^ (t'iii fd，， a pair of trousers, — ' yat) ^t'iu ^shaif, a piece of wood. Note. 一 With regard to the last two examples, tbe first might be translated, a length of trotisersy that being the Chinese equivalent of pair when that word is applied to trousers. In the same way the second might be rendered a length of wood, or stick of wood, i.e. a piece of wood that is not simply square, or round, or flat ； but whose predominating quality is length. 47. ^ci, or is applied to flowers, flames of fire, or the flame of a latBp, &c., as : ― ""■^ ' 杂 花 yat, ^to /a, a flower. ― yatj *to (fo, a light, 48. To" 道 is applied to charms, Imperial commands, &c.， &c,， as: ― —- ；直 yat ；〉 t5> a charm, * 消 曰 yat) to" shing^ (ch" an Imperial command. -―- yat》 t6' ^nian (sliii, a despatch. 49. To" is not always applied to places over, or through which one can pass. It is used for bridges, doors, an official residence, or office, a despatch, seas, rivers, embankments, staircases, &c" as: 一 ―- 度 yat^ to" ^k'lii, a bridge. — « yat) to' (radn, a door. — — * 、j^ yat^ to" ^hoi, a sea. — » yat) to" ^laa ^t*ai, a staircase, 50. (T'oi 1^ is applied to theatrical plays, &c" as :— 1^ yat t*oi M), a play. 56 CLASSIFIERS. 嘈 CLASSIFIERS. 61# ^T*ong is applied to curtains, suits, ladders, &c" as : ― —―' tjj 長 yat ；》 ^t*ong ^rnan cbong^, a mosquito net, * 堂梯橫 /'ong (t'ai ^wat]g, a ladder. 52. Tso" is applied to houses, pagodas, temples, hills and mountains, cities, idols (images), lighthouses, forts, &c.， as: ― ' )^ yat) tso" Wi\*， a temple, ' ' yat> tso" t'ap^, a pagoda. ' yat) tso" 【lau*， a house, —- yat^ tso" ^ts*z (t'oiig， a monasterj/, 53. 《Tsun is used with idols, Buddlias, and sometimes with cannon, as :— —―^ ^ yat^ ^tsuu fety a Buddha, Note.— This Classifier is only used with the word cannon by literary men. No. 25 is the one oftener and more commonly used, 。 54, (Tsung 宗 is applied to cases in cotirt, affairs, business matters, &c., as : ― yat^ 《tsung sz~ kon\ a matter. — - yatj ^tsuiig i)u〉 kin^, a case. 55, Tlln- 段， or 端 ^Tun is applied to pieces of news, or pieces of ground, essays, &c" as: — * ^-yt yat) tiin" (man tsz^, an essay, ^ yat> tiini ^kwti, a story of olden time3, 56, (T'iin 團 is applied to earth, cotton, snow, whatever can be held in the hand, and harmonious feelings, good intentions, &c.， &c,， as ― ' 團 7^ yat) ^t'un sin, a roll of thread. 圈 ^t'iin ^nai, a limp of earth. . 團 yat^ ^t'iin wo^ M), a peaceful time. 57, Wai- 位 is applied to respectable persons, &c" as : ― ZZ; 位 先 生 cS"m 'wai* a clod, used in the book language as a Classifier of pearls, beads and similar articles nap^ is the word which should be used in the Colloquial. 3. ^ong a square, is used in the book language as a Classifier of squares of ink, iakstones, junkets of beef, mutton, pork, &c. Note. ― Tills latter however might be rendered in English by the words square^ or piece, and might be looked upon as a partitive construction. LIX. The following is a list of words generally included in Lists of Classifiers, but omitted in this book from the List of Genuine Classifiers given above, and for the most part consisting of Nouns used partitively, f 1. Ch'an" p ^， is u^ed with showers, times, noises, fits of temper, gusts, puffs, and flashes of light, as: 一 — * yat) chan" ^fung, a gust of wind. ' "^(^ jatj cban" 《kwong， a flask of light, ―' yatj clian" "yii, a shower, ―— yat》 chan" (fo a fit of anger, 2. Cliiit。 ； is used for rolls, or packages, bunches of flowers, bundles of papers and letters, as: 一 —― jjfjj 3^ vatj chat^ (ch" a bundle of paper, or papers^ 一禾 L 花 yat》 chat^ /a, a bouquet tjj^ 札藝 《ko cbat^ ye, that bundle of things. 3. Chli" ijgt is used with regard to incense, as 一 — yatj cliu' ^hong a bunch of incense sticks, • 4 ， ^ 58 CLASSIFIERS. CLASSIFIERS. 4. Chiin) 串 is applied to anything strung together, as a string of cash, or beads, as: ― ' 串 3^ yat) chiiu^ (cliii, a string of beads, 5. Fd》 g|| is used for sets of beads, tools, buttons, bedding, writing materials, bed-boards, coffins, &c.， as: ― * 副 t 臺 yat) fu^ (to'i V, a set of chairs md tables. ' ^ij yat) fii) kd> ^cli'aiig, a set of implements, ^ 局 (I yat^ fu^ ^cli'ong ^sliangt, a coffin^ or set of coffla boards, (generally applied to one when bought before death.) 6. (Hong a column of words, or row of objects, or men, &c., as: ― — • ■ 了. ynt^ (hong tsz", a colum n of character, 7. ^Kwu 1^ is applied to shares in business and heads of essays, &c.， as: ― —-^ yat^ ， ]^ (ting, kik^, or 上 shong^ to the Adjective, as : ― ^ch*ong, long ； 至 chi) ^ch*ong, longeaL 好 ^h5, good', 項 好 Siug (hi), the best, yai, bad; ； |^ kik^ 'yai,* the worst. 《lii), good ； shong *b6, the lest. Remark. The last form is also used as a Comparative, as : ― shong^ fo) iuperiar goods. Note 1, 一 — . ^jjp tai^ yat^ *h6, literally, " No, 1 good," is sometimes used when in EnglUh we would say, the ft«8<. ADJECTIVES. Gl ADJECTIVES. Note 2. ― -|-* slmp》 （fan used before au Adjective should be rendered b*y t?cr^ aud the Superlative Degree, or the latter alone as the sfense may direct ；， as : ― ！轰 sliap) ^fan 'yiin, vtvij /ar, or very far indeed, ^-j-* shap^ (fau bo, ver^ goody or the best. Note 3. 一 In a sentence with a Verb best is better relegated to the end of the sentence though it is permissible to put it at the beginning, as : ― '^jj^ clii) (lid 《kom 。r 瞰做 至好 Pg^ - ch(» (h6 l。k。' 。r 極;^ 係橄做 kik^'ho Lai- (kom tso-, or 微做 係極好 'kom tso" liar kik^ 'ho, it is best to do it so, or • to do it so is best. But with 十分好 sliaPi /an ; without it the figures would stand for 110, as: ― — « ' pak^ The one, it will be noticed, is al?o omitted before figures, as : ― bundred and one instead of a or oi>e hundred and one. Ienc;t may be introduced be- tween any of the figures expressing numbers ms: -|— ^1 • yi" slmp^ ^leng-f yat), ticeuiy and one, or between nil of them, as - — * |E| \ ' yut^ pak^ Jeiigf yi" shap^ Jeiigt ；)' at), one hvudred and twenty and one. but it is better for the liegiimer to use it sparingly, except when its use points out what in English is shown by the iusertiou of a cypher between tlie figures. LXXI, In speaking of time an ambiguity may arise as to -whether for instance the speaker means "half past one," or "an hour and a half," unless something else is said as well which will show clearly what is meant, as: ― * yat) (tim ^cliungj wLicb may mean, one o clocks or one hour. Note. 1. ― To make sure as to wliicli is meant it is often as w6ll to ask questions similar to tlie following : 一個 陣 時 打 、祖 ■ 點 鐘 未 呀 Ko) chair ^shl 'ta clio yat) *^i'm clinhg mei' a' / Had it struck one o'd"ck then ？ To be fol lower! by the questions 係 ' 戰 [1^ ^kom liar yat^ (ti'm lok 。？ Then it was one o'clock ？ 要 成 iW- @ fft Ha'r yin ^sheugT Sim ^clmnp: ^lai tso' m^? Bid it tafte a whole ho or to do ？ If in the latter cnse tliis is not wlint was meant, the answer will be something like the followin- 係 陣 B 寺係一 累 {^、 鐘 ^ ko> chun^ ^slif liai^ yat) Si'm ^chung lok。， no、 it was one o'clock then. Remark. ― It is by snch methods that one has to resolve the precise facts out of what seem ambiguous statements in Cliiuese. Note 2. 一 At the same time it must be remembered that where there seems no want of clearness in the English context, the contrary may be the case in Chinese, owing to the want of tense and other matters incident to the language ； so it is better that the foreign student should use bo me word or phrase, when a certain length of time is meant, to show without doubt to tlie Chinese hearer that such is the meauiug and that an hour of tbe day is not iuteaded. ： " —— ： ~" ^ 64 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND DATES, NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. Note 3. ― A reference to the old English style of stating the hour and its meaning will show the Chinese idiom, which is the same : ― e.g. seven of the dock, i.e. seven hours of the clock or seven strokes of the clock as it is in Chinese. LXXIL The same order is observed in the construction of a phrase represent- ing time on the clock, &c. as in phrases denoting weights, &c.， as: ― 六 觀 ^Ji luk) \im piiii\ half past six. 八 (過) * (個） 骨 P4t。 ^tim (k、vo，） yat) (ko，） kwat》， a quarter past eifjht. 五 i 々^個 字 (t"n sz' ko' tsz-, or 五譯 f^j ""g 'tlm tdp。 sz'， twenty minutes past five* - 三 觀 （過， or 零) 十 個 顿 呢 （sdm ("m (kwo', or ^lengt) shap^ ko) min (ni， te}i minutes past three, 、 LXXIII. 多 (to (sliM is often used in Chinese when speaking approxi- mately of a number and has the sense of more or less ； or it may be often rendered by some^ or a few, with a nearer approach to the idea in the Chinese mind when using it. When used with a definite number it may also be rendered by there- abouts, as well as by more or less, as : — 7^ /J^ flj^ "yau (to 、liM (hai sliii), there are more or kss, or there are a f&w、 or there are some. /J^ p 係 "yau sliap) ko) (to (sliiii ^liai slin ， there ore ten or there- abouts, or there are ten more or less, LXXIV. The Ordinal Numerals are represented in Chinese by the use of tai" with the Cardinal Numerals, as : ― 第 ~ ' tai- y 气 first (or No, 1). Note l.— ^l^ ko, is generally used after them in the higlier numbers ； it may be used, however, or not with all of them. Note 2. ― tai" yi" is also used to mean next, or another as 月 tai" yi^ ko> yiit^, next month, or another month. DATKS. As the Ordinal Numerals are largely used in dates it may prove useful to the beginner to have their combination with other words noted. Note. 一 That in Colloquial there are uo distinctive names for the days of the week, or month ； but that like qiialcers the Chincso largely use the Ordinal Numerals for this purpose. Id speaking of years they are commonly called the fi'r&t, second, and so on years of such and such a reign, though the cycle of sixty years is also used. ir* "~ - ~ 一 ^ NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND DATES. —— , 65 NUMEBAL ADJECTIVES. LXXV. In giving the date the Chinese invert, according to our ideas, the order of the words. The year comes first, then the month, and finally the day, as : ― 同' 治十年 八 月十三 sT(ung Chi 之 shap^ ^nin pdt^ jiit^ shap^ 《sdm, the thirteenth of the eighth moon of the tenth year of T^ung ChL • 四 月 初 七 (ch《o ts《at ；》, the seventh ofihefourth moon. Note. ― That as in English it is not necessary, when it is quite plain from the context that the day of the month is meant, to say day ； the word day is left out, as in the sen- tences above. The Cliiiiese carry this further than the English, for the last denomination of anything tnentioued, when others are mentioned before it, is not expressed, the number of such a denomination only being given, as: ― ； -— 乂 L yat、 ko》 （kau ^ngan 'tsfn*, one dollar and ninety {cents understood), (lit. one [C.] nine silver cash.) — ' pat^ ^sHn ，at)， eight mace and one (candarin understood.) LXXVI. The word 初 （ch'o is used before the days of the moon (or Chinese month) from the 1st to the 10th inclusive, and even if the word month does not occur in the conversatiou the use of this prefix shows when the first ten days of the month are spoken of that the number which follows it refers to a day of a month, and not to anything else. 、 Nothing is prefixed to the numbers representing the re- maining two thirds of the days of the month, as : 一 ― (cli'o yaty tJie jirst of the mom. — ^-^ —I shap^ ^sanif the thirteenth. LXXVII. It is a very common division to make of the month into three, and when one is uncertain as to the exact day when anything occured, &c.， instead of saying in the beginning, middle, or end of the month, though all these terms are used, it is more common to say, 初 幾 （cli^o ^kei, 十 幾 shap^*kei and 什 幾 ye-, or yd" (k6i， or 二 十 幾 yi" shap^ ^kei, as: — 初 幾 打 風 殿 cCh*o ^ei (td ^fung kaa^ there was a storm in the 1st decade of the moon. 我十 幾翻去 歸鄉怀 ^ngo shap^ (kd ^ hui* 《kwai ^liong "ha, I rttumtd home in the 2nd decade of the moon. 什 幾 有 囘 音 *kei -yau ^wtli ^am kwa', / think there will 6e em ansrcer in the 3rd decade of the moon. Note.— Tlie beginning of the month Is rendered as 月 頭 yiit^ ^fan. Tbe middle ，， ，， 月 中声 "cbung. The end " ，, 月 ^yut^Wu Bemark. 一 yiit^ (clmng also means in the coarse of the month. ： ~~ ， 66 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND DATES. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES, LXXVIII. The word ho" is used after any and every day of the English month, and this when the word month occurs in the sentence shows (sometimes the context will show it otherwise) that the number of which ho' forms a suffix refers to a day of the English month, as: ― ' — * yat) ho", the first of the month [English)^ supposing that wlmt has been already said shows that it is a day of the month that is being spoken of. _^jf^L """^^ ^Ying ^yan yi" ho", the second of the Engllsk month (lit. English man 2nd da 社 [of month understood]^) 英 月 (f^) 二 十 號 《Ying y^^t^ (fair) yr slmp^ lio', the twentieth of the English month. LXXIX. New Year's eve is called 年" 呀腕 ,nin ^sd* "mdri .i.e. the night of the thirtieth of the year, notwithstanding whether it really is the 29th, or 30th of the month ； for, owing to the Chinese month being variable in its length, (some months having twenty-nine days and others thirty) it sometimes happens that the day that is so called is only the 29th of the month. LXXX. New Year's day is 年 初 ~" - (Tu'ri (ch《o yat^, i.e. the first day of the year. LXXXI. A month of thirty days is known as 月 yiit) tar, a large month^ and one of twenty-nine as 月 yiit^ (sl"ii， a small month. 'J hese are the respec- tive number of days in a Chinese month. Note. 一 It lias already been said (See Dates under Ordinal Numbers No. LXXIV), that the Ordinal numbers are employed hi dates. It will however be found that : 一 (a.) With regard to years it is sufficient and more correct to say， for example, IHT^ S'r'ung Chi" ^sam ^nui, the third year of Taxing Chi, without using the tai" before the ^sam, &c. [b.) With regard to the months of the year the same lioWs good, as:— ps^ 月 (kam (tifn pat^ yiit^, ike eighth month of this yeor. Exception. ― This only holds good when Numerals are employed; for example, it is impossible to put tai" before ^ching, as: ― 月 ^ching yilt^, the first month of the year. In fact this uiontb may be said to be the only one which lias a name, as above, applied to it in colloquial, for though "iP (ching may mean tlie first wlieu applied to months it is not a Numeral. It is worth notliiug that ^ching thus used is in a different tone to what it is In when ifc is used otherwise, theu it is pronounced 、^ ching • It may further be noted that if the word tai" is nsed before 月 yiit^ it should then be rendered into English by the first month that say such and such a thing happened, irrespective of whether ― —— ■ NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND DATES. 67 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. it be the first moutb of the year or not. It is not then to be considered as the first month of the regular year, (c.) There is likewise no need to use the tai" before the days of the English, or Chinese montlu Before tbe first ten days of the Chinese month it is impossible to use it as there is no place for It to come in. {d.) tai" can only be used in connection with the days of the week in the following mauuer, as for instance, the third day oj that week, jjjffi ^£ 日 （ko ko* ^ai pdi) tai" ^sam yat^. LXXXII. The names of the days of the week are ia Cantonese, as follows ：一 Sunday 禮拜 （日） '(lai pai' (yat, Monday 拜 ~ » 'lai pdi〉 yat^. Tuesday 自―二 "lai V^" Wednesday ―^^ ^ai pai' 《sdnu Thursday 纏拜四 '"^^ pai^ sz\ Friday 禮妹五 ""g, Saturday 禮 ^ 六 "lai pai' lak^. LX XXIII. The 日 ）'at〉 in jj^ 日 "lai p4i》 yat〉 can be dropped whenever the context shows plainly that thej^ "lai pa 卩 used alone refers to the day and does not mean " week," for jjj 詈 'lai pai' alone also means "week." 一- ^j® tai" J? ko〉 "lai pdf Jai, means, come next week. Note. ― The difference between Sunday and Monday when tbe 日 yat^ is used is very subtle to the English ear: it consists only in a different tone to the last word, as: 一 Sunday 纏拜 3 -lai pdi' yat^. Monday 纏 拜 • "lai pui' )'at). LXXXIV. The Distributive Numerals are represented in Chinese by the re- duplication of the Cardinal Numerals, accompanied by ko)， as : ― , • jatj ko》 yat^ ko^ (lai, come one by one. • Note.— ^|^， or chuk) ko)， or cbak^ ko， clmk^ ko，, is also used for one by o/ie, or each hy each, LXXXV. The Numeral Adverbs, once, twice, thrice, to be turned into Chinese must be translated from their literal meaning in English into Chinese, as: ― I did it mce, i.e., I did it on one occasion — • 'ngo tso* kwo) yat) cbong^. Strike him once, i.e., Strike hira one time 打 f 巨 ~* • "k'ui yat) 乜 i I hare been twice, i.e., I have been two times ^} 与 "ngo Imi) kwo) ^Jong ^wan. I have heard him Ucice^ i.e., I have heard Irm two times |gj "ugo t'eugl "k*ui hong wiii" lo). in ， 68 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. LXXXVL Amongst expressions denoting time such as the following are of frequent occurrence ； ― The time it would take to drink a cup of tea, -^ji^ — • p^' jjjj^ (yam yat) (pui ^cb'a kom》 noi", or ^noi*. Tlie time it would take to driuk a cup of hot tea, — — • 《yam yat^ (pui yit ^ch*a kom》 noi". The time it would take to eat a meal of rice, • 而 f sliik^ yat) (ts(an faa" kom》 noi". The time it would take to eat a bowl of rice, — - 而 量 shik^ yat》 Vila fan^ kom》 noi". The time it would take to smoke a cigar, — • 口 jj^ jj|j^|^jsluk^ yat) (Imu ^ ^pin must be translated either as， who, or which. If an animal, or some inanimate object then it must be trans- lated by which. Likewise remember when doing the converse, i.e. puttin:; one of these English words into Chinese to get hold of the appropriate Classifier for what is spoken about, as for instance if you want to say which table, or the word which alone, referring at the time to a table, do not on any account say 個 jm'u ko》, for ko) is not the Classifier to use with table, but say 張 jn'n ^clibng. Note.— That ^pln is used with all the Classifiers just in the same vray fts —-, 一 ynty yi\ ^saia, one^ t/ireCf and all the' other Numerals would be used with all the Classifiers. This seems simple and pluin enough aud yet somo of our dictionaries SB- PRONOUNS. 71 PRONOUKS. for the use of English-speaking people learning Chinese have fallen into the error of saying that jpin ko) is who, or which ！ ！ ！ Why not say at once that — • yat) ko) is one, aud theu add on each of the Classifiers in tarn to — • yat, and state, that • curious to say the Chinese have many ways of expressing one, in fact no less than sixty*? (For there are nearly sixty different Classifiers in Cantouese.) This would be as much the fact as saying tliat (piii ko》 meaut who^ or which. The importance of the matter is great and it is not one to be thought of no consequence, and yet this class of mistakes is in daily use by foreigners speaking Chinese, most egregious error though it be, thauks in part to our dictionaries, which, if not ia error themselves, are not explicit enongh on this and kindred points. The absurdity of the thing may be further shown by adding (yan, man on to (pfa ko), for it is often used with the Noun (yan, man when referring to men (as it is with other Nouns when referring to other objects), as ： (pin ko" ^yan 10/10, or which man, and then say that these three words together mean what. XCIIL To form the Possessive Case the sign of the Possessive ke， is used, and whether it is intended to be applied to a person, or object the Classifier will again, to a certain extent if not entirely, show whether it is to be rendered in English by the Possessive whose, or which. The P 统 ke) always follows the Classi- fier, the Clcissitier however, as above, always changing according to the object spoken about, as: — 口旣 （Pin ko) ke，？ This may be whose ？ or the Xeuter according to the context, 3 旣 ^Pin (cMng ke》？ The Classifier liere at once shows thia cannot be whose. The Classifier Is one that is only applied to inanimate objects. It mast therefore be rendered by the Neuter in English. Eemark. ― In other words It maj be said that toko, whick^ or what are expressed iu Cliinese by jpin, and that the Classifier, which is always present and, which must always be the appropriate one, shows how it is to be rendered into English, there being no ambiguity in Cbiuese, as the word ^pin is common to both Genders. XCIV. The Plural of who, what, and which is formed by adding 购 ,ti to the 邊 （pin， as: ― 邊 (pin (ti. No Classifier is necessary in the Plural, irrespective of whether persons, animals, or inanimate objects are spoken of, as: ― 邊 fifi^ A (Pin ？ Wki'ch me" / 邊 Htf^ 做 • (Pi" (ti ts5^ ^lai ？ IT" (plural) did il ？ (J^^ 獸 係 (Pin 《ti ^k*am sliau^ bar (ni? Which animals are fie ones f XCV. Before Nouns the names of tilings, which are capable of subdivision with- out losing their distinctive character, the plural form is used in Chinese where in -*4 & ^ 72 PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS. English the subject in question would not be looked upon from a grammatical point of view as an aggregate of small particles each having a singular character of its own, as it is in Chinese, as : 一 邊 (^糖 係呢 （Pin (U ^t'ong hai^ 《ni? Which sugar is it f 你 邊 tlfi»l 米 "Nei tek^ (pin 《ti "mai ？ Which rice did you buy f Hi 人嚷 Mat/yan*slai? Who comes ？ 4i 野 * Mat) -ye (ni ？ What isitf XCVI. Another word is used to represent who, what, or which, viz.: — |^ mat), but -when it refers to any inanimate object the Noun, |^ 'ye, thing always follows it. When it relates to a human being the Noun, ^yan, man、 or the Pronoun, 【shui* invariably follows it. No Classifier is ever used with it, as : ― 也 誰做呢 Mat) 【sliui* ts6- Who did it? XCVII. The Possessive, when ^ mat) is used, is formed by affixing the sign of the Possessive, P 旣 ke . This is always placed after the Nouns, 人 jan, mm, or "ye, thing, or the Pronoun 'shui*, who as the case may be, as ：一 也人 ^ the house which Jell doicii. 話我知 "1010 行去 J^wii -(ngo (ko ko) ^hang+ bui' lok。, he who told me trailed atcay. 我騎 隻' 馬跌倒 P& -(ngo ,k'ei "ko chek„-ma «t。 'to lo，， the horse that I rode Jell dmcn, 我 就係講 呢個人 P& ;ngo hai^ (kong (ni ko' 严 lok。， UiUUiheman that I spoke of. 呢個人 就係帮 我口旣 sShaii? What vessel isikatf Note 2. ~ In Colloquial the mat^ is very often changed into jni in pronanciatioa. Note 3. ― mat) is only used before ^yan i«a», and 【shui*, and not with a Classifier as (pin is used. CVII. The impersonal there and it are left out in the interrogative form, as : 一 "yau Tno ？ Is tkere^ or not f RELATIVES AND INTERROGATIVES. CVIII. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns must be rendered according to the sense of the word, viz., which of the two, &c" as the case may be, as: — 呢兩個 fJ^ ，邊個 (遵 侬父親 a 旣肯 意呢， -、 g W ,pin t。， tsun ^yi fii* (ts'an ke》 （dii ji ^ni ？ Whether of them twain did the wiU of MsfaOierf DISTRIBUTIVES AND INDEFINITES. CIX. The Distributive and Indefinite Pronouns, each, either, neither 、 any, other, may be expressed in Chinese by the following words, or combiuatious, as: ― Each, "miii, as : 一^^ p [1^ 'miii ko, to^ lok^, each one was there. Note 1. ― Such unnecessary words as any are often left ont iu a Chinese sen- tence, dS ： ― 'Yaa 'mo? Are there any? Note 2. ― The Classifier (care mast be taken that it is an appropriate one) must be used witl "naui in most cases, the exceptious to the use of the Clas^Her beiug when "miii is med before Nouns of Time and Place. Either ^ ^ sbi^ tAu-, or ^ >(g ^ ^ sin-" tan-^pm ko', as:— ^ "(B ^ 10 "^j^ ahi" tan' ^pfn ko^ to ^Iio, either will do. Eitbcr. —— o'. 或 w 气 —— 或 w 气， as:— 或 呢 tJ^ 勺或 嗰 1^^ ^ak^ (ni (tf, wak (ko ^ti, either these, or those. Neither. 兩 個都唔 （。" fl) ^ong ko) tb la (or -m6), as:— 兩個都 #丁 IB -"^6ng ko> (td -in5 "k'ni, neUher of them struck him. ~ ^ "long *wai* ^to 'mo tsd; neither of them did it. 4 ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Any is understood, or it may he expressed by (ti a little, some, as : 一 個！] 的菓子 我唔食 ko> c" 'kwo (tsz kom' ^yai ^ngo 严 sl,i、 lok。， that fruit is so had I will not eat any, 樹上 有橙， 你有食 B 昀' 53^ sh&a 赫, Vail 'cb'dng* "n^i "yau sl.ik^ (ti -mo a ？ There were some oranges on the iree, did you eat any? 欞上有 < 群 ，你 有檸— ("； 多少） if 呢 【T'。i* shs'ig'- V- 【ngan*， "ndi yau ^ning (ti (or (to (sliiii) 'mb ， 《力 e other's. Each other may be expressed as follows, viz :— • ？ 1^ 巧 6ng (kd ^song oi)， they love each other, 佰她雨 個憎惡 培 似你: rt 攀, 我' If f 宇 瞰，、 'uit"i"i 6 "g Ico) tsaiig wu\ ^1»6 "t'sz 'n^i 《tsang "iigo, "ngo ^tsaiig "nei ^Kom ke)， they hated one. another (i.e. tliey two hated, as if you hated me and I Imted you). ex. Self IS expressed by 自已 tsz" ^kei with the Personal Pronouns, as: 一 Myself, 我自已 'ngo tsz" ^kei, (/ myself). Youraelf, 自 tsz" Hid'? Ilai^ tsz^ (kiii ts6^ ke' lok . Did he do it himself? Yes, he did it himself. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS AND VERBS. 77 ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. A man's own self, — • 自 己 yat) ko) (yan tsz" ^kei. Men's own selves, or people themselves, 自 ^yan t^" tsz' (k^L CXI, Selfis also often expressed by 本 身 （pun ^shan (own body), as: 一 係你本 身傲样 HaiA 'nei pun (slian tso' 严？ Did you do U yoursdff Mjself, himself, &c , are formed in the same way with yj^ ^piin (shan as with 自 tsz 更 ^^i, as given above. CXIL Self would be used in English where the Chinese often make use of the following and similar expressions, as : ― 親 眼 ts' 肌 ^gau ； ^t3*aD V ； ts'an (shau» Ac, as ：一 你親耳 聽見啤 、6i c^*^ (t'engl kin) me ？ Did yw hear U ymrsel/f (Le. with your own ears). 你親眼 見但辟 '^^ ^ts*an -ngan kin' Vui 严？ Didyau see him ^ursd/f fi.e. with your own eyes). • ，係你 親:^ 傲 唔係呢 ^ ^'- ha?- c&' 胆 c» hai^ ("？ did you do U yovrsdff (i e. with your own body). 係， 4^ Pf 係?^ 〜係我 親手做 咯 ，咖 严 " 6， ？ 'ngo (ts an ^shttu Uo" ke) lok。， yes、 icky not f I did it mysdf、 (Le. with my own hands). Note. 一 That the 自 tsz^ ^kel seff, Le. myself^ yourself, &c>, always immediately follows the Personal Pronoun, and is not placed at the end of the sentence as sometimes in Englidu He sold U kimsdf、 sucb a construction in Chinese if literally followed might be thought to mean that the man sold himself— in fact it woald be unintelligible. The proper construction in Chinese is， he himself sold it, as : ― 但自記 賣口旣 mai^ "》 lok。, he kimsdfsold U. '- • ' VERBS. CXIIL The Active and Passive Voices are distinguished as follows : ― IS IS 捉 老鼠 ko) mau chuk^ 'Jo Shu, the cat catches rcUs. 個 老鼠被 1^ 從倒 Vdia p^i^ ^mau chuk^ 'to lok^Aeraiu caugki by the cat: CXIV. The Passive Voice is but seldom used in comparison wilh the Active ； therefore the learner must use it but sparingly, preferring the Active Voice to it, and should generally turn all Verbs in the Passive Voice in English into the Active in Chinese. —— 78 VERBS. VERBS. CXV. Other Verbs are sometimes used in combination with the principal Verb in some cases when it is of importance to give prominence to the ideas conveyed by the use of Moods and Tenses in English, subject to what follows. CXVL There are no special raodes of expression that will serve to differentiate the Infinitive, Indicative, or Imperative except the positions of the words in the sentence, or the context, or obvious meaning, as : ― ^M,Icome. f 巨嚷 kM) -k'ui ^lai, tell him to come, tso" ^h5 ^yan, he a good man, * 人你莫 係好難 口蔚、 ts6)- S， 'n^i slin' bai^ (hd 严 kwa', you probably think- it is very hard to he a good man. *f 卑 BjQ "^|> ， / hace read it. 6 勾碟略 （chiug wan sai* bk。, 做 曉 tsO- fl"ii， Vti i» Jiiiuhed. 3. To show future time Adverbs, or Adverbial phrases of future time are added to the Verb to qualify it, and bring out into prominence the idea of future time ； for it is to be remembered that time ― all time ~ is already inherent, as it were; in the Chinese Verb ； the object of these auxiliary words is to bring out into view so plainly the particular phase of time meant, that there shall be no mistake about it. 後 jia hau", >^ (tsiing (loi^ &c., &a， &c», are such Adverbs of futurity, as: ― - 'ngo (tsdng \kA liui)， T shall go (by and by). '^C ""o^ ^ym bau^ tbO', / shall do U ajtarwards (Le. after the present Urae). CXXIV. The mere changing in some cases of the tone of the Verb into the Third Kising Tone is sufficient tu show that the action is completed. 我話 你知 '"SO wd^ ^nei (Chi, I tell you (or I said to you ― )• 講成唔 f 呢 'K。nS 户" g*sm ^ts*aug (iii? h the iiuUter settled f 你 幾時到 呢 \、'd 户 to' W/teu did 'jou arrive ？ -ago 'wa* lok。， / have said it. 成 略 'sbeng* lofco, a " 十豁鐘 (到 P& shapa Sim ^chuDg (td 搴 loko, / arrived at te» o'clocL Remark. 一 When the word is already iu the Upper Rising Tone, the emphasis, which is sometimes thrown ou it to mark, the Past Tense prolongs the tone ~ in short the voice rises during a longer space of time in uttering the word, as for example in ^hiii, to nndersland. That U to say it h changed fiom the Upper, or First Bisiug Toue to the Third Rising Tone. AuJ this likewise Kould be the case with a word, vhicli might happen to be in the Lower Eising Tone. '4t 82 VERBS. VERBS. CXXV. In the Lower Entering Tone the word, in such cases, is uttered what must be called for want of a better name an Entering Eising Tone, as: ― 讀 書未呀 T 气 chan" ^shi *ta (cho. Perfect of continued action, [To] hate been smiting, 個 時 已 打 ^ ko> (sW 'yi king (ta (kan. PARTICIPLES. Imperfect, smiting, "jj^ (hi (kan. Perfect, having smitte.i. Si ft ^^ing *ta *cho. Perfect of continued action, having been smiting, ； ko' chs slii 'yi king *ta (kan. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Indefinite Tense, I, 4'C. smite, 我， 打 -ago, &c. ^a. Present Imperfect Tense, I， ^c. am smiting, ^^， &c. "ngo, &c. ^ta ^kan. Present Perfect, I、 4^. have smitten^ &c ^ 丁 'ngo, &c. (ti *cho. Present Perfect of continaed actiou, i, 4^. have been smiting^ ^^， &c. 'ngo, &c. tsau" hai^ (td lai. Past Indefinite Tense, I、 ^c. mote^ 我, &c. 打 H 眼 "ngo, 4:c. Sa ^cho. Past Imperfect, I、 4'c. was smitiup, ^^， &c. 個 時 緊 "ngo, &c. ko) 《shf ^ta *kaiL Past Perfect, I， ^. had smitten, 我， &e. dj^ 就係 ""go* 、。 ^sW tsau^ liai^ ^ta 《cho* Past Perfect of continued action, /, ^. had been smiting, 我， 個陣時 已輕 *ugo, &c' ko, chan~^sbi "yf (king bai" (tA (kan. Future Indefinite Tense, /, #c. shall smite, 我, 將 來 ^ -ugo, &c. ^tsoug ^loi *td. Future Imperfect Tense, /, ^c. shaU be smiting, 我， &c. 後 來 打 翠 "ngo, &c. bau^ loi (ti 《kan. -4 84 VEEBS. VEKBS. Future Perfect Tense, I, 4'c. sha.ll have been smitUy, 將來 Uf^ 陣 B 寺 卖 lj， 我， &c. 已 ^ 呼且 Js(3ug ^loi ko' Chan- 'slii* to"*, 'iigo, &c. 'yi king (ta ^cho lo). Future Perfect of continued action, /, 4'C, shall have been smitiuy^ 日# 到' 我， &e, 已 經 係 打 緊 "ig «loi ko' chair 'shi* to', V, &e. V king hai" (U ^kau. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Smite, 打 'ta. CXXIX. For the Subjunctive Mood use 或 wuk 么， or ybk^, or these "with hai", or similar words before the Tenses of the Indicative as given above, either immediately following the Pronouns, or use such words without any Nominatives expressed at all, as: ― 1 巨 "k'ui wak^ ^lai, he may come, 我 若 f®， 你卩 § 使去 -(ngo y^'S slai， "nt^l rn (slmi luii\ if I shoidd come, you need not go, CXXX. The Impersonal form of the Verb, there is, or there are is not used in Chinese. Its equivalent is simply ：宵 "yau, have and "uio, not hav€, or noue, nothing. CXXXI. In the cases where in English the impersonal it is used, iu Chinese the Verb in some case precedes the Noun, as:— pl^ lok "yii, it raim. lok^ siit^, it s notes, Pl^ lok 么 tai' 'yii, it 7*ains heavily, CXXXIL In other cases the Chinese prefer to use the simple and more natural form where the Noun is expressed, and the Verb follows it, as : 一 (fung ^ch'ui, the tviad Hows, CXXXIIL For the Passive Voice use pei^ before the Verb in its different Tenses as given above, the person or agent being expressed, if in no other way by the impersonal, ^yan, so7neone, CXXXI V. Where emphasis is expressed in English by do， it may be rendered in Chinese by shat^, or J£ ^chan ching^, &c" as: ― t^. if-* "ngo (clmn cliing) oi> ^nei, / do (really) love you, ^ -4 VERBS. 85 VERBS. CXXXV. A number of auxiliary words, particles in some cases, Verbs and other parts of speech in other cases, are used with Chinese Verbs at certain times, and have the effect of rendering clearer the meaning of the Verb, as regards the time of being and action. They also limit and define the nature of the being, or action expressed by the Verb (see Paradigm of Verb); but if rendered into English, literally these words have the contrary effect to what they have iu Chinese. Many of these words are given, and the manner of their use exemplified elsewhere in this book. CXXXVI. Interrogative sentences are formed in several ways. 1. By simply giving a rising intonation to tlie word, or last word in the sen- tence very much the same as in English, as : ― 係 【Hai" Test 危係離 -K^ui hai" 'lai* ？ Has he comet 2. By the simple addition of an Interrogative Particle at the end of the word, or sentence, either taking the place of the Affirmative Final Particle, where such is used, or in some cases forming a suffix to it. Practice and a careful attention to good speakers will teach the proper use of these, as : ― 係 哮 Hai-^me? Test 'fe Haii lo> (me? Is it so f 3. A most common form is the Interrogative-Negative. 係 唔 係 Hai- (m bar? Is it so, or naif 有： ^h'au -mo? fs there a»y, or not f 4. It often happens that Nos. 2 and 3 are combined, as 係 唔 係 呢 (m (ni? h it so, or not? ' Note.— It will be seen that unlike the English the Sulyect of the Verb precedes the Verb iu the Interrogative sentence as well as in the Affirmative, and the Verb therefore follows instead of preceding it as In English. There are no auxiliaries to usber iu an Interrogative sentence ia Chinese. If there are any words to show that it is Interrogative they close the sentence, as: 一 個 人係今 朝嚼驟 Ko〉 syan hai" (kam 《chiti ^lai lo' me? Ok! Did the man come this morn ii^fj ？ ' 係食 也野呢 '^'^ matj "ye (Di? What does he {or she, ct it) eat? 多 0^ tj^ Ha^ kom) (to (lai lo) , J 我唔 做得、 smts5>-tak,，h_ ^&仏 我 做唔得 -'ng。W '严' 哬 CXLIY. The Negative follows an Adverbial Phrase of time, as: 一 3^ none at present. 呢 H$ 有 ch'an^ '«!"'* W lok,, none at this time. CXLV. The simple Affirmative and Negative, yes and no, are generally represented in Chinese by the words -yau there is, or the Verb to have, or 係 hai- it is, and "mo there is not, or not to have, or 唔 係 hai" it is not respectively, as: ― >^ 'yan Tn6, Is there OMt/t » 'yan, there is some. 係顿 晤係 Hai; *kom 严 W? It u so, or not* 唔係喊 _(in hai- 'kom, it ii not so. ^ «4 88 VERBS. VERBS. Note. 一 It might be said, that the words 7^ 'yau, bai", and 'mo, jj 吾 m hai' are so largely used In making statements, and asking questions in Chinese, that in accordance with Eeraark under CXXXIX, they often come into the reply in Chinese wlicre in English a simple, yes, or ■no would suffice. In some cases they simply represent the English Verba have、 did, to be, &c,， and the Negative employed together with these Verba. CXLVI. The words U 丫 hai" are often used with the meaning only of welly very well, or as a simple sign that the statement that has been made has been heard, without implying assent in any way whatever- Note. ― The most marked use, wliich I have noticed of this in this sense is in murder, or other criminal cases, when in rebuttal of a statement by an accusing witness, the prisoner will sometimes reply, 係 口了， 但係我 ^ 做至 ij 1^ 口 了 l^^u" ('孓 taa" hai" "ngo "mo tso" tb》 lai ^a, yes (or well) ； but I did not do it. The idea seems to be this ― Oh yes, I have heard what he says, or very well, that is his statement ； but the fact remains that I did not do anything of the kiud at all. It must be noted what an important part the final plays in this meaning. Eemark. ― It must be remembered that tlie Verb is not always used in Chinese where it would appear in English, upon the principle, probably, that what can be understood from the sense need not be expressed in words, as : ― . 佢有; ^有呢 我黠知 到佢呀 -'K'ui -V- tso^ ； ？ > '"m 卢 it) "k'ui fi) ？ Did he do it or not ？ How do I know (whether) he {did or not ？) CXLVII. 係 hai- ^me often represents the exclamations which are so often used in English conversation, such as : ― 但夥計 翻黎略 ；k'ui (fo k^i' (mn ^lai lok^, his partner has returned. 系 ij^ lifii- (me ？ Has he ？ 自 "ngo (m tsz" tsoi 气 / am unwell. fl^ hai" (me ？ Are you f Remark. ― These exclamations generally imply astonishment, or disbelief. CXLVIII. Nothing is Pff ^ "mo "ye, ^ W '"^^ ma*, 〜e, as:— -j^ "mo mat) sz" a*, nothing is the matter. 野 ^ "mo 'ye &，, nothing. Note.— -mo mat) though it means nothing is sometimes used in tlie sense of nothing much, or nothing particular. lu some cases its use seems somewhat similar to tlie use of notliinff in English at times, as for instance, What is the matter with you f Oh ！ nothing, ia sometimes said iu reply, when there is really something the matter, but it is either of so VEEBS. 89 VERBS. unimportant a character, or the speaker does dbC care to mnke any fuss abont it, so be sfivs, CXLIX. No one is "mo jan, or "mo ^pm ko〜 as: ― 'mo ^yan wa~, no one sa^s so, ^[ "mo jH'n ko) *kom ts5', ho one (or nobody) does so, CL. Do not is expressed by. "mai, pS, (tn ^ho, as : ― P 米 做 "-， w 唔 好 做 严 (h^> tsb\ Do not do U, "mai (tail, J)o not touch it. P 米 PH* 多事 kom) (to sz', Do not be so trouhlesome. Remark. ― There is a distinction between the two, bnt it is often lost nglit of, and the two are used interchangeably, j^j^ "mai means do not\ a simple prohibition, while m (hd has some sense in it of that it is not well to do so, and so means originally that it is not well to do it, ius ^| ' ， pS. "ngo liiin) 'ufi, (m *h6 tso', / advise you not to do it, CLL Verbs are often left out in Chinese Sentences. 1. The Verb is often understood in a Chinese sentence when it would be expressed in English, as ： 一 ^® 、I 仏 2 to yet off ； to resctie, (It necessarily implies to get off by the use of blows)* 3. With the idea of striking it is used in combinatioa with the article which is habitually struck to indicate the name of the striker, that is, the man who earns his livelihood by corjlinually striking such an object, as: 一 打鐵您 （t& t'ito %， blacksmUh. 打 銅 傻 、a (tung (1", coppersmith. 鼓 ^wii ke\ drummer, 'jj^ (ta shek) ^lo, stone^vtier. 4. It is used in the names of actions in which striking is habitually used, as: 一 t 丁 《fui ^sba, to chunam, 打灰路 /"i 16〉-， ca«tt. 5. It has the meaiiing of "by" when used with a Notin representing the way by which, or on which the progression takes place, as:— ^§ (t" hn 卩， to go by road, or by land. 7^ ^ 4" 化 2 hni), to go hy water. |Jj ， or 山 ^§ ^ta !C ？。 shik^, io bt/f/ provisions, ^ ^ VERBS. 93 VERBS. 10. It is used to express a profession, or occupation, as: ― 釋 (ti (fo kei\ an inmate of a brothel, tsip〉， a general assistant in a shop, or a coal trimmer on a steamer. ，了 2^ (^P^) (td Cpiiu (ke》)， a capitalist^ anyone who provides money for any undertaHng^ or work by some one else, 11. It has the sense of to play in the following combinations, as : ― 打 骨 牌 、^i kwat) V&*， to play ^ta ts'at) ko^.fve added to seven, CLYin. Some idiomatic uses of ^hangf, to walk. 1. It represents bodily, or physical motion, as : ― ^angt ^sbun, to proceed, or start on a voyage, or to he employed on board ship. ^hdngt 《kiU， is used in the sense of taking a walk, or to go out, 就 致行出 街 I^-"k'aitsau2ch?sMugtch、t)(kdicClie,A«Aa«(m/y/t«< gouC out. ® 行街 魄 1】 slai sh^S* \^^cime have a wali. 2. It is also used in combination with the name of the object in connection with which certain men take that physical motion which is necessary for them to undergo to perform their daily toil, as : ― 行 Hf^ n 旣 ^liangt (shiln ke)， a sailor. P 旣 Jiaugt ^kai ke^, a man who aUends to the outside business of the shop, or firm. 3. It represents actions, or conduct in the phrases ― 行 刑 t (ying, to jninish. 行 爲 S"ngt jWai, condua. ^hangt ^ai, to perform a ceremony^ ^"T jhdngt ^ts*iiig, to worship at the tombs, CLIX. On the uses of *hei which means to rise; to stand up. 1, It means in some combinations "to raise," as: ― ^2 ^ch*an 、^i， to raise. ^shan, to get up (lit. to rake the hody). ir— A t 94 VERBS. VERBS. 2. In combination with some words it means to start, to begin, as ; ― 起 首 （M 'shaa, to begin. 起 M (行） （h*^i ki3k。 (^Mngt), to start on a journey. 8. Used with ^t'au it means beginning, as: ― (hSi ^t*au*, beginning, 4. Used with >^ tso" it means to build in a generic sense and is used with respect to the building of any edifice, as : ― 起 做 ts5-, to build. Note.— 起 做 U 旣 'b^i tso- ke》， is a huilder, and 接 盤起做 口 旣 tsip。 ^p^iia *h^i tso^ ke), is a builder and contractor. The natural order of the two callings is preserved in this sentence. We say a builder and contractor ； but in so saying we reverse the order of things, as a man must first take a contract before he can begin to build, unless it be argued that the man first followed the business of a builder, and then added on to it that of a contractor. ^hei uk)， and ^h^i po^ are also used with regard to building houses : the first is used about houses, and the second about shops. These two must not be confused. In Cantonese Colloquial houses, and shops are kept quite distinct. A building, the lower story of wliich is used as a shop, or mercantile office (for there are no distinctions between the two except when the latter is a large concern and then it may be called a Jy-y ^hong) is called a p(6) aud not an uk^, which is a house in which there is no shop. 5, Used after the Verb 做 tso" it means completed, as : ― (^^) tso" (hd ((lai)， it is done. CLX. 開 Jioi has a number of different meanings. 1. It means simply and commonly "to open," as: ― ^hoi "ye, to open anything, ^lioi ^chong, to open a new shop. 2. It is used with other words to represent the commencement of many actions and deeds, as: — 、 開 (hoi (8han， to start (on a voyage). 開 (lioi kii)， the first stated price^ i.e. the price at the beginning of a bargain, lit, the 、 opening price. 3. It has to be rendered into English sometimes by "off" or " out," &<;•， as: ― 開 (hoi ^shiin, to go off to a vessel. 開 (hoi bm , to go off (to anything). (^J) 開 1^ (^hdng-f) ^oi ^lai, come nearer (to the speaker). Note. 一 開 gj^ 《hoi ^t'au, means, outside^ off there、 &c， VERBS. 95 to go ashore. VERBS. CLXI. "shong does not only mean to "go up." 1. It also means to enter in a book, as: 一 卜 'sliong 【j)d*, to enter in a hoot, 卜 "shong slio), io enter accoHfUs* Eemark. 一 Compare oar phrase to enter up accounts and other amilar expresaons. 2. It has the sense in the Chinese of, going up in the following phrases ； but the genius of our language requires it to be otherwise rendered in English, as:— 卜 i^Bf Ssh6ug (sMn, to go on hoard a vessel^ i.e. to go up on to a vesseL 卜 -sbong bok^, to go io school, to begin to stu^^ i.e. to go np to study, 上 岸 -shong ngon-, t "sboug ^kai, Remark. 一 The difference between these two is that there must be a street, or streets when the latter is used, i.e. the one must go up on to a street, or streets, and not simply up on to the land ； and a street, or streets necessarilj implies a hamlet, village, town, or dfcy. 3. The Chinese habitually say when speaking about going to the capital of the Empire, or the capital of a province "to go up" just as we say, "to go up to London," &c.， as: — 卜 *shong ^sbeugt, to go up io Canton, Le, the city. I* "shoDg ^king, to go up io the capital (of the Empire, Peking). CLXII. On some uses of the word lok^, 1. It is used in the sense of descending, falling, &c" as:— lok〉 lok。， it was sold. ^責" f$ f 巨 -(ngo mai^ p(5i Vui, Isold it to him. 孫負入 P 旣 hai* -mdi yap^ ke), it was bought. &係話 ]^7^係 唔係呀 hail wa^ ^radi yap^ hai^ m hai'- A) ？ Did you my bought^ or not ？ 4 1^- ADVERBS. 101 ADVERBS. CLXXIV. Adverbs are compared in the same manner as Adjectives. Note. ― In fact many Chinese Adjectives and Adverbs are one and the same. The distinctions of parts of speech are not marked with the clearness that exists to a great extent ill Euglish. Chinese parts of speech are more like some few English words that may be classed onder different parts of speech according to the use they are put to, as: 一 』馬 fai^ 'm^ a quick horse. 侠 ® (ti ,lai, come —Ify. 恒 嚷得快 -k'ui ^lai tak、 fai\ has come quicliff* ADVERBS OF TIME. CLXXV. Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time sometimes either precede, or follow the Verb, or often commence a sentence, instead of ending it as in English, as: ― 日 ^t*ing yat^ Jai, come to-morrow. 而家去 M ^ 画' Sjl^ [^時 ^ Chan- shi b'u lok), (he) called out at thai time. 日 ^kam yat^ (lid 《t'in， it is good weeUher to-daif. Note 1. ― 日 （t(ing yat^, to-morrow, mast uot always be taken in a literal sense, it often means simply some indefinite time in the fatare, as : ― ^ 日 |^Ui^l!$lct'ingyatulaikin>^go (Income we nKJojoi'ii. Note 2 — Tbe to which appears iu the English constrnctioa of to-day, to-night, is represented in Chinese by - (kam thts^ or the present, as 曰 （kana yat^, to~day， and ^kam "man, to-nighU Eemark. 一 In colloquial the y of 曰 yat) after (kam is changed into m. Note 3. 一 Note the difference which may exist iu meaning due to tlie Adverbial Phrase of dme occupying a different position in a sentence, as : 一 {jj^ 時 個 人 (ko ^sbi Ico) ^an ^lai, the man came tak>，"t 佢快 都寫得 ^ fAi> 'se tak, '快 都寫得 P 旣 (se tak》 ke\ it can be written qmcUy. Note. ― The insertion of the Negative even in the sentence does not alter the readiness of the Adverb of Manuer to appear in any part of the sentence, as : ― 佢唔寫 得快' k 乂 (m'setak，m，， ， tak^ ke\ V he can not write quicl ly. tsau" (ra tak^ ke)， CLXXXIV. 都 ^to used in the sense of "as well," "also" is used before the Verb, as : ― 雨 個 都 "long ko' ^to 《hai shii), the two were there also, or as well. Note. ― It appears after the Verb also in other senses, CLXXXV. 微 （kom， or 敢樣 （kom ^ybng*, 50, or in this manner precede the Verb, they qualify, as : 一 但 ® [樣走 P 旣 -k'ui (kom yong* Wu ke,， he ran like this. CLXXXVI. When, however, an Auxiliary as 係 har is used, 顿 ^kom, or (kom 'ybng* come between the Auxiliary and the Verb, as : ― 但係 職走 -Vui hai^ (kom W， he did so run. CLXXXVII. Too, 過 頭 k、vo》 ^t'au and 得 tak) tsai" follow the Adjective they qualify contrary to the usage in English, as : ― 1 商 (to kwo) ^t*au, there are too many, /j^ 得 齊 （sl"d tak》 tsai^, there are too few. CLXXXVIII. More is often represented in Chinese by chung", as ：一 chung^ 'ym tak^. ^lai, there is more to come. 审 (^^) cliun^ "yaa ^ Cp6i kwo^ "ngo, give it to me. jp* rlsi ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS. ^ 105 I ADVERBS. CXC. The Negative is introduced into the middle of the phrases, yok ^yin, if, and 自 tsz" j'ln, of course, consequently ^ as: ― 若 ^ 然 pat, 自 tsz" pat^ jhu See Remark. Remark. ― This last is very seldom used in a negative sense. Strange to say it is almost always used iu a strongly po^tivc sense. CXCI. The phrases 誰 知 ^shui (cW, and 誰 不 知 ？ hui pat, 《chf， though in the one phrase a Negative, pat^, not》 is employed, and in the other it is not, have both the same meaning, the idea of which may perhaps be as well represented in English by the following, as by anything else, viz: but unexpectedly, but who tvould have thought iU Eemark 1. ― See Eetnark Buder CXC, Eeinark 2.— The phrases 然 ^ying (yin， still, and 《sui jin, although are never used with the Negative. CXCII. When a word which represents the Adverb in English is used with two Verbs in Chinese it is placed between the two, as : ― Without Adverb, ning hu 卩， take away^ i.e. lit. take go. ； (ning (lai, to brin^ here、 i.e. lit. bring come. With Adverb. 出 - ^ning ch'nt) hui>， tale otU, • • 掉 >A 嚷 ,"ig yap^ (lai， bring in. PEEPOSITIONS. CXCIII. Many Prepositions precede the Verb in Chinese, even when there may be two Verbs in the sentence, though in the latter case they may be placed with equal correctness between the two. Those which may be used either before, or after the Verb oftener precede than follow it, as : ― 1^ (t'ung "Dgo Lui>， go with me, - xni 'iigo liui) ts5', go with me and do U， or go, and do U /or me. 同 -nei ,'uug ^mai "ugo Imi) ts5", go with me^ and do it. hm ^fnng 'ugo ts6", go and do it fof me, or come with me， and do it. 我在呢 r 匈屋 住有十 多年略 'ng。 tsoi^- ^ni ,kaa uk, cbu^ ^au shap^ (to jiin Iok。， / have lived in this house ten years^ and more. 106 PREPOSITIONS. PREPOSITIONS. 我 打裹頭 個條路 /A (t" - noi", within the house, CC. Notice that the above words are capable of transposition, and have a different meaning when so transposed to those given above, as: ― ^ui (miin, an inside door. 夕! > ngoi' (imin, an outside door, 卜 sliong" ， houses at the hach^ 【； ha" ^sbau, to move the hand down ； to begin anything. piS^ noi' uk^, houses v^itkin an enclosure, (seldom used.) Cel. After. 一 After is placed after its governed words in Chinese instead of before as in English, as : 一 從 此 之 後 产 uug (tsz (cW bau", after these things. f 巨 、落 之 ^(ni lok) (lai (clii hau", after he came down. (ts(uug (tam 'ji hRu\ Jrom this time hencefoHh, 完 之 後 、ug (yUn ,hi liau 气 after finishing talUhg, ecu. Afier is sometimes placed after the Subject of the sentence, and before the Verb, as : ― 但後 來驟概 ^《ai hau- ^loi ^lai ke), he came afterwards. CCIIT. The English Preposition "at" is not used in Chinese before time, as: ― 琴^ luk^ (tim ^lai, come at six o'clock. CCIV. "By" when used to show the manner, or route, or method by which a journey has been, or is to be taken, is represented by 打 ^a, as : ― 打路去 （txi lo- hui)， to go by road (i.e. by land). 打水^ 去 to go hy water. ' :J^J ^ ^ ^ta ko* shu^ kwo), to goby that %oay, or place. CCV. "By" when used in English after a Comparative before a Noun of Number, Measure, or Weight, or a Number relating to age is not used in Chinese, ^ PREPOSITIONS. PREPOSITIONS. the word 7^ "yau being quite sufficient, as : ― IS 0) — • tJ^ 'k*ui ^ ' *^^|^ kwai) "yau yat^ piin，， it was dearer hy one half* yon are heavier than I hy one catty, ！ E 麥招 ―" "k^ui sai^ kwo) 'ngo "yau (sara ^nfn, he is younger than I hy three years. CCVI. In a Chinese Sentence when the dimensions of an object are given the Preposition ""by" is rendered often by 打 ^ta, to strike, being an idiomatic use of that Verb, as : ― 五 尺 （長） 打三尺 （闊） ""o cli(ek。 {^ch*ong) 'ta ^sam di'ek。 （mt。)， Jive feet hy three feet, CCVIT. "Of" is not expressed before the name of a month, as in English, as : ― 二 月 三 號 ^Ying yi" yut^ (sdm ho*, the Zrd, of February (lit. Englisli second month, and third day). CCVIII. " Of" is also not used after weights and measures, as in English, as : ― Jrp* simp) ^kan 'yii*, ten catties [of) fish. ^long ch*ek^ piiu' (sz fat^, two and a half feet of silk stvffs. Note. ― In Chinese accounts the position of these words would be altered, viz: — |-* JF^ 'yii* sliap^ ^m,Ji$h^ 10 catiies^ &c* CCIX. 同 ^t^ung means for, and from, as well as with, as : ~ • 同 f 巨 買 '"go ^t'ung "k*ui "m^i, J bought it from him, "^巨 "ngo (t(ung "k*ui mai^, 1 sold it for him, f 巨 -j^ 'ngo ^t*ang "k^ui bui〜 / went with him, CCX. There is no need to use a Preposition with the Verb 坐 【ts《o*'， to sit, though it can be, and is sometimes used, as : ― 'ts'o*, to sit, or sit down^ or to sit oiu Remark. 一 It will be seen that the Verb j|5 ^ts'o* represents all these ideas, Note also the following : 一 ^ 'ts'o* lok^, to ait down. to sit 01U ^ PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS. 109 PREPOSITIONS. 坐 住 'ts'o* tbii-, to he sitting o«， or to be silting . sit up there, CCXI. The Preposition is sometimes left out, as:— 5^ (ni ？ Where were you f Remark. ― This is somewhat like the English, And you f which sometimes occurs. Note. ― Note, however, that it is polite to repeat in answer to a question the question iuelf as an answer; but without, of course, its iuterrogative adjuncts,' CCXII. The word "for," or ph rases "in order to" or "in order for " are some- times represented by Jai. 佢起問 屋嚷 俾但住 'bei (Mn uk) ^lai (pfi Vui chii 气 he huiU a house Jar him to live in, he toent up in order to assist y or /te/p him. CCXIII. k、vo> occupies sometimes the position of to, and has that meaning when used with a Noun, or Pronoun governed by a Verb, as: ― CpSi kwo) "ngo, give it to me. CCXIY. kwo^ can, however, often be understood, the principle of position shewing that the Noun, or Pronoun must be in a Dative Case. Eemark. ― Tliat is to say if "ngo follows such a Verb as (pSi, anyone can see that it mubt mean to me. Ergo it is unnecessary to put in the kwo' , CCXV. t6) is used before Nouns and Pronouns in the sense of to arrive at、 or reach to， &c.， as : — tS 日 "k*ui tsok> yat^ t6) (shengt, he arrived at Canton yesterday. 15 ^ ^ij "k*ui tak^ to, he could not reach to U. ' CONJUNCTIONS, CCXVL With regard to Conjunctions the beginner in Cantonese colloquial must try and do away with all his preconceived notions of joining sentences to- gether, and speak as a rule in short simple sentences, as far as possible, unconnected by Conjunctions. CCXVII. The use of a word to express "and" in English is not always necessary by any means in Chinese, the juxtaposition of several words in a sentence ， 110 CONJUNCTIONS, CONJUNCTIONS. implying often that there is a connection. A slight break in the voice between the different words thus connected will serve to draw attention to the fact that the words are joined together, as: — 我， 你' 佢， （都） 去街 Pg^ '"go. - ("化 -k'ui, (,t6) hui' (kdi lok。， /， you {and) he (all) went out, OCX VI II. To prevent inisapprehensioa when a number of names of people, or things are thus joined together in a seemingly unconnected way, it is common to insert after them words such as P 域 B 棒 tj?^ ^ham ^pa ^lang, all, P 减 ^ham, all, ^to, andy or also &c.， and thus group them together, and show that they are connected, as : ― 事頭， 亨 頭婆 ，細 佼仔 P 苹 p If^ 去 澳 門 't'au*, ,t'au ^^， same as last. (Kwa, implying doubt, or some degree of probability ； there is also an expectancy of a reply sometimes expressed in it, 一 a reply which will solve the doabt, or intensify the probability. KwAy t^J^, the same as last. ,Kwo, pM, ) 5 \~ > the same as last. Kwo ， R^, ) ^La, ^l], emphatic, or simply euphonic. L"), ™P'y^"o certainty, or simply cupbouic. Lak^, D^jj, emphatic, ,Le, 哩， affirmative. Le, ({^^， same as last. Le', ^^J， imperative, or emphatically affirmative. f The best way to indicate the difference between these two series of Lea may be best illustrated by supposing a traveller was telling a tale the troth of which he could see was doubted by his auditors. He might use any of 27. (Le， J^^i the second series of Finals in replying to any qaestiou put to him in which 28. "Le, *H^, -< he could plainly see there was doubt felt by the questioner ； but supposing 29. Le", t^j', bis tale concluded and corroborative evidence proving that his marvels were troths, then tbe former series would be employed by him, their use giving a slight trace of jubilant triumph, which, if expressed ia English colloquial, might be, " There yoa see that's just what it is." (Lo， ， affirmative, or emphatic. Lo), |^p>， same as last. Lok^y |)^, the same as last, bnt intenafied in its sense. 'Ma 1^1^， simply interrogative, or interrogative combined with sarprise. *Ma, j^||， interrogative and expecting an affirmative reply. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. in 4 114 FINALS. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. FINALS. Ma', f||^， interrogative ： asking certainly as to any matter. ^Ma, same as last, or the meaning might he expressed by " {/ told you so before), now isn't it so f" "Ma, interrogative, and expecting an affirmative reply. Ma", affirmatively-interrogative. (Me, t|^， interrogative, or expressing some surprise as well, as ― " Is it so ？" fl。' 麽， (Mo, j^， y interrogative, implying doubt. Mo', ?^o， 廉， %o, (麼， Mo;， 麼)， 那' t (Ne， nir, , "S^^ I emphatically demonstrative, used when one might say in English, " There I^e，B 膩， ，憾 I Ne\ 憾， j ^Ne, or more commonly (ni, simply interrogative, used after hearing anything said, having the sense of, " Oh ！ that's what it is, is it ？" emphatically demonstrative. now, what I said was true you see." interrogative, or emphatically demonstrative. 。Ne， or 。ui, 呢, (0>, 叫 strongly emphatically affirmative. The first is rarely used. 0;, 啊, i Pe', ^[， interrogative. Per, n^*, affirmative. Po', ^|i， very emphatic, used often after the final lo》. Wa', ijsg, ] t /~H / denoting that the statement preceding it has been made by some one ，" >' fe' ( before. ^Wo, ^jjj, V same as above. Wo〜 ^， j .YA, rjir ) 、 .1 V affirmative. ，吔, I 〜！ i， JJm, y expressing slight surprise. FINALS. 115 FINALS. 72. Ydk、， ！^, 1 73. Y^。， > affirmative. 74. Ydk》_， j 75. Yo), 76. Yo-, expressive of surprise. Note. ― Considerably more than half of the above Finals and their Variants do not appear in any dictionary. CCXXIX. No definite rule can be laid down as to when Finals are to be used, or omitted. See CCXXX. CCXXX. Use finals at the end of a third, or perhaps nearly a half of the phrases and sentences (as well as after the same proportion of the single words) that you use. CCXXX I. RememlDer that it is of great importance to use appropriate ones. The above list will show that they have a peculiar and often particular force and meaning, which is worse than lost if wrong ones are made use of. CCXXXII. If the same final is put into a 上 平 shong- ^ping and 上 去 shong" hui^, the former has generally more emphasis of meaning than the latter. CCXXXIII. The following combinations of 係 hai" and 係 hai^ the equivalents for yes and no in Chinese and a number of different Finals will give some idea of the shades of meanings that a judicious use of these little words will admit. A few of them it will be seen are synonymous, but it must be remembered that it is well nigh impossible to give an exact rendering of the little shades of difference that exist in their use in Chinese ； and the same particle used in different connections is capable of giving different meanings. Of course the learner will understand that the English words that appear below, opposite the Chinese, do not all appear in the Chinese, but where a certain state of feeling is given expression to in English in certain words, the same feeling would probably cause the Chinese words that are opposite the English to be ut- tered. It is thus rather a free translation without which it would be impossible to convey anything of the sense of these little enclitic particles. !• 係 Hai; 2, 觫 " 係 R 臻' 、- 係 麼 Hai- mo' ？ Hai\a 孫 Hai^ a' ^ Hai^ ^kwa 孫 1^ Hai' kwa Hai'- do 係 fig: Hai- loko 係 縫， Hai- lo' 係 iTHai^' 係 ^ Hai; lo, k"， @ <^ Hai; lo) (k wa {系 ^ Hai! (e i 系唔係 呢，、 mhaiV'? # 唔係。 l>i\mhai>? 孫唔孫 Hai; (m bai)- a' ？ 唔 係 口亍 Hai; l-ai- ^a? 係 唔德啊 Hai、m haiV? Remark, — The above list is uot exhaustive. FINALS. Yes ？ (yes ？ Oh ！ is it so ？) Yes ？ ('tis so, isn't it ？) Yes ？ (it is indeed so, is it not ？) Yes? (the same.) Yes^ ('tis so ) YeSj (it is so indeed.) ■ft,* so I think. I think, yes —— I think it so, is it notf Fc5, all right, Yes^ thafs it. If 8 s。， is it not, eh ？ Ok I it's so, is it indeed ？ YeSf His so. ,Tis so 1 thbih. It's so, isic^t it? Indeed ifs so ？ There、 isnH it so now ？ Is it so, or not ？ or simply Is U so ？ Is it or not ？ or simply Is it so ？ Tkere、 didti't I tell you it was so. Do tell me is it so、 or not f ON THE USE OF SOME OF THE FINALS. CCXXXIV. d 丫 《4j is generally spoken in a short sharp manner, while the voice often at times lingers on a\ The more emphatic 口丫 （d is meant to be, the shorter and sharper must be its pronunciation, while the converse is the case with regard to a\ CCXXXV. When to use 口了 ,a and ^ d\ 1. 口丫 is used when say the proposition enunciated is disputed, as for instance if one were to say, " Tou may say it was not hot yesterday, but it was very hot." 2. d) is used when a simple statement is made, not in opposition to any expressed opinion such as given in No. 1 above, or it is used when a strongly confirmatory statement is made. a* is used Interrogatively, but 口 丫 （i never. CCXXXVI. The Final cha^ is often the final in phrases commencing with ^mai, (hd, &c. It often expresses what in English would be shewn by the words "wait a bit," "yet a while," and "yet," FINALS AND SIMPLE DIRECTIONS. 117 FINALS. CCXXXVIII. Some Affirmative and Interrogative Finals can be used together, the Interrogative coming last. CCXXXIX. The Final 麟 po' is used alone, or with 驟 lo', or ^ lok^. See also CXXXVI, Nos. 2, and 4, CXLVI, and CXLVII, A FEW SIMPLE DIRECTIONS FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE BEGINNER. CCXL. When there are several Subject Nominatives to a Verb, or several Verbs to a Subject Nominative in English, distribute them in Chinese into short sentences with one Subject alone to one Verb; and put them separately if you are asking questions, getting an answer to the first before putting the second, and so on. CCXLI. Avoid dependent clauses as much as possible. Eeduce every sentence, that is not the most simple in its construction, to its original elements, and put each as a simple sentence as above. CCXLII. Do not put several contingencies to a Chinese at one and the same time. Put one at a time, if they must be put ； but above all things avoid con- tingencies, or supposititious cases as much as possible. Some Chinese cannot under- stand them at all. Eemark. ― As the Chinese takes I113 food all minced np, or chopped into pieces, so he talccs his mental pabulum iu small doses and cannot understand a long sentence. If he assents seemingly to what you say, supposing you will persist in putting a long inquiry to him, formed of several component sentences and contingent clauses, you will doubtless fuid be has not grasped the whole in its entirety. He may assent or dissent, as the European supposes, to what has been said, when at the same time the whole complicated sentence that the foreiguer has constructed with the greatest amount of ingenuity has gone in at one ear and oat at the other without Laving made any impression of the sense on his miud. He has perhaps seized hold of the last clause iu the sentence, and answered it without any regard to what precedes ifc. 4 118 SIMPLE DIRECTIONS AND FINAL DIRECTIONS. SIMPLE DIRECTIONS. CCXLIII. Omit in long sentences all subsidiary words where possible : ― such as P 旣 W (often the sign of the possessive), 她 tei" (the sign of the Flural), fl 的 《ti, &c., &c. Remark. 一 These little words are often omitted with advantage ia short phrases even. CCXLIV. Unless it is wished to draw special attention to the fact that what happened was in a Past Tense, or has just been completed, orait, as a general rule, signs of such past time. The same holds good of Future time. In fact in Chinese the Tenses need but little looking after : they generally take care of themselves. Note. ― This rule holds especially good iu long sentences where nearly everything is sacrificed to couciseucss. CCXLV. In an Interrogative sentence begin by saying what you have to say in Affirmative form, then put an Interrogative Final at the end of your sentence, or repeat your sentence in a Negative form after the Affirmative form. Never attempt to use Interrogative constructions as iu English. CCXLVI. As a rule when replying to a question take the question that has been asked you, and simply put it in an Affirmative or Negative form, leaving out when it is an Interrogative-Neg.itive question the Negative or Affirmative pait of the question, as the case may be. FINAL DIBECTIONS. CCXLVII. Aim at simplicity of construction. CCXLVIII. Avoid all complicated sentences. CCXLIX. Avoid abrupt answers to questions. CCL. Listen attentively to all you bear. CCLL Pick out all the words that are new to you; find out their meanings from your dictionary, or if you do not find them in your dictionary, which is more than likely, go to what is a better source of information, the Chinese themselves; then when you know what they mean, use them yourself, CCLIL Remember that imitation is a strong point in learning Chinese. CCLIII. Do not be afraid to speak at all times iu Chinese. CCLIV. Remember that it is considered impolite for a Chinese to laugh at your mistakes, and consequently he will rarely do it; and if a Foreigner laughs at you remember lhat it is he that should feel Ashamed with himself for laughing at you when he probably still makes many mistakes, aud not you for making a mistake while the language is new to you. ― ^ ^ •• — FINAL DIRECTIONS. 119 FINAL DIRECTIONS. CCLV. You cannot avoid making many mistakes at first. CCLVI. Bungle on somehow at the very first rather than not speak at all. CCLVII. Resolve that you shall speak Chinese, and you will do it. CCLVIII, Ask those with whom you are in the habit of talking to tell you when you are wrong. CCLIX, When you can speak a little, take a newspaper published in English ― a local one is preferable 一 and tell your teacher the news in Chinese ― beginning with the local items first, as this will interest him, and you will be able to learn a great many Chinese words in this way. At your first attempt you will find that it seems well nigh impossible to put the English into Chinese, therefore be content with merely giving your teacher a bare outline of the contents in your own words, eschewing the leaders at first, and after a while you will find that you have more confidence and u better command of words, the a follow the newspaper more and more until finally you give every word in the newspaper articles as far as possible. Use your dictionary freely in this exercise. CCLX. Learn as many synonymous words as possible. CCLXI. Practise half a dozen different ways of saying the same thing in Chinese. You will then find when speaking that if you are not understood when saying anything, you will very likely be able to put it in another form which will be intelligible. CCLXII. Talk over what seem to you to be your mistakes with your teacher, and find out if they are mistakes, and why they are mistakes, and what is the right word, or right phrase, or right construction to use instead of that you have used. CCLXIII. Do not attempt to talk much with those who do not speak good Cantonese at first. You will only get confused if you do. CCLXIV. Speak to your servants in Chinese and make them speak to you in Chinese. Listen to nothing from them in English, unless you find that you cannot understand what has been said ia Chinese, then, and only then, as a last resort when you have used every other means to discover the meaning of the word. When you have got the English of it then let the Chinese be repeated to you again, and be prepared for it next time. CCLXV. Above all things have patience and plod on even if you seera to be making no progress, A language that has taken the Chinese thciisands of years to develop is not mastered by you in a day. 120 FINAL DIRECTIONS. FINAL DIRECTIONS. CCLXVI, Get a good teacher, and trust him rather than your dictionary, if the two differ, as differ they must if he is a good teacher. CCLXVIL Get some colloquial books, such as : 一 "The Peep of Day " iu Cantonese Colloquial. " The New Testament ，， in Cantouese Colloquial. " The Pilgrim's Progress " in Cantonese Colloquial " The Holy War " in Cantonese Colloquial. " The, Shing Yii Hau " in Cantonese Colloquial. " The Bible History " in Cantouese Colloquial. " Come to Jesus " in Cantonese Colloquial. Parts of the " Old Testament" in Cantonese Colloquial, snch as: 一 *' The Book of Geuesis." ** The Book ofKuth." " The Book of Psalms," &c.， &c,, &c. And let your teacher read them over to you until you can read them yourself, then read them with him. You will find this course of reading of great assistance. The purely native colloquial books you will find at first of little use compared with those named above. When you can talk pretty well you may turn to them as well. CCLXVIII. If you are free to follow your own course of study, then leave the book language alone until you are well grounded in colloquial. You can find sufficient variety by reading the books named above, and by writing. The latter will be of great assistance in aiding the memory with new words learned. Of course if you are wiser than Dame Nature, who insists that Chinese youngs- ters shall learn to speak Colloquial before they learn the book language, then you will attempt the learning of two languages at the same time ― two languages, be it remembered, that are at the same time so similar and yet so dissimilar that it is well nigh impossible to attempt to study the two at the same time without doing great injury and injustice to one or other, or both. The colloquial generally suffers, and the consequence, owing in a great measure to this initial mistake, is that we can boast of but few good speakers of Chinese. Therefore, if possible, have nothing to do with the book language until you have attained a very good knowledge of colloquial ― say until you have worked over it (that is to say if you have been work- ing hard and well) for a year, or eighteen months. CCLXIX. Do not be discouraged, however, from what has been said just above, and do not suppose that you cannot speak Chinese until you have been at work for months over it. You can begin to speak almost as soon as you begin to learn, and FINAL DIRECTIONS. FINAL DIRECTIONS. in half, or a quarter of the time mentioned above you ought to be able to enter easily into conversation with those about you, if you have worked with a will, and at nothing else but colloquial. CCLXX. Remember that the tones are of great importance, but at the same time do not make them bugbears. Try to learn them well, and then do not keep hesitating when you talk, as some have done, over nearly every word, while you think of the proper tone to put it in. You must first learn the tone of the word thoroughly, then you will utter it in the proper tone almost mechanically, CCLXXI. Remember that the idioms are of as equal importance as the tones, or of even, if that were possible, paramount importance. CGLXXII. Mix with the Chinese as much as you can. Be very inquisitive and very communicative, CCLXXIII. Be careful in the use of the so-called Classifiers. They cannot be used indiscriminately. Only use appropriate ones. CCLXXIV. Remember that though the colloquial and so-called book language are very distinct in many respects, different words being often used for the same thing, yet that there is a neutral ground, as it were, between the two, and that Chinese native scholars are also often inclined to use what are really book words and phrases in common conversation. Therefore when the learner is sufficiently familiar with good, simple, pure colloquial so as to be able to carry on a conversa- tion of some length in it, his attention should be turned to some of these book words and phrases, so as not to be at a loss when conversing with scholars. At the same time let him not get into the habit of using such, words and phrases habitually when simpler forms will as clearly express his meaning. If he desires to have a good vigorous knowledge of the language, let him cultivate the colloquial element, as in English he would the Anglo-Saxon element. CCLXXV. As to dictionaries, the beginner should get the Author's Cantonese Made Easy Vocabulary, which will be of use though not containing so many words as Dr. Chalmers' English-Cantonese Dictionary. For Cantonese-English ones, if he is prepared to spend time and money on the learning of the language, he should either get Dr. Williams' Tonic Dictionary, or the latest one, Dr. Eitel's Cantonese Dictionary, Both are Cantonese-English Dictionaries. CCLXXVL As to companion books to study along with the present book, some of the Author's other works will be found of great assistance, such for instance as, "How to Speak Cantonese," and "Readings in Cantonese CoUoquiaL" 122 FINAL DIRECTIONS. FINAL DIRECTIONS. (！) CLXXVII. Remember that the dictionaries are by no means free from mis- takes. As to pronunciation trust to good Cantonese speakers rather than to books ； the same holds good of tones ； it holds good also to a certain extent with regard to definitions. Let it be remembered that English-Chinese, or Chinese-English Dictionary making is but in its infancy. CCLXXVIIl. Festina lente. FINIS. ^ ： APPENDIX. APPENDIX. Excursus 1, CHINESE GRAMMAR. As the Chinese ideas of Grammar as applied to their own language may con- duce to a fuller understanding of the structure of Chinese sentences, and the parts that the different words play in the construction of such sentences, a short account of it is here given. Owing to the peculiarities of the Chinese language it is raucli simpler than English Graramar. In the first place 、voi'ds are divided into shat) tsz", i.e. real, or full, or significant words, and (liui tsz", empty "words, or particles. The former "have a sense of their own independent of their use in any particular sentence." The latter "are employed only for grammatical purposes, to express relations between words, to connect sentences and clauses, and to complete the sentence, so that it may be clear in meaning and elegant in form." The next division the Chinese employ is that of (sz ts 卢， dead words, and 、vut) tsz*, living words. The former are Nouns ； the latter are Verbs. These are the grand divisions which the Chinese employ ； and in many respects they appear to be better adapted for their language ― a language in -which a word may be used as a Noun, an Adjective, or a Verb ― thau our English complex gram- matical distinctions. Excursus 2. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE BOOK LANGUAGE AND CANTONESE COLLOQUIAL. It it well that the Learner should understand clearly the differences between the book and colloquial languages. To begin with to state the difference broadly, the one may be said to be a dead language while the other is a living one. The one is essentially the language of books, of documents, and letters 一 the written language ； while the other is the language of friendship, of commerce, of intercourse 一 the speech of the people ~ the spoken language. , 2 APPENDIX. The book language is handed down from a remote antiquity, and the closer it assimilates (in its classical form at least) to the canons of antiquity, the finer it is considered to be. It is a crystallised form of the language ； its genius is against expansion ； while the colloquial is a present day language, and like all modern spoken languages has a continual growing, advancing, radical element of slang, and new words, and phrases opposed to the conservative element of the book language, whicli is too dignified to descend to slang, and adopts new words in a solemn and dignified manner. The book language is concise, terse, and sententious ； the colloquial, though the same terms may be used when comparing it with modern European languages, is diffuse Avhea compared with the book language. The book language is not understood without yeara of study, and even then the more obscure the diction of its classical form, the more hidden its meaning, the more is it prized and thought highly of; the colloquial is understood by all from infancy to old age, whether educated, or uneducated. The colloquial may be divided into a lower, or simpler colloquial, and a higher colloquial, or one approximating more to the book language in its use, to a greater or less extent, of certain words, which are not simple colloquial words. The latter Dr. Eitel has termed in his dictionary, "mixed," and it is not a bud term for them, as it is a definition as well. The simple colloquial is used by everyone, and is understood by everyone, the distinction between it and the higher colloquial consist- ing in the addition to the simple colloquial, which forms the basis or groundwork of all speech in China, of a number of what might be termed "dictionary words," that is to put it in a general way words, which a Chinese child, or woman would not understand. The more a man has dipped into books, or the more he wishes to differentiate himself from the common herd, so much the more he uses these words. It will therefore be seen that to learn Cantonese Colloquial thoroughly well it is advisable to learn first the simpler colloquial, which forms the basis of the spoken language, adding on a higher and higher superstructure, if time and circumstances permit, in the way of a knowledge and use of "mixed" words, i.e. certain words, strictly book language words, but which custom and habit have sanctioned the use of in speech when those using them and those hearing them are sufficiently educated either in books, or in the use of these words, to render their use intelligible. It will be seen that with a good knowledge of the simple colloquial one can go anywhere and be understood by anyone from the highest to the lowest, who speak the dialect in its purity. It will be noticed that only certain words belong to this " mixed " class, and are capable of being used in the method explained above. It would never do to begin talking in the book language ― it is simply for books and writing ― anymore than it would do for, say, a Frenchman to acquire his knowledge ^ ： ― ' ^ APPENDIX. 3 of English from Chancer, or even Beowulf, nnd then air his Anglo-Saxon and old English in modern London. The book language has also several styles, the high classical almost as obscure to the unaided student as a nebula to an amateur astronomer without a proper telescope, and in some instances it. is so obscure in its sense as to lead to the belief that the explanations offered are little better than guesses at the truth, in the same way that none of our telescopes are strong enough to resolve some of the distant star masses, or clusters of nebulous matter, and analogy and common sense are the only guides. There is likewise a simple book language, which is the best to use if one wishes what he writes to be understood. There is an official style, with all its set forms somewhat like ours, and forms of address. There is a corresponding style, set and formal, abounding in allusions, which require years upon years of study to fully appreciate. And a business style in which accounts and business are transacted. Contracted forms of the characters are largely used in epistolary correspondence, as well as in the business entries in mercantile books, and the making out of accounts. In writing there is also a running hand, and there is also a grass hand, the latter of which few Europeans trouble theius^elves .about to any extent. Excursus 3. THE REASONS WHY EUROPEAXS A3 A RULE ARE SUCH POOR SPEAKERS OF CANTONESE. I. The language is so different from any European Language. 1st. In grammatical construction. ((«)• There being no Numbers, or Cases to Nouns and Adjectives, and no Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons to Verbs. Note ― This though really simplifying the language causes it to appear more difficult at first, and makes it necessary for the learner to find different ways to mark, or denote these differences, because a foreign learner of Chinese has been accustomed hitherto to use all the complicated modes of expressiug his meauing with which European languages abound. Euro- pean children in Ciuna if allowed equal facilities for learning Chinese as for learning English take to the simpler language more readily, not having ha4 any difficulties put in the way of its acquisition by liavitig learned a more complex system of declension and inflection. (b). In the apparently free and easy way in which a word does duty as a Noun, Adjective, Verb, or other part of speech as circumstances may demand. Note. ― In English many words, though perhaps not so many as in Chinese, are of more than one part of speech, but being familiar with them it does not strike us as peculiar, aud S 卜" ― ~ ' ■ " ~ ~ ―' ^ f 4 APPENDIX. furthermore our dictionaries stale them to be of such or such a part of speech, whereas in most of the dictionaries hitherto published, for the use of those learning Cliiiiese, no parts of speech are regularly given, and everything appears to be in confusion in that respect. (c). The Prepositions and Conjunctions, which we have been accustomed to see in daily use do not appear in Chinese in many cases. In some cases such words are not needed in the latter language, and in other cases other particles utterly unfamiliar in their application or use abound, some of which are untranslatable into English. They therefore appear like unknown quantities with which we work in the dark. 2nd. The idioms of the language are so different. This is owing : ― («). To the people being so differently conditioned tlmt things do not appear the same to them as to us. (&). To what is really often a more logical way of putting a matter, but we having been accustomed to an illogical way of putting the same thing from our infancy upwards prefer it to the simpler mode. Chinese is essentially a language for infants, for children, and for simplicity of thought, not only from its monosylla- bic character, but from the natural sequence with \vlucli incidents are related. Of course this does not always hold good; but it is often the case in Chinese when it is not the case in English. 3rd. The words in the language do not always express exactly the same meaning in one language as they do in the other. This difficulty does not only arise when Chinese and English are compared, but applies to other languages as well. Such being the case it is not surprising that we should find a similar state of affairs when we come to compare English and Chinese. (a) . These differences are to be seen in the case of a certain Chinese word having only a limited meaning compared with a word in English which is supposed to represent it. Consequently some of the shades of meaning which the English word covers will have to be represented iti Chinese by another word, or other wgrds, (b) . The converse when a Chinese word embraces a fur larger number of ideas than the corresponding English word with its limited meaning can cover. (c) . Complications also may arise, such for instance as the following: ― when a certain Chinese word may be represented in English by one word, and also may have one or two of the meaniugS; which another English word expresses, but not all of them. Note. ~ Thb, however, is very much the same as (a.) APPENDIX. 5 (d) . The converse of (c.) Note ― This is not surprising when it is remembered that there is scarcely a single English word which is perfectly synouymous with another word. So-called synonyms have generally some sliade of difference of meniung, (e) . Two apparently synonymous words will often be used together, when at other times the one or the other will be used alone, and this usage or non-usage of them togethei' in an arbitrary manner, as it appears to the learner. Note. ― The ditliculties under (e.) are increased by the most of the dictionaries and vocabularies not calling attention to this peculiar method of using words. 4th. It is most difficult to arrive at the correct pronunciation of the language. (a). Because in some instances there is no possibility, or but little, of showing the correct prouuuciatioa by the use of an English alphabet. In some cases there is no analogy in the pronunciation to that the learner has been accustomed to, and there is but little possibility of representing a sound, which does not exist ill the English language wlien correctly pronounced. Note. ― This is especially the case with tlie unasplrated co;isonants, k， p and t, which are pronounced Avith a strong a&pinitiou in English as correctly spoken. The dictionaries and phrase books have helped to increase this difficulty by stating that k, p and t， are pronounced as ill English, when such is not the case. ― The way in which it is stated in such publications leads the learner to suppose that such is the correct prouunciation of k, p and t， when unasplrated, and it therefore would necessarily follow that when aspirated the letters k， p and t are, or should be, pronounced stronger than in English, whereas in trath the case is that k, p and t when aspirated iu Cantonese correspond with the correct pronunciation of those consonants in English. Note. ― These errors, as well as others, are due to the book-maker following in his pronunciation the errors of some predecessor. [In sach a case it is most amusiug to see with -what dogmatic determination lie will, when his error is poluted out to him, persist in saying that bis representation of the sounds is the correct one.] The reasous of his following the errors of his predecessor are due to the following causes. In the first place he is as a geueral rule a miserable speaker of Cantonese, mispronouncing many of the words he tries to utter, and so having no correct standard he takes as his standard a previous book-maker, whom h« believes to be correct in every particular in pronunciation, and another reason is that the book- maker often 1ms for his teacher a man who does not speak pure Cantonese and the impure sounds come into his dictionary or book, 5th. The tones offer apparently a great difficulty to the beginner, and some always find them difficult. Note. 一 Doubtless the difficulty would be decreased in many cases if they were properly tackled at the first, and tackled with the idea that they must aud can be mastered. 4^ APPENDIX, The difficulty is owing : ― (a) . To there being nothing similar in European languages. (b) . To people from different parts of the country giving different tones to the same words. (c) . To different tones being given to certain words at certain times. - {d). To the majority of the dictionaries ignoring the patent fact that there are more than eight tones in Cantonese, a mistake which leads the learner into trying to fit every word into one or other of the tones to which it is supposed, and stated to belong, whereas in trnth and in fact it belongs to another tone entirely ignored by the dictionary maker.* 6th. From the difficulties which stand in 】】is w，y in trying to acquire the language from the little assistance he derives from his teacher. (a). To begin with, his teacher probably knows no language but his own, which he has never had to 】earn in its entirety since liis rviemory has been a sufficient recording power to reflect the whole of his past life in review before him. He has therefore no knowledge of the difficulties in the way of a learner, and does not therefore render that sympathetic assistance which looks out for the difficulties in the pupil's way and prepares him for them, or assists him out of them. (5). The teacher, finding that the learner does not pronounce the words correctly after two or three trials, gives it up as a useless effort, and is content with mediocrity on the part of his pupil from an idea that that is all that is attainable, (c). The teacher often has not the power, or ability to explain matters, so as to put them within the grasp of his pupil. His explanations are given in words often at the time unintelligible and unknown to his pupil, and his second or third attempts after the first have failed are probably just as bad. These difficulties are not meant to discourage the learner from his arduous task, any more than the making of a chart is meant to discourage the captain from taking a voyage. It is to be hoped that the pointing of them out will enable the learner to overcome them more readily and successfully, than if he were not aware of them till he suddenly came upon them, or gradually learnt about them by experience. * Dr. Eitel's dictionary is an exception, as he follows Mr. Parker's guidance to a large extent with regard to the tones, and Mr. Parker is evidently a competent guide in such matters. Dr. Chalmers' English-Cantonese Dictionary also gives many of the Third, or Colloquial Rising Tones. The Author's Vocabulary also contains these tones. INDEX. INDEX TO SECOND, OR GRAMMATICAL, PART OP CAlSTTOlSrESE MADE EASY. THE ROMAN NUMBERS REFER TO THE SECTIONS, AND THE FIGURES TO THE PAGES. A a' 亞 XXX, Note, 43. Adjectives formed from Nonns, LXVIII, 62. Adjectives, position of, LX, 59. Adjectives, position of, with Classifier, XLIII-LII, 46-48. Adjectives, Two, witli Classifier, XLVI-XLIX, 46, Adjective used attributively, LX, 59. Adjective used predicatively, LX, 09. Adverbs, Comparison of, CLXXIV, 101. Adverbs of Manner, CLXXXIII, 103. Adverbs of Place, CLXXIX. 102. Adverbs, Position of, CLXXV et. seq., 101 et. seq. Adverbs of Time, CLXXV et. seq., 101 et. seq. Adverbs used to denote Time instead of Tense, CXXIII et. seq., 80 et. seq. After, CCI, CCII, 107. And left out, CCXVII, CCXXIV, CCXXV, 110. And, Other words used instead of, CCXVIII- CCXXII, 110. Answer, Snme words used in, as in question, CXXXVII, 86. Auy left out, CIX. Note 1, 75. Article omitted, XXXIV, 44. Article, No, med before half, XXXIV, 44. ^ ― Article used before Classifier of persons, XXXV, 44. At not used before Time, CCIII, 107. Auxiliary words used with Verbs, CXXXV, 85. , B By, CCIV, CCV, 107. C Cardinal Numerals, Part 1, 3. Case sliown by position. XI, 38. Case, No, in Chinese, X， 38. ^Clif ^ sign of Possessive, XVIII, 39. Clmng^ 重， LXII, 60. Cli'iU> 出， Idiomatic use of, CLXIX. 99. Classifior, Definition of, XXXVI-XXXIX, 44. Classifier dropped in Plural. LII, LIII, 48. Classifier, Every Noun has appropriate, XXXVIII, 44. Classifiers, Genuine, XXXIX, 44. Classifier used instead of Indefinite Article, LV, 49. Classifier, Mistakes in use of, XXXVIII, 44. riarsifiers, List of, LVI ei. seq., 49 et. seq, Cl;i8> fier, Position of, XL-LI V, 45. 4 INDEX. Classifier used after Noun, XLI, XLII, 45. Classifier used alone, LEV, 48. Classifier used with (iii， LI, 48, Comparative formed by jj^fj ^ti, LXI, 59. Comparative formed with |^ sliong", LXVI, Re- mark, 60. Comparative, kaug) used for, LXII, 60, Comparative of Adjectives, LXI-LXV, 59, Comparative of Adverbs, CLXXIV, 101, Comparative of Equality, LXIII, GO. Comparative, Qualified, I>XI, note, LXII, 60. Comparative, Eepeated, LXIV, LXV, 60. Comparative, repeated, Use of yiit^ with, LXV, 60. Compass, Points of, XXVI, 42. Conjugation, No, in Chinese, I， 36. Conjunction in Subjunctive often understood, CXVIII, 78. Couj unctions, not used, CCXVI, 109. D Dates, LXXV et. seq., 04. Dates, Inversion of, LXXV, 65. Dates, 和 ^cb'o used with, LXXVI, 65. Dates, ^ ho- used with, LXXVIII, 66. Dative placed between two Verbs, XIII, 38. Days of the week, LXXII, LXXIII, 67. Declension of Personal Pronouns, XC， （39. Demonstrative Adjective Pronoun with Classifier, XLV, XLVII, L, LII, LIII. 46. Demonstrative Pronouns, C, et. seq.、 73 et aeq. Difference between " he scolded me," and " he said to me," XI， Note, 38. Difference between 識 Bhik^, and 知 （cW, CLXXII, 100, Difference between "to buy," and "to sell," CLXXIII, 100, Distributives aud Indefinites, CIX, e《. seq" 75 eU $eq. Distributive Numerals, LXXXIV, G7. Distinctions iu the use of ^tai "to be worth," CLXXI. 99. Division of month into three, LXXVII, 65. E Emphasis, CXXXIV, 84. Euphemisms used for death, CLVI, 98. Expressions denoting time, LXXXVI, 68, F Finals, CCXXVII et. seq., 128 et. seq. Finals, List of, CCXXVIII, 112 et. seq. Future Teuse, CXXII, CXXIII, No. 3, 80. G Gender, XIX et, seq., 39 et, seq. Gender, context shews, XIX, 39, Geuder, not inherent to Chinese word, XXV, 41, Gender, not necessary condition of Chinese word, XXV, 41, Gender of names of animals, XXIII, 40« Gender of names of birds, XXIII, 40, Gender of names of humun species, XX-XXn, XXIII, Note, 39. Gender, often not used when necessary in English, XXV, 41. Geuder used to prevent confusion, XXV， 41. Gerunds, CXXI, 80. H Half, XXXI, 43. Hangt 行， Idiomatic uses of, CLVIII, CLXIX, 93， 99. *H(^i Idiomatic uses of, CLIX， 93. 116^ 號 used with dates, LXXVIII, 66, INDEX. 3 L (Hoi 開 . Idiomatic uses of, CLX, 94. Hui' Idiomatic uses of, CLXIII, 96. Imperative (mood), CXVI, CXXVIII, 78， 84. Impersouals, CVII, 75. Indicative, CXVI, 78. Inferior named before Superior, XXIII， Remark, 41. Infinitive, CXVI, CXXVII, 78, 83. Infinitive, No Preposition before, CLIV, 90. "In order to," or " for," CCXII, 109. Interrogation, In, sentence is same as in Affirma- tive, CXXXVI, No. 4, Note, 85. Interrogatives, CIII et. seq., 74 et. seq. Interrogative formed with risiug intonation, CXXXVI, No. 1， 85. Interrogative-Negative, CXXXVI, No. 3, CXXXVIII, 85. Interrogative Particles, CXXXVI, No. 2, 85. See also List of Finals, CCXXVIII, 112 et. seq. Interrogative Pronouns, XCII et seq., 71 et. seq. Interrogative Sentences, CXXXVI-CXLI, 85. Intonation, rising, Interrogative formed with, CXXXVI, No. 1， 85. E , Ke， P 旣 sign of Possessive, XV, 38. Ke， p|l^ understood, XVI, 39. Ko' ^ used for Definite Article, XXXIII, 43, Ko， used without Classifier, LI, 48. (Kom 微， or *kom 'yong* 嫩樣， Position of, CLXXXV, CLXXXVI, 104. *Ku ^ used for Masculine, XXIII, 40. (Kung used for Masculine, XXI， XXIII, 39, 40. Kwo> 過 uses of, CCXIII, CCXIV, 1C9. Kwo) 《t'au 過 頭 follows Adjective, CLXXXIX, 104. ^Lai 嚼 used for " for," &c., CCXII, 109. (Lai 喷， Idiomatic uses of CLXIII, 96. Large half, XXXI， 43. ^Lengt 零， Uses of, CCXXII, CCXXIII, 111. *L6 used for Masculine, XXII, 40. Lok^ 落， Uses of, CLXII, 95, Long month, LXXXI, 66. M Marry, to, Different words used for, CLXX, 99. Meaning shows Mood, CIX, 79. Month divided into three, LXXVII, 65. Mouth, Long, LXXXI, 66. Month, Short, LXXXI, 66. Moods, CXV, CXXVIII, 78, 83. More, CLXXXVIII, 104. More, or less, LXXIII, 64. N 'Na applied to women, XXIII, Note, 40. *Na used for Feminine, XXIII, 40. ^Nam used for Masculine Gender, XX, 39. Negative following Verb, CXLI, 87. Negative, Position of, CXL-CXLIV, 86, 87. Negative precedes Verb, CXL， 86. Negative used with if, of course, consequentljfj CXC, 105. New and old, not old aud new, LXIX, 62. New Year's day, LXXX, 66. New Year's eve, LXXIX, 66. No, CXLV, 87. No one, CXLIX, 89. Not, Do, CL, 89. Nothing, CXLVIII, 88. Noun, same, either Masculine or Feminine, XIX, 39. "Nui used for Feminine GcncJi-r, XX, 39. ― "fe INDEX. Number in Verbs, CXXVI, el. seq., 82 et. seq. Numeral Adjectives, LXX et. seq., 62 et, seq. Numeral Adverbs, LXXXV, 67. Numerals, Cardinal, Part I, 3. Numeral often used when no plural would other- wise be shewn, IX， 37. Numeral used for Article must have Classifier, XXXIII, Note, 43. Numeral used with Classifier, XLVIII, XLIX, LUI, 47. Object, Position of, XII, 38. Object, Position of indirect, CLV, 90. Object, Position of, with two Verbs, CLIII, 90. Object takiug precedence of other words, XIV, 38. Object placed between two Verbs, XIII, 38. Obvious meaning shews Case, XI, 38. Of, CCVII, CCVIII, 108. Ordinal Numerals, LXXIV, 64. P P 气 (ye* 伯 (爺, XXI, 40. Participles, CXX, 29. Particles, Interrogative, CXXXVI, No. 2， 85. See also List of Finals, CCXXVIII. 112. Passive Voice, CXIH, CXIV, CXXXIII, 77. Past Tense, CXXII, No. 2， CXXIV, 80, 81. Past time shewn by changing the tone, CXXIV, CXXV, 81, 82. Person in Verbs, CXXVI, et. seq., 82 et. seq. Personal Pronoun left out, LXXXVII, 68. Personal Pronouns preceding Noun iu Apposition, XVII, 89. Personal Pronoun preceding Noun in Possessive, XVII, 39. Phrase, A， used to express Plural, VIII, 37 Plural formed by reduplication of Noun, VII, 37. Plural of Demonstrative Pronoun, CI et seq., 73. Plural of Interrogative Pronoun, XCIV, XCVIII, 71. Plural of Personal Pronoun, LXXXVIII, 68. Plural shewn by general context, V, 36. Plural shewn by qualifying words, V， 36. Plural, Sign of, VI, 37. Plural understood from sense, IV, 36. . ^P'o 婆 used for Feminine, XXI, XXII, 39, 40. Position, everything iu Chinese sentence, II， 36. Position often shows the part of speech, 11， 36. Position of Object, XII, 38. Position ofPreposition, CXCIII et seq., 105 et. seq. Position of Subject, XII, 38. Position takes place of Declension and Conjug.ition, II, 36. Possessive Case, XV-XVIII, 38, 39. . Possessive Case of laterrogatives, XCIII, XCVII, 71. Possessive of Personal Pronoun, LXXXIX, 69. Postpositions, CXCIX, 106. Predicatively, Adjective used, LX, 59. Preposition, No, before Infinitive, CLIV, 90. Preposition, Position of, CXCIII et. seq., 105 et. seq. Preposition understood, CXCVII, CCXI, 106. Preposition with " to sit," CCX, 108. Present Tense, CXXII, CXXIII, No. 1, 80. Pronoun, Interrogative, XCII et. seq., 71 et. seq. Pronoun to be repeated in answer, CXXXIX, 86. R Reflective Pronoun and Noun, XCI, 70. Relationship, terms for, Peculiar use of, XXVn,42. Relatives, XCIX, 73. Rendering of Relatives and Interrogatives, CVIII, 75. -*4 INDEX. 5 s Self, CX et. seq.f 76 et. seq. Self immediately follows Personal Pronoun, CXII, Note, 77. Sense shews Gender, XIX, 39. Sentences, Interrogative, CXXXVI-CXLI, 85. Seutence same in Interrogative as in Affirmative, CXXXVI, No. 4, Note, 85. -Shong 上， Uses of, CLXI, 95. Short mouth, LXXXI, 66. Sigu of Plural, YI, 37. Singular and Plural, Xo difference between, III, ；'. G (Sin ^Sliang 先 生， Use of, XXVIII, 43. Sit, to, Preposition with, CCX, 108. (SW-piiu) 小 半, XXJI, 43. Subject always precedes Verb, CLII, 80. Subject, Position of, CLII, 89. Subjunctive, Conjunction iu, often understood, CXVIII, 78 ； CXVII et. seq., 78 et. seq. Subjunctive Mood, CXXIX, 84. Superior named before Inferior, XXIII, Eeinark, 41. Superlative formed witb chi, 至, LXVI, 60. Superlative formed with kik^ /^>, LXVI, 60. Superlative formed with sliong" LXVI, 60. Superlative formed with 'ting 丁胃, LXVI, 60. Superlative of Adjectives, LXVI et. seq., 60 ei. seq Surnames precede other names, XXX, 43. *Sz 死， Uses of, CLXV, 97. — 師 奶， XXVIII, Note, 43. T *'J'a Idiomatic uses of, CLVII, 00. Tai--pun' 大 半， XXXI, 43. Td's tsai- 得 1^ follows Adjective, CLXXXVII 104. *Tang 等 IX， Note, 37. Tei- 她 feign of Plural, VI, 37. Ten understood, LXX, Note, G3. Tenses, CXV, CXXII et. seq., 78, 80 ei. seq. Than with a Comparative, LXVII, 61. Time, Ambiguity regarding, LXXI, (53. Time, Phrases denoting, LXXII, 64. Titles come after name, XXIX, 43. To, CLXXXIX, 104. (T6 都， Position of, CLXXXIV, 104. To' ^Ij, Use of, CCXV, 109. Tones of Personal Pronoun, XCI, Note 2， 70. 'Tsai in combination, XXIII, 41. (Tsai used as diminutive, XXIII, Note, 41. T'so*， Idiomatic uses of, CLXIV, 96. jT'ung 同， Use of, CCIX, 108. V Verbs, Impersonal forms of, CXXX-CXXXII, 84. Verbs left out, CLI, 89, Verbs used in combination, CXV, 78. Voice, Active, CXIII, C XXVIII, 77, 83, 84. w Well ； Very well, CXLVI, 88. When Nouns arc rendered Masculine, or Femiuine, XIX, 39. Words denoting relationship placed after name, XXYII, 42. Y Yatj . used instead of Article, XXXIII, 43. -Yau 有, Idiomatic uses of, C LXVII, CLXVIII, 98， 99. jYe applied to males, XXIII, Note, 40. Yes, CXLV, 87. Younger named first, XXIII, Eemnik, 41. ADVERTISEMENTS. OTHER WORKS BY THE SAM AUTHOR, CANTONESE MADE EASY: A Book of Single Sentences in the Cantoiiese Dialect with Free and Literal Trans- lations and Directions for the Rendering of English Grammatical Forms into Chinese^ Br ，丁. DYER BALL, mjras., &c, OF HER majesty's CIVIL SERVICE, UOXGKOXG. Price, $2.00 THIS BOOK HAS BEEN INTRODUCED INTO THE H3NGK0NG CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION SOHEML Mr. Ball has conferred a great boon on all beginners in Cantonese Colloquial. The good books ou the subject are scarce and out of print ； the books that do exist are com- pilations of pretentious rubbish, full of English idioms repeated ad nauseam. "We have had an opportunity ot examining Mr, Ball's work and we most cordially recommend it. Unlike bis previous work on Hakka, it gives the tones, the pronunciation according to Sir William Jones' system, and the Chinese characters. * * We can say that as far as our examination has extended it is worthy of Mr. Ball's reputation as & ' master of Cantonese CulloquiaL' ― China Review ^ Vol. XL, p. 258. This little work, bound in a stout paper wrapper, will be found to supply a want long felt by students of Cantonese. In the excellently worded explanatory preface very great stress is laid upon the acquisition of correct tones. * * * * After these re- marks on tones a few lines are devoted to the grammar of the Chinese language ； then follows an explanation of the final particles, or finals, the remarks on the use of which appear to be very sensible. * * * * The preface is followed by an introduction of some five pages in length containing exercises ia tones and a lengthy syllabary, or direc- tions for pronouncing Chinese sounds when represented by Romaa letters. Then follow the numerals and a series of useful dialogues. * * * * In these dialogues a literal as well as free translation of the Chinese sentence is given. * * * * After the sen- tences comes a list of classifiers. ♦ * * * Following the list of classifiers comes some original and really admirable work in the shape of cleverly written and exhaustive directions for rendering English grammatical forms into Chinese. * * * * "We now come to the list of finals, or fi,nai particles, to the use of which the writer has n ADVEETISEMENTS. evidently given very great attention, and we do not remember having previously seen anything like so exhaustive a list, or such sensible directions for the use of these finals. This is followed up by some final directions, and directions fur the guidance of the be- ginner. * * * * In conclusion we may say that Mr. Ball's work, being the only one worth a second glance which is procurable, we stront^ly rscornraend it to students, not only beginners, but even somewhat advanced students, of Cantonese colloquial. ― Daily Press, 7th September, 1883. "We say without hesitation that his work far surpasses that of Dennys, for example, in the matter of idiom, and that his command of words, and his perception of delicate shades of meaning are much above the average of European attainment in Canton colloquial. In these respects the volume before us makes a valuable addition to the existing aids to beginners ； and might be found useful to some of the more 《 venerable and learned Sino- logists.' * * * * Mr Ball's Notes on classifiers and grammar will be found very valuable.— C/iina 3Iuil, 10th September, 1883， In the work now before us, compiled and edited by Mr. J, Dyer Ball, M.R.A.S,， etc., who, from his long experience amongst the Cantonese and from his 】ong study of their language, is eminently fitted for the task which he has imposed upon hiraself, we find an almost unlimited variety in a comparatively small compass ― the work contains little more than 100 pages inclusive of preface and introduction ― wherewith the heginner may be guided. * * * * Mr. Ball has endeavored to give such expressive volubility to his work as far as his studies, learning, researches and long experience in China have en- abled him to do. * * * * Of the work itself, taken as a whole we can say that it is a most admirable compilation. * * * * For an advanced sinologue there are very many valuable hints given. * * * * We approve * * of Mr. Ball's basis of arrangement in the fiffeen lessons, and really coramend the book for an advanced stude7it to whom the work will prove in a number of ways a valuable addition towards the tend- ing of the improvement in his node of construing Chinese phrases and sentences in the Cantonese. * * * The work is got up in a neat form and is well printed. ― Hong- kong Telegraph, 12th Sept., 1883. Now that the Franco-Chinese question is occupying so ranch public atter tion there will doubtless be many cadets, missionary students, and philologists turning' their thoughts towards the East, and in some instances they will be anxious to know what are the languages chiefly spoken, and where reliable text-books may be obtained. I am glad to be able at this emergency to call the attention of such enquirers to a new work, by Mr. J. Dyer Ball, which has just been published in Hongkong under the title of Canto7ie8e Made Easy. The dialect of Canton is the most important of South China ； and as it contains fewer provincialisms than almost any other Chinese dialect, and era- ploys the classical characters entirely in writinja:, the knowlinlge of this sub-language, so to speak, is indispensable to any one who intends takin;? a position in the East. Mr. J, Dyer Ball has rendered good service in his timely publication. Born in China, of Euro- pean parentage, favoured with exceptional advantages for the acquisition of the dialects of China, having a natural gift for this particular work, and being employed in Her Majesty's Civil Service as Interpreter for the Supreme Court, he has had every, oppor- '- ADVERTISEMENTS tunity to gala an accurate knowledge of Cantonese. * * * The difficult questions relating to tones, classifiers, tiaals, &c" are treated with a masterly hand. ― Academy, 12th January, 1884. * * * For the sake of your readers in Oxford and elsewhere who may be studying philology, or preparing for cadetships and civil service in the East I call atten- tion to a new work on the Chinese language. The book is entitled Cantonese Made Easy and has been prepared by Mr. J. Dyer Ball, M.R.A.S., Interpreter to the Supreme Court, Hongkong. Mr, Ball was born in China, and speaks the language like a native. He has spent his life chiefly in the East and I can add my testimony to that of numerous reviewers respecting the excellency of his book. ― Bunbury Guardian, 10th January, 1884. THE CANTONESE-MADE-EASY VOCABULARY. Price: One Dollar. III A Small Dictionary in English and Cantonese, containing only "Words and Phrases used in the Spoken Language, with Classifiers indicated for each Noun and Definitions of the Different Shades of Meaning, as well as Notes on the Different uses of Words where Ambiguity might otherwise arise. The work should be very useful to students of the Cantonese Dialect. 一 China Mail, 26th July, 1886. Mr. J. Dyer Ball, author of * Easy Sentences in the Hakka Dialect,' 《 Cantonese Made Easy, ，& c" has just issued a companion work to these useful publications to stu- dents of Chinese. * * * The words and phrases appear to have been most carefully collected and arranged, and we doubt not that this little dictionary will ade- quately fulfil the aims of the compiler. ― Hongkong Telegraphy 27th July, 1886. The author originally intended to attach the vocabulary to his work * Cantonese Made Easy ；' he has somewhat enlarged its scope, not confining it to words contained in those lessons alone, but giving an exhaustive list of different shades of the English meaning, to save the beginner from falling into mistakes to which he would otherwise be liable. The vocabulary seems to have been most carefully compiled, and it cannot fail to prove most useful to students, especially beginners. ― Hongkong Daily Press, 29th July, 1886. We may state that we have here a very neatly got up vocabulary of the most common terms which a beginner is likely to stand in need of. * * * The rendering of the terms selected appear to be given in good idiomatic colloquial style. * * * As the author gives, for the English words selected by him, the cor- responding Chinese characters together with their pronunciation and tones, the little book is sure to prove useful. ― China Heview^ July and August, 1886. This book will prove useful to persons desirous of learning the Cantonese dialect. ― Chinese liecorder and Missionary Journal^ Nov. 1886, Here it will not be out of place to mention that everything possible is being done to lighten the labours of merchants, cadets, missionaries, and students, in their study of 4^ •4 IV ADVERTISEMENTS. that difficult language, the Chinese. The author has just forwarded to us a copy of * The Cantonese-Made-Easy Vocabulary ' (printed in Hongkong, on sale at Messrs. Trubner and Co., London, 1 dollar), by J. Dyer Ball, Esq., M.R.A.S., &c. Mr. Ball is one of the most accomplished linguists in Hongkong, in consequence of which we find him occupying the important post of 工 interpreter ia the Supreme Court ； and no more able pea could be found for the work of simplifying and popularising the Chinese tongue. There are many people in England as well as abroad to whom Mr. Ball's work will be a boon. If gives first the English words ia alphabetical order, then the Chinese equivalents, and liaally a transliteration of the Chinese words, so that those who do not understand the characters may still be able to tell at a glance what is the Cantonese equivalent of the word before them. Thus the word Auy is stated to be an a(fj\ and «f/t\, then follows the Chinese word, and finally its proimuciation mat, so that 7nat is the Chi- nese equivalent of any ； yan stands for ma«, kiu is the verb to ml" and so on. Numerous notes are added where there is any danger of the learuer being misled by the ambiguity of terms, and altogether the book is a capital Vade-mecum for the young student. ― Retford and Gainsborough Times, Worksop and Newark Weekly News, 24th Dec, 1886. While dealing with China it will not be out of place to mention another work for which future learners of that curious language will be grateful. This is ' The Cantonese- Made-Easy Vocabulary ' by J. Djer Ball, M.R.A.S., of H. M. Civil Service, Hangkong. The author is one of the best foreign speakers of Chinese we have ever had the good fortune to meet. Born and brought up in the East, he can converse as readily in Cantonese as in Eng- lish, and is consequently a most reliable authority ou such critical points as Tone and Classifiers^ which are the bugbears of every beginner in Chinese. The volume will also be valuable to the philologist, even though he may know little or nothing of the Celestial tongue, since every Chinese character is represented by the equivalent sound in English letters. 一 English imj^er. Price, Seventy-Five Gents. Jfotices hy the Press. Mr. J. Dyee Ball, the chief interpreter of the Supreme Court and the author of Easy Sentences in the Hakka Dialect, Canto7iese made Emy， and The Cantonese- Made-' Easy Vocabulart/f has just issued An Eng Itsh- Ca n to « es e Vocabulary, * * * * * It is meant * * for the use of strangers, tourists, or even residents, who, from want of time, are unable to master the intricacies of the language, but who, at the same time, feel a desire to pick up a few words, so as not to be in ADVERTISEMENTS. V the position of deaf mutes when entirely surrounded by natives. Those who have any knowledge of the subject will readily appreciate Mr. Ball's object in compiling this limited vocabulary, the want for which has beeu felt, severely felt we might say, ever since the Colony waa founded. To say the least of them, tonic marks are decidedly contusing unless they are seriously studied, and their entire absence from this vocabulary will alone prove a recommendation. Mr. Ball's book makes no pretensions to oust those vocabularies which are already in existence; it merely makes an attempt to supply a demand hitherto unprovided for. * ■* * * * * It is sufficiently copious to enable any one to make himself or herself understood in the ordinary transactions of everyday life ； aud it is just possible that it may awaken a desire in some persons to know more of the language, Mr. Ball has very wisely issued the book at a low price, 75 cents a copy, and its merit and cheapness should ensure an exten- sive &ale.— China 3Iaif, 22nd September, 1886. Mr. J. Dyer Ball's * English-Cantonese Pocket Vocabulary ' is quite a novelty in its way, and is the first publication we have seen in which some knowledge of Chinese is rendered possible without the use of Chinese characters. The sounds of the Chinese words in this little work are represented by English spelling, in exactly the same fashion adopted in many rudimentary treatises on the French and other foreign languages. * * * The plan adopted by Mr. Dyer Ball is very simple, aaJ we think: an effective one. He wished to provide a method by which travellers and others, who may not consider the acquisition of Cantonese a game worth the can- dle, without any very serious study, can accjuire a sufficient acquaintance with the vernacular to be understood if unhappily isolated amongst Don-English speaking Chi- nese, Mr. Ball has done his work in his customary careful and painstaking fashion, and we imagine this little book will commaad a ready sale. — Hongkong Telegraphy 23rd September, 1886. "We have received a copy of another of those useful aids to the acquisition of the Chinese colloquial for which Mr. Dyer Ball is becoming noted. This last work is entitled 《 An English-Cantonese Pocket "Vocabulary.' It contains common words and phrases, printed without the Chinese characters or tonic marks, and the sounds of the Chinese \vords are represented by an English spelling as far as practicable, while the author in bis preface gives some very simple directions how to overcome the difficulties of pronunciation. The little book is not intended for those who intend to make a serious study of Chinese ； it is intended to enable the English resident or tourist to pick up a sufficient vocabulary to make known his wishes or wants to the natives, and to under- stand something of what is going on around him when surrounded by Chinese. * * * The pamphlet will supply a want and its study is likely to lead to further exploration in the same AxTeaiion.— Hongkong Daily Pre^y 24th September, 1886. The pamphlet is published for the benefit of tourists or residents who have no time to master the intricacies of the Cantonese dialect, and who are deterred from the task when they take up other books on the subject bristling with tonic and other diacritical marks. Mr. Ball labours therefore here, as in his other pamphlets, to make an intrin- sically difficult subject easy. We think the book has its merits by its extreme simplicity ―， VI ADVERTISEMENTS. and by the judicious selection of a stock of the most ordinary and popular words and phrases. The spelling * * * may prove handy enough for the purposes stated. ― China Eaview, Nov. and Dec, 1886, EASY SENTENCES IN THE HAKKA DIALECT. WITH A VOCAB ULABI . Price: $1. EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE ABOVE WORK. Easy Sentences in the Hakha JJialect is the title of a small work just published by Mr. J. Dyer Ball, Interpreter of the Supreme Court of Hongkong. It is, for the most part, as the author says in the introduction, an adaptation of Giles' Handbook of the Swatow Dialect, and will prove as useful to those entering on the study of Hakka as Mr. Giles, book has proved in the case of the dialect spoke a at Swatow. An extensive vocabulary is appended.' ― Daily Press^ 28th October, 1881. * Mr. J. Djer Ball, the efficient interpreter of Chinese in the Supreme Court here, has published a neat little Handbook entitled Easy Sentences in the Hakka Dialect, with a Vocabulary. The author has taken the Handbook of the Stvatow Dialect (by Mr. H. A. Giles) as a basis, and indeed Mr, Ball freely acknowledges that the help he received from that little book in his study of the Swatow Dialect suggested the brochure now given to the public. Unlike most books of the kind, there are no Chinese characters given for the < Easy Sentences, ， the collection of phrases being Romanized Phonetically so as to give to the beginner the equivalent sounds in Chinese. The sentences given appear to be well arranged, and cover as much ground as is ever likely to be required by those desirous of attaining to a rough colloquial knowledge of Hakka. Mr. Ball frankly tells all others to go to a teacher, and indeed he strongly advises even the learner to go hand in hand with the teacher in his uphill work from the very begiuaing.' ― China Mail, 22ad October, 1881. * * * A very handy little volume * * * In the preface to his useful pamphlet, Mr. Ball states that his work is for the most part a translation of Giles' Handbook of the Swatow Dialect. * * Chinese is admittedly a difficult study to Europeans, but, as Mr, Ball states, there is no reason why with a little trouble, they should not pick up sufficient conversational knowledge so as to be able to understand what goes on about them as well as to make themselves understood. For this purpose Mr. Ball's compilation will answer every requirement. The sentences are judiciously arranged, and the method of conveying a correct method of pronunciation is apparently very clear and simple. The book is very well printed, and as it is published at a yery low price, will no doubt obtain an extensive circulation. ， * * * ― Hongkong Telegmpk, 22nd October, 1881. ADVERTISEMENTS. vn ' Easy Sentences in the Sakka Dialect, with a Vocabulary. Translated by J. Dyer Ball, Hongkong, 1881. This title indicates the character of the book. It contains 57 pages and fourteen chapters besides the vocabulary. The subjects of the chapters are designated thus ： ― Lesson I. Domestic. II. to V. General. VI. ！ Relationship. VII. Opposites. VIII. Monetary. IX., X. Commercial. X【. Medical. XII. Ecclesiastical. XIII. Nautical. XIV. Judicial. It thus contains a wide range of subjects. "We cor- dially recommend it to all students of the Hakka Dialect.' * * * Chinese Re- corder and Missionary Journal, Nov.-Dec, 1881. THE ABOVE WORKS ARE ON SALE. At Messrs. KELLY & "WALSH'S, W. W. BREWER'S, and LANE, CRAWFORD & Co.，s， Queen's Road. At Messrs. KELLY & WALSH'S. At Messrs. KELLY & WALSH'S. At Messrs. TRUB^iER & Co.'s, 57 and 59 Ludgate Hill. m TUE BAWi^wmm tniuAmm Copies may be obtained on applying to Mr. F. DAMOX, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. " OF THE ■ ^university; 1 \ RETURN EAST ASIAN LIBRARY TO"^" 208 Durant Hall • 642-2556 LOAN PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 細 2 2 ？ 003 r*- -、 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD9 BERKELEY CA 94720-6000 'i