HD 7273 V369 % THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SAFEGUARDS FOR THE PREVENTION of INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS EDITED nv DAVID VAN SCHAACK SECOXD EDITION Publish Ki) by iETNA LIFE INSURANCE CO. Accident and Liability Department HARTFORD, CONN. PR JCE Fl FTY CENTS For. 5387 25^51^ COPYRIGHT, 1910 AND 1913 ^TNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY HARTFORD, CONN. Second Edition CONTENTS Prevention of Accidents, Page 7 24 Ignorance, 7 Carelessness, 8 Unsuitable Clothing, 10 Insufficient Lighting, 10 Defects of Machinery and Structures, 10 Insufficient Room, II Uncleanly Conditions, IJL Lack of Good Air, II Absence of Safeguards, . II Many Kinds of Safeguards, 12 Need of Safeguards, 12 An Instance in Point, 13 Safeguards Practical, 13 General Suggestions for Safeguarding, 14 Co-operation of Employees, 22 Reporting of Accidents, 22 First Aid, 23 Emergency Room, 23 ^TNA Inspections, 24 Gears, 25 42 Belts and Pulleys, 43 53 Fly Wheels and Driving Belts, . 54—58 Set Screws, 59 62 Sprocket Wheels and Chains, . 63—65 Rolls and Knives, 66 — 72 Punch Presses, 73 77 Grindstones and Emery Wheels, 78—81 Stairways, Platforms and Runways, 82 85 Wood-Working Machinery, 86—102 Elevators, 103 — 118 The Electrical Hazard, 119 — 127 Contracting, 128—134 Bake Shops, 135 137 Miscellaneous, 138—142 Rules and Regulations, Warning Notices, Etc., . 143 155 Workmen's Compensation and Liability Insurance 158—173 Index, 3 • • .• 177 187 PREFACE This book of suggestions regarding safeguards for the prevention of accidents is necessarily incomplete. The dlv^erslfication of Industrial oper- ations Is so great that to treat the subject fully would require a separate book for at least each group of allied Industries. At the same time it Is the hope of the publishers of this book that the suggestions contained herein will be of some aid in the work of accident prevention. For the most part these suggestions are general in nature, and many of them are applicable to a large number of industries. In connection with the Illustrations of safety devices we desire to say that we do not wish to appear as advertising any particular device. There are a great many devices which are just as practical as those we describe or illustrate, but of course It Is impossible for us to include them all In this book. In the preparation of this book we have derived information and assistance from many sources. We should like to make acknowledgment of each Instance In this place, but that will be recognized as impracticable. In a general way, however, we can and do thank the manufacturers of safe- guarded machines and safety devices who have furnished us with pictures and descriptions, and the factory owners who have aided us In obtaining photographs of machinery and conditions In their plants. We also make acknowledgment of our indebtedness for many valuable suggestions to text-books dealing with industrial conditions, to trade papers and other periodical publications, to national and state publications concerning industrial dangers and safeguards, and to our corps of liability Inspectors. ^TNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. Accident and Liability Department. PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS The increasing danger to life and limb involved in the pursuit of industrial occupations has become so great that the necessity of doing everything feasible to keep it within the narrowest possible limits is clearly evident. We are living in a constructive era. Articles are being manufac- tured in greater numbers and variety than ever before in the world's history. More and more machinery is constantly being used, and more and more persons are being employed in factories, mills and workshops. The toll of human life and limb being exacted by modern industry has reached such startling proportions as to be a serious menace to our national welfare. That it is so recognized is evidenced by the increasing number of laws made to protect life and health, and the marked tendency shown to fix the legal responsibility for accidents. Investigation into the causes of this drain upon our national vitality has proved conclusively that a very large percentage of industrial accidents can be avoided by the adoption of proper preventive measures. From the nature of the case it is plain that, although the employer and employee must work together to attain the desired end of reducing accidents to a minimum, the initiative should come from the employer. It was with the desire of assisting the employer in such work that this book was prepared. Mr. John Calder, in his valuable work on " The Prevention of Factory Accidents," has very properly attributed industrial accidents to the following principal causes: Ignorance, Carelessness, Unsuitable Clothing. Insufficient Lighting, Defects of Machinery and Structures, Absence of Safeguards. To these may be added Insufficient Room, Uncleanly Conditions and Lack of Good Air. IGNORANCE Ignorance can never be entirely overcome in many instances, and it is certainly not the duty of the employer to undertake the general education of his employees. He can do much, however, to prevent ignorance from contributing to the causing of accidents in his plants. He can see to it that no man is allowed to handle or work about any machinery unless he is qualified to do so. He can prevent a workman familiar with one job, and specially trained for it, being allowed to undertake other work in which SAFEGUARDS his Ignorance is apt to cause injury to himself, if not to others. He can exercise discrimination in the assignment of work, so as to avoid putting a man of slow-moving mind and heavy body on a job for which quickness of mental action and physical agility are necessary. He can formulate rules showing how work should be done to assure the largest degree of safety possible, and he can furnish copies of these rules to all his employees, printed in as many languages as may be necessary to convey their meaning to all concerned. He can also make prominent display of caution signs warning his men what not to do in order to avoid danger. It is astonishing how ignorant many workmen are, not only of mechanical arrangements in use in factories, but of palpably dangerous general conditions and the necessity of exercising ordinary care to avoid being hurt. It is equally astonishing how large a part native curiosity plays in the causing of accidents. CARELESSNESS All of this applies with equal force to carelessness, which, of course, can never be wholly eradicated from human nature. At the same time the ill results of both ignorance and carelessness can be largely diminished by the means suggested, if they are consistently and persistently applied. The old saying that " familiarity breeds contempt " nowhere finds greater proof than in the carelessness arising from daily proximity to machinery or con- ditions involving risk. A man working in a factory day after day comes in time to run unconsciously a number of chances of accident which he would 'take pains to avoid, except that he has become so used to his environment that he hardly gives it a thought. The evil effects of this condition of mind can be held to the lowest limits largely through the action of the employer, in furnishing rules and caution signs, and also in supplying, in many instances, simple protective arrangements which may serve chiefly to call attention to the existence of danger. Such an arrangement may not prevent the careless workman from ever going to the danger spot, but its presence there is apt to reawaken his mind to the danger every time he approaches, with the result that he is vnore careful than he otherwise would be to avoid an accident. Chief Factory Inspector J. C. Delaney of Pennsylvania has touched most forcefully on the danger of carelessness in his annual report of 1909, in which he says: "Although there are parts of working machinery that cannot be safeguarded by any known appliance, and though the employees engaged in operating machinery know of these unguarded parts, some of them will, nevertheless, perform their labors in a way that borders on criminal negligence. To place a ladder upon a revolving shaft and mount thereon to adjust a belt; to crawl under machinery in motion; to reach PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS across dangerous parts of machinery in motion; to work in baggy sleeves or with flying tresses of hair about dangerous gearing and shafting; to jump on or off elevators in motion; to adjust belts upon rapidly revolving wheels; to carelessly hook up or bind weighty objects about to be lifted; to speed overhead cranes, giving no danger signals to their fellow workmen, are fair samples of oft-repeated acts of negligence upon the part of employees. Until negligences like these shall have ceased, accidents, fatal and serious, will continue to occur, though the employer of labor exert himself to the utmost to prevent them." Not only does carelessness threaten injury to the workman himself, but it also endangers his fellow workmen. By neglecting to look about him, or possibly by thinking that it is the other fellow's business to be on the watch, or keep out of the way, the careless workman is apt to cause many serious injuries to others. It will not do for foremen and superintendents to overlook violations of rules or instances of continual carelessness. They should insist upon strict observance of the factory regulations, and they should keep their eyes open all the time for both infractions of the rules and evidences of dangerous carelessness on the part of the workmen under them. A great deal of an employer's success in assuring the safety of his men depends upon his selection of superintendents and foremen and his infusing them with his own earnest desire to avoid accidents. His earnestness passing down through them Is bound to have Its Influence on the workmen themselves. It can and should be most forcibly impressed upon the superintendents and foremen, and handed on by them to the workmen. The firm, even the hard, master is often the kindest in the end, and an employer cannot be too Insistent upon his deputies seeing to It that his factory regulations are strictly observed. Violators of rules and careless operatives should be discharged, If sufiiclent warning fails to reform them. To allow them to remain In a factory destroys the discipline which should exist. One of the most essential points connected with the discipline of a factory In its Influence on carelessness has to do with the matter of regulat- ing the use of intoxicants. Even a man who is ordinarily most careful is apt to become heedless when under the influence of an intoxicant, and the habitually careless man is often made positively reckless. It goes without saying that the use of Intoxicants during working hours should positively be prohibited, but regulation can properly go even further than this. No man should be allowed to go to work when he appears to be even slightly under the influence of liquor, and It is advisable not to employ, or continue in employment, men who are known to be steady and hard drinkers. The regular use of intoxicants in any considerable quantity Is bound In time to make a workman undesirable as regards both his liability to cause accident and his efficiency. lo SAFEGUARDS UNSUITABLE CLOTHING The wearing of unsuitable clothing is a matter which is largely within the control of the employer, and to which he should give his serious atten- tion. A ragged sleeve, a loose coat, or a flowing cravat can do incalculable harm if caught in any part of moving machinery. Insistence that proper clothing shall be worn by all employees will prevent many an accident. This is particularly essential in the case of female employees, who should not be permitted to wear flowing sleeves or aprons with long strings, or to have their clothing made of such light material that it will be easily affected by draughts or will swish about of its own accord as its wearer moves. Women, moreover, should never be allowed to work with their hair loose. So many cases are on record where girls have been scalped by having their hair caught in machinery that the importance of this suggestion can well be appreciated. INSUFFICIENT LIGHTING Poor lighting of buildings and rooms used for factory operations and of passageways, especially in basements where shafting and belting are located, is responsible, directly or indirectly, for many accidents. This is a condition which should not be allowed to exist where it can possibly be improved. Whenever new construction is undertaken, factories should be built with especial regard to the matter of good lighting. Where existing conditions do not admit of constructive improvement, the liberal use of white paint or the frequent application of the whitewash brush will be of much remedial value, as white reflecting wall surfaces do a great deal to help diffusion of what light is available, whether natural or artificial. Where natural light is not obtainable, artificial should be liberally provided. DEFECTS OF MACHINERY AND STRUCTURES Accidents due to defects of machinery and structures cannot be entirely prevented, for things will wear out or give way unexpectedlv, but they can be reduced very much by frequent inspection and prompt repairs when- ever such are necessary. In the first place, the best of machines, equipment and material should be purchased. In the long run this will be found cheapest as well as safest. To insure as good service as possible, no part of the machinery should ever be overloaded. Frequent and close inspections should be made of all parts, to discover quickly any signs of wear or any possible original defects or weaknesses which may not have been apparent at first sight. Certain essentials of machinery, too, require frequent renewal or periodical treatment, and inspections will show when these are needed. In some classes of factories, also, the platforms, runways, stairways, etc, PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS ii are apt to be temporary, and these deteriorate so rapidly that they require the most careful watching. The same is true in the case of plants in which the nature of the material or operations quickly destroys the equipment or affects it to the extent of rendering it unsafe. INSUFFICIENT ROOM One of the factory conditions most conducive to accidents is insufficient room. Accidents are far more frequent in crowded factories than in those which are roomy. Especially should there be plenty of room around machinery notoriously dangerous, and around vats, pans, etc., containing dangerous material such as is used in chemical and many other works. There should be a broad passageway between such danger spots when they are located in rows, as is often the case. UNCLEANLY CONDITIONS Cleanliness is another important essential for a well regulated factory. If tools, waste material, etc., are allowed to litter the floor, there is always danger of an employee tripping over them and being injured by the fall, or being thereby precipitated into a dangerous spot which otherwise he would have avoided. There should be order in the disposition of tools when not in use. The practice of throwing them into the first inviting place, as under moving machinery and in aisles, has. often been followed by disaster. When floors must necessarily be slippery, firm footing should be secured to employees by means of sand or suitable mats. LACK OF GOOD AIR It is perhaps needless to lay stress on the advisability of an abundant supply of good air in an industrial plant. Not only is this necessary from the standpoint of the employees' health, but it is essential to the prevention of accidents. Workmen who labor in a foul atmosphere cannot help thereby suffering a loss of the alertness, both mental and physical, which would be an invaluable aid to them in avoiding accident or lessening its ill results. The loss is similar, and in only less degree, to that caused by the fatigue due to overwork which statistics have proved to be a fruitful cause of accidents. Every effort should be made by systems of ventilation as well as by methods of construction to ensure the presence of plenty of pure air in all places where industrial operations are carried on. ABSENCE OF SAFEGUARDS We come now to perhaps the most important thing which an employer can do to make his workmen as safe as possible, the providing of adequate safeguards for specific operations and conditions which are dangerous. All machinery is in a greater or less degree dangerous. So long as J, SAFEGUARDS machinery is used, which will be to the end of time, accidents will occur in connection with it. Many accidents can be attributed to carelessness on the part of the operatives which might have been averted had their mmds been closely on their work. Many accidents are made possible because dangerous parts of the machinery are exposed. The employer is the custodian of the person of his employee during such time as the latter is engaged in his service, and it is the employer's duty to protect his employee from injury as far us possible and by all reasonable means. It must be taken for granted that the employee will become careless at times. No one is infallible. But the number of accidents due to carelessness can be very materially diminished if the machinery and surroundings are made safe. MANY KINDS OF SAFEGUARDS The best time to provide safeguards for a machine is while the machine is building. It can be done then at less cost and with less effort, and a great deal of the unguarded machinery now turned out would be guarded by its manufacturers if the buyers insisted upon it. When machinery is not so guarded, it falls upon the user to make it safe by patented devices or by home-made safeguards. The former cannot always be obtained, nor are they always needed, but the case is rare where some home-made guard cannot be devised which will be thoroughly effective. The protector may, or may not, be an artistically finished piece of work. That is a matter of taste and is not material. The important thing is, does the protector protect? If it does, the requirement is filled. NEED OF SAFEGUARDS There is a great difference of opinion among men as to that which is safe and that which is dangerous. In one shop all dangerous machinery, such as protruding set screws on revolving shafting, exposed cog gears, dead ends of shafting, openings in floors, belts running through floors, engine fly wheels, saws, planers, stairways, elevator shafts, etc., are guarded. Guards are provided because it is considered unsafe to be without them. In another shop there is no protection for any of the features mentioned. Speak to the proprietor or manager about it and he v/ill laugh at you, or more likely he will become indignant and assert that there is nothing in connection with those parts that is dangerous; that he ought to know, for he has run the place for years under present conditions and never has had a serious accident. He will admit, of course, that if a man got his coat caught on a set screw and was whirled around a shaft, it would then be dangerous. He will admit that if a man walked into an unguarded elevator opening, or fell off an unguarded platform, it would be bad for the man. He will agree PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 13 with you that anything, in connection with which an accident did occur, was dangerous, but it is hard to convince him that in his own plant, where the same conditions exist, there is anything dangerous about them, simply because he has been '.' lucky " and never had an accident. He will also tell you that a man has no business to go near this or that place or machine; that if he does so and meets with an accident, it is his own fault. He will further tell you that a man is a fool to get injured from a cause that is exposed and constantly staring him in the face, for he knows the danger is there and should know enough to avoid it. AN INSTANCE IN POINT This reasoning is thoroughly bad, as the following incident will show. An inspector going through a plant in Illinois observed a set screw projecting on a revolving shaft. He considered it particularly dangerous because the shaft was near a passageway and workmen were continually going back and forth past it. He called the manager's attention to it. " Don't you think," he said, " that that set screw had better be cut off? Someone will get hurt some day if it is left that way." " I don't think so," the manager replied, " that set screw has been like that for years. No one has ever been hurt by it. The fact that it is exposed and can be observed by anyone renders it safe from causing an accident." The manager had a habit of gesticulating when speaking, and, as he waved his arm to emphasize what he was saying, the sleeve of his coat came in contact with the set screw and caught on it, and in an instant he was whirled to death. With such a man it seems that nothing less than a serious accident will make him realize that dangerous conditions prevail. SAFEGUARDS PRACTICAL If certain things are dangerous in one factory, then it stands to reason that the same things are dangerous in another factory. If it is practicable and proper to guard them in one factory, then it is practicable and proper to guard them in other factories. Take, for instance, the circular or rip saw, one of the most dangerous pieces of machinery, and probably one of the most difficult to guard and keep guarded, after guards have been pro- vided. It has been stated time and time again that it is imxpracticable to use guards on a rip saw. You will be told that guards have been placed on the saws, but that the men will not use them, and that they take them off. Yet in some shops every rip saw is provided with a guard, and it has been proved that the guard does not retard the work and that it is not an inconvenience to the operator. If this is the case in one shop, why not in another shop? The ques- tion resolves itself into this: In one case, guards are provided and the ,^ SAFEGUARDS owner or manager of the shop insists on their being used for the protection of the operators; in the other case, the owner is indifferent to the safety of his men. He either does not furnish the guards, or, if he does provide them, is not insistent on their use. One employer appreciates his respon- sibihty to his employee and takes reasonable precautions to safeguard him from injury. The other does not, and dangerous conditions are permitted to remain, a standing invitation to injury or death. What is said regarding the rip saw applies to all other dangerous machinery. If there is a willingness and a desire, on the part of those responsible, to provide safeguards for everything of a dangerous character, then proper safeguards will be forthcoming. That is all there is to it. And it is important for selfish as well as humanitarian reasons that the manufacturer should both provide safeguards and insist upon their use. The employee, as a rule, will not hesitate to sue him for damages on account of any injury, and the tendency is to hold the employer responsible for the use of safeguards as well as the provision of them. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR SAFEGUARDING The following general suggestions will give a cursory view of the methods of safeguarding which should be adopted to help make workmen reasonably safe in the pursuance of their occupations: All prime movers, whether engines, water wheels or other forms ,,r>T7T-r>o of motors, and all fly wheels and mill races should be fenced in. MOVERS • , /• • r 1 1 /• n 11 A screen or iron picket fence is preferable for liy wheel and crank pits. Where a pipe or wooden railing is used, it should be at least three feet in height and made of two rails, with a skirting board at least six inches deep placed at the bottom. Where the engine is of the large vertical kind, all the stairs, platform?, ladders and stagings should be fenced in, in like manner, both on the outer edge and on that next to moving machinery. Among the parts of engines which require fencing or boxing may be mentioned crank shafts, connecting rods, piston rods projecting through the end covers of cylinders, governor balls near a passageway, pinion wheels operating governors, and gears. Railings should be a sufficient distance from moving parts to prevent accidental contact, but not so far away as to give room for a passageway inside them. Main belting or ropes should be screened. Caps should be placed over shaft ends projecting Into passageways. Electric prime movers should be boxed or fenced with non-conducting material. PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 15 All engine rooms should be well lighted and kept neat. No tools, clothing or other articles should be kept within the safety fencings. In order to reduce to a minimum the possibility of the CARE OF • • • • fly wheel exploding, the engineer should daily exercise the FLY WHKELS , i r i t t i i i i Utmost care and watcnrulness. He should examine the bolts on the rim and hubs of the fly wheel to see If they have loosened up. He should see that the safety devices on the engine are working properly and have not become deranged. Belts, pins and cams should be examined for defects. The governor should be kept clean and examined frequently for defects. An oil-soaked belt should not be allowed to drive the governor. All belt-driven governors should be equipped with a broken belt stop. The most important thing in taking care of a boiler with a view to its safety is to have it inspected frequently by an expert and to follow his directions Implicitly. The engineer in charge of the boiler can exercise many precautions, however, which will tend to prevent accidents. His first duty each morning should be to blow out water column or try gauge cocks, to find how many gauges of water there are In the boiler. He should never start or unbank the fire until this is done. In case of low water, the fire should be Immediately covered. The feed should not be turned on under any circumstances, nor the safety valve tampered with or opened. The steam outlets should remain as they are. The internal surfaces should be kept free from scale or deposit, and the boiler should be opened frequently for examination and cleaning. The safety valves should be tried daily. When leaks are discovered, they should be repaired as soon as possible. If leaks occur at longitudinal seams, the boiler should be shut down imme- diately and Investigated. Generally boilers should be blown down two gauges once or twice a day, and entirely emptied once a week. Cold water should never be pumped Into hot boilers. No water should be allowed to come In contact with the exterior of a boiler. The gauges, cocks, etc., should always be kept clean and In good order. When a boiler Is to be cut In with others already In operation, the one recently fired up should be watched until pressure is up to that of the other boilers to which It Is to be connected; and, when that pressure Is attained, bleeder valves should be opened long enough to thoroughly drain all water from the steam pipes, and then stop valves should be opened very slowly and carefully. j6 safeguards The overhead gearing used for transmitting power OVERHEAD ^^^^ ^^^ ^^-^^^ mover to various parts of the factory MILL-GEARING ^^^^^j^ always be amply guarded when it is situated low, and so should high elevated gearing in all places where the gearing is approached without the prime mover being stopped. Migh elevated gearing should be guarded, for a sufficient distance on cither side of points that may require to be approached, by means of metal tubes or L- or V-shaped metal or wood shields, or the permanent platform system should be used. In either case the meshing sides of all toothed wheels should be protected by a metal cover. Where the platform system is used, the platform, which is suspended from the ceiling and which can be made of either metal or wood, should have railings on both sides, the one nearest the moving parts being kept sufficiently clear of wheels, pulleys and belts to prevent a workman being caught by them. Where overhead shafting is situated low enough to be within the reach of people on the floor, it should always be securely fenced in. Such shafting can be guarded by a U- or \'-shaped trough, supported by straps from the ceiling. When shafting is verv near the floor, it should be completely cased in with metal or wood. Shafting at a distance of from NEAR - ... three to six feet above the floor, which it is often not feasible FLOOR to enclose completely, should be protected by railings which will prevent people from approaching it except at certain points where boarded passageways are provided. In many cases where low gearing is used, it is located under benches or .such machines as sewing machines, and there is great danger of the workman or operator getting his feet or clothing caught in it. Wherever possible, such gearing should be entirely shut in by an enclosure which is supplied with hinged doors or flaps to give access to the gearing when necessary. Where this is not possible, there should be at least a screen covering the gearing, so arranged that it can be removed or raised in case of need. Vertical shafts should be surrounded by a metal or wooden casing. SHAFTING ^^^^^'"g hangers should be particularly strong, and they HANGERS should be examined frequently to see if they are secure, espe^ cially where there is much vibration of the building. Should the hangers give way, permitting the shafting to fall, not only would great damage to the machinery^ result, but there would be danger of someone being seriously injured. PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 17 In every factory effective means should be provided, by engine stop device or other method, for disconnecting the power, so T^T:^tTT/-T7o that any or all machinery can be quicklv shut down from anv DEVlLKb r 1 1 • r J part or the plant m case or need. Where machines are arranged in groups, rooms or departments, and power is supplied by a prime mover located within the confines of such group, room or department, a switch, throttle or other power-controlling device should be placed within easy reach of the operators affected, so that all shafting, transmitting machinery and machines of such group, room or department can be simultaneously shut down. Where power is supplied through the use of main or line shafts, receiving power from some prime mover located without the group, room or department, the power-receiving wheel of such shaft should be provided, wherever possible, with a friction clutch, or other effective power-disengaging device, with suitable means for operating it within easy reach of the oper- atives affected. In addition to this safeguard there should be a system of communication, through speaking tubes, electric bells, electric lights or other effective means, with the prime mover room. Where a machine is directly connected with the prime mover, a switch, throttle or other power-controlling device should be placed within easy reach of the operator or his co-worker. All machines which require to be started and stopped fre- TIGHT AND , , ., u- w u A . u . A T nn«;F quently and all machmes which may need to be stopped PULLEYS quickly in ev^ent of accident should, wherever practicable, be provided with tight and loose pulleys, clutch or other effective disengaging device. Accidents are frequently caused or made more serious by lack of means for quickly disengaging power. With such a de- vice installed, a dangerous machine can be put out of commission when desired, or it can be stopped at once in event of emergency requiring such action. The oiling of machinerv and shafting should not be done while the machinery is running. When, however, it IS necessarv to applv oil while the machinerv is in motion, it should be done by one who understands the work and its attendant hazards. It is w^ell to have the oiling of machinery and shafting in motion done by one experienced man, employed for the purpose, who should wear tight-fitting clothing and should use oil cans with necks long enough to keep his hands out of danger. Where the platform system is not used in connec- tion with overhead shafting, or the oiling Is not done automatically, a safety ladder should be used, having hooks at one end to hold it on the shaft, and sharp metal points at the other to make it secure on the floor. j8 safeguards In order to lessen the number of accidents due to approaching mill gearing in motion, automatic lubrication should be installed wherever possible. Cleaning machinery while it is in motion has been the CLEANING ^^^gg q£ innumerable accidents. The danger lies in reaching MACHINERY .^^^ places where one would have no occasion to reach in the ordinary operation of the machine, and this danger is increased by the liability of the rags or waste used in cleaning to get entangled in the moving parts. Many of the accidents from this cause are preventable, for the reason that most machines can be cleaned when the power is off just as well as when the machine is running. When it is positively necessary to clean a machine while it is running, the work should be done only by someone of sufficient age and experience to appreciate the dangers. The traversing carriage of any self-acting machine TRAVERSING should not be allowed to run out so as to leave a space of CARRIAGES , , . , ^ • i, u . -^ A • UU • less than eighteen mches between it and any neighbormg structure, if the space over which It runs out Is likely to be used as a passage- way by employees at any time. Protruding set screws In collars and couplings on shaft- SET SCREWS, . u Z V ^ u u u \^ u a mg, whether Ime or countershart, should be covered KEYS, ETC. *= , or countersunk. Keys should not be allowed to project from ends of shafts. All dead ends of shafting should be enclosed In metal casings. A safeguard which is much In use in Europe, and which might well be adopted generally In this country, consists In painting guards and safety devices, and, wherever practicable, the moving parts of dangerous machinery, a bright red. This serves most effectually to call attention to danger. GEARS '^'^ exposed cog or bevel gears should be enclosed in metal casing or In some other way suitably guarded. The ways of guarding gears are numerous, and one or another will apply to practically every case. ELECTRICAL ^^^ dynamos, other electrical apparatus and appliances APPARATUS ^"^ systems of electrical wiring or transmission should be amply protected. Every precaution should also be taken m the handling of electrical apparatus and appliances. PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 19 No floor in any factory or mercantile establishment OVERLOADING , ,, , , 11, 1' . r v f v c • „ should be loaded beyond the limit ot its sate sustaining ■pT OORS power. Overloading of floors has been responsible for many accidents which could not have occurred had the sustaining power of the floors been taken into consideration. All roll-feed machinery should be guarded at the point ROLL-FEED , , • 1 • r 1 • . .u n . T ^u „ » ^TXHr.TT^T,,, where the material is fed into the rolls to prevent the MACHINERY ,,• i ^ 1 • 1 uju operator s hands being caught. A device easily reached by hand or foot should also be provided, whereby the operator can instantly stop the machinery in case one or both hands are drawn into the rolls. Circular saws, band saws, planers, wood shapers and other CIRCULAR . . . wood-working machinery should be equipped with safety devices. The utmost care should also be exercised in the use of these especially dangerous machines. It is important that hand tools shall be of good quality and kept in first-class condition. Loose handles, for instance, have caused many accidents. The number of accidents caused by falling material, tools, FALLING . , ^ . 1 J 1 , -1 • ■«,r A,T,T-T^TAT ^tc, IS vcry large. Lare should be taken not to pile material MATERIAL, • 1 1 • 1 -i 1 • TOOLS ETC ^^ other articles too high, or to pile them m passageways or in dark places where workmen may have occasion to go. All elevated structures should be guarded so that articles cannot fall from them. Every elevator used for carriage of passengers or freight ELEVATORS , , j , r ■ . ^ , ^. . , ^ should be as sate in construction and operation as the utmost care and human ingenuity can make it. Stairways should be provided with hand rails and the treads STAIRWAYS . should be kept in good condition, so as to insure firm and PLATFORMS ^^^^ footing. All Stairways, hallways and passageways should be well lighted. Elevated runways, platforms and stagings should be fenced on open sides and equipped with a skirting board at the floor edges. No machine should be used when it is known to be DEFECTIVE , , , r • t/- 1 • 1 r i dangerously detective. It a workman notices a detect, he should be required to shut the machine down at once and report the defect to the foreman. 20 SAFEGUARDS Hoists, cranes, derricks and other apparatus used HOISTS. CRANES, ^^^ raising or moving material and tools should be DERRICKS, ETC. carefully inspected daily to see that they are in good condition and working order. This inspection should be done personally by the hoisting engineer in charge. It should never be left to an ignorant or inexperienced laborer. Overloading should never be allowed. A hoist, crane or derrick should never be operated without proper preliminary warning, given by an experienced man, to workmen in the vicinity who may be within the zone of danger. All vats or pans, and all receptacles containing VATS AND PANS ^^^j^g^ ^gj-^j 01- hot or corrosive fluids should be so located or protected as not to be dangerous to employees. A fencing or other guard will tend to prevent employees from falling in, or the metal or fluid from splashing on them. CONTACT WITH Mechanical means should be substituted for manual. wherever possible, in the handling of dangerous mate- DANGEROUS . , „.l u- • r -ui i u u u rial. When this is not Feasible, employees should be MATERIAL • , • , i i i • • j , equipped with protected clothing, protective guards, and tools and devices which will aid in obviating personal contact with the material. Where acids are used, an abundant supply of w^ater should be close at hand so that employees who accidentally get acid on them can remove it as quickly as possible. Acid workers should use gloves which will protect their hands. Inflammable material, such as naphtha, should be INFLAMMABLE , , , ,,,•,, t i ^. ^ rr^T^T^T ^ r stored ana handled with the utmost care. In plants MATERIAL • 1 • • . where such material is necessarily used, notices should be prominently displayed, giving explicit information of the dangers in- volved in its use and detailed instructions as to the amount safe to be used at a time and the manner in which it should be handled. DUST GASES ^" operations Indoors whose conduct is necessarily AND FUMES accompanied by the creation of dust or noxious gases or fumes every effort should be made, through careful arrange- ment and mechanical means, to reduce the formation or free discharge of these to a minimum. Much can be accomplished by covering dustmaking machines, vats and vessels, and by the employment of various ventilating, exhausting, condensing and burning devices. Where these are impracticable or insufiicient, protective equipment, such as guards or respirators, should be furnished to employees. Where dust created is of such a character that it is likely to explode under certain conditions which may accidentally develop at any time, care PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 21 should be taken to introduce into the room at intervals an amount of artificial moisture sufficient to remove this danger. In all operations where material, either metal or stone, is T*'RT'lVn\/r'F*'R^ . -- trimmed by hammer and chisel, or otherwise, and in all oper- GRINDERS '^tioris requiring the use of emery wheels or grindstones, where there is danger of flying chips and small particles, the work- men should be provided with goggles, or other suitable protectors, to prevent injury to the eyes. „ „ All m.achines used for bottling should be so constructed, BOTTLERS , , , , ^ . •, , r placed or guarded as to prevent, so far as possible, fragments of a bursting bottle from striking workmen. Bottlers should be provided with face masks and gauntlets. Every building used for manufacturing or mercantile DOORS AND . . ■ . _,_.^^„ purposes should be provided with a sufficient number of EXl 1 o . , , exits and hre escapes to permit prompt egress from the building in the event of fire or panic. All doors should open outward. No door, whether of building or room, should be locked, bolted or fastened while employees are therein in such a manner as not to be easily opened from the inside. _^,„ „ The fire risk, which of course involves danger of accidental THE FIRE 1 • • 11 . r j HAZARD personal injury as well as that or property destruction, can be much diminished by careful construction and equipment of factories and by subsequent good management. The necessary equip- ment precautions against fire, which the experience of the fire insurance companies has proved to be most effective, may be found in the rules of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. These rules should be strictly observed. Valuable hints for the management of a factory with a view to avoiding fire will be found in a pamphlet entitled " Fire Prevention and Fire Insurance," published by the Hartford Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn. No person under the legal age should be employed in any capacity in or about a plant. Where there are no legal restric- tions regarding the employment of minors, care should certainly be taken not to employ anyone under fourteen years of age. And no person under sixteen years of age should he permitted to operate any pozver machinery. The employment of young persons to do work for which they are not physically or mentally qualified should be particularly avoided, as their youth and inexperience make them dangerous to other workmen as well as to themselves. 22 SAFEGUARDS All dangerous places near which any employee shall DANGEROUS ^^ obliged to pass or do his work should be guarded by PLACES AND ^^.^^ covered or railed off. So also should all dangerous MACHINERY j^^^,^;^^^ qj. parts of machines. The number of such places and machines is so great that it is impracticable to enumerate them here, but the need for protection in any instance will readily suggest itself to an observant superintendent or foreman. CO-OPERATION OF EMPLOYEES The furnishing of safeguards will not assure the prevention of acci- dents unless the employees co-operate fully, willingly or otherwise, in the effort to protect them. Employees should feel that whatever is done in the way of providing safeguards is designed for their benefit, and they should not be permitted to remove or wilfully destroy them, nor should they con- sider that the provision of safeguards for machines which they have been accustomed to operate unguarded is a reflection on their ability or skill or is an interference with their work. A great m.any safeguards must neces- sarily be removable, for purposes of adjustment, cleaning or oiling, and it should be insisted that they be replaced immediately after the completion of such work. If a safeguard is provided for a dangerous machine and work is then done without the safeguard in place, there might just as well be no safeguard. Something of an educational campaign is necessary to secure the earnest co-operation of employees in this respect, and the foreman can conduct such a campaign by keeping his eyes open and warning individual employees, when necessary, of the danger of removing safeguards. He can do much in this direction, too, by maintaining good discipline in his department. If his workmen are required to obey other rules implicitly, they will be more apt to pay due attention to those regarding safeguards. It should also be impressed upon employees that their co-operation is desired in the way of reporting any dangerous operations or conditions that may be noticed by them. Such an attitude on the part of the foreman will tend, in time, to make most of his workmen keenly observant of things which may need to be remedied. Employees should be encouraged to warn each other of danger and the advisability of being on the lookout. It has been well said that "more important than safe machines and safe places are habits of care and watchfulness." REPORTING OF ACCIDENTS Notwithstanding all the precautions taken, accidents will happen. When one does occur, it should be immediately reported and thoroughly PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS 23 investigated. Knowledge of exactly how one accident happened will help prevention of others of like nature. Foremen of departments doing similar work should be fully informed of the nature of accidents occurring in each other's departments. FIRST AID Every factory should have a system for furnishing first aid to the injured. The effects of an accident may be intensified for lack of immediate proper care of the injured person. Even mere unskilful handling may do further injury, in addition to causing the sufferer unnecessary pain. Where it is not feasible to have a thoroughly equipped emergency room, there should be at least a depot of first aid supplies and a corps of men trained to give first aid. This corps should consist of two or more men in each department, so that wherever an accident may occur aid will be near at hand. It does not require a great deal of knowledge to qualify for first aid. Any good medical practitioner can impart the necessary amount of knowl- edge to the men in four or five lectures, giving them an, idea of the makeup of the human body, how to treat hemorrhage and bleeding, fractures, insensibility of various kinds, what to do for burns and scalds and how to move the sick and injured. The names of the men in each department qualified to render first aid should be prominently displayed in that depart- ment. Of course, the first thing to do in case of accident is to send for the doctor, and, in giving first aid, care should be taken to attempt no treatment which can properly be done only by the doctor. Pending his arrival, how- ever, much can often be accomplished in the way of making the sufferer more comfortable and preventing his further injury. EMERGENCY ROOM One of the most valuable accessories to a manufacturing plant is an emergency room for furnishing first aid to the injured. Such a room is to be found in connection with all up-to-date factories, and wherever one has been established the expense of its installation has been more than justified by the resulting advantages. To this room all men who are injured, seri- ously or otherwise, are taken, and there cared for while a physician is being summoned. The room is fitted up with all the latest appliances and con- veniences. Included in the outfit is a movable stretcher which may be shifted on wheels and a movable cushion which may be lifted by means of straps. Glass cabinets, completely equipped with medicines, instruments and the like, form part of the outfit. There is a portable wash stand and the room is equipped with steam heat, electric lights, running water, dishes, instruments of all kinds, cones for etherizing purposes, bandages, plasters, needles for sewing up wounds, cocaine, absorbent cotton and everything to apply what aid is necessary until a physician arrives. When he comes, no 24 SAFEGUARDS time Is wasted in preparing the patient for removal to either his home or the hospital, and the physician is not delayed in looking for instruments and other facilities that might be needed in caring for an injured person. Aseptic towels, surgical soap, water bottles and medicines are carried In stock. The object of this emergency room is two-fold: First, to relieve the injured person as soon as possible, and not only alleviate his pain but cleanse the wound or prepare it for permanent dressing by the physician; and, second, thereby to save time for the patient as well as the concern and to assist in his speedy recovery. ^TNA INSPECTIONS This book is published in the Interest of the liability policyholders of the .TItna Life Ixsuilaxce Company. The pictures illustrate prac- tical safeguards and methods of guarding dangerous places and machinery. .Many ofjfhe pictures are from photographs taken by .Etna Inspectors and many of the guards shown were Installed on their recommendations. It will be seen that many of them are simple, yet all are practical, and each as applied is effective for the purpose intended. These simple safeguards will be readily appreciated by the observant employer. He will see what some employers are doing In the "field of prevention," and this will suggest ideas which can be put into practical use In his own plant. It Is the desire of the .Ttxa to assist Its liability policyholders In keeping the number of accidents down to the lowest possible figure. The .Ttx.-\ maintains a force of trained Inspectors for just this purpose, whose duty it Is to find, and bring to the notice of the owner or manager of a plant, defects in machlner}' and hazardous places wherein there is danger of injury and possible loss of life. The .-Etxa Inspector Is at all times at the service of the assured. His varied experience with all kinds of plants and operations renders his judgment and advice especially valuable, and this is particularly appreciated by those who are desirous of having their plants in the best of condition. GEARS Almost all machines are operated to some extent by means of gears of one kind or another, and, no matter what their kind, these gears when unguarded spell danger to anyone who gets too close to them. In a great many cases the operator of the machine has to work in close proximity to some of the gearing much of the time, or the nature of his work makes it necessary for him to approach it at more or less frequent intervals. Others than the operator are also exposed to the gears, from their ha\'ing occasion to do some of the work connected with the machine, to attend to other work which brings them near the gears, or in passing by the gears, sometimes through a narrow passageway which brings them perilously close. Whether operator, passer-by or other, whoever comes close HOW GEARS . K . ^ . ^ re ■ to gearmg m motion is apt to suner serious consequences. DANGEROUS Gears are usually driven with great power and often at a high rate of speed, and anything caught in them cannot be withdrawn without injury. If a man's sleeve, for instance, should be caught in gears revolving at any considerable rate of speed, his arm w^ould inevitably follow the sleeve. Such an accident recently occurred in a rolling mill, when a workman reached over a row of live roll gears to oil some of the machinery. He slipped and the sleeve of his shirt caught In the gears and pulled his arm into them. His screams caused the operator instantly to throw^ the lever, stopping the machinery, but not before the man's arm had been crushed to the shoulder, making him a cripple for the rest of his days. Less prompt action on the part of the operator would have cost the man his life, for the relentless gears would have undoubtedly pulled his body in after his arm. Gears that mesh inwardly are especially dangerous, but all T.rATrr. ^T> gears have a sufficient element of danger attaching to their WAYS OF ^ o o GUARDING operation to require that they be effectually guarded, when- ever this can be done without positively interfering with the working of the machine. A great deal of the machinery being manufac- tured nowadays is equipped with gear-protecting devices, but gears not so protected can almost always be rendered comparatively harmless by means of home-made safeguards. If a metal covering is not easily obtainable, a wooden one will often serve the purpose, and either may be so constructed SAFEGUARDS ,. ,•£. J „ff ,h,. apars when it is necessary to examine or oil them, that it can be hfted off the gears «nen it ' safeguard will or enough of the covermg catt be "- f/-" 7;/^;^ ^„, li^l, .^o.ble and prevent .any a f-^J-^^iontt^ fully against the dangers expense to -??'>,' .^^^^^"^(^^"/inln be removed, raised or opened, when °' ' s^ar'^does .t V V h th Ob ection that it might interfere with the work :r ep ing th gea s in order and running smoothly. Where a dangerous ot keepinf, tne j, attached to the machme- rr r ;r io s^oft^d frl the ^oor is not feasible, the meshing ™; can often be protected by mounting in front of ,t, and on the same spindle, a disc of sheet metal larger than the pmion. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT JHAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. Fig. I. Exposed Bevel Gears. Fig. 2. Guard for Bevel Gears. GEARS 27 Fig. 3. Unguarded Gears of Slitting Machine Used for Cutting Sheet Metal. Although the gears are not in a position to cause an accident to anyone who may pass by or near the machine, they are dangerous to a person attempting to clean the machine while It is in motion or to replace the belt on the pulley. Fig. 4. Guarded Gears of Slitting Machine Used for Cutting Sheet Metal. This shows the same machine as Fig. 3, with the gears protected by a metal cover. SAFEGUARDS Fig. 5, Live Roll Gears Unprotected. This shows the live roll gears in a rolling mill. The live rolls are used for conveying red-hot billets of metal from the furnaces to the mill. Thev are actuated bv cog gears shown at the side, which revolve at a high rate of speed. Unprotected, they are very dangerous. Fig. 6. Live Roll Gears Protected. 1 his shows the gears shown in Fig. 5 guarded by a boxed arrange- ment. The top of the box is a continuous set of covers, which can be raised for the purpose of looking at the gears and attending to them if necessary. The arrangement effectually guards the gears without being a hindrance to the work. GEARS 29 Coiirtesy of Brown &= Sharpe Mfg. Co. Fig, 7. Slotting Machine Guarded. This picture shows a slotting machine with a special attachment to protect the workman from dangerous gearing, at the same time leaving an opening so that the operating parts can be seen. 30 SAFEGUARDS Courtesy of Brown &> Sharpe Mfg. Cq. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 8. Cog Gears Enclosed. This is a guard for the index change gears on a gear cutting machine. On the first machine it will be observed that the guard is dropped down to permit changing of the gears. On the second machine the guard is in position and the gears effectually covered. The arrangement is a simple one and is an excellent illustration of how exposed gearing can be protected. Fig. 9. Rail Guard for Exposed Gears. This shows exposed gears at the end of a large engine lathe. As a general thing, persons in charge of a machine shop will say that it is impossible to guard a machine of this kind, as the gears have to be changed quite frequently and any guard would interfere with the operations. With a pipe rail guard, as shown, there would be very little or no objection to it on that ground, for, when it is necessary to change the gears, the men can very easily step through the railing and have plenty of space inside to work. GEARS Cotirtesy of Broiiin 6^ Sharpe Mfg. Co. Fig. 10. Method o£ Guarding the Change Gears of a Lathe. The hand of the young man operating the arbor press Is protected from the gearing. 32 SAFEGUARDS Fig. II. Fig. 12. Fig. II. Guards Removed from Gears of Wall Paper Printing and Coloring Machine. As will be seen, there are a large number of gears of various sizes. The large gears attached to the cylinder around which the paper passes are about four feet in diameter and run at a speed of 60 revolutions per minute. To these large gears are meshed the numerous small gears, which rotate at 300 revolutions per minute. These small gears are attached to the ends of the color rolls, and it is the duty of the employees in charge of the machine to see that the pans underneath, from which the rolls are fed, are kept well supplied with color. This work necessarily brings the em- ployees close to the gearing. Fig, 12. Guards in Position on Wall Paper Printing and Coloring Machine. The machine is the same shown in Fig. 11, with guards in place. Owing to the character of the work performed by the machine, requiring changing of the rolls every time it is desired to print a different design, it is necessary that a guard shall afford protection without at the same time being a handicap on the work. The guards shown are made of sheet iron reinforced by iron bands, and as constructed will not easily get out of shape with rough usage. GEARS 33 Courtesy of Brown &= S/iarpe hlfg. Co. Fig. 13. Gear Cutting Machine Guarded. This shows a large gear cutting machine with a wooden guard in front of gears to protect the workman. SAFEGUARDS Fig. 14- Pinion and Gear of Tumbling Barrel Protected by Sheet Metal Guard. Fig. 15. Gear Cover for Gears at End of Rolls. The danger from the exposed gears on the machine was that someone might lean against the gears and be drawn into them. GEARS 35 CcMriesj L-^ Bro^K ^ Sijrj-i JJ -/T i Fig. 1 6. Feed Gears Guarded. This shows a guard for the feed gears of a gear cutting machine, the guard being hinged. It is swung open in the picture. 36 SAFEGUARDS " ^^^^^^^^^^^^ M** i*"*'^^ y'^^BWiTf ww¥wrww^^^^^^^^^^3n^\. \ 'W'' H^g^^^ lft.Vr,?L ■ .■^.ar -urn «5"«» '^//(»\S^^5*i p- 7 -•'<■,*.* .-^' ■;. i' 7' ^ 1 ■ 1 i 1 f ( Fig. 17. Unguarded Gears on Machine Used for Cutting Threads in Pipe Fittings. The machine is partially guarded by a railing, but this rail was not considered sufficient protection to a person who might have occasion to clean or adjust the machine. Fig. 18. Guarded Gears on Machine Used for Cutting Threads in Pipe Fittings. This is the same machine shown in Fig. 17 with the gears guarded by means of metal covers so made that they can be lifted out of their places without unfastening any screws or bolts. GEARS 37 Fig. 19. Pipe Railing Surrounding Gear Pit of Boring Mill. Machine shops where they have machines of this character often fail to guard the gears, inasmuch as they believe that guards would interfere with the frequent changing of the gears that is required. A railing such as is shown stands about 3V2 feet in height. Fig. 20, Guarded Machine for Cutting Threads in Pipe Fittings. Not only are the gears of this machine covered with a sheet metal guard, but there is also a guard placed to protect a person from getting caught on any part of the chuck which holds the fitting. 38 SAFEGUARDS Courtesy o/ Draper Co7ttf>any Fig. 21. Gears on Twister. This picture shows the gears at the driving end of a twister. Courtesy of Draper Company Fig. 22. Guarded Gears on Twister. This shows the twister with the gears at the driving end enclosed. GEARS 39 Fig. 23. Cotton Mill Balling Machine. Showing Guard Removed from Gears. This machine is used in connection with the warping frame, a part of which is shown at the right of the picture. Fig. 24. Cotton Mill Balling Machine. Showing Guard in Place Over Gears. (Same machine as shown in Fig 23.) 4° SAFEGUARDS il mm n Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 25. Cotton Mill Spinning Frame. Showing Guard Raised From Gears Which Operate the Feed or Top Rolls. Fig. 26. Cotton Mill Spinning Frame. Showing Guard in Place Over Gears Which Operate the Feed or Top Rolls. (Same machine as shown in Fig. 25.) GEARS 41 Courtesy of Draper Company Fig. 27. Guarded Gears on Loom. At the lower left hand of the machine are shown the take up gears guarded by metal covering. The loom is also provided with a shuttle guide to keep the shuttle from flying out and injuring the weaver. 42 SAFEGUARDS ^^^J^^ RH^ I 1 1 -«riiSlP 1 jmL w! "V^ im '>'* ^Hllfl Fig. 28. Fig. 2g. Figs. 28 and 29. Exposed Gears. Fig. 28 shows a shell mill or crusher with rolls and gears unprotected. Fig. 29 shows the position a man was in when his clothing caught in the gears, dragging his body between them and injuring him so that he died almost instantly. Guards completely covering the rolls and gears had been provided, but the man persisted in working about the machine with the guards off, which was contrary to instructions. The accident not only illustrates the danger of exposed gears, but the consequences that sometimes attend wilful violation of instructions. BELTS AND PULLEYS Pulleys and the belts which operate them or by which they are operated are danger points in connection with the running of machinery, against which ample protection can be furnished with little expense and trouble. The source of most of the risk is the place where the belt and the pulley come together, and the larger the belt and the pulley the greater the danger. Many accidents have been caused by persons getting caught between a belt and a pulley. The junction of belt and pulley is most dangerous when it is situated near a passageway, but no matter where it is located there is chance of someone having to be near enough to it to be caught and injured. Protection against this danger is found in boxing or railing BELT AND °^ ^^^ spot. A pipe rail or a wooden slat arrangement is PULLEY perhaps the best in many cases, as either will act as an effective guard. The pipe railing is also very neat in appearance. Sometimes, however, a sheet metal covering is necessary to accomplish the desired object, or the requisite degree of safety is best assured by the use of a screen in connection with a pipe-railing. All countershafts set on a floor and every other point where belt and pulley meet at a place where a workman may ever have occasion to go, should be guarded in some way. Where it is not possible to box or screen a pulley, as is sometimes the case, the arms of the pulleys should be covered with a metal disc attached securely to them. ctTT-cT-TKT/- ^^ councctiou with belts and pulleys it should be remembered OF BELTS ^ great danger attaches to the operation of shiftmg a belt by hand. Many a broken arm and often more serious injuries have been caused by hand shifting of belts, th; hand or arm being caught and carried around the pulley. Such accidents have been especially frequent where there was but the single pulley. To use the hand in picking up a belt from shafting or a rest and placing it on a rapidly revolving pulley, or in removing it from the pulley, involves a great deal of risk, no matter how expert one may have become in the operation. Very frequently, too, a man desiring to shift a belt in this fashion will climb upon some frail or unsteady support, such as a box or step ladder, or he will use an ordinary ladder placed against the revolving shafting or a wall very close to it. Such 44 SAFEGUARDS a support is likely to give way or slip, causing him to grasp the pulley or shafting to save himself from a fall. Loose pulleys, with proper mechanical means for shifting the belts from the floor level, should always be provided, or the friction clutch pulley used. Where neither of these methods is in existence an efficient belt shifter operated by hand should be used. Often only a common pole or stick is employed, but even this is better than shifting the belt by hand. The pole, however, should be long enough for the man using it to hold it firmly at his side and not to be compelled to hold it at the end and stretch his arms up to reach the pulley. When tight and loose pulleys are used, care should be taken so to arrange the shifting apparatus that, when the belt is moved to the loose pulley, it will stay there and not creep back on the tight pulley and unex- pectedly start the machine with which it is connected. Frequent inspection should be made of belts, especially INvSPECTION , , J • • J u L u _„ _,„T ^- where the ends are joined together, to see that there are O V i3ij^J-/ X o 11/-- AUY) no breaks and that the fastenings are secure and smooth. PULLEYS '^^^ breaking of a high-speed belt is apt to cause serious injury to anyone who may be near it. Pulleys also should be frequently examined for defects or signs of wear. Loose pulleys should not be placed on the shafting itself, but should be mounted independently. In mounting pulleys on shafting, the pulley should be somewhat more than the belt's width from any projection on the shafting. This will prevent the belt getting wedged if it should slip from the pulley. An unshipped belt should never be allowed to rest on the shafting, but should be placed on a rest or hook provided for the purpose. Belts should never be laced or adjusted while the machinery is in motion. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. BELTS AND PULLEYS 45 Fig. 30. Driving Belt in Aisle Boxed in. Fig. 31. Large Horizontal Belt, Unguarded. This shows a large horizontal belt in an electric light plant. The chief danger lies in persons stepping through the belt to save going around. It could easily be guarded by a double railing on each side. 46 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 32. Belt and Pulley of Soap Grinding Machine with Guard Removed. Fig. 33. Belt and Pulley of Soap Grinding Machine with Guard in Position. BELTS AND PULLEYS 47 Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 34. Open or Exposed Small Pulley and Belt on Side of Slitting Machine. This pulley Is waist high from the floor and there Is danger of a person getting caught between the belt and the pulley, should he go too close to them. Fig. 35. Guarded Small Pulley and Belt on Slitting Machine. This shows the same machine as In Fig. 34 with a metal guard for the pulley and belt. This guard Is easily removable when necessary. 48 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 36. Pipe Railing Surrounding Floor Countershaft Used in Driving a Blower. Floor countershafts are commonly used in factories and are sometimes guarded by being enclosed with a wood framework or being entirely boxed in. The pipe rail shown in this picture is one form of protection. ^^m^^- ^^JMk ^^^^^^^ S^~---c:=3==^=^^ ^ 7^-^^ _^- - ^^^ ^^^^' r^. Fig. 37. Guarded Countershaft Used in Driving a Lathe. This countershaft sets on the floor in one of the main aisles. Many persons consider that the style shown in this picture of guarding a counter- shaft on the floor is the most satisfactory. The guard shown is left partly open at the top and only slats are used on the sides. BELTS AND PULLEYS 49 Fig- 39- Guarded Belt and Pulley of Drill Press. Fig. 39. Guarding Point where Belt and Pulley Meet. Many accidents are caused by persons getting caught on belts and pulleys situated like those shown in this picture. The guard shown is made of sheet metal in the shape of an angle, and is fastened by two iron straps to the framework of the machine. 5° SAFEGUARDS Fig. 40. Guarded Belt with Tight and Loose Pulleys. Fig. 41. Pipe Rail Guard Around Belt and Pulley of a Blower. This guard is made of pipe railing to which is bolted a wire screen. It gives full protection to those passing up and down the aisle next to the machine and also has a neat appearance. BELTS AND PULLEYS 51 Fig. 42. Paper Cutter, Clutch and Gear Guarded. The driving belt and friction clutch are guarded with a wooden sheathing on the left, and there is also a guard over the gears on the right of the machine. Fig. 43. Ending Machine for Pasting Boxes, Belt and Pulley Guarded. On the right the belt and pulley are shown boxed in. In the center the friction clutch on the single ender and the belt and pulley are also boxed. 52 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 44. Fig. 45. Fig. 44. Belt Placer. This is a German dev^ice. It is hinged in two places and at the end is a fork, which fits the shaft. At the first joint is a shoe on which the belt is placed to guide it on the pulley. The second joint, or the one nearest the handle, permits the placer to run around the pulley until the shoe is released between the belt and the pulley. Fig. 45. Drill Press with Pulleys Guarded and Bevel Gears of Spindle Guarded. (Used at plant of Link Belt Machinery Co.) The picture shows the drill press with a pipe railing around the pulleys and also a sheet metal guard surrounding the bevel gears at the top of the spi'ndle. It is seldom that these bevel gears are guarded in this manner, because they are at some height above the floor, but there is a possibility of a person getting caught in these gears while wiping the machinery. BELTS AND PULLEYS 53 Fig. 46. Back-Setting Machine, Clutch and Belt Guarded. This shows the friction clutch and belt boxed in. They were especially dangerous, as the end of the machine was situated next to an aisle. The table on the left is removed from the machine to show sprockets and chain drives. When the machine is operating this table is placed close to the machine, guarding the sprockets and chains. FLY WHEELS AND DRIVING BELTS Fly wheels and driving belts furnish the first means for the transmis- sion of power from the engine to the several machines to be operated, and the necessary protection of machinery begins with them. They are prin- cipally dangerous for several reasons. They are almost always of consid- erable size and sometimes huge. They usually move at a high rate of speed. The draft created by their motion attracts loose clothing of persons near them. Fly wheels are usually located in an engine pit, into which there is danger of persons falling; and they are often situated in basements, where the light is dim. Every fly wheel should be guarded by a fence around it, and T^rND T7T ^7 the belt or ropes transmitting the power from the wheel should WHEELS ^^ protected in the same way for at least enough distance above the floor level to prevent workmen from coming in contact with them. This guard may be in the form of a metal casing, screen or picket fence, as is sometimes advisable, or it may consist merely of a fence made of wood strips or pipe railing. If of one of the latter kinds, it will be well to have a skirting board at least six inches In height at the bottom, to prevent anything accidentally falling from the floor into the pit and thereby possibly causing trouble. A XT TXTon-AXT/-T- The ncccssIty for a guard to a fly wheel pit was most AN INSTANCE r -i i -n i • i r n i i • IN POINT forcibly illustrated in the case of a fly wheel in a small country mill, located in a pit near the outer wall of a basement. The edge of the pit was only a few Inches from the wall. The engineer had frequent occasion to walk along the narrow portion of the floor between the wheel pit and the wall, but he could not see any necessity for a fence at the edge of the pit. He had walked there for many years and he guessed he knew enough to take care of himself, was his Invariable reply to all suggestions that the pit be guarded. He walked there again one day and, whether he forgot for once to be cautious or something beyond his control happened, he fell Into the pit and was mangled almost beyond recognition. Not all fly wheels are located in such dangerous spots, but the risk caused by the fly wheel is great enough, no matter where It is situated, to require full protection for everyone who may have to go near it. FLY WHEELS AND DRIVING BELTS 55 The places where belts run through the floors should be BELTS T^TTivTi^TTXT^ securel)' guarded by means of boxing or railing. There is RUNNING 1 /- • • 1 THROUGH ^^^^^ danger ot someone stepping mto such an opening if \t is FLOORS ^^^^ unguarded. If the opening was large enough the belt might drag the person through it, with the result that he would be violently thrown to the floor below, if not hurled into moving machinerv down there. In case of the opening being only large enough to permit a foot to go through, the foot would be badly cut and lacerated by the swiftly moving belt, especially if the belt fastener or lacing was not flush with the surface of the belt. It is not the opening alone that is dangerous. The speed at which some belts run creates a draft which attracts clothing. Women especially, from the nature of their clothing, are subject to the risk of being dragged by this draft against the belt, if not into the opening through which the belt runs. Accidents from the whipping of loose belt laces are by no means uncommon, as are also mishaps due to contact with the points of screws and nuts used in other forms of belt fasteners. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. 56 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 47. Unguarded Rope Drive Passing Through Concrete Floor. Fig. 48. Pipe Railing Around Rope Drive Where It Passes Through Concrete Floor. Surrounding such a dangerous spot with such a simple protection as the pipe railing shown practically remov^es the danger. Rope drives are similar to belts and, as they are usually run at a high speed, there is always danger of a person being injured by coming in contact with them and getting his clothing caught. There is also danger of stepping into the hole through which the rope passes. FLY WHEELS AND DRIVING BELTS 57 Fig. 49. Iron Pipe Railing Guarding a Large Belt and Pulley on Driving Shaft. Fig. 50. Fly Wheel Guarded by Pipe Railing. This railing prevents anyone from falling into the pit or against the fly wheel. 58 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 51. Method of Guarding Main Belt Coming Up Through Floor. Fig. 52. Main Driving Belt Running Through Floor Cased in. This is done to prevent persons passing under and close to the belt. This method of guarding the belt is often the only feasible way. 5ET 5CREWS The protruding set screw in collars on shafting is a harmless enough thing to look at, yet it has probably caused more serious accidents than any- thing else connected with the operation of machinery. It projects beyond the face of the collar and, being square and sharp and revolving rapidly with the shafting, it attracts and entangles any loose material coming within its reach. It will catch the clothing of anyone who may chance to come near enough to it and, if the clothing does not give way at once under the strain, its wearer will be picked up and whirled around the shafting and seriously If not fatally injured. In any factory the workmen are likely to be constantly exposed to such danger, unless the numerous set screws are guarded or some other form of collar is used. Not only do they have to run more or less of this risk as they move about the plant, but those who have to adjust machinery, dress belts or do other work near shafting are especially exposed to the hazard. No protruding set screw which revolves, no matter in how remote a place it is situated, can be considered safe. Many accidents have been caused by such screws located in places where they were supposed to be out of reach of anyone. There are many ways of guarding set screws. For instance, KINDS OF ^^^y ^^^ ^^ countersunk so that they will not project SAFEGUARDS beyond the surface of the collar and may be worked with a box key or a screw driver, or they may be made in hollow form, flush with the collar and adjustable by means of a square kev. Then there is the safety collar, made of wood with a hole in it in which the pro- truding screw is placed. The collar is in two parts and is screwed together when in position on the shaft. A simple method of covering a protruding screw is to wind some leather or rubber belting around the collar, the screw extending through a hole in the belting at each turn until the belting and top of screw are flush. The belting is then firmly secured. There are also safety collars which clamp the shafting without the aid of set screws. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. 6o SAFEGUARDS Fig. 53- ^'^' 54. Fig. 53. Protruding Set Screw and Key-way. Fig. 54. Countersunk Set Screw and Unprotected Shaft End. Fig. 55- Fig. 56. Fig. 55. Safety Collars for Set Screws. (^Manufactured by Middletown [Machine Co., Middletown, Ohio.) Each collar is secured to the shaft by set screws, but they are sunk so as to be flush with or below the surface of the collar. The split collar is arranged so that it can be placed at any part of the shaft, and in this respect it is a decided advantage over the solid collar, which has to be slipped on at the end of the shaft and moved to the desired point. Fig. 56. Safety Clamp Collar. (Manufactured by S. T. Murchie, Kaukaur.a, Wis.) This collar is something new in that it does not require set screws to hold it to shafting. It is held in place by friction, one part of the collar tightening the other part and clamping it to the shaft. 1 SET SCREWS 6i Fig. 57- Fig. 58. Fig. 57. Set Screw Countersunk. Fig. 58. Rubber Protector for Set Screw. (Manufactured by H. O. Canfield Co., Bridgeport, Conn.) /^^^^^ ^'-'^^ ^^^^^ ^-^ ^rrfffll ^.-^ ^^^K'^"\ ^^*^''*!^ ^fiiTi Joey* ^\ ^^»\ "^ 1^^ ^ ^s* ^-^ Fig. 59- Fig. 60. Fig. 59. Shaft End Protected. The guard is a sheet metal casing in which the shaft end revolves. Fig. 60. Hollow Set Screw. (Manufactured by Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co., New York City.) This screw is purposely made short so that it will not protrude beyond the surface of the collar. The wrench is inserted the full length of the screw, so that there is no torsional strain, and the whole force is applied largely at the point of the screw where it is required. 62 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 6i. Unguarded Opening Between Ends of Shaft in Stone Crusher Plant. This place was the scene of a fatal accident. The opening between the ends of the shafts is only eight inches wide, so narrow that it was never thought necessar}' to guard it. An employee, however, undertook to go between the rapidly revolving shafts one day, and in doing so the upper part of the sweater which he wore caught on the protruding key on one of the shafts, which is seen to be unprotected, and, winding around the shafts, literally strangled the man to death. This picture illustrates two dangerous conditions: First, the protruding key and ends of shafting, which should have been covered; and, second, the unguarded space between the shafting, which should have been fenced or railed off. SPROCKET WHEELS AND CHAINS One has only to look at a sprocket wheel driven by a chain to realize that It is a dangerous thing to have exposed. It is more dangerous than the belt and pulley because things will catch in the teeth of the sprocket more easily than on the smooth pulley. For this reason it is even more necessary that the sprocket wheel and chain should be boxed in or guarded in some other effective manner. The fact that the sprocket wheel is slow running or is SPEED OR -^ ^ J • u ^ • w u ^ c ^u 1 situated m what is supposed to be an out-or-the-wav place LOCATION ,,^ should not be set forth as an argument that it is not neces- NO ... SAFEGUARD ^^^^ ^° guard it. That is how so many accidents occur, just thinking that no one will go near the dangerous spot. But someone does go near it, and every time this happens there is the possibility of an accident. While perhaps some things in an "out-of-the-way place" that should be guarded may be left unguarded with comparatively little chance of ill result, this risk should never be taken with the sprocket wheel and chain because of its extremely dangerous character. In a cement manufacturing mill a sprocket wheel was located HOW ONE . r/-^Ni LH T -JJ r . ^^^^„, in a safe ( :) place near the rioor. It was considered a sarf ACCIDENT \ / 1 OCCURRED place because people seldom went near it. One day a work- man, making necessary repairs close by, slipped and his right foot went in between the sprocket and the chain, which crushed it so badly that it had to be amputated. This accident demonstrated to the manager of the mill that the sprocket wheel and chain was dangerous and he then had it fenced in. Perhaps down in his heart he knew it before the accident, but he took a chance that no one would get hurt, and lost. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. 64 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Fig, 62. Unguarded Sprocket Wheel and Chain of a Small Conveyor. This wheel and chain, being near the floor, is dangerous to anyone who may be required to pass near it. Fig. 63. Guarded Sprocket Wheel and Chain of a Small Conveyor. This is the sprocket wheel and chain shown in Fig. 62, guarded by a wooden cover made with a wide piece at the bottom, so that it will stand firmly on the floor. SPROCKET WHEELS AND CHAINS 65 I^'ig. 64. Unguarded Chain and Sprocket in Cement Manufacturing Plant. Fig. 65. Guarded Chain and Sprocket in Cement Manufacturing Plant. This is the same chain and sprocket shown in Fig. 64, fenced In. ROLLS AND KNIVES It is almost needless to say that roll feed machinery is dangerous. The many serious accidents that have occurred in connection with the operation of it is positive evidence that this is so. Very often the work is of such a character that the hands must go close to the rolls in order properly to adjust the material that is fed into them. In this lies the element of danger, unless there is a guard of some kind to prevent the operator's hands going beyond a certain point. If there is no guard, nothing but the greatest. kind of vigilance on the part of the operator will avoid an accident. It is unreasonable to expect that a person will concentrate the mind on a certain thing hour after hour. It is true that the operator in time becomes more or less mechanical, but the mind will wander or attention will be diverted, and sooner or later the operator will make a false movement and the hand will be caught. The injuries vary according to the size and character of the machinery, and run from pinching of fingers to crushing of arms to the shoulder, and even death. As in the case of accidents from other kinds of machinery, LAUNDRY • , r n r j u- u i t J •n^A^TTT^T^T^xr accidcttts trom roll reed machmerv can be largely prevented MACHINERY ... , . • i i r i t by equippmg the machmes with the proper safeguards. In the case of the collar and cuff ironers and mangles in a laundry, for instance, it is not a difficult matter to guard the rolls at the point of feed. For the collar and cuff ironer, a strip of wood placed in front of the feed roll at just sufficient height to permit the material to be fed under, is all that is necessary. For the mangle, a rod placed several inches in front of the feed roll and held in place by springs, or by its own weight, forms an effective guard. The necessity for guards on ironing machines is now so well recog- nized that practically all up-to-date machines are equipped with them before the machines leave the factory. CALENDER ^" paper, rubber and textile mills, calender rolls are used to ROLLS ^ great extent, and it has been found feasible to guard the rolls at the intake in most instances. This is sometimes done by applying an auxiliary wooden roll in front of the feed rolls, the same being held in place by a simple arrangement of link work and balanced weights. For a cloth calendering machine, a guard consisting of a wooden board with beveled edges suspended from a rod above the rolls and kept in position at the point of feed by weights is sometimes used. This arrange- ROLLS AND KNIVES 67 ment permits the guard board being used to push the cloth into the rolls instead of doing it by hand. Where vertical rolls are used a feed table should be provided. Pro- tection for this class of rolls can be had by means of frames of wire-netting hinged to the machine to allow the frames to swing to the point of intake. It is always a good plan, when it can be done, to equip a roll feed machine with a stopping device which can be easily actuated by foot pressure, so as instantly to disconnect the power in case the hands get caught. REVOLVING ^^ ^^^ guarding of revolving knives, such as are used on KNIVES slitting machines, protection can be had by placing sheet metal or screen guards in front of the knives very much in the same manner as is done in connection with the guarding of revolving rolls. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. Courtesy 0/ W'althatn Watch Com/>any Fig. 66. Metal Rolls Safeguarded. The safeguard on this machine is feeding the material through the narrow opening in front of the rolls. It positively prevents the operator's hands from coming in contact with the rolls and being drawn therein. 68 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 67. Six Roll Flat-Work Ironer Guarded. (Manufactured by the American Laundry Machinery Manufacturing Co.) The guard on this machine is a bar in front of where the operator feeds the pieces of material into the machine. This bar is attached by means of springs which permit the bar to raise should the hand be caught. Fig. 68. Flat-Work Ironer Guarded. (Manufactured by the American Laundry Machinery Manufacturing Co.) This machine is equipped with an improved safety device, consisting of a swinging board hung just above the ribbon apron feed and near to the cylinder, to prevent the operator's hand being drawn in. ROLLS AND KNIVES 69 ^^TVl> Fig. 69. Collar and Cuff Ironer Guarded. (Manufactured by the American Laundry Machinery Manufacturing Co.) This picture shows excellent guarding of all the gearing on the machine and also a protective bar in front of the feed rolls to keep the operator's hands from getting caught. Fig. 70. Guarded Rolling Machine Used in Shoe Factory. This sort of machine is used for rolling out sole leather, and the rolls are very dangerous when unguarded. The picture shows a guard, XX, which prevents the operator's fingers from coming in contact with the roll. 7° SAFEGUARDS Fig. 71. Calender Rolls with Safety Clutch. This shows a calender machine much used in paper mills and rubber factories. The dangerous feature of the machine is the revolving rolls through which the material is fed. Should a person get his hand caught between the rolls, it could not be extricated and would be torn away unless the machinery was stopped. On this machine an emergency arrange- ment in the way of a mechanical clutch Is provided. At the bottom of the machine, where the operator is standing, is a rod or lever extending the length of the machine. This rod is connected by chains to levers attached to a rod at the top of the machine, from which a chain is suspended con- necting with the clutch. If the operator gets his hand caught, he places his foot on the lever and forces It down, and the power is Instantly shut off. This can be done so quickly that a serious accident Is not probable on a machine equipped with this device. ROLLS AND KNIVES 71 Fig. 72. Fig- 73- Fig. 72. Guarded Corner Cutting Machine in Paper Box Factory. A is the knife box in which is placed the V-shaped knife, which is operated by a treadle (C) in like manner to the punch of a punch press. B shows the gauges against which the paper to be cut is placed. D shows the guard, which is simply an iron rod that runs through the gauges in front of the knife. It protects the operator's fingers from coming in contact with the knife. Fig. 73. Finger Protectors for Use in Operating Corner Staying Machines. The fingers can be saved by using these protectors, which are of metal and resemble thimbles. The picture shows how the protectors are used and the result should the finger of an operator wearing the protector get caught in the machine. The protector is pinched, but the finger is saved. The use of the protectors does not curtail the amount of work in the least degree, and as a safeguard against accidents it is invaluable. In factories where corner staying machines are used the number of accidents has been reduced to a minimum by the use of the protectors. 7^hey might be adopted with good results in other work than that connected with box manufacturing. 72 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 74. Guarded Rotary Knives on Slitting Machine. This machine is used in a rug factory, and when its rotary knives are unprotected they are the cause of frequent accidents. The picture shows these knives guarded by several flat iron finger guards in front of them. PUNCH PRESSES Getting the hand crushed between the die and the punch is the principal source of danger connected with the operation of a punch press or stamping machine. The work of feeding a punch press is of such nature that the operator becomes in time a mere automaton, performing his duty in a mechanical sort of way. He thus becomes less alert to avoid being injured, and a slip or miscalculation may result in the loss of a hand or fingers. The method by which a punch press is operated has much METHODS ^° ^° ^^^^ ^^^ safety of the operatives. The work is either Qp continuous or intermittent. When intermittent, a foot OPERATION treadle Is usually employed to operate the punch. Hand levers are also used. With the foot treadle there is more danger of an accident than with the hand lever, for with the latter arrange- ment the operator must remove his hand from the die before starting the punch. In the use of the foot treadle the operator, who always has his foot on the treadle, may unconsciously give the pressure while placing the material or extricating a spoiled blank. Various devices have been provided to safeguard the oper- MEANS OF , . u u- u- u • u l • •DT3r^'T-T7#^'T-T/-kivT ^tor, such as arms on the machme, which, with the operation PKOTiliCT. ION 1111/- of the punch, will warn or push away the hand before the punch reaches it. Sticks or other implements for removing the material should be used. As in the operation of all kinds of dangerous machines, the greatest safeguard against accidents is vigilance on the part of the operator, but every additional preventive in the way of a mechanical device should be provided. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. 74 SAFEGUARDS Fig- 75. Fig. 76. Fig. 75. Stamping Machine with Guard Attached. (Invented by John D. Long, New York City.) Fig. 76. Power Punch Press Equipped with Safety Clutch. (Manufactured by the Barauth Machine Co., Toledo, Ohio.) A press equipped with this safety clutch cannot make more than one stroke with one depression of the treadle, unless the safety clamp is removed from the clutch position to secure continued motion, when the press will run as long as the treadle is held down. The clutch is so constructed that, while operating the press on single stroke, it is absolutely impossible for the press to repeat. This press is also equipped with a positive knockout attached to the slide to discharge the work from the upper die positively with each stroke of the press. PUNCH PRESSES 75 Fig- 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 77. Stamping Press Guard. (Manufactured by J. M. Jones, Buffalo, N. Y.) By this device the most perfect protection is given the operator, as his hands are pushed away by the guard from under or between the dies. Fig. 78. Guarded Stamping Machine Used in Soap Factory. (Used in factory of James S. Kirk & Co., Chicago, 111.) This stamping machine is used in the forming and printing of the various bars of soap. The guard is shown by the two arms attached to the shaft or rod underneath the punch. When the punch is up the arms rise on the edges of the die, and the operator must place his hand over one of the arms to put the piece of soap in position on the die. When the punch descends, the arms rise automatically and force the operator's hands out of the way. This is a simple arrangement and was devised by one of the mechanics in the factory. Previous to its adoption accidents were frequent in the use of these machines, but since it has been in use there have been no accidents from this source. There are numerous machines of this char- acter where such a home-made device could be applied with good eftect. 76 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 79. Punch Press Guarded. The punch Is operated by hand levers, necessitating the withdrawal of the hands from the die before operation. On the right the large gear and pinion are guarded, on the left the pulley and belt are guarded. PUNCH PRESSES 77 Cjuytesy of W'althajn Watch Coiii/>any Fig. 80. A Small Drop Press. This machine is for light work. The safeguards are the two arms on the threaded upright shaft. When placing the piece of metal on the die, the operator must push back the padded arm which swings the little arm above it directly under the plunger, so that, in case the plunger should be in any way unlocked while the operator's hand is on the die, the plunger would fall on the arm and not on the hand of the operative. A weak spring keeps both arms out of the path of the plunger. GRINDSTONES AND EMERY WHEELS Grindstones and emery wheels are employed so much for one purpose or another that they may be considered universal tools. The greatest danger connected with their use is the possibility of their bursting, but they both also have specific dangers of their own. All these dangers can be obviated largely by careful selection, installation and care-taking and by the use of preventive and protective safeguards. Both grindstones and emery wheels should be well mounted, so as to reduce vibration to a minimum. They should also be covered as much as possible by hoods, to lessen the likelihood of personal injuries resulting from their breaking and also to keep dust and chips from getting into the operator's eyes. These hoods can be con- nected with an exhaust system for disposing of the dust. The grindstone is used, in all sizes, in the cutlery and other SELECTION ' ' y motinttng' grinding trades for both manufacturing and finishing pur- AND CARE poses, and it is often run at very high speed, which, of course, increases the danger of its bursting. Explosion may be due to any one or more of a number of causes. Stones should be carefully selected to avoid such as are inherently dangerous. It is well not to use stones quarried by explosives or such as are plainly not of homogeneous formation or have cross veins. The axle hole should be round, as the process of cutting the square hole is apt to cause slight radial fracture, which is likely to be increased if the stone is not mounted with the utmost correctness. In mounting the stone, metal plates are better than wedges, as they can be set to bear equally all around and thus not cause dangerous stress when the stone is swollen up by moisture. The process of racing the stone, which is often necessary to tool off the sides, should be done with great care. In trueing up, the rim should not be violently hacked, as this is likely to cause radial fracture. crz-kTSTXT/- r^T> Grindstoncs should not be stored in wet places, or with GRINDSTONES Stone standmg on the ground. Wet storage is apt to waterlog the stone and soften it, and in winter the moisture which has been absorbed may freeze and cause expansion that will crack the stone. If a fracture so caused is not superficially evident, it may result GRINDSTONES AND EMERY WHEELS 79 in an accident. If a stone is allowed to stand on the ground, the lower part will become soft and green while the upper part becomes hard and seasoned. The moisture will go into the stone in wedge-like form, tapering to a point at the centre. The result will be expansion on one side and often a crack, which may not be discovered before the stone bursts. For similar reasons an idle mounted stone used for wet grinding should not be allowed to remain partly in water. STONES Grindstones are also used largely for ordinary tool-sharp- USED FOR ening. Then they are not driven at a speed which will TOOL- ^^^ their tenacity to the limit, but they can burst never- SHARPENING theless on account of original defects or careless handling, mounting or redressing. A workman is also apt to be injured by holding the tool he is sharpening at such an angle to the approach- ing part of the revolving stone that the tool and the workman's hand are caught between the stone and the rest, and badly injured. The use of a releasing rest will avert such an accident. Emery wheels, which are used for abrasive purposes in numer- WHEELS ^^^ manufacturing processes, are manufactured discs, and therefore their quality can practically be wholly determined by their makers. Only the best quality of wheel should be used, as a cheap wheel is usually dangerous. To prevent bursting, emery wheels should be very heavily and carefully mounted. A safety collar attachment is the best means for holding them in place. In order not to subject them to too much centrifugal stress they should be run in strict accordance with their limita- tions, as announced by their makers. The nut and end of arbor of an emery wheel should be protected by a cap. Emery wheels should be treated just as carefully as grindstones. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. 8o SAFEGUARDS Fig. 8i. Hood for Grindstone. Fig. 82. Concave Safety Collars for Emery Wheel. (Manufactured by the Safety Emery Wheel Co., Springfield, O.) Fig. 83. Clamp Safety Collars for Emery Wheel. (Manufactured by the Safety Emery Wheel Co., Springfield, O.) GRINDSTONES AND EMERY WHEELS 8i Courtesy of Draper Company Fig. 84. Guarded Foundry Grinders. Hoods made of bronze composition enclose the wheels except where the work is being done. The hoods are connected with exhaust fans which carry off the dust. Couriesy oy Brown &^ bharpe Alj^. C Fig. 85. Guarded Emery Wheels in Polishing Room. This shows guards over the operating wheels, with exhaust pipes con- nected to carry off the dust, and a railing to guard the ends of the rows of shafting. 6 STAIRWAYS, PLATFORMS AND RUNWAYS Stairways, platforms and runways have decided elements of danger, which are apt to cause many accidents unless ample protection is furnished. One of the most essential features of this protection, and one common to them all, is light. Every stairvvay, hallway, platform, runway and passage- way should be furnished with sufficient light, either natural or artificial, to enable persons to see where they are going or whether there are any obstacles in the way. The principal danger connected with stairwavs is that of STAIRWAY ,. • ^1 J u u r . i l "j j -n slippmg. 1 he treads, whether or metal or hard wood, will become worn and slippery from constant use. When they get into that condition, there is danger of someone being injured by slipping on them. While persons occasionally fall going upstairs, it is not very often that they are injured. It is falls sustained while going downstairs that become the serious accidents. Accidents due to slipping can be largely prevented. The first pre- ventive measure is to keep the treads in good condition. If they become polished and slippery, either renew them or cover them with some material that does not become slippery from wear. Rubber, carpet, metallic treads, etc.. will serve the purpose; but, if covering is used, it must not be allowed to get ragged or full of holes. That would be as bad if not worse than leaving the treads slippery, for persons would be tripped by the ragged parts or the holes. Brass strips are very often placed over the nose of the tread to save it from wear, but, unless tacked down close, these are apt to be dangerous. •uAXTT^ ■r.ATTo I" addition to making the treads safe, stairways should be HAND RAILS j i • i i , -, , POR provided with hand rails. A hand rail has many times saved STAIRWAYS ^ person who has slipped or stumbled. Moreover, there is less danger of a person slipping or stumbling if there is a hand rail that he can get hold of. For this reason stairways, even when enclosed by side walls, should have a hand rail on at least one side, that nearest the right hand of a person going down. No material should ever be piled on steps or stairways. STAIRWAYS, PLATFORMS AND RUNWAYS 83 PLATFORMS, Platforms should always be railed and skirted at the edges, ELEVATED ^° prevent material and tools as well as persons falling off. WALKS AND Elevated walks and runways should also be railed. In RUNWAYS ^^^^y ^^^^ ^^^^ should be taken to see that the posts and railings are in good condition and firmly secured. Many serious accidents have occurred through persons leaning against railings which looked secure but were not. The flooring, too, should be kept in good condition and free from holes into which a person might step. Fig. 86. Open Side of Stairway Guarded by Hand Rail and Flange Coupling Boxed. The boxing for the flange coupling marked " X " is fastened to the ceiling, as the bolts project from the flange on either side when the shaft is revolving. These couplings are even more dangerous than protruding set screws. 84 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 87. Pipe Railing Guarding Side of Elevated Platform Along Row of Tanks. Fig. 88. Elevated Walks in Factory Guarded with Hand Rails. These walks are about forty feet above the floor of the factory, and it is necessary at times for employees to use them in oiling machinery or in repairing it when it gets out of order. STAIRWAYS, PLATFORMS AND RUNWAYS 8S Fig. 89. Dangerous Open Stairway on Outside of Building. Fig. 90. Fig. 91- Fig. 90. Open Stairway with Unguarded Opening Beneath. Fig. 91. Stairway Equipped with Safety Tread. (Showing the Mason Tread, Manufactured by the American Mason Safety Tread Co., Boston, Mass.) Most stairways are worn smooth by use, and often many treads with which stairways are equipped become so smoothly polished that persons are apt to slip on them and be severely injured. The tread illustrated is composed of lead firmly rolled into dovetailed grooves alternating with open V-shaped grooves and having a hard metal base. The lead while wearing does not become polished and slippery. WOOD=WORKINQ MACHINERY The machinery used in wood-working establishments is easily among the most dangerous of all. From their very nature it will be recognized that circular rip saws, band saws, planers, wood shapers and the many other sharp-edged tools used in wood-working plants of the various kinds cannot always be made absolutely harmless. At the same time it is certainly pos- sible to reduce the number of accidents materially, and in many cases to eliminate them altogether. There are a number of patented safety devices with which these tools can be equipped, and where one of these devices is not easily obtainable or does not seem sufficiently practicable a home-made safeguard can often be applied at small cost and with little effort. Whatever the safeguard used, and whether safeguards are used or not, there should be loose pulleys wherever possible, so that any machine may be easily thrown out of motion when not in use, and operators should be invariably required to throw their machines out of motion whenever they have occasion to leave them, even though only temporarily. Probably as many accidents have been caused by the CIRCULAR . , ^ . \ , , . , I • 1 - circular rip saw as by any other machine, but such mishaps can be largely prevented if the saw is properly guarded. It used to be held that a circular saw could not be successfully operated if it was guarded, but this contention has been refuted in hundreds of instances. There are many good devices for guarding such saws which are thoroughly practical, acting as a certain preventive of accidents and at the same time not interfering with the operation of the machine. Even such a simple thing as a rubber mat to prevent the operator from slipping has saved many a man from injury. T^»»TT^ r,«,T,o Band saws also can easily be guarded so that there will BAND SAWS , ,- 1 -1 1 • 1 r • • be httle or no risk to the operator, either from coming in contact with the teeth or from the saw breaking or slipping from the wheel. A simple arrangement of wooden partitions will accomplish the desired object In most instances. In lumber mills the band saws can, and always should, be provided with a heavy plank at the top to protect the operator in the event of the saw breaking, and a strong wire guard can be arranged WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY 87 to protect the operators, or setters, who ride in the carriages. The accidents that happen in this way are in most instances very serious and there is urgent need for special protection. WOOD PLANERS ^^^ ^°°^ planer, or jointer, which is found in almost every wood-working establishment, is among the most dangerous of the machinery used in wood-working. It has caused innumerable accidents and has maimed thousands of men. The dangers of the planer are manifold. A change in the grain of the piece of wood being worked or an unnoticed knot suddenly throwing the wood from the machine may at any moment result in the operator's hands coming in contact with the knives. If the gauge was always set so as to expose only a width of the knives proportionate to the width of the piece of wood being worked, such accidents would be comparatively few; hut if the knives are constantly used in one place they are apt to become dull, so the gauge is often moved over until an unnecessary and a dangerous width of knives is exposed. Although the planer is one of the most dangerous of wood-working machines, it is the most easily guarded, and there are many safeguards which eliminate practically all of the danger. WOOD SHAPERS ^^^ wood shaper is another dangerous wood- working machine when it is not guarded, but it can be so guarded that it becomes more than reasonably safe. A wood shaper should never be operated without a guard, for in the long run it is prac- tically sure to involve even the most careful operator in an accident. Wood shaper accidents are very apt to cause loss of a finger or a hand, and some- times even loss of life results as an indirect if not direct consequence. There are many guards for wood shapers, any one of which will greatly diminish the number of accidents without in the least hampering the workmen in operating the machine. The swing saw, which is found in almost every wood- SWING SAWS ,.'=,'. , , • 1 , workmg plant, is very dangerous, but accidents can be reduced to a minimum by a simple guard in the form of a piece of iron three inches in width bent on a radius a little larger than the saw and bolted on the side of the frame so that it will come down over the front of the saw as far as the mandrel. This will keep the operator's hands from coming in contact with the saw in case the balance weights break. The large equalizing saws used in stav^e factories are EQUALIZING , ^ • uu • 1 11 ^ ^u SAWS dangerous to neighboring employees as well as to the oper- ators. Both the sides and back of these saws should be cased. The side casing can be hung on hinges so that the saws can be removed and filed when necessary. This casing will keep workmen from 88 SAFEGUARDS coming in contact with the teeth, and will also prevent anything falling on the saws and thus possibly causing an accident. The circular heading jointer used in heading and barrel fac- CIRCULAR ^Qj.jgg ^^g caused many accidents. It has a circular face-plate, TOINTERS ^^^^ several knives fastened to it. In operation this face-plate moves at a high rate of speed, with the upper half, which varies in size from twenty inches to several feet, wholly exposed. The danger from this machine can be avoided by placing a casing over the front of the face-plate, which will leave only space enough for entrance of the material being worked. The sandpaper or wood-polishing machine is dangerous on account of its rolls. If an operator should get his hands cauffht between these rolls he surely would be badly hurt and MACHINK . . . . he might lose his life. An effective guard against this danger is found in a metal bar placed in front of the top front feed roll. The bar can be so adjusted that it will move with the roll, the bottom of it being a little above the bottom of the top roll. The material can easily be fed to the machine and at the same time the operator will run no risk of getting his hands caught. The large sander should be provided with an apron guard to prevent the tender from placing his hand on the frame of the machine and getting it caught when material is coming through. Speaking of wood-working machinery in general, it should be said that no class of machines requires protection more than those used in wood- working. This fact is sufficiently proved not only by the large number of accidents recorded on account of them, but also by the great number and variety of the safeguards devised to protect the operators of such machines against injury. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY 89 Fig. 92. Fig. 93. Fig. 92. Saw Guard. (Manufactured by L. F. Grammes & Sons, Allentown, Pa.) Fig. 93. Circular Saw Guard. (Manufactured by E. C. Atkins & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.) This device is adjustable to accommodate different size saws. It prevents the operator's hand from coming in contact with the front teeth of the saw and, by a special arrangement, it is impossible for the board to rise on the teeth of the saw and be kicked back at the operator. Fig. 94. Fig. 95. Fig. 94. Jones Circular Saw Guard. (Manufactured by the Jones Safety Device Co., Buffalo, N. Y.) This picture shows the guard over the saw. As the board passes to the saw the guard is raised and rests upon the board. When the board has passed beyond the guard the guard drops back on the table. Fig. 95. Jones Circular Saw Guard. (Manufactured by the Jones Safety Device Co., Buffalo, N. Y.) This picture shows the guard raised and out of the way. go SAFEGUARDS Fig. 96. Fig. 97- Fig. 96. Guard for Circular Rip Saw. This guard is composed of two sections of piping, one section sliding Inside the other. The upper end of the piping is attached to the ceiling and is held in its proper position by means of guy wires. At the end of the sliding, or inside pipe, is attached a hood, made of sheet metal, which fits over the saw at such a height as Is desired. The adjustment of the hood Is accomplished by means of a thumb screw Inserted through the larger pipe. Fig. 97. Guard for Circular Rip Saw. This guard Is similar to the one In Fig. 96, except that the hood Is open Instead of being closed. The open hood enables a somewhat better view of the saw and the work which Is being done. WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY 91 Fig. 98. Courtesy 0/ Drown &• Sharpe I^l/g' Co, Fig. 99. Fig. 98. Guard for Circular Saw. This guard is somewhat similar in arrangement to the devices shown in Figs. 96 and 97. Instead of protecting one saw, however, it guards two, hence the wider hood. As can be seen, it is adjustable, and can be raised or lowered to any desired height. Fig. gg. Rubber Mat for Circular Saw Operator. This mat is used to prevent the operator from slipping and being thrown against the saw. The machine also has an exhaust pipe for carrying away the sawdust. 92 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 100. Circular Saw Guard. (Manufactured by J. A. Fay & Egan Co., Cincninati, Ohio.) Fig. loi. Self-feeding Circular Saw. This saw can be fed only as fast as the sawing is accomplished. It is impossible to overfeed the saw and there is little or no danger of material being thrown back. WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY 93 Fig. 102. Fig. 103. Fig. 102. Large Swing Saw Guarded. (Manufactured by H. B. Smith Machine Co., Smithville, N. J.) This is what is known as the pendulum or swing saw. The pendulum frame is attached to the ceiling and swings on trunnions, independent of the countershaft, and is unaffected by wear of its boxes. The saw is thirty-six inches in diameter, and, as will be seen, is provided with a metal guard covering the top and part nearest the operator. Attached to the guard on the right is a handle for drawing the saw into the material to be cut. This class of saw is not always guarded, but it should be. Fig. 103. Small Swing Saw Guarded. (Manufactured by H. B. Smith Machine Co., Smithville, N. J.) This saw is very similar to Fig. 102. The saw is sixteen inches in diameter and well guarded. 94 SAFEGUARDS Courtesy of Grown &" Sharpc Mfg' Co. Fig, 104. Band Saw, Upper and Lower Wheels Enclosed. The band saw is guarded to catch the saw if it is broken or slips the wheels. There is also an exhaust to carry away the sawdust. WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY 95 Fig. 105. Fig. 106. Fig. 105. Band Saw Guarded. The arrangement consists merely of placing two board partitions in front of the saw where the operator stands. One protects him from the lower wheel and the other from the upper part of the saw. Sufficient space is left between the two to permit the operator to work freely. The partitions are hung on hinges so that they can be swung back if it is necessary to examine any part of the machine. With a guard of this kind there is no danger of the operator getting his feet in the lower wheel, and if the saw should break or run off the wheel there would be little chance of his being injured thereby. Fig. 106. Belt and Large Saw Guarded. This picture shows the interior of a saw mill. Tn the foreground is a large circular saw, over which is placed a metal guard with bars extending half-way down each side. At the left is a vertical belt that operates the saw, the lower part of which is crated, as Is also the pulley. 96 SAFEGUARDS 1 Fig. 107. Fig. 108. Fig. 107. Old Square Style Buzz Planer. This shows the position the hand is liable to get into and the certain consequences. Fig. 108. Oliver Safety Cylinder for Buzz Planer. (Manufactured by Oliver Machinery Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.) This circular cylinder presents a regular surface, fills the gaps caused by the separation of the tables and prevents the fingers getting down below the table top and thereby being cut off or severely damaged. Fig. 109. Done with Square Cylinder Fig. no. Done with Circular Cylinder Figs. 109 and no. Reproductions from Photographs of Hands that Have Been in Contact with Planer Cylinders. WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY 97 Fig. III. Guard for Buzz Planer. Fig. 112. Pulleys and Gears on Two Sides of Planer Guarded. This picture shows wooden guards provided on two sides of a wood planer, commonly used in factories where boards are planed. Driving pulleys and gearing are guarded with sectional pieces that are held in place by hooks and can be easily removed should it be so desired. The only part exposed is the table where the boards are placed in operating the machine. 98 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 113. Guard for Buzz Planer. Fig. 114. Guard for Buzz Planer. This guard is made from wooden strips attached to two pieces of leather. By means of a spiral spring under the table the guard is always held in position over the knives. As a board is passed over the knives only that portion of the knives corresponding to the width of the board is uncovered. When the board has passed through the guard springs back into place. WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY 99 Fig. 115. Fig. 116. Fig. 115. Jones Safety Buzz Planer Guard, Showing Design of Device. (^lanufactured by the Jones Safety Device Co., Buffalo, N. Y.) This guard is in sections sliding together to clear the width of the knives, or sliding outward to the jointer fence, making it quick in operation. It does not come outside of the machine in the way of the operator or of a truck passing by. The round rod passing through the bracket, and held in position by hand wheel screw, makes the guard adjustable up or down without the use of a wrench, for facing off different thicknesses of material. Fig. 116. Jones Safety Buzz Planer Guard in Operation. (Manufactured by the Jones Safety Device Co., Buffalo, N. Y.) Showing how, in facing off, the material passes under the guard and the workman's hands pass over it. Should a board be hurled from the knives, the workman's hands are perfectly safe. lOO SAFEGUARDS Fig. 117. Guard for Buzz Planer. The guard is adjusted by means of a thumb screw and can be set so that it will cover the knife with the exception of that portion equal to the width of the board being planed. Fig. 118. Guard for Wood Shaper. This picture shows an adjustable metal guard over the shaper. completely covers the knives and the spindle head. I It WOOD=WORKING MACHINERY lOI mm ilji. imwiilU mil II ' " '^" Fig. iig. Jones Wood Shaper Guard. (Manufactured by the Jones Safctj- Device Co., lUiffalo, N. Y.) This device is adjustable. It can be attached to and will fit any machine. As will be seen, the r.rm is jointed to raise up for dropping inside work over the spindle, changing knives, etc., and the spring to hold it down puts tension on the work. Fig. 120. Guard for Wood Shaper. This guard is adjustable and can be raised and lowered over spindles without difficulty. The picture shows the guard over the spindle. I02 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 121. Guard for Wood Shaper. Fig. 122. Fig. 123. Fig. 122. Guarded Lath Bolter. (Manufactured by William Hamilton, Peterboro, Can.) Fig. 123. Guarded Gang Lath Mill. (Manufactured by William Hamilton, Peterboro, Can.) ELEVATORS There Is probably no vehicle of conveyance so Indispensable as the elevator. In high public buildings and large mercantile and manufacturing establishments it may be considered as absolutely necessary for the transportation of both passengers and freight. An elevator, briefly defined, Is a car or platform suspended by ropes attached to a motive machine. To this are added the necessary devices and equipment essential for safety. Safety is, or should be, the first and main requisite to be considered In the construction and installation of an elevator. Every reputable elevator builder Is desirous of having the elevator he in- stalls safe and fully equipped with all the necessary safety appliances. He would have the elevator shaft enclosed and the entrances at the landings properly protected. That this is not always done is not due to the builder, but to the man for whom the elevator is built, who, with a false Idea of economy, restricts the builder from doing what he knows should be done. Tell an elevator builder that you want everything in connection with your elevator safe and he will make It safe; restrict him and he will give you only what you pay for. Every elevator, whether used for passengers or freight, should be equipped with a speed governor safety device. No one can DEVICES ^^^^ when something is going to happen to the equipment to cause the elevator to drop or run away. This safety device is for emergency only and is provided to act only In such contingencies. Too much stress, therefore, cannot be laid on the necessity for keeping all parts of the device clean and in proper working order. The limit stops on the cables and on the machine should be examined frequently to see that they are in proper adjustment to prevent the car from over-traveling. Every elevator should have ample overhead and pit room, so that the limit stops can be adjusted to stop the car above the top floor and below the lower floor. In this way the operator is compelled to stop at the terminal floors the same as at the Intermediate floors. Thus the limit stops are a safety only and are not worn out or hammered to pieces by coming Into action at every trip to a terminal floor. Accidents due to falling elevators are not as numerous as one might suppose, when the number of elevators In use Is taken into consideration; but when an elevator, particularly a I04 SAFEGUARDS passenger elevator, does fall, the consequences are apt to be very serious if the safety does not operate. GUARDING The majority of accidents in connection with elevators is HOISTWAY due to other causes, one of the chief of these being the poor AND and defective manner in which the hoistway and entrances ENTRANCES thereto are protected. Some people do not realize, as they should, the importance of guarding an elevator well. In many instances no protection is provided. Again, where there are guards no care is taken to keep them in place. Often only a chain or bar is stretched across the entrance. A chain or bar cannot be considered a proper guard for an elevator opening. The guard should be something more substantial, such as a gate or door. If a gate, it should be of sufficient height to prevent a person looking over it. Numerous accidents have been caused by persons looking over a gate or bar into the elevator shaft and being caught between the descending elevator and the gate. Where it is not feasible to install high gates for lack of head room, the elev'ator should by all means be equipped with a signal or gong to warn persons of its approach. Another method of preventing acci- dents of this character is to hang a light bar or row of chains or ropes from the lower edge of platform. Such bar or chain would first touch the unwary one and cause him to move away in time to avoid the car. The locks or latches on doors and gates should KEEPING LOCKS , , , . , ,-•„•,• AND LATCHFS always be kept m proper order, bspecially is this IN ORDER necessary in connection with passenger elevators. Operators generally close the door after the elevator is in motion. If the catch is not in good order the door will spring back and stay open. Should a person come along just then and see the open door, he will, in a sub-conscious sort of way, suppose the elevator is there and step in and fall down the shaft. An open door is always more or less an invitation to enter. Or should a person observe that the elevator is not there, he is apt to become curious and look down (never up) the shaft, and be knocked into it by the descending elevator. Furthermore, the catches should be so arranged that they cannot be released, except by key, other than from inside the hoistway. DOOR LOCKTNC ""^ preventive against accidents due to open doors is DEVICE ^^ equip the elevator with a door-locking device which will prevent the door from being opened while the elevator is away from a landing. While the elevator is at a landing and the door is open, the device will prev^ent the elevator being moved before the door is closed. Such a device as this prevents accidents caused by persons ELEVATORS 105 trying to enter or leave the elevator while it is in motion. It also prevents persons from stumbling over the raised platform or floor by reason of the car not being brought to the floor level. Further, it makes the operator careful, even though inclined to be careless, because he must conform to the requirements of the device. A preventive against accidents In elevators operated by a hand rope is the cable lock. This device locks the operating cable and holds the elevator. If it is desired to leave the elevator for a moment or to load or unload material, the elevator can be held at the landing and there is no danger of its being taken away by someone at another landing. Another cause of accidents is found in projections in the PROJECTIONS , . . . ,, . . . , , , noistway, prmcipally m connection with elevators that are HOISTWAY "°^ enclosed. To prevent their doing harm, sheath or fence the sides of the elevator platform and at the entrance side of the hoistway remove the projections. If the projections are floor headers, place apron or toe guards under them so that the projections will be tapered down. An accident from a projection is caused by a person having his foot or some portion of his body extended beyond the platform. and therefore crushed between the projection and the platform as the car ascends. About fifty per cent, of the elevator accidents are GENERAL i , , , r • i i „T,^^^„T-T/-w».To caused by carelessness on the part or either the operators or the injured parties; about twenty-five per cent, are due to unguarded conditions of the hoistways and the entrances; and the remainder to falling or runaway cars. There seems to be no good reason why these accidents cannot be pre- vented. Certainly enough safeguards can be thrown around an elevator to prevent them. If no accident has occurred today, why should one occur tomorrow? The following suggestions are offered : Employ a careful operator. Equip the elevator with an efiiclent door-locking device. Frequently examine every part of the elevator equipment, particularly the machine, the cables, the overhead supports and sheaves and the safety devices, and replace or repair defective parts without delay. See that the hoistway is guarded. See that every entrance to hoistway is protected by doors or gates and insist that they be closed when the elevator is away from a landing. Instruct the operator never to start the elevator until he has first completely closed the entrance door. io6 SAFEGUARDS We illustrate some of the dangerous conditions surrounding the opera- tion of elevators, and we also illustrate and describe some of the means of guarding against the dangers. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. I Fig. 124. Fig. 125. Fig. 124. Elevator Safety Lock. (Manufactured by L. Christiansen, Lynn, Mass.) This shows an elevator safety lock used in connection with elevators operated by a hand rope. The operating cable passes through the device, and when the lock is set it holds the cable and prevents anyone from oper- ating it until the lock is released. Fig. 125. Elevator Gong. (Manufactured by L. Christiansen, Lynn, Mass.) This shows an elevator gong which automatically sounds when the elevator is ascending or descending and warns persons of the approach of the elevator. ELEVATORS 107 Fig. 126. Fig. 126. Fig. 127. Elevator Safety Catches. This shows elevator safety catches attached to guides above limits at top of hoistway. The purpose of the catches is to hold the elevator in the event of its being drawn into the overhead timbers through some derangement of the machinery and snapping the cables. The elevator can pass the catches going up, but cannot do so coming down. Fig. 127. Automatic Elevator Door. This shows a type of automatic door used almost exclusively for pas- senger elevators and situated on the car itself. It is operated by compressed air. When the elevator stops at a landing to receive or discharge passengers, the operator, by pressing a foot button in the car floor, causes an attachment on the car to come in contact with the valve of the compressed air cyhnder situated over the door, thus causing the door to open immediately. io8 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 128. Fig. 129. Fig. 128. Elevator Door-Locking Device. This illustration shows an improved door-locking device controlled by compressed air and used in connection with the automatic door described in Fig. 127. When this device is in operation and the door on the elevator is closed, it is impossible for passengers to come in contact with anything which may accidentally extend into the elevator shaft. Fig. 129. Elevator Entrance Automatically Illuminated. The purpose of this device is to illuminate the entrance to the elevator at the floor, so that the passenger may see just where to step when getting in or coming out. Many places where elevators are situated are quite dark, and, if the operator is careless and does not stop within several inches of the floor level, the passenger entering or leaving the elevator is apt to stumble and receive severe injuries as the result of a fall. ELEVATORS 109 Fig. 130. Fig. 131. Fig. 130. Automatic Gate, Open-at-Will Type. (Manufactured by the Richmond Safety Gate Company, Richmond, Ind.) This Is a full automatic gate with interlocking attachments. If the car travels a number of floors at high speed, this is well adapted for such service as, in ascending from the basement or first floor to the top floor, it does not disturb any of the gates in transit. When you arrive at the floor at which you wish to land, you simply push the lever and the gate rises automatically. Fig. 131. Semi- Automatic Gate for Elevator. (Manufactured by the Richmond Safety Gate Company, Richmond, Ind.) This device is what is known as the " Columbia Semi-automatic Gate." The picture shows an elevator running through the center of the floor. The opening is enclosed by a fence and the entrance is provided with a gate. As the elevator comes to the landing the gate is raised by hand and is held open by a pawl, which an arm on the car engages with a weight lock con- nected with the gate by means of a rope. As the elevator moves away from the landing the pawl is released and the gate drops back Into position by its own weight. no SAFEGUARDS Fig. 132. Automatic Hatch Cover Guard for Elevator — Closed. This shows elevator hatch covers enclosed by railing. The object of the railing is to prevent persons from crossing the hatch covers. Fig- 133- Automatic Hatch Cover Guard for Elevator — Opening on Approach of Car. ELEVATORS III Fig. 134. Fig. 135. Fig. 134. Hatchway Safeguard. (Manufactured by Moore & Wyman, Boston, Mass.) This picture represents an enclosed hoistway, with a half automatic gate at entrance. Fig. 13,5. Side Post Freight Platform Enclosed. This picture shows a freight elevator running through the center of the floor. The protective feature consists of three of the sides being enclosed by a fence composed of heavy hard wood slats. SAFEGUARDS Fig. 136. Fig. 137. Fig. 136. Elevator Operating Lever Enclosed. Many elevators are equipped with an operating lever which extends vertically from the floor some 23/2 feet and which is moved from the center sideways to operate the elevator up or down. Unless the operator is at his station and holding the lever, there is danger of someone, in entering or leaving the car, brushing against the lever and starting the elevator. The device here illustrated shows the lever coming up from the floor entirely enclosed, making it impossible for the elevator to be accidentally moved. Fig. 137. Elevator Operating Lever Suspended from Top of Car. This is another arrangement of an elevator operating lever. It is suspended from the top of the car and is out of the way of persons entering or leaving the elevator. ELEVATORS "3 Fig- 138. Fig. 139. Fig. 138. Elevator Safety Catch. (Manufactured by the Elevator Safety Appliance Company, Qiicago, 111.) This device is designed to catch and hold the elevator, should the cables break on account of the car having been drawn into the overhead supports. Fig- 139- Safety Catch for Counterweights. (Manufactured by the Elevator Safety Appliance Company, Chicago, 111.) This device is designed to catch and hold the counterweights should they be drawn into the overhead supports with sufficient force to break the cables. H SAFEGUARDS Fig. 140. Fig. 141. Fig. 140. Broken Elevator Sheave. This shows a broken trav^eling elevator sheave discovered by an ^tna Inspector. While to all outward appearances it seemed perfectly sound, when it was removed the broken piece was easily detached by pulling it with the hand. Had the broken part dropped out while the elevator was in operation, a serious accident might have resulted. Fig. 141. Elevator Worm Gear Badly Worn. This shows a section of a worm gear very badly worn. The threads, as will be observed, are in some places worn entirely through, and it is very possible, if the conditions had not been discovered when they were, that the worm would have failed to hold the load and the elevator would have dropped to the bottom of the shaft, provided It was not caught and held by a safety device. This picture shows the Importance of examining all parts of an elevator frequently and thoroughly. ELEVATORS 115 Fig. 142. Fig. 1-43. Fig. 142. Looking Through Open Door into Elevator Shaft. This illustrates the danger of an open door to an elevator hoistway. A person seeing the open door, and impelled by curiosity, is looking down the shaft and is in danger of being struck by the descending elevator. The picture shows the necessity of keeping the door latches in good order, so that the doors will remain fastened when closed, and also the necessity of the operator closing the door before the elevator leaves the landing. Fig. 143. Looking Over Gate into Elevator Shaft. Many serious accidents have been caused by persons looking over an elevator gate and being caught by the elevator as it descended. This picture shows a man looking over a gate and the elevator approaching. The best safeguard against accidents from this cause is to make the gate higher, so that a person cannot look over it. With low gates, warning signals or gongs should be provided to warn persons of the approach of the elevator. ii6 SAFEGUARDS 1 Fig. 144. Unguarded Opening to Elevator Hoistway, This opening is provided with swinging doors, but in many instances they are not kept closed. Where it is necessary to keep the doors open for any reason, some arrangement for guarding the hoistway should be provided. Fig. 145. Elevator Interlock. (Manufactured by the Standard Elevator Interlock Company, Philadelphia, Penn.) This shows a door-locking device for elevator, lever arrangement. The object of the arrangement is to prevent the door being opened except when the elevator Is at a landing. It also prevents the elevator from being moved away from a landing while the door is open. ELEVATORS 117 Courtesy 0/ Otis Elevator Company Fig. 146. Otis Elevator Safety Device. This shows the various parts of an elevator safety device used in con- nection with elevators manufactured by the Otis Elevator Co. Should the cables break or any part of the machinery become deranged which would permit the car to attain excessive speed, the safety would be thrown into operation and the car brought to a gradual stop. Great care should always be taken to see that every part of the safety is kept clean and in proper working order. ii8 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 147. Safety Air Cushion for Elevators. (]Manufactured by the Standard Safety Air Cushion Co., of New York City.) This device is so arranged as to permit the elevator to come to a gradual stop as the air is compressed in the bottom of the pit or the cage shown in the picture. Elevators equipped with the air cushion arrangement are also provided with the other safety devices commonly used, the air cushion being an additional safeguard in event of the other devices failing to work. LourUsy v/ Standard Hajety Air Cushion Co. THE ELECTRICAL HAZARD Full treatment of the hazards incident to the use of electricity for light and power purposes is beyond the scope of this book. There are a few general precautions, however, which may properly be mentioned as neces- sary, or advisable, wherever electricity is in use. High pressure currents are, of course, the most dangerous, but it is well to adopt these precautions under all conditions. Opinions differ as to the pressure at which currents become dangerous, and, too, currents not sufficiently strong to be the direct source of injury may be the contributing cause of an accident. A shock not severe enough to injure a man may startle or jar him so that he will fall into a dangerous place or from a height, may cause him to drop a tool on some one below, or may interfere with the proper performance of the work on which he is engaged at the time. In the first place all persons working for electric light r^T^ T,r^T^T^,>,n-,.T ^^d powcr pknts or about electrical apparatus in other OF WORKMEN , , ,j, j r n • j • i i i plants should be made rully acquamted with the dangerous parts of machinery and connections. They should also receive instruction in methods of artificial respiration and in other first aid for unconsciousness resulting from electrical shock, and they should be instructed how to handle an injured person with safety to themselves. Emergency outfits for use in case of shock should be kept in places whose location is known to all employees. Directions for artificial respira- tion should be posted where they will be frequently seen, as in stock rooms, in locker rooms and at switchboards. Great care should be taken in educating new men for dangerous work. After such a man has been instructed by an experienced workman, he should not be allowed to undertake to work until the superintendent or foreman is satisfied, by separate questioning of both him and the experienced man who has been educating him, that he has the necessary confidence as well as knowledge to proceed with the work. Employees should be instructed as to the use of safety devices, and informed that too much dependence should not be placed upon them, as they are provided only as an additional safety. I20 SAFEGUARDS No repairs, alterations or ev^en examinations of dangerous ^^ narts, such as mains, wires, etc., should be undertaken SAFEGUARDS ^ , ., ' a U' u .• c while the parts are under high pressure, except in case of WORKMEN urgent need, and then only under the personal supervision of an electrical engineer or a skilled foreman. It is always advisable to have more than one ground, and to have all grounds bonded together and bonded to building construction. All lead sheave cables should also be bonded to this same ground. All points in an electrical plant not involving electrical hazards, but involving the ordinary dangers of an industrial establishment, should be guarded as indicated elsewhere in this book. Only persons experienced and competent to handle the apparatus should be allowed in any room where dangerous apparatus or wires are installed. Danger signs should be prominently displayed, in as many languages as may be necessary, in connection with all dangerous apparatus or parts. No employee should be left alone where high tension current is used, in either a station, a transformer house or a sub-station, or behind a switch- board. Floors involving dangerous connection with metal at high pressure should be covered with insulating mats and kept effectively insulated. Lubricating vessels should be so constructed as not to act as a conductor. Dangerous parts of apparatus should be painted bright red. Signs or indicating lamps should be used at all switches to RULES FOR , , , , • rr I • • T • ttot:' /-.t:> show Whether the current is on or on each circuit. It is SWITCHES ^^^^ ^° have an automatic system for this purpose, but, if such is not used, care should be taken by any one changing a switch to place a sign indicating the condition in which he leaves it. When current is turned off a circuit, the switch should first be tagged to show for whom it is turned off, and this tag should not be removed nor the current turned on until the man in question notifies the operator that his work is done. In cases where more than one location is being repaired by different men at the same time, the switch should be tagged for each man, and the current should not be turned on until each man has reported and his tag has been removed. Current which has been cut off for work in any place should not be turned on again until the person in charge of the station is satisfied, through direct report from the person doing the work, that the danger is over. The switch should be locked before the work is begun, and only the person in charge of the station should unlock it. In asking to have a circuit opened for work, or in announcing that the work is completed, the man doing the workg should personally make the THE ELECTRICAL HAZARD 121 request or announcement and should take all pains to assure himself that the operator fully understands who is making the request or announcement. In many plants it has been found an especially effective safeguard to have the man who is to do the work personally see, wherever possible, the operator open the circuit before he sets out for the place of work. In opening a high pressure circuit, to permit of work being done, the switchboard operator should not be satisfied with merely pulling the oil switch handle. He should go back of the board and ascertain, by actually looking, if the switch is open fully, and should then so report to the person asking to have the circuit opened. An employee having been informed that a circuit has been opened at his request, so that he may work upon lines, should, before beginning the work, short-circuit the lines of said circuit, as an additional precaution, with a tool provided for the purpose. PRECAUTIONS ^" working about " dead " apparatus the same precau- PQj^ tions should be observed as if the parts were " alive." WORKMEN ^^^^ practice not only tends to fix habits of caution, but TO TAKE i^ offsets danger that might develop from a mistake made by another person. In working on the primary side of transformers, about switchboards, or at other particularly dangerous points, it is advisable to use only one hand. Men working around switchboards or other dangerous apparatus should not roll up their sleeves. India rubber gloves should be worn by persons working on cables or portions of mains under high pressure, great care being taken to insure the gloves being in proper condition to act as a non-conductor. Employees should not use any tools which are imperfect or defective. They should report such condition of tools to the superintendent or foreman. Material used in cleaning dangerous parts should be applied with an insulating handle. <-T,^TTivTT^TXT^ Thc framcs and bed plates of all generating machines, GROUNDING ^ , , , i , , ,,- p^^T) motors, transformer boxes, ladders and other metallic parts INSULATION should be jointly and efiiciently grounded. It is advisable also to surround such machines with an insulated platform for use by workmen about the machine, and they should be fenced ofi^ with wood, or some other non-conducting material. All dangerous parts, such as terminals, brushes and connectors, should be located, as far as possible, so that a person cannot touch them with his body, his clothing or a conducting tool. Where this cannot be done, they 122 SAFEGUARDS should be fenced off or covered, wherever practicable, with non-conducting material to accomplish the same purpose. Transformer case holes for the passage of conductors should be effectively lined or bushed with non-conducting material. Conductors within transformer chambers should be effectively guarded with insulating material. As much room as possible should be provided around SWITCHBOARD switchboards, and insulating platforms and rubber mats SAFEGUARDS for the use of operators should be provided at both back and front. In switchrooms and on both front and back of switchboards dangerous parts should be so placed, wherever practicable, that they cannot be acci- dentally touched, or they should be effectively insulated. The backs of switchboards should be enclosed and kept locked, except for purposes of alterations or repairs. Repairs and alterations on switchboards should be carried on only by, or under the immediate supervision of, a competent electrician. Such work should never be done, except in case of urgent need, when the parts involved are under pressure. In such a case no parts of different pressure should be exposed at one time, and all parts not under immediate attention should be covered with insulating material. All instrument cases, switch mechanism and oil switch cans should be grounded. No railing not insulated or built of insulating material should be within reach of any switchboard apparatus, instruments, generating machines or motors. ^^ „ „ Fuses and fuse blocks having bare exposed conducting CUT OUTS P^rts should be guarded the same as switches, generators or motors. In series arc circuits each individual lamp should have its own absolute cut-out, for rendering the lamp " dead " in case of necessary repairs. /-/^xTo^T^TT^rT,T^vT ^^ ^ ^ acrial conductors should be insulated their entire CONSTRUCTION i , , ^ i length and hrmly supported. In line construction, all electric lighting and power circuits should be on separate poles from telephone or telegraph poles or signal systems; in cases where this is impossible, the high tension wire should always be at the top of the pole. All guy lines to poles should have approved circuit breakers connected in the guy, and where crossing trolley wires, two should be installed, one at each end of the guv. THE ELECTRICAL HAZARD 123 Transformers should always be placed on the poles, instead of on buildings where persons may come in contact with them. If not placed on poles, vaults should be constructed in the building for the purpose, and kept locked. The subject of electrical accidents in industrial plants has GUARDING been ably treated by Mr. Robert J. Young, Safet}^ Inspec- OTHER THAN tor of the Illinois Steel Company, in the Electrical JVorld ELECTRICAL of August 12, 1909. \Ye quote from his article the fol- WORKMEN lowing passage relating to other than electrical workmen in industrial plants: ''Guarding Electrical Apparatus. A large percentage of employees injured around electrical apparatus are not connected with that particular work. They come to grief through ignorance of the dangers or because proper safeguards have not been provided. " The following are a few precautions which have been found very effective : " All poles and apparatus carrying high voltage and all buildings in which it is generated should bear warning signs calling attention to the dangers. Where there is a large foreign population such as is found in most large manufacturing plants, these signs should be printed in the different foreign languages. " Switchboards carrying high voltage and located where workmen may come in contact with them, should be enclosed to prevent accidental contact and should bear a warning sign printed in several different languages. " Safe disconnecting means should be arranged so that switchboards or switches may be rendered ' dead ' when necessan,' to work on them. " The enclosed fuse or automatic overload circuit breaker should be used on all mill motor circuits. There should be insulating mats at all boards. " All motors should be thoroughly grounded. Where the motor is so located that men work around it, the armature shaft, if it projects beyond the housing or the brake wheel, should be guarded. A convenient way to do this is to place a cup over the end of the shaft, fastening it to the housing or framework of the motor. It should not be allowed to turn with the shaft. This shaft end has been found to be a prolific cause of accidents." WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF ACCIDENT The first thing to do, of course, is to send for a physician. Pending his arrival, however, much invaluable aid can be given the injured person. In most instances an accidental electric shock suspends animation only tem- porarilv, and death is not likely to ensue if intelligent aid is promptly given. 124 SAFEGUARDS If the injured person is still in contact with the wire or ^^^^ apparatus causing the shock, the first step to take is to have _^ the current shut off or to release him from contact with the OF INJURED Til . . u -4 conductor. In the latter case great care must be exercised by those who go to his rescue to avoid being shocked. It is as dangerous to touch any part of his body with bare hands as to touch the wire or ap- paratus with which he is in contact. The rescuers therefore should use rubber gloves or cover their hands with thick pads made of dry rags or dry garments. They should also stand, if possible, on dry wood or dry clothing. Wherever possible, the current should be short circuited before attempting to handle the injured man. If he is in contact with two wires, this can be done by throwing a metal bar or a wet cloth across both wires. If he is touching or grasping only one wire, the current can be short cir- cuited by means of a piece of wire or a- metal rod, care being taken to con- nect this with the earth first rather than with the live wire. Where it is necessary to cut a wire the man doing the cutting should have his feet insulated from earth, and, if possible, should use an ax with a dry wooden handle. Sometimes, when the injured man has only one limb lying across a wire, he can be released from contact by merely using a wooden pole or board to lift the limb off. As soon as the patient has been freed from the current, TREATMENT . . lay him flat on his back in some place where there is plenty of air, loosen all clothes about the neck and chest, and then observe care- fully whether or not he is breathing. If he is breathing, all that is needed is to encourage respiration by very ordinary means, such as fanning h'm, slapping the chest with towels wrung out in cold water, passing ammonia back and forth beneath his nose, and preventing the tongue from dropping back into the throat or acting as a valve over the windpipe. If the patient is not breathing at all, immediately start artificial respiration. The treatment of injuries such as broken bones or burns can always wait until the patient is breathing satisfactorily. A-DT-T-cTr'TAT Two persons, or at most three, can best carry out this pro- ARTIFICIAL J A 11 1 11111 T tr RESPIRATION ^edure. All others should be kept at a distance. Keep the patient flat on his back with a folded blanket or coat under his shoulders and chest, so that the head drops back a little. Let one assistant kneel at his head and see to it that there is no obstruction in the mouth or throat to the easy flow of air back and forth in response to the efforts of the other two assistants. Let the other two assistants kneel on each side of the patient, each grasping an arm firmly with both hands. Carry them together to the floor, THE ELECTRICAL HAZARD 125 well up above the patient's head, drawing at the same time firmly up on the shoulders so as to visibly expand the chest. Hold in this position an instant, and then return the arms bent at the elbow to the front and side of the chest. This motion, together with a fairly vigorous compression of the chest by the weight of the two assistants, will express nearly all of the air from the chest and prepare the patient for the next inspiratory effort. The simplest way to regulate the frequency of these artificial chest respirations is to keep time with one's own breathing. Of course, both arms should be moved exactly together. The person in charge should take one arm and his assistant on the opposite side keep time with him. Where cessation of respiration is the only symptom, a patient can be kept alive by this method almost indefinitely. Fig. 148. The Linemen's Protective Shield. (Manufactured by the Linemen Protector Company of Detroit.) This is a device designed for the protection of linemen working on high tension wires. It is composed of pure Para rubber and is very similar in appearance to an automobile tire. The shield is placed over the wires in the manner shown in the picture and is held secure by rubber split rings placed over the small ends of the shield. There are handles, also of rubber, attached to the shield, which obviate any necessity for a man putting his hands around the edge in order to place it in position. Shields should be placed to cover not only the "live" wires, but also the "tie" wires; in fact, any wire a man may touch should be covered, excepting only the wire on which he is working. 126 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 149. Model Electric Light Station. This picture shows an electric light station with dangerous points well protected. There are guards around upper platforms, hand rails on all stairs, and railings around openings in the floor. THE ELECTRICAL HAZARD 127 Fig. 150. Model Electric Light Station. This picture is another view of the plant shown in Fig. 149. It giv^es a better idea of the detail of the guards on platforms and guards around fly wheels. CONTRACTING Contracting covers such a broad field that it is impossible, in the limited space at our disposal, to give it anything like full attention. The jranches of ^York handled by contractors of one kind or another are almost innumerable, and each has its own special hazards. Even construction work, which is most commonly associated with the term "contracting," has so many subdivisions, with hazards varying widely in nature, that detailed treatment of them in this place is out of the question. There are some dangers, however, which are common to all or many of the different kinds of construction work. In the erection of buildings and bridges and in the construction of railroads, tunnels and sewers, many of the hazards may be considered more or less general, such as excavating, blasting, shoring, the use of hoisting and conveying apparatus and the employment of stagings, platforms and the like. The workmen range from the ignorant and foreign laborer to the skilled artisan. Their work takes them into deep holes below the surface of the earth and to dizzy heights above. Under the most favorable con- ditions much of the work is necessarily dangerous; but the conditions can be unusually hazardous or reasonably safe, according to the methods pursued by the contractor In conducting the operations. On the contractor rests primarily a great deal of the responsibility as regards accident. No matter how many precautions he takes, he cannot wholly eliminate the possibility of accidnt; but he can so systematize and plan that much of the risk attaching U the work will be avoided. We give here.vith a few suggestions as to some of the methods of safeguarding which should be adopted: All stagings and platforms should be properly built and PT ATFO"RM<5 strong enough to sustain the workmen and the loads of AND material, etc., to which they will be subjected. Shorings SHORING should be so solidly constructed that they will stand the pressure upon them beyond question. Rigging and timber for shoring, staging or platforms should be selected with the utmost care to see that they are of good material, and they should be examined frequently to assure their continuing in first-class condition. It is very essential that a sufficient amount of timber be provided for CONTRACTING 129 shoring, staging, etc., for many accidents have occurred where one more brace or stay would have prevented serious injury or loss of life. Stagings and platforms should have reasonably high safety railings about them and a skirting board at their edges, to prevent tools or material from falling on persons below as well as to make the workmen on them more safe from falling. Outside scaffolding or staging used in building construction should be so fastened as to prevent its swaying from the building. Where work is being done on a lofty tower, chimney, etc., a secondary scaffold should be provided at a proper distance below any working scaffold, to prevent serious injury to anyone falling from the working scaffold. The workmen of each trade should erect their own staging in a building, for they know the requirements of the particular purpose for which it is to be used. For instance, a staging erected for the light wiring men would be apt to be unsafe for steam fitters. In buildings, especially of steel construction, temporary, if not permanent, floors should be laid, following the steel work as closely as possible. There should be such a floor within at least two floors of the floor where the steel work is being done, and, if the floor beams are of iron or steel, the entire tier of beams on which the steel or iron work is being done should be floored over. Any openings which it may be necessary to leave in the floors OPENINGS °^ ^ building for the hoisting of material, or for permanent jj^ purposes, should be railed off to a sufficient height. Where BUILDINGS hoistways are in use durring construction, the two sides which require to be opened from time to time should have adjust- able barriers. Ladders, securely fastened, should be provided for use until the stairways are installed. Workmen should not be allowed to work under other workmen in any hoistway or other opening in a building, unless the opening is properly covered with heavy planking which will protect them from any injury by material or tools falling from above. All hoisting machinery, derricks, booms, chain falls, tackle, HOISTING ,. 1111' 1 1 -1 u shngs, etc., should be mspected daily by a competent man, AFFAKAIUS . , . 111 it 1 • not by an ignorant or inexperienced laborer; and, ir anything is found not to be absolutely safe, it should be remedied at once, before being put into use. Care should be taken nev^er to overload any hoisting or moving apparatus beyond its safe carrying strength. No hoisting or moving apparatus should ever be operated without due preliminary warning having been given to all workmen in the vicinity. There should he an efficient system of signaling between the man at the 9 I30 SAFEGUARDS hoisting machine and the man in charge of hoisting or conveying the material. No workmen should be allowed to ride on any hoisting apparatus. In the demolition and construction of buildings, bridges, etc., the premises should be fenced in, and all hoisting apparatus should be placed within the enclosure. No hoisting should be done in public highways, unless the part of the highway in use is guarded so that no one can be injured by anything falling. When an explosive, such as powder or dynamite, is used USE AND . , , . • , 11 1 1 1 • ,, for blasting, It should be kept only m small quantities, stored EXPLOSIVES ^" some out-of-the-way place and locked up. Only the powder man, who should be thoroughly competent and should fully understand the dangers connected with the handling of explo- sives, should have access to the supply. Blasting operations should be conducted under the supervision of a competent man, and he should see that all persons within the zone of danger are warned before a shot is fired. In caisson and tunnel work the men should be kept supplied with CAISSON . an abundant amount of fresh air. Care should be taken to see TUNNEL ^^^^ ^^^ pumping apparatus is in the best of condition and that WORK ^^^ connecting pipes are so located or protected that there will be no chance of their being broken by material falling on them. It is advisable to have an auxiliary air supply in reserve, for use in case of emergency. „ As the public is more or less subject to the hazards incidental OF THE ^° almost all construction, by reason of the exposed nature of the PUBLIC work, great care should be taken to protect outside persons. The contractor should therefore see to it that the work being done is fenced in, wherever fencing is possible, to keep the public away from the operations; that " No Admittance " and " Danger " signs be posted wher- ever required; that excavations of any kind in public highways or piles of material, etc., be railed off, and be guarded by plenty of red lights at night. FITNESS ^^o "^'^^ should be allowed to undertake a dangerous task FOR WORK, until all possible precautions have been taken for his safety, VIGILANCE, and the man to do such work should be especially selected for ETC. his fitness. All employees should be urged to report to their foreman any unusual conditions which may come to their attention. As the conditions surrounding construction work are ever changing with the progress of the work, vigilance cannot be relaxed for a moment if reasonable safety is to be assured both employees and the public. CONTRACTING 13' Fig. 151. Staging Used in Rebuilding Church Spire. Fig. 152. Fence Enclosing Staging at Top of Church Spire Being Rebuilt. (Companion picture to Fig. 151.) This staging is 160 feet from the ground, yet the enclosure of the platform enables the men to work at this height as safely as if they were on the ground. 132 SAFEGUARDS Fig- 153- Trench Properly Shored on Inside. Fig. 154. Good Method of Bracing a Trench. CONTRACTING 133 I^ig- 155- Guards Along Trench, Sewer Work. or ted. ne is rator 'red. \ Fig. 156. Guard Around Excavation, Sewer Work, 134 SAFEGUARDS Fig. 157. View of Inside Trench Shoring from Bottom of Trench. (To get the proper idea of the shoring, hold the picture directly over your head and imagine yourself standing at the bottom of the trench and looking upward.) BAKE SHOPS The bake shop, which is to be found in greater or less numbers in every town in the country, is prolific of accidents. A decade ago the small baker, with his old-fashioned hand work, was the rule. Today he is the exception. Most bake shops in towns of any considerable size are now equipped with machines for doing the work, such as dough brakes, dough mixers, egg beaters, etc. The plant furnishing the power to run the machines has the dangers of its kind, whether steam, gas or electric, but the machines have specific dangers of their own against which protection needs to be provided. ^„„ ^^„-„ Of the machines used in bake shops the dough brake, or THE DOUGH i, • r i it BRAKE roller, is one ot the most dangerous when unprotected. One source of the danger connected with this machine is found in the rolls into which the dough is fed to be broken. The operator is very apt to get his hands caught between these rolls and badly injured. Many a finger and hand, and not a few arms, have had to be amputated on account of such accidents. These rolls should be guarded with a cover of metal sheeting which will leave open space enough for feeding the dough but not enough to allow the hands to come in contact with the rolls. The rolls should also be fitted with metal scrapers so that the hands need not be used to clean them. The gears at the ends of the rolls should be guarded by metal cover- ings. Bakers are apt to wear loose clothing and, as their work brings them so close to the machine, the clothing is likely to catch in the gears, a sleeve possibly drawing in an arm after It. There should also be a belt shifter within easy reach of the baker, whether he is standing in front of the machine or at the end. It is also desirable to have a brake for the fly wheel, to aid in stopping the machinery quickly. The dough mixer does not cause as many accidents as the MIXFR dough brake, but those for which it is responsible are very serious. Accidents caused by this machine are usually due to cleaning it while it is in motion. This practice should not be allowed, and, with the idea of making it seem less necessary, every dough mixer 136 SAFEGUARDS should be equipped with the best of belt shifting devices. Then the machine can easily be put out of motion when cleaning is required, or, if a workman should fall in, there would be a chance of stopping the machinery in time to prevent serious injury to him. The gearing of the dough mixer should, of course, be as thoroughly guarded as that of the dough brake. When dough mixers are nm by direct connection with an electric motor, as is often done for economy's sake (the expense of pulleys, shaft- ing, hangers and belting being thus saved) , the switch board and the starting and stopping box should be close by the operator, so that the machinery can be quickly stopped in event of an accident. THE MERE INSTALLATION OF SAFEGUARDS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PREVENT ACCIDENTS. SEE TO IT THAT THE MACHINERY IS NEVER OPERATED WITHOUT THE SAFE- GUARDS BEING IN PLACE. Fig. 158. Single Fly Wheel Dough Brake, Guarded. This machine is equipped with a complete covering to protect the rolls. It has scraper knives to clean the rolls, making it unnecessary to use the hands for this purpose. The gears are covered. There is also a belt shifter within easy reach of the operator at all points. BAKE SHOPS 137 Fig. 159. Double Fly Wheel Dough Brake, Guarded. This picture shows the same type of machine as that shown in Fig. 158, built larger and with two fly wheels. It is guarded in similar manner. Fig. 160. Universal Dough Mixer. Accidents resulting from the use of this machine, which have been many and serious, are almost always due to the shifting of the belt. The picture shows the belt shifter within easy reach of the operator, should he desire to shift the belt in order to clean the machine or to do other work incidental to its operation. MISCELLANEOUS. Fig. i6i. Fig. 162. Figs. 161 and 162. Von Duprin Self-Releasing Fire Exit Latch. (Manufactured by Vonnegut Hardware Company, Indianapolis, Ind.) This Is a device for opening a door from inside of a building without the aid of a key. The door is unlocked and opened by pressing on the bar shown on inside of door. The device is a safeguard for school, theater, church and public building exits, and against panic disasters. MISCELLANEOUS ^39 Courtesy oy ll'^altham Watch Company Fig. 163. Fire Escape. This shows the kind of fire escape installed on every wing of the Waltham Watch Company's factory. 14° SAFEGUARDS Fig. 164. Monarch Engine Stop Applied — Vertical Equipment. (Manufactured by the Consolidated Engine Stop Co., New York City.) The purpose of this device is to prevent the racing of an engine and the consequent strain, which results often in broken fly wheels, causing great property damage and much loss of life and limb. The device not only works automatically should the engine attain excessive speed, but it can be operated from any part of the plant by simply pressing a button. Fig. 165. Monarch Engine Stop Applied — Horizontal and Vertical Equipment. (Manufactured by the Consolidated Engine Stop Co., New York City.) MISCELLANEOUS 141 Fig. 166. Fig. 167. Fig. 166. Spring Block Pulley. (Invented by Peter J. Macdonald, Bangor, Maine.) As will be readily seen, the purpose of the spring is to absorb sudden jerks due to slipping of ropes or chains. A number of these spring block pulleys used on a derrick give elasticity that it is impossible to secure with the ordinary block pulley, and the danger of cables or chains breaking is therefore greatly reduced. Fig. 167. Adjustable Safety Belt for Window Cleaners. (Manufactured by The Standard Safety Window Guard and Exit Lock Door Company, New York City.) This belt is placed around the person and the ends of the strap holding the belt are firmly secured to the window frame by means of bolts and locks. With this appliance, if a man should slip he would be held by the belt until he regained his footing. 142 SAFEGUARDS Courtesy 0/ Under'MOod Typcxt-'riter Co. Fig. 168. Spindles of Drill Presses Guarded. This picture shows the spindles of drill presses guarded by a shield, which prevents the rapidly revolving spindle from catching the hair of the operator. Many a painful accident has occurred through girls' hair being caught by unguarded spindles. This device is inexpensive and quickly applied. RULES AND REGULATIONS, INSTRUCTIONS, WARNING NOTICES, ETC. . . . . . RULES AND REGULATIONS Perhaps one of the greatest factors in the prevention of accidents in industrial pursuits is proper discipHne among the employees. It is an estab- lished fact that in plants where good discipline is maintained the number of accidents is far less than in plants where the employees are permitted to run free, so to speak. Every well regulated manufacturing establishment has a code of rules and regulations governing the conduct of the employees. This is formulated for two reasons : first, that the very best possible results may be achieved, and, second, that the employees and others may not be subject to conditions dangerous to health, life and limb. That violation of rules and regulations is responsible for many accidents is common know- ledge. If rules are made the employees should be made to live up to them; otherwise they are of no value. The penalty for wilful disregard of them should be dismissal. The Illinois Steel Company of South Chicago has printed in booklet form the rules and regulations in force at its plants. They are of such excellent character and seem to cover the ground so thoroughly that we take pleasure in referring to them and reprinting some of the instructions. The first consideration of the company is the safety of the workmen. " Remember, " it says, " that while every man is hired to do somiC particular work, the safety of himself and his fellow men is more importani than that work." "Remember that all the rules and regulations that can be aciopted; all the safety devices which can be attached to machines; all the guards which can be erected; all the warning signs which can be posted, are useless unless every man is careful to see that they are maintained ; unless every man is careful to watch for danger; unless every man is careful to warn others of danger." Remember that at all times some of the men in the plant are inexperi- enced and may not know where danger exists. Warn any man when danger is near. He may know all about it. If so, no harm is done. If not, you may save his life." '* Every man in a mill should consider it his personal duty to see that safety guards are kept in good condition and report dangers to his Foreman or Superintendent." RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 145 ^^^^j.j TPTTTT7C "Have a thorough understanding of all rules in this TO FOREMEN book. Until you know them all, and are living up to them, you are not doing your full duty." " You will be held responsible for accidents to your men." " You should caution your sub-foremen regarding the prevention of accidents, but you still will be responsible for your sub-foremen." "Judgment should be used at all times in placing men on jobs. Heavy, slow men should not be placed on jobs where a light, quick man is required. Slow-thinking, unintelligent men should not be placed around machinery or in places where presence of mind is required, for by so doing the proba- bility of accidents is increased many times." " If machinery, tools or other appliances, with which you are working, are dangerous, do not continue to use them, but call your Superintendent." "When you finish a job, leave the conditions safe; replace safeguards and do not leave loose material overhead." " Investigate every accident and try to prevent an accident occurring in like manner," " Never hav^e a man in your employ to whom no one can talk." " Foremen on one turn should report to and discuss with the foremen on the other turn, accidents they have had, with a view of preventing like accidents." "All appliances should be frequently and carefully inspected." " Do not allow machinery to be started before the safeguards have been replaced." " Make it your personal duty to see that the safeguards and signs installed to promote safety are always in good condition." "THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS IS ONE OF YOUR MOST IMPORTANT DUTIES." GENERAL RULES " Every employee whose duties require him to work with appliances of any kind must carefully examine same and report any defects." " Vigilance and watchfulness insure safety. To avoid danger adopt the safe course. Employees must not trust to the care exercised by another when their own safety is involved." " Keep off all railway or crane tracks, except at regular crossings provided for that purpose. Use great care. Before crossing any track, ' Stop, Look and Listen.' " " Do not turn on any electricity, gas, steam or water, or set in motion any machinery, or throw down any material, without seeing if anyone is in a position to be injured." " Employees are forbidden to take short-cuts over dangerous places." 146 SAFEGUARDS " Wrestling, throwing of material, or 'fooling' of any kind is posl- tlv^ely prohibited." " Great care should be taken by men working above other men not to drop any material without first giving warning to those below. When you are going to work above or below other men, let those men know about It." The rules prescribe that all dangerous machinery must be guarded; that all working appliances shall be kept in good order; that all stairways, platforms and overhead runways shall be railed; that elevators shall be equipped with safety gates at each floor, and gongs or other signals to give warning of the approach of the elevator. Warning signs and notices are printed in various languages and posted for the benefit of employees who cannot read the English language. A most excellent method adopted by the Illinois Steel WORKMEN AS ^ . • .u • .■ c .u i T».Tc.TiT:'/^'T-/-»T3e Lompany ror securmg the cooperation or the employees INSPECTORS . . . . , , r 1 • I m the prevention or accidents is that or choosing three workmen in each division as an Inspection committee to serve one month each. Each member of this committee spends one day each week Inspecting his division and he reports his findings and suggestions to the Safety In- spector. At the end of the month another committee Is appointed. After a man has served on a committee he is urged to continue to be on the lookout for conditions and customs that appear to him as dangerous and to report the same to the Safety Inspector. Thus the employee is educated and trained by personal Inspections to observe dangerous conditions whereby he or his fellow workmen may be Injured, and he is at liberty to take his suggestions for a remedy to the Safety Inspector without fear of being considered as meddling with something that did not concern him. In the interest of its liability poUcyholders the i^TNA ^TNA HINTS , , J . J , , • ; 1 .u r 11 • AND CAUTIONS printed and keeps in stock the following forms and warning notices. As many of each as are needed are furnished on request. RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 147 HINTS TO EMPLOYERS OF LABOR The responsibility of an employer for the accidental personal injury of employees arises from negligence and wrongful acts and omissions — ^particularly omissions; and if the following "Don'ts" are carefully observed many accidents for which the employer would be held responsible can and will be avoided. DON'T neglect to inform yourself as to your legal duty to your servants. Make yourself familiar with the local labor and factory laws regarding the employ- ment of children, the guarding of elevators, shafting and machinery, etc., and see that your foremen are observing same. DON'T neglect to furnish all employees, all the time, with the safest and best ways, works, machinery and appliances with which to do their work. Equip your machinery with all the standard safety contrivances whether required by law or not. DON'T neglect to furnish proper and frequent inspections and keep all ways, works, machinery and appliances in repair. DON'T neglect to employ experienced and careful Managers, Superintendents and Foremen. Such employees, for whose acts you are held responsible, should be engaged only upon written application indicating their qualifications, previous experi- ence and general fitness to direct your operations. DON'T neglect to furnish a sufficient number of careful and competent employees to safely perform any operation assigned to them. DON'T neglect having all employees carefully instructed in a language they understand as to the proper and comparatively safe way to perform their duties, DON'T neglect to establish reasonable and safe rules and regulations regarding the operation of your business. DON'T neglect to insist upon a strict observance of the rules and regulations prescribed, the transgression of which should be severely penalized. DON'T neglect to have all employees on being hired, or immediately afterwards, expressly admit in writing in the presence of witnesses, a knowledge and appreciation of the ordinary, obvious and necessary hazards of the occupation they are to engage in. DON'T neglect to warn all employees by word of mouth and by printed notices against the dangers which are not apparent except to the experienced and intelligent man, and instruct them how such dangers may be avoided. 148 SAFEGUARDS THE ACCIDENT BULLETIN FOR USE IN REPORTING ACCIDENTS FROM ONE DEPARTMENT TO ANOTHER. When an accident happens in any part of the plant it is always desirable that the details be sent to the main office as soon as possible. Upon receipt of same each Superintendent and Foreman in the various departments should be at once officially notified of the accident and requested to investigate and ascertain whether conditions prevail in his department which might cause a similar accident. Information and suggestions along this line tend to keep all Superintendents and Foremen on the alert in the exercise of greater caution and are a valuable factor in the prevention of accidents. ACCIDENT BULLETIN. Superintendent, Department. We have received a report of an accident to an employee caused as follows: Does this suggest to you the possibility of a similar accident occurring in your department"? If so, immediate steps should be taken to prevent it. Manager. RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 149 DANGERS OF EMPLOYflENT This notice directed to Managers, Superintendents and Foremen directs their attention to the necessity of warning employees of the dangers incident to their employment. (Notice to Managers, Superintendents and Foremen) IMPO RT ANT Instructions to employees as to dangers of employment To Your attention is hereby directed to the importance of carefully instructing all employees concerning the dangers incident to the operation of machinery or other work assigned to them. Particular importance is attached to the need of instructing all children (minors) employed as to the safest manner in performing their duties, and especially to warn them frequently of the danger of accidents through carelessness on their part inasmuch as they are prone to forget and disobey. The responsibility for accidents rests largely with those in immediate charge of operations, and the necessity for taking every possible precaution for their avoidance cannot be too highly appreciated. As an assurance that these instructions have been received and will have your personal attention, please date and sign the attached card and return to the under- signed. Signed .^ IMPORTANT Instructions to employees as to dangers of employment The notice calling attention to the above subject is received and the instructions referred to wiJl be faithfully observed. Signed - (Signature of ManaRc>r, Supcrintondi-nt or Foreman.) This day of , 19 I50 SAFEGUARDS INSTRUCTION CARDS IN TWENTY=FIVE LANGUAGES. In many mills and factories there is a great diversity of employees, and in some the foreign element largely predominates. Many of them are but little familiar with the English language and are altogether ignorant as regards English letters. Men of this class are consequently at a dis- advantage inasmuch as they have greater difficulty in understanding verbal instructions and are unable to read the printed notices. It is a great benefit and a help to such employees if they can be given printed instructions In the language they understand. The ^TNA has prepared a card notice, which is here submitted, having on one side eight cautions to employees, and on the other a blank form which is filled out and signed by the employee indicating that he (or she) understands the meaning of the notice on the opposite side. The firm's name may be stamped or printed at the lower right hand corner of card on side to be filled in. These cards (size 4" x 6") are printed in Armenian, Bohemian, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Magyar, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Roumanian, Russian, Ruthenian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Syrian, Yiddish. The yExNA will be pleased to furnish a reasonable number of each kind to those of our assured who desire them. RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 151 ( Front Side of Card ) NOTICE To Avoid Danger, Observe the Following Cautions. 1. All employees, except the authorized elevator hands, are cautioned against riding on any elevator or touching it in any way, 2. All employees are cautioned against cleaning or repairing any machinery while it is in motion. Shafting and pulleys may be cleaned only by means of long handled brushes or brooms, or hooks or clamps, in the manner prescribed by an over- seer or foreman. 3. All employees are cautioned against touching any machine or machinery which they have not been ordered to operate or work upon by an overseer or foreman. 4. Cleaning cog-wheels or touching them or cleaning any part of the machine while in motion, either with the hands or brushes or otherwise, or playing with any part of any machine when in motion is positively forbidden. 5. All employees are cautioned against being in any part of the works where their work or necessity does not require them to be. 6. All empIo3'ees are cautioned against racing at work, running, wrestling, scuffling or indulging in any kind of play in any part of the works. 7. All employees while working at or near any machine or machinery in motion, are cautioned against talking with any person except an overseer or foreman. 8. All employees while in the works are cautioned against wearing loose sacks, or loose or flowing sleeves, and all female employees are cautioned against wearing neckties or aprons having long ends or strings, or dresses which trail on the floor, or wearing their hair flowing or in hanging braids or in long curls. (Back Side of Card) I, , have read and understand the notice printed on the back of this card, which notice is also posted in the room in which I am employed. Name and address of some friend Witness Overseer Date 19 Dept. Left our employ 19 . Present or last known address 152 SAFEGUARDS FACTORY WARNING NOTICES In every well regulated factory and workshop notices are posted calling the employee's attention to the necessity for exercising care and conformity with the rules for his own protection. Such notices are of much value in that they keep before the workman the dangers that surround him, and he is there- fore less inclined to be negligent than would be otherwise the case. The following are types of notices that would apply to almost any workshop: i WARNING This Elevator is used for freight ONLY. Persons riding on same will do so AT THEIR OWN RISK. No one except those authorized by the Superintendent is allowed to operate same. This firm will POSITIVELY not be responsible for any accident. By order of 437 CAUTION OBSERVE CARE to avoid Accidents when near machines Do not CLEAN machinery while in MOTION DANGER CROSSING over or STANDING on the doors of this ELEVATOR is strictly prohibited 569 RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 153 SPECIAL NOTICE All persons are forbidden operating any machine until the working of it and the danger attending the careless use of it have been fully explained. No machine must be run when not in perfect working order, and the opera- tor is forbidden making any repairs or readjustment without instructions from the foreman of this Department. You are especially warned from talking while operating machines. Per order of L556 NOTICE No employee is permitted to REMOVE GUARDS or operate the machines WITHOUT THEM. L555 NOTICE Do not move ELEVATOR until DOORS or GATES are closed. 509 NOTICE Notify the Engineer before doing any work upon main line shafting, pulleys or belts while engine is stopped. L554 154 SAFEGUARDS NOTICE Employees are WARNED not to oil machinery while in motion. L575 WARNING DO NOT PUT your head in ELEVATOR SHAFT. RING THE BELL AND WAIT. By order of Superintendent 427 NOTICE Running, Wrestling, Scuffling or indulging in any kind of play in any part of the works is strictly forbidden. L553 DANGER Do not TOUCH this switch. DANGER Riding on, Standing on, or Crossing over or under this Hoist is positively FORBIDDEN. 524 RULES AND REGULATIONS, ETC. 155 SHOULD NOT PASSENGERS FOR THEIR OWN SAFETY Get on or off Elevator while it is in motion. Get into Elevator when same is crowded. Stand near to or with back toward entrance. Touch operating apparatus. Talk to or interfere with operator. 460 WARNING DON'T TRY to get on or off MOVING ELEVATOR. Wait till it STOPS. 5054 AVOID ACCIDENTS DO NOT TALK while working on this flACHINE. Per Order 416 Workmen's Compensation and Liability Insurance What it covers Why you need it Who furnishes the best Where to get it JET'NA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY THE i«TNA ACCIDENT AND LIABILITY CO. 158 SAFEGUARDS WORKMEN'S Compensation and Liability Insurance Liability on account of personal injuries sustained by others is now being fixed more closely than ever upon employers of labor, owners and lessees of property, and owners of teams and automobiles. Both the letter of the law and public opinion give unmistakable evidence of this. In the case of the liability of employers, there is a notable public sentiment in favor of Workmen's Compensation which provides that employers shall pay for all injuries received by workmen in the course of employment, regardless of whether or not there has been negligence or fault on the part of the employer. State after State has taken such a system under consideration and Workmen's Compensation laws are being rapidly adopted. T TARTT TTV Only short of such radical action as this is the fast spreading tendency towards statutory elimination of the former defenses INCKKASiliD . ,. . . ,, , . ^ . , , of negligence of a fellow-employee, assumption of risk, and contributory negligence. Even where these defenses are still nominally available to an employer, public sentiment is so reducing their effectiveness that practically they may be considered as no longer in active existence. All questions of fact are for juries to decide, and juries are ignoring all but the most overwhelming evidence of personal and wilful negligence on the part of the injured man, and are rendering verdicts in accordance with their sympathies rather than with the facts adduced in the testimony. The same condition exists with regard to liability toward the public. People involved in accidents are coming more rapidly and widely to view personal injuries to themselves as valuable assets, and this tendency is being constantly encouraged by the increasing number and size of the judgments rendered by juries for even minor injuries. „„„„Y- In view of these conditions, every employer of labor, every owner "LIART F °^ lessee of property, every owner of a horse and wagon or an automobile will find it to both his interest and profit to read carefully the following pages, on which the various forms of liability insurance undertaken by the ^tna are briefly outlined. There is hardly anyone owning property or bearing the ordinary responsibilities of life who is not subject to the risks of either employers' or public liability. LIABILITY INSURANCE 159 THE FIRST CONSIDERATION DURATION OF In taking liability insurance the first consideration is to be PROTECTION assured that you are obtaining the protection for which vou pay. Claims for damages on account of personal injuries may, and frequently do, arise years after the occurrence of an accident. When buying a liability policy, therefore, you should, in the first STABILITY place, be satisfied beyond a question of doubt that the company issuing the policy will be able, if called upon, to pay losses maturing thereunder many years hence. The great financial strength of the ^tna Life Insurance Company is an absolute guarantee for the payment of claims under its contracts whenever they mature. ALL CLAIMS INCLUDED SCOPE OF THE INSURANCE No less important than this matter of security is that of the quality and quantity of the protection furnished. The -i^tna Liability Policies are the most comprehensive ever issued. Where many other companies agree to indemnify only against loss from, or by reason of, the liability imposed by law, the .^tna insures against loss and expense arising or resulting from claims, regardless of whether liability exists or not. It covers, too, not only claims based upon injuries actually suffered, but any that may be brought on account of merely alleged injuries. COMPLETE That is to say, the ^tna policies afiford complete protection PROTECTION 'ig^i'ist claims brought by persons injured, or alleged to have been injured, or by or in behalf of their beneficiaries; while the policies of many other companies cover only such claims as are based upon actual injuries, and upon trial are found to have a legal basis. The latter do not, if the companies so elect, cover the multitude of claims, with their attendant expenses, which have no merit in law. It is unnecessary to comment further upon this point, or to mention other features of the ^tna policies in order to show their superior value to the Assured. It is enough to say that the policies, their interpretation, and the Company's service generally, are on the same broad scale of liberality and fair treatment. »,»«T^^ ^x. It is possible to obtain under zEtna policies unlimited insurance, RANGE OF . TN<;TTRANrp ^^ partially limited insurance, not furnished by other com- panies. TTie need for unlimited insurance has been evidenced during many years by the numerous instances in which it has been necessary, after the insuring company has expended the full amount insured within its policy limit, for the assured to pay large sums out of his own pocket. i6o SAFEGUARDS An i^TNA Liability policy will now be written so as to provide insurance in any of the following three forms, as may be preferred, premium rates de- pending upon the form selected : Unlimited Form. a. Covering any amount of damages and expense for which the Assured may become liable on account of an accident resulting in injuries to one or more persons. (This form is not written for all lines of risks.) Partially Limited Form. b. LTnlimited as to the number of persons covered, but limited as to the amount of damages payable on account of injuries to each person injured. (This form is not written for all lines of risks) Limited Form. c. Limiting to certain fixed sums stated in the policy the amount of damages payable by the Company on account of accidents restilting in injuries either to one person or to more than one person. ^T-.T^-r»T * -.Tr X Tn/TT^r. The laws of many States provide no statutory restriction ORDINARY LIMIT ■' ^ •, , r i i ^^^ „,,»-rx as to the amount of recovery possible for death or m- TOO SMALL . u, r , „ ^ , r^ jury by wrongful act. Other btates are constantly being added to the list, and the general tendency toward this unlimited liability is marked throughout the entire country. The effect of such absence of restriction is to make the former ordinary liabil- ity policy limits, $5,000 for death or injury of one person and $10,000 for one accident involving injuries to more than one person, give wholly inadequate pro- tection. This is proved by the hundreds of cases in which judgments far in excess of these amounts have been awarded. A striking instance in point is that of New York State, NEW YORK AN 1 ^1 r ^ >< ^ j- <>. where the measure of damages, not exceedmg S^-Ooo, INSTANCE IN POINT ^ , , ^, ^ ^ ^ r q„ u ^■ u a u l^u fixed by the statutes of 1870, was abolished by the new Constitution, as follows : " The right nozv existing to recover damages resulting in death shall never he abrogated; and the amount recoverable shall not be subject to any statutory regulation." LIABILITY INSURANCE i6i SOME BIG The following list of twenty-six judgments recovered in JUDGMENTS important personal injury cases recently tried is taken from the records of the higher courts of New York State : Name Reference Amount I Read 128 App. Div 228 $101,789.10 2 Hughes 131 " " 185 40,000.00 3 McMichael April, 1909 30,000.00 4 Boyce 126 App. Div. 248 27,500.00 5 Boldt January, 1910 25,000.00 6 Clancy 128 App. Div. 141 20,000.00 7 Finnigan February, 19 10 17,500.00 8 Van Inweger 126 App. Div. 297 16,500.00 9 Jamison April, 1908 15,000.00 lO Brady 127 App. Div. 347 15,000.00 II Cox 128 " 363 14,560.00 12 Draper 124 " 351 12,500.00 13 Droge 123 " " 537 12,000.00 14 Bower 125 " " 648 11,750.00 15 Henry 129 " 613 11,500.00 i6 Trotto 127 " 400 11,500.00 17 Schramme 126 " 279 11,000.00 i8 Crissman 123 " " 61 10,500.00 19 Bertolami November, 1908 10,500.00 20 McGrath 128 App. Div. 63 10,000.00 21 Puluno 125 " 629 10,000.00 22 Pirotta 123 " " 626 10,100.00 23 Spencer 123 " " 789 10,000.00 24 Logerto 123 " 840 10,000.00 25 Donohue 122 " " 552 10,000.00 26 Winchell 121 " 52 10,000.00 $484,199.10 Average each person, over $18,000.00 _, -J, As before stated, an ^tna policy may be written so as to cover TN«;TTT?AMrF within limits selected by the Assured, or without any limits what- ever. If an Assured is carrying limited insurance in another company, and wishes additional coverage, the ^tna will furnish excess insurance, limited or unlimited, as may be desired. r62 SAFEGUARDS EnPLOYERS' Liability Any employer of labor is liable to have an action at law brought against him on account of personal injuries sustained by a workman while in his service. _ _ - ^^ The accident causing these injuries may be attributable to alleged AmnFNTS negligence or fault of the employer or his representative, to defects in the building, machinery or appliances necessary to the occupation, or even to the negligence of a fellow-workman. It may be only a trifling, rather than a serious accident. Yet, if a workman is injured thereby, he looks to his employer for damages, and the legal action which he brings may involve the employer in an expensive lawsuit or necessitate a costly compromise. The likelihood of such an outcome has been much increased lately by the rapid growth of a widespread public opinion in favor of compensating workmen regardless of the amount of care exercised by the employer or of the degree of negligence shown by the employee. T ATTTo T^T-, AT-,TXT^ LiablHty laws are constantly being made to bear more LAWS BEARING , ., -^ , ^i , , , • • heavily upon employers. Old laws are bemg mterpreted more and more favorably toward the workman, as is shown by the steadily increasing number and size of judgments rendered, and new laws are taking away from the employer the defenses (of fellow-servant, assumption of risk and contributory negligence) upon which he formerly could rely. The general agitation in favor of Workmen's Compensation, under which payment is required for all disabling accidents, is also exercising a noticeable influence upon the manner in which liability laws are made to apply. xT-c-cTN r-D-c/^rrTT-D Thc uccd for liability insurance is therefore greater than it ri^TTA^T T-TTT^T^ has tv tT bccn m previous years. Ihis is especially true in THAN EVER , ^ ,^ ,-', . i,, the case of employers who do contracting work, as the law now frequently holds them responsible for accidents to the employees of sub- contractors as well as for those sustained by their own workmen. COVERAGE AND ^^NA Employers' Liability Policies relieve an employer p of annoyance and expense arising out of accidents to employees in his service. The premium is based upon the pay-roll of the employer. In connection with such a policy is also furnished an expert inspection service which tends to prevent many of the accidents that otherwise would happen. Unlimited Insurance furnished if desired — see page i6o. LIABILITY INSURANCE 163 WORKHEN'S ConPENSATION In addition to furnishing the several forms of liability insurance described herein, the .^tna Life Insurance Company is also prepared to cover the liability imposed upon an employer by Workmen's Compensation laws, such as have been enacted in several States. WHAT COMPENSA Insurance under such laws is even more neces- TION LAWS REQUIRE ^^^^ ^^^" under the common law, whether or not amplified by statute. Workmen's Compensation laws require that payment be made for all accidents of employment, regardless of negligence or fault on the part of the employer. They also provide that such payments be made according to specified schedules, which generally are very liberal in their awards. TTAT^TT T^tr Not ouW docs this method of handlins; industrial accidents in- LIABILITY •' '■ „ T7VTOTO crease enormously the amount which must, not may, be paid on oilLiLi HiAloio 11-1 account of such accidents, but beyond this the employer is liable to be sued for damages in certain contingencies. For instance, a workman can refuse to accept the Compensation plan to which his employer has agreed, in which event an action for damages may result from an accident. Furthermore, a relative of a fatally injured employee may sue for loss of services. Again, if the employer has been negligent, inten- tionally or otherwise, in the matter of providing proper safeguards against accident, an injured employee has, under some Compensation plans, the right to sue. These are but a few samples of instances in which the common law and statutory rights to sue for damages are still available to an injured employee or those dependent upon him. ^TNA rovFRVILL SIMPLY ... , , - . . ADMINISTER A PLAN consideration to be agreed upon, to administer a Compensation plan of insurance for an employer, whether such plan be voluntary or imposed by law. In such case, of course, the employer would pay the benefits provided by the plan, but the ^tna would relieve him of all trouble and expense connected with the handling of accidents, giving him the advantage of a trained and experienced adjusting force. As it is the Etna's business to handle claims, there can be no question that it can administer a plan of insurance more efficiently and more economically than is possible for the employer. i-ni-.^i^T/^niTTr Economy will be still further induced by the valuable accident ECONOMY / ..,,., , , TNnTTrFD prevention service furnished with such administration by the .^TNA. Its trained and expert inspectors examine carefully the plant of an employer, and suggest such mechanical and material safeguards and such safer methods of doing work as universal experience has proved are most likely to reduce the number of accidents to the minimum. Workmen's Compensation admits of insurance being placed OP "RATTNr upon a more certain basis than has been possible under the Employers' Liability system. In view of this the ^tna Life Insurance Company is rating risks on a merit system, taking up the various lines of industry as rapidly as possible, and offering Workmen's Compensation insurance at rates which are based upon the probability of accidents occurring in individual plants. The Etna's merit system, the first to be introduced by any company, involves: a. The adoption of a definite standard for all physical exposures as repre- sented by buildings, machinery and other equipment. b. A most thorough and comprehensive inspection of buildings, machinery and other equipment, including a detailed report as to the nature of product and methods of manufacture in so far as they afifect the accident hazard. c. The application of proper debits and credits for all sub-standard or super-standard features as disclosed by inspection, the purpose being to give every employer full benefit for the adoption of safeguards and safe methods of working. Owing to the amount of time and expense involved in inspections of large risks for rating purposes, such inspections are made with the understanding that the employer will make a contribution toward the actual cost of the inspection — except that no such contribution is expected from ^tna policyholders, VALUE OF JETNA Whether an ^tna policyholder or not, the employer INSPECTION ^^ bound to derive great benefit from the inspection, as comprehensive and detailed recommendations for safety are placed at his disposal. These recommendations are based not only upon the Etna's own years of experience, but upon careful study by the ^tna Bureau of Inspection and Accident Prevention of the best practices in this country and abroad. They are of unmistakable value to an employer, not only in reducing the direct cost of his accidents, but also in promoting the efficiency of his plant. LIABILITY INSURANCE 165 Public Liability An ^TNA Public Liability Policy protects an employer against claims for personal injuries due to the operation of his business and sustained on or about his premises by any person other than an employee. The liability hazard as regards the public is not fully appreciated by many manufacturers. They apparently never stop to think how many persons other than employees have occasion to visit their premises. SOME OF THE J"^^ *° name a few regular callers : there are the gas in- PUBLIC HAZARDS spector, the electric light inspector, the inspectors who look over the boilers and the elevators, the teamsters and the expressmen who deliver supplies and take away the finished product. Some of these are at the factory every day, and all more or less frequently. Then there are the customers who are taken over the plant from time to time, the wives and children of employees who bring in dinners or come on other errands, the friends of the superintendent whom he shows around, and no small number of incidental visitors. The passer-by, too, contributes to the risk that is run. A falling brick or an article dropping from a window may make him a claimant for damages. Not a day goes by without a number of persons being in and about a fac- tory who are not covered by an Employers' Liability Policy, but who are just as likely to be accidentally injured as are the workmen. CONTRACTORS' RISK ^" ^^^^ ^^^^ °^ contractors the hazard is even greater EVEN GREATER ^""^ more constant. Building construction, sewer work, and many other kinds of contracting are carried on, it may be said, in the very midst of the public. Defective hoisting tackle, careless hoisting operation, an unguarded excavation or a weak guard, any one of these or a number of other things may lead to the injury of a passer-by. The same risk exists as regards the employees of other contractors, or sub- contractors, who may be employed on the job. The .^Etna Public Liability Policies protect as fully against accidents to all these people as the ^tna Employers' Liability Policies do against accidents to workmen. T»Tr.-r,^^,^-r^^r Ih additlou, tlic expert inspection service furnished in connec- INSPECTION . , , ,. . , • 1 , • , - tion with these policies tends to prevent many accidents which otherwise might occur, by calling attention to dangerous con- ditions or methods of doing work, and by recommending the necessary remedies. ^.^Trx^T, A ^T^ AXTT^ Au ^TNA PubHc Liability Policv mav be had covering COVERAGE AND ,. . , ^ r • , • i • j T^T,T-,/rTTT-«,r limits of $S,ooo for an accident involving one person and PREMIUM ^ , -^ ., . , . , $10,000 for an accident involving more than one person, but it is more often issued with limits of $10,000 for an accident involving one i66 SAFEGUARDS person and $20,000 for an accident involving more than one person. The premium is based upon the pay-roll of the employer. Unlimited insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. Contingent Liability In addition to their direct liability, owners of property, general contractors and many other employers are subject to an indirect, or contingent, liability which is likely at any time to develop into a source of heavy expense as well as cause a great deal of trouble and annoyance. n^miTT^ TXTr.rr.AXT.-.T-.o Supposc, for instaucc, that vou have entered into a con- SOME INSTANCES . , , " r 11 tract with a contractor to do part of your work, and one of this contractor's employees is injured while engaged in the work for which the contract has been made. The injured employee may bring an action for damages against you, either suing you individually or mak- ing you joint defendant with the contractor. In either case you are sure to be put to much trouble and expense, and, of course, you run the risk of having a verdict rendered against you. Such a verdict is practically certain if it can be shown in any way that the contractor's employee was injured through any defect in ways, works or plant belonging to you, or in any material, tool or equipment furnished by you, which defect arose, or was not discovered and remedied, through your negligence or fault or that of one of your agents. Even if your contractor has hired a sub-contractor to do all or part of the work in question, and it is one of this sub-contractor's employees who is injured, you may be sued or made party defendant in an action for damages brought by the injured man. So, too, may the general contractor upon whose work the sub-contractor has been engaged. ACTUAL NEGLIGENCE ^^^^ actions are often brought when there is no actual NOT ESSENTIAL negligence on the part of the original principal, or the general contractor, or an agent of either, but the injured man believes that the original principal, or the general contractor, is more responsible financially than the man for whom he has been directly work- ing (and whose negligence may have caused the injury), and therefore takes no chances of not recovering the damages which he seeks. That such belief is well founded has been proved in many instances when the inability of a sub-contractor or a general contractor to meet his obligations has thrown upon a general contractor or an original principal the burden of settling for damages. LIABILITY INSURANCE 167 NOT COVERED BY ^^ Employers' Liability Policy does not cover the in- EMPLOYERS' POLICY ^^^^^^' o^ contingent, liability outlined, as regards either actual damages or expense of litigation, so it will easily be seen that men having contract work done for them, and the general con- tractors who undertake to do such work, are running a very serious risk if they do not protect themselves by insurance against this contingent liability. COVERAGE AND These are but a few illustrations of indirect, or contingent, PREMIUM liability, which has a wide field. Any such liability can be covered by ^tna Contingent Liability Policies, which will undertake not only to care for expenses of litigation, as well as relieve their holders of annoyance and trouble arising from claims, but also to satisfy, within their limits, such judgments as may be awarded. The premium for a Contingent Liability Policy is based, in the case of con- tract work, upon the total cost of the work to be done. Unlimited insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. 1 68 SAFEGUARDS Elevator Liability An ^TNA Elevator Policy provides special protection for owners or lessees of buildings against claims for personal injuries caused by the operation of elevators or by any part of the elevator equipment. The need for such insurance is obvious. The elevator is a greater public carrier than the steam railroad, and the possibilities of accident involved in elevator maintenance and operation are innumerable. „^,, .,T,^., Consider a few of the mechanical defects which may develop MECHANICAL „ ^^ . . . .u . ,i • • unexpectedly. Neither the governor nor the controller is in- fallible. Either may get out of order without a moment's no- tice. It is the same with safety clutches and safety gates. Limit stops are apt to get out of place, brake shoes to wear, cables to fray and break, door locks to fail to catch. The operator is no more infallible than the machinery. He THE OPERATOR may start or stop the car too suddenly, giving someone a bad jolt. He may close the door too quickly and catch someone. He may allow the car to be overcrowded. He may leave a landing without closing the door. The passenger, whether actual or prospective, must also THE PASSENGER be taken into account. He will stand too close to the door. He will let a foot extend out of the car. He will try to enter or leave a car before it is brought to a full stop. He will insist upon forcing his way into a car already too full. He will look into a shaft if any chance at all is given him, usually just in time to be caught by the descending car. And he is only too apt absent-mindedly to walk into an open shaft. A CLAIM IS Whichever one of these, or of many other causes, is responsible CERTAIN ^°^ ^" accident resulting in personal injury, there is bound to be a claim upon the elevator owner for damages, a claim which will surely put him to some expense and much trouble, and may result in a suit which will cost him thousands of dollars. That is to say, it will unless he has had the forethought to provide protection for himself in the event of such a contingency. Such protection is given by ^tna Elevator Liability Insur- THE COVERAGE ance, which relieves the owner of both worry and expense. An tEtna Elevator Policy is usually issued for limits of $io,cx)o in event of death or injury of one person, and $20,000 in event of death or injury of more than one, but other limits may be obtained if desired. LIABILITY INSURANCE 169 Included in the service furnished in connection with the policy are regular and thorough inspections by mechanical experts. These inspections reduce greatly the likelihood of accident, with its probability of personal injuries and its cer- tainty of damage to the elevator and perhaps to the building itself. The premium for an JEtna Elevator Policy is based on the THE PREMIUM number and kinds of the elevators to be covered. Considering the extent of coverage, the cost is very small. Such protec- tion should be secured by every elevator owner. Unlimited insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. General Liability This form of insurance covers two general classes of risks, Commercial {including shops, warehouses, theatres, etc.) and Landlords' and Householders . The ^TNA General Liability Policy affords protection to owners or lessees of store buildings, hotels, apartment houses, office buildings, pul^lic halls and private dwellings against claims on account of accidental injury to employees or the public occurring on or about their premises HOW ACCIDENTS Ownership or occupancy of real estate which is habitually HAPPEN ^^^^ ^^^ *^^ public to any extent would seem naturally to carry with it a sense of the extensive liability involved, yet it is astonishing how many such owners or occupiers fail to realize the in- numerable possibilities of accidents for which they would be held responsible. They apparently ignore, or at least overlook, the likelihood of injury being caused by defective floors, by crowded aisles, by slippery or narrow stair treads, by breaking glass, by a falling sign or cornice, or by the sliding of snow or ice from a roof. Where elevators are in use there is, of course, a greatly increased hazard. BOTH OWNERS AND Even where people recognize possibilities of this sort OCCUPANTS LIABLE ^" connection with the ownership of such buildings as stores, hotels and the like, especially when they are the property of someone else, they often fail to realize that the mere ownership (or occupancy) of a private residence, large or small, carries with it any number of chances of trouble in this same direction. T^T^^TC OF A ^^^^ consider your own residence for a minute. How about HOUSEHOLDER ^^^ walk in front ? There may be a coal-hole there, or some defect or obstruction in the sidewalk itself. What if your steps are defective, or a loose shutter blows off, or a mass of snow or some I70 SAFEGUARDS loosened slate drops from the roof? Suppose your dog has a sudden inspiration to bite the butcher boy or some other innocent person? Inside your house there are more chances. Any day something may happen to one of your servants or visitors that may mean large doctor and nurse bills, and possibly suits for damages or liberal settlements to avoid them. Ceilings may fall, the gas range explode, or the water boiler blow up in the kitchen. These are just a few of the possibilities. ■DT7ic?r.rMvTeTT3TT T'Tv Whether you are merely a householder or an owner or les- FDT? nAMACF*; ^^^ ^ buildmg filled with employees and much used by the public, you should realize that any minute of the day or night an accident may occur upon your premises to one of your employees, or to some other person, which you were practically powerless to prevent. At once you will be held responsible, and, if you do not settle the claim according to the dictation of the injured person or his lawyer, legal proceedings will probably be brought against you. Not only the annoyance of a case in court will result, but you may have to pay a heavy judgment. ^TirxTT-.T^,o An owner of real estate who leases it wholly or in part to OWNER'S . , , . . ,. . ,• , M- rnNTTMrFNTT tenants is also subject to an indirect, or contingent, liability. T TARTT TTY ^^ ^" accident happens to any one of a tenant's employees or to one of the public while on that part of the premises which is occupied by the tenant, the owner is likely to be made defendant in a damage suit, either being sued individually or being made party defendant with the tenant. This will surely put him to considerable trouble and expense, and a verdict may be rendered against him. Such a verdict is certain to follow if there has been any negligence or fault on the part of the owner or an agent or if the tenant is financially irresponsible. EFFECT OF Suppose a serious accident results in your being forced to pay AN ACCIDENT several thousand dollars? In what condition would the with- drawal of that amount from your business or your capital leave you? Perhaps the money would have to be paid at the most inopportune time, when to secure it you would have to alter plans or give security that would mean a much greater financial loss than the actual sum involved. COVERAGE AND ^^^^ ^tna General Liability Policy combines the features PREMIUM °^ Employers', Public and Elevator Liability insurance. The premium for the Employers' Liability risk is based upon the annual pay-roll, that for the Public Liability upon the area and street frontage of the premises insured, and that for the Elevator Liability upon the number of elevators insured. If you are a householder only, the ^tna Residence General Liability Policy will furnish you adequate protection. The premium for the usual private resi- dence is a small fixed yearly sum. LIABILITY INSURANCE 171 COMBINATION ^^°^^ complete still is the Etna's Combination RESIDENCE POLICY Residence Policy, which, in addition to the above liability features, insures against Burglary and theft, Glass breakage, damage by Explosion of heating boilers or by leakage of water or steam from the plumbing systems, and Loss of Rent or rental value due to loss of use of residence caused by water damage, or explosion of boilers aforementioned, or by fire. Unlimited Liability insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. Automobile Insurance Your automobile can get you into all sorts of trouble. It may injure other people. It may injure other people's property. It may be badly injured itself, through collision, fire, explosion, etc. It may cause you a direct loss by not being usable when you want it. Its equipment or the car itself may be stolen. In fact, its capacity for getting you into hot water of one sort or another is so great that no matter what kind of a car you own, from a gentle electric to a sixty horse-power touring car or ten-ton truck, you should carry /Etna Automobile Insurance. iETNA DISTANCES ^TNA Automobile Insurance has always been consid- COMPETITORS ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^' ^"^ ^^^ competitors have now been dis- tanced by the ^tna Combination Policy* which in itself gives complete protection against all the risks that heretofore have had to be provided for by separate policies, and offers additional coverage against conse- quential loss never before available. Merely combining these things in one con- tract, however, is by no means the main feature, for its provisions are broader, more liberal, and in every way superior to any automobile insurance written in the past. YOTI CAN'T HFT P Perhaps you have not given much thought to the ques- TNTTIRTNP PFOPT F ^^°^^ °^ insuring against liability for personal injuries caused by your car. You cannot afford to ignore it. Glance over your daily paper and note the automobile accidents recorded — not those concerning the reckless, drunken joy-riders, who deliberately throw every caution to the winds and invite disaster, but the accounts of pedestrians struck at street crossings, horses frightened and spilling their drivers in the ensuing runa- ways, cars skidding and knocking down bystanders, or children dashing in front of automobiles. These are but a few illustrations of accidents happening every day to the most law-abiding and cautious motorists. It takes two people to prevent an accident. All your care cannot assure you that the other person will not do enough, either from stupidity or force of circumstances, to cause one. As the owner * See page 173. 172 SAFEGUARDS of a car you will have to bear the responsibility in almost every case. An xEtna policy will give you complete protection. In the same way you are liable for the injury you may do the „ ,„^, property of others. Here, too, your caution gives you no sure DAMAGE RISK ^ ^. ^ , . . ' '^ . ,, f •'., ,,.,. promise of immunity, i ou may be unable to avoid colliding with a horse-drawn vehicle, or spattering a woman's gown with mud. You may bump into another car, or in a hundred other ways injure or destroy something for which you will have to pay heavily. The ^tna policy stands between you and loss because of such happenings. n^TTT^ i-i-kT T TOT/M^T With all its potentiality for inflicting injury upon persons THE COLfLISION ... " i -i • <• r i • ■ , . „ . ^^ and things, your automobile is far from being immune HAZARD ^ , • , r 1- , • 1 . rr from damage itself. For this, too, you may have to suffer. A collision with another automobile or any moving or stationary object is apt to leave your car in a condition necessitating expensive repairs, or even replace- ment of the car itself. Whether your car is slightly injured or almost totally destroyed, .^Etna collision insurance will reimburse you for the loss. Loss of use* of your car may result at any moment LOSS OF USE AND . c v u/ • i • mi from fire, lightning, explosion, or other calamity OTHER CONSEQUEN- ^^ ^j^^^.j^^ ^^^^^^ suddenlv putting it out of com- TIAL LOSS ^ . . mission, and may prove quite expensive. The use of the car is often a necessity, and to take its place while the damaged machine is being repaired or replaced \\'\\\ probably mean the hiring of another car or a team. The ^tna policy will pay a daily indemnity while the car is being repaired or replaced (in addition to the cost of repair or replacement) under these cir- cumstances. If you are a physician or real estate man, for instance, or if your cars are used for delivery purposes, or are otherwise a factor in the daily conduct of your business, this feature must appeal to you with special force. DANrTTR's OF Loss of your car by theft is another danger that is a part of the penalty of ownership. So, too, are thefts from the car. Lamps, extra tires, tools and horns are some of the things that are constantly being made away with by thieves. Such things are seldom recovered and you have to bear the loss yourself. The ^'Etxa policy will protect you against any of these losses. It covers loss or damage by burglary, theft or larceny of your automobile or its equipment by anyone other than one of your employees. Such a synopsis by no means exhausts the chances that you are running with your car. nor, on the other hand, does it enumerate all the benefits of /Etna Automobile Insurance. .-.A^i.irT^Ti.T Arr.T^i.T As has been said, a single policv, known as the .-Etxa Com- COMBINATION ... , ,.,,.,, „ POT TPV bination Automobile policy,''' can be written to cover all these — the ideal way — or partial coverage when the whole of the insurance is not desired. * See page 173. LIABILITY INSURANCE 173 \ COVERAGE ^^^^ "^"^^ Liability insurance protects for $10,000 in event of an ^jsjj) accident causing the death or injury of one person, and for $20,000 PREMIUMS °^ "^°^^ "^ ^^^"^ °^ ^^^ accident causing the death or injury of more than one person. Larger or smaller limits may be secured if desired. The premium is based on the horsepower of the car insured. For business vehicles, however, the premiums are based upon the number of cars insured, and the purposes for which they are used. The Property Damage is written for limits from $1,000 up. The premium is based the same as for Liability Insurance. The Premium for the Collision insurance is based on the. value of the car, that for Theft insurance upon the sum insured, that for Loss of Use and other Consequential Loss upon the sum to be insured and the daily indemnity desired. The Combination Policy* premium is, quite naturally, the combined premiums for these several forms of insurance. Unlimited Liability Insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. Teams Liability The very fact that they occur so often is the main reason why horse and wagon accidents do not receive greater publicity in the newspapers. Having be- come more or less commonplace, they are no longer, except in unique or especially serious instances, regarded as " news." Yet the people who own the teams do not suffer any the less financially because the accidents do not get the same publicity as more novel events. Ai-.r.TT^T-ivTT.o AT^T-. Whethcr you own one horse or many, you are apt to ACCIDENTS ARE -^ • , , r discover by unpleasant personal experience the truth of these facts : that horse and wagon accidents are distress- ingly frequent, and that, whether the accident is due to the horse, the driver, the vehicle or the harness, the owner or user will be held responsible. One of your horses may kick someone. Your team may run over someone and kill him or maim him for life. One of your teamsters may be seriously in- jured while loading or unloading goods, or his carelessness may result in the serious injury of a bystander from the same cause. In any one of these instances, or of hundreds of others that could be cited, who will be held responsible, and required to settle? CLAIMS SURE Claims against you for damages on account of bodily injuries TO RESULT °^ *^^^^^ accidentally suffered or alleged to have been suffered by any person by reason of the ownership, maintenance or use of teams in your service would probably result in exasperating lawsuits, * The Combination Policy, zvhich includes insurance against Loss of Use and other Consequential Loss, is ivritten only in States where authorised. 174 SAFEGUARDS involving great expense and possibly heavy damages, with the alternative of paying preposterous sums to effect a settlement out of court. The ^TNA Teams Liability Policy offers you pro- COVERAGE AND tection that you can ill afford to be without. The usual policy protects you for $10,000 in event of an accident causing the death or injury of one person, and for $20,000 if more than one person is injured. Higher or lower limits may be had if desired. The premium for a Teams Liability Policy is based upon the number of horses or vehicles to be covered by the insurance. p_ _p„P_„ The damage your team may do to property belonging to others, and for which you will be held liable, may also cause you heavy expense, ^tna Property Damage Insurance will take care of you. It protects you from $1,000 up. The premium is based the same as for Liability insurance. Unlimited Liability Insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. LIABILITY INSURANCE 175 General Remarks REPORTING ^^^^'^ °^ ^^''^ foregoing policies provides that the assured shall ACCIDENTS report every accident to the Company. Where indemnity is or may be applied for, the Company, by competent inspectors, thoroughly investigates the circumstances relating to the case. If these indicate liability on the part of the Assured, immediate steps are taken with a view, to settlement without litigation. COMPANY Should, however, legal proceedings be taken, the Company under- DEFENDS takes, by able counsel, the defense of the suit on the Assured's behalf, relieves him from all trouble and responsibility, defrays expenses of litigation and, up to the limit named in the policy under which the accident is reported, pays damages which may be awarded. LIMITS '^^^ ordinary limits of liability undertaken under each of the foregoing forms of policies are : In event of an accident causing the death or injury of one person, $5,000 or $10,000. In event of an accident causing the death or injury of several persons, $10,000 or $20,000. Payment of an additional premium will increase these limits, if desired.* The policies do not lapse upon these limits being reached, but continue their warranty to pay within such limits for every accident that may take place during the policy year, whether few or many. _.___ -,^„„ The Liability Policies of the ^.TNA Life Insurance SAVE BOTH 1 A 1 1 r MONEY AND WORRY Company protect the Assured not only from mone- tary damage, but also from loss of time and the ari'* noyance and anxiety involved in claims and suits. They fix and reduce to a minimum liabilities and expenses which if not properly provided for frequently result in financial disaster. * Unlimited Liability Insurance furnished if desired — see page 160. iETNA CASUALTY INSURANCE LIABILITY LINES Employers' Teams Public (Direct) Commercial Public (Contingent) Landlords' and Elevator Householders' Automobile Workmen's Compensation ACCIDENT LINES Personal Accident Health Disability OTHER CASUALTY LINES Combination Automobile Plate Glass Automobile Collision Burglary Vehicle Property Damage Fly Wheel Sprinkler Leakage Water Damage Combination Residence FIDELITY AND SURETY BONDS ^TNA LIFE INSURANCE CO. Assets (Jan. 1, 1913) . . $110,523,775.30 Liabilities (Jan. 1, 1913) . 98,601,043.45 Surplus to Policyholders (Jan. 1, 1913) .... 11,922,731.85 THE .ETNA ACCIDENT AND LIABILITY CO. Assets (Jan. 1, 1913) . . $2,676,752.50 Liabilities (Jan 1, 1913) . . 569,313.22 Surplus to Policyholders (Jan. 1, 1913) .... 2,107,4.39.28 INDEX Accident, Bulletin, Accidents: Causes of. Absence of safeguards. Carelessness, Defects of machinery and structures I{2;n()rance, Insufficient lighting. Insufficient room, . Lack of good air, . Uncleanly conditions. Unsuitable clothing. Reporting of, /Etna : Hints and cautions. Inspections, Liability insurance. Air, Lack of good, as cause of accidents. Automobile Liability Insurance, Back-setting Machine, Clutch and belt guarded. Bake Shops, Method of guarding. Belts: Adjusting, Back-setting machine guarded. Blower guarded, . Boxed in, . Countershaft guarded. Drill press guarded. Driving shaft guarded, Ending machine guarded, . Engine, Fasteners, Fly wheel. Inspection of, Junction with pulley guarded. Lacing, Large horizontal unguarded. Placer, Paper cutter guarded, Punch press guarded. Rest, or hook, for. Running through Hoors, Running through floors guarded, Saw mill guarded, Shifting, . Slitting machine exposed, Slitting machine guarded, . Soap grinding machine, guard in position. Soap grinding machine, guard removed. Blower, Belt and pulley guarded, \11 148 II 8 10 7 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 22 146-151 24, 164-165 157-175 1 1 171-173 53 135 43 53 50 45, 50 48 49 57 51 14 44. 55 15 44 49 44.55 45 52 51 76 44 55 58 95 43 47 47 46 46 50 178 INDEX Boilers, Care of, Boring Mill, Gear pit guarded, . Bottlers, Protection of, Broken Belt Stop, for governors. Bulletin, Accident, Caisson Work, . Calender Rolls, Ways of guarding. Carelessness, as cause of accidents, Cement Mill: Sprocket and chain guarded, Sprocket and chain unguarded. Circular Heading Jointer, Guard for. Cleaning Machinery, Clothing: Unsuitable, as cause of accidents, Regulation of. Clutch : Back-setting machine guarded. Ending machine guarded, . Paper cutter guarded, Combination Automobile Insurance Policy, Combination Residence Insurance Policy, Compensation Insurance: Workmen's Voluntary Plans for. Connecting Rods, Guarding, Contingent Liability Insurance, Owners', Contracting : Caisson work. Fitness for work, Floor openings in buildings, General remarks. Hoisting apparatus, Rebuilding church spire. Safety of the public. Sewer work. Stagings, platforms and shoring. Trench shoring, Tunnel work. Use and care of explosives. Vigilance, Contractor's Liability Insurance, Conveyor : Sprocket wheel and chain guarded. Sprocket wheel and chain unguarded. Co-operation, of employees, Corner Cutting Machine, Guarded, Corner Staying Machine, Finger protectors for operators, Cotton Mill Balling Machine: Guard in place over gears. Guard removed from gears. Cotton Mill Spinning Frame: Guard in place over gears, Guard raised from gears. PAGE 15 37 21 15 148 130 66, 70 65 65 10 10 53 51 51 171-173 171 158-159, 163-164 163-164 14 166-167 170 130 130 129 128 128, .129 131 130 132, 133 128 132, 134 130 130 130 165 64 64 22 71 71 39 39 40 40 INDEX 179 Countershaft, Belt and pulle}^ guarded, Cranes, Inspection and operation, Crank Shafts, Guarding, Crank Pits, Guarding, Dangerous Material, Contact with. Dangers of Employment, Notices, Derricks: Inspection and operation, . In contracting work. Doors and Exits: Need of, . Self-releasing latch, Dough Brake: Guarded, Methods of guarding, Dough Mixer: Guarded, Methods of guarding. Drill Press: Belt and pulley guarded, Pulleys and gears of spindle guarded, Spindles guarded, Dust, Prevention and disposal of. Electrical Apparatus: Artificial respiration, Arc lamps. Circuit breakers, Conductors, Construction safeguards, Cut-outs, Danger signs. Emergency outfits. Fuses, .... General safeguards for workmen. Grounding, Guarding other than electrical workmen, Instruction of workmen, Insulation, Linemen's protective shield. Model electric light station, Painting dangerous parts red, Precautions for workmen to take, . Protecting of, . Rubber gloves, Safe handling of injured, . Safety devices, caution about. Switchboard safeguards. Switches, rules for use of, . Transformers, location of. Treatment of injured. Elevator Liability Insurance, Elevators : Automatic door. Automatic gate, open-at-will type, Automatic hatch cover guards, 1 20 • PAGE 48 20 ■ 14 14 20 ' 149 , 20 • 129 21 138 136 137 135 . 137 • 49 52 142 20 119 124 122 122 123 122 122 122 120, 122, 123 119 123 120 , 121, 121- "126, 123 123 119 -123 125 127 120 121 18 121 122, 124 119 123 120 "168- 123 124 -169 • 107 109 no ISO INDEX Elevators, Continued : Broken sheave, Door-locking device. Entrance automatically illuminated, General suggestions for safeguarding, Guarding hoistway and entrances, Hatchway safeguard. Interlock, Keeping locks and latches in order Looking over gate into shaft. Looking through open door into shaft. Need of safe construction and operation, Operating cable lock, Operating lever enclosed. Operating lever suspended from top of car Projections in hoistway, Safety air cushion, Safety catches, Safety catch for counterweights, • Semi-automatic gate. Side post freight platform enclosed Speed safety devices. Unguarded opening to hoistway. Warning gong. Worm gear badly worn, Emergency Room, Emery Wheels: Danger of, Guarding of, Clamp safety collars for, Concave safety collars for. Foundry grinders guarded, '•■' In polishing room guarded, ^Employees, Co-operation of, Employers' Llability Ixsuraxce, Ending ^Machine: Belt and pulley guarded, Friction clutch guarded. Engines, Guarding, Engine Stop, Excess Liability Insurance, Explosives, Use and care of. Falling Material, Danger from. Finger Protectors, Fire Escape, Fire Hazard, Precautions, First Aid, In electrical accidents, Floors : Overloading, Remedy for slippery, Fly Wheels: Care of, . Danger of, 114 104, 108 108 105 104 III 116 104 "5 115 • 19, 103 ^ 106 112 1 12 105 . • 118 107, 113 113 log III 103, 117 116 106 114 23 78 79 80 80 81 81 22 162 51 51 . 14, 15 140 161 130 19 71 139 21 23 123 19 II 15 54 INDEX 181 Fly Wheels, Continued: Fencing, Guards for, Guarded by pipe railing, . Foremen : Duty of, . Selection of Special rules to, Fumes, Prevention and disposal of. Gases, Prevention and disposal of. Gearing, Safeguarding of overhead, Gears : Bevel exposed. Bevel guarded. Change gears of lathe guarded. Cog enclosed, Cotton mill balling machine, guarded. Cotton mill balling machine, unguarded. Cotton mill spinning frame, with guard in place, Cotton mill spinning frame, with guard raised, Drill press spindle guarded. Driving end of twister. End of rolls covered, Engine, guarding. Gear cutting machine guarded. Gear pit of boring mill guarded. How dangerous, . Live roll protected, Live roll unprotected. Loom guarded, Many ways of guarding, Paper cutter guarded. Pipe thread cutting machine, guarded. Pipe thread cutting machine, unguarded. Planer guarded, Punch press guarded, Rail guard for exposed. Shell mill, unguarded. Slitting machine, guarded, Slitting machine, unguarded Slotting machine, guarded, . Suitable guarding of. Tumbling barrel protected. Twister guarded, Wall paper printing machine, guards in place. Wall paper printing machine, guards removed. Gear Cutting Machine: Guard for index change gears, Hinged guard for feed gears, Wooden guard for gears, . General, or Landlords', Liability Insurance, Governor Balls, .... Grinders, Protection of, ... Grindstones: Danger of, ... . 14 54 57 9 9 145 20 20 16 26 26 31 30 39 39 40 40 52 38 34 14 33, 35 37 25 28 28 41 2=; 51 36, 37 36 97 76 30 42 27 27 29 18 34 38 32 32 30 35 33 169-17 1 14 21 78,79 182 INDEX Grindstones, Continued: Hoods for, Selection, mounting and care, Storing of, Hair, Loose, danger of. Hallways, Lighting of. Hints, IEtsa, to employers of labor, Hoists : Inspection and operation, . In contracting work, Ignorance, As cause of accidents, iNFLAisnLABLE MATERIAL, Handling of, Inspection : i^TNA, Need of. Of belts. Of boilers. Of hoisting apparatus. Of pulleys, Inspectors, Workmen as. Instruction Cards, Insurance, ^^tna Liability, Intoxicants: Influence on carelessness. Regulation of use of. Keys, Guarding of, Knives: Revolving, Slitting machine guarded, Ladders, Safety, Lath Machines, Guarded, Lathe: Method of guarding change gears, Rail guard for exposed gears. Laundry Machinery: Collar and cuff ironer guarded. Flat-work ironers guarded. Ways of guarding. Liability Insurance, . Automobile, Combination residence policy. Contingent, Elevator, Employers', Excess insurance, . General, or Landlords', Inspection service. Limited form, Merit system of rating. Partially limited form, Public, Some big court judgments Teams, Unlimited forms, Worklngmen's Compensation, 78,80 78 78 10 19 147 20 129 1 I 20 24, 164, 165 ID 44 15 20, 129 44 146 150, 151 157-175 9 9 18 67 72 17 102 31 30 69 68 66 158, 175 171-173 171 166-167, 170 168-169 162 161 169-171 24, 164, 165 160, 175 164 160 165-166 161 173-174 160 158-159, 163-164 INDEX 183 machine operators, Insurance, Lighting, Insufficient, as cause of accidents. Limited Form, Liability Insurance, Loom, Take up gears guarded and guide for shuttle, Machinery: Cleaning, .... Defects of, as cause or accidents, Inspection of, . Oiling, . . Painting moving parts red. Reporting of defective. Merit System of Rating Liability Insurance, Mill Races, Fencing, .... Minors, Employment of, Oiling, Of machinery. Pans, Protection of, . Paper Cutter, Belt, clutch and gear guarded, Paper Box Factory : Corner cutting machine guarded, Finger protectors for corner staying Paper Mill, Calender rolls guarded. Partially Limited Form of Liability Passageways, Lighting of. Pipe Thread Cutting Machine: Gears guarded. Gears and chuck guarded. Gears unguarded. Piston Rods, Guarding, Planers : Dangers of. Guards for, Old square style. Pulleys and gears guarded, Safety cylinder for. Platforms : Dangers of. For contracting work. For overhead mill gearing. Guarded, Protection of, Skirting board for. Power Control: Devices for, Engine stop applied, Means of communicating with prime mover room Prime Movers, Safeguarding of. Property Damage Insurance, Public Liability Insurance, . Pulleys: Boxing and screening of, Blower guarded, . Countershaft guarded. Covering arms of, Drill press guarded, Driving shaft guarded, Ending machine guarded, 1S4 INDEX PAGE Pulleys, Continued: Friction clutch, . . . • • • 17,44 Inspection of, . 44 Junction with belt guarded, ... 49 Mounting of, . 44 Planer guarded, . . . . • 97 Punch press guarded, . . . . 76 Slitting machine, exposed, 47 Slitting machine, guarded. 47 Soap grinding machine, guard in position, . 46 Soap grinding machine, guard removed. 46 Spring block, . . . . . 141 Tight and loose, . . . . . 17.44 Tight and loose guarded. 50 Punch Presses: Danger of, .... • 73 Equipped with safety clutch, 74 Guard for, . . . . . 75 Guarded, . . . . . • 74-77 Means of protection of, . 73 Methods of operation of, . 73 Rating (Liability Merit System), . 164 Red Paint: For dangerous parts of electrical apparatus. . . 120 For moving parts of machiner>^ 18 For safeguards, .... 18 Roll-feed Machinery: Calenders, .... 66 Calender rolls guarded. 70 Collar and cuff ironer guarded. 69 Dangers of, . 66 Flat-work ironers guarded. 68 Guarding of, . 19 Laundry, .... 66 Metal rolls guarded, 67 Shoe machine guarded. 69 Rolling Mill: Live roll gears protected. 28 Live roll gears unprotected. 28 Room, Insufficient, as cause of accidents, . II Rope Drive: Guarded by pipe railing, . . -56 Untruarded, .... 56 Rubber Mill, Calender rolls guarded. 70 Rules: And reo;ulations, .... 144 General, .... 145 Importance of, . . 8,9 Special to foreman. 145 Runways, Protection of, ... . 19,83 Safeguards : Absence of, as cause of accidents, II General suggestions, 14 Many kinds, .... 12 Need of, .... 12 INDEX 185 Safeguards, Continued : Painting red, Practical, Saws, Band: Danger of, Guarded, Ways of guarding. Saws, Circular: Danger of. Guards for. Self-feeding, Saws, Equalizing: Guard for. Saws, Swing: Guard for. Large saw guarded. Small saw guarded. Set Screws: Bad accident from. Countersunk, Danger of, Guarding of. Hollow, Kinds of safeguards, Protruding, Rubber protector, Safety collars. Sewer Work: Good method of bracing trench, Guard along trench, Guard around excavation, Trench properly shored on inside. Shaft End: Guarding, Protected, Unprotected, Shafting: Dead ends. Hangers, Safeguarding when near floor. Vertical, Shapers: Dangers of. Guards, Shell Mill, Gears unguarded, Shoe Machinery, Rolling machine guarded. Shoring: For contracting work. Of trench. Shuttle, Guide on loom, Signs: Display of, . . . Warning, Skirting Board, 90, 186 INDEX Slitting Machine: Small pulley and belt exposed, Small pulley and belt guarded, Slitting Machine Used for Cutting Sheet Metal: Gears guarded, Gears unguarded, Slitting Machine Used in Rug-making, Rotary knives Slotting Machine, Gearing guarded. Soap Grinding Machine: Belt and pulley guard in position, Belt and pulley guard removed. Soap Stamping Machine, Guarded, Spindles, Drill press guarded, Sprocket Wheels and Chains: Cement mill guarded. Cement mill unguarded, Danger of, . . . Small conveyor guarded. Small conveyor unguarded. Speed or location no safeguard, Stagings : For contracting work, Protection of, . Used in rebuilding church spire. Stairways : Danger of, . . . Dangerous open. Equipped with safety tread. Hand rails for. Open side guarded. Open, with unguarded opening beneath, Protection of, . Treads, Structures, Defects of, as cause of accidents, Superintendents : Duty of, ... Selection of, . Teams Liability Insurance, Tools : Danger from falling. Quality and condition, Traversing Carriages, Trench : Good method of bracing. Guards along. Properly shored, View of inside shoring. Trimmers, Protection of, Tumbling Barrel, Pinion and gear protected. Tunnel Work, Twister : Driving end, Gears at driving end enclosed, Uncleanly Conditions, As cause of accidents. Unlimited Liability Insurance. guarded, 47 47 27 27 72 29 46 46 75 52, 142 65 65 63 64 64 63 128 19 131 82 85 85 82 83 85 19 82 TO 9 9 173-174 19 19 18 132 133 132 134 21 34 130 38 38 II 160 INDEX 187 Vats, Protection of, . Ventilation, Need of, . Wall Paper Printing Machine: Guards in position on gears, Guards removed from gears. Water Wheels, Fencing, White Paint, As aid in lighting, Whitewash, As aid in lighting, Window Cleaners, Adjustable safety belt for. Wood-polishing Machine, Guards for, Wood-working Machinery: Dangers of, . Guards for. Need of care in use of. Need of safety devices. Workmen's Compensation Insurance, Inspection service, Merit system of rating. Workmen, As inspectors. 158-159, PAGE II, 20 II 32 32 14 ID 10 141 86 86-102 19 19 163-165 164 164 146 UNIVERSITY or CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This b