THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 Justin Turnsp 
 
 /
 
 <iA '^ook^ About Autographs 
 
 BY 
 
 Simon Gratz
 
 EDITION OF 500 COPIES, OF WHICH 
 THIS IS No. 
 
 1 r\ ^» 
 
 i8D
 
 SIMON (JRATZ
 
 A BOOK ABOUT 
 AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 BY 
 
 Simon Gratz 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 William J. Campbell 
 1920
 
 Copyright 1920 By William J. Campbell
 
 I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO THE MEMORY OF 
 MY LIFE-LONG FRIEND 
 
 JAMES TYNDALE MITCHELL 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICE OF 
 THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 AND 
 AN ENTHUSIASTIC COLLECTOR 
 
 ■^L/Cx*^^
 
 PREFACE 
 
 THE purpose of this book, which is written 
 in compHance with requests from a number 
 of my friends who are collectors, is to gather 
 together, in compact form, a variety of in- 
 formation about autographs which is widely scattered 
 and not easily accessible. Much that is valuable is 
 to be found in the book written by Dr. H. T. Scott, 
 entitled "Autograph Collecting"; while the more elab- 
 orate work prepared by him in collaboration with Mr. 
 Samuel Davey — "A Guide to the Collector of Histor- 
 ical Documents, etc." — is very complete in its general 
 treatment of the subject. Part of the material they 
 contain has been used in the preparation of several 
 chapters of the present book; and the writer freely 
 acknowledges his obligations to them, as well as to 
 Mons. Etienne Charavay's excellent preface to the 
 Catalogue of the collection of Alfred Bovet. 
 
 Other books, such as Mr. Adrien H. Joline's very 
 entertaining "Meditations of an Autograph Collector" 
 and "Rambles in Autograph Land," consist mainly of 
 the text of letters in his collection, which serve as a 
 basis for the expression of thoughts, observations, and 
 comments, sometimes profound, sometimes humorous
 
 or sarcastic, but always interesting and frequently in- 
 structive. The same comment is true, though in a 
 much smaller degree, of the little book written by Mr. 
 George R. Sims, entitled "Among My Autographs." 
 These books have, therefore, a character that is literary, 
 and distinctly different from the practical treatment 
 of the subject which is intended to be followed in this 
 volume. 
 
 From all available sources the writer has tried to 
 gather whatever will help to give collectors something 
 approaching an adequate knowledge of the taste for 
 collecting autographs, and its progress from small be- 
 ginnings to the prominence it has now attained. In 
 the belief that a portion of the subject which has hither- 
 to been neglected should receive proper consideration, 
 much space is given to a detailed account of a number 
 of the leading collections that have, in years past, made 
 their appearance at public sales after the death of their 
 owners. 
 
 If this compilation shall prove acceptable, and in 
 some respects useful, to those who have been led into 
 the pursuit of the very delightful hobby and recreation 
 that has so long been dear to the writer, he will feel 
 that his labor has not been in vain.
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Portrait of Simon Gratz Frontispiece 
 
 Autograph inscription, in an Album Amicorum, of 
 Otto Von Guericke, the celebrated German ex- 
 perimental philosopher, and the inventor of the 
 
 air-pump 19 
 
 Autograph inscriptions, in an Album Amicorum, of 
 Caspar Ziegler, an able German jurist and 
 Protestant canonist, and Samuel Stryk, a Ger- 
 man jurist and author 19 
 
 Authograph letter of Pierre Jean Clays, the eminent 
 Belgian marine painter, written to Benjamin 
 
 W. Austin 39 
 
 Portrait of William Upcott 91 
 
 Portrait of Dawson Turner 122 
 
 Portrait of Robert Gilmor 172 
 
 Portrait of Thomas Addis Emmet, M. D 180 
 
 Portrait of Rev. William B. Sprague 184 
 
 Portrait of Charles C. Jones 194 
 
 Portrait of Elliot Danforth 196 
 
 Portrait of Ferdinand J. Dreer 226 
 
 Page of an autograph letter signed, of John Keats . 238 
 Autograph letter of Aaron Burr written in the year 
 1776, at the age of twenty, when he was an 
 officer in the Continental Army 251 
 
 Conclusion of an autograph letter of Burr written 
 in the year 1795, at the age of thirty-nine 251 
 
 Autograph letter of Francis Bacon — afterwards 
 Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans — 
 written some years before his elevation to the 
 peerage 253 
 
 Autograph letter of Bacon, written in the year 1619, 
 when he was Lord Chancellor of England 253 
 
 Portrait of A. H. Joline 278
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED 
 
 IN THIS BOOK 
 
 A. L. S., autograph letter signed. A letter entirely in 
 the handwriting of, and signed by, the person named. 
 
 A. D. S., autograph document signed. A document 
 entirely in the handwriting of, and signed by, the 
 person named. 
 
 P. A. S., the same as A. D. S. 
 
 L. S., letter signed. A letter signed by the person 
 named, the body of which is not in his handwriting. 
 
 D. S., document signed. A document signed by the 
 person named, the body of which is not in his hand- 
 writing. 
 
 Folio, foolscap paper size. 
 
 4to, letter paper size. 
 
 8vo, note paper size. 
 
 p., page, pp., pages.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Concerning the taste for collecting autographs. ... 13 
 The qualities that determine the value of auto- 
 graphs 21 
 
 Of the various ways in which collections have been 
 
 formed 26 
 
 Concerning spurious or false autographs 40 
 
 On the progressive increase in the market value of 
 
 autographs' 69 
 
 Concerning some noted European collections of the 
 
 olden and of recent times 85 
 
 Concerning collectors and private collections in the 
 
 United States 170 
 
 Concerning public collections of autographs 208 
 
 On the migration and pedigree of autographs 230 
 
 Conversations about autographs 240 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 A. List of books containing facsimiles of autograph 
 letters or of mere signatures 283 
 
 B. List of commissioners to confer with the Six 
 Nations and other Indians,^October 5, 1745.. . 289 
 
 C. Delegates to the Albany Convention in 1754. . 291 
 
 D. Delegates to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765. . 293 
 
 E. Delegates to the Continental Congress of 1774. 296 
 
 F. Presidents of the Continental Congress 298 
 
 G. Revolutionary Cabinets 300
 
 H. Signers of the Declaration of Independence . . . 308 
 
 I. Delegates to the Continental Congress 311 
 
 J. Signers of the Articles of Confederation 329 
 
 K. Delegates to the Annapolis Convention, 1786.. 332 
 L. Signers of the Constitution and Members of 
 
 the Federal Convention 335 
 
 M. Generals of the Revolutionary War 339 
 
 N. Washington's Secretaries and Aides-de-Camp. . 344 
 O. Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United 
 
 States 346 
 
 P. Speakers of the House of Representatives 351 
 
 Q. Delegates to the Peace Congress of 1861 353 
 
 R. Members of the First Congress under the 
 
 Constitution 359 
 
 Index 363
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 Concerning the Taste for Collecting Autographs 
 
 FORTUNATE should we count the man who 
 has formed a taste for collecting books, auto- 
 graphs, coins, engravings, postage stamps, or 
 any other thing that may strike his fancy. If 
 he takes a genuine interest in, and has a real love for, 
 the diversion he has chosen, he is sure to derive much 
 pleasure, and to gain a varying amount of intellectual 
 profit, from its pursuit. 
 
 It is good for the body, as well as the mind, to seek 
 occasional relief from the tedium and cares of active 
 professional or business life, by turning to one's chosen 
 hobby for relaxation and quiet pleasure. 
 
 Students of history and biography are naturally 
 attracted to the great names that shine in the pages 
 they have read. They cherish — if they can obtain it 
 — any personal memento of one who is famous in the
 
 14 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 annals of literature, statecraft, royalty, war, music, 
 etc., etc. A fragment of his personal attire, his watch, 
 cane, seal, snuffbox, sword — in short, anything that 
 was worn or used by him — is valued most highly. A 
 small piece of the cofhn in which he was buried, or a 
 few of the hairs cut from his head, would be regarded 
 as exceptional treasures. Witness the prices, as given 
 in Dr. Scott's "Autograph Collecting," that such things 
 have brought. In 1816, an English peer gave £750 
 for a tooth of Sir Isaac Newton. For an old waistcoat 
 of Rousseau's, 960 francs were given. In 1836, 500 
 francs were paid for a doubtful cane of Voltaire's. 
 The wig of Sterne, the author of "Tristram Shandy," 
 realized, at a London auction in 1822, the enormous sum 
 of 200 guineas. Two pens used in signing the treaty 
 of Amiens in 1801 were purchased for £500. The hat 
 worn by Napoleon at the battle of Eylau was sold in 
 Paris, in 1835, for 1920 francs. Twenty years ago an 
 engraved silver spur, worn by Henri IV. at his entrance 
 into Paris, realized 14,000 francs. 
 
 Of all these "gentle pastimes," the collecting of 
 autographs appeals most strongly to those who seek a 
 delightful relaxation in an eminently intellectual amuse- 
 ment. An autograph letter from the hand of a noted 
 man is the closest personal memorial of him that can 
 be had. Here we have the identical paper that his
 
 TASTE FOR COLLECTING 15 
 
 hands touched and on which he wrote the words we 
 read — words expressing thoughts as they emanated 
 from his brain. We almost feel as if we were in direct 
 contact with the writer. If he was good as well as 
 great, a feeling of reverence for the paper we treasure 
 steals over us. We are moved by the desire to learn 
 the leading events of his life; and, if he was a prominent 
 character in history, we wish to know the historical 
 events in which he was a participant. In this way our 
 treasured personal memorial leads us into fields of in- 
 tellectual activity and historical research. 
 
 The taste for autographs dates back to ancient 
 times, when people wrote on tablets of wax or on papy- 
 rus. Mr. Joline, in his entertaining "Meditations of 
 an Autograph Collector," tells us that "it existed among 
 the Greeks in the palmy days of their civilization. It 
 is related that the third Ptolemy refused to supply the 
 starving Athenians with wheat, unless he was allowed 
 to borrow the original manuscripts of iEschylus, 
 Sophocles, and Euripides, in order that he might make 
 copies of them. . . . Cicero was an enthusiastic col- 
 lector, as were also the Consul Mucianus and Libanius 
 the Sophist." 
 
 Whether these manuscripts of great writers were 
 desired merely for literary purposes, or whether an 
 additional and special interest was attached to them as
 
 16 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 original autographic papers, does not appear. The 
 probability is that they were not sought in the way or 
 for the reasons that, at a much later period, led to the 
 collecting of autographs. 
 
 William S. Walsh, in his "Hand-Book of Literary 
 Curiosities," speaks thus of autograph hunting: "Spo- 
 radic cases are, indeed, recorded at a very high antiquity; 
 but it is only during the last two centuries that it has 
 reached the epidemic stage. The first case ever re- 
 corded was that of a certain Atossa. Little is known 
 about her, save that she was not the mother of Darius, 
 though she may have been the mother of the autograph 
 collector. . . . But we really are not on solid 
 ground until we reach the great name of Cicero. We 
 know that he had a collection, and a fine one; for he 
 speaks of it with gratulation. The fever, even in those 
 early days, was contagious. It spread to his contem- 
 poraries; it raged with some violence among his im- 
 mediate successors. Pliny mentions one Pompeius 
 Secundus, at whose house he had seen autographs of 
 Cicero, Augustus, Virgil, and the Gracchi. Yet Pliny, 
 who bows to Secundus as his superior, himself possessed 
 a collection. Then came the eruption of the barba- 
 rians, and good-by to the collector and his collections. 
 We do not meet him again until the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century. Then he reappears in the person
 
 TASTE FOR COLLECTING 17 
 
 of a certain Bohemian squire who, about the year 1507, 
 began keeping a book which recorded his exploits of 
 the chase, and in which, as a further refresher of his 
 memory, he collected the signatures of his great hunter 
 friends. This he called his Album Amicorum, probably 
 in memory of the Roman Album, from albus, white, a 
 blank tablet for making entries. The custom soon ex- 
 tended all over Germany, not merely with hunters, but 
 more especially with travellers who, on returning from 
 the grand tour, would proudly exhibit their Alba in 
 proof of the good company they had kept while on the 
 road. By the seventeenth century it had reached 
 France, and evidently it was just beginning to be heard 
 of by Englishmen anxious to emulate foreign fashions 
 in 1642, when James Howell included in his "Instruc- 
 tions for Forreine Travel" this item: "Some do use to 
 have a small leger book fairly bound up table-book- 
 will [table-book-wise], wherein when they meet with 
 any person of note and eminency, and journey or pen- 
 sion with him any time, they desire him to write his 
 name, with some short sentence which they call the 
 mot of remembrance, the perusall whereof will iiU one 
 with no unpleasing thoughts of dangers and accidents 
 passed." 
 
 John Gough Nichols, in his preface to "Auto- 
 graphs of Royal, Noble, Learned, and Remarkable
 
 18 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Personages conspicuous in English History from the 
 reign of Richard the Second to that of Charles the 
 Second," says: "Our earliest signatures of laymen of 
 rank commence with the reign of Richard the Second. 
 Familiar epistles are not found until the reign of Henry 
 the Fifth. We have nothing earlier than the fifteenth 
 century which can be called a familiar letter. . . . 
 The first collections of autographs were probably those 
 entitled Alba Amicorum. . . . Isaak Walton, in 
 his biography of Sir Henry Wotton, defines an 'Albo' 
 to be 'a white paper book which the German gentry 
 usually carry about them for the purpose of requesting 
 eminent characters to 'write some sentence in.' No. 
 933 in Humphrey Wanley's catalogue of the Harleian 
 Manuscripts is described as a paper book in octavo, 
 bound longwise, being one of those which the Germans 
 call Albums, and are much used by the young travellers 
 of that nation, who commonly ask a new acquaintance 
 [even at the first meeting] to write some sentence there- 
 in, with a compliment to the owner's learning, good 
 sense, etc. Which done, the names gotten are laid be- 
 fore the next new face, and the young man upon all oc- 
 casions, especially at his return, by these hands demon- 
 strates what good company he has kept." 
 
 These Alba Amicorum are very numerous. In 
 the year 1862 there were said to be upwards of six
 
 
 y(^/u/tr\ , 
 
 
 J^O^'yfvJ J\CkjLt-^. IC^l^T-i^- 
 
 C-^fiY^a 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 yTJ\^w 
 
 
 
 
 Upper — Autograph Inscription in an Album Amicorum of Otto von Guericke, 
 the celebrated German experimental philosopher, and the inventor of the air-pump. 
 
 Loiver — Autograph Inscription in an Album Amicorum of Caspar Ziegler, an 
 able German jurist and Protestant Canonist, and Samuel Stryk, a German jurist 
 and author.
 
 20 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 hundred of them in the manuscript department of the 
 British Museum, one of which contains the rare auto- 
 graph of the poet Milton. The earliest is that num- 
 bered 1178 in the Egerton Mss. It bears date 1554. 
 No. 851 in the Sloane Collection is also a notable early 
 example. It was formed in 1579, commences with the 
 motto and signature of the Due d'Alengon, the suitor 
 of Queen Elizabeth, and has on the opposite page a 
 short inscription by the Emperor Matthias of Germany. 
 At the present day they frequently occur at auc- 
 tion sales or in dealers' catalogues in Germany, and 
 bring prices varying from high to moderate according 
 to the importance of the names they contain. Many 
 of them have been taken to pieces to obtain autographs 
 of noted persons that are not procurable in the form of 
 letters.
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The Qualities that Determine the Value of 
 
 Autographs 
 
 IN considering the qualities that determine the 
 value of autographs it seems scarcely necessary to 
 remark that the only letters or documents which 
 are welcomed as ornaments in the cabinets of 
 collectors, and which have a definite and well sustained 
 market value, are those of men and women who have 
 achieved note in some particular walk of life or have 
 held positions of commanding prominence. Occa- 
 sionally it may happen that a collector will, for some 
 special reason, desire a letter of one who was unknown 
 to fame or, perhaps, had earned the horrid fame which 
 attaches itself to a few notorious criminals. Thus, a 
 letter of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President 
 Lincoln, brings a large price; as, probably, would let- 
 ters of the fanatics who killed King Henry of Navarre,
 
 22 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 the Due de Guise, and the Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 What, then, are the factors that settle the rank of 
 an autograph letter or document, as well as its market 
 value? 
 
 First. The genuineness of the paper — that is, the 
 authenticity of the handwriting — must be undoubted. 
 This is an absolute requisite. Where the shadow of a 
 reasonable doubt hangs over a paper, a prudent buyer 
 will not becomes a purchaser. 
 
 Second. The most illustrious names that shine in 
 the pages of history, literature, etc., are, of course, 
 those that will command the highest prices; as they are 
 sought for by all collectors. Of the names that come 
 in this class, those that are most rarely met with are 
 naturally the most costly. For example, Tasso or 
 Corneille would bring vastly more than Addison or 
 Pope in the literary series; while for such names as 
 Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, and others that, as the 
 French say, are presque introuvables, a man of great 
 wealth might be willing to pay a small fortune. In 
 American autographs we have the well known instances 
 of two signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 Thomas Lynch, junior, and Button Gwinnett; of the 
 former of whom only one autograph letter signed is 
 known, and of the latter nothing better than a letter 
 signed. A good A. L. S. 4to or folio of either would
 
 DETERMINING VALUED 23 
 
 readily bring from five to ten thousand dollars in the 
 present condition of the market for such rarities. 
 
 Third. The character of the contents of the letter 
 or document plays a large part in the answer to the 
 inquiry about value. A love letter from a noted poet 
 or prose-writer — as, for example, one of Dean Swift's 
 letters to Stella, or one of the many that John Keats 
 wrote to Fanny Brawne — is worth much more than a 
 letter with ordinary contents. One that contains 
 material for history is, in like manner, more valuable 
 than one devoid of any particular interest. A good 
 A. L. S. 4to of King Charles I., of England, with unim- 
 portant contents, may to-day [when prices are tre- 
 mendously inflated] be worth from £30 to £50; whereas 
 the remarkable letter to the Marquis of Ormond, which 
 is twice named in other chapters of this book, would 
 probably bring ten times as much. So, w^hile an or- 
 dinary A. L. S. of Sir Walter Raleigh may be estimated 
 at £75 to £100, that which was recently sold in the 
 Huth sale brought, on account of its pathetic and very 
 interesting contents, £520; an enormous figure when we 
 consider that £84 was thought to be a high price for it 
 at the Young sale in 1869. And whereas a letter, with 
 contents of no particular importance, of the unfortunate 
 Sir Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, might be 
 rated at £30 or £40, that which he wrote to his wife.
 
 24 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 while he was a prisoner in the Tower, expressing his 
 belief that there was nothing in the charge against him, 
 or that "at the worst, his Majesty will pardon all" — 
 which produced £40.10,0 at the Baker sale in 1855 — 
 would be likely to realize not less than five times that 
 amount to-day. 
 
 Fourth. The celebrity or station of the person ad- 
 dressed is far from being an unimportant factor. Take, 
 for example, the letters, in the Tremont collection, of 
 Kings and Queens written to other crowned heads; 
 such as those of Queen Elizabeth to King Henry III 
 [of France], Francis I. [of France] to the Emperor 
 Charles V., Henry VIII. to Catherine de Medicis, 
 James I. [of England] to Henry IV. [of France], and 
 Louis XII. to the Emperor Maximilian. We do not 
 need to be told why such a letter has a value much in 
 advance of that which attaches to one written by a 
 Sovereign to a subject on an ordinary affair of State. 
 
 Fifth. The length of the letter is also to be taken 
 into account; though it is hard to understand why the 
 number of pages should influence value, unless the in- 
 terest of the contents keeps pace with the quantity of 
 written words. 
 
 Sixth. The condition of the letter is a matter for 
 consideration. A dilapidated or worm-eaten paper, 
 or one in which the ink, by its corrosive qualities, has
 
 DETERMINING FJLUES 25 
 
 destroyed portions of the text — as is quite common with 
 Italian letters of the 16th and 17th centuries — is thus 
 robbed of much of its commercial value. Any imper- 
 fection in the signature has a like effect. 
 
 Seventh. A full A. L. S. 4to or folio is far more val- 
 uable than a letter merely signed by the writer or a docu- 
 ment signed, unless the historic interest of the two latter 
 should offset the difference; and letters or manuscripts 
 on paper are much more desirable than those on vellum. 
 
 Lastly. The taste that prevails at any particular 
 period has a large influence upon prices. This fact 
 can be well illustrated by the series of American cabinet 
 officers and that of members of the Continental Con- 
 gress. Thirty or forty years ago nearly all collectors 
 paid attention to the names in these series, and they 
 were in constant demand at good prices. To-day, for 
 some inexplicable reason, they have fallen Into almost 
 complete neglect and have consequently lost most of 
 the value they once had. They may, however, at 
 some time in the future, regain their old rank.
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 On the Various Ways in Which Collections Have 
 
 Been Formed 
 
 AS a preliminary remark it may be said that 
 collections of letters which are merely replies 
 to requests for the autographs of the persons 
 addressed are not recognized as having any 
 place in the sphere of legitimate collecting and are 
 practically without interest or pecuniary value. As 
 W. S. Walsh says, in his "Handy-Book of Literary 
 Curiosities": "Legitimate collectors limit their fad 
 to the serious collection of autographs that are in the 
 market. They look down with scorn upon the ama- 
 teurs who beg signatures that may be had for the ask- 
 ing. It is the latter, indeed, who have brought the 
 autograph-hunter into disrepute. They are a sore trial 
 to the patience and the morality of statesmen and men 
 of letters, who are apt to become ferociously and even 
 blasphemously contemptuous."
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 11 
 
 From the beginning of the taste for gathering auto- 
 graphs, most of the notable collections have been formed 
 by men of education, refinement, and prominence; and, 
 as a natural consequence, the ways they have followed 
 in pursuing their hobby have been such as were in com- 
 plete accord with the highest standards of propriety. 
 Their acquisitions, prior to the time when the com- 
 merce in autographs commenced, were almost exclusively 
 by the gift of masses of letters and manuscripts which 
 had accumulated, for many generations, in the archives 
 of families of ancient or noble lineage. When, in the 
 early part of the 19th century, a large and steady in- 
 crease in the number of collectors began to manifest 
 itself, a legitimate business in the purchase and sale 
 of autographs was developed; and men of repute formed 
 their collections by the gradual acquisition, either by 
 purchase, gift, or exchange, of the names they wanted. 
 At a later day, a number of men from whom better 
 things might have been expected, resorted to methods 
 which, in varying degrees, were discreditable. To 
 some of these attention will now be directed. 
 
 One of the best known and most successful of the 
 earlier American collectors obtained a great part of the 
 numerous letters that formed his series of Cabinet 
 Officers, Governors of States, and U. S. Senators, by 
 writing to the men who were holding or had held these
 
 28 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 positions, and asking for the date of their election or 
 appointment to the particular office, the time when the 
 duties of the position were assumed, etc. His custom — 
 as he unblushingly stated it to a brother collector who 
 was seeking the same kind of material — was to precede 
 the letter of request for information with one expressing 
 regret that no answer had been received to an inquiry 
 contained in a letter written on a given date; no such 
 letter having been written. He would then get a reply, 
 saying that the letter [never written] had not come to 
 hand; and that, if the inquiry were repeated, the in- 
 formation would, if possible, be given. Thereupon, a 
 second letter was written, stating the particular infor- 
 mation desired. Of course, it was answered; and thus, 
 as this collector said, "I got two letters, instead of one, 
 from each person addressed, and so acquired a good deal 
 of material for exchange." How he could consider such 
 conduct as entirely honorable is something that is not 
 easy to understand. But even after obtaining two 
 letters from his unfortunate victim he was not content 
 to leave him without further annoyance. The man 
 who had courteously replied to requests which were 
 made under false pretence was then importuned, in a 
 way which the writer supposed would flatter his vanity, 
 for letters of prominent persons who had been his cor- 
 respondents; and this appeal brought many hundreds
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 29 
 
 of autographs to his collection. He carried his bold- 
 ness so far as to ask all the American poets, from the 
 most eminent down to those of mediocre rank, for 
 full autograph copies of one or more of their best known 
 poems; and, strange to say, the poem was almost always 
 sent entire. 
 
 In "The Archivist" for July, 1889, there is an ar- 
 ticle entitled "Pseudo Autograph Collectors," which 
 says: "We have seen recorded lately in one of our 
 journals the various devices by which pseudo collectors 
 endeavor to obtain the autographs of eminent con- 
 temporary men and women. . . . Letters are 
 now written to authors in praise of their works, and 
 for an explanation of some particular passage, etc. 
 Artists are requested to give an estimate for a certain- 
 sized picture on a given subject, and many ingenious 
 methods are adopted, by flattery and otherwise, to 
 obtain the coveted epistle. A genuine autograph col- 
 lector does not stoop to such methods for enriching his 
 store. The following story will show how successful an 
 imposter was in duping some of the principal men of 
 the day. Thirty-five years ago there was a young 
 Frenchman [we believe his real name was Ludovic 
 Picard] who, under various aliases, addressed himself 
 to nearly every distinguished name in Europe, not for 
 any pecuniary assistance, ah no! he had grown sick
 
 30 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 of life and thought seriously of quitting it. . . . He 
 was one of the odious race of the unappreciated; at 
 one time an unfortunate and neglected artist, at an- 
 other a poet or musician, whom the world had used ill, 
 and driven to despair. Could the recipient of the letter 
 give him any philosophical reason why he should not 
 blow his brains out, etc. . . . But he always in- 
 formed those to whom he wrote that he would stay his 
 hand from committing any rash act until he had re- 
 ceived their valuable counsel and advice. In this way 
 he received some hundreds of communications in re- 
 sponse to his pathetic appeal, some in anger, others in 
 jest, but by far the greater number written in sym- 
 pathy for his wretched and forlorn condition and using 
 every argument to dissuade him from laying violent 
 hands on himself. It is a pity so much rose-water 
 should have been poured over such a reptile; as these 
 eloquent arguments and homilies were never read, but 
 when received were sent at once to a well-known auto- 
 graph dealer of the Faubourg Saint Germain and con- 
 verted into ready cash, which the recipient dissipated 
 upon his vagabond amours or at the counter of an 
 auberge. ... In this way he succeeded in extract- 
 ing letters from Beranger, Heine, Georges Sand, Montal- 
 embert, Dumas, Eugene Sue, Jules Janin, Xavier de 
 Maistre, Lacordaire, Espartero, and Charles Dickens.
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 31 
 
 The letter of Dickens was particularly sympathetic, 
 and begged him to be courageous and to bear the ills 
 that beset so many people in this life. . . . With this 
 imposter all went merry as a marriage bell for some time, 
 until by merest chance he was detected by Jules San- 
 deau, the novelist, who had received one of these press- 
 ing appeals. Instead of answering it by letter, like a 
 true Samaritan he thought he would go and see 'Mis- 
 errimus' himself, and try what could be done to help him 
 upon the spot. He accordingly went to Crenelle, 
 from which suburb these despairing appeals were ad- 
 dressed. After a great deal of trouble, the soi-disant 
 suicide was discovered carousing with some boon com- 
 panions at a neighboring cabaret, and preparing to 
 draw up fresh leases of his life in the shape of more 
 pathetic circulars. On his return to Paris M. Sandeau 
 lost no time in communicating with the press and ex- 
 posing the whole imposture." 
 
 In the month of May, 1899, there was sold at 
 auction, in Philadelphia, the collection of autograph 
 letters of Confederate and Union Generals in the 
 Civil War, of the persons who held official positions 
 under the Confederate Government, and of a number 
 of miscellaneous names of other periods, that had been 
 formed by Mr. Belmont Perry, a lawyer of W^oodbury, 
 N. J., during the thirty-five years preceding the sale.
 
 32 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The mode of formation of the greater part of this col- 
 lection was exposed when the papers were placed on 
 sale. It appears that, shortly after the close of the 
 Civil War, Mr. Perry resolved to attempt to gather 
 autograph letters of all the generals who had served on 
 either side, and of all other prominent Confederate 
 characters. At this time, by far the greater part of 
 these men were living, and it was easy to communicate 
 with them by letter; the only trouble being that inci- 
 dent to ascertaining their addresses. Rightly sup- 
 posing that an ordinary request for the autograph of 
 the person addressed would meet with a Hmited and an 
 unsatisfactory response, he determined to pose as an 
 historian. He represented himself to the ex-Confeder- 
 ates who were living, and to the families of those who 
 were dead, as having commenced the preparation of a 
 history of the war, in which full justice was to be done 
 to the part taken by those who were engaged on the 
 Southern side; and that, for the accomplishment of this 
 purpose, he desired to obtain, from living generals, 
 autograph letters giving their full military records, and, 
 in some instances, autograph copies of certain short 
 military reports that had been made by them while in 
 the field. The families of the deceased generals were 
 asked to give, or lend, any letter or letters in their pos- 
 session, written during the war, that contained inter-
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 33 
 
 esting information. In addressing surviving Union 
 generals, and the families of those who were no longer 
 living, he adopted the same tactics; except that he 
 then became the prospective author of a history of the 
 war in which the part taken by all Union generals was 
 to be fully shown, so that no name should fail to receive 
 proper notice in the pages of his book. Thus repre- 
 senting the project he had in hand, his requests met 
 with a very large response. The pitiful side of the case, 
 and that which subjects it to severe condemnation, 
 lies in the fact that, in a number of instances, the 
 widows of deceased generals sent him letters upon the 
 express condition that they should be returned after they 
 had been copied. One widow wrote several times, beg- 
 ging for the return of the treasured letter of her hus- 
 band which was the only one she had. Subsequent 
 correspondence which Mr. Perry had, unfortunately 
 for himself, failed to destroy, showed that no attention 
 was paid to these earnest requests for the return of the 
 letters so lent; and they were included in the sale 
 catalogue. 
 
 A large and interesting collection of autographs 
 which was sold at auction not many years ago was 
 formed, in part, in a way that merits a very pronounced 
 disapproval. The collector in question held an impor- 
 tant office which gave him access to the Civil War cor-
 
 34 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 respondence of the Adjutant-General of one of the 
 leading States. From this source he obtained thou- 
 sands of letters of Generals, addressed to the Governor 
 or Adjutant-General of the State, on the subject of 
 regimental appointments; and, after reserving as many 
 of these as he wanted for his own use, the remainder 
 were exchanged for other names needed or were sold. 
 A few years afterwards, when his collection had 
 become large and he was endeavoring to complete all 
 the different American series, he conceived the idea 
 that some of the rare and much sought for names might 
 be discovered among the papers filed in the offices of 
 Prothonotaries, Sheriffs, Registers of Wills, and other 
 County offices, as well as in the correspondence pre- 
 served among State records. Diligent search rewarded 
 him most bountifully. He found in one public office, 
 and was allowed to take, as many as fifty, or more, 
 official autograph documents signed of one of the mem- 
 bers of the Congress of 1774 whose signature was so 
 rare that the only example of it ever offered for sale 
 had commanded the price of 3200. A number of these 
 documents, when placed in the hands of dealers, were 
 greedily taken at 3100 apiece, each purchaser supposing 
 he had secured a great rarity. When, after a time, the 
 market became glutted with them, their price fell to 
 $\S, with few or no takers.
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 35 
 
 The offices of the Prothonotaries of the Courts in 
 several States yielded, in like manner, quantities of 
 legal papers in the handwriting of men who were law- 
 yers by profession, and who had been signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, members of the Conti- 
 nental Congress, or had held other public positions 
 during the Revolutionary contest. Many names that 
 had heretofore been very rare and high priced became, 
 after the market demand had been satisfied at large 
 prices, practically unsalable on account of the huge 
 supply. 
 
 Visits were paid to the Capitols of two Southern 
 States; and permission was given to take, from the 
 papers remaining on file in the offices of the Governor 
 and the Secretary of State, whatever was wanted. 
 
 If this over-zealous collector had limited himself 
 to taking a single specimen only, of any particular name, 
 for his own use, the criticism attaching to his conduct 
 would be much milder; but when whole bundles of 
 letters or documents of one man were taken from a 
 public office, to be sold or used in exchange, a more pro- 
 nounced disapproval is deserved. 
 
 The last instance that will be given of highly im- 
 proper ways of forming collections of autographs is 
 that of Ben W. Austin, of Sioux City, Iowa; whose bare-
 
 36 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 faced audacity almost passes belief. Some time about 
 the year 1875, Mr. Austin commenced the formation 
 of his collection by writing to noted people, requesting 
 their autographs. The measure of his success is told 
 in the following article which appeared, on Dec. 14, 
 1884, in "The Sunday Telegram," of Sioux City. 
 "One of the most extensive and valuable collections of 
 autographs in this country is that possessed by Mr. 
 Ben W. Austin of this city. It is only by the most 
 indefatigable eifort, and at great expense, that Mr. 
 Austin has been able, in nine years, to make this col- 
 lection. ... It has cost him for postage, etc., at 
 least 32000, and would easily bring, if sold to a con- 
 noisseur in the interesting art, 310,000. Some idea of 
 the constant study and work required in collecting 
 his 3000 or more autographs may be had when it is 
 known that during 1883 Mr. Austin wrote 2181 letters 
 containing requests for autographs, and during 1884, 
 when he had not so much time as last year, he wrote 
 1314 letters The autographs include those of noted 
 people and men of rank from all quarters of the globe. 
 They are in almost all known languages. . . . This 
 grand collection is not only a credit to Mr. Austin, 
 whose enterprise and energy have secured such souve- 
 nirs, but to Sioux City as well. Mr. Austin is well known 
 among the most famous collectors, and many letters
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 37 
 
 express surprise that he, in this 'remote spot,' should 
 take such an interest in these things." 
 
 In 1884 or 1885 he devised a new plan for obtaining 
 the covered autographs of noted living people, in order 
 that he might increase — if such a thing were possible 
 — ^his reputation as one of the most famous collectors!! 
 He founded an imaginary Society, to which he gave the 
 imposing title of "The Northwestern Literary and 
 Historical Society," and of which he made himself the 
 imaginary Secretary, with an imaginary George D, 
 Chester, D.D., LL.D., as President. Equipped with 
 the requisite seal and with suitable stationery, he 
 proceeded, in his capacity of Secretary, to write to men 
 of note in all countries, informing them that they had 
 been elected honorary members of this Society in 
 recognition of their rank in the world of letters, art, or 
 whatever profession or pursuit they followed. The 
 persons thus addressed, taking it for granted that 
 "The Northwestern Literary and Historical Society" 
 was a respectable — perhaps a notable — ^American In- 
 stitution, and doubtless feeling flattered by the com- 
 plimentary tone of the letter of notification, accepted 
 the honor of election in letters such as might be ex- 
 pected from men of politeness who were the frequent 
 recipients of such honors. After the Society — that is, 
 Mr. Austin — had elected an honorary member, and
 
 38 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 had received an acceptance of the honor conferred, 
 Mr. Secretary Austin would again write to the new 
 member, telling him how much the Society would value 
 his photograph, to hang on the wall of its building, 
 and how grateful it would be if he could give it — that is, 
 Mr. Austin — -for preservation among its archives, any 
 letters of noted people of the period. So far as could 
 be judged from the character of the collection which 
 went to the auction rooms after Mr. Austin's death, 
 these additional requests did not seem to have brought 
 satisfactory results. Perhaps a large part of the very 
 considerable number of honorary members of this 
 unique Society may have become suspicious. Some 
 of them may have even gone so far as to make inquiries 
 about it. At all events, when Mr. Austin and the im- 
 aginary creature of his creation suffered the common 
 lot of humanity, and passed out of existence, his be- 
 longings — or perhaps we should say those of the 
 Society — were ruthlessly sacrificed under the hammer 
 of the auctioneer, and the proceeds of sale, deducting 
 expenses, were much less than the 32000 which, ac- 
 cording to "The Sunday Telegram," had been spent 
 for postage.
 
 FORMING COLLECTIONS 
 
 39 
 
 
 ^-<^L,.c 
 
 &c 
 
 .jC<^e^ycz.< 
 
 ^X^ 
 
 
 .^^i-«-^ ^^^-a^L,.-*-^ ^^.^.^^ f.-A't ^-^..-c-^-c ^ ^-^^^^^f « 
 
 
 Autograph Letter of Pierre Jean Clays, the eminent Belgian marine painter, 
 written to Benjamin W. Austin.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Concerning Spurious or False Autographs 
 
 TEMPTED by the high prices to be had for 
 genuine letters of certain men or women of 
 note, disreputable people, skilled in imitat- 
 ing handwriting and having the requisite 
 amount of literary attainment, have sought to put 
 money in their pockets by foisting upon trustful and 
 inexperienced collectors letters they have manufac- 
 tured. While such rogues — for they can be called by 
 no other name — have, in some instances, met with a 
 fair measure of success, the majority of them have soon 
 been exposed, and have learned that dishonesty, such 
 as they were practising, could not thrive. 
 
 Thev have been of various nationalities — French, 
 German, British, Italian, and, in small measure, 
 American. 
 
 As a general rule they have limited their false 
 productions to a few names for which, at the time, there
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 41 
 
 was a special demand. Some of their work was so good 
 as not to be easily detected; but the greater part of it 
 failed to deceive even those who were not experts, 
 but who exercised reasonable judgment in considering 
 the question of genuineness. There are many things 
 that the worker in this nefarious field must, if he hopes 
 to be at all successful, bear constantly in mind. The 
 paper on which he writes must be of the period at which 
 the letter is to bear date; the ink must have the pecu- 
 liar appearance that age gives to it; the handwriting 
 must not only, in general respects, be an exact imita- 
 tion of that which is to be counterfeited, but great 
 attention must be paid to peculiarities in the formation 
 of certain letters, the capitalization of words, the spell- 
 ing, the punctuation, the style, the literary quality, 
 the date, the character of the contents, etc. etc. Be- 
 sides all this, the way in which the letter is folded 
 must accord with the custom of the time at which it 
 purports to have been written, and its creases and stains 
 must bear the appearance of genuine age. Such are 
 the difficulties the counterfeiter must contend with 
 when he attempts to fabricate the contents, as well as 
 the handwriting, of a letter or document; and the great- 
 est combination of skill and care will scarcely avail to 
 save him from making some error which shall prove 
 fatal to him. Where he is merely making a false du-
 
 42 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 plication of a genuine original, his pathway is a some- 
 what easier one to travel. 
 
 The trained eye rarely fails to detect the falsity of 
 an autograph. The skilled expert will, with perfect 
 assurance, pronounce for or against the genuineness of 
 a letter, and will give the exact reasons for his judgment. 
 Nor can he be deceived by any of the tricks that are 
 used to aid the acceptance of the forgery; as, for ex- 
 ample, the fact that, in order to suggest age, the paper 
 has been repaired after it has purposely been torn or 
 its edges made ragged. Such experts are, of course, 
 few in number; but, of these few, we occasionally meet 
 with one whose skill seems to come from a sense of 
 intuition. 
 
 M. Etienne Charavay, in his excellent preface to 
 the catalogue of Alfred Bovet's collection of autographs 
 — afterwards published as a pamphlet, with the title 
 of "La Science des Autographes" — states some inter- 
 esting facts relating to the authenticity of autographs. 
 He tells us that the first fabrications appeared in Paris 
 about 1840, and that they were in all respects — hand- 
 writing, style, paper, ink, and traces of seals — well 
 done. When mingled, as they often were, with numer- 
 ous authentic letters from family papers, they were 
 accepted as genuine. Such names as those of Rabelais 
 and Bayard — of whom genuine letters are unknown in
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 43 
 
 private collections — were thus fabricated. These spu- 
 rious letters of Rabelais are dated from Italy; while, in 
 point of fact, at the time they pretend to have been 
 written, Rabelais was in Paris or in Montpellier. The 
 falsity of those that appeared in the Tremont collec- 
 tion has been established beyond question. But the 
 forger went a step too far. He was not content to imi- 
 tate handwriting: he invented it. The genealogical 
 cabinet of Letellier was filled with such pieces. They 
 were well conceived and executed; but when examined 
 by experts and scholars, their falsity was determined. 
 The same hand, the same ink, appeared on letters of 
 persons living in times far apart. Three names — 
 those of Racine, Boileau and La Fontaine — particu- 
 larly tempted the forger. Their handwriting was easy 
 to imitate; the text of the letters of the first two was 
 furnished by correspondence in the Bibliotheque Na- 
 tionale; and that of La Fontaine was taken from his 
 Fables. Many of Letellier's fabrications found their 
 way into the Chambry collection; but they were re- 
 jected by Charavay, and marked by him as false, when 
 he prepared the catalogue of that collection. 
 
 It is greatly to be regretted that a number of these 
 counterfeit autographs have found their way into 
 English and American collections. If they had first 
 been submitted to competent French experts, they
 
 44 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 would have been rejected by the men who bought them 
 in ignorance of their real character. As M. Noel 
 Charavay says, in a private letter, in which he speaks 
 of letters of La Fontaine and Racine: "Many spurious 
 ones circulate; but this is not easy in France, where 
 they are hunted down, A dealer would be disqualified 
 if he ventured to sell any such, because everything has 
 been done to avoid errors." 
 
 Letters of Louis XVL, Marie Antoinette, and 
 Madame Elisabeth have also been extensively counter- 
 feited in France; while the forger has occasionally 
 turned his attention to other names, of which he has 
 produced either a single specimen only or a very lim- 
 ited number. Upon one occasion forty guineas were 
 paid for a spurious letter of Henry the Eighth, the work 
 of one of these men. 
 
 No account of French forgeries would be complete 
 without the story of the famous case of Vrain Lucas; 
 which is told in extenso in a pamphlet written by M. 
 Etienne Charavay. The forger was a Frenchman of 
 middle age and fair education who, with the most 
 astounding audacity, and with unusual skill, great 
 perseverance, and information gained from much read- 
 ing, manufactured 27,000 pieces which he sold to M. 
 Michel Chasles — a noted geometer and mathematician 
 — during a period of eight years, for the sum of 140,000
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 45 
 
 francs. How M. Chasles could have been so easily 
 and completely deceived and imposed upon is a marvel. 
 It seems that, at one time during his dealings with 
 the forger, his suspicions were aroused and expressed; 
 but they were quieted when Lucas promptly offered 
 to take back everything he had sold and to return the 
 money that had been paid him. 
 
 A train of events led to the complete exposure of 
 these forgeries. Prior to July, 1867, M. Chasles had 
 presented the Academy of Belgium with two letters 
 from Charles the Fifth [of Germany] to Rabelais. 
 They were accepted as genuine, though their authen- 
 ticity was contested by an expert whose authority to 
 speak could not be denied; and their falsity was finally 
 settled by the fact that they were addressed to "Alaster" 
 Rabelais — a form of address not then in use — and that 
 one of them bore a pretended endorsement, by Rabelais, 
 of "Letter from the Emperor Charles the Fifth," 
 whereas, during his lifetime he was never mentioned 
 otherwise than as "The Emperor." 
 
 Shortly afterwards, the French Academy of Sci- 
 ences was profoundly moved by the production, by 
 M. Chasles, of letters written by the great Pascal to 
 Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton, showing that he, and not 
 Newton, was the discoverer of the law of gravitation. 
 These letters aroused the interest of the scientific world
 
 46 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 in England and France, and their genuineness was de- 
 bated for a considerable time; but when Sir David 
 Brewster showed that Newton was a child of less than 
 eleven years of age at the date of the pretended letters 
 of Pascal addressed to him, and a French critic called 
 attention to an admitted historical fact showing that 
 Pascal could not have written the letters, the contro- 
 versy came to an abrupt end. The falsity of another 
 letter, addressed by Pascal to Queen Christina, was 
 demonstrated by the forger's use of certain words that 
 were unknown in Pascal's time and by the discovery of 
 the fact that the contents of the letter were similar to, 
 and in large part identical with, the language of a 
 certain Eulogy on Descartes. 
 
 M. Chasles rather unwillingly yielded to the press- 
 ure of his friends and dislosed the name of the man 
 from whom he had obtained these papers. The forger 
 was tried before the tribunal of the Seine on February 
 16, 1870, was convicted of swindling, and was sen- 
 tenced to an imprisonment of two years and the pay- 
 ment of a fine of 500 francs. 
 
 At the trial M. Chasles testified that when Lucas 
 first came to him he stated that a great quantity of 
 valuable autograph letters originally gathered by the 
 Comte de Boisjourdain, an emigrant to America in the 
 year 1790, who had perished in a shipwreck, but whose
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 47 
 
 collection had been saved, had been placed in his 
 hands to sell. M. Chasles believed this story and 
 bought whatever was brought to him. All of the im- 
 mense number named, except about one hundred, of 
 small value, were false. The list of his purchases is 
 an amazing one, almost passing belief. In addition 
 to most of the important names of the 15th, 16th and 
 17th centuries — including Ariosto, Boccacio, Boileau, 
 Cervantes, Dante, Labruyere, Luther, Montaigne, 
 Rabelais, Racine, Raphael, Shakespeare, and Spinoza 
 — we find the following: five letters from Abelard; 
 five from Alcibiades to Pericles; six from Alexander 
 the Great to Aristotle; three from Cleopatra to Caesar, 
 to Cato, and to Pompey; ten from Pontius Pilate to 
 Tiberius; and one, each, from Archimedes to Hiero, 
 from Anacreon, from Arcesilaus to Euripides, from 
 Atilla to a Gallic general; from Belisarius; from Julius 
 Caesar to Verclngetorix; from Caligula; from Charle- 
 magne to Alcuin; from Cicero; from ^schylus to Pytha- 
 goras; from Germlus Julius to Jesus Christ; from 
 Herod to Lazarus; from Judas Iscarlot to Mary Mag- 
 dalene; from Lazarus to St. Peter; from Mahomet to 
 the king of France; from Ovid; from Pliny; from Plu- 
 tarch; from Pompey; and from Suetonius. 
 
 Though, for the purposes of his forgeries, Lucas 
 had found an ink of the proper quality, and though he
 
 48 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 sought to give the appearance of old age to his produc- 
 tions by exposing them, after their completion, to the 
 flame of a lamp, he did not hesitate to write all of them in 
 modern French and on -paper from the mills of Angou- 
 lemeU 
 
 As natural curiosity inspires the desire to know 
 something about the contents of these letters, three or 
 four of them will be given in full. 
 
 Letter from Queen Cleopatra 
 
 Cleopatra, Queen, to her very beloved Julius Caesar, 
 Emperor. 
 
 My very beloved. Our son Cesarion is well. I 
 hope that he will soon be able to support the travel 
 from here to Marseilles, where I need to send him to 
 study, as much for the good air that one breathes there 
 as for the fine things which are taught. I beg you to 
 tell me how long you will still remain in that country, 
 for I want myself to take our son there and see you on 
 this occasion. This is to tell you, my very beloved, 
 the pleasure I feel when I am near you, and meanwhile 
 I pray the gods to have you in their guard. 
 
 The XI March year of Rome VCCIX. 
 
 Cleopatra.
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 49 
 
 Letter from Lazarus, the Resuscitated, to St. 
 
 Peter 
 
 My dear friend Petrus. You tell me you have 
 noticed in the writings of Caesar and in those of Cicero 
 that one of the most important parts of the Druids' 
 religion consists in sacrificing savage men. It is true 
 they take in an erroneous sense this principle, that men 
 can only appreciate the life God gave them by offering 
 Him the life of a man. They have continued that in- 
 human and bloody practice until the time of Cicero. 
 This is why he says that they soil and profane their 
 temple and their altars by offering there human vic- 
 tims, and here Cicero is right in insulting a worship so 
 barbarous, saying it is a strange thing that to satisfy 
 for what they owe to their religion they must first dis- 
 honor it by some murder. They can not be religious 
 without being homicides. The infamy of this horrible 
 maxim has reflected on all the Gauls, even if it has been 
 practised only in some places. But the arms and the 
 conquest of the Romans have wiped out this infamy 
 and I do not believe that it is practised anywhere now. 
 Amen. This X August XLVIL 
 
 Lazarus.
 
 50 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Letter from Mary Magdalene to Lazarus, the 
 
 Resuscitated 
 
 My very beloved brother. That which you tell 
 us of Petrus, the Apostle of our meek Jesus, gives us 
 hope that soon we shall see him here and I dispose my- 
 self to receive him well. Our sister Martha also re- 
 joices of it. Her health is very tottering and I fear 
 her passing away. This is why I recommend her to 
 your good prayers. The good girls who have come to 
 place themselves under our guidance are admirable for 
 us and make us the most amiable caresses. It is 
 enough said, my very beloved brother, that our sojourn 
 in these countries of the Gaul pleases us much, that we 
 have no desire to leave it, also none of our friends sug- 
 gest it. Do you not think that those Gauls who were 
 thought barbarian nations are not at all so, and judg- 
 ing only by what we have learned it must be from 
 these that the light of science started. I have a great 
 desire to see you and beg our Lord may have you in 
 favor. This X June XLVL 
 
 Magdalene.
 
 SPURIOUS AUIVGRAPIIS 51 
 
 Letter from Alexander the Great, King of 
 
 Macedonia 
 
 Alexander rex, to his very beloved Aristotle — Greeting. 
 
 My beloved I am not satisfied because you have 
 made public certain of your books which you had to 
 keep under the seal of secrecy, for it is a profanation of 
 their value; and no more render them public without 
 my consent. As to what you asked of me, to travel to 
 the country of the Gauls in order to learn the sciences 
 of the Druids, of whom Pythagoras made so fine a 
 eulogy, not only do I permit you but I entreat you to 
 go for the good of my people, as you are not ignorant 
 in what esteem I hold that nation which I consider as 
 the one that carries the light in the world. I salute 
 you. This XX of the Kalends of May, year of the CV 
 Olympiad. 
 
 Alexander.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 The Same Subject Continued 
 
 SINCE the notable forgeries spoken of in the 
 preceding chapter, a number of Frenchmen 
 have engaged, in a comparatively small way, in 
 the same disreputable business; but their work 
 was poor and was soon detected. 
 
 Let us now inquire what contribution Italy, Great 
 Britain, Germany, and the United States have made 
 to this tribe of counterfeiters. Italy has furnished 
 its quota. Their productions — chiefly of a few of the 
 most noted early painters, sculptors, and literary men 
 — were so good as to pass current with many persons 
 who had insufficient experience and who did not seek 
 the advice of an expert. Prudent collectors must, 
 therefore, be on their guard when considering the pur- 
 chase of a rare Italian name from one who is not known 
 as a dealer of established reputation for integrity and 
 sound judgment of genuineness.
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 53 
 
 In Great Britain, a number of people have been 
 diligent, since the middle of the 19th century, in plying 
 this contemptible vocation. Thej^ have turned their 
 attention principally to the names of Burns, Byron, 
 Keats, Shelley, Scott and Nelson; to which, at a later 
 date, they added Thackeray and Dickens. As a gen- 
 eral rule — the most notable exception to which will 
 presently be noticed — some particular forger devoted 
 his energies to the production of spurious letters of one 
 person only. The forger of Thackeray letters brought 
 detection upon himself by his wretched attempts to 
 make the contents of his productions comparable, in 
 wit and literary style, with those of the great novelist. 
 The Keats letters, which came from the hand of the 
 man now to be named in connection with the Byron 
 and Shelley forgeries, were well done; careful attention 
 having been paid to all the details which aid in procuring 
 deception. 
 
 In the year 1848, a young man who assumed the 
 name of George Gordon Byron and claimed, though 
 falsely, to be a natural son of Lord Byron, arranged for 
 the publication of a volume of the poet's writings, sup- 
 plementary to the edition published by Mr. Murray in 
 1832. He pretended to have come into possession of 
 original material sufficient for this purpose. Notice 
 of the intended publication had been given, when it
 
 54 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 was ascertained that this pretender had been denied 
 access to any papers in possession of the family. Thus 
 exposed, he went to New York; where he made the same 
 effort, but with no greater success. He returned to 
 London in the winter of 1850, and shortly thereafter 
 the Byron and Shelley forgeries made their appearance 
 at an auction sale in the rooms of Messrs. Sotheby & 
 Wilkinson. The auctioneers had received them from a 
 Pall Mall bookseller named White, who had obtained 
 them from the "pseudo Byron." The Shelley forgeries 
 were admirably executed and were published by Moxon 
 in 1852; but nearly the entire edition was taken up and 
 destroyed after the forgery was established by the dis- 
 covery that the contents of the letters consisted of 
 copies of letters in old periodicals. 
 
 Forty-seven counterfeit Byron letters, which Mr. 
 White had bought from their maker at half a guinea 
 apiece, were resold to John Murray, the publisher, for 
 £123.7.6. They were characterized as "a monument 
 of criminal ingenuity"; the greatest pains having been 
 taken to give them such post-marks, stamps, seals, etc., 
 as should convey the appearance of genuineness. 
 
 Dr. Scott gives such a full and interesting account 
 of the wholesale forgeries of letters of Robert Burns 
 and Sir Walter Scott perpetrated in Edinburgh, that 
 no excuse need be made for reproducing it, in a con-
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 55 
 
 densed form, in his own words: "For a period of ten 
 years, at the close of the nineteenth century, a con- 
 stant stream of forged documents issued from Edin- 
 burgh, consisting of pretended writings of Marie Stuart, 
 Bothwell, James L, Charles I., Cromwell, Charles II., 
 Claverhouse, the Young Pretender, John Knox, Rob 
 Roy, Burns, Sir Walter Scott, and many other eminent 
 persons. The culprit was a nam named Smith who, on 
 June 27, 1893, was sentenced to twelve months' im- 
 prisonment. The mass of his spurious writing became 
 so formidable that every large city in the United King- 
 dom has been almost inundated w^ith it. And yet, 
 after all, notwithstanding the exaggerated statements 
 as to the ability and skill of the forger, nothing could 
 be clumsier, more careless or commonplace, than the 
 products of his pen. No dealer or auctioneer, no one 
 connected with public museums, seems to have hesi- 
 tated for a moment in condemning these forgeries. 
 It appears that for documents of great historic im- 
 portance, for original poems of Burns never yet pub- 
 lished, for letters of Thackeray, Scott, and others. 
 Smith obtained prices ranging only from Is. to 15s. 
 His chief patrons appear to have been Edinburgh 
 tradesmen, Mr. James Mackenzie, a chemist and F. S. 
 A., Mr. James Stillie, a bookseller, and Mr. Andrew 
 Brown, also a bookseller.
 
 56 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 In May, 1891, what were called "The Rillbank 
 Crescent Manuscripts" were sold by auction in Edin- 
 burgh. They comprised letters of Burns, Scott, and 
 various historical documents — now believed to have 
 been manufactured by Smith; but the small prices 
 realized proved that the public had but little faith in 
 them. The auctioneer refused to warrant them. 
 Five letters of Burns — one containing a poem — fetched 
 only from £1 to 30s. each. In the "Cumnock Express" 
 for August 12, 1892, Mr. Mackenzie published a letter 
 of Robert Burns addressed to a certain "John Hill, 
 weaver," as to an old friend living at Cumnock, about 
 the time of the poet's marriage. This clue sufficed to 
 expose the whole forgery. Immediately after the pub- 
 lication of this letter, its genuineness was challenged 
 by Messrs. James Angus, of Edinburgh, and Colville- 
 Scott, of Brookwood, Surrey; who proposed that it 
 should be submitted to the inspection of British Mu- 
 seum experts. This oifer was refused by Mr. Macken- 
 zie, who declared he had been a Burns collector for 
 twenty-five years; and was fortified with the opinion 
 of Mr. Stillie, a veteran Burns student, who testified 
 to the undoubted truth of the document, and also of 
 others which he proceeded to publish, viz. : a "Song to 
 the Rosebud" and "The Poor Man's Prayer," which 
 he affirmed, and challenged any one to deny, were the
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS S7 
 
 evident product of Burns. Unfortunately, however, 
 for Mr. Mackenzie, diligent inquiry could discover no 
 trace of any such person as "John Hill, the weaver"; 
 and "The Poor Man's Prayer," vaunted as the pure 
 offspring of the poet's muse, was traced to the "London 
 Magazine" for 1766, when Burns was only seven years 
 old. Its real author was Dr. W. H. Roberts, who be- 
 came Provost of Eton in 1781 . Even then Mr. Macken- 
 zie would not admit that he was convinced. When 
 pressed to state the source from which he had ob- 
 tained his extraordinary treasures, he gave a curious 
 history of an old cabinet purchased by him, which con- 
 tained a secret drawer in which a bundle of papers 
 were found. 
 
 Though the bubble had now burst, it was some 
 time before the extent of the frauds was fully revealed. 
 A lot of manuscripts presented by Mr. Kennedy, a 
 banker of New York, to the Lenox Library, turned out 
 to be forgeries. Some documents which had been 
 presented to the Edinburgh Town Council had like- 
 wise to be condemned. A number of Burns and Scott 
 letters which Mr. Stillie, already named as a Burns col- 
 lector, had sold to Mr. W. W. Cadell in 1899, were in- 
 spected by several competent experts, and pronounced 
 worthless; as neither paper, writing, ink, nor style bore 
 any resemblance to that employed in genuine letters 
 of Burns or Scott.
 
 58 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The forger — ^Alexander Hamilton Smith, nick- 
 named "Antique" Smith from his surrounding himself 
 with curiosities of various kinds — is [circa 1893] a 
 little over thirty years of age, has a sallow complexion, 
 dark moustache, and small side whiskers. His ex- 
 pression is dull, but his manner is described as being 
 very plausible and interesting. His education, which 
 has been exaggerated, did not prevent the perpetration 
 of the grossest mistakes in grammar and historic dates 
 and circumstances. His occupation was that of a 
 copying clerk in legal offices. 
 
 His modus operandi consisted in purchasing cheap 
 folios with fly-leaves, preferring those bound in vellum, 
 the fly-leaves and vellum being soaked and prepared 
 to give the appearance of age. But so carelessly were 
 the forgeries perpetrated that the Ink of all the manu- 
 scripts, whether centuries old or of quite recent date, 
 was almost the same, and whole batches of letters dat- 
 ing from 1757 to 1858, and bearing the names of such 
 different persons as Edmund Burke, Gen. Abercromby, 
 Robert Burns, Grattan, Thackeray, and Sir Walter 
 Scott, began and concluded In the same words. All the 
 documents were evidently done by the same hand; the 
 letters were usually very brief, and were laboured and 
 clumsy Imitations. No care had been taken to pro-
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 59 
 
 cure paper such as the supposed writers were in the 
 habit of using. That, for example, used for the Burns 
 forgeries was coarse, rough, and bore the appearance 
 of having been extracted from books. The poems were 
 written on two kinds of paper — one modern cartridge, 
 the other of a bluish colour, of a coarse make and glossy, 
 like that used for making legal drafts, quite unlike 
 any ever used by the poet. The aspect of age was given 
 by washing or soaking with some yellow substance, 
 and the soiling and worn appearance was done very 
 artificially by drawing the paper across a wet, dirty 
 surface. All the pretended signatures were evidently 
 copied from one model. The subscription, "I remain," 
 usually found in these letters, was very unusual with 
 Burns. One of the verses ascribed to Burns was 
 Pope's. 
 
 The Sir Walter Scott letters showed only a super- 
 ficial resemblance to his hand. They were not written 
 on letter-paper, as was Scott's method, but on coarse 
 paper artificially tinted; and they were folded in a 
 manner different from the custom of the time. Four 
 letters, dated 1801, 1804, 1818 and 1820, are all writ- 
 ten on pieces of exactly the same size, bearing the 
 same water-mark, and addressed to the same person. 
 Numbers of them begin 'T have your letter," and end 
 "I remain"; language which Scott rarely employed.
 
 60 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 In some of the pretended ancient documents, the 
 paper of which had evidently been taken out of old 
 books, there were worm-holes, and these were clearly 
 more ancient than the writing, since the writer had 
 been at pains to avoid the holes. As Burns was an 
 Excise-man, paper with the Excise heading was often 
 employed, but dated before Burns was thus occupied. 
 To put people off their guard, various endorsements 
 were written on the backs of the pretended autographs, 
 as if by James Hogg, the "Ettrick Shepherd," Macken- 
 zie, author of "The Man of Feeling," and others. The 
 strokes of writing, especially when examined by a 
 powerful lens, were seen to be shaky and broken. 
 
 Autograph signatures on the fly-leaves and title- 
 pages of worthless books were manufactured and sold 
 in great numbers. 
 
 As there are so many of these forgeries floating 
 about, it should be remembered that Burns always 
 wrote on large-sized sheets of paper, possessing a 
 peculiar texture and a roughish surface, rather thick, 
 and never glossy; that his usual signature was "Robt.," 
 not "Robert" Burns; that his handwriting is free, bold 
 and flowing; and that his writing at different periods 
 varies far less than with most persons."
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 The Same Subject Concluded 
 
 IN Germany, as in other European countries, the 
 counterfeiters of autographs have, at various 
 times, plied their busy pens with varying degrees 
 
 of success. 
 
 Many years ago a friend of the writer prepared for 
 a monthly publication containing matter of interest to 
 autograph collectors, a short account of certain ex- 
 tensive and, for a time, successful forgeries which were 
 the work of a certain Baron von Gerstenbergh, of 
 Weimar. Somewhere about the year 1850, he began 
 to forge letters of the poet Schiller. He entered upon 
 his course of deception with a degree of circumspection 
 and assiduity worthy of a better cause. Having made 
 the life of Schiller a special study, and living in the very 
 city where the poet spent the best years of his life, he 
 was enabled to compose letters which bore every in-
 
 62 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 ternal evidence of being authentic. Long practice had 
 made him almost perfect in the imitation of the poet's 
 handwriting, and he resorted to every possible device 
 to give his forgeries the appearance of antiquity. 
 Moreover, in order to make assurance doubly sure, he 
 purchased a number of genuine letters, at a high price, 
 in order to sell them to those persons who would be 
 most likely to detect a forgery; while the spurious 
 productions went to those who could easily be imposed 
 upon. For a while he prospered beyond his antici- 
 pations. The collectors of Europe were anxious to 
 obtain the autographic treasures he offered them, 
 which he claimed to have obtained from certain lately 
 deceased friends and correspondents of the poet. He 
 even succeeded in deceiving Schiller's daughter to such 
 an extent that she purchased from him certain pre- 
 tended unpublished manuscripts of her father for 
 nearly 1500 thalers. Emboldened by success, Gersten- 
 bergh, who imagined himself a poet, began to compose 
 stanzas, to which he did not hesitate to attach the 
 name of Schiller. These were so execrable, that it was 
 felt at once they could not possibly be genuine. The 
 matter was referred to a number of expert autograph 
 collectors, who unanimously decided that nearly all the 
 papers sold by Gerstcnbcrgh were forgeries, and at 
 the same time pointed out infallible means for their
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 63 
 
 detection. On the 27th of February, 1856, the forger 
 was arraigned before the criminal court of Weimar, and 
 after a long and very interesting trial was condemned 
 to an imprisonment of two years and six months, be- 
 sides the payment of a heavy fine. 
 
 If other wholesale forgeries have been perpetrated 
 in Germany, as may be the case, they have not gained 
 the notoriety which would make them known to the 
 world at large. 
 
 An American collector, whose judgment of the 
 genuineness of an autograph is not only founded on 
 long experience, but is largely a matter of intuition, 
 purchased, some ten years ago, from an entirely repu- 
 table dealer in Berlin, what was believed to be a full 
 autograph letter of Count Wallenstein, the central 
 figure in the Thirty Years' War. It was signed with 
 his full signature; not with the wretched sign -manual 
 which is almost undecipherable. When the purchaser 
 examined it, something which he could not define, in 
 the general appearance of the letter, suggested a doubt, 
 almost equivalent to a conviction, that it was not gen- 
 uine. Thereupon he returned it to the dealer, with a 
 request that it should be submitted to three well known 
 experts on autographs of the period of the Thirty 
 Years' War, and its authenticity or falsity determined 
 by them. Accordingly, this was done; when two of the
 
 64 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 selected experts pronounced it a counterfeit, while the 
 third declared himself unable to speak with positive- 
 ness. Of course, the collector did not take the letter. 
 There remain, for notice, brief statements of the 
 few forgeries that have occurred in the United States. 
 In the year 1860, a man calling himself James W. 
 Turner, and writing from Washington, D. C, made the 
 bold attempt to manufacture letters of those Signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence whose autographs 
 were either very rare or practically unobtainable. He 
 knew that but one full letter of Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
 and nothing better than a letter signed by Button 
 Gwinnett, existed. Brotherhead's "Book of the Sign- 
 ers" had recently been published, and furnished Turner 
 with the materials for his venture. He commenced 
 operations by sending to a Philadelphia dealer a letter 
 purporting to be written by Lynch and signed by him 
 and Christopher Gadsden. In view of the rarity of 
 the autograph, he named $2S as the price for it. It 
 was shown to three Philadelphia collectors, two of 
 whom were willing to purchase it if the price were re- 
 duced, while a third unhesitatingly declared it to be a 
 counterfeit, and expressed his intention to expose the 
 counterfeiter. Accordingly, he wrote to Turner, say- 
 ing that he was collecting a set of the Signers, was in 
 need of certain names — Lynch being one of them —
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 65 
 
 and that he would hke to know whether Mr. Turner 
 could supply him with any of them. A quick response 
 came, accompanied by two letters of Lynch that were 
 substantially duplicates of the one sent to the Phila- 
 delphia dealer, and stating that, if informed of the 
 wants of the collector, the writer could probably furnish 
 many of the names desired. The fraud was thus un- 
 covered and exposed in time to prevent more than a 
 very few inexperienced and trustful persons from being 
 imposed upon. 
 
 At about the same time an Englishman, calling 
 himself Robert Spring, and living in Philadelphia, 
 where he carried on a small business as a dealer in books, 
 autographs, engravings, etc., boldly resorted to the 
 manufacture of autographs, as an aid to obtaining 
 means for the support of his family. He made no effort 
 to conceal this fact from his customers in Philadelphia; 
 telling them that he had no thought of oflFering them 
 anything that was not genuine; but that the productions 
 of his pen were intended only for persons residing 
 abroad, who were not regular collectors. As a matter 
 of fact he frequently obtained, by traveling through 
 the States and visiting the homes of the descendants 
 of Revolutionary characters, considerable numbers of 
 valuable letters which he sold at fair prices to the 
 few collectors who regularly bought from him. Being
 
 66 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 a most expert penman, he applied himself, for weeks 
 and months, to practice in imitating the handwriting 
 of Gen. Washington. When he felt that he had mas- 
 tered it he would provide himself with paper of the 
 period, sufficiently stained or darkened; and with a 
 quill pen, using ink of suitable quality and colour, would 
 write — not trace or copy — what purported to be an 
 original letter or document, the contents being of his 
 own composition, while he had a genuine letter spread 
 before his eyes to guide him in his work. In this way 
 he wrote dozens of short letters or small military docu- 
 ments of Gen. Washington, in which the handwriting, 
 easy for Spring to simulate, so closely resembled that 
 of the General as to pass current with most people. 
 Most of his forgeries were of this one name. He tried 
 his hand at a few other names, such as Jefferson, Frank- 
 lin, and some rare signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, by the usual mode of tracing from lithographic 
 fac-similes; but this work was not well done and was 
 seldom offered for sale. 
 
 He was in the habit of sending these spurious 
 papers, in three or four different assumed names, to 
 members of the English nobility and gentry and to 
 Canadians, representing himself, in various persona- 
 tions, as a widow in want, a daughter of Gen. "Stone- 
 wall" Jackson, in needy circumstances, and in other
 
 SPURIOUS AUTOGRAPHS 67 
 
 characters which he thought might appeal to kind- 
 hearted people of means. When he wrote as a widow, 
 the letter would say that she had found the enclosed 
 paper among her husband's effects, that she believed it 
 to be valuable, and would the gentleman whom she 
 addressed have pity on the widow and the fatherless 
 and send her whatever he might think the document 
 was worth. These appeals were quite successful, and 
 many supposed autographs of Gen. Washington thus 
 passed into the possession of people who bought them 
 from a feeling of sympathy rather than from a desire to 
 obtain a valuable paper at a small price. 
 
 Spring was arrested several times for obtaining 
 money under false pretences; but always escaped pun- 
 ishment by confessing his guilt, declaring that he had 
 never sent his productions to any persons in the United 
 States, and by pleading that he had resorted to this line 
 of conduct solely in order to obtain means for the 
 support of his large family. For a number of years 
 prior to his death he led a correct life. 
 
 Before concluding the subject considered in this 
 chapter and the two preceding ones, attention should 
 be called to the fact that lithographic — and, in recent 
 years, photographic — copies of letters which appeared 
 as illustrations in biographical or other publications 
 have been offered for sale, sometimes in good faith, and
 
 68 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 occasionally have been accepted as genuine original 
 letters. Though, in the case of comparatively old 
 lithographs, time and discoloration have helped to aid 
 the deception, it is hard to understand how any person 
 of intelligence and judgment could be so imposed on. 
 Any expert would recognize their real character at a 
 moment's glance. Among the most familiar instances 
 of such fac-similes are Washington's well-known letter 
 to Francis Hopkinson [originally published as an illus- 
 tration in an old Philadelphia Magazine], Lord Byron's 
 to Mr. Galignani [18, Rue Vivienne, Paris], and Lord 
 Nelson's to Thomas Lloyd [No. 15, Mary's Buildings, 
 St. Alartin's Lane, London]. A sure way to determine 
 whether a paper is an original or a fac-simile is to touch 
 a single letter of a word with a minute drop of diluted 
 muriatic acid. In the case of a lithograph or photo- 
 graph the spot touched will not be in the least degree 
 affected by the acid, whereas the ink in an original 
 letter will be wholly or in great part obliterated.
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 On the Progressive Increase in the Market 
 Value of Autographs 
 
 THE last hundred years have witnessed a 
 wonderful change in the market values of all 
 sorts of things dear to collectors, and especi- 
 ally in books and autographs. If we examine 
 the catalogues of sales made in the first quarter of the 
 19th century, or a few years later, we shall see there 
 enumerated a multitude of items that would now read- 
 ily bring from twenty to fifty, or more, times as much 
 as they then did. The reason for this advance in 
 values is not difficult to understand. In those days 
 the number of collectors was extremely small in com- 
 parison with the present number, and they had far 
 less wealth than their successors in after years. The 
 multi-millionaire existed, but was rarely met with. 
 As, from decade to decade, there were constant acces-
 
 70 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 sions to the ranks of the collectors, and as the purchas- 
 ing power of the pound, the franc, or the dollar de- 
 clined, there was a natural advance in values which, 
 when once commenced, has continued, sometimes with 
 leaps and bounds, to the present day. There are many 
 who think it has gone too far, and that a reaction will 
 follow. Whether this will happen is purely problem- 
 atical. 
 
 Turning our attention to the prices at which auto- 
 graphs were sold in the comparative infancy of the 
 hobby, we shall find some rather remarkable records 
 of sales in France and England, between the years 1822 
 and 1837, at figures which, to-day, would seem ab- 
 surdly small. 
 
 Thus, in France, an A. L. S. of Barbaroux [French 
 Revolutionist] was quoted at 5 francs in 1829; one of 
 Bichat [the great anatomist] at 2}^ francs in 1831; 
 one of Charles VI. of France at 30 francs in 1837; one 
 of the Emperor Charles V. at 21^/2 francs in 1833; one 
 of Camille Desmoulins at 3 francs in 1837; one of King 
 Henry III. of France at 20 francs in 1831; one of Marat 
 [the noted French Revolutionist] at 7 francs 10 cen- 
 times in 1828; one of Marie Antoinette at 81 francs in 
 1833; one of Marshal Lanncs at 15 francs in 1831; one 
 of Philip II. of Spain at 10 francs in 1834; one of 
 Madame de Pompadour at 17 francs in 1833; one of
 
 INCREASE IN VAEUES 71 
 
 Jean Racine at 39 francs in 1826; one of Robespierre at 
 10 francs in 1837; one of Madame Roland at 16 francs 
 in 1837; and one of Voltaire at 4 francs in 1822. 
 
 The "Archivist" for December, 1889, gives the 
 text of an article on autographs, written in the year 
 1827 by a woman who was well known in her day as an 
 author, and who was also a collector, in which she 
 quotes, from a catalogue of a collection for sale in 
 London, the price affixed to each lot. Queen Elizabeth 
 [the character of the specimen not being stated] is 
 worth £2 2s. Charles I. is of equal value. Francis I. 
 and Louis XIV. are estimated at about 4s. each. Car- 
 dinal Mazarin is valued at 3s. 6d. The dramatists 
 Congreve and the elder Coleman combine with four 
 other individuals to reach 10s. 6d. Addison is worth 
 £2.15, Swift £3, and Burns £3.7.6. Gibbon [the his- 
 torian] is valued at 8s., Dr. Johnson at £1.16, Lawrence 
 Sterne at 2 guineas, Samuel Richardson [the novelist] 
 at 20s., and Sir Walter Scott at 8s. 
 
 During the two succeeding decades there was a 
 slow, but substantial, increase in prices; though they 
 continued to be very moderate throughout the Upcott, 
 Tremont, Donnadieu, and Dawson Turner sales. The 
 advance in values became more pronounced, though 
 far from excessive, at the sales of the Young and Dillon 
 collections in 1869, and it held good during the Fillon
 
 72 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 sale in 1878 and the Bovet sale in 1887. Still the 
 rarer and more valuable items were not beyond the 
 purchasing power of a man of moderate means. It 
 was not until fifteen years later that prices began their 
 leap to figures that seemed almost impossible; and their 
 onward march appears to be without check. 
 
 As illustrations of the difference between the low 
 prices of 1827 to 1859, and the current values of to-day, 
 the following instances may be cited, 
 
 Ludwig von Beethoven [the great composer]. An A. L. 
 S. sold at 12 francs in 1842. In 1911, at the Huth 
 sale, an A. L. S. 2 pages 4to brought £4-0. 
 
 Catharine of Arragon^ first Queen of Henry the Eighth. 
 In 1851, at the Donnadieu sale, an A. L. S. 3 pages 
 folio, to the Emperor Charles V., sold at £21. At 
 the Huth sale the same letter brought £800. 
 
 Lord Byron. In 1843 an A. L. S. 4to sold at 80 francs. 
 In 1916 the catalogue of Bernard Quaritch prices a 
 similar specimen at £63. 
 
 Andre Chenier. In 1827 an A. L. S. 4to was priced at 
 20 francs 95 centimes. In 1887 a similar specimen 
 brought 810 francs at the Bovet sale. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth. At the Donnadieu sale, in 1851, an 
 A. ].. S. 4 pages folio, to James VI. of Scotland,
 
 INCREASE IN VALUES 73 
 
 brought £16. At the Huth sale, in 1911, an A. L. S. 
 3 pages folio, to King Henry IV., of France, sold for 
 £365. 
 Galileo Galilei. In 1833 an A. L. S. was priced at 51 
 francs. At the Huth sale, in 1911, an A. L. S. \}/2 
 pages folio sold for £116. 
 
 Christoph Gluck [the composer]. In 1843 an A. L. S. 
 sold for 74 francs. In 1905, at the Cohn sale, one 
 sold for 4000 marks. 
 
 Charles Lamb. At the Donnadieu sale, in 1851, an 
 interesting A. L. S. 3 pages folio brought £1.15. In 
 1916 a similar specimen is priced by Quaritch at £55. 
 
 Martin Luther. In 1869, at the Dillon sale, an A. L. S. 
 1^ pages folio to the Duke of Saxony sold for £18. 
 At the Huth sale, in 1911, the same letter produced 
 £495. 
 
 John Milton [the great poet]. The collection of auto- 
 graph letters formed by John Anderdon, Esq., which 
 was sold by Mr. Evans, in London, in 1833, contained 
 a long A. L. S. from Milton to his dear friend Carlo 
 Dati, dated from London, 1647. It was purchased 
 by Mr. Pickering, the publisher, for £14. To-day 
 it would readily bring from ten to twenty times that 
 price. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1834 an A. L. S. 4to was sold 
 for 104 francs. In 1887, at the Bovet sale, a similar 
 specimen realized 1000 francs.
 
 74 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Rembrandt [the great painter]. At the Donnadieu 
 sale, in 1851, an A. L. S. 4to sold for £10. At the 
 Cohn sale, in 1905, an A. L. S. folio went for 7000 
 marks. 
 
 Cardinal Richelieu. In 1841 an A. L. S. was quoted at 
 18 francs. At the Fillon sale in 1878, the price was 
 1000 francs. 
 
 Peter Paul Rubens [the painter]. In 1842 an A. L. S. 
 folio was priced at 60 francs. At the Cohn sale, 
 in 1905, one sold for 1500 marks. 
 
 Percy B. Shelley. At the Young sale, in 1869, an A. L. 
 S. 4to sold at £7.10. In the Quaritch catalogue for 
 1916 a similar specimen is priced at £90. 
 
 In the United States, the advance in values has 
 been confined chiefly to names that appear in the 
 series of Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 Generals of the Revolutionary War, Presidents, and 
 to a comparatively few literary and miscellaneous 
 names. In some instances it has been moderate; in 
 others, very great. A signature of Thomas Lynch, 
 Jr., one of the Signers of the Declaration, cut from 
 the title page of a book belonging to him, was worth 
 $\0 in 1860. By 1886 it had advanced to 3210 at the 
 Cist sale; and later on it commanded a still higher 
 figure. At the same sale a folio document signed by
 
 INCREASE IN VALUES 7S 
 
 Button Gwinnett sold for 3185; while a similar speci- 
 men brought the enormous price of ^4600 at the 
 Danforth sale in 1912. 
 
 Among literary names the most pronounced ad- 
 vance has been in letters of Edgar A. Poe. In 1860 
 good letters of this poet could readily be had for $S : 
 to-day they are worth from 350 to 3100. Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne, Washington Irving, James Russell Lowell, 
 Longfellow, Bret Harte, Samuel L. Clemens, and a 
 few other leading poets and prose-writers, are now in 
 constant demand at prices from five to ten times 
 greater than those at which they were then abundant. 
 
 Of miscellaneous names, those of General Washing- 
 ton, his mother [Mary] and wife [Martha], Capt. 
 Nathan Hale [the martyr spy]. Major John Andre, 
 John Paul Jones [the naval hero], William Penn, and 
 Abraham Lincoln are a few that may be particu- 
 larly mentioned. In the middle of the 19th century 
 full autograph letters of Gen. Washington, with in- 
 teresting contents, were not valued at more than 
 315 to 320; and military letters signed [but not written] 
 by him were sold at 33 to 35. There was a plentiful 
 supply of both kinds. Letters of his mother were, 
 and are, of extreme rarity: yet one was bought, in 1858, 
 for 350, which would now be worth 31000. Letters 
 of Martha Washington appeared only occasionally.
 
 76 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 but were not estimated at more than ^25 — a fifth 
 or tenth of their present value. No letter of Nathan 
 Hale was heard of, either at public or private sale, 
 until 1892; when an A. L. S. 3 pages 4to [not military] 
 realized 31125 at an auction sale in Philadelphia. 
 For a letter of Major Andre, which today would be 
 worth 31000, 3100 was considered a full price. A 
 good letter of John Paul Jones could be had for 310 — 
 a small fraction of its present value. Letters of 
 William Penn will readily bring ten times as much as 
 they did then; and those of Abraham Lincoln have 
 had an enormous advance. 
 
 In the series of Generals of the Revolutionary 
 War much attention has, of late years, been paid to 
 the character of the contents of the letters. Such as 
 embodied valuable historical material, even though 
 written by men whose autographs were of common 
 occurrence, have been selling at prices largely in ex- 
 cess of those that prevailed thirty or forty years ago. 
 Of the more noted names that now command a very 
 decided increase in price, Israel Putnam, Richard 
 Montgomery, Benedict Arnold, Anthony Wayne, Count 
 Pulaski, Baron de Kalb, Hugh Mercer and Charles 
 Lee may be specified. Letters of Philippe Du Cou- 
 dray and the Chevalier de la Neuville have never 
 appeared in sale catalogues, and are so rare that, so
 
 INCREASE IN VALUES 
 
 11 
 
 far as is known, they are not to be found except in 
 one private collection. Baron de Woedtke has ap- 
 peared once, or perhaps twice, as L. S. 
 
 As the prices obtained for autographs of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence at the 
 Cist sale, in 1886, fairly represent their current values 
 up to that time, a comparison of them with the prices 
 realized at the Danforth sale, in 1912, will indicate 
 the extent of the increase in value. To that end 
 the following tabulated statement is given; omitting 
 a few names poorly represented in the Cist series: 
 
 Name. Price 
 
 John Adams A. L. 
 
 Samuel Adams A. L. 
 
 Carter Braxton A. L. 
 
 Charles Carroll A. L. 
 
 Samuel Chase A. L. 
 
 Abraham Clark A. L. 
 
 George Clymer A. L. 
 
 William Ellery A. L. 
 
 William Floyd A. L. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin.. . .A. L. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry A. L. 
 
 Button Gwinnett D. S. 
 
 Lyman Hall A. D. 
 
 John Hancock A. L. 
 
 Benj. Harrison A. L. 
 
 Joseph Hewes A. L. 
 
 Thomas Hey ward D. S. 
 
 William Hooper A. L. 
 
 Francis Hopkinson. . . . A. L. 
 Samuel Huntington . . . A. L. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson A. L. 
 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee . A. L. 
 
 at the Cist Sale. 
 S. 4to, 1780. $11 
 S.4to, 1779. $35 
 S. 3 pp., 1777. $5 
 S.4to, 1810. $2.75 
 S.4to, 1788. $6 
 S. 2 pp. folio, 1776. $20 
 S.5pp.4to, 1785. $2| 
 S.4to, 1771. $4 
 S.4to, 1821. $7 
 S.2pp.4to, 1750. $12 
 S.2pp.4to, 1782. $7 
 folio, 1774. $185 
 S. 2 pp. folio, 1787. $36 
 S.4to, 1778. $15 
 S.4to, 1788. $9 
 S.2pp.4to, 1777. $28 
 4to, 1786. $10 
 S.3pp.4to, 1781. $20 
 S.4to, 1786. $8 
 S.2pp.4to,1794. $5 
 S.4to,1826. $4.75 
 S.3pp.4to, 1777. $12 
 
 Price at the Danforth Sale. 
 
 A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, 1779. $36 
 A.L.S.4to, 1772. $31 
 A. L.S. 3 pp. folio, 1778. $36 
 A.L.S.4to, 1790. $14 
 A.L.S.2pp. folio, 1779. $92^ 
 A.L.S.4to, 1776. $305 
 A. L.S. folio, 1778. $50 
 A. L.S. 2 pp. 4to, 1782. $85 
 A.L.S.4to, 1783. $80 
 A.L.S.4to, 1776. $375 
 A.L.S.2pp. folio, 1776. $205 
 D.S.2pp. folio, 1770. $4600 
 A. L.S. large folio, 1783. $225 
 L.S.2pp. folio, 1776. $175 
 A.L. S.2pp. folio, 1782. $46 
 A.L.S.3pp.4to, 1775. $800 
 A. L.S.4to, 1801. $195 
 A.L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1782. $450 
 A.L.S.4to, 1778. $80 
 A. L.S. 2 pp. 4to, 1783. $35 
 A.L.S.4to, 1779. $50 
 A. L.S. 2 pp. 4to, 1776. $160
 
 78 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 RichardHenry Lee. . .A.L.S.4to, 1781. $3.50 A. L. S.2pp. 4to, 1776. $175 
 
 Francis Lewis A. L. S.2 pp. 4to, 1778. $16 A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1777. $125 
 
 Philip Livingston L. S. 4to, 1773. $3.25 A. L. S. 2pp.4to, 1778. $280 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr . . . . Cut signature. $210 Signature on a title page. $580 
 
 Arthur Middleton B. S. | page 4to, 1782. $15 A. L. S.4to, 1781. $470 
 
 Lewis Morris A. L. S. folio, 1776. $85 A. L. S. folio, 1788. $100 
 
 Robert Morris A. L. S.4to, 1799. $1.50 A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, 1776. $60 
 
 ThomasNelson, Jr....A.L.S.4to, 1783. $6.50 A. L. S. folio, 1776. $160 
 
 William Paca A. L. S. 4to, 1779. $17 A. L. S. folio, 1786. $45 
 
 Robt. Treat Paine. ...A. L. S.2 pp. 4to, 1778. $22 A. L. S.4pp.4to, 1784. $250 
 
 JohnPenn A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1776. $40 A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1776. $710 
 
 Caesar Rodney A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1775. $8.50 A. L. S. folio, 1776. $150 
 
 George Ross A. L. S. folio, 1773. $9 A. L.S.2pp.4to, 1775. $120 
 
 Benjamin Rush A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1811. $2 A. L. S. 3 pp.4to, 1783. $95 
 
 Edward Rutledge A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1798. $10 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1776. $250 
 
 Roger Sherman A. L. S.4pp.4to, 1781. $25 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1784. $200 
 
 Richard Stockton A. L. S.4to, 1779. $50 A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, 1763. $235 
 
 Thomas Stone A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1786. $25 A. L. S. 4to, 1778. $250 
 
 Matthew Thornton . . . A. D. S. 4to, 1764. $3 A. L. S. folio, 1775. $310 
 
 William Whipple A. L. S. 4 pp. 4to, 1778. $9 A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1776. $250 
 
 William Williams A. L. S.4pp. 4to, 1777. $6 A. L. S.2 pp. folio, 1776. $165 
 
 James Wilson A. L. S.4to, 1793. $4^ A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1780. $110 
 
 John Witherspoon . . . . A. L. S. 4to, 1791. $4f A. L. S. folio, 1776. $125 
 
 Oliver Wolcott A. L. S. 4to, 1783. $15 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1776. $240 
 
 George Wythe A. D. S. folio, 1789. $26 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1776. $680 
 
 It should not be forgotten that the extremely 
 high prices obtained at the Danforth sale were chiefly 
 due to competition among a few men of great wealth 
 who had recently entered the field, and to the desire 
 to obtain letters written in the year 1776; a desire 
 which had not manifested itself in earlier days.
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 Concerning Those Who Have Conducted the Com- 
 merce IN Autographs 
 
 IN any mention of the men who have become well 
 known and successful as dealers in autographs, 
 the Charavay family, of Paris, is entitled to first 
 place. Three generations of the family have, 
 since the year 1843, not only been one of the chief me- 
 diums through which collectors in Europe and America 
 have been supplied, but the successive heads of the 
 business have always been considered as most com- 
 petent and trustworthy experts, especially in regard 
 to the authenticity of French and Italian autographs, 
 and as thoroughly honest and reliable business men. 
 Jacques Charavay was the first of the family to com- 
 mence the occupation of a dealer in autographs. 
 Coming to Paris in 1843, with a knowledge of the 
 subject obtained from close study, and with an eye
 
 80 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 that quickly detected want of genuineness, he issued, 
 in November, 1845, his first bulletin of autographs 
 for sale at the prices marked. Up to the time of his 
 death in 1867, he continued to issue these monthly 
 bulletins and to prepare the sale catalogues of im- 
 portant collections to be disposed of at auction. 
 
 He was succeeded by his son Etienne, who gained 
 even a greater reputation than that which attached 
 to his father. His knowledge of autographs, their 
 rarity, value, and authenticity, was conceded to be 
 unrivaled. His judgment of the genuineness of a 
 paper was accepted without question. After his 
 death, the business passed into the hands of M. Noel 
 Charavay, who still conducts it with the intelligence, 
 energy, and success that characterized his predeces- 
 sors. He, too, is acknowledged to be an expert of 
 high rank. 
 
 Other members of the family who followed this 
 same pursuit were Gabriel Charavay [1818-1879], 
 his son Eugene, and his widow, both of whom are 
 now deceased. They issued their priced catalogues 
 with great regularity, and had a large clientele. 
 
 In England, the bookseller Waller was one of 
 the first well-known dealers in London. He and his 
 son John, who succeeded him, issued catalogues for 
 nearly fifty years, and up to the death of the son in
 
 AUTOGRAPH DEALERS 81 
 
 the latter part of the nineteenth century. They were 
 greatly respected for intelligent and fair dealing, and 
 they always endeavoured to keep their prices at 
 moderate figures, so as to encourage young collectors. 
 Frederick Barker and Frederick Naylor were two 
 of the best known dealers in London in the last quarter 
 of the nineteenth century. They were extensive pur- 
 chasers at the various auction sales, and large quan- 
 tities of good material came into their hands by private 
 purchase. It was Mr. Barker's good fortune to ac- 
 quire, in this way, the business correspondence of 
 William Strahan, the leading English publisher of the 
 18th century, containing hundreds of letters of Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, Sir William Blackstone, Tobias Smol- 
 lett, and many other leading characters and literary 
 lights of that day. He had a large circle of customers 
 in the United States as well as Great Britain, to whom 
 he was in the habit of sending parcels of autographs 
 for examination and selection. His prices were mod- 
 erate, he was extremely fair and very obliging, and 
 his death was greatly regretted by all with whom he 
 had dealings. Both he and Mr. Naylor issued, for 
 many years and up to the time of their death, regular 
 monthly catalogues in which rare and choice letters 
 frequently appeared.
 
 82 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 After their deaths, Walter V. Daniell, Bernard 
 Quaritch, and J. Pearson & Co. became the principal 
 London dealers; the latter firm, through the attention 
 given by Mr. F. Wheeler, acquiring the leading place 
 and issuing occasional catalogues of letters of the first 
 importance. At a somewhat later date Maggs Bros, 
 entered the field and have been very active in it. 
 
 In Germany the principal dealers have been Otto 
 August Schulz and his son, Richard Zeune, Albert 
 Cohn, Emil Hirsch, and Leo Liepmannssohn; the latter 
 of whom, after many years of deserved success, has 
 laid aside the cares of active business. Those who are 
 best known to-day are C. G. Boerner, in Leipzig, and 
 J. A. Stargardt, Karl Ernst Henrici, and Otto Haas 
 [successor to Leo Liepmannssohn] in Berlin. 
 
 In the United States, Charles De F. Burns was 
 the first to establish himself in this business. He be- 
 gan in a small way, in the city of New York, in the 
 year 1864, and was so prosperous that, in August, 
 1870, he commenced the issue of a periodical, called 
 "The American Antiquarian," part of which was de- 
 voted to a catalogue of the autographs for sale by him. 
 For many years there was no other dealer in this 
 country. He had a large knowledge of autographs, 
 was an excellent judge of the genuineness of a paper, 
 and was very straightforward in his dealings with his
 
 AUTOGRAPH DEALERS 83 
 
 customers. He would never accept a commission in 
 excess of five per cent for making purchases at auction 
 sales; and he would complain, in the most outspoken 
 way, if compelled to pay, for a client, an unduly high 
 price. He died, much regretted, a few years ago, 
 after spending nearly fifty years in a pursuit which 
 was most congenial to him. 
 
 William Evarts Benjamin and his brother, Walter 
 R., first became known to collectors in the year 1886. 
 Shortly thereafter William retired from the business 
 which Walter has since conducted with so large a 
 measure of success. He has an immense stock of 
 autographs, and publishes a monthly paper called 
 "The Collector," in which, like Mr. Wegg, he frequent- 
 ly "drops into poetry"; for he inherits the poetic in- 
 stinct from his father, the well-known Park Benjamin 
 of the "Knickerbocker" days. He resides in New 
 York City; where P. F. Madigan and his son Thomas 
 have lately established themselves as dealers, partic- 
 ularly in fine literary autographs, and where Joseph 
 Sabin occasionally offers some choice letters to his 
 large clientele for engravings. From Syracuse, N. Y., 
 John Heise sends out priced lists from which his nu- 
 merous customers are supplied. In Boston, Charles E. 
 Goodspeed is the leading, if not the only, dealer.
 
 84 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 In Philadelphia few people are engaged in this 
 line of business. The best known are Dr. A. S. W. 
 Rosenbach — who, in addition to a magnificent array 
 of books, carries a small stock of letters and documents 
 of the finest quality — and Dr. William J. Campbell, 
 bookseller and publisher.
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 Concerning Some Noted European Collections 
 OF THE Olden and of Recent Times 
 
 THE earliest noted collections of autographs 
 which have passed into national archives in 
 France and England and have there been 
 preserved intact, were formed, not for the 
 sake of obtaining specimens of the handwriting of 
 eminent men and women, but to ensure the preserva- 
 tion of the papers for historical purposes. They were, 
 in most part, obtained by gift of the ancient families 
 in which they had long been accumulating. 
 
 Some such collections are specially mentioned by 
 M. Etienne Charavay in "La Science des Autographes." 
 One of them was the immense collection formed in 
 France, in the early part of the 17th century, by Philippe 
 de Bethune, brother of the great Sully, and his son 
 Hippolyte, with the aid of their family archives and
 
 86 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 those of the houses of Nevers and of Montmorency. 
 It contained thousands of original letters of illustri- 
 ous personages, classified by reigns, and is now part 
 of the precious possessions of the Bibliotheque Na- 
 tionale. 
 
 After them, Antoine Lom^nie de Brienne, Fabri de 
 Peiresc, Etienne Baluze, Andr6 Du Chesne, and some 
 other literary men, joined the collection of autographs 
 with that of books and other curiosities. But the 
 man who, more than any other, devoted his time 
 and fortune to the search for autographs was Roger 
 de Gaignieres. This gentleman, born in 1644, with 
 the aid of his valet [who became his librarian], saved 
 great numbers of valuable historical papers from de- 
 struction. In 1711 he presented them to Louis XIV., 
 and they now form a most important part of the 
 treasures of the Bibliotheque Nationale. 
 
 In the same category with the foregoing must be 
 named several great collections formed in England, 
 in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, by 
 Sir Robert Cotton, Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, 
 and Sir Hans Sloane — all of which are numbered among 
 the glories of the British Museum. 
 
 The 18th century witnessed a slow, but steady, 
 development of the taste for autographs; and the 19th 
 century produced hundreds of votaries of the hobby,
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 87 
 
 diligently seeking to obtain letters or documents of 
 eminent persons, not only for such historic or personal 
 interest as might attach to them but also as specimens 
 of handwriting. 
 
 M. Charavay gives, as the names of the notable 
 French collectors in the early part of the 19th century, 
 those of Guilbert de Pixerecourt, the Marquis de 
 Chalabre, the Marquise de Dolomieu, the Comtesse 
 de Castellane, Monmerque, the Baron Feuillet de 
 Conches, the Comte d'Hauterive, the Baron de Tre- 
 mont, Alexandre Martin, Lucas de Montigny, Tarbe, 
 Chambry, Michel Chasles [the mathematician], Victor 
 Cousin, Guizot, Sainte-Beuve, Dubrunfaut [the chem- 
 ist], Benjamin Fillon, and Alfred Sensier. To these 
 must be added, somewhat later in that century, the 
 names of Mons. La Caille — who had one of the finest 
 collections in Europe — ^\^ictorien Sardou, Alexandre 
 Dumas, Alfred Bovet, and very many others. 
 
 In relation to English collectors, John Gough 
 Nichols, in his preface to ^'Autographs of Royal, 
 Noble, Learned, and Remarkable Personages Con- 
 spicuous in English History," says: "The preface to 
 Thane's 'Autography' tells us that the fac-similes given 
 in the work are from the originals which were formerly 
 in the collections of those well-known antiquaries, 
 Ralph Thoresby, Esq., Peter le Neve, Esq. [whose
 
 88 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 collection now forms the Harleian volumes 4712 and 
 4713], James West, Esq., Rev. Mr. Ives, Mr. Bar- 
 telet, Gustavus Brande, Esq., and others. The first 
 of these collections will be found fully described in a 
 distinct chapter of the 'Museum Thoresbyanum.' 
 After mentioning that he had a copy of Camden's 
 Britannia in quarto, 'which I bought for the sake of 
 the learned author's autograph,' Mr. Thoresby con- 
 tinues: 'This reminds me of another branch of the 
 curiosities that I began to collect of late years, viz: 
 Original letters and other matters of the proper Hand- 
 writing of persons of all ranks, eminent in their genera- 
 tions'; of which he proceeds to give a catalogue, the 
 names only of the writers occupying more than three 
 large folio pages. In more recent days, collections of 
 autographs have been formed by Sir William Musgrave 
 [who bequeathed them to the British Museum], and 
 the late James Bindley, the sale of whose library, in 
 1820, was concluded with 108 lots of autographs." 
 
 Among the names of Englishmen who were best 
 known, in the 19th century, as the possessors of exten- 
 sive collections, are those of John L. Anderdon, Esq., 
 Dawson Turner, J. B. Williams, of Shrewsbury, Rev. 
 Robert Bolton, Robert Cole, Baron Heath, A. Don- 
 nadieu. Sir Thomas Phillips, John Dillon, John Young, 
 Rev. Dr. Raffles, William Upcott, and Alfred Morrison.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 89 
 
 Charavay gives the names of a few of the best 
 known collectors in other European countries; but, as 
 might be expected, the list represents a mere fraction 
 of the actual number. 
 
 While it would be manifestly impossible, for want 
 of space, to take any further notice of most of these 
 collections, curiosity to know something about the 
 character of the material that, at different periods, 
 composed them, may be gratified by the detailed 
 statements that follow. 
 
 The Monmerque Collection 
 
 One of the earliest French collections disposed of 
 at auction, was that of M. Monmerque. The sale 
 took place in May, 1837. The catalogue is an 8vo 
 pamphlet of 108 pages, enumerating 1352 items, ar- 
 ranged alphabetically, but giving a very scant descrip- 
 tion of the autographs. The following names will 
 serve to indicate the general character of the collection 
 and the auction prices of that day. 
 
 Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de [Author]. A. L. S., 1639. 
 283^ francs. 
 
 Garrick, David [Actor]. A. L. S., 1767. 31}/^ francs. 
 
 Henri IF. [King of France]. A. L. S., 1594. 60 francs.
 
 90 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. [Fabulist]. A. L. S., 1658. 
 
 320 francs. 
 Le Couvreur, Adrienne [Actress], A. L. S., 1729. 62 
 
 francs. 
 Louis XL [King of France]. L. S. 16 francs. 
 Mabillon, dom Jean [Pulpit orator]. A. L. S., 1697. 
 
 5 francs. 
 Marat, Jean Paul. A. L. S. 8vo. 293^2 francs. 
 Marie Antoinette. A. D. S. of 4 lines on the back of a 
 
 letter. 1781. 23 francs. 
 Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal. A. L. S., 1658. 23 francs. 
 Medicis, Marie de [Queen of France]. A. L. S., 1614. 
 
 19 francs. 
 Mignard, Pierre [Painter]. A. L. S. 26 francs. 
 Pare, Ambroise [Surgeon]. D. S., 1672. 43^ francs. 
 Perrault, Charles [Author]. A. L. S. 18 francs. 
 Piron, Alexis [Poet]. A. L. S., 1755. 20 francs. 
 Pompadour, Madame de [Mistress of Louis XV.]. A. 
 
 L. S., 1747. 10 francs. 
 Prevost d' Exiles, VAbhe [Author]. A. L. S., 1735. ll]^ 
 
 francs. 
 Rochefoucauld, Frangois, Due de la. [Author of "Max- 
 ims."] A. L. S., 1658. 47 francs. 
 Rohan, Henri, Due de [Chief of the Calvinists]. A. L. 
 
 S., 1617. 2 francs.
 
 VVIJJ.IAM UPCOTT
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 91 
 
 Roland^ Madame [French Revolution]. A. L. S. 16 
 
 francs. 
 Rousseau^ Jean Jacques. A. L. S. and A. D. S., 1774. 
 
 41 francs. 
 Saint Pierre^ Bernardin de [Author]. A. L. S. 11 
 
 francs. 
 Sales, Saint Frangois de. A. L. S. 65 francs. 
 Tasso, Torquato. A. L. S., 1586. 400 francs. 
 Washington, George. A. L. S., 1797. 40 francs. 
 
 The Upcott Collection 
 
 In 1836 Mr. William Upcott, the assistant-libra- 
 rian of the London Institution from 1806 to 1834, 
 printed, for private distribution, a catalogue of the 
 "Original letters, manuscript, and State papers" in his 
 collection. In a brief preface, he states that the col- 
 lection — the labor of more than twenty-five years — • 
 comprises thirty-two thousand letters, exclusive of 
 manuscripts. "Favourable and extraordinary oppor- 
 tunities have encouraged my pursuit. The papers and 
 correspondence of Henry Hyde, second Earl of Claren- 
 don, J. and S. Dayrolles, Ralph Thoresby of Leeds, 
 Emanuel da Costa, and others, were in my possession. 
 . . . Added to these, many of the most eminent pub- 
 lishers kindly permitted me to select from their preserved
 
 92 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 correspondence letters written by eminent scholars. . . . 
 I am, in consequence, induced to believe, from the 
 opinions expressed by many men of acknowledged 
 taste, that there does not exist a private collection so 
 rich in literary and historical matter." He goes on to 
 say that he has transcribed into this catalogue only some 
 of the leading names, and expresses the desire to see 
 the collection preserved in one of the public museums 
 either abroad or at home. 
 
 Ten years later — in 1846 — the collection was sold 
 at auction, in London, "under the direction of the 
 Court of Chancery," by Messrs. Evans. The cata- 
 logue comprised 585 lots, many of which contained 
 several hundred different items; and the sale produced 
 the sum of £4125.17.6. As might be reasonably sup- 
 posed, the larger part of the names were those of per- 
 sons of comparatively little note. There were, how- 
 ever, a great number of lots made up of names of first 
 importance. A few of these may be specified with some 
 detail. 
 
 1. Letters and documents of British kings and 
 queens. Bound in one volume. 
 
 2. Autographs of the kings of France, from the 
 time of Philip V. [1319] to Napoleon. Bound in two 
 folio volumes. Sold at £7.10.0.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 93 
 
 3. Original letters and documents signed by the 
 principal persons who figured in the French Revolution. 
 In two portfolios. 
 
 4. 535 letters and documents of British Naval 
 officers from 1652 to 1826; including Blake, Monk, 
 Prince Rupert, Anson, Nelson, and many other celeb- 
 rities. Sold at £10. 
 
 5. 383 letters of literary characters of the 16th, 
 17th, and part of the 18th centuries; the greater por- 
 tion of which are addressed to John Evelyn. Includ- 
 ing Jos. Addison, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert Boyle, 
 William Congreve, John Evelyn, Andrew Marvel, Sir 
 Isaac Newton, Samuel Pepys, Alex. Pope, Sir Richard 
 Steele, Dean Swift, and Edmund Waller. Sold at 
 £80. 
 
 6. 752 letters of literary characters of the 18th 
 and 19th centuries. Including James Boswell, Dr. 
 Sam. Johnson, R. Porson, and Adam Smith. Sold at 
 £33. 
 
 7. 1279 letters of literary men of the 18th and 
 19th centuries. Including Sir William Blackstone, 
 Lord Byron, Benj. Franklin, Edward Gibbon, Thomas 
 Paine, Sir Walter Scott, Percy B. Shelley, R. B. Sheri- 
 dan, and Henry Kirke White. Sold at £42.
 
 94 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 8. 121 letters of dramatists. Including W. Con- 
 greve, David Garrick, Aaron Hill, David Mallet, Thos. 
 Shadwell, R. B. Sheridan, Thos. Southerne, and Sir 
 John Vanbrugh. 
 
 9. 470 letters of deceased British poets, from the 
 16th century to 1836. Including Sir Philip Sydney, 
 A. Cowley, Sir William Davenant, Edmund Waller, 
 Thos. Parnell, S. Garth, Matthew Prior, T. D'Urfey, E. 
 Settle, Sir R. Blackmore, William Congreve, John Gay, 
 Thos. Tickell, Alex. Pope, Richard Savage, Jonathan 
 Swift, James Thomson, Wm. Shenstone, Wm. Falconer, 
 Oliver Goldsmith, Robert Burns, Henry Kirke White, 
 Percy B. Shelley, Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, Sam. 
 Taylor Coleridge, and Charles Lamb. 
 
 10. 414 letters of actors and actresses. Includ- 
 ing Frances Abington, George Anne Bellamy, Barton 
 Booth, Anne Bracegirdle, Colley Cibber, J. Emery, 
 David Garrick, Jo. Grimaldi, Thos. Hull, Dorothea 
 Jordan, Edmund Kean, John P. Kemble, Thos. King, 
 Charles Macklin, John Palmer, W. Parsons, John 
 Quick, Mrs. Siddons, Tate Wilkinson, and Henry 
 Woodward. 
 
 Among the letters catalogued separately, mention 
 should be made of John Selden, George Fox (the 
 Quaker), Robert Boyle, Sir Christopher Wren, Wm. 
 Blake (painter), T. Gainsborough (painter), William
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 95 
 
 Hogarth, J. Hoppner (painter), Sir Godfrey Kneller, 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, George Romney, Lawrence Sterne, 
 Samuel Richardson, Edmund Burke, Matthew Prior, 
 Wm. Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Spranger 
 Barry (actor), Samuel Foote (actor), George Wash- 
 ington, and Martha Washington. 
 
 The Donnadieu Collection. 
 
 The noted collection of autographs belonging to 
 Mons. A. Donnadieu was sold at auction, by Messrs. 
 Puttick and Simpson, in 1851. The catalogue was 
 printed in ordinary 8vo form. For private distri- 
 bution, however, there were a few large paper copies, 
 which contained a number of lithographic reproduc- 
 tions of important letters. The English Royal letters 
 in the collection were those purchased at the Upcott 
 sale. The total number of items named in the cata- 
 logue was only 1038; but many of these were of first 
 importance in respect to their rarity, their contents, 
 their fine condition, and the persons to whom they were 
 addressed. 
 
 The following named are of this class. [The 
 prices at which they sold are affixed; and the remarks 
 on the various items are those of the compiler of the 
 catalogue.]
 
 96 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Albret, Jeanne d\ Queen of Navarre. Mother of 
 Henri IV. A. L. S. 4to, 2 pp., to Charles IX. April 
 17, 1572. Very interesting. £6.0.0. 
 
 Alexander VI. ^ Roderic Borgia. Pope. A. L. S. [in 
 Latin] as Cardinal Vice-Chancellor, to Lorenzo de 
 Medici. Roma, Sept. 8, 1477. £1.12.0. 
 
 Anne of Austria. Queen of France. A. L. S. 4to, to 
 the Duke of Saxe- Weimar. Oct. 6, 1638. £1.4.0. 
 
 Aretino, Pietro. Italian poet. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 Nov. 12, 1539. £4.0.0. 
 
 Aske^ Robert. Leader of the great rebellion in the North 
 occasioned by the suppression of the monasteries 
 in 1536. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. Presumed to be unique. 
 £3.19.0. 
 
 Bacon, Francis — Viscount St. Albans. Lord Chancel- 
 lor. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, closely written, addressed to 
 Sir Tho. Hobby. Aug. 4, 1606. Fine and very 
 rare. £15.0.0. 
 
 The Same. L. S. 1 p. 4to, as Chancellor, "Fr. Veru- 
 1am, Ca.," Feb. 13, 1619. [From the Upcott collec- 
 tion.] £2.4.0. 
 
 Bellievre, Pomponne de. Chancellor of France. A. 
 L. S. 3 pp. folio. Londres, Dec. 13, 1586. To M. 
 de Villeroy. Very rare and of great historical in- 
 terest. £8.0.0.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 97 
 
 Berulle, Pierre, Cardinal. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to M. de 
 Bouthiller. Paris, July 20, 1628. Rare. £2.2.0. 
 
 Beza, Theodore. Reformer. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. Ge- 
 neve, Feb. 2, 1573. Very interesting. £3.10.0. 
 
 Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Due de. Marshal of France. 
 A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, to M. de Villeroy. Dijon, 
 Feb. 20, 1602. Very fine and rare. £1.16.0. 
 
 Boileau-Despreaux. Great French poet. A. L. S. 2 
 pp. 4to. Paris, July, 6 1674. £4.9.0. 
 
 Bolivar, Simon. Liberator of South America. A. L. 
 S. 4 pp. folio. Trugillo, April 2, 1824. Rare and 
 interesting. £3.7.0. 
 
 Borgia, Ccesar — Duke of Valentinois. Natural son of 
 Pope Alexander VI. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the 
 Justiciaries of Florence. Forlini, April 6, 1501. In 
 beautiful condition, and believed to be unique. 
 £8.8.0. 
 
 Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of. Assassinated. 
 A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the French Ambassador. New- 
 market, Feb. 12, 1624. Very fine and interesting. 
 £6.2.6. 
 
 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord. Minister of Queen 
 Elizabeth. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Robert Dudley, 
 Earl of Leicester. Jan. 1, 1563. Very fine. £2. 
 12.0.
 
 98 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Catesby, Robert. Chief of the Gunpowder Plot con- 
 spirators. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. Believed to be unique. 
 £12.0.0. 
 
 Catherine of Arragon. 1st Queen of Henry VIII. A. 
 L. S. 3 pp. folio, closely written, to the Emperor 
 Charles V. Bucdon, Ebrero 8. Very fine and of 
 extreme interest. £21.0.0. 
 
 Parr, Catherine. 6th and last Queen of Henry VIII. 
 L. S. 1 p. folio, to her brother. Lord Parr. Otelands, 
 July 20, anno 35 [A. D. 1543]. Written eight days 
 after her marriage to the king. Fine and extremely 
 rare. £13.10.0. 
 
 Chapelain, Jean. Author of La Pucelle. A. L. S. 3 
 pp. 4to, to M. Huet. Paris, Feb. 4, 1662. Very 
 interesting. £1.11.0. 
 
 Charles VII, King of France. Called "the Victorious." 
 D. S. on vellum. Mehun, Jan. 23, 1454. Extremely 
 rare. 10s. 
 
 Charles /., King of England. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the 
 Queen of Bohemia. St. James, June 28, 1630. 
 Very fine. [Upcott.] £4.2.0. 
 
 Charles II., King of England. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to 
 Cardinal Mazarin. Oct. 8, 1660. £4.14.0. 
 
 Christina, Queen of Sweden. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to 
 the King. Feb. 23, 1656. £1.13.0.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 99 
 
 Clairon^ Hippolite Claire. Celebrated actrees. A. L. 
 S. 3 pp. 4to, to the Duke of Aiguillon. Anspach, Feb. 
 18, 1774. £1.0.0. 
 
 Clement VIIL^ Hippolyte Aldobrandini, Pope. A. L. 
 S. 1 p. folio, to Henri IV. Rome, Marzo 26, 1596. 
 Very fine and excessively rare. £3.14.0. 
 
 Cromwell^ Oliver. L. S. 2 pp. folio, in Latin, to Car- 
 dinal Mazarin. June 9, 1654. This letter is doubt- 
 less the composition of the poet Milton, who was 
 Cromwell's Latin secretary. Fine specimen. £5. 
 15.0. 
 
 Cromzvelly Richard. Lord Protector. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, to Mr. Steward. Fine and very rare. [Up- 
 cott.] £7.0.0. 
 
 Diana of France. Natural daughter of Henri II. and 
 Diana of Poictiers. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the Grand 
 Duke of Tuscany. Paris, May 22, 1575. Fine and 
 rare. £1.17.0. 
 
 Edward IF., King of England. Parafe to a warrant 
 on vellum. "Geven under oure signet at oure 
 Towre of London, the XXII. day of August, the 
 third yere of oure Reign [1462]." Excessively rare. 
 £5.5.0. 
 
 Edward VI,. King of England. Signature to a license 
 for John, Duke of Norfolk, to travel into the Holy 
 Land. Greenwich, Junii 19, anno 7 [1553]. With
 
 100 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 seal. On fine vellum. Excessively rare. [Upcott.] 
 £11.5.0. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England. A. L. S. 4 pp. folio, to 
 James VI. of Scotland. No date. Very fine. [Up- 
 cott.] £16.0.0. 
 
 The Same. L. S. 3 pp. folio, to Philip II. of Spain. 
 Westminster, Dec. 16, 1571. Very fine and of his- 
 torical interest. £5.0.0. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to 
 Sir Isaac Wake, English Ambassador. Aug. 28, 
 1631. Very fine. [Upcott.] £5.10.0. 
 
 Elizabeth of France. Queen of Philip IV. of Spain. A. 
 L. S. 2 pp. folio, to Louis XIII. [her brother]. 
 I'Escurial, Aout 20. Fine and rare. £5.7.6. 
 
 Elizabeth of France. Sister of Louis XVI. Guil- 
 lotined. A. L. S. 1}^ pp. 8vo, to the Princess Lam- 
 balle. Oct. 4, 1791. Very rare. £4.2.0. 
 
 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of. Favorite of Queen 
 Elizabeth. Decapitated. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to 
 Queen Elizabeth. Sept. 6, 1600. £17.10.0. 
 
 Estrades, Godefroi, Comte d\ Marshal of France. A. 
 L. S. 2 pp. folio, to Marshal Turenne. London, 
 Jan. 20, 1662. Fine and interesting. £2.2.0. 
 
 Evelyn, John. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, to Lord Arlington. 
 June 11, 1669. Fine. £1.0.0.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 101 
 
 Francis L, King of France. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Pope 
 Clement VII. Very fine. £9.0.0. 
 
 Francis 11.^ King of France. D. S. 7 pp. folio. St. 
 Germalns, Oct. 4, 1560. Fine and historical. £3. 
 10.0. 
 
 Frederic 11. , King of Prussia. Called ''the Great." 
 A. L. S. 4 pp. 4to, to "mon cher cousin." Magde- 
 bourg, Sept. 12, 1742. £5.10.0. 
 
 Frederic, King of Bohemia. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the 
 English Ambassador. La Haye, Mai 8, 1731. [Up- 
 cott.] £4.12.0. 
 
 Gramont, Philibert, Comte de. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. 
 Francfort, Mars 17, 1658. Very fine. £1.6.0. 
 
 Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. 5 A. L. S. 4to, 
 dated from 1641 to 1660. All very fine. £1.16.0, 
 £2.0.0, £2.2.0, £3.12.0, £6.10.0. 
 
 Henry IV., King of France. 16 very fine A. L. S. 
 folio, of various dates. Some written to Charles 
 IX. and Catherine de Medicis. Prices ranging from 
 £1.8.0. up to £3.3.0. 
 
 Henry V., King of England. A request for a pass- 
 port for some German merchants, on which the 
 King has written "H. R. a vous mandoies qu'il soit 
 fait." Fine, and perhaps unique in private collec- 
 tions. [Upcott.] £16.10.0.
 
 102 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Henry FL, King of England. Sign Manual to a Peti- 
 tion of John, Duke of Norfolk, for a passport to go 
 out of the kingdom "in pilgrimage to visit certaine 
 hooly places." In fine preservation and excessively 
 rare. [Upcott.] £13.5.0. 
 
 James /., King of England. Letter subscribed and 
 signed, 1 p. folio, to Henri IV. Falkland, Juillet 
 16, 1602. Fine. £3.0.0. 
 
 James III., the old Pretender, called the Chevalier de 
 St. George. A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, to the Due de Ven- 
 dome. St. Germain, Dec. 29, 1710. Very fine and 
 rare. £4.16.0. 
 
 Kepler, John. Astronomer. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, in 
 Latin, to Dr. Ph. Miller. Jan. ^, 1630. Very rare. 
 £3.3.0. 
 
 Lamb, Charles. Poet and essayist. A. L. S. 3 pp. 
 folio. Feb. 7. 1831. Very interesting. £1.15.0. 
 
 Le Brun, Charles. Painter. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to 
 Bishop Huet. Oct. 28, 1666. Fine and very rare. 
 £4.0.0. 
 
 Locke, John. Metaphysician. A. L. S. 2 pp. 8vo. 
 Oates, Aug. 11, 1704. Excessively rare. No letter 
 of Locke has appeared in a public sale except the 
 present. £9. 
 
 Louis XI IL, King of France. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, to the 
 Queen. Laleu, Oct. 6, 1628. Fine. £3.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 103 
 
 Louis XIV., King of France. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to the 
 Queen of England. Versailles, July 25, 1683. Very 
 fine. £4. 
 
 Louis XV. y King of France. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. Ver- 
 sailles, Mai 28, 1756. Very fine. £2. 
 
 Louis XVI., King of France. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, to 
 George III., King of England. Paris, Avril 18, 
 1792. Very fine. Written eight months before his 
 death. £6.6.0. 
 
 Louise de Savoie, mother of Francis I. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, to the Emperor Charles V. Written a few 
 days after the battle of Pavia. Extremely fine. A 
 pathetic letter relative to her son's captivity. 
 £10. 
 
 Luther, Martin. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, in Latin, to C. G. 
 Spalatinus. Jan. 7, 1519. Rare and interesting. 
 £16. 
 
 Malherbe, Francois de. The father of French poetry. 
 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to M. de Bouillon; relative to the 
 death of his son, killed in a duel. [This letter has 
 sold at a public sale in Paris for 409 francs.] Fine 
 and rare. £1.11.0. 
 
 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 
 to her brother, the Archduke Leopold. Aug. 12, 
 1791. [Eight days after her arrest at Varennes.] 
 Fine and very interesting. £5.
 
 104 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The Same. A. L. S. 2 pp. 8vo. to the Princesse Lam- 
 balle. Jeudi [Sept. 1, 1791]. Very interesting. 
 £5.12.6. 
 
 Mary, Queen of England. "Bloody Mary." D. S. 23/^ 
 pp. folio. June, 1556. Fine and very rare. [Up- 
 cott.] £10.10.0. 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darn- 
 ley. A joint letter signed by both, "Marie R." and 
 "Henry R.", to Matthew, Earl of Lennox. Dec, 
 1565. The signature of Darnley is excessively rare, 
 and a paper on which both signatures occur is 
 probably unique. [Upcott.] £10. 
 
 Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Due de. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, to the Due de Guise. Dec. 17, 1590. Fine 
 and rare. £1. 
 
 M edicts, Catherine de. Queen of Henri II. of France. 
 A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of 
 Navarre. 1572. Of the greatest historical interest. 
 £9. 
 
 Medicis, Marie de. Queen of France. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, to her son. Juin 28, 1638. Fine and rare. 
 £2.2.0. 
 
 Moliere, J. B. Poquelin. The great French dramatist. 
 A certificate, delivered by the Notaries upon the at- 
 testation of Jacques Martin and Moliere, and signed 
 by them. 1 p. folio, Jan. 25, 1664. [We are not
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 105 
 
 aware of any specimen having occurred for public 
 sale in this country except the present, and but one 
 in Paris.] From the Hodges collection. £10.5.0. 
 Monmouth, James, Duke of. Natural son of Charles 
 II. Beheaded. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Lord Roches- 
 ter. Ringwood, July, 9 1685. Very rare and of 
 the highest interest. [Upcott.] £21.10.0. 
 
 Montgomery, Gabriel, Comte de. Beheaded 1574. A. 
 
 L. S. 2 pp. folio, to Viscount Turenne. Very rare. 
 
 £1.4.0. 
 Montmorency, Henri II., Due de. Marshal of France. 
 
 Beheaded. A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to. La Grange, May 
 
 19, 1627. Fine and rare. 14s. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. Emperor of France. A full 
 authority given to Caulincourt, Duke of Vicenza, 
 to negotiate and sign a definitive treaty of peace 
 with the Allied Powers, and thus to arrest the ef- 
 fusion of human blood and the attendant calam- 
 ities of war. A document of the highest historical 
 importance, dated Paris, Jan. 4, 1814, and signed 
 by Napoleon and the Due de Bassano. £10.15.0. 
 
 Nassau, Maurice of. Celebrated general. A. L. S. 
 2/^ pp. folio, to the Due de Bouillon. La Flaye, 
 Juin 23, 1595. Fine, rare, and very interesting. 
 £2.2.0.
 
 106 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Nelson, Horatio, Lord. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, to Lieut.- 
 Gen. Fox. Jan. 1, 1800. Interesting. £1.9.0. 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to Lord Towns- 
 hend. Aug. 25, 1724. Interesting. £7. 
 
 Nostradamus, CcEsar. [1555-1629.] A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 Fine and excessively rare. £2.9.0. 
 
 Philip II., King of Spain. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the 
 King of France [Charles IX]. Written shortly after 
 the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Very fine. £5. 
 
 Piron, Alexis. Poet and dramatist. A. L. S. 4 pp. 
 4to. Mars 8, 1754. Fine and extremely rare. £2.2.0. 
 
 Pope, Alexander. Poet. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to his 
 publisher. Aug. 16, 1732. Interesting. £1.12.0. 
 
 Poussin, Nicholas. Great painter. A number of fine 
 A. L. S. 4to or folio, at prices varying from £2.4.0 
 to £3.8.0. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter. A Petition to the Lord High 
 Chancellor, requesting that a Commission might 
 be issued to correct some abuses which had occurred 
 relative to the authority given by Queen Elizabeth 
 to Raleigh to grant licenses for the sale of wines 
 by retail. Signed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and by 
 Lord Burghley and Sir John Popham. £5.7.0. 
 
 Raphael Sanzio. The greatest of painters. A study 
 of two horses' heads, with men's arms, sketched in
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 107 
 
 pen and ink, and having several lines of writing in 
 his autograph. Extremely rare. £11.11.0. 
 
 Rembrandt. Celebrated Dutch painter. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 4to, to Const. Huygens. Excessively rare. £10. 
 
 Richard IIL, King of England. Warrant dated April 
 15, Anno 1 [1484], for the payment of money. Signed 
 In full "Ricardus Rex." Fine. [Upcott.] £25.10.0. 
 
 Rousseau^ Jean Jacques. Several A. L. S. 4to, 2 or 3 
 pages, at prices varying from £1.19.0 to £5.5.0. 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul. Great painter. 3 A. L. S. folio, 
 2 or 3 pages, at prices varying from £4.18.0 to £5.7.6. 
 
 Rupert, Prince. The great general. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 Bristol, July 5, 1645. Fine and rare. [Upcott.] 
 £8.10.0. 
 
 Sales, Saint Francis de. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, "a son al- 
 tesse serenissime." Sept. 17, 1611. Fine and ex- 
 cessively rare. £4.11.0. 
 
 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of. A. L. S. 4 pp. folio. 
 Farnham, Sept. 21, 1601. Fine and very interesting. 
 £6.10.0. 
 
 Saumaise, Claude de. Critic. A. L. S. 2]/^ pp. folio, 
 to M. du Puy. Leyden, Feb. 28, 1638. Fine. [Up- 
 cott.] £1.1.0. 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus. Philologist. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, to M. de St. Marthe. August 10, 1606. Fine. 
 £1.13.0.
 
 108 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter. Poet and novelist. A. L. S. 4to, 
 2pp. May 16, 1800, and A. L. S. 4to, 3 pp., March, 
 1802, to Cadell and Davies. Fine and interesting. 
 Each, £1.2.0. 
 
 Sforza, Ludovicus Marie. Surnamed "the Moor." A. 
 L. S. to Pandolphino. Milan, 1496. Excessively- 
 rare. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Somerset, Edward, Dtike of. Commonly styled "the 
 Protector." Beheaded in 1552. L. S. 1 p. folio, 
 to the Justices of the Peace. July, 1549. Fine and 
 rare. 16s. 
 
 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of. Beheaded in 
 1641. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. Dublin, Aug. 21, 1634. 
 [Upcott.] £7.7.6. 
 
 Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of. Nephew of Ed- 
 ward IV., and heir apparent to the throne. Beheaded 
 in 1513. A, L. S. 2 pp. folio, closely written, to 
 Thomas Killengworth. About the year 1506. Very 
 rare, if not unique. £7. 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo. Poet. Father of the great Tasso. 
 Letter subscribed and signed, 1 p. folio, to Speroni. 
 Vinegia, Agosto 19, 1559. Fine. [From the Hodges 
 Collection.] £1.6.0. 
 
 Vane, Sir Henry. Parliamentarian. Beheaded in 1662. 
 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to William II., Prince of Orange.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 109 
 
 Whitehall, Feb. 26, 1629. Fine and interesting. 
 
 £2.4.0. 
 Veronese^ Paolo Cagliari, called. Noted painter. A. 
 
 L. S. 1 p. folio, to his patron Marc Antonio Gandini. 
 
 Marzo 31, 1578. Good specimen. Very rare. £2. 
 The Same. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to his patron Gandini. 
 
 Very fine. £1.10.0. 
 Villeroy, Nicolas de Neufville de. Minister of State to 
 
 four French kings. A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, to King 
 
 Henri IV. Paris, Nov. 10, 1598. Fine, interesting, 
 
 and very rare. £1.6.0. 
 Vincent de Paul, Saint, A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, to M. Du 
 
 Festel. Breste, Nov. 28, 1642. In perfect condi- 
 tion and excessively rare. £5. 
 Wren, Sir Christopher. Architect. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 
 July 28, 1675. Fine, interesting, and excessively 
 
 rare. [Upcott.] £15. 
 York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of. Wife of James, Duke of 
 
 York; afterwards King James II. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 
 
 to her sister Lady Henrietta Hyde. York, Aug. 14, 
 
 [1666]. Very fine and extremely rare. [Upcott.] 
 
 £5.5.0. 
 
 Collection of Baron de Tremont 
 
 Louis Philippe Joseph, Baron de Tremont, was a 
 French prevet and an enthusiastic collector. He was
 
 110 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 born in the year 1779, and died in 1852. His collec- 
 tion was sold at auction in Paris; the first portion of it 
 in December, 1852, and the two succeeding portions in 
 February and April, 1853. The catalogue was pre- 
 pared with great care by M. Laverdet. It consists of 
 three parts numbering, respectively, 222, 151, and 196 
 8vo pages. The first part comprised 1482 items; the 
 second, 1200 items; and the third, 1337 items. A 
 majority of the items consisted of a single letter or docu- 
 ment; but frequently many names were grouped in a 
 lot. 
 
 While the collection was largely composed of names 
 of ordinary occurrence and small importance, it was 
 notable for its extensive series of persons who were 
 prominent in the French Revolution, and of noted 
 French actors and actresses; and especially for the 
 number and character of the letters of first importance 
 — and, frequently, of great rarity — that appear in the 
 first part of the catalogue. The following named are 
 certainly worthy of mention. 
 
 Alengon, Rene de Faloisy Due d\ Died 1492. Con- 
 fined by Louis XI. in an iron cage. Quittance signed, 
 on parchment. Tours, Juin 24, 1490. 
 
 Alexander VI., Roderic Borgia, Pope. L. S. on parch- 
 ment. To the King of France. Rome, Oct. 8, 1499.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 111 
 
 Anne de Bretagne. Queen of France. L. S. 1 p. 4to. 
 To my cousin the Prince de Rohan. Amboise, May 
 8, 1498. 
 
 Bassompierrej MarshaL 1579-1649. A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 folio. To Marshal de Breze. Sept. 17, 1643. 
 
 Bayard, Pierre — Seigneur du Terrail. The Chevalier 
 Sans peur et sans reproche. A. L. S. 2 pp. large folio, 
 to King Louis XII. Du camp de Payava, le 11' jour 
 d'Octobre. With certificate of genuineness from M. 
 Teulet, archiviste paleographe of the National Ar- 
 chives. 
 
 Beze, Theodore de. Illustrious reformer. A. L. S. 3 pp. 
 folio, to Vicomte de Turenne. Geneve, 9 Mars 1591. 
 
 Biron, Armand de Gontaut, Due de. Marshal of France. 
 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to the King. May 24, 1578. 
 
 Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas. Poet. 1636-1711. A. 
 L. S. IJ/^ pp. 4to. Paris, Samedi, 2 Juin. 
 
 Bonaparte y Madame. Mother of Napoleon. 1750- 
 1836. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. To her son Lucien. Paris. 
 27 Nivose. 
 
 Borgia, Ccesar. Natural son of Pope Alexander VI. 
 Died in 1507. L. S. 1 p. 4to, with autograph sub- 
 scription of two lines. To Pietro de Medici. Rome, 
 Dec. 8, 1472.
 
 112 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Boucicaut, Jean Le Maigre, Sire de. Marshal of 
 
 France. 1364-1421. Quittance signed, on parch- 
 ment. Nov. 29, 1395. 
 Bourbon, Matthieu de. Called "le grand batard." 
 
 Noted warrior. Quittance signed, on parchment. 
 
 July 20, 1499. 
 Bourbon, Charles II., Cardinal de. Proclaimed, by the 
 
 League, King of France, under the title of Charles X. 
 
 D. S. on parchment, 1 p. double folio. Angers, Feb. 
 
 4, 1570. 
 Camden, William. Historian. A. L. S. 1 p. folio (in 
 
 Latin). To Jacques Auguste de Thou. London, 
 
 July, 1596. 
 Caracchi, Ludovico. Eminent painter. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 
 folio. Bologna, 15 Feb. 1617. 
 Carignan, Thomas Francois de Savoie, Prince de. Great 
 
 warrior. 1596-1656. A. L. S. 1 p. small folio. 
 
 To S. A. R. Madame. 
 Catherine de Medicis, Queen of France. 1519-1589. 
 
 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. To her daughter, la Royne 
 
 Catolique. 
 Chapelain, Jean, Poet. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to. To M. 
 
 Colbert. Paris, July 14, 1661. 
 Charles V., King of France. 1337-1380. A. L. S. 
 
 ]/^ p. 4to. To Maitre Giles Malet, his valet de 
 
 chambre. Au boyz de Vicenez le XXP jour de
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 113 
 
 May. With M. Teulet's certificate of authenticity. 
 Very fine. 
 Charles F., Emperor of Germany. 1500-1558. A. L. 
 S. [in French] 3 pp. folio. To Philibert de Nassau, 
 Prince of Orange. 
 
 Charles VL, King of France. 1368-1422. D. S. with 
 one line autograph, oblong 4to. Abbeville, le 25 
 jour de May. 
 
 Charles VII.., King of France. 1407-1461. L. S. on 
 parchment. To Charles, Marquis de Baude. Nancy, 
 in Lorraine, le 4' jour d'Avril, 1445. 
 
 Charles VIII., King of France. 1470-1498. A. L. S. 
 1 p. oblong folio. To Mon chier et bien ame cousyn, 
 le Conte de Guyse. Montelzles-Tours, ce setiesme 
 jour d'Octtobre. Very fine. 
 
 Charles IX., King of France. 1550-1574. A. L. S. 
 
 I p. folio. To M. de la Mole. 
 
 Charles, Due de Bourgogne — surnamed le Temeraire. 
 1433-1477. A. L. S. 3^ p. folio. To M. de Grancey. 
 
 II aout. 
 
 Charles II., Due de Lorraine. Surnamed "the Great." 
 A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to the King. 1602. 
 
 Christian III., King of Denmark. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 Sept. 4, 1547. To Henri II., king of France.
 
 114 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Claude of France, wife of Francis I. 1499-1524. L. 
 
 S. 1 p. 4to. Blols, August 27. To the Surintendant 
 
 of Finances, Baron de Samblanjay. 
 demerit VII. , Pope. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Paolo de 
 
 Victorys. Florence, May 8, 1522. 
 Clement IX,, Pope. 1599-1669. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 
 Rome, March 30, 1664. 
 Coligny, Gaspard de Chastillon, Sire de. 1517-1572. 
 
 The illustrious leader of the Huguenots. A. L. S. 1 
 
 p. 4to. To M. de Plancy. Blois, Oct. 2. 
 Colonna, Vittoria — Marquise de Pescara. Celebrated 
 
 Italian lady. 1490-1541. A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, to 
 
 Cardinal de Trivulce. Lucques, Oct. 23, 1538. 
 
 Superb letter. 
 Coypel, Noel. Great painter. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 
 Paris, Aug. 30, 1696. 
 D^Albret, Jeanne. Queen of Navarre. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 
 folio. To Monsieur, frere du Roi. La Rochelle, 
 
 Feb. 4. 
 Descartes, Rene. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Pere Mersenne. 
 
 Amsterdam, Aug. 14, 1634. 
 Diane de Poitiers, Duchesse de Valentinois. Mistress 
 
 of King Henri H. 1499-1566. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, 
 
 to M. de Beaumont. Chalons, Juin 16. 
 Dunois, Jean, Comte de Longueville et de. Called "the 
 
 Bastard of Orleans." Companion in arms of Jeanne
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 115 
 
 d'Arc. 1402-1468. A. L. S. 3^ p. oblong folio. 
 
 To Madame de Dampierre. Saint Benoit, Sept. 20. 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England. 1533-1602. A. L. S. 
 
 2/^ pp. folio [in French], to King Henri III. 
 Elzevier, Abraham. Printer. Died in 1652. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, to Pere Mersenne. March 8, 1638. 
 
 Esirees, Gabrielle d\ The celebrated mistress of Henri 
 
 IV. A. L. S. folio, signed with her paraphe. To 
 
 Henri IV. 
 Estrees, Jeanne d\ Mistress of Henri IV. A. L. S. 1 
 
 p. folio. To Madame de Lannoye. 
 Francis /., King of Frafice. A. L. S. 4to. To the 
 
 Emperor Charles V. 
 Francis II., King of France. A. L. S. 1 p. large folio. 
 
 To the Constable Montmorency. 
 Frederic II. (the Great), King of Prussia. A. L. S. 2 
 
 pp. 4to, in verse and prose. To Voltaire. Potsdam, 
 
 May 24, 1750. 
 Galilei, Galileo. The great natural philosopher. 1564- 
 
 1642. A. L. S. folio. Padua, Jan. 5, 1601. 
 Galland, Antoine. Translator of the "Arabian Nights." 
 
 A. L. S. 4 pp. 4to. Aug. 22, 1706. To the Bishop of 
 
 Avanches. 
 Garcias Laso, or Garcilasso de la Vega. Eminent Span- 
 ish poet. 1505-1536. L. S., with autograph sub-
 
 116 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 scription of two lines. To Prince de Florence. 
 
 March 15, 1567. 
 Guicciardirii, Francisco. Noted historian. A. L. S. 
 
 1 p. folio. Milano, May 27, 1518. 
 Guise, Fra7igois de Lorraine, Due de. Assassinated by 
 
 Poltrot. 1519-1563. A. L. S. folio. To M. de 
 
 Tavannes. 
 Guise, Henri de Lorraine, Due de. Called "Balafre." 
 
 A. L. S. 1 p. large folio. To M. de Laussac. Oct. 1, 
 
 1581. 
 Guise, Henri //. de Lorraine, Due de. 1614-1664. A. 
 
 L. S. 3 pp. 4to. To his Eminence. Jan. 28, 1655. 
 Henri IL, King of France. A. L. S. folio. To Cardinal 
 
 de Lorraine. December 21. 
 Henry VI IF, King of England. A. L. S. 1 p. folio (in 
 
 French). To Queen Catherine de Medicis. 
 Ignatius Loyola, Saint. 1491-1566. A. L. S. large 
 
 folio, [in Latin]. To Nicolas de Furno. Rome, 
 
 10th day. 
 James I., King of England. A. L. S. 1 p. large folio. 
 
 To King Henri IV. Dec. 28, 1605. 
 Julius IF, Pope. A. L. S. 1 p. oblong 4to. To Lorenzo 
 
 de Medicis. July 10, 1473. 
 Lafontaine, Jean de. Fabulist. A. L. S. in prose and 
 
 verse, 1 p. small 8vo. To Mons. A. Chauny. April 
 
 29.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 117 
 
 Lavihalle, Princesse de. 1749-1792. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 
 large folio. To the King. Paris, Jan. 2, 1792. 
 La Tremoille, Louis IL, Sire de. Vicomte de Thouars. 
 
 Surnamed "le Chevalier sans reproche." 1460- 
 
 1525. L. S. 13^2 PP- large folio. To Vicomte de 
 
 Tavanne. 
 La Falliere, Louise Fran^oise de la Baume Le Blanc, 
 
 Duchesse de. Mistress of Louis XIV. 1644—1710. 
 
 A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, to M. de Verneuil. March 15. 
 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. Favorite of Queen 
 
 Elizabeth. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Lord Cecil. July 
 
 7, 1566. 
 Lenclos, Ayine de. Commonly called Ninon de Len- 
 
 clos. Famous French courtesan. 1615-1706. A. 
 
 L. S. 1 p. small 4to, to M. de Bourepaux. 
 Leo X., Pope. A. L. S. 1 p. oblong 4to. To his brother, 
 
 Pietro de Medicis. Nov. 5, 1492. 
 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. Celebrated German writer. 
 
 1729-1781. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. 
 Lorraine, Louis de Guise, Cardinal de. Celebrated 
 
 leaguer. 1527-1588. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to the 
 
 King. Avignon, May 26, 1572. 
 Louis VIL, King of France. 1120-1180. D. S. [in 
 
 Latin] on parchment, subscribed with his monogram, 
 
 1 p. large folio. 1173. [From the collection of M. 
 
 Alonmerque.]
 
 118 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Louis IX., King of France. 1215-1273. D. S. 4to, 
 on parchment [in Latin], signed with his monogram. 
 Aug. 1244. [From the Monmerque collection.] 
 
 Louis XIL, King of France. A. L. S. 2 pp. large folio, 
 to the Emperor Maximilien. Blois, Mai 10. 
 
 Louis XVL, King of France. A. L. S. 13^^ pp. 4to, to 
 the National Assembly. Dec. 31, 1791. 
 
 Luynes, Charles d'' Albert, Due de. Constable of France. 
 A. L. S. 1 p. large folio, to Comte de Tilliers. Abbe- 
 ville, Dec. 22, 1620. 
 
 Machiavelli, Niccolo. Famous Italian statesman and 
 writer. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Fr. Nigro. Aug. 31, 
 1523. 
 
 Marguerite de Valois, Queen of Navarre. Sister of 
 Francis I. Named "la Marguerite des Marguer- 
 ites." 1492-1549. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. To Madame 
 de Clermont. 
 
 Marguerite de France. Sister of Charles IX., and first 
 wife of Henri IV. 1552-1615. A. L. S. 3 pp. folio. 
 To the King, my husband. Chateau d'Usson, April, 
 1599. 
 
 Marie Stuart, Queen of Scots. 1542-1587. A. L. S. 
 1 p. large folio. Written from her prison to M. de la 
 Mothe de Vaingfield. September 22.
 
 EUROPEAN COELECTJONS, 119 
 
 Marie Antoinette^ Queen of Erance. Guillotined. A. 
 L. S. 1 full p. 4to, to the Princessc de Lamballe. 
 Nov. 17. 
 
 Marillac, Louis de, Comte de Beaumont. Marshal of 
 France. 1572-1632. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Car- 
 dinal Richelieu. Paris, March 12, 1629. 
 
 Mary /., Queen of England. "Bloody Mary." L. S. 
 1 p. oblong folio [in Latin]; also signed by her hus- 
 band, King Philip II. of Spain. To Cosmo de Medi- 
 cis. Westminster, Feb. 19, 1554. 
 
 Mezeray, Francois Eudes. Historian. 1610-1683. A. 
 L. S. 3 pp. 4to, to the Abbe Huet. Ce Mardi 4 
 Decembre. 
 
 Michel-Angelo Buonarotti. The grand painter. 1474- 
 1564. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Cardinal Trivulce. 
 Aug. 13. 
 
 Mignard, Pierre. Painter. 1610-1695. A. L. S. 1 
 p. 4to, to M. Garique. Versailles, July 15. 
 
 Moliere, Jean Baptiste Pocquelin. Famous dramatist. 
 1620-1673. D. S. on parchment, on the back of a 
 receipt for money. Also signed by the Minister Le 
 TelHer. June 30, 1660. 
 
 Montcalm de Saint Veran., Louis Joseph, Marquis de. 
 Killed at Quebec in 1759. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to I'Abbe 
 Donadieu. Au camp le 1" Septembre, en Flandre, 
 1755.
 
 120 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Montmorency, Anne de. Constable and Marshal of 
 France. 1493-1567. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to M. de 
 Villandry. 
 
 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, Duke of. English Admiral 
 and General. 1473-1554. Acquiesced in the ex- 
 ecution of his niece, Anne Boleyn. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 folio, 1527. 
 
 Pare, Ambroise. Father of French surgery. 1518- 
 1590. D. S. with his paraffe, on parchment. Dec. 
 1581. 
 
 Philippe Auguste [Philippe II.], King of France. 1165- 
 1223. D. S. with his monogram [in Latin] on parch- 
 ment. [From the Monmerque collection.] 
 
 Pius II., ^neas Piccolomini, Pope. 1404-1464. A. 
 L. S. 1 p. 4to [in Latin]. Jan. 15, 1450. 
 
 Poliziano, Angelo. Noted poet and historian. 1454- 
 1494. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, to Lorenzo de Medici. Pis- 
 tole, Sept. 12, 1478. 
 
 Portsmouth, Louise de Querouille, Duchess of. Noted 
 as the mistress of King Charles IL A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 4to, to M. Desmarets. Paris, Aug. 15, 1713. 
 
 Pulci, Luigi. Poet. 1432-1487. A. L. S. 1 p. 4to, 
 to Lorenzo de Medici. Sept. 8, 1474. 
 
 Rabelais, Francois. The great French satirical writer. 
 1485-1553. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, to Cardinal du 
 Bellay, Plaisance, Ic 13 Avril.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 121 
 
 Rantzau, Joseph, Comte de. Marshal of France. Died 
 in 1650. Celebrated in the Thirty Years' War. Suf- 
 fered fearful wounds. A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to, to Cardinal 
 Mazarin. Aug. 8, 1648. 
 
 Raphael Sanzio. The superb painter. 1483-1520. A 
 study of two heads of horses, with the arms of men, 
 sketched in ink; with 5 lines in his autograph. Dated 
 1510. [From the Donnadieu collection,] 
 
 Rene D'Anjou. "The good King Rene." 1408—1480. 
 A. L. S. 1 p. 4to. to Maitre Jehannot. Le flament 
 15 Octobre. 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul. Painter. A. L. S. [in Italian] 2 
 pp. folio, to M. DuPuy. Anvers, May 13, 1627. 
 
 Sales y Saint Francis de. 1567-1622. A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 folio, to Son Altesse. April 20, 1617. 
 
 Scala, Bartolomeo. Celebrated Italian poet and his- 
 torian. 1424-1497. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. Florence, 
 April 24, 1470. 
 
 Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin Chantal, Marquise, de. 1627- 
 1696. A. L. S. 2 pp. 4to [circa 1658]. Pour Mons. 
 Menage. 
 
 Sforza, Galeas Maria Visconti. Duke of Milan. 1444- 
 1476. Cruel and sanguinary Prince. A. L. S. 1 p. 
 oblong 4to, to Lorenzo de Medici. Aug. 12.
 
 122 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Sorel, Agnes. Mistress of Charles VII. 1410-1450. 
 
 A. L. S. }/2 P- oblong folio. To le Sire de la Varenne. 
 
 Le 18 jour d'Aout. 
 Straford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of. 1593-1641. A. 
 
 L. S. 1 p. folio, to his wife. York, Sept. 20, 1632. 
 Talbot^ John — Earl of Shrewsbury. Illustrious warrior. 
 
 1373-1453. A. L. S. 1 p. oblong folio. To Chas- 
 
 telain de la Motte Seurin. Ce 23 jour de May. 
 Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon. Noted Dutch Admiral. 
 
 1597-1653. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. May 24, 1644. 
 Urbain Fill., Pope. 1568-1644. A. L. S. 1 p. folio. 
 
 Rome, Feb. 14, 1592. 
 Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, called. Eminent painter. 
 
 1530-1588. A. L. S. 1 p. folio, to Sig. Marinetto. 
 
 Venice,Oct. 27, 1578. 
 Vinci, Leonardo da. Grand painter. 1452-1519. A 
 
 paper, 2pp. 4to, containing drawings by him and 
 
 twelve lines in his handwriting. 
 
 The Dawson Turner Collection. 
 
 One of the most noted collections of the 19th cen- 
 tury was that of Dawson Turner, F. R. S., F. S. A., etc., 
 formerly of Yarmouth, England, which contained up- 
 wards of forty thousand autograph letters or docu- 
 ments of persons of all nationalities and in all the ranks
 
 X 
 
 N. 
 
 \ 
 
 w 
 
 DAWSON TURNER
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 123 
 
 and walks of life, many of them being of first impor- 
 tance. After his death the collection was sold, by 
 auction, in London, in June, 1859. The sale catalogue 
 is an 8vo volume of 308 pages, with many plates of 
 fac-similes. Most of the important letters were in- 
 cluded in lots of large size; some of them being bound 
 volumes whose contents comprised items numbering, 
 respectively, 565, 1300, 1500, 2300, 9000 and 9100 
 letters and documents. 
 
 Among such a wealth of material it is not possible 
 to name more than a few of the most prominent names 
 to be found in the lists of the six largest series. They 
 specify A. L. S. folio or 4to of Dr. Arne [composer], 
 Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland [mistress of Charles 
 II.], Robert Boyle [philosopher], Duke of Buckingham 
 [assassinated by Felton], Sir Edward Coke, Capt. 
 James Cook, Rene Descartes, Robert Dudley, Earl of 
 Leicester, George Fox [the Quaker], Thos. Gainsbor- 
 ough [painter], Sir Christopher Hatton, King James 
 L, C. Jordaens [painter]. Duchess de la Valliere [mis- 
 tress of Louis XIV.], Lorenzo de Medici, Sir Isaac 
 Newton, Blaise Pascal, Richard Porson, Salvator Rosa 
 [painter]. Prince Rupert, Paul Veronese [painter], 
 Simon Vouet [painter]. Sir Francis Walsingham, and 
 Gen. James Wolfe; and of the following named English 
 poets, essayists, dramatists, historians, and miscel-
 
 124 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 laneous prose-writers, viz: Joseph Addison, Richard 
 Baxter, Robert Blair, Sir Thomas Browne, Robert 
 Burns, Lord Byron, Mrs. Centlivre, Charles Churchill, 
 Earl of Clarendon [historian of the Rebellion], William 
 Congreve, Daniel De Foe, John Dryden, Henry Field- 
 ing, John Gay Edward Gibbon, Dr. Sam. Johnson, Ben. 
 Jonson [autograph inscription signed, 1 page 4to], John 
 Keats, Sir W. Killegrew, Andrew Marvell, Matthew 
 Prior, Alex. Pope, Samuel Richardson, Nicholas Rowe, 
 John Selden, Percy B. Shelley, Tobias Smollett, Thomas 
 Southerne, Sir Richard Steele, Lawrence Sterne, Dean 
 Swift, James Thomson, Edmund Waller, Henry Kirke 
 White, and William WYcherly. 
 
 In many cases there were several — ^three or more — 
 letters of the same person. 
 
 The total sum realized for this immense collection, 
 including a considerable number of fine illuminated 
 manuscripts and valuable documents, was [what would 
 now be regarded as the paltry sum of] £6558. 
 
 The Collection of Mons. Lucas de Montigny, 
 
 Counsellor of the Prefecture of the 
 
 Department of the Seine. 
 
 In the year 1860, the collection of the late M. Lucas 
 de Montigny was disposed of at public sale in Paris.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS US 
 
 The sale was divided among sixteen sessions. The 
 catalogue is an 8vo volume of 550 pages, containing 
 2954 separate lots, many of which comprised a large 
 number of autographs. The size of the collection was, 
 therefore, very considerable. The catalogue describes 
 the pieces with great care, and frequently gives the 
 contents — especially of all letters of historical impor- 
 tance — either in full or in an abstract form. 
 
 The most notable series in this collection was that 
 of the leading persons in the French Revolution and 
 the "reign of terror." These were letters or documents 
 of nearly all the members of the Convention, and, in 
 addition, a very considerable number of orders of the 
 Committee of Safety for the arrest and imprisonment 
 of individuals or for setting them at liberty. Of special 
 importance, too, were the letters — about 148 in num- 
 ber — written by King Henry III. of France; and those 
 of Queen Catherine de Medicis — 41 pieces — to many of 
 her officials, in relation to the internal affairs of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 Apart from the autographs thus named, and some 
 correspondence of King Henry IV., the bulk of the col- 
 lection was made up of pieces of small moment. Real 
 rarities seldom occurred. 
 
 Of letters separately catalogued as A. L. S. folio or 
 4to, the following may be named: Charles, Cardinal
 
 126 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 de Bourbon [proclaimed King of France under the name 
 of Charles X.], Jean Chapelain [1595-1674], Diana of 
 France [1538-1619], Madame Elizabeth [sister of Louis 
 XVI.], Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma [1545-1592], 
 Francois Malherbe, poet [1555-1628], Marguerite de 
 Valois, Queen of France and Navarre [1552-1615], Gilles 
 Menage, poet [1613-1693], and Saint Vincent de Paul 
 [1576-1660]. 
 
 Among L. S. or D. S. worthy of mention, are 
 Charles, Constable of France [1489-1527], King Charles 
 V. of France [1337-1380], Diana of Poitiers [1499-1556], 
 Johan, Comte de Dunois [Bastard of Orleans, 1402- 
 1468], Henri D'Albret, King of Navarre [1503-1555], 
 Pierre Mignard, painter [1610 — 1685], Charles Le Val- 
 ois, Due d'Orleans [poet, father of Louis XIL, 1391- 
 1465], Ambroise Pare, surgeon [1510-1590], and Blaise 
 Pascal [1623-1662]. 
 
 The Collections of Mr. Young, Mr. John Dillon, 
 AND Mr. Samuel Addington. 
 
 A remarkably fine collection was disposed of when 
 that of Mr. Young came to the auction rooms in Lon- 
 don, in April, 1869. The catalogue numbered 125 
 pages, large 8vo, and embraced 1050 separate items, 
 **the whole in singularly fine condition, selected with
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS Ml 
 
 great care, solicitude and judgment, as to historical 
 and literary importance, from the various collections 
 that have been dispersed during the last forty years." 
 Among the few letters of first importance that space per- 
 mits to be named, mention should be made of the mem- 
 orable A. L. S. 2 pages folio of King Charles the First 
 to the Marquis of Ormond [quoted in full in another 
 chapter]; a characteristic A. L. S. 2 pages folio of Oliver 
 Cromwell to his son; and a most pathetic A. L. S. folio 
 of Sir Walter Raleigh, written while he was a prisoner 
 in the Tower. 
 
 As being of unusual occurrence, or as having ex- 
 ceptional interest, we may also name A. L. S. folio or 
 4to of Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, to Charles 
 IX.; Admiral Robert Blake; Sir Thos. Browne; George 
 VilHers, Duke of Buckingham, to Cardinal Richelieu 
 [1626]; William Camden [historian]; Catherine, Em- 
 press of Russia; Capt. James Cook [circumnavigator], 
 Abraham Cowley [poet]; Diana of Poitiers; John Dry- 
 den; Queen Elizabeth, to King Henry the Fourth, of 
 France; Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia; Robert Dever- 
 eux, Earl of Essex, to King Charles I.; Henry Fielding; 
 Jean de la Fontaine; Francis I,, King of France; Fran- 
 cis n., King of France; Oliver Goldsmith; Sir Matthew 
 Hale; James I., King of England, to Henry the Fourth, 
 of France; Sir Godfrey Kneller; Martin Luther; Niccolo
 
 128 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Macchiavelll; Mary, Queen of Scots; James, Duke of 
 Monmouth; James Graham, Marquis of Montrose; 
 Sir Isaac Newton ; Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumber- 
 land; Titus Oates; Johan van Olden Barneveldt [emi- 
 nent Dutch statesman]; Philip I., King of Spain; Reg- 
 inald, Cardinal Pole; Francois Rabelais [famous French 
 author]; Jean Racine; Rembrandt [the great painter]; 
 Cardinal Richelieu; Peter Paul Rubens; Johannes 
 Secundus [Latin poet]; John Selden [historian]; Sir 
 Philip Sidney; Benedict Spinoza [founder of modern 
 Pantheism]; Paul Veronese [painter]; Edmund Waller; 
 John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury; Cardinal 
 Wolsey, to the Archduchess of Parma, Regent of the 
 Netherlands; and Sir Henry Wotton. 
 
 The collection of Mr. John Dillon, sold in June, 
 1869, was, in its general character, very much like that 
 of Mr. Young, and, while slightly larger, was of about 
 the same importance. A number of its leading items 
 may be specified; such as A. L. S. folio or 4to of Francis 
 Bacon, Viscount St. Albans [Lord High Chancellor]; 
 Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux; many letters and poems 
 of Robert Burns; John Calvin [reformer]; Robert Cates- 
 by [chief of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators]; Charles 
 L, to his sister, the Queen of Bohemia; Charles II., to 
 Prince Rupert; Mr?. Susan Cibber [actress], to Garrick;
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 129 
 
 Pope Clement VIII., to Henry the Fourth, of France; 
 Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland [mistress of 
 Charles II.]; William Congreve [dramatist]; George 
 Fred. Cooke [tragedian]; Oliver Cromwell; Sir William 
 Davenant [poet]; Sir Francis Drake [D. S. on vellum]; 
 Erasmus of Rotterdam; Henry Fielding; George Fox 
 [the Quaker]; Francis I., King of France, to the Em- 
 peror Charles V.; John Gay [poet]; Oliver Goldsmith, 
 to Sir Joshua Reynolds; John Henderson [actor], to 
 Garrick; Henry the Fourth, King of France [5 letters]; 
 Henry VIII., King of England; Sir Edward Hyde, Earl 
 of Clarendon [historian], to Prince Rupert; Princesse 
 de Lamballe, to Louis XVI; Martin Luther; Marguer- 
 ite de Valois, wife of King Henry the Fourth, of France; 
 Marie Antoinette, to the Princesse de Lamballe; Mary, 
 Queen of Scots; James Graham, Marquis of Montrose; 
 Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland; Hugh Peters 
 [fanatic and regicide]; Sir Walter Raleigh; Nicholas 
 Rowe [dramatist]; Tobias Smollett; Thomas Southerne; 
 Emanuel Swedenborg; Dr. Jonathan Swift; James 
 Thomson [poet]; Edmund Waller; Gen. James Wolfe; 
 and William Wycherly [dramatist]. 
 
 In April, 1876, the collection of Samuel Addington, 
 Esq., was sold by auction. He appears to have been a 
 collector for a few years only. The fever had taken 
 violent possession of him at the time of the Young and
 
 130 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Dillon sales; where, having ample means to distance 
 all competitors, he bought a great part of the most 
 costly and valuable items then offered, at prices that 
 were considered very high. His collection was small, 
 but very choice. It consisted of 396 numbers only, 
 most of them containing a single letter or document. 
 To name the most valuable of its component parts 
 would be nearly to repeat very many of the names 
 specified in the accounts of the Young and Dillon col- 
 lections. The gross proceeds of the sale were £2151.8.6; 
 prices having fallen considerably below those paid by 
 Mr. Addington in 1869. 
 
 Mr. Hazlitt, in "Four Generations of a Literary 
 Family," speaks of him as "a noted and conspicuous 
 character in the auction rooms. A tall, imposing fig- 
 ure, with an inclination to stoop, illiterate, but having 
 the keenest and truest instinct for what was worth 
 having, whether prints, miniatures, books, manuscripts, 
 or coins. He was a bachelor, with some £15,000 a 
 year. He was perhaps the first to give prices totally 
 beyond record and example; declining to be beaten by 
 any other collector." 
 
 The Sensier Collection. 
 
 In February, 1878, the collection of Mr. Alfred 
 Sensier was sold at auction in Paris. He was born in
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 131 
 
 that city on Dec. 25, 1815, and died there on Jan. 7, 
 1877. In 1848 he received an official position under 
 the Minister of the Interior, which he held until 1872. 
 The great painters Theodore Rousseau, Jean Francois 
 Millet, and Narcisse Diaz were his intimate personal 
 friends. He commenced his collection at the age of 
 twenty, and continued to add to it, with intelligence, 
 taste and earnestness, until the time of his death. 
 
 The catalogue is a 4to volume of 117 pages, with 
 many fac-similes, prepared by Etienne Charavay; and 
 includes among its 782 items many of the leading names 
 in the series of Heads of Government, Statesmen, 
 French Revolution, Warriors, Savants, Writers, Ar- 
 tists, Composers of Music, and Noted Women. The 
 French Revolution series was particularly fine. 
 
 The Collection of M. Benjamin Fillon. 
 
 In 1878 the remarkable collection of M. Benjamin 
 Fillon was disposed of at public sale in Paris. The 
 catalogue was prepared with great care by Etienne 
 Charavay, and is very interesting and valuable as a 
 book of reference, inasmuch as it gives, in addition to 
 the notes descriptive of the autographs, a great number 
 of fac-similes. It consists of three 4to volumes, con- 
 taining, respectively, 239, 381, and 200 pages; and de-
 
 132 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 scribes 2986 autographs, all of which are choice, while 
 many of them are of extreme rarity. It may be inter- 
 esting to note some of the most important items, with 
 the prices at which they sold. 
 
 Savonarola, Girolamo. [1452-1498.] A. L. S. oblong 
 
 4to. Florence, Oct. 28, 1495. 600 francs. 
 Rabelais, Francois. L. S. 43^^ pp. folio. Rome, Jan. 
 
 28, 1536. 1000 francs. 
 Bacon, Francis. [1560-1626]. A. L. S. folio. "Fr. 
 
 Verulam, Cane." To the Marquis of Buckingham. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1619. 500 francs. 
 
 Galileo-Galilei. [1564-1642.] A. L. S. folio. March 
 4, 1635. Written from prison. 695 francs. 
 
 Pascal, Blaise. [1623-1662.] A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. 
 
 Jan. 1643. 1500 francs. 
 Malebranche, Nicolas. [1638-1715.] A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 
 4to. Paris, Dec. 5, 1713. 125 francs, 
 Newton, Sir Isaac. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. Aug. 12, 1719. 
 
 1500 francs. 
 Louis XI. A. L. S. oblong 4to. To Due d'Orleans. 
 
 500 francs. 
 Catherine de Medicis. A. L. S. 4 pp. folio. June 12, 
 
 1569. To Charles IX. 200 francs. 
 Marie Antoinette. A. L. S. small 4to. Jan. 31, 1775. 
 
 650 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 133 
 
 Marguerite de Valois [la Marguerite des Marguerites]. 
 
 A. L. S. folio. April 11, 1492. 100 francs. 
 Henry FIIL, King of England. A. L. S. J/^ p. folio. 
 
 To Margaret of Austria. 1000 francs. 
 Queen Elizabeth. A. L. S. folio. To Catherine de 
 
 Medicis. 1500 francs. 
 Cromwell, Oliver. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. Dec. 7, 1657. 
 
 To Cardinal Mazarin. 1105 francs. 
 Marie Stuart, Queen of Scots. A. L. S. folio. July 27, 
 
 1568. To Catherine de Medicis. 450 francs. 
 Charles V., Emperor of Germany. A. L. S. X]/^ pp. 
 
 folio. June 7, 1525. To Francis I., of France. 555 
 
 francs. 
 Philip II., of Spain. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio. Dec. 16, 
 
 1578. To Pope Gregory XIII. 85 francs. 
 Richelieu, Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal. A. L. S. 
 
 4to. Sept. 29, 1628. To Marie de Medicis. 1000 
 
 francs. 
 Vespucci, Emerico. [1451-1512.] A. L. S. oblong 4to. 
 
 Florence, Oct. 18, 1476. To his father. 2600 francs. 
 Hawkins, Sir John. [English navigator.] A. L. S. 
 
 folio. Bedford, July 11, 1581. 180 francs. 
 Pico Delia Mirandola, Giovanni. [Philosopher.] A. L. 
 
 S. 3 pp. folio. Ferrare, May 15, 1492. 600 francs. 
 Ronsard, Pierre de. [Eminent poet. 1524-1585.] A. 
 
 L. S. 4to. 250 francs.
 
 134 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Francois de Sales, Saint. A. L, S. folio. Annecy, 
 
 May 8, 1610. 145 francs. 
 Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de. [1594-1655.] A. L. S. 
 
 23^2 PP- 4to. Rome, Jan. 11, 1621. 250 francs. 
 Scarron, Paul. [Comic poet.] A. L. S. 4to. 1660. 
 
 200 francs. 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. A. L. S. 23^2 PP- '^to. Aug. 28, 
 
 1692. 345 francs. 
 Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin de. P. S. 4to. Paris, 
 
 May 22, 1670. 300 francs. 
 Racine, Jean. A. L. S. 134 PP- 4to. May 16, 1692. 
 
 295 francs. 
 Le Sage, Alain Rene. [1668-1747.] A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 
 4to. 410 francs. 
 Prevost WExiles, Vahhe. [1697-1763.] A. L. S. 4pp. 
 
 4to. 460 francs. 
 Chenier, Andre Marie de. A. L. S. 13^^ pp. 4to. Lon- 
 don, Nov. 24, 1789. To his father. 700 francs. 
 Ariosto, Lodovico. A. L. S. foHo. Ferrare, June 6, 1519. 
 
 350 francs. 
 Colonna, Vittoria. [1490-1547.] A. L. S. ly^ pp. 
 
 foHo. 150 francs. 
 Tasso, Torquato. [1544-1595.] A. L. S. 23-^ pp. foHo. 
 
 Ferrare, June 21, 1575. 600 francs. 
 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. P. A. S. [3 Hnes]. \]/2 
 
 pp. folio. Feb. 4, 1593. 600 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTION t^ 135 
 
 Vega-Carpio^ Felix Lope de. [Spanish dramatic poet.] 
 P. A. S. 8 pp. small 4to. 399 francs. 
 
 Erasmus of Rotterdam. A. L. S. folio. Fribourg, Aug. 
 22. 150 francs. 
 
 Lecouvreur, Adrienne. [Tragic actress.] A. L. S. 43/2 
 
 pp. 4to. Paris, Jan. 10, 1730. 500 francs. 
 Stella^ Jacques. [Celebrated painter.] A. L. S. folio. 
 
 Rome, Feb. 19, 1633. 100 francs. 
 Fouet, Simon. [Celebrated painter.] A. L. S. 13/^ pp. 
 
 folio. May 21, 1621. 130 francs. 
 Mansart, Jules Hardouin, called. [Architect.] A. L. 
 
 S. 2 pp. folio. Clagn)^, Sept. 19, 1677. 300 francs. 
 Vanucci, Pietro. Called Le Perrugin. [Celebrated 
 
 painter.] A. L. S. folio. Florence, Aug. 16, 1504. 
 
 650 francs. 
 
 Buonarotti, Michel Angiolo. [The grand painter.] A. 
 L. S. }/2 page oblong 4to. [Jan. 25, 1545.] 500 
 francs. 
 
 Titian^ Vicelli Tiziano, called. A. L. S. folio. Rome, 
 Dec. 8, 1545. To the Emperor Charles V. 2000 
 francs. 
 
 Santi, Rafaele. P. S. 3^ P- 4to, with two lines auto- 
 graph. Rome, Jan. 1, 1515. 2000 francs. 
 
 Pippi, Giulio — called Giulio Romano. A. L. S. foHo. 
 April 30, 1541. 700 francs.
 
 136 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Cagliari, Paolo — called Paul Veronese. A. L. S. folio. 
 Venise, March 2, 1578. 225 francs. 
 
 Caracci, Lodovico. [1555-1619.] A. L. S. folio. 1616. 
 102 francs. 
 
 Cranachy Lucas. [Celebrated painter and engraver. 
 1472-1553.] A. L. S. 8vo. 400 francs. 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul. A. L. S. small folio. Rome, 
 April 28, 1607. 380 francs. 
 
 Jordaens, Jakob. [1594-1678.] A. L. S. 13^ pp. folio. 
 An vers, Nov. 8, 1651. 360 francs. 
 
 Van Dyck, Anthony. L. S. 2 pp. folio. Paris, Nov. 16, 
 1641. 420 francs. 
 
 Rembrandt. A. L. S. folio. To Constantin Huygens. 
 800 francs. 
 
 Rameau, Jean Phil. [Noted composer.] A. L. S. 4to. 
 June 29, 1754. 305 francs. 
 
 Lulli, Giambattista. [Composer.] P. A. S. [on vel- 
 lum] oblong 4to. June 3, 1684. 70 francs. 
 
 Cimarosa, Domenico. [Composer.] A. L. S. 2 pp. 
 folio. April 30, 1793. 250 francs. 
 
 Handel, Georg Friedrich. A. L. S. 3 pp. 4to. London, 
 
 Feb. 20, 1719. 910 francs. 
 Gluck, Christoph Willibald. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. 
 
 Paris, Nov. 16, 1777. 1135 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 137 
 
 Beethoven, Ludwig von. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to. Relative 
 
 to one of his compositions. Baden, 1810. 227 
 
 francs. 
 Ignatius de Loyola. [Founder of the Jesuits.] L. S. 2 
 
 pages 4to. Rome, Feb. 17, 1546. 3100 francs. 
 Reuchlin, Johann. [Reformer.] A. L. S. folio. May 
 
 7,1518. 1000 francs. 
 Luther, Martin. P. A. S. folio [on vellum]. Nov. 24, 
 
 1543. 1300 francs. 
 Zwingliy Ulrich. [Reformer.] A. L. S. 4to. Aug. 10, 
 
 1529. 1000 francs. 
 
 The Chambry Collection. 
 
 On March 7, 1881, there was sold, in Paris, a col- 
 lection that was considered one of the most notable in 
 France. It had belonged to M. Etienne Pierre Louis 
 Chambry, a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, who was 
 born Dec. 24, 1786, and died Oct. 15, 1871. He com- 
 menced his collection when he was a very young man, 
 and for years was a large purchaser at all the sales in 
 Paris. 
 
 The catalogue is an 8vo pamphlet of 90 pages, des- 
 cribing 674 separate items, the most important of which 
 is an A. L. S. IJ/2 pages 8vo of Pierre Corneille, the il- 
 lustrious French tragic poet, written to Pellisson.
 
 138 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 This autograph — bought by M. Chambry, in 1856, at 
 the Parison sale — is unique in private collections. 
 
 The catalogue was compiled by Etienne Charavay, 
 who closes a short preface by calling attention to the 
 fact that he had excluded from the sale certain letters 
 which, in the opinion of all the experts, were counter- 
 feit. They came from the famous genealogical cabinet 
 of Letellier — the prolific source of so many forgeries — 
 and included such names as Charles VII,, Agnes Sorel, 
 the Chevalier Bayard, Rabelais, Diana of Poitiers, 
 Bonnivet, Raphael, and Michel-Angelo. He also 
 excluded letters of Jean Racine, Louis XVI., and Marie 
 Antoinette; the geniuneness of which was doubted. 
 The sale produced 54,900 francs. 
 Among the gems of the collection, the following 
 autographs may be specified: 
 Amboise, Georges, Cardinal d\ The illustrious Prime 
 
 Minister of Louis XII. A. L. S. 2 pages folio. 160 
 
 francs. 
 Anne de Bretagne, Queen of France. A. L. S. folio. 
 
 205 francs. 
 Anne de France. Daughter of Louis XI. Regent of 
 
 France under Charles VIII. A. L. S. 4to. 205 francs. 
 Beauharnais, Josephine de. Empress of France. A. 
 
 L. S. 3 pages 8vo. To Vadier. Paris, 28 nivose an 
 
 II. 400 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 139 
 
 Bichat, Fr. Xavier. The creator of modern physiology. 
 
 A. L. S. 2J/2 pages 4to. 205 francs. 
 Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas. The great satiric poet. 
 
 A. L. S. 4to. Paris, May 25, 1673. 200 francs. 
 Bonaparte, Charles de. feather of Napoleon I. A. L. 
 
 S. [in ItaHan] l"^ pages 4to. Ajaccio, Nov. 7, 1784. 
 
 505 francs. 
 Cadoudal, Georges de. The celebrated Chouan chief. 
 
 A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. May 18, 1796. 200 francs. 
 Charles FIIL, King of France. L. S. folio, with 3 lines 
 
 autograph. 315 francs. 
 Charles IX., King of France. A. L. S. }^ page folio. 
 
 To his mother, Catherine de Medicis. 150 francs. 
 Chenier, Andre Marie de. The celebrated poet. A. L. 
 
 S. 4 pages 4to. To the King of Poland. Paris, 
 
 November 18, 1790. 1910 francs. 
 Claude de France. Queen of France. Wife of Francis 
 
 I. L. S. Y2 page 4to. 135 francs. 
 Coligny, Gaspard de. The illustrious admiral. Assas- 
 sinated. A. L. S. 134 pages folio. To the Queen of 
 
 Navarre. July 2, 1569. 600 francs. 
 Commynes, Philippe de. Illustrious historian. L. S. 
 
 folio, with 12 lines autograph. July 23, 1505. To 
 
 the Queen. 220 francs. 
 Corneille, Thomas. Celebrated dramatic poet. A. L. 
 
 S. 3 pages 8vo. Sept. 13, 1702. 600 francs.
 
 140 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Deshoulieres, Antoinette Ligier de la Garde. Celebrated 
 
 poet. [1638-1694.] A. L. S. 2}/^ pages 8vo. 500 
 
 francs. 
 Fabert, Abraham. Illustrious French marshal. A. L. 
 
 S. 2 pages 4to. July 2, 1657. To Cardinal Mazarin. 
 
 75 francs. 
 Fenelon, Francois de la Mothe Salignac. Archbishop 
 
 of Cambray. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to. Cambral, May 
 
 17, 1717. 300 francs. 
 Frangois I., King of France. A. L. S. J/^ page 4to. 
 
 April 4, 1526. To the Emperor Charles V. 100 
 
 francs. 
 Francois II., King of France. A. L. S. J^ page folio. 
 
 Sept. 10, 1552. To the king, his father. 210 francs. 
 Gluck, Christophe. The great composer. A. L. S. 4to. 
 
 April 1,1778. 5 10 francs. 
 Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la MoUe. Celebrated 
 
 mystic. Friend of Fenelon. P. A. S. \}/i pages 4to. 
 
 April 15, 1695. 105 francs. 
 Jeanne d^Albret, Queen of Navarre. A. L. S. ^ page 
 
 folio. To Monsieur. 
 LaFayeUe, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Com- 
 
 tesse de. Celebrated writer. A. L. S. 4to. Feb. 
 
 13, 1662. To Arnauld de Pomponne. 85 francs. 
 Lannes, Jean. Celebrated French marshal. A. L. S. 
 
 4to. Oct. 14, 1806. To Napoleon I. 150 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 141 
 
 La Rochefoucauld^ Frangois FLy Due de. The illus- 
 trious author of the "Maxims." A. L. S. \}/2 pages 
 4to. To Madame de Scudery. 
 
 La Sabliere^ Marguerite Hessin de. The celebrated 
 friend of La Fontaine. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to. To 
 PereRapin. 1010 francs. 
 
 La Falliere, Duchesse de. Celebrated mistress of Louis 
 XIV. A. L. S. 2 pages 8vo. 245 francs. 
 
 Lecouvreur, Adrienne. The great tragic actress. Auto- 
 graph letter (unsigned), IJ^ pages 4to. Jan. 10, 
 1730. 480 francs. 
 
 Lesage, Alain Rene, Author of "Gil Bias." A. L. S. 
 S}/2 pages 4to. Paris, June 18, 1715. 920 francs. 
 
 Louis XILy King of France. A. L. S. folio. To his 
 daughter. 500 francs. 
 
 Maratj Jean Paul. French revolutionist. A. L. S. 
 3^ pages folio. Paris, July 4, 1793. 325 francs. 
 
 Marguerite d'Angouleme, Queen of Navarre. Author 
 of the "Heptameron." A. L. S. 3^ page folio. To 
 Charles V. 205 francs. 
 
 Marie Stuart, Queen of Scots. A. L. S. 13^ pages folio. 
 Nov. 13, 1574. To the Archbishop of Glasgow. 
 1005 francs. 
 
 Massillon, J. B., Bishop of Clermont. Celebrated pul- 
 pit orator. A. L. S. 3 pages folio. Feb. 16, 1723. 
 300 francs.
 
 142 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Napoleon /., Emperor of France. A. L. S. 4to. Ajac- 
 cio, June 12, 1792. 600 francs. 
 
 Piccinni, Nicolas. Noted composer. A. L. S. 2^ 
 pages 4to. Oct. 22, 1782. 105 francs. 
 
 Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de. 
 A. L. S. ^ page 8vo. To Malesherbes. Oct. 18, 
 1752. 155 francs. 
 
 Prevost d^Exiles, Pabbe Ant. Fr. Author of "Manon 
 Lescaut." A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. Oct. 8, 1738. 
 200 francs. 
 
 Racan, Honorat de Bueil, Marquis de. Celebrated 
 poet. A. L. S. 4to. Dec. 16, 1665. 500 francs. 
 
 Rameau, J. Ph. Celebrated composer. A. L. S. 3^ 
 page 4to. June 7, 1758. 500 francs. 
 
 Ronsard, Pierre de. Celebrated poet. A. L. S. folio. 
 395 francs. 
 
 Saint Amant, Marc Antoine Gerard, Sieur de. Poet. 
 A. L. S. 2}4 pages folio. April 1, 1648. 660 francs. 
 
 Scarron, Paul. Noted writer. A. L. S. 1}^ pages 4to. 
 
 505 francs. 
 Vincent de Paul, Saint. A. L. S. 4to, 2 pages. Sept. 
 
 20, 1642. 300 francs. 
 
 Corneille, Pierre. The great tragic poet. A. L. S. IJ^ 
 pages 8vo. To Pellisson. 4000 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 143 
 
 The Bovet Collection. 
 
 One of the best collections that ever fell under the 
 hammer of the auctioneer was that of Alfred Bovet, 
 which was sold in Paris in 1887. The catalogue — 
 prepared by Etienne Charavay, with a very interest- 
 ing preface — is an unusually handsome 4to volume 
 of 880 pages, with hundreds of fac-similes. It enu- 
 merates 2138 separate items, representing the leading 
 names in most of the principal series. M. Bovet com- 
 menced the formation of this collection in the year 
 1869; and the earnestness and enthusiasm with which 
 he devoted himself to the pursuit of his hobby are 
 shown by the fact that in nineteen years he had ac- 
 quired this splendid aggregation of letters and docu- 
 ments, many of which had previously been in the noted 
 collections of Chambry, Tremont, Dubrunfaut, Fillon, 
 and Sensier. The following named items will exemplify 
 its general character. 
 
 Charles FL, King of France. L. S. oblong folio [on 
 vellum], 1368. 92 francs. 
 
 Charles FIL^ King of France. L. S. oblong 4to. 56 
 francs. 
 
 Francis /., King of France. A. L. S. 4to. To the Em- 
 peror Charles V. 255 francs.
 
 144 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Catharine de Medicis. A. L. S. folio, 1583. To Mary, 
 
 Queen of Scots. 610 francs. 
 Desmoulins, Camille. A. L. S. 4to, 1790. To his 
 
 father. 100 francs. 
 Dunois, Jean d' Orleans, Comte de. Called "the bastard 
 
 of Orleans." [1402-1468.] A. L. S. oblong 4to. 
 
 500 francs. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon. A. L. S. 4to, 1793. 1000 francs. 
 Sickingen, Franz von. Noted soldier and Protestant. 
 
 Friend of Luther. A. L. S. folio, 1519. 720 francs. 
 Wallenstein, Alhrecht Wenzel Eusehius von. The great 
 
 general in the Thirty Years' War. A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1619. 200 francs. 
 Garcia de Paredes, Don Diego. Noted Spanish general, 
 
 surnamed "the Spanish Bayard." A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1512. To Ferdinand, King of Spain. 495 francs. 
 Galilei, Galileo. A. L. S. folio, 1601. 690 francs. 
 Cook, Capt. James. Explorer. A. L. S. 4to, 1776. 
 
 100 francs. 
 Vancouver, George. Explorer. A. L. S. 4to, 1797. 
 
 110 francs. 
 Ronsard, Pierre de. Noted poet. [1524-1585.] A. L. 
 
 S. 4to. 330 francs. 
 Francois de Sales, Saint. [1567-1622.] A. L. S. 13^ 
 
 pp. folio. July 31, 1613. To the Duke of Savoy. 
 
 260 francs.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 145 
 
 Corneille, Pierre. D. S, folio. 1663. 1785 francs. 
 Scarron, Paul. Poet. A. L. S. 4to, 1660. 300 francs. 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. [1621-1695.] A. D. S. 4to. 
 
 100 francs. 
 Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, Called. [1622-1673.] 
 
 D. S. 3H pp. folio, 1670. 2500 francs. 
 Malebranche, Nicolas. [1638-1715.] A. L. S. 4 pp. 
 
 4to, 1714. 130 francs. 
 Le Sage, Alain Rene. [1668-1747.] A. L. S. 6 pp. 4to, 
 
 1715. 1010 francs. 
 Prevost D'' Exiles, Pabbe Antoine Francois. [1697-1763.] 
 
 A. L. S. 3pp. 4to, 1735. 260 francs. 
 Chenier, Andre Marie de. Poet. [1762-1794.] A. L. 
 
 S. IJ^ pp. 4to, 1789. To his father. 810 francs. 
 Reuchlin, Johann. Reformer. A. L. S. folio, 1518. 
 
 1200 francs. 
 Luther, Martin. A. L. S. oblong 4to, 1526. 1000 
 
 francs. 
 Hutten, Ulrich von. Friend and pupil of Luther. A. L. 
 
 S. folio, 1520. 1210 francs. 
 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. [1729-1781.] A. L. S. 
 
 3}4 PP- 4to, 1767. 700 francs. 
 Byron, Lord. The English poet. A. L. S. 4to, 1820. 
 
 200 francs. 
 Shelley, Percy B. A. L. S. 23^ pp. 4to, 1820. To 
 
 Lord Byron. 500 francs.
 
 146 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius. A. L. S. Xy'z PP- folio, 1527. 
 
 360 francs. 
 Mignard, Pierre. Painter. [1612-1695.] A. L. S. 
 
 2 pp. folio, 1693. 235 francs. 
 Greuze, Jean Baptiste. Painter. [1725-1805.] A. L. 
 
 S. 4to, 1766. 250 francs. 
 Duquesne, Abraham. Illustrious naval officer. [1610- 
 
 1688.] A.L. S.4to, 1661. 80 francs. 
 Lenclos, Ninon de. Celebrated courtesan. [1620-1705.] 
 
 A. L. S. lY^ PP- 8vo. 300 francs. 
 La Vallierey Madame de. Mistress of Louis XIV. A. 
 
 L. S. 23^ pp. 8vo. 330 francs. 
 Pompadour, Marquise de. Mistress of Louis XV. A. 
 
 L. S. 8vo. 300 francs. 
 Corday, Charlotte. A. L. S. 4to, 1789. 400 francs. 
 
 The Collection of Count Paar. 
 
 The collection of Ludwig, Count Paar, which was 
 sold in Berlin in March, 1893, was said, at the time, 
 to be of such a character that its equal would not be 
 seen at auction for many years to come. This was the 
 opinion generally expressed by the dealers; and the 
 prices that were realized for the more important items, 
 though then thought to be extremely high, would 
 probably be considered quite reasonable to-day.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 147 
 
 The catalogue is a pamphlet of 255 pages, with 
 many facsimiles, enumerating 2074 items, embracing 
 the series of Royalty, Warriors, Statesmen, the Re- 
 formation, Scientists, Poets and Prose-writers, Com- 
 posers of music. Painters and Sculptors, Celebrated 
 Women, Popes, and Saints. Some of these series — 
 as, for instance, those of the Reformation and the Thirty 
 Years' War — were particularly fine. The following 
 names are worthy of special mention. 
 Christian II. [King of Denmark. "The Nero of the 
 North"]. L. S. 3 pp. folio, 1525. 50 marks. 
 
 Bianca Capello [wife of Francesco de Medici. Cele- 
 brated for her beauty and her adventures]. L. S. 
 4to, 1584. 56 marks. 
 
 Peter the Great [Sovereign of Russia]. A. L. S. 4to, 1720. 
 400 marks. 
 
 Philip II. [King of Spain]. A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, 1593. 
 To Pope Clement VIII. 200 marks. 
 
 Wallenstein, Albrecht, Graf von [the great general of 
 
 the Thirty Years' War]. A. L. S. folio, 1619. 300 
 
 marks. 
 Gotz von Berlichingen [1480-1562. Celebrated German 
 
 soldier]. A. L. S. oblong 4to. 235 marks. 
 Hofer, Andreas [Tyrolese patriot]. A. L. S. folio, 1809. 
 
 143 marks.
 
 148 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Sickingen, Franz von [celebrated German soldier and 
 
 Protestant reformer]. A. L. S. folio, 1520. 415 
 
 marks. 
 Borgia, CcBsar [son of Pope Alexander VI . and brother 
 
 of Lucretia Borgia]. D. S. oblong folio, 1503. 150 
 
 marks. 
 Doria, Andrea [Illustrious Genoese admiral]. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1545. 86 marks. 
 Robespierre, Maximilien [French Rev^olution]. A. L. S. 
 
 4 pp. 4to, 1790. 291 marks. 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 4to, 1799. 130 marks. 
 Calvin, Jean [Reformer]. A. L. S. 21/3 pp. folio, 1545. 
 
 365 marks. 
 Erasmus, Desiderius. A. L. S. 3 pp. folio, 1528. 555 
 
 marks. 
 Hutten, Ulrich von [German poet and Protestant re- 
 former. 1488-1523]. A. L. S. 4to. 590 marks. 
 Luther, Martin. A. L. S. folio, 1519. 650 marks. 
 Melancthon, Philipp [Luther's friend]. A. L. S. 3 pp. 
 
 folio, 1552. 150 marks. 
 Peutinger, Conrad [Protestant reformer]. A. L. S. 3 pp. 
 
 folio, 1522. 410 marks. 
 Pirkheimer, Wilihald [Protestant reformer]. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1519. 335 marks. 
 Reuchlin, Johann [Protestant reformer]. A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1518. 580 marks.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 149 
 
 Zwingli, Ulrich [Protestant reformer]. A. L. S. folio, 
 1524. 630 marks. 
 
 Kepler^ Johannes [Astronomer]. A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 
 1613. 350 marks. 
 
 Mercator, Gerard Kaufmann, called [the great Geogra- 
 pher]. A. L. S. folio, 1577. 402 marks. 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict [1632-1677. Philosopher]. A. L. S. 
 2 pp. 4to, 1675. 1100 marks. 
 
 Frank, Sebastian [1500-1545. German prose-writer]. 
 A. L. S. 2 pp. folio, 1533. 152 marks. 
 
 Aretino, Pietro[poQt\. A. L. S. folio, 1553. 850 marks. 
 
 Mendoza, Don Inigo Lopez de [Spanish poet]. D. S. 
 folio, on vellum, 1452. 205 marks. 
 
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus [the great Composer]. A. 
 L. S. 2 pp. 4to, 1781. 420 marks. 
 
 Buonarotti, Michel Angiolo, called Michel- Angelo. 
 A. D. S. of 3 lines, on the back of a document signed 
 by Pope Leo X. 3 pp. folio, 1518. 1850 marks. 
 
 Durer, Albrecht [the great Painter], Autograph docu- 
 ment, 16 lines, oblong folio, 1518. 585 marks. 
 
 Pippi, Giulio — called Giulio Romano [1492-1546. 
 Painter]. A. L. S. 1}^^ pp. folio, 1541. 500 marks. 
 
 Titian [the illustrious Painter]. A. L. S. folio, 1548. 
 To King Ferdinand I. 1825 marks. 
 
 Lucretia Borgia [One of the great celebrities of Italian 
 history]. A. L. S. folio. 1800 marks.
 
 150 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Colonna, Vittoria — Marchesa di Pescara [1490-1547. 
 Noted for her intellect, beauty and virtues]. A. L. 
 S. 2 pp. folio. 505 marks. 
 
 Marguerite de Valois [Queen of Navarre. Author of 
 the ^'Heptameron"]. A. L. S. folio. 1050 marks. 
 
 Leo X. [Pope]. A. L. S. folio, 1492. 75 marks. 
 
 SaieSj Saint Francis de [1567-1622]. A. D. S. folio, 
 1614. 40 marks. 
 
 Collection of Alexander Meyer Cohn. 
 
 Among the private collections of autographs 
 formed in Germany during the latter half of the 19th 
 century, that of Alexander Meyer Cohn held first rank. 
 He was a resident of Berlin, born in 1853, and was a 
 most energetic and intelligent collector. When he 
 died, in 1904, he left, as part of his worldly possessions, 
 a truly magnificent gathering of autographs. It was 
 offered for sale at auction, in Berlin, in two parts; the 
 first on Oct. 23-28, 1905, and the second on Feb. 5-10, 
 1906. The catalogues are two 4to volumes which, 
 together, contain 316 pages, enumerating 3437 items, 
 with very many facsimiles. The entire sale, including 
 an important lot of modern political documents which 
 were sold to the German government, realized a total 
 of more than 300,000 marks.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 151 
 
 From this wealth of material the following names 
 are selected, as being of unusual occurrence or of special 
 note. 
 Friedrich V.^ King of Bohemia ["The Winter King"]. 
 
 A. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1618. 295 marks. 
 Friedrich Wilhelm. The great Elector of Brandenburg. 
 
 A. L. S. folio, 1671. 560 marks. 
 Catharine of Aragon. Queen of Henry VIII. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1531. 1150 marks. 
 Edward VL, King of England. D. S., 1548. 1150 
 
 marks. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. A. L. S. 13^ pages folio, 1796. 
 
 2510 marks. 
 
 William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. [Called "the 
 
 Silent."] A. L. S. 4 pages folio, 1561. To Count 
 
 Egmont. 405 marks. 
 Catherine II., Empress of Russia. A. L. S. 4to, 1760. 
 
 400 marks. 
 Desmoulins, Camille. A. L. S. 4to. An. III. 411 
 
 marks. 
 Brant, Sebastian [Writer]. A. L. S. folio, 1505. 440 
 
 marks. 
 Luther, Martin. A. L. S. folio, 1525. 1400 marks. 
 Goethe, Johann W. von. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 1780. 
 
 801 marks.
 
 152 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Grillparzer, Franz. Dramatist. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 
 
 1819. 551 marks. 
 Kant, Immanuel. Philosopher. A. L. S. 4to, 1770. 
 
 335 marks. 
 Kleist, Heinrich von. Poet. A. L. S. 4to, 1810. 490 
 
 marks. 
 Mendelssohn, Moses. Philosopher. A. L. S. 4to, 1779. 
 
 255 marks. 
 Danneker, Johann Heinrich von. Sculptor. A. L. S. 
 
 4to, 1797. 715 marks. 
 
 Chenier, Andre Marie de. Poet. A. L. S. 4to, 1789. 
 780 marks. 
 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. A. L. S. 3 pages 8vo, 1656. 600 
 marks. 
 
 Le Sage, Alain Rene [1668-1747]. A. L. S. 6 pages 4to, 
 1715. 955 marks. 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict de [1632-1677]. Eminent philos- 
 opher. A. L. S. 4to, 1675. 1175 marks. 
 
 Calderon de la Barca, Don Pedro. Eminent Spanish 
 poet. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1635. 1410 marks. 
 
 Cranach, Lucas. Eminent painter. A. L. S. folio, 
 1538. 810 marks. 
 
 Jordaens, Jakob. Painter. A. L. S. folio, 1649. 1150 
 marks. 
 
 Rembrandt. The great painter. A. L. S. folio, 1639. 
 7000 marks.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 153 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1627. 1500 
 marks. 
 
 Raphael. The illustrious painter. A. D. S. [2 lines] 
 folio, 1514. 1000 marks. 
 
 Titian. The great painter. A. L. S. folio, 1548. 1910 
 marks. 
 
 Gluck, Christoph Willibald. Composer of music. A. L. 
 
 S. 3 pages folio, 1769. 4000 marks. 
 Lasso, Orlando [1532-1594]. Composer of music. A. 
 
 L. S. 3 pages folio. 2050 marks. 
 
 Mozart, Wolfgang Aviadeus. A. L. S. 4to, 1788. 1105 
 marks. 
 
 Geibel and Herz Collections 
 In 1911, the collections of Dr. Carl Geibel, of Leip- 
 zig, and Carl Herz v. Hertenried, of Vienna, were sold 
 at auction in Leipzig. They were remarkable chiefly 
 for letters of men noted in connection with the Refor- 
 mation, and of some of the great painters and com- 
 posers of music. The following names may be men- 
 tioned as among those that commanded the highest 
 prices : 
 
 Berlichingen, Gbtz von [1480-1562]. A. L. S. 4to. 580 
 marks. 
 
 Eck, Johann Maier [1486-1543]. A. L. S. folio. 720 
 marks.
 
 154 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius [1467-1536]. A. L. S. folio. 810 
 marks. 
 
 Luther, Martin. A. L. S. 43^2 pages folio. 102,000 
 marks. 
 
 [Note. — This letter was bought for J. Plerpont Morgan, the New York 
 banker, who presented it to the German Kaiser. It was written to the Emperor 
 Charles V., defending the position he [Luther] had taken at the Diet of Worms. 
 Its contents were such that no one dared to deliver it to the Emperor. It is safe 
 to say that such an enormous price was never before paid for any autograph.] 
 
 Bora, Katharma von [Luther's wife]. A. li. S. IJ^ 
 pages folio, 1546. Written to her sister. 6000 
 marks. 
 
 Sickingen, Franz von [1481-1523]. A. L. S. 2}/2 pages 
 folio, 1521. 560 marks. 
 
 Zwingli, Ulrich. A. L. S. 33^ pages folio, 1528. 3200 
 marks. 
 
 Rubens, Peter Paul [Painter]. A. L. S. 21/0 pages folio, 
 1628. 1520 marks. 
 
 Rafaele Santi [1483-1520]. A. L. S. 4to, 1514. 1560 
 
 marks. 
 Mozart, Wollgang Amadeus. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1789. 
 
 1505 marks. 
 
 The Huth Collection. 
 
 The small collection formed by Mr. Henry Huth, 
 and sold in London on June 12 and 13, 1911, realized
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 155 
 
 prices so far in excess of any that had been previously 
 obtained, or that were believed to be warranted by 
 the rarity of the pieces, as to be truly astonishing. 
 
 Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt, in his "Four Generations 
 of a Literary Family," says: — "Henry Huth was a 
 gentleman, a scholar, and a linguist — affable, kind and 
 unostentatious. He was born in 1815, and succeeded 
 his father, Frederick Huth, in the firm of F. Huth & 
 Co., carrying on a very extensive and profitable mer- 
 cantile business. A great book collector, possessing a 
 fair knowledge of the contents of books, and a master 
 of several languages, he accumulated, in the course of 
 many years, an exceedingly valuable library, largely 
 from the Daniel and Corser sales. His wealth, coupled 
 with the fact that prices were vastly lower in the 1860s. 
 and 70s. than they now are, enabled him to do this. 
 He died in December, 1878, from the effects of a fall 
 in his own home, which fractured his skull. His 
 library and manuscript letters and documents passed 
 into the hands of his son, who made numerous addi- 
 tions to them." 
 
 The catalogue of the collection is a pamphlet of 
 43 pages, with many facsimiles, and describes 246 
 separate items, which produced the remarkable total 
 of £13166. An article in the London "Times," com- 
 menting on the sale, makes the statement that the
 
 156 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 whole collection cost very little over £2000 between 
 the years 1862 and 1880; and gives, in many instances, 
 the particular prices paid by Mr. Huth. 
 
 The following names will exemplify the general 
 character of the collection, and will show the vast 
 difference between the prices paid, and those received, 
 for some of the principal letters. 
 
 Burns, Robert. Autograph manuscript of the famous 
 cantata of "The Jolly Beggars," 3 pages folio. £490. 
 
 Defoe, Daniel. A. L. S. 1 page 4to, 1704. Signed 
 "D. F." £295. 
 
 Dryden, John. (Poet.) A. L. S. 4to, 1698. £200. 
 
 Edward IV. [King of England] and his brother Ed- 
 mund. Letter on paper, in Latin, signed by both, 
 1 page oblong folio. London, Dec. 10, 1460. £130. 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £16.15 at the Addington sale.] 
 
 Elizabeth [Queen of England]. A. L. S., 3 pages folio. 
 To Henry IV., of France. £365. 
 
 Galileo [the great astronomer]. A. L. S. X]/^ pages 
 
 folio, 1635. £116. 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. A. L. S. 23^2 pages 4to. To Sir 
 
 Joshua Reynolds. £280. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £17.17 at the Dillon sale.] 
 
 Katherine of A rr agon [Queen of Henry VIII.]. A. L. S. 
 3 pages folio, Buckden, Feb. 8, 1534. To the Em-
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 157 
 
 peror Charles V., on the subject of her divorce. 
 £800. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £26 at Puttick & Simpson's, in 
 1862.] 
 Katherine Parr [Queen of Henry VIII.]. L. S. I page 
 oblong folio. £175. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £27 at Puttick & Simpson's in 
 1862.] 
 
 Keats, John [Poet]. A. L. S. 3J^ pages 4to, 1818. To 
 his publisher, relating to the proof sheets of "Endy- 
 mion." £450. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £27.] 
 Lambj Charles. Autograph manuscript of his Essay 
 "Grace before Meat." 63^^ pages folio, signed 
 "EHa." £455. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £5.2.6.] 
 Luther, Mart 171. A. L. S. 134 pages folio, 1525. To 
 John, Duke of Saxony. £495. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £14 at the Addington sale.] 
 Mary Tudor [Queen of England]. A. L. S. folio, 1557. 
 To the Emperor Charles V. £420. 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £81]. 
 Mary, Queen of Scots. A. L. S. folio, 1586. Written 
 to the French Ambassador while she was in captivity 
 atChartley. £1025. 
 
 [Cost Air. Huth 2 guineas at Puttick & Simpson's 
 in 1862.]
 
 158 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter. A. L. S. folio. Written from the 
 Tower to Sir Walter Cope, begging that his wife 
 might be allowed to share his captivity. £520. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £84 at the sale of the Young col- 
 lection in 1869.] 
 
 Shelley, Percy B. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1821. To 
 Joseph Severn, on John Keats and "Adonais." 
 £770. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £6.12.] 
 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 3}^ pages 4to, 1788. To 
 Sir Edward Newenham. £71. 
 
 [Cost Mr. Huth £9.15 at the Addington sale.]
 
 CHAFFER X 
 
 The Collection Formed by Alfred Morrison.' 
 
 IN previous chapters mention has been made of a 
 number of the leading European collections which, 
 in successive decades since 1846, have gone to 
 public sale. While it might be interesting to give 
 a similar detailed notice of other great collections, it 
 is not possible to do so within the limits assigned to 
 the present book. There is, however, one collection — 
 part of which has lately been sold at auction, where 
 the remaining and larger part is shortly to be sold — 
 that far exceeds in importance and value any other of 
 which we have knowledge. It is that of Alfred Morri- 
 son, a London merchant of great wealth, who was born 
 in 1821 and died in 1897. The "Dictionary of National 
 Biography" contains a notice of him. After speaking 
 of what he had accomplished as "a devoted and dis-
 
 160 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 criminating collector," it goes on to say: — "The chief 
 occupation of the last thirty years of his life was the 
 accumulation of an extraordinary collection of auto- 
 graphs and letters, perhaps never rivalled by any 
 private person, no less remarkable for its extent than 
 for its completeness and historical and literary interest. 
 It contains every kind of epistolary document dealing 
 with politics, administration, art, science, and litera- 
 ture, ranging from the fifteenth to the nineteenth 
 centuries, and especially relating to the public and 
 private life of monarchs, statesmen, and other persons 
 of mark of all European countries, particularly Great 
 Britain, France, and Italy. Many of the manuscripts 
 are of great importance. The correspondence between 
 Nelson and Lady Hamilton was for the first time fully 
 printed in his catalogue. The papers of Sir Richard 
 Bulstrode, who died in 1711 at the age of 101, contain 
 his news-letters, which may be looked upon as a com- 
 panion to, and a continuation of, Pepys's 'Diary.' . . . 
 He was a man of fastidious taste, of retiring disposition, 
 and of wide information on the subjects in which he 
 was interested." 
 
 He printed for private distribution six sumptuous 
 volumes, large 4to, with numerous facsimiles, in which 
 a large part of his chief treasures are described; and, 
 in addition, seven volumes, large 8vo. To say of these
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS \(>\ 
 
 treasures that they are truly wonderful, and that they 
 never could have been acquired by any one who did 
 not couple persistent endeavor with the possession of 
 immense wealth, is to speak entirely within bounds. 
 If a great rarity appeared for sale anywhere in Europe, 
 his order was to buy it, irrespective of price. And 
 so there are here gathered together the gems of all the 
 principal collections that have been dispersed since 
 the year 1865. No great name that was obtainable is 
 absent from this goodly company; many names of first 
 importance are represented by from two to ninety 
 letters, instead of the single letter or document with 
 which most collectors would be fully satisfied; and 
 here and there we find a specimen that is unique in 
 private hands. Add to all this the fact that the con- 
 tents of very many of the letters are of historical im- 
 portance; and we shall not hesitate to admit that this 
 collection combines all the elements that contribute to 
 make it one of surpassing excellence. It was left by 
 Mr. Morrison to his wife, still living; by whose order it 
 is to be dispersed. 
 
 The first portion of the collection is described in a 
 catalogue of 119 pages, embracing 771 items, issued by 
 Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, the auctioneers. The 
 sale took place on Monday, Dec. 10, 1917, and the four 
 following days, and produced the sum of £12606.2.0.
 
 162 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The catalogue of the second portion — sold on 
 Monday, April 15, 1918, and the four following days — 
 is a pamphlet of 169 pages, naming 997 items, which 
 produced a total of £15009.14.0. 
 
 The larger part of the collection remains for sale 
 hereafter. The prices realized for a few of the rarest 
 and most valuable autographs disposed of at the two 
 sales named will now be stated. 
 
 AlmagrOy Don Diego de. Accompanied Pizarro and 
 Cortez to America. Conquered Chili. A. L. S. 
 2 pages folio. Peru, Jan. 1, 1535. To the Emperor 
 Charles V. £76. 
 
 Alva, Fernando, Duke of. The cruel Spanish general. 
 A. L. S. 4 pages folio. 1567. £31. 
 
 Ariosto, Lodovico. The great Italian poet. A. L. S. 
 folio. Ferrara, June 6, 1519. £45. 
 
 Artaignan, Comte d\ The original of Dumas' hero. 
 
 A. L. S. 4 pages 4to. Dec. 24, 1658. To Cardinal 
 
 Mazarin. £23. 
 Borgia, Lucrezia. L. S. folio. Rome, Nov. 20, 1501. 
 
 £64. 
 Browne, Sir Thomas. Physician and author. A. L. S. 
 
 folio. Jan. 21, 1659. To John Evelyn. £45. 
 Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of. A. L. S. 
 
 folio. 1626. To Cardinal Richelieu. £31.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 163 
 
 Buo7iarotii, Michel Angela. A. L. S. oblong 4to. 1545. 
 
 £36. 
 Cagliari^ Paolo. Called Paolo Veronese, A. L. S. 
 
 folio. Dec. 20, 1577. £31. 
 Castiglioney Baldassare. Friend of Raphael. A. L. S. 
 
 3 pages folio. Rome, 1521. £28. 
 Catesby, Robert. The chief contriver of the Gunpowder 
 
 Plot. A. L. S. 34 page folio. £26. 
 Cervantes de Saavedra, Miguel. Author of Don Quixote. 
 
 D. S. 114 pages folio, Feb. 4, 1593. £270. 
 Charles I. A. L. S. folio. May 29, 1630. To Marie 
 
 de Medicis. Announcing the birth of the future 
 
 Charles II. £98. 
 Charles I. A. L. S. 13^ pages folio. Cardiff, July 31, 
 
 1645. To the Marquis of Ormond. Extremely 
 
 important. £160. 
 Colon, Don Diego. Eldest son of the great Columbus. 
 
 D. S. 5 pages folio. To the Emperor Charles V. 
 
 Historically important. £106. 
 Cook, Ja^nes. Celebrated navigator. A. L. S. 4to. 
 
 1776. £36. 
 Corneille, Pierre. The great French poet. A. L. S. 
 
 \}/2 pages 8 vo. £135. 
 Cromwell, Oliver. A. L. S. 2 pages folio. July 5, 1644. 
 
 Important. £300.
 
 164 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Defoe, Daniel. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to. Signed with ini- 
 tials. Edinburgh, Nov. 2, 1706. £155. 
 Diane de Poitiers. Mistress of Henri II. A. L. S. 
 
 folio. £46. 
 Edward IV. King of England. D. S. folio. 1475. 
 
 £32. 
 Elizabeth. Queen of England. A. L. S. 2 pages folio. 
 
 To King Henri IV. £150. 
 Erasmus, Desiderius. A. L. S. 434 pages folio. May 
 
 14,1533. To Viglius Zuichen. £64. 
 Francis I. A. L. S. folio. 1531. £21. 
 Galilei, Galileo. The great astronomer. A. L. S. 3 
 
 pages folio. June, 1627. £66. 
 Gwynn, Eleanor. Mistress of Charles II. D. S. folio, 
 
 1684. £27.10. 
 Hawkins, Sir John. Naval commander. L. S. folio, 
 
 1581. £23. 
 Henry VII. King of England. L. S. folio, 1498. To 
 
 the Duke of Milan. £28. 
 Henry VIII. King of England. A. L. S. Yz page 
 
 folio. In French. To Margaret of Austria. £80. 
 Jordaens, Jakob. Flemish painter. A. L. S. IJ/^ pages 
 
 folio. Antwerp, 1651. To Constantin Huygens. 
 
 £28. 
 Knox, John. Scottish reformer. A. L. S. in Latin. 
 
 Edinburgh, Oct. 24, 1561. To Calvin. £220.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 165 
 
 Las Casas, Fray Bariolome de. Bishop of Chiapa. Ac- 
 companied Columbus on his first voyage. A. L. 
 (unsigned) 3 pages folio. 1520. £145. 
 
 Le Sage, Alain Rene. Author of Gil Bias. A. L. S. 2 
 pages 4to. £59. 
 
 Luther, Martin. A. D. S. folio. On vellum. A hom- 
 ily on the 28th verse of the 11th chapter of St. Luke. 
 £155. 
 
 Malherbe, Francois de. French poet. A. L. S. 2 pages 
 folio. 1606. £16. 
 
 Marie Antoinette. Queen of France. A. L. S. 8vo. 
 1791. To the Princesse de Lamballc. £78. 
 
 Burets, Robert. Scottish poet. A. L. S. 3 pages folio. 
 Dec. 13, 1789. To Miss Dunlop. An extraordinary 
 letter. £220. 
 
 Mary Stuart. Queen of Scotland. A. L. S. 23/^ pages 
 folio. Sheffield, Dec. 3, 1581. To Henri III. £360. 
 
 Melancthon, Philip. A. L. S. 3 pages folio. Witten- 
 berg, March 3, 1554. To Duke Augustus of Saxony. 
 £28. 
 
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Composer. A. L. S. 4 
 pages 4to. 1787. Interesting. £50. 
 
 Napoleon /. A. L. S. J^ page 4to. Paris, Sept. 6, 
 1800. To Louis XVIII. £435. 
 
 Napoleon I. A. L. S. 8vo. To Josephine. £150.
 
 166 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Orange, William the Silent^ Prince of. A. L. S. folio. 
 
 1573. £30. 
 Rabelais, Francois. French wit and satirist. A. L. S. 
 
 4I/2 pages folio. Rome, Jan. 28, 1537. £270. 
 Racine, Jean. Tragic poet. A. L. S. 63^2 pages 4to. 
 
 April 3, 1691. To Boileau. £54. 
 Rembrandt van Rijn. Famous Dutch painter. A. L. 
 
 S. 1J4 pages folio. Jan. 27, 1639. To Constantino 
 
 Huygens. £180. 
 Richard III. King of England. D. S. on vellum. 
 
 June 10, 1484. A treaty with the Duke of Brittany. 
 
 £64. 
 Robespierre, Maximilien. A. L. S. 4to. Paris, Feb. 
 
 15, 1793. To Danton. £64. 
 Rubens, Sir P. P. Great Flemish painter. A. L. S. 
 
 3 pages folio. Antwerp, Feb. 25, 1628. To M. 
 
 Dupuy. £31. 
 Saint Albans, Francis Bacon, Viscount. A. L. S. J^ 
 
 page folio. July 13, 1609. £54. 
 Scarron, Paul. Comic poet. A. L. S. IJ-^ pages 4to. 
 
 To Pelisson. £17.10. 
 Siddons, Sarah. Famous actress. A. L. S. 7 pages 4to. 
 
 Leeds, July 5, 1807. To James Ballantyne. £16.5.0. 
 Sterne, Laurence. A. L. S. 4to. March 12, 1763. 
 
 Respecting the sale of "Tristram Shandy." £21.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 167 
 
 Swift, Jonathan. Noted English author. A. L. S. 3 
 pages 4to. Nov. 10, 1709. To Lady (jifford. In- 
 teresting. £35. 
 
 TassOy Torquato. Celebrated Italian poet. A. L. S. 3 
 pages folio. Ferrara, June 21, 1575. £43. 
 
 Fecelli, Tiziano. Called Titian. Famous painter. A. 
 L. S. folio. Rome, Dec. 8, 1545. To the Emperor 
 Charles V. £76. 
 
 Vespucci, Emerico. The Florentine navigator who 
 gave his name to America. A. L. S. (in Latin), Oct. 
 18, 1476. 1 page oblong 4to. On vellum. [One 
 of the two known specimens of his handwriting.] 
 £390. 
 
 Vinci, Leonardo da. Celebrated Italian painter. Two 
 pen and ink sketches of machines, with autograph 
 descriptions. 1 page folio. £110. 
 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 3}^ pages 4to. Sept. 
 12, 1758. To Miss Fairfax. About his love for 
 Mrs. Custis. £152. 
 
 Wolfe, Gen. James. A. L. S. (initials). 33^ pages 
 folio. Louisburg, May 19, 1759. To his uncle, 
 Major Walter Wolfe. Giving particulars of his 
 position before the attack on Quebec. £62. 
 
 Bonaparte, Letizia. Mother of Napoleon. A. L. S. 3''2 
 page 4to. [March 23, 1801.] To her son Lucien. 
 £21.
 
 168 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Bums, Robert. A. L. S. 6 pages 4to. Feb. 28, 1791. 
 To Dr. John Moore. Enclosing a ballad of 22 lines 
 on Queen Mary. £200. 
 
 Byron, Lord. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to. June 25, 1809. 
 To Rev. Francis Hodgson. Interesting. £32. 
 
 Byron, Lord. Autograph verses, 3 pages 4to. Com- 
 prising 13 stanzas, of 4 lines each, dated March 18, 
 1816, of his famous poem 
 
 Fare thee well ! and, if for ever. 
 Still, for ever, fare thee well. £320. 
 
 Catherine de Medicis. Queen of France. A. L. S. % 
 page folio. Dec. 20, 1583. To Mary, Queen of 
 Scots. £300. 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto. Celebrated Italian Goldsmith. 2 
 A. L. S. folio. To Francesco Ricci. £30. 
 
 Charles V. Emperor of Germany. A. L. S. folio. To 
 Francis I. Written in French. £32. 
 
 Dejoe, Daniel. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. May 29, 1711. 
 £195. 
 
 Dryden, John. Poet. A. L. S. Y^ page 4to. Aug. 
 5, 1699. £34. 
 
 Edward IV. King of England. L. S. Yi page oblong 
 
 folio. To the Duke of Milan. £50. 
 Edward VI. King of England. Royal sign manual 
 
 to a warrant on paper. March 18, 1553. £35.
 
 EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS 169 
 
 Elizabeth. Queen of England. A. L. S. (in French), 
 2 pages folio. Sept., 1602. To King Henry IV. of 
 France. £90. 
 
 Falstaffy Sir John. Famous military commander, van- 
 quished by Joan of Arc. D. S. on vellum, 1 page 
 folio. Jan. 1, 1435 (1436). £27. 
 
 Francis I. King of France. A. L. S. 1 page 4to, 1527. 
 To the Emperor Charles V., assuring him of the de- 
 votion of the writer. £38. 
 
 Garrick, David. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to. London, Dec. 
 3, 1773. Speaking of his appearance in the character 
 of Hamlet. £42. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. A. L. S. 1 page 4to. To Garrick. 
 £265. 
 
 KeatSy John. English poet. A. L. S. 2}4 pages 8vo. 
 To Fanny Brawne. £100. 
 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. Poet and Fabulist. A. L. S. 
 2 pages 8vo, Sept. 2, 1683. To the Duchesse de 
 Bouillon. £60. 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots. A. L. S. 2 pages folio. July 
 11, 1568. To Philip H. of Spain. Fine and im- 
 portant. £340.
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Concerning Collectors and Private Collections 
 
 IN THE United States. 
 
 PRIOR to 1850 there were few collectors of 
 autographs in the United States, and their col- 
 lections, with four exceptions — those of Robert 
 Gilmor, I. K. Tefft, William B. Sprague, and 
 Lewis J. Cist — were small and unimportant. In this 
 category come the names of Prof. R. W. Gibbes [of 
 Columbia, S. C], Benjamin B. Thatcher [author, of 
 Boston], Thomas S. Grimke [philanthropist, of Charles- 
 ton, S. C], Mrs. E. H. Allen [of Providence, R. L], and 
 Mellen Chamberlain [of Boston]. 
 
 Between 1850 and 1860 this list was enlarged by 
 the addition of the names of Dr. John S. H. Fogg 
 [of Boston], Joseph J. Mickley [of Philadelphia], Dr. 
 Thomas Addis Emmet [of New York], Robert C. Davis 
 [of Philadelphia], Benj. Perley Poore [of Washington, 
 D. C], Frank M. Etting [of Philadelphia], Brantz 
 
 l\
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 171 
 
 Mayer [of Baltimore], Ferdinand J. Drccr [of Phila- 
 delphia], and Joshua J. Cohen [of Baltimore]. There- 
 after it grew steadily. 
 
 A few words will suffice to tell what is known of 
 the general character and history of some of these col- 
 lections. 
 
 Robert Gilmor was a wealthy merchant of Balti- 
 more, who became a devotee to art and accumulated 
 a fine gallery of paintings. Somewhere about the year 
 1825 he commenced the formation of a collection of 
 autographs, and was thereafter a liberal buyer in 
 European markets. In 1841 he printed, for private 
 distribution, a catalogue of the foreign autographs in 
 his possession, which contained many good, and some 
 rare, names. The American portion of the collection 
 was small. In 1851 — after the death of Mr. Gilmor — 
 Ferdinand J. Dreer, of Philadelphia, purchased part 
 of the collection, the remainder being sold piecemeal. 
 
 The following rather curious, but interesting, ac- 
 count of Mr. Gilmor's collection is given in a letter 
 written by Benj. B. Thatcher [the well-known author, 
 who was also a collector of autographs] to the New 
 Orleans "Bulletin." 
 
 Providence, R. I., June, 1835. 
 
 I embrace my earliest leisure since writing you last 
 to give you a sketch of one of the most remarkable
 
 172 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 curiosities which I have thus far met with. I mean the 
 collection of autographs in the possession of Robert 
 Gilmor, Esq., of Baltimore, a gentleman of taste and 
 travel, and fortunately favored with the means of in- 
 dulging the one, and availing himself, as heretofore he 
 has done freely, of the benefit of the other. I had 
 heard of his cabinet formerly, and, I believe, mentioned 
 him to you in my description of Mr. Tefft's collection 
 at Savannah, as standing at the head of his profession, 
 so to speak, in this country, if not in the caste at large. 
 He has not more of the passion, perhaps, than some 
 others — and the number, by the way, is fast increas- 
 ing — but more of the means of making the best of it, 
 which he does. I venture to say it has been no rare 
 thing for him to give, not five and ten dollars only for a 
 precious rarity, but fifteen, twenty, thirty, and I dare 
 say more than that — more than he would be willing 
 to acknowledge. I am not aware that any other col- 
 lector has adopted this system to any extent worthy of 
 mention. It is common abroad; indeed the gratuitous 
 s)^stem is getting fast out of use there; autographs are 
 growing daily more and more articles of mere mer- 
 chandise in the literary market; and begging has given 
 place to buying, perhaps almost universally, with the 
 exception of those cases where the individual is himself 
 distinguished enough to accumulate a curious and
 
 ROBERT GILMOR
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 173 
 
 recherche correspondence. . . . Mr. Gilmor's cabinet is 
 not the most extensive in the United States, so far as 
 quantity is concerned. That of the Rev. Mr. Sprague, 
 at Albany, stands in that respect at the head of the 
 list longo iniervallo, being composed of 20,000 specimens 
 at least. ... A very considerable portion of them, 
 however, consists of the theological division. . . . Mr. 
 Gilmor's is more general, though less voluminous, and 
 it is also, autographically speaking, undoubtedly more 
 valuable — admitted to be so by the worthy Dr. Sprague 
 himself. It consists of about 20 large quarto hollow 
 wooden volumes filled with loose letters, notes, royal 
 decrees and proclamations, papal bulls, state papers, 
 single signatures pasted upon white sheets, and all the 
 other variety of documents commonly comprised in 
 similar hoards, lying flat and neatly labelled with such 
 memoranda as may be essential to preserve the record 
 of their authenticity and whatever is of interest in their 
 history or character at large. . . . My time being 
 limited, I asked to be shown the poets, foreign — having 
 a particular desire to look at Byron and some others, 
 which are not very common even at this day; for Byron, 
 especially, has come already, such is the search for him, 
 to be decidedly a rara avis. In respect to him, partic- 
 ularly, my host has been fortunate. He showed me, 
 among other things, the identical letter of credit which
 
 174 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 he took with him — in 1829, I think it was — on starting 
 for those travels which proved to be his last. . . . 
 There was also one of his bills of exchange, and, if I 
 mistake not, a letter or note to Cam Hobhouse, from 
 Genoa, signed "Noel." Walter Scott of course is here, 
 with the ordinary characteristic of a total want of 
 punctuation of any sort. Then came a letter from 
 Southey to Scott — how interesting you will easily con- 
 ceive; long letters of Chapelain, Goldoni, Metastasio, 
 Racine, and Malesherbes; clusters of Cunningham, 
 Joanna Baillie, Charles Dibdin, Barton, Montgomery, 
 Watts, Hemans, Bowring, Crabbe, L. E. L., Moore, 
 and I can't remember whom, all crowded together. 
 . . . In many instances poems — sometimes original 
 pieces, sometimes the celebrated — are preserved. There 
 is a piece of Mrs. Barbauld, and another of Rogers; a 
 broken fragment of Wordsworth; and a verse or two of 
 Horace Smith. . . . But what shall I say of an article 
 from the pen of the immortal Alfieri himself, of the 
 date of 1793. It were enough to set a genuine virtuoso 
 a little frantic; and if I were one, and were compelled 
 to choose a single specimen from this rich reservoir of 
 rarities, alone, I confess I should be sadly at a loss 
 whether to postpone this splendid treasure even for the 
 primitive copy of that masterly effort of Campbell's, 
 "What's hallowed ground" — for here it is, corrections
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 175 
 
 and all. It makes my eyes water to think of it. I 
 must breathe a while for a fresh foray in my memo- 
 randa. Miss Edgeworth shines with this constellation, 
 and the famous Berkeley and Sir Richard Steele, who 
 has got to be decidedly rare and precious. Madame 
 D'Arblay and the portly Dr. Parr hobble along to- 
 gether; and Jeffrey goes arm in arm with Mrs. Graham, 
 the historian; while Roscoe, Porson, Pinkerton, Gillies, 
 Lamb, and Bryan W. Proctor bring up the rear. Then 
 comes a procession of Bulwer, Lady Morgan, Hallam, 
 Richard Cumberland, Godwin and Darwin, with a 
 rabble rout of Holcroft, Arthur Young, Macklin, Mur- 
 phy, GifFord, Hamilton, Shelley, and Sir John Shore. 
 Two letters of Sir William Jones follow on. There is 
 a power of attorney by Swift, a note of Addison's, the 
 signature of Francis Bacon to an instrument of 1616; 
 letters of Burke, Dugald Stewart, and Hearne; War- 
 burton and Arbuthnot, side by side; Jeremy Bentham, 
 alone in his glory; a knot of Italians, with Sismondi, 
 Manzoni, Belzoni and Botta at their head; Hannah 
 More; and how many others more I can't remember. 
 I do remember, however, three of the bijoux of this vol- 
 ume. One is a letter of Dillenius to Gronovius, I be- 
 lieve in Latin; the second, of Pope to the novelist Rich- 
 ardson; and the third, of the celebrated Sam Johnson 
 to Bishop White, of Philadelphia, dated 1773, and giv-
 
 176 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 ing an account of Goldsmith's new comedy and a new 
 edition of his own Dictionary. The Doctor wrote a 
 back hand also, something like Beattie's. 
 
 In the French literary chapter, among the rarities, 
 is a letter of Rousseau to D'Alembert — a gem of course; 
 Salmatius of 1687; a fragment of Tasso, in Latin, and 
 of Vossius, 1648, in the same; Diderot, Volney, De 
 Stael, Horian, and Beaumarchais; and the whole list 
 of the pensioners of the Institute, from SO to 100 of 
 them. There are the scientific savans on a similar 
 pay-roll, the two first named of which, I think, are 
 Lagrange and Laplace, and then Delambre, Lacroix, 
 Lalande, Hauy, Lamarque, Cuvier, and so on. In 
 this division are Michaux, Banks, Denon, Priestley, 
 Davy, Bonpland, Humboldt, and Blumenbach. Kotz- 
 ebue, Goethe, and Schlegel were there somewhere. 
 Among the artists were notes of Chantry, Thorwaldsen 
 and West, and something from Fuseli, Shea, Camuc- 
 cini, Gerard, Morghen, Beechey, Madame Le Brun, 
 Canova and Lawrence, and, what is still better, of 
 Pietro Paulo Rubens, an inestimable treasure. Then 
 there is a valuable dramatic collection, which I cannot 
 detail, but Bannister and Pasta I remember among 
 them, as well as Kean, all the Kembles, etc. In many 
 cases there arc signatures only, more than that having 
 become introuvable. So it is with Walpole, Voltaire
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 177 
 
 [very rare], and Richard Brinslcy Sheridan. . . . The 
 Bonaparte family, male and female, are all here, Letitia 
 Mere included, and the son alone wanting. I looked 
 at Maria Louisa with a strange interest, and especially 
 when I saw it side by side with all the distingues of her 
 day. I turned then to gaze upon the musty memorials 
 of Queen Elizabeth; for there was her hand proper. 
 There too was her august father, the Eighth Harry. 
 There were Queen Anne, Leopold, a whole letter of 
 Charles L, Boyer, Christophe, Iturbide, a letter of the 
 great Charles V. of Spain to Magistrates [1522], his son 
 Philip IL to the Duke of Alva, in French [1567], 
 Capo D'Istria, Saxe Weimar, and a host more. I con- 
 fess that I valued Lafayette, with his wife and family, 
 beyond them all. Every American will attach a still 
 higher estimate to the Washington series, which of it- 
 self forms the soul of a volume. This is rich indeed. 
 It begins with the great man as a boy 13, and follows his 
 writmgs down to his death. There is his ciphering at 
 school, his surveying minutes, his journal as an orderly 
 sergeant, his Braddock memoranda, his Revolutionary 
 hand, and so to the end, showing the gradual settling 
 down of the characters into that beautiful and char- 
 acteristic writing now so generally known and admired. 
 What a treasure is this; and there is a corresponding one 
 in the autographs of the entire family of the Penns,
 
 178 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 from William to this day. . . . Here are files of Col- 
 onial papers of every date, including Lord Baltimore's 
 in abundance, and especially the original minute-book 
 of the persons employed by Maryland and Pennsylvania 
 in 1751 to survey the boundary between those States. 
 . . . Mr. Gilmor has succeeded, with infinite pains, 
 in getting together the autographs of all the Signers of 
 the Declaration — that ne plus ultra of collectors — with 
 the exception of a single one, Mr. Lynch. Mr. Sprague 
 has outrun him in this field, for he has the whole, and 
 so has Dr. Raffles, of Liverpool; and these are the only 
 complete sets in the world. Mr. Gilmor will finish 
 his, I cannot doubt. He could not lie still in his grave 
 without it. But there would be no end to a detail like 
 this. I will conclude with a curiosity of the first mag- 
 nitude, such as autograph hunters, were they able, 
 would give their weight in gold for. I do not refer to 
 a letter of Sterne's to Dodsley, chaffering in vain to get 
 £50 [I think] for Tristam Shandy. I mean a memo- 
 randum in the writing of the notorious Dr. Dodd, being 
 the original minutes furnished to the scrivener for the 
 forged deed to Chesterfield, of £500, payable at 25 
 years of age — for which he suffered the penalty of the 
 law. The name of the gambler is not given; a signifi- 
 cant blank stands in the place of it. In some depart- 
 ments are deficiencies still. What would Mr. Gilmor
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 179 
 
 give for a Columbus — such as never has been seen in 
 America — or for a genuine Isabella! Gibbon is hard 
 to be had, and so is Garrick. Grotius I never have met 
 with anywhere. 
 
 Mr. Gilmor is the owner, I may add, of the best 
 private collection of paintings in this country. They 
 cost him over 320,000." 
 
 Frank M. Etting was a lawyer, of Philadelphia, 
 and an historical student, who devoted himself assid- 
 uously, from early manhood [circa 1852], to the col- 
 lection of American autographs, particularly those of 
 the Colonial and Revolutionary periods. He left his 
 numerous and valuable manuscript possessions to the 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Robert C. Davis was a Philadelphia pharmacist, 
 whose antiquarian taste led him to gather, with avid- 
 ity, Continental and Colonial paper money, coins, 
 and autographs. Of the last named, he had an inter- 
 esting collection, principally American, including a 
 complete set of the Signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence; which was sold en bloc, after his death, to 
 Charles Roberts, of Philadelphia. It, together with 
 the additions which Mr. Roberts afterwards made to 
 it, is now deposited in Roberts Hall, Haverford Col- 
 lege; having been given to that institution by his
 
 180 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 widow. Mr. Davis was an exceptionally good judge 
 of the genuineness of autographs, and his opinion in 
 doubtful cases was often sought. 
 
 The very valuable collection of Ferdinand J. 
 Dreer, of Philadelphia, is described in a catalogue con- 
 sisting of two large 4to volumes, which he printed for 
 private distribution in 1890. Its formation was begun 
 in 1848, and year by year it grew rapidly in size and 
 importance. Being the fortunate possessor of large 
 means, Mr. Dreer was never compelled to decline the 
 purchase of a rarity on account of the price asked for 
 it. Several years prior to his death he gave the entire 
 collection to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
 where it is now carefully preserved and greatly treas- 
 ured. 
 
 The splendid American collections formed by Dr. 
 Thomas Addis Emmet, of New York, were purchased 
 from him at a very large price — said to have been not 
 less than 3200,000— by Mr. John S. Kennedy, a New 
 York banker, in 1896; who then presented them to the 
 New York Public Library. The several series of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence in this 
 collection are, and must ever remain, unequaled. 
 They contain the only known autograph letter of 
 Thomas Lynch, Jun.
 
 THOMAS ADDIS EMMET, M. D.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 181 
 
 The collection of Dr. John S. H. Fogg, of Boston, 
 was a choice one. He became a cripple about the time 
 he reached middle life, and turned his attention to 
 autographs as a desirable diversion for a man deprived 
 of physical activity. He was particularly interested 
 in the series of Colonial Governors of Mass., Signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence, and Generals of the 
 Revolutionary War; and was successful in obtaining 
 fine specimens of most of the names they embrace. 
 The entire collection has, by his bequest, become the 
 property of the Historical Society of Maine. 
 
 Joseph J. Mickley, of Philadelphia, was a dealer in 
 musical instruments, and for many years was an ardent 
 collector of coins and autographs. After his death, in 
 1878, the autographs belonging to his estate were sold 
 at auction in Philadelphia. The catalogue enumerates 
 a complete and fairly good set of the Signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, many desirable miscel- 
 laneous American and foreign names, and a complete 
 set of letters of the Presidents of the United States. 
 In the last-named set there was a very remarkable 
 A. L. S. 4to, of four pages, written by President Lin- 
 coln to Gen. George B. McClellan on April 9, 1862, as- 
 suring him of the President's kind feeling and full pur- 
 pose to sustain him, and closing with the words ^^But 
 you must act.^^
 
 182 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Brantz Mayer, the well known author who died in 
 Baltimore, on March 21, 1879, left a small collection 
 of letters, chiefly of the Revolutionary period, among 
 which were a considerable number of the rarer Signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence and Generals of the 
 Revolutionary War. The best of them came from the 
 Maryland State papers. After his death they were 
 scattered; partly at private, partly at public, sale. 
 
 The large collection formed by Major Ben Perley 
 Poore, of Newburyport, Mass., and Washington, D. C, 
 was disposed of at auction, in Boston, on Feb. 15-17, 
 1888. The catalogue is a pamphlet of 153 pages, 
 enumerating 2751 separate items, most of which are 
 American. The Generals of the Civil War, both Union 
 and Confederate, members of the Continental Congress, 
 Presidents of the United States and their Cabinets, 
 Signers of the Delcaration of Independence, and officers 
 in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, were 
 well represented. The sale produced 36500. 
 
 The Tefft Collection. 
 
 Israel K. Tefft, of Savannah, Ga., was probably 
 the earliest American collector; his first acquisitions 
 of autographs having been made as far back as 1815.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 183 
 
 From this date, up to the time of his death in 1861, 
 he was devoted to his hobby, and was successful in 
 gathering an interesting collection, of moderate size, 
 containing two complete sets of the Signers of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence; the better of which was sold by 
 his widow to Mr. Almon W. Griswold, of New York, 
 for the exceedingly small price of 3500. The rest of 
 the collection was disposed of at auction, in New York, 
 in 1867. The catalogue is a pamphlet of 262 pages, 
 enumerating 2630 items; of which 1794 are American, 
 the rest foreign. Many of them include a number of 
 names or specimens. It contains much good material, 
 Colonial, Revolutionary, and of a later date, as well as 
 a few good foreign names, coupled with a considerable 
 quantity of what is closely akin to trash. The sale 
 produced 37369. 
 
 As indicative of the difference between the auction 
 values of that day and of the present time, the following 
 instances may be given: 
 
 A complete set of the Signers of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence sold at 3625. 
 Arnold, Gen. Benedict. A. L. S. 4to. 36. 
 Cooper, J. Fenimore, A. L. S. 4to. 31-50. 
 Eliot, John [Apostle of the Indians]. A. D. S. }/2 page 
 
 folio. 33.50. 
 Gadsden, Gen. Christopher. A. L. S. 4to, 1792. 32.
 
 184 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Gist, Gen. Mordecai. A. L. S. folio, 2 pages, 1781. 
 
 31.50. 
 Harrison, Robert H. [Supreme Court U. S.]. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1780. 31.63. 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell. A. L. S. 4to. 75 cents. 
 Irving, Washington. A. L. S. 4to, 2 pages, 1834. 33. 
 Lafayette, General. A. L. S. 4to, 1778. 32.50. 
 Payne, John Howard. A. L. S. 4to, 4 pages, 1835. 
 
 31.25. 
 Poe, Edgar A. A. L. S. 4to, 1836. 35. 
 Poe, Edgar A. A. L. S. folio, 1840. 37. 
 Jones, John Paul. A. L. S. folio, 1^ pages, 1777. 
 
 314.50. 
 Beethoven, Ludwig von (the composer). A. L. S. 4to. 
 
 313. 
 Dickens, Charles. A. L. S. 8vo, 2 pages, 1842. 32.50. 
 Henry VII, King of England. D. S. folio. 34. 
 Lamb, Charles. A. L. S. 4to. 314. 
 Thackeray, William M. A. L. S. 8vo, 2 pages, 1856. 
 
 33. 
 
 The Sprague Collection. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. William B. Sprague, who passed the 
 greater part of his life as pastor of a Presbyterian Church
 
 RLW WILJ.IAM B. SPRAGLE
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 185 
 
 in Albany, N. Y., was not only the patriarch of Ameri- 
 can collectors, but was acknowledged to be the owner 
 of the largest and finest collection in the United States. 
 Shortly after his graduation from college, he became a 
 tutor in the family of Major Lewis, a nephew of Gen. 
 Washington, who had in his possession the entire cor- 
 respondence of the General. Young Sprague — then 
 not more than twenty-two years of age — was allowed 
 to select from this correspondence all the letters and 
 papers he desired; and thus he obtained a great num- 
 ber of military letters addressed to Washington by 
 Generals and other officers in the Revolutionary War, 
 as well as many that were written by other leading 
 men between the years 1774 and 1799. Among the 
 papers thus secured were specimens of Washington's 
 handwriting from the age of twelve to that of seven- 
 teen. In after years he was given the correspondence 
 of Samuel Huntington, a Signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence, and that of Thomas Rodney, of Del., 
 and Jedediah Morse; and was also the recipient of a 
 large part of the papers of President Monroe, Aaron 
 Burr, and Sir William Johnson. From these and 
 other sources he obtained an abundance of material 
 available for exchanges with American and European 
 collectors. Owing to his prominence in the Presby- 
 terian Church, many clergymen of that denomina-
 
 186 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 tion, both in the United States and Great Britain, 
 interested themselves in securing desirable contribu- 
 tions to his treasures. At the time of his death, in 
 1876, the collection numbered upwards of 90,000 
 items, of which at least one-third were letters or docu- 
 ments of men and women of prominence. Most of the 
 American series wxre complete, and a majority of the 
 names in them were represented by numerous speci- 
 mens. The European letters included many rarities 
 and numbered not less than 5000. Five years after 
 his death the collection was sold en bloc, and still re- 
 mains intact in the hands of its purchaser. 
 
 The Cist Collection. 
 
 Lewis J. Cist, who became widely known as an en- 
 thusiastic collector of autographs, was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania on November 20, 1818, and died in Cincinnati 
 on March 30, 1885. He commenced his collection 
 when he was seventeen or eighteen years of age; and 
 thereafter devoted himself, most energetically, to the 
 acquisition of letters or documents of notable persons 
 of all nationalities and periods. His life was spent, 
 partly in St. Louis and partly in Cincinnati, as teller 
 in a bank. His pecuniary resources were not large; 
 but a little money went a long way in securing auto-
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 187 
 
 graphs in England, France and Germany — partic- 
 ularly the latter country — during the years dating 
 from 1836 to 1860. By dint of great industry and very 
 numerous exchanges with other collectors, he succeeded 
 in forming a collection which, at the time of his death, 
 ranked second only to that of Dr. Sprague. It was 
 sold at auction, in New York, in four parts; the first 
 sale taking place in October, 1886, and the last in May, 
 1887. The catalogues of these four sales described 
 11,624 items, which realized about 318,000. The 
 American portion was quite complete in all the principal 
 series; and included sets of the Signers of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence [elsewhere spoken of in detail], 
 the Federal Convention, Generals of the Revolutionary 
 War, Presidents, and a specially large and important 
 gathering of the Colonial Governors. Many of the 
 latter — including a fine A. L. S. folio of Roger Williams 
 and others of equal rarity — came from the Winthrop 
 papers, and were given to Mr. Cist by Hon. Robert C. 
 Winthrop in return [as he himself told a brother col- 
 lector] for a letter of President William H. Harrison 
 which Mr. Winthrop desired as a present for a friend. 
 The manuscript autograph poems by the most noted 
 American poets were remarkable both in point of num- 
 ber and importance. The foreign portion of the col- 
 lection was quite equal to the American. It covered a
 
 188 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 large field and, among many fine and desirable speci- 
 mens, contained a complete set of letters of Napoleon 
 and his Marshals, and a large number of letters of the 
 leading characters in the Thirty Years' War. 
 
 Specific mention may be made of the following 
 items : 
 Allen, Col. Etha7i. Fine military A. L. S. folio, 1781. 
 
 320. 
 Williams, Roger [founder of R. I.]. A. L. S. folio, 1637. 
 
 3107.50. 
 Stuyvesant, Peter [Governor of N. Y.]. A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1664. 381. 
 Andros, Sir Edmund [Governor of N. Y.]. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1675. 331. 
 Penn, William. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1685. 350. 
 Lessing, Gotthold Eph. [Great German author]. A. L. 
 
 S. 4to, 1775. 318. 
 Schiller, Friedrich von [Great poet]. A. L. S. 4 pages 
 
 4to. 325. 
 Korner, Karl Theodor [Celebrated poet]. A. L. S. 3 
 
 pages 4to. 37. 
 Garrick, David [Actor]. A. L. S. 8vo. 311- 
 Abington, Frances [Actress]. A. L. S. 4to. 35.25. 
 Jorda7i, Dora [Actress]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. 33.25. 
 Melancthon, Philip [friend of Luther]. A. L. S. 2 pages 
 
 folio. 340.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 189 
 
 Aquilay Caspar [friend of Luther]. A. L. S. 4to, 1551. 
 318. 
 
 Richardson, Samuel [Novelist]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 
 
 1758. 322. 
 Haydn, Joseph [Composer of Music]. A. L. S. 4to, 
 
 1800. 327. 
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. A. L. S. 4to. 369. 
 Beethoven, Ludzvig vo7i. A. L. S. 4to. 327. 
 Schubert, Franz [Composer]. A. L. S. 4to, 1828. 317. 
 Congreve, William [Dramatist]. A. D. S. folio, 1718. 
 
 36. 
 Southerne, Thomas [Dramatist]. A. L. S. 8vo. 34.25. 
 Medici, Catherine de [Queen of France]. A. L. S. folio. 
 
 318. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. L. S. 4to, 1804. Relative to his 
 
 coronation as Emperor. 315.50. 
 Cowper, William [Poet]. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1792. 
 
 313. 
 Keats, John [Poet]. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1820. 322. 
 Pope, Alexander [Poet]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1720. 
 
 332. 
 
 Shelley, Percy B. [Poet]. A. L. S. 4to, 1817. 342. 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots. L. S. folio, 1559. 352. 
 
 Elizabeth [Queen of England]. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1591. 
 332.
 
 190 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Washington^ George. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 1779. To 
 
 Col. John Laurens. 332. 
 Jackson, Andrew. A. L. S. 4to, 1841. 33.75. 
 Taylor, Zachary. A. L. S. 4to, 1848. 313.50. 
 Lincoln, Abraham. A. L. S. 4to, 1849. 327.50. 
 Putnam, Gen. Israel. L. S. 4to, 1776. 39.50. 
 Kalb, John, Baron de [General]. A. L. S. folio, 1777. 
 
 321. 
 Conway, Gen. Thomas. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1778. 
 
 375. 
 Jones, John Paul. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1780. 334. 
 
 The Leffingwell Collection. 
 
 The months of January and March, 1891, witnessed 
 the dispersal at auction, in Boston, of the splendid 
 collection formed by Prof. E. H. Leffingwell, of New 
 Haven. He commenced his autographic pursuits when 
 he was quite a young man, and was, with Dr. Sprague 
 and Messrs. Tefft and Cist, one of the small coterie of 
 noted early American collectors. During the course 
 of a long life, he was a liberal and constant purchaser 
 from dealers, both American and European, and at 
 auction sales. 
 
 The catalogues of his collection number, respec- 
 tively, 331 pages, enumerating 3335 items, and 357 pages.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 191 
 
 enumerating 3315 items; very many of which include a 
 considerable number of autographs. The collection 
 was much larger and more important than that of Mr. 
 Cist, and was unquestionably the finest that had ever 
 been sold at auction in the United States; producing 
 ov^er 351,000, and showing a great advance in values 
 within the few years that had elapsed since the Cist 
 sale. It comprised not only the series of Colonial 
 Governors, Albany Convention, Stamp Act Congress, 
 Annapolis Convention, Constitutional Convention, 
 Signers of the Articles of Confederation, Members of 
 the Continental Congress, Generals and officers of the 
 Revolutionary War, and Presidents of the United States, 
 but also many foreign Sovereigns, and a great number of 
 foreign autographs, English, French, and German. Its 
 most notable portion was its complete set of the Signers 
 of the Declaration of Independence, classed as fourth in 
 rank among the twenty-two complete sets then known; 
 which realized 310,350, a price regarded at the time as 
 enormous. There was also a second set, lacking 
 Lynch and Gwinnett only. 
 
 Amidst such a wealth of material it will be mani- 
 festly impossible to note more than a few items. 
 Boone, Daniel [Pioneer]. A. L. S. folio, 1809. 335. 
 Braddocky Gen. Edward. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1755. 347. 
 Byron, Lord [Poet]. A. L. S. 4 pages, 4to 1819. 385.
 
 192 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Danforthy Thomas [Deputy Governor of Mass.]. D. S. 
 4to, 1673. 335. 
 
 Davenport, Rev. John [Founder of New Haven Colony]. 
 A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1650. ^81. 
 
 Eliot, Rev. John [Missionary to the Indians]. A. L. S. 
 2 pages folio, 1673. 3500. 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots. D. S. folio, 1559. 390. 
 Paul I. [Emperor of Russia]. A. L. S. 4to, 1779. 321. 
 Garrick, David [Actor]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. 342. 
 Penn, William. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 1708. 3105. 
 Williams, Roger [founder of Rhode Island]. A. L. S. 2 
 
 pages folio, 1656. 3310. 
 Dunster, Henry [President of Harvard]. A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1655. 356. 
 Jones, John Paul. A. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1782. 
 
 3107.50. 
 Knyphausen, Baron [Commanded the Hessian troops 
 
 in the Revolutionary War]. L. S. folio, 1780. 340. 
 McNeill, Hector [Captain in the Continental Navy]. 
 
 A. L. S. folio, 1785. 320. 
 Endecott, John [Governor of Mass.]. A. L. S. 4to, 1659. 
 
 360. 
 Dudley, Thomas [Governor of Mass.]. A. L. S. 4to, 
 
 1649. 3110. 
 Mather, Rev. Cotton. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1692. 3101.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 193 
 
 Munson, Capi. William. A. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1780. 
 
 Giving an account of the execution of Major Andre. 
 
 ^450. 
 Newton, Sir Isaac. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1719. 3325. 
 Poe, Edgar A. A. L. S. 4to, with an autograph poem 
 
 signed. 3255. 
 Revere, Paul. A. L. S. [9 lines], 1779. 340. 
 Andre, Major John. A. L. S. folio, 1780. 3700. 
 Kalb, Baron de [General in the Revolutionary War]. A. 
 
 L. S. 2 pages folio, 1777. 377.50. 
 Hale, Captain Nathan [the Martyr Spy]. A. L. S. folio, 
 
 1775. 31275. 
 Harrison, Col. Robert H. [Aide to Gen. Washington]. 
 
 A. L. S. folio, 1779. 350. 
 Lee, Gen. Charles [Revolutionary War]. A. L. S. 2 
 
 pages 4to, 1776. 3175. 
 Lewis, Gen. Andrew [Revolutionary War]. A. L. S. 4to, 
 
 1779. 3121. 
 Moore, Gen. James [Revolutionary War]. L. S. 2 pages 
 
 folio, 1777. 3168. 
 Nash, Gen. Francis [Revolutionary War]. A. D. S. 
 
 folio, 1765. 370. 
 Pomeroy, Gen. Seth [Revolutionary War]. A. L. S. 4to, 
 
 1773. 3100. 
 Scammel, Col. Alexander. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1780. 
 
 Giving an account of Arnold's treason. 3425.
 
 194 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Spencer, Gen. Joseph [Revolutionary War]. A. L. S. 
 4to, 1776. 366. 
 
 Warren, Gen. Joseph. L. S. folio, 1775. To Benj. 
 Franklin. 3225. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1781. 
 To Gen. Washington, on the mutiny of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Line. 3150. 
 
 Woodford, Gen. Wm. [Revolutionary War]. A. L. S. 
 folio, 1778. 380. 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah [Signer]. A. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1776. 
 3240. 
 
 Hall, Lyman [Signer]. A. L. S. 4 pages folio, 1777. 
 
 Giving an account of the duel in which Gwinnett was 
 
 killed. 31775. 
 Hancock, John [Signer]. A. L. S. folio, 1776. 3380. 
 Heyward, Thomas, Jr. [Signer]. A. L. S. 4to, 1780. 
 
 3450. 
 Livingston, Philip [Signer]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1776. 
 
 3325. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. A. L. S. folio, 1840. 390. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew. A. L. S. 4to, 1853. 380. 
 
 Washington, Gen. George. L. S. 4 pages folio, 1782. 
 3100. 
 
 Wolfe, Gen. James. A. L. S. 4to, 1752. 3105.
 
 CHAKl.KS C. JONES
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 195 
 
 The Charles C. Jones Collection. 
 
 Col. Charles C. Jones — born in Savannah, Ga., in 
 1831 — was an officer of artillery in the Confederate 
 Army during the Civil War who, after peace was de- 
 clared, devoted his attention largely to historical pur- 
 suits. In 1866 he commenced the formation of a 
 series of autograph letters of all the Confederate 
 generals; which he succeeded in completing, after a 
 large correspondence, during a number of years, with 
 surviving Southern officers. The taste for collecting 
 autographs, thus acquired, grew upon him; and he began 
 a diligent search for letters of Colonial and Revolu- 
 tionary characters of his native State, not alone for the 
 purpose of placing them in his own portfolios, but also 
 because they might furnish material for a full history 
 of Georgia, which he had determined to write, and which 
 was completed and published several years before his 
 death. His enthusiastic efforts in this field, during 
 a period of twenty-five years, were rewarded by the 
 acquisition of a collection which embraced two complete 
 sets of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 a set [nearly complete] of the Members of the Contin- 
 ental Congress, the Presidents of the United States, 
 Generals and officers in the Revolutionary War, and a 
 number of miscellaneous American and foreign names.
 
 196 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 After his death, in 1893, the more valuable part of 
 the collection was disposed of at private sale; the best 
 set of the Signers going to Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, of 
 New York, and the nearly complete series of Members 
 of the Continental Congress, which included letters of 
 most of the Signers of the Declaration, passing into the 
 hands of a collector in Boston. 
 
 The remainder of the collection was sold at auction, 
 in Philadelphia, on April 24-26, 1894. The prices 
 obtained were very reasonable, and showed a great 
 falling off from the high figures of the Leffingwell sale. 
 An autograph signature ["Lynch"] of Thomas Lynch, 
 Jr., cut from one of his books, went for 330, and a 
 D. S. folio [mortgage] of Button Gwinnett for 3320. 
 Two folio letters signed of Gen. Washington, written 
 in 1789 to George Walton, sold for $\6 each. 
 
 The Cohen Collection. 
 
 The collection of Dr. Joshua J. Cohen, of Baltimore, 
 came under the auctioneer's hammer, in Philadelphia, 
 on Nov. 12 and 13, 1907. Dr. Cohen commenced its 
 formation some time between the years 1840 and 1850, 
 and continued to add to it until the close of his life. 
 It was almost exclusively American; and contained a 
 number of letters of Gen. Washington and his family, a
 
 ELLlor DANFORTH
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 197 
 
 complete set of the Signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, many members of the Continental Congress, 
 Generals and officers of the Revolutionary War, Presi- 
 dents and their Cabinets, Naval officers, Governors of 
 Maryland [from Colonial days], and miscellaneous 
 items. The sale realized 34300; most of the autographs 
 going at very moderate prices. 
 
 The Danforth Collection. 
 
 In point of size the collection of Elliot Danforth 
 greatly outdistanced any that had previously been dis- 
 persed at auction; and its importance, in the American 
 series, was at least equal to that of the Leffingwell 
 collection. Mr. Danforth was born in New York on 
 March 6, 1850, and died there on Jan. 7, 1906. He was 
 a lawyer by profession, but devoted most of his time to 
 politics, and was chosen Treasurer of the State of New 
 York, an office which he held for two terms. While in 
 this position he had the opportunity of examining, 
 and making selections from, the immense correspon- 
 dence of the Adjutant General of New York during 
 the Civil War; whereby he came into possession of a 
 great number of letters of Union generals. His success 
 in this particular field led him to extend his attention 
 to all classes of American autographs; and in the course
 
 198 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 of a comparatively few years he amassed, by the ac- 
 quisition of large numbers of public papers, as well as 
 by exchanges with other collectors and liberal pur- 
 chases, the immense collection which, after his death, 
 was sold at auction, in Philadelphia, on various dates 
 in the years 1911, 1912, 1913 and 1914. 
 
 Owing to its great size, it was disposed of in seven 
 parts. The catalogues included, among the American 
 series, Colonial Governors, the Albany Convention of 
 1754, the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, the Continental 
 Congress [with many fine letters of Signers of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence], Generals and officers of the 
 Revolutionary War, Presidents of the United States, the 
 Supreme Court of the U. S., the first Federal Congress, 
 and authors. They also contained very notable sets 
 of the Generals of the Civil War [both Union and Con- 
 federate], the Peace Congress of 1861, and of all prom- 
 inent persons connected with the Southern Confeder- 
 acy; as well as a very large number of autograph doc- 
 uments of Abraham Lincoln, and many miscellaneous 
 autographs [American and foreign]. The set of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, which 
 attracted more attention than any other part of the 
 collection, is elsewhere particularly noticed. The price 
 —34600— paid for the D. S. 2 pages folio, 1770, of 
 Button Gwinnett, was the highest ever given for an
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 199 
 
 autograph in an American auction room. 
 
 The following items may be mentioned as typical 
 of the most valuable letters in the collection: 
 
 Christie, Gen. Gabriel [French and Indian War]. A. L. 
 S. 3 pages 4to, 1757. Interesting. $\\S. 
 
 Gage, Gen. Thomas. A. L. S. 4 pages folio, 1765. In- 
 teresting. 3100. 
 
 Greene, Gen. NathanaeL A. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1781. 
 To Gen. Lafayette. 3191. 
 
 Montgomery, Gen. Richard. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1775. 
 Military letter. 3560. 
 
 Paine, Thomas [Patriot]. A. L. S. folio, 1783. To 
 Robert Morris. 3125. 
 
 Penn, Thomas [Colonial Governor of Pa.]. A. L. S. 7 
 pages 4to, 1758. 3105. 
 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 1785. To 
 James Madison. 3590. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. A. L. S. folio, 1772. To his 
 wife. 3140. 
 
 Grant, Gen. U. S. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to. Headquarters, 
 Jan. 8, 1865. 3220. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. A. L. S. 3 pages 8vo, 1861. To 
 Gov. Magoffin, of Ky. 3975. 
 
 Washington, George. L. S. 3 pages folio, 1782. An im- 
 portant letter to Gen. Greene. 3300.
 
 200 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Washington, Martha. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1794. 3780. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, A. L. S. 4to, 1841. 3137.50. 
 Pynchon, Col. John [Governor of Springfield, Mass.]. 
 
 A. D. S. 4to, 1656. 3360. 
 Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas [Revolutionary War]. L. S. 
 
 4to, 1775. 3150. 
 Moore, Alfred [Supreme Court of the U. S.]. A. L. S. 
 
 2 pages 4to, 1800. 3210. 
 Blair, John [Supreme Court of the U. S.]. A. L. S. 
 
 4to, 1781. 3200. 
 Eliot, John [Missionary to the Indians]. A. D. S. 
 
 small 4to, 1665. 3330. 
 Alden, John [Plymouth pilgrim]. D. S. folio, 1663. 
 
 3190. 
 
 The Hale Collection. 
 
 John Mills Hale, of Philipsburg, Pa., devoted more 
 than fifty years of his life to the formation of a col- 
 lection of autographs composed of nearly all of the 
 American series and a large number of foreign letters. 
 It was sold at auction, in Philadelphia, on Feb. 14 and 
 15, and June 3, 1913. The catalogues of the two sales 
 enumerated 2466 items, many of which embraced a 
 number of autographs. His complete set of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was be-
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 201 
 
 queathed to the University of Pennsylvania; but an- 
 other set, nearly complete, was included in his series 
 of the Members of the Continental Congress. 
 
 Among the more noteworthy items, the following 
 may be mentioned: 
 
 Arnold^ Gen. Benedict. L. S. 4 pages 4to, 1778. Im- 
 portant military letter. 3260. 
 Burgoyne, Gen. Sir John. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1777. 
 
 3150. 
 
 Greene, Gen. Natha^iaeL A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1777. 
 
 365. 
 Hale, Capt. Nathan [the Martyr Spy]. A. L. S. 2 pages 
 
 4to, 1775. 31500. 
 Kosciuszkoj Gen. Thaddeus. A. L. S. 4 pages 4to. 
 
 Revolutionary letter. 3235. 
 Mercer, Gen. Hugh. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1776. 3172. 
 Montgomery, Gen. Richard. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. 
 
 Camp, St. Johns, 1775. 3280. 
 Putnam, Gen. Israel. L. S. 4to, 1776. 3100. 
 Revere, Paul. A. L. S. 4to, 1791. 395. 
 Scammel, Col. Alexander. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1779. 
 
 350. 
 Warren, Gen. Joseph. A. L. S. 4to, 1775. 3212.50. 
 Jones, John Paul. A. L. S. 4to, 1777. 3400. 
 Lynch, Thomas, Jr. Signature "Lynch" cut from the 
 
 title page of a book. 3175.
 
 202 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Morton, John [Signer]. D. S. 4to, 1776. 324. 
 Taylor, George [Signer]. D. S. folio. 352. 
 Livingston, William [Governor of N. J.]. A. L. S. 
 
 folio, 1777. 338. 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 4to, 1785. 3320. 
 Adams, John. A. L. S. 3 pages 4to, 1785. 380. 
 Lincoln, Abraham. A. L. S. 2 pages 8vo, 1860. In 
 
 reference to his nomination. 3900. 
 Chase, Samuel [Signer]. A. L. S. 3 pages folio. 3130. 
 Boone, Daniel [Pioneer]. A. D. S. folio, 1786. 343. 
 Biirns, Robert [Poet]. A. L. S. 8vo. 380. 
 Byron, Lord [Poet]. A. L. S. 8vo, 1815. 355. 
 Lafayette, General. A. L. S. 4to. Valley Forge, 1778. 
 
 3160. 
 Washington, Martha. A. L. S. 4to. 3650. 
 Henry VIII [King of England]. Vellum D. S. folio, 
 
 1540. 3170. 
 
 The Thacher Collection. 
 
 John Boyd Thacher, of Albany, N. Y., was known, 
 for many years prior to his death, as one of the leading 
 collectors in the United States. He was a scholar, and 
 the author of several valuable works on the early his- 
 tory of America. His antiquarian taste led him, in 
 early life, to commence the acquisition of interesting
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 203 
 
 letters and manuscripts; particularly such as fell 
 directly within the line of his historical pursuits. Hav- 
 ing large pecuniary resources, the steady prosecution of 
 his hobby for more than forty years enabled him to 
 accumulate a very large, and remarkably fine and val- 
 uable collection of letters, foreign as well as American; 
 in which rarities were of frequent occurrence. His 
 favorite foreign series was that of the French Revolu- 
 tion; which [it is said] he had so fully completed as to 
 make it unrivaled in the United States and without a 
 superior abroad. 
 
 The collection — excluding the French Revolution 
 series — was sold at auction, in six parts, during the 
 years 1913, 1914 and 1915. A tolerably correct idea 
 of its character and extent may be had from the fol- 
 lowing general statement of the various elements com- 
 prised in it: 
 
 1. Dutch Governors of New Netherlands. Peter Min- 
 
 uit, Wm. Kieft, Pieter Stuyvesant, Wouter van 
 Twiller. 
 
 2. Early New England and Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 William Bradford, John Alden, Myles Standish, 
 Roger Williams, and many others. 
 
 3. Colonial Governors. Henry Sloughter, Sir E. An- 
 
 dros, Leisler, Francis Lovelace, William Penn, 
 and many others.
 
 204 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 4. Early Governors and explorers of New France. 
 
 Frontenac, D'Iberville, Joliet, La Salle, and 
 others. 
 
 5. Famous early celebrities and divines. 
 
 6. Stamp Act and Continental Congresses. 
 
 7. Revolutionary celebrities. John Paul Jones, Major 
 
 Andre, Nathan Hale, George and Martha Wash- 
 ington, Joseph Warren, and many others. 
 
 8. Literary and historical celebrities. 
 
 9. Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 10. Presidents of the U. S. 
 
 IL Miscellaneous. Saint Vincent de Paul, Ignatius 
 Loyola, Francis de Sales, and others. 
 
 12. English statesmen, from Henry VIII. to Charles 
 
 II. 
 
 13. English authors. Sir Francis Bacon, Sir Thos. 
 
 Browne, Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, Ben 
 Jonson, John Keats, John Locke, Thomas Chat- 
 terton, Robert Burton, De Foe, Dryden, Byron, 
 Burns, and many others. 
 
 14. European celebrities. 
 
 15. Composers. Bach, Beethoven, Gliick, Handel, 
 
 Haydn, Mozart, and others. 
 
 16. Celebrated women. Lucretia Borgia, Bianca Ca- 
 
 pello, Madame de Maintenon, and others.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 205 
 
 17. English artists. Gainsborough, Hogarth, Kneller, 
 and others. 
 
 The Joline Collection. 
 
 Of all the American collectors of autographs who 
 were living in 1913, few were as well known as Adrien 
 H. Joline. He was a lawyer, residing in New York City; 
 and during the larger part of his long, active and useful 
 life he devoted the hours that could be spared from his 
 professional pursuits to the collection of books and auto- 
 graphs. His large scholarship, his ability as a writer, 
 and his love for his hobby are shown in the numerous 
 works that came from his pen; among which his 
 "Meditations of an Autograph Collector" and "Rambles 
 in Autograph Land" are charming specimens of the 
 way in which a subject, somewhat dry to those who do 
 not belong to the fraternity of collectors, can be made 
 interesting to the general reader. They have been 
 aptly described as "characterized by humor, philos- 
 ophy, shrewd observations of men and events, deep 
 insight into political history and social life, strong 
 human sympathy, and an intimate knowledge of the 
 best literature." 
 
 The years that he gave to the acquisition of his 
 treasures made him, at the time of his death, the pos-
 
 206 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 sessor of one of the largest and finest collections ever 
 formed in the United States. It was disposed of at 
 auction, in New York, in nine instalments, at various 
 dates between Dec. 15, 1914, and Feb. 24, 1916. 
 
 In addition to a large number of books that were 
 extra-illustrated by the insertion of many letters and 
 portraits — some of them containing such complete 
 series as those of the Presidents of the U. S. and the 
 Justices of the Supreme Court of the U. S. — the col- 
 lection covered so wide a field, both American and 
 foreign, that any detailed statement of its component 
 parts would be out of the question. All that can be 
 said is that it included, in the American line, a complete 
 set of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 fine letters of most of the Generals and more prominent 
 officers of the Revolutionary War, many letters of Gen. 
 Washington, a number of fine literary manuscripts of 
 the most noted authors, etc., etc. In the foreign line, 
 sovereigns, military and naval officers, authors, states- 
 men, noted women, and Napoleon and his Marshals, 
 were represented by most of the leading names. 
 
 A few items, selected from a large number that are 
 of equal importance, will now be specifically noted, 
 to give some indication of the prices realized: 
 Arnold, Gen. Benedict. A. L. S. 2 pages folio, 1780. 
 3140.
 
 AMERICAN COLLECTIONS 207 
 
 Washington, George. A. L. S. 4to, 1796. 3112.50. 
 Washington, Martha. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 1782. 3159. 
 Stuyvesani, Peter. D. S. large 4to, 1664. 3140. 
 Penn, William. A. L. S. folio, 1682. 3235. 
 Bacon, Sir Francis [Baron Verulam. Lord Chancellor]. 
 
 D. S. folio, 1619. 3165. 
 Elizabeth [Queen of England]. Vellum L. S. oblong 
 
 folio. 3110. 
 Garrick, David [Actor]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to. 3105. 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. D. S. large folio. 3385. 
 Hogarth, William. D. S. folio, 1775. 363. 
 Lamb, Charles and Mary. A. L. S. 23^ pages 4to, 1811. 
 
 3315. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. L. S. 4to, 1812. To Marshall 
 
 Grouchy. 3155. 
 Richardson, Samuel [Novelist]. A. L. S. 3 pages small 
 
 4to, 1753. 380. 
 Sterne, Laurence [Novelist]. A. L. S. 2 pages 4to, 
 
 1764. 3125. 
 Thackeray, William M. A. L. S. 3 pages 12 mo., 1857. 
 
 3126. 
 Gibber, Colley [Actor]. A. L. S. 4to, 1753. 345.
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Concerning Public Collections of Autographs. 
 
 I. EUROPEAN. 
 
 IN France the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris has, 
 probably, the largest number of autographs of 
 first importance. Its manuscript department con- 
 tains many notable collections formed in centuries 
 past by distinguished public or private characters for 
 historical purposes, which passed to the Bibliotheque 
 either by gift or purchase. In the Mazarine gallery 
 of this institution one may see displayed letters or 
 manuscripts of nearly all the names that are noted in 
 French history, beginning with a document bearing 
 the signature of John II., surnamed "Le Bon," who 
 ascended the French throne in 1350, and coming down 
 to modern times. Here are to be found such rarities
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 209 
 
 as the autographs of Charles V., Bertrand Du Guesclin, 
 Agnes Sorel, Montaigne, Pierre Corncillc, Molicrc, and 
 Jean de la Bruyere; as well as the autograph manu- 
 scripts of Blaise Pascal's "Pensees," La Fontaine's 
 tragedy of "Achille," Fenelon's "Telemaque," and 
 others of great value. 
 
 The National Archives contain, as a matter of 
 course, a wealth of autographic material, in which all the 
 kings of France are represented by charts or letters. The 
 oldest of these autographs is a signature of king Dago- 
 bert I. on a diploma of the year 628. A handsome 4to 
 volume, published in 1872 under the title of "Musee 
 des Archives Nationales," and illustrated with numerous 
 facsimiles, gives a detailed statement of the autographs 
 and manuscripts in this collection. 
 
 Several of the public libraries in Paris, and many 
 of those in other parts of France, also have consider- 
 able collections. 
 
 The other countries of Continental Europe have, 
 in addition to their collections of State papers, large 
 gatherings of autographs in their public libraries. 
 The library of Berlin is particularly rich in such pos- 
 sessions. 
 
 In Italy, the archives of Rome, Milan, Florence, 
 Venice, Turin and Naples are full of autographs, as are 
 the archives of Simancas in Spain.
 
 210 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The libraries of Holland, Belgium and Switzerland 
 are not without a considerable quantity of precious 
 manuscript matter. 
 
 In England, the great depository of autographs is 
 the British Museum, in London. Its possessions in 
 this line are unequaled except, perhaps, by the Biblio- 
 theque Nationale. In addition to the magnificent 
 collections of Sir John Cotton, Sir Hans Sloane, Robert 
 Harley [Earl of Oxford], the Marquis of Lansdowne and 
 Lord Egerton, which were acquired by gift, it has, for 
 hundreds of years, added to its treasures by the pur- 
 chase of letters or documents of all important persons 
 whose autographs were lacking; so that there is scarcely 
 a single name of prominence, of any nationality or any 
 modern time, which is not now represented in its man- 
 uscript department. 
 
 The National Archives in the Public Record office 
 are, as will naturally be taken for granted, of great 
 size and importance. 
 
 n. AMERICAN. 
 
 The American Antiquarian Society. 
 
 The American Antiquarian Society, located at Wor- 
 cester, Mass., was founded by Isaiah Thomas, noted as
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 211 
 
 a printer and publisher, and as the author of a "History 
 of Printing." Incorporated on Oct. 24, 1812, it has 
 been wonderfully successful in its acquisitions of books, 
 newspapers and manuscripts; and it now ranks as one 
 of the great libraries of the country for students of 
 American history and allied subjects. The Society's 
 "Handbook of Information" states that "from a few 
 groups of manuscripts, chiefly of a local or personal 
 character, there has succeeded a collection of over 
 35,000 pieces, largely national in its scope." 
 
 Cotton Mather is represented by nearly 300 letters; 
 and there are many, and important, manuscripts by 
 him and by Richard and Increase Mather. There is 
 much material illustrative of the French and Indian 
 War, and a very extensive collection relating to the 
 Revolutionary War. Included in the latter are numer- 
 ous military papers of Generals John Nixon and Wil- 
 liam Heath, and letters of Generals Washington, Greene, 
 Schuyler, Stirling, Gates, Conway, Charles Lee and 
 Arnold. One of the most interesting manuscripts in 
 the collection is the reply of the garrison at West Point 
 to Washington's farewell address, Nov. 10, 1783. 
 
 There are letters of Signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence and of men who were noted in the Con- 
 tinental Congress, and thousands of miscellaneous 
 letters and manuscripts of a later date.
 
 212 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The Library of Congress. 
 
 The character and extent of the manuscript collec- 
 tions of the Library of Congress are briefly stated in a 
 leaflet which has been issued for the information of the 
 public, from which the following quotations are made: 
 "The Library is the custodian of about 600 separate 
 collections of manuscripts, varying in size from col- 
 lections which comprise only a few documents to those 
 which contain many thousands. There are at least 
 a million separate manuscripts in the combined col- 
 lections. They cover the whole field of history — 
 political, military, scientific, artistic, religious, literary, 
 social, and economic. For example, there are the 
 papers of eleven of the Presidents of the United States; 
 of the Continental Congress; of Benjamin Franklin, 
 Alexander Hamilton, Daniel Webster, William L. 
 Marcy, James H. Hammond (of S. C), and Edwin M. 
 Stanton; of Generals Sherman, McClellan, and Beaure- 
 gard; of Paul Jones, Alexander Cockburn, and Ericsson; 
 of Simon Newcomb and Matthew F. Maury; of Rev. 
 John Witherspoon and Rev. Moses Waddell; of Louise 
 Chandler Moulton and William Gilmore Simms; of 
 Dolly Madison and Margaret Bayard Smith; and the 
 account books of plantations and old mercantile firms. 
 . . . The collections have come to the Library, some
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 213 
 
 by transfer from other Departments of the Govern- 
 ment, but most of them from the descendants of the 
 historical characters to whom the manuscripts pertain. 
 Some of the collections are obtained by gift, some by 
 purchase, and some are deposited, the title remaining 
 with the depositors." 
 
 From the long list of the more important collections 
 of personal papers — other than those before mentioned 
 — in the possession of the Library, the following may be 
 named as fairly representative of the entire number: 
 John Archdale [Colonial Governor], Gen. Jacob Brown 
 [War of 1812], Aaron Burr, Salmon P. Chase, Henry 
 Clay, Gen. George Clinton [Revolutionary War], Gen. 
 James Clinton [Revolutionary War], John J. Crittenden 
 [Statesman], John Fitch [Inventor], Albert Gallatin, 
 Sir William Johnson [French and Indian War], James 
 Kent [Jurist], Hugh McCulloch [Statesman], John Mc- 
 Lean [Jurist], George Mason [Statesman], Commodore 
 Edward Preble, John Sherman [Statesman], Gen. Adam 
 Stephen [Revolutionary War], Thaddeus Stevens, Ly- 
 man Trumbull [Statesman], Elihu B. Washburne 
 [Statesman], Gideon Welles [Statesman], Henry Wil- 
 son [Vice-President], and William Wirt [Statesman].
 
 214 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The Connecticut Historical Society. 
 
 The manuscript collections of the Connecticut His- 
 torical Society are extensive and important. They 
 cover the Colonial period, from an early date; the 
 French and Indian War; the Revolutionary War; and 
 they come down to the present day. Of the component 
 parts of this large mass of material a few, having a 
 special interest, may be mentioned as illustrative of the 
 general character of the collections: 
 
 Correspondence of the Colony and State of Connec- 
 ticut with other Colonies and with Congress, 1753- 
 1809. 
 
 Deane, Silas. Correspondence of, 1771-1789. 
 
 Fitch, Gov. Thomas. Official correspondence, 1754- 
 
 1766. 
 Greene, Gen. Nathanael. Letters from him, 1778-1785. 
 
 Hale, Capt. Nathan [the Martyr Spy]. His diary, and 
 
 letters addressed to him, 1773-1776. 
 Johnson, William Samuel. His correspondence from 
 
 1765 to 1790. 
 
 Law, Gov. Jonathan. His official correspondence from 
 1741 to 1750. 
 
 Occum, Samson [Indian preacher]. His correspon- 
 dence.
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 215 
 
 Revolutionary War. Muster rolls, orderly books, and 
 letters from soldiers and others concerning the war. 
 
 Talcott, Gov. Joseph. His official correspondence from 
 1724 to 1741. 
 
 Trumbull, Gov. Jonathan. Political, official, and per- 
 sonal letters, and other papers, extending over nearly 
 the whole period of his life. 
 
 Trumbull, Col. Jonathan, Jr. Military letters while 
 Paymaster General [1775-8], personal and business 
 letters [1773-1809], letters from members of Congress 
 [1790-1809], and letters from the U. S. Government 
 [1778-1809]. 
 
 Wadsworth, Col. Jeremiah [member of the Continental 
 Congress]. His correspondence from 1777 to 1803. 
 
 Williams, William [Signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence]. His correspondence from 1760 to 1800. 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver [Secretary of the treasury and Governor 
 of Conn.]. Letters to him from his father [one of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence], Gen. 
 Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Oliver 
 Ellsworth, Geo. Cabot, Fisher Ames, and many others 
 of the leading men of his day. 
 
 The Drexel Institute, Philadelphia. 
 
 The manuscript collections of the Drexel Insti- 
 tute contain the manuscripts and autographs collected
 
 216 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 by the late Mr. George W. Chllds, and presented by 
 him, during his lifetime, to the Library. They con- 
 sist of valuable original manuscripts of modern au- 
 thors, and autograph letters of noted persons. Among 
 the treasures of the collection are the original manu- 
 script of Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend," bound in 
 two volumes, closely written, as it was sent to the 
 printer, with innumerable erasures and insertions; 
 an autograph manuscript of Thackeray's "Lecture on 
 George IIL," handsomely bound and extra-illustrated 
 with portraits and original drawings and water-colors 
 by Thackeray (the identical copy from which he read 
 when he lectured in America); the original manuscript 
 of Poe's "Murders in the Rue Morgue"; of Lamb's 
 "Essay on Witches and other Night Fears," signed 
 "Elia"; of Bremer's "Hertha"; of Godwin's "Cloudes- 
 ley, a Novel"; of Andre's "The Cow Chace," and of 
 many other important works. The autograph letters 
 comprise, among others, a set of letters from the 
 Presidents of the United States; the Pinkerton corres- 
 pondence (in four volumes), including letters from many 
 noted Englishmen, of the latter part of the eighteenth 
 century, to John Pinkerton; and collections of miscel- 
 laneous letters written by English and American au- 
 thors and statesmen.
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 1X1 
 
 The Maine Historical Society. 
 
 In addition to a large quantity of local historical 
 matter in the manuscript department of the Maine His- 
 torical Society, its collections include such important 
 papers as those of Gen. Henry Knox, Sir William Pep- 
 perell, Dr. Silvester Gardiner, Gov. William King, and 
 the Longfellow family. The letter-book of Benedict 
 Arnold during his expedition to Quebec, presented to 
 the Society by Aaron Burr in 1831, is an interesting 
 relic of the American Revolution. 
 
 In point of value and general attractiveness, the 
 collection formed by the late Dr. John S. H. Foge. of 
 South Boston, and bequeathed by him to the Society, 
 overshadows all the other manuscript material in its 
 possession. It numbers between four and five thousand 
 papers, arranged in fifty-nine volumes, and includes 
 letters and documents of Colonial Governors, Generals 
 of the Revolution, members of the Continental Con- 
 gress, and most of the noted men and women of America, 
 in all ranks of life, from Colonial days to modern times. 
 Its set of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence 
 is complete and very fine. 
 
 Foreign autographs are represented by Ferdinand 
 and Isabella, Queen Elizabeth, Oliver Cromwell, Napo-
 
 218 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 leon Bonaparte, William Harvey [discoverer of the cir- 
 culation of the blood], John Keats [a love-letter to 
 Fanny Brawn], Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, and 
 many more who are noted in history or literature. 
 
 The Missouri Historical Society. 
 
 This Society has, among its numerous manuscript 
 collections, many letters of Thomas Jefferson, a com- 
 plete set of letters of the Presidents of the U. S., and a 
 quantity of miscellaneous, political, and literary papers 
 [known as the VV. K, Bixby Collection]. 
 
 Its most important historical manuscripts are the 
 following named: 
 
 Spanish Archives, 1769-1805, relating to the history of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 St. Louis Archives, French, Spanish, and English. 
 1766-1809. 
 
 St. Genevieve Archives, 1746-1855. 
 
 Francois Valle collection, St. Genevieve, 1791-1847. 
 
 New Madrid Archives, 1791-1804. 
 
 The papers of Charles Dehault Delassus, the last Span- 
 ish Governor of Upper Louisiana. 
 Mexican War papers. 
 Papers of Senator Thomas H. Benton.
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 219 
 
 The New Hampshire Historical Society. 
 
 The manuscripts in the possession of this Society 
 are chiefly of an historical nature. Its most important 
 collections are the twenty-five volumes of letters of 
 Daniel Webster and the four volumes of letters and 
 papers of Gen. John Sullivan, of the Revolutionary War. 
 The Hibbard papers, which relate in part to the Revo- 
 lutionary War and in part are of an autographic nature, 
 consist of letters of distinguished men, mostly of this 
 country, for the last two hundred years. There are, 
 in addition, numerous small collections and many mis- 
 cellaneous manuscripts. 
 
 The New York Historical Society. 
 
 The archives of the New York Historical Society 
 contain fifty-eight volumes of original manuscripts 
 covering the Colonial period, represented in the Col- 
 den, de Peyster, Lloyd, and Leggett papers. The 
 Revolutionary period embraces the Gates, Lamb, 
 Steuben, Stirling, Reed, McDougall, Duer, Stewart, and 
 McLane papers, and a collection of Orderly books. 
 It also contains the correspondence, in nine volumes, of
 
 220 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 James Duane, There are, in addition, many papers 
 of a later period, included in the Gallatin, Hone, Bar- 
 clay, King, and Thomas papers. 
 
 The New York Public Library. 
 
 The manuscript collections in the New York Public 
 Library are, beyond question, much larger and more 
 important than those in any other Public Library in 
 the United States. 
 
 The Emmet collection alone contains 10,800 pieces, 
 embracing complete series of the Albany Convention 
 of 1754, the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, the Conti- 
 nental Congress of 1774, the entire Continental Con- 
 gress, the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 the Signers of the Articles of Confederation, the Gen- 
 erals of the American Revolution, Washington and 
 his military family, the Annapolis Convention, the 
 Federal Convention, and the first Federal Adminis- 
 tration. Some of these series — especially those of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence — are either 
 unrivaled or unexcelled in any other collection. 
 
 In the field of American literature the Library has 
 the extensive correspondence of Evert A. and George
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 221 
 
 L. Duyckinck, which includes letters from nearly every 
 American literary character from 1840 to 1855. In 
 English literature, it has one or more letters of Robert 
 Burns, William Covvper, Oliver Goldsmith, Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson, Alexander Pope, Sir Walter Scott, and Robert 
 Southey. It also has the good fortune to be the pos- 
 sessor of an autograph letter of the poet Milton, 
 written to his friend Carlo Dait, of Florence. This 
 great rarity was, in connection with some other material 
 relating to Alilton, purchased from B. Quaritch, in 
 1882, for £42. 
 
 The Library also owns the following named sepa- 
 rate collections: 
 
 The Rich collection, of about 142 volumes, relat- 
 ing to Spanish-America. 
 
 The Chalmers Collection, of 25 volumes, contain- 
 ing material for a history of the revolt in the American 
 Colonies. 
 
 The Hardwicke collection, of 140 volumes, relating 
 to English history of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
 turies. 
 
 The Bancroft collection, consisting of original pa- 
 pers and transcripts collected by George Bancroft for 
 his historical work; and comprising the extensive cor- 
 respondence of Samuel Adams [one of the Signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence], the letters and papers
 
 222 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 relating to the German auxiliary troops in the American 
 Revolution, the papers of Joseph Hawley [the patriot, 
 of Northampton, Mass.], and numerous letters of dis- 
 tinguished Americans. 
 
 The Myers collection, formed by Col. T. Bailey 
 Myers, contains about 1600 pieces, chiefly autograph 
 letters and documents of the Colonial and Revolution- 
 ary periods. It includes Signers of the Declaration of 
 Independence, Members of the Continental Congress, 
 Generals of the Revolutionary War, distinguished 
 Englishmen and Frenchmen, Hessian officers, and the 
 papers of Gen. Daniel Morgan. 
 
 The Ford collection, made by Gordon L. Ford and 
 his sons, between 1840 and 1898, is of a varied character. 
 It is composed mainly of autographs of Americans of 
 the Revolutionary period and the nineteenth century, 
 and contains about 60,000 loose pieces and some bound 
 volumes. 
 
 The Schuyler Revolutionary papers number about 
 2430 items, consisting of letters to Gen. Philip Schuyler 
 from military officers, members of Congress, Committees 
 of Safety, etc., 1761-1802. The greater part of them 
 relate to the conduct of the war in the Northern De- 
 partment, 1775-1777.
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 223 
 
 The New York State Library. 
 
 The manuscript department of the New York State 
 Library constituted, prior to the fire which worked 
 such destruction to its contents, "the largest and most 
 important body of archives in the possession of the 
 State. The manuscripts were acquired by gift, by pur- 
 chase, and by transfer from various State offices, during 
 a period of sixty-five years, anci embraced practically 
 all that had been preserved of the executive, legislative, 
 and judicial records of the administration of the province 
 under Dutch regime [1630-1664, 1673-4]; the executive 
 and legislative papers, other than land papers, of the 
 English Colonial administration; the executive and 
 legislative papers of the Provincial administration 
 during the Revolution; the correspondence of Sir Wil- 
 liam Johnson, and of Governors George Clinton and 
 Daniel D. Tompkins." 
 
 Notwithstanding the serious losses incurred by the 
 fire — principally in the records of the English Colonial 
 period, the Sir William Johnson papers, the Clinton 
 papers, and the Tompkins papers — a vast amount of 
 valuable manuscript material remains. It includes a 
 series of letters and documents of the Signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, Andre papers [13 manu- 
 scripts], Washington's opinion of the surviving Generals
 
 224 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 of the Revolution [written in the winter of 1791-2, 
 after St. Clair's defeat], draft of Washington's Farewell 
 Address [written in the Spring of 1796], and draft of 
 Lincoln's first Emancipation Proclamation [Sept. 22, 
 1862]. 
 
 There are 61 volumes of New York Colonial manu- 
 scripts, illustrating the civil and political history of the 
 Colony from its first settlement to the time of the 
 American Revolution; 13 volumes of the public and 
 private papers of Sir William Johnson; and 10 volumes 
 of the papers of General [and Governor] George Clinton. 
 Among miscellaneous manuscripts there are papers 
 relating to the household affairs of President Wash- 
 ington in 1790, British Colonial army papers and ac- 
 counts, autograph letters of American officials and 
 authors, and a large collection of papers of Ethan Allen, 
 Ira Allen, and other Vermonters [known as the Stevens 
 papers]. 
 
 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The manuscript department of the Historical So- 
 ciety of Pennsylvania greatly exceeds, in size and im- 
 portance, that of any other Historical Society in the 
 United States. It contains over 3,000 volumes of let-
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 225 
 
 ters and documents, and thousands of loose papers; 
 aggregating a total of not less than 500,000 items, and 
 probably nearly twice that number. 
 
 The Penn manuscripts are contained in 210 of these 
 volumes; which include 234 autograph letters or docu- 
 ments of William Penn, 160 of them being full auto- 
 graph letters signed. 
 
 The collection is particularly rich in autographs of 
 Gen. Washington, having 128 A. L. S. folio or 4to, 185 
 L. S. folio or 4to, 6 A. D. S., 9 autograph documents 
 unsigned, and 25 D. S. — a total of 353. It also con- 
 tains Washington's pocket diary of the weather from 
 January to June, 1796; entirely in his handwriting. 
 
 Of letters and documents of Benjamin Franklin 
 there are, in the collection, 42 A. L. S. folio or 4to, and 
 160 A. D. S., L. S., D. S., and unsigned autograph docu- 
 ments. 
 
 The Wayne collection comprises over 2000 letters 
 and drafts of letters of Gen. Anthony Wayne, covering 
 the entire period of the Revolutionary War and his 
 campaign against the Western Indians. 
 
 Among the papers of James Wilson, a Signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence, there is the original 
 draft of the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 The five volumes of the papers of Thomas McKean 
 [a Signer of the Declaration of Independence] contain
 
 226 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 letters from Washington, Franklin, and many other 
 Revolutionary statesmen and soldiers. 
 
 The Joel R. Poinsett papers contain much of his 
 correspondence with Andrew Jackson during the Nul- 
 lification period. 
 
 The correspondence of James Buchanan, extending 
 from 1813 to 1868, contains a great number of letters 
 of men who were prominent in public life during those 
 years. 
 
 The Dreer, Etting, Conarroe, and other collections, 
 furnish letters and documents of all the noted men of 
 the Colonial and Revolutionary periods. The Dreer 
 collection alone numbers about 15,000 autograph 
 letters and documents, covering the entire field of 
 American history; and including, in its treasures, 
 hundreds of letters of British and Continental celebri- 
 ties, of all modern periods and in all the walks of life. 
 The British literary series is especially full, from the 
 reign of Elizabeth to the twentieth century; and con- 
 tains, among other gems, a D. S. of the poet Milton. 
 
 The Society has two complete sets of the Signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence, another set complete 
 with the exception of Lynch, and two others that are 
 complete with the exception of Lynch and Gwinnett. 
 It has complete sets of the Albany Convention and the 
 Federal Convention. The Stamp Act Congress lacks
 
 ^ 1^' 
 
 ^■f^. 
 
 FERDINAND I. DREER
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 111 
 
 one name only; and the Continental Congress and 
 Generals of the Revolutionary War are almost complete. 
 
 The Rhode Island Historical Society. 
 
 The Rhode Island Historical Society has about 
 200,000 manuscripts, which deal with the history of 
 the Colony and State from 1636 to the present time. 
 The principal series are the Rhode Island Historical 
 Society manuscripts, the Foster papers, the Moses 
 Brown papers, the Greene papers, the military papers, 
 the Harris papers, the Champlin papers, and the 
 Channing-Ellery papers. 
 
 The Virginia Historical Society. 
 
 The Virginia Historical Society has, in its possession, 
 a number of interesting collections relating to the Co- 
 lonial and Revolutionary history of the State; the most 
 important of which are the Philip Ludwell, the Ran- 
 dolph, the Lee, and the Campbell papers, and those 
 relating to the Custis family. 
 
 It is specially rich in letters of Presidents Jefferson, 
 Madison, and Monroe; of Edmund Pendleton; of 
 Generals Lafayette and Knox; of Chief Justice John
 
 228 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Marshall ; of the Lee families ; and of the British General 
 William Phillips, who was a prisoner of war, in com- 
 mand of the "Convention troops," at Charlottesville, 
 Va. It probably owns more letters of Gen. Washington 
 than any other Historical Society in the United States, 
 with the single exception of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 
 
 This Society has an unusually large and rich col- 
 lection of manuscripts, embracing hundreds of volumes 
 of letters, documents, etc., that have special reference 
 to the history of Wisconsin and to its military history 
 during the Civil War. 
 
 The Lyman C. Draper manuscript collection, which 
 is probably the most important part of the treasures 
 of the Society, alone consists of 469 folio volumes. It 
 comprises six volumes of data relative to the Mecklen- 
 burg declaration of independence; while other volumes 
 contain early manuscripts relative to Alabama, Georgia, 
 Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
 South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and King's Aloun- 
 tain. The wealth of historical material laboriously 
 gathered by Dr. Draper during the greater portion of 
 his life baffles description in any short notice.
 
 PUBLIC COLLECTIONS 229 
 
 While he was Secretary of the Society much atten- 
 tion was given to the collection of autographs. "As a re- 
 sult the Society has several valuable series. Most note- 
 worthy are the two containing the autographs of the 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence and of the 
 Signers of the Constitution. Another interesting set 
 is that of the Presidents of the Old Congress. The 
 Society also possesses the autographs of most of the 
 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States, of 
 many of the Generals of the Revolutionary War, and 
 of a large number of Kentucky pioneers. It has also 
 received, from many sources, a large number of auto- 
 graphs of prominent men in America and Europe."
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 On the Migration and the Pedigrees of Auto- 
 graphs. 
 
 THE passage of important autograph letters 
 and documents from one collection to another 
 prompts a few remarks on what, in the 
 heading of this chapter, is called the migra- 
 tion of autographs. When we learn, in a general way, 
 that many of the great collections formed in years 
 gone by and dispersed after the death of their respect- 
 ive owners, contained specimens of names that are 
 now seldom met with or are practically unobtainable, 
 we are apt to conclude that the rarity of these names 
 has been exaggerated. This belief, however, quickly 
 disappears when we discover that, not infrequently, 
 the identical letter or document has traveled from col- 
 lection to collection, taking its place, in turn, in several 
 of them. Thus, a letter of Andre Chenier, which in
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 231 
 
 1827 was sold for 20 francs 95 centimes, and which 
 had become part of the great Fillon collection, passed 
 in succession into the noted collections of Alfred Bovet 
 and Alexander Cohn, and was disposed of, after the 
 death of Mr. Cohn, for the sum of 780 marks, or more 
 than forty-five times the price it had brought in 1827. 
 To one who does not trace the lineage of letters it might 
 seem as though four different letters of Chenier had 
 been sold, in the few collections named, since the year 
 1827, and that this autograph could not, therefore, 
 be rare; whereas, in point of fact, a single letter, only, 
 was sold as it journeyed from one home to another. 
 
 The catalogue of the Tremont collection has, as one 
 of its important items, a sketch in ink, by the great 
 painter Raphael, of two heads of horses, with the arms 
 of men, containing five lines in his handwriting, with 
 the date 1510. The following note is appended: 
 "This drawing formed part of the collection of Prince 
 de Ligne. It then passed into the collection of Comte 
 de Fries; thence to that of Prof. Bohm, of Vienna; 
 and lastly into that of M. Donnadieu, who had bought 
 it from a Mons. Hertz, paying 1000 francs for it. At 
 the Donnadieu sale in London it was bought by Baron 
 de Tremont." Here we have six migrations of the 
 same paper. 
 
 It would be very easy, though tiresome, to multiply
 
 232 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 instances of this kind. The fact, however, should be 
 noted, that a lineage like that named in the two cases 
 cited, where the stamp of genuineness has been so 
 firmly fastened upon the letter, gives the paper addi- 
 tional value. The best known dealers in France — 
 the Charavay family — fully recognize this fact; and 
 it has been their custom, for many years past, in the 
 preparation of catalogues, to name, as far as possible, 
 the sources from which the letters were obtained. 
 
 The poet Southey says: "A book is the more valu- 
 able to me when I know to whom it has belonged, and 
 through what 'scenes and changes' it has passed. I 
 would have its history recorded in the fly-leaf; and I am 
 sorry when I see the name of a former owner obliterated 
 in a book, or the plate of his arms defaced." If he had 
 been writing about autographs, instead of books, 
 would he not have said that an autograph would be 
 more valuable to him "when he knew to whom it had 
 belonged and through what scenes and changes it had 
 passed"? 
 
 No apology is needed for quoting the following 
 beautiful passage from Mr. Frederick R. MacDonald's 
 entertaining brochure entitled "In a Nook with a 
 Book." His words about the feeling of the book- 
 lover towards his treasures are equally true of the feeling 
 the autograph-lover has for the personal memorials he
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 233 
 
 has gathered. "I have," he says, "a special affection 
 for a volume that comes to me at second, or at twentieth, 
 hand. No possessions that our predecessors have left 
 behind them are so truly a part of themselves, or link 
 us so directly with those who have joined 'the choir 
 invisible,' as the books they once handled and read. 
 We are all of us moved, more or less, at sight of the 
 personal relics of the illustrious dead — the mouldering 
 helmet of the Black Prince, Newton's telescope, Nel- 
 son's sword, Wesley's teapot, and the like. I have 
 seen the visitor visibly affected at sight of a hero's 
 cocked hat, or wig, or snuff box in the glass case of a 
 museum. The lifeless thing, with no touch of grace 
 or beauty in it, helps the imagination. The past is 
 brought back, and that which has long been dead is for 
 the moment quickened to something like life. But a 
 man's books will bring him nearer to us than his old 
 clothes or trinkets can. A book that has served the 
 studies, or helped the devotion, or furnished the rec- 
 reation of a once living man or woman, is itself almost 
 a living thing, with human memories and associations 
 lastingly inwrought. Your book-lover knows and feels 
 all this. When he handles an old book he has an eye 
 for former owners' names, for inscriptions, for mar- 
 ginalia, for notes of any kind suggesting human per- 
 sonality — in some cases a recognizable personality, but
 
 234 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 for the most part one of which a faint and shadowy 
 perception is all that is possible. I have volumes on 
 my shelves that have had a history — that much is 
 plain — and they drop hints, so to speak, of the places 
 they have lived in and the company they have kept. 
 It is impossible to question them, as I have often wished 
 to do, or at least to get an answer to one's questions. 
 They are reserved, and, like people we have met, never 
 speak freely of their past, but by an allusion now and 
 again they give glimpses of it that one makes a note of." 
 
 While a letter is no more gifted with the power of 
 speech than is a book, there is, nevertheless, much that 
 it can tell to one who seeks to learn its biography in a 
 spirit of affection for its voiceless body. By way of 
 illustration let us take a very remarkable letter of the 
 unfortunate king of England known in history as "the 
 Royal Martyr." It was written to the Marquis of 
 Ormond, his commander in Ireland, just after the dis- 
 astrous defeat of the king's main army at Naseby, and 
 bears date July 31, 1645. 
 
 Any one who reads the letter with an accurate 
 knowledge of this unfortunate Alonarch's distinguishing 
 characteristics, and of the forlorn state of his cause at 
 this time, can easily form, in imagination, a picture of 
 him as, with a heavy heart and intense distress of mind, 
 he wrote these words.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 235 
 
 Cardif 31 July 1645 
 Ormond, it hath pleased God, by many successive 
 misfortunes, to reduce my affaires of late from a very 
 prosperous condition, to so low an eb, as to be a perfect 
 tryel of all mens' integrities to me, and you being a 
 person whom I consider as most entyrly and generously 
 resolved to stand and fall with your King, I doe prin- 
 cipally rely upon you for your utermost assistance in 
 my present hazards. I have comanded Digby to 
 acquainte you at large with all particulars of my con- 
 dition, what I have to hope, trust too, or feare, wherein 
 you will fynde, that if my expectation of relife out of 
 Irland be not in some good measure, and speedely 
 answered, I am lykely to be reduced to great extremi- 
 ties. I hope some of those expresses I sent you, since 
 my misfortune by the Battaile of Nazeby, ar come to 
 you, and am therfor confident that you ar in a good 
 forwardness for the sending over to me a considerable 
 supply of Men, Artillery, and Amunition. All that I 
 have to add is, that the necessety of your speedy per- 
 forming them, is made much more pressing by new 
 disasters, so that I absolutely command you [what 
 hazard soever that Kingdome may run by it] personally 
 to bring up all the Forces, of what sort soever you can 
 draw from thence, and leave the Government there 
 [during your absence] in the fittest hands that you shall
 
 236 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 judge to discharge it, for I may not want you heere 
 to comand those forces which will be brought from 
 thence, and such as, from hence, shall be joyned to 
 them. But you must not understande this, as a per- 
 mission for you to grant to the Irish [in case they will 
 not otherwais have a Peace] anything more in matter 
 of Religion than what I have alowed you allready, 
 except only, in some convenient Parishes, where the 
 much greater number ar Papists, I give you power to 
 permitt them to have some places, which they may use 
 as Chapells for theire Devotions, if there be no other 
 impediment for obtaining a Peace, but I will rather 
 chuse to suffer all extremities, than ever to abandon 
 my Religion, and particularly ether to English or Irish 
 Rebels, to which effect I have comanded Digby to 
 wryt to their Agents that were employed hither, giving 
 you power to cause deliver, or suppresse the letter, as 
 you shall judge best for my services. To conclude, if 
 the Irish shall so unworthily take advantage of my 
 weake condition, as to presse me to that which I cannot 
 grant with a safe Conscience, and withoute it to reject 
 a Peace, I comand you, if you can, to procure a 
 further Cessation, if not, to make what divisions you 
 can among them, and rather leave it to the chance of 
 Warr betweene them, and those Forces which you have 
 not power to draw to my assistance, then to give my
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 237 
 
 consent to any such allowance of Popery, as must 
 
 evidently bring destruction to that Profession which, 
 
 by the grace of God, I shall ever maintaine through 
 
 all extremities. I know, Ormond, that I impose a 
 
 very hard Taske upon you, but if God prosper me, 
 
 you will be a happy and glorious subject; if otherwais, 
 
 you will perishe, nobly and generously, with and for 
 
 him who is 
 
 your constant reall faithfuU Frend, 
 
 Charles R. 
 
 This letter has been one of the gems in several 
 notable collections. We first hear of it as belonging 
 to a Mr. Baker, who had many other letters of historical 
 importance. When his collection was sold in the year 
 1855, Mr. John Young became its purchaser at the 
 price of £70. In 1869 Mr. Young's autographs were 
 disposed of; and the letter passed into the hands of 
 Mr. Addington, who paid £80 for it. In 1876, at the 
 sale of the Addington collection, it was purchased by 
 Mr. Morrison for £69 and had a place among his 
 splendid manuscript possessions until, on their dis- 
 persal in December, 1917, it was sold to Quaritch for 
 £160. Where will its next home be? 
 
 Many other letters could tell stories of extreme 
 historical or personal interest. As an additional il-
 
 238 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 lustration of the way in which they can speak to one 
 who loves to learn their full biographies, a letter of the 
 poet Keats to his betrothed, Fanny Brawne, may be 
 taken. 
 
 On July 8, 1819 — shortly after his engagement to 
 Miss Brawne, and about nineteen months before his 
 death in Italy — he writes to her: 
 
 My Sweet Girl: 
 
 Your letter gave me more delight than any- 
 thing in the world but yourself could do; indeed I am 
 almost astonished that my absent one should have 
 that luxurious power over my senses which I feel. 
 Even when I am not thinking of you I receive your 
 influence and a tenderer nature stealing upon me. All 
 my thoughts, my unhappiest days and nights have, 
 I find, not at all cured me of my love of Beauty, but 
 made it so intense that I am miserable that you are 
 not with me. ... I never knew before what such 
 a love as you have made me feel, was. I did not be- 
 lieve in it; my Fancy was afraid of it, lest it should 
 burn me up. But if you will fully love me, though 
 there may be some fire it will not be more than we can 
 bear when moistened and bedewed with Pleasures. 
 ... I would never see anything but Pleasure in your 
 eyes, love on your lips, and Happiness in your steps.
 
 '/ , J, I iuL do cu^. Xo Uti en /r ytu etUoi/h*^ 
 
 ^ „„f <^. ^.- . n^j^ /^ ^ ^^ 
 
 ty ^^ ;, _ ,,,,^ iUt <W. fli^-'' '-^'^ 
 
 \? ,Jl .^ ^AW/ "-^^ --- ^-^^ '■ /^'^ 
 
 jCUu luuM -
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 239 
 
 . . . Why may I not speak of your Beauty, since 
 without that I could never have lov'd you. I can not 
 conceive any beginning of such love as I have for you 
 but Beauty. There may be a sort of love for which, 
 without the least sneer at it, I have the highest respect 
 and can admire it in others: but it has not the richness, 
 the bloom, the full form, the enchantment, of love 
 after my own heart. So let me speak of your Beauty, 
 though to my own endangering, if you could be so 
 cruel to me as to try elsewhere its Power. You say 
 you are afraid I shall think you do not love me. In 
 saying this you make me ache the more to be near you. 
 I am at the diligent use of my faculties here. I do not 
 pass a day without sprawling some blank verse or 
 tagging some rhymes; and here I must confess that 
 [since I am on that subject] I love you the more in that 
 I believe you have liked me for my own sake and for 
 nothing else. I have met with women whom I really 
 think would like to be married to a Poem and to be 
 given away by a Novel. ... I kiss'd your writing 
 over in the hope you had indulg'd me by leaving a 
 trace of honey. What was your dream? Tell it me 
 and I will tell you the interpretation thereof. 
 
 Ever yours my love! 
 John Keats.
 
 240 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 As we read the words that speak the strength of his 
 love, our hearts go out to him in deepest sympathy. 
 We are reminded that consumption had carried off 
 his brother, and had laid its fatal hold upon him; that 
 his fine literary work did not earn him a living. We 
 recall the fact that he well knew his marriage with Miss 
 Brawne could not take place unless he could overcome 
 both his disease and his poverty. We are filled with 
 indignation at the merciless and cruel criticisms of the 
 reviewers of that day — criticisms that sorely wounded 
 his gentle, lovable nature, but that called forth no 
 resentment from him: merely the reply: "I think I 
 shall be among the English poets after my death." 
 And while we ponder upon the loss that literature and 
 poetry suffered in the death, in his early youth, of one 
 so gifted, we unite with the English-speaking world 
 in saying: "You thought rightly. You have an as- 
 sured place, and a high one, among the great English 
 poets." 
 
 Conversations About Autographs. 
 
 First Conversation. 
 
 Mr, Young, I have called on you, Mr. Old, to ask 
 your advice about a matter in which I intend to be 
 guided by your judgment. A year or more ago a
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 241 
 
 friend gave me an autograph note of President Lincoln, 
 written to his father; and, seeing the pleasure with 
 which I received it, he invited me to look over his 
 father's correspondence, and take from it what I de- 
 sired. I did so; and in this way I obtained quite a 
 number of letters of prominent men of the Civil War 
 period. The more I got, the more I wanted. The 
 fever for collecting had taken possession of me. Now, 
 as I am a man of very moderate means, unable to in- 
 dulge myself with any expensive taste; and as I am 
 told that the rarer and more desirable autographs are 
 commanding very high prices, and that common names 
 alone can be had cheaply; the question I am considering 
 is whether it would not be wise for me to abandon this 
 hobby before it becomes so firmly established with me 
 as to make it difficult for me to give it up. 
 
 Mr. Old. I do not know of any reason why I should 
 advise you to give up the pursuit of one of the most im- 
 proving and interesting of all recreations. It is true, 
 as you have been told, that the prices of certain auto- 
 graphs have risen so greatly within the last fifteen or 
 twenty years, that wealthy men alone can purchase 
 them. But these autographs are very few in number 
 when compared with the thousands of others that would 
 receive a welcome to the portfolios of any one who does 
 not confine himself to some special, and therefore
 
 242 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 limited, line of collecting. When I tell you that some 
 men who finally amassed very noteworthy collections 
 spent fifty years or more of their lives in gathering 
 their treasures, you will see that the pursuit of the hobby 
 brings in its gains slowly but steadily, from month to 
 month and year to year, until long continued alertness 
 and watchful waiting accomplish the completion or 
 extension of series after series. The greatest pleasure 
 is derived from the gradual acquisition of your needs. 
 You go on adding, little by little, to some favorite 
 series; each successive gain being full of pleasure for 
 you. When the work is done and the series completed, 
 you are apt to allow your old love to be somewhat 
 neglected, though never forgotten; and to become ener- 
 getic in some other direction. 
 
 The fact that I want to convey to your mind by what 
 I have said is that there is plenty of worthy material 
 that is accessible to men who are not rich; enough 
 indeed to engage their attention all their lives. The 
 few greatest rarities are seldom acquired even by the 
 millionaire collector; in fact I have never heard of 
 more than one such collector whose indefatigable 
 energy and great wealth enabled him, during many 
 years, to outbid all competitors for the choicest and 
 rarest autographs that appeared at public sales in 
 any part of Europe or that were in the hands of dealers.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 243 
 
 I refer to the late Mr. Morrison, an English merchant, 
 who at the time of his death was the owner of a col- 
 lection that is unequaled, except by the British Museum 
 and the Bibliotheque Nationale, for the quality and 
 character of the numerous gems it contains. 
 
 Names of first importance come slowly to those who 
 seek them, and they are never likely to fall very much 
 in value; because they are limited in quantity, and col- 
 lectors are constantly increasing in number. Why, 
 however, may not one whose purse will not permit the 
 purchase of a full autograph letter signed of — let us 
 say — Queen Elizabeth or Oliver Cromwell, content 
 himself, at least for the time being, with a letter or 
 document, merely signed, of either of them? 
 
 If, in the youth of your hobby, you purpose confining 
 your attention to American autographs, I can tell you 
 of many interesting series the formation of which you 
 may undertake with the reasonable hope that you 
 can go far towards completing them without the ex- 
 penditure of much money. One of the most attractive 
 of these series is that of the members of the Continental 
 — sometimes called Old — Congress. As you know, 
 this was the body that governed the United Colonies 
 during the Revolutionary War, and it was composed 
 of the most eminent statesmen and patriots of the day. 
 Autograph letters or documents of most of the men
 
 244 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 who were members of this Congress can be had at small 
 cost; and, with few exceptions, nearly all the scarcer 
 ones are procurable, from time to time, at prices that 
 are not extravagant. For many years this was a favor- 
 ite and leading series with collectors; but, for some un- 
 accountable reason, the taste for it has, during recent 
 times, lain dormant; the consequence being a large 
 reduction in the prices asked for the names it includes. 
 
 Another instructive and patriotic series that you 
 might attempt, with the certainty of success at very 
 reasonable cost, is that of the Presidents of the United 
 States and the Members of their Cabinets. This, too, 
 was once a series that was undertaken by all collectors; 
 but, while the Presidential series is universally popular 
 — more so than ever — the Cabinet series is almost en- 
 tirely neglected, and prices have suffered correspond- 
 ingly. 
 
 A great number of miscellaneous names — ^United 
 States Senators, Governors, authors, scientists, army 
 and navy officers, and other notables — can be had for 
 little more than a song. 
 
 A good series to attempt is that of the members of 
 the first Congress organized under the Constitution 
 of the United States. Most of the names can be had 
 without difficulty.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 245 
 
 Another series, equally easy of completion, is that of 
 the "Peace Congress" of 1861 ; the membership of which 
 comprised a large number of the leading statesmen of 
 that day. 
 
 I ought not to omit calling your attention to one 
 other series that has been steadily growing in the favor of 
 collectors, and that is sure to become, in the near future, 
 important and attractive. I refer to the Generals of 
 the Civil War, Union and Confederate. According to 
 my recollection, there are more than a thousand of 
 them. War letters — that is, letters written from camp 
 or field during the war — are considered choice, and 
 bring much larger prices than those written before or 
 after the war. Most of them are of plentiful occurrence 
 at this time, and cost but little. I hope I have now- 
 said enough to convince you that my advice is good 
 when I say, unqualifiedly, stick to yotir hobby. 
 
 Second Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. You will remember, Mr. Old, that 
 when I first came to consult you, some months ago, 
 in regard to the wisdom of attempting to form a col- 
 lection of autographs, you told me to call on you for 
 any information I might need for my guidance.
 
 246 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Adopting one of your suggestions, I commenced to 
 collect letters and documents of the members of the 
 Continental Congress, and I have been quite successful 
 in getting a considerable number of them. The 
 dealer who offers to sell me the letters, which I now 
 show you, of Daniel Carroll, a member from Maryland, 
 and John Swann, a member from North Carolina, says 
 he has no doubt that they are written by the men whose 
 autographs I want, but declines to give me a positive 
 guarantee of that fact. Will you have the kindness 
 to tell me what you think of them ? 
 
 Mr. Old. One of the most important things for any 
 man who is engaged in forming this series, or any other 
 one, is to be particular in guarding against the in- 
 clusion of letters written by men who, while having 
 the right name, were not the identical persons who were 
 members; or, in other words, to see that he does not 
 place in his collection letters written by wrong men of 
 the right name. Neither of the letters you show me is 
 what you want. There were two Daniel Carrolls of 
 Maryland, who were contemporaries. One of them 
 was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, who generally 
 added the sufhx to his signature, but sometimes omitted 
 it, as he has done in this instance. He was not the 
 member of Congress. Now, in regard to the letter of 
 John Swan. The old Congressman from North Caro-
 
 TALKS JBOUr AiroCRAPIlS 247 
 
 lina spelt his name with two n's — John Swann. 'I'here 
 was, contemporaneously with him, a John Swan, who 
 spelt his name with a single n. He was a Alajor of 
 Baylor's regiment of dragoons in the Revolutionary 
 War. The letter you show me is written by him. 
 
 If proper care were exercised, these mistakes should 
 not occur. Yet such an experienced collector as Mr. 
 Cist had, in his series of Old Congressmen, both of the 
 wrong men we have been talking about, and Prof. 
 Leffingwell had the wrong John Swann. 
 
 It may interest you to know that the fine collections 
 of both these men were marred by errors of this kind — 
 errors which, in many instances, were inexcusable. 
 For example, in the Cist collection we find John 
 Stevens, noted for his invention for driving a screw 
 propeller by steam, instead of his father of the same 
 name; and John Vining, Senior, of Delaware, instead 
 of his son, John. 
 
 Among the Congressmen from Maryland, Robert 
 Goldsborough, Jr., a Judge of the Supreme Court of 
 Maryland, is accepted in place of his father; William 
 Harrison is a wrong man of the right name; and David 
 Ross, an officer in the French and Indian War, represents 
 the right Ross. Among Virginia Congressmen we find 
 Mann Page, Senior, instead of the son, of that name; a 
 Marylander named William Fitzhugh, who, of course.
 
 248 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 was not the right man; and a James Henry who was a 
 contemporary of the Congressman. When we come to 
 the names in South Carolina and Georgia, we see Paul 
 Trapier represented by the father of the Congressman, 
 and John Walton by the son. 
 
 The Leffingwell collection had fewer errors of this 
 kind; the most notable being those of William Flem- 
 ing, of Virginia, William Gibbons, of Georgia, William 
 Henry, of Pennsylvania, and Nicholas Van Dyke, of 
 Delaware. These names were represented, respect- 
 ively, by Col. William Fleming, William Gibbons, 
 /wn., a totally different William Henry, and Nicholas 
 Van Dyke, the younger. 
 
 There are other names in the series about which 
 you must be careful. In Pennsylvania, William Ship- 
 pen, father and son, were contemporaries, and both of 
 them were physicians. The elder Shippen was the 
 congressman. Dr. David Jackson must not be con- 
 founded with another Philadelphian of the same name; 
 and Matthew Clarkson, the member from Pennsyl- 
 vania, must not have his place filled by Major Matthew 
 Clarkson, who was an aide to General Arnold. Gun- 
 ning Bedford, of Delaware, must not be represented 
 by a Philadelphia carpenter, of that name; nor Jona- 
 than Elmer, of New Jersey, by a contemporary Jona- 
 than, who was a clergyman.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 249 
 
 Perhaps the most serious and glaring error that 
 has occurred, apparently without excuse, is in the 
 acceptance of a letter of George Taylor, who belonged 
 to the New Jersey Coast Guard in the Revolutionary 
 War, as that of the Pennsylvania Signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. The handwriting and signa- 
 tures of these two men are not at all similar; and yet 
 I have known high prices to be paid by dealers, on 
 at least two occasions, for letters of the wrong man. 
 They have probably gone into collections whose own- 
 ers are in happy ignorance of the truth. 
 
 Let me add a word or two about the autographs 
 of members of the "Albany Convention" of 1754. 
 There has been a great deal of blundering on the part 
 of collectors in accepting, for a place in this series, 
 letters of the wrong men. To particularize — Henry 
 Sherburne, Roger Wolcott, and Martin Howard should, 
 in each case, be the Junior of that name, while William 
 Smith should be the Senior. The Senior John Chand- 
 ler should not supplant, as he often does, his son of 
 the same name. 
 
 I have said enough — perhaps more than enough 
 — to caution you to be sure to get the right man of the 
 given name, and not to accept the father instead of 
 the son, or vice versa. The character of a collection 
 depends, to a large extent, on the authenticity of its
 
 250 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 component parts. There must be equal exclusion of 
 the spurious item and of that which can not show its 
 title to the place in which it is to be put. 
 
 Mr. Young. You have shown me, very clearly, 
 some of the dangers I am likely to encounter. I shall 
 certainly make every effort to avoid them; and I hope 
 that, with your help, I shall succeed in doing so. 
 
 Third Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. I am trying to gather material for 
 a set of letters of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of 
 the United States; and, though I am told that Aaron 
 Burr is easily obtained, I have not, up to this time, had 
 the opportunity of getting a letter written by him. 
 Yesterday I was offered the letter which I now show 
 you. It is dated April 9, 1776. On comparing the 
 handwriting and signature with a facsimile of a letter 
 of his dated in 1790, I do not see the slightest resem- 
 blance between the two papers. This fact leads me 
 to think that some other man, of the same name, 
 must have written the letter about which I am asking 
 your opinion. 
 
 Mr. Old. I don't wonder that you have the 
 doubt you express. Burr's early letters — those that he 
 wrote as Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Putnam, and as a
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 251 
 
 
 y/A. 
 
 ^*-i^i^^ r^ 
 
 ^'~!!^^\^ 
 
 
 •~~>^^' 
 
 ,»^-*-'» '-t 
 
 1. Conclusion of an autograph letter of Aaron Burr written in the year 1795, 
 
 at the age of thirty-nine. 
 
 2. Autograph written in the year 1776, at the age of twenty, when he was an 
 
 officer in the Continental Army.
 
 252 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel in the Continental service — ^were 
 the productions of a man less than, or very slightly 
 over, twenty-one years old. At this time his hand- 
 writing strongly resembled a school boy's scrawl. It 
 was totally unformed; and, as you have said, is utterly 
 unlike that of a period some eight or ten years later, 
 when, after a series of gradual changes, it had acquired 
 the neat and legible form so familiar to collectors. 
 You need have no hesitation in placing this letter in 
 your collection, unless you prefer to wait for one of 
 a later date. As a matter of fact his early military 
 letters are a hundred times scarcer than those he 
 wrote after he had reached a mature age. 
 
 Mr. Young. Are not these dissimilarities in the 
 handwriting of a man, at different periods of his life, 
 very unusual.^ 
 
 Mr. Old. You will find, in your progress as a 
 collector, a number of interesting instances similar to 
 that you have had with the Burr letter. I can cite a 
 couple that are directly in point. The signature of 
 J. Rodman Drake, the noted poet, at the age of seven- 
 teen bears only the shadow of resemblance to that 
 at the age of twenty-one or twenty-two. The hand- 
 writing and signature of General Washington at the 
 age of seventeen, though scrupulously neat, bears a
 
 
 
 
 /4^ i^/v i-o^ ^/i^' - --^^ ^'^ :^; v^ 
 
 /^yc 
 
 / 
 
 i
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 253 
 
 boyish character totally unlike his mature hand. Dur- 
 ing the succeeding live years it was shaping itself, 
 little by little, into the well known hand which it 
 acquired by the time Washington was twenty-five. 
 
 In contradistinction to these cases, there are others 
 in which the handwriting became mature and fixed at 
 a very early time of life. So it was with the preco- 
 cious genius, Thomas Chatterton, who died at the age 
 of eighteen, and with the lamented poet Henry Kirke 
 White, who was only twenty-one at the time of his 
 death. 
 
 The handwriting of Abraham Lincoln preserved, 
 until the close of his life, its early form and neatness. 
 
 Of changes in the handwriting of eminent men 
 none is more notable than that which occurs in the 
 case of the illustrious Bacon, afterwards Baron Veru- 
 1am and Viscount St. Albans. As Francis Bacon his 
 handwriting and signature present characteristics very 
 different from those which appear when he became 
 Lord Chancellor and signed himself "Fr. Verulam, 
 Cane." 
 
 Samuel Leigh Sotheby, the author of "Ramblings 
 in the Elucidation of the Autograph of Milton," had 
 occasion to make a close study of handwriting, and 
 became an acknowledged expert in this field. He 
 says: "Comparatively few persons adopt any other
 
 254 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 than the ordinary handwriting they use in their daily 
 transactions. Their writing does not vary through- 
 out their Hves more than by its failure in precision and 
 boldness as their physical powers decay. Of this fact 
 numerous instances might be illustrated by facsimiles; 
 while, on the other hand, many examples might be 
 given of the handwriting of eminent persons, the 
 character of which is totally different at various 
 periods of their lives. More remarkable instances 
 could not be adduced than in the autograph of Queen 
 Elizabeth and Charles I, whose writing varied at dif- 
 ferent periods and under peculiar circumstances." 
 Mr. Sotheby might have mentioned a number of 
 causes, some of which seem to be mere trifles, that 
 affect the character of the handwriting. The pen, 
 the posture of the hand, the space at command for 
 the writing, even the condition of the health, have a 
 positive influence upon the formation of the written 
 words. 
 
 While I am discussing handwriting, let me men- 
 tion one or two facts which, possibly, may be of in- 
 terest to you. Some day or other you will want an 
 autograph letter, or at least a letter signed, of the 
 great Napoleon. If you should succeed in getting a 
 full letter, or one that has a few lines written by him, 
 be prepared to find that you cannot decipher his words.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 255 
 
 In the latter part of his Hfe his handwriting became 
 almost illegible, even to those who had long made a 
 study of it. 
 
 If you should want — as you probably will at some 
 stage of your collecting — a letter or document signed 
 of the illustrious Cardinal Richelieu, be careful, be- 
 fore you buy, to have an expert say whether the sig- 
 nature is that of the Cardinal or of his Secretary, who 
 succeeded in imitating his master's signature so closely 
 as to make it difficult to distinguish one from the 
 other. I spoke of a letter or document merely signedy 
 because a full autograph letter signed of the Cardinal 
 is a very great rarity. 
 
 Perhaps you have heard some people speak of 
 the handwriting of Rufus Choate and Horace Gree- 
 ley as being almost impossible to decipher. They tell 
 fairy stories about the interpretations that have been 
 placed on certain passages in letters of these men. 
 Now, while it is true that their writing does not follow 
 the models set down in the copy-books, and is neither 
 beautiful nor easily read by one not accustomed to a 
 variety of hands, it is equally untrue that their letters 
 present the difficulties encountered with hieroglyphics.
 
 256 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Fourth Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. I have made a pretty good start on 
 the series of Signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 and have secured more than twenty letters or docu- 
 ments of the men who affixed their names to this docu- 
 ment. I know, as a matter of course, that the two 
 rarest names in the series are those of Thomas Lynch, 
 junior, and Button Gwinnett, and that I can never 
 hope to get more than a mere signature of the one and 
 perhaps a document signed of the other. I am offered 
 at 350 — which I am told is a very low price — this 
 book, having the signature of Thos. Lynch, junior, 
 on the title page. The question in my mind is whether 
 the signature is genuine. Will you tell me what you 
 think of it? 
 
 Mr. Old. First of all, let me ask you about the 
 source from which the book comes. Is it the property 
 of a reputable dealer in autographs or of some person 
 unknown to you? The importance of this question 
 will be plain when I tell you that, in passing upon the 
 genuineness of signatures on the title pages of books, 
 the existence of a strong reason for believing that the 
 book belonged to the person whose signature it is 
 said to contain greatly helps us in reaching a correct 
 conclusion.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 257 
 
 Air. Young. The book was brought to me by a 
 stranger, who said he had heard Mr. A., a friend of 
 mine, speak of my wish to obtain a Lynch signature. 
 I asked him how long he had owned it and what he 
 knew about its history. His answer was that his 
 father had brought it, and many other books, with 
 him when he moved from South Carolina. What 
 impressed me more than anything else in regard to 
 his good faith was that he was entirely willing to leave 
 the book with me so that I might have it critically 
 examined. 
 
 Mr. Old. As you have no proof whatever that 
 the book ever belonged to Lynch, let us see whether 
 a close examination of the signature will throw any 
 light on the question of genuineness. A great many 
 years ago, when Mr. Tefft and other collectors in the 
 South were making an active search for autographs of 
 this Signer, it was accidentally discovered that a 
 Public Library in Charleston contained a number of 
 books that had belonged to him and that contained his 
 signature. As it occupied a very minute space at the 
 top of the title page, its removal did little damage to 
 the book. The signatures so obtained found their 
 way, by exchanges, into all the leading American 
 collections of the nineteenth century; and the supply, 
 which probably never exceeded fifteen, became ex-
 
 258 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 hausted. These signatures were written by Lynch 
 when he was a very young man, and all of them are 
 exactly alike. Let me show you one that I have. 
 It is, as you see, "T Lynch Jun"""; and the letters are 
 very small, the whole writing being little more than 
 an inch in length. Do you not observe several great 
 differences between this signature and that in the 
 book? In the first place, the book has it ^'Thos. 
 Lynch Jun'""; and he did not so write his name in 
 books. Secondly, the writing lacks the firmness and 
 precision of the acknowledged genuine signatures, and 
 is a more flowing hand. Thirdly, and of great mo- 
 ment, the ink is evidently not of the period when the 
 pretended signature was written. It shows no sign 
 of being nearly one hundred and fifty years old, but, 
 on the contrary, bears all the looks of an ink of modern 
 manufacture. I have no hesitation in advising you 
 to return the book to the man from whom you got it. 
 
 Mr. Young. You have taught me a lesson to be 
 remembered. Certainly there must be many books in 
 existence that contain the genuine autographs of dis- 
 tinguished men. Must we look with suspicion upon 
 all that can not be positively shown to have belonged 
 to the man whose signature they bear.^ 
 
 Mr. Old. No. To take that position would be 
 going much too far. What we must do in all cases is
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 259 
 
 to apply the recognized tests, and judge by the re- 
 sults. Mr. Sotheby has considered this question in 
 his "Ramblings." He says: "The success that has 
 of late years attended the 'profession' of the forger of 
 literary and antiquarian relics both abroad and at 
 home, has had the effect of making the most learned 
 and acute in such matters occasionally sceptical as to 
 the genuineness of that of which they would not other- 
 wise have entertained a doubt." 
 
 Please remember that there are plenty of books, 
 printed in Continental Europe as well as in England 
 in the seventeenth century, that can be had for a 
 trifling price. Assume that some industrious forger 
 wants to put on the title page of one of these books 
 the signature of Francis Bacon. He gets a good fac- 
 simile of Bacon's handwriting, practices in copying it, 
 and finally, when he has acquired sufficient skill to 
 make an exact copy, he writes it on the title page of 
 such a book of the period as one might suppose Bacon 
 would admit to the shelves of his library. Or, he may 
 adopt one of the ways in which a faint, but correct, 
 tracing of the signature can be transferred to the pa- 
 per, then to be gone over with ink. These forgeries 
 are spoken of by Etienne Charavay and other experts 
 as being common. In Volume 16 of the Cornhill 
 Magazine there is an account of a German Bible
 
 260 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 which was purchased by the British Museum at the 
 Hibbert Sale, in 1829, for the sum of £267.15. It 
 was said to have belonged to Luther up to the time of 
 his death, and afterwards to Melancthon, Bugenhausen, 
 and Major; and to contain the autographs of all these 
 famous men. Mr. Sotheby pronounced all these sig- 
 natures to be forgeries. 
 
 By what means, then, are such forgeries of mere 
 signatures on title pages to be detected? You can 
 not give them the same tests you can use in the case 
 of letters. If the genuineness of a letter is doubted, 
 among other tests you can take a single word and 
 apply to it the proper chemical to inform you about 
 the age and character of the ink. To test a mere 
 signature in this way would be to ruin it. Inasmuch 
 as the paper is surely of the period, your endeavor 
 must be to ascertain whether the same thing is true 
 of the ink. Dr. Scott discusses this matter in his 
 "Autograph Collecting." He says: "With reference 
 to the subject of ink, we need only consider one kind, 
 since only one fluid has been used during the whole 
 history of letter-writing until recent years, viz., ink 
 made by macerating or infusing coarsely powdered 
 nutgalls in pure water, in which green copperas [sul- 
 phate of iron] had been previously dissolved with 
 sufficient gum arable or animal glue added to cause the
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 261 
 
 fluid to flow readily from the pen and adhere to the 
 paper. Nothing, however, connected with autographs 
 requires closer or more attentive scrutiny, as hitherto 
 the production of any liquid which will exactly re- 
 semble old ink has bafl^ed all the art of the forger. 
 . . . Few inks have ever produced enduring jet-black 
 writing, but they generally result in peculiar shades of 
 colour of their own through the long-continued action 
 of the atmospheric oxygen, and thus old writings sup- 
 ply a wonderful variety of yellows, browns, and reds." 
 An expert, following the information given in 
 Carvalho's "Forty Centuries of Ink," and in Black- 
 burn and Caddell's "The Detection of Forgery," ought 
 to be able to come to a reasonably correct conclu- 
 sion whether the ink with which the alleged ancient 
 signature was written is genuine ink of the period or 
 whether it is of modern manufacture. 
 
 Fifth Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. I come to you again, Mr. Old, for 
 information that I need. I am making very good 
 progress with my set of autographs of the Members of 
 the Continental Congress; but sometimes I am at a 
 loss to know whether the high price I am asked to pay
 
 262 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 for a letter on the ground of its rarity is justified by 
 the fact. I know, of course, that rarity is one of the 
 main factors in determining value; but I don't know 
 which of the names in this long list are to be included 
 in the extremely rare, the very rare^ and the rare, cate- 
 gories. 
 
 Mr. Old. I am not at all surprised that you ask 
 this question. Some sale catalogues describe a large 
 number of the autographs named in them as rare or 
 very rare; not for the purpose of deception, but chiefly 
 because the cataloguer, having no real knowledge on 
 this head, supposes that such a description of the 
 item will make it more attractive. In other cata- 
 logues all designations of rarity or degrees of rarity 
 are omitted, upon the presumption that the intelli- 
 gent collector already has this knowledge. I think 
 this mode is decidedly the better one. 
 
 Now I will try to answer your question. Your 
 division of the degrees of rarity into extremely rare, 
 very rare, and rare, is a good one. Unconsciously, 
 perhaps, you are following, in part, the method origin- 
 ated by the great French collector, Benjamin Fillon, 
 and adopted by the late Etienne Charavay in prepar- 
 ing the catalogue of that collection for the sale that 
 took place in Paris in 1878. This method was to mark 
 the degrees of rarity in the following manner: C [com-
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 263 
 
 mon]; R' [same as common], R^, R% R% R^ Rs R^ R«, 
 R», to indicate the various degrees of progress in rarity; 
 and R* to indicate excessive rarity, or, in other words, 
 autographs that are either unique or presque introuvables. 
 
 Running over the names in the list of old Con- 
 gressmen, I should say that in the category of extremely 
 rare names — those that would be marked R» — place 
 should be given to John Gardner [R. 1.], and James 
 Forbes and David Ross [Md.]. No letter of the right 
 John Gardner has ever appeared for sale, nor is any 
 known to exist in a private collection. His father [of 
 the same name] — born in 1696, and died in 1770 — 
 was quite a noted man, and at one time was Deputy 
 Governor of R. I. The autograph of the elder Gard- 
 ner is common, and some collectors have allowed it to 
 do duty for the autograph of the son. 
 
 No letter of James Forbes has appeared in any 
 auction or sale catalogue; and the only known letter 
 of the right David Ross is that which was sold at the 
 Lefhngwell sale, and resold when the collection of its 
 purchaser was disposed of. 
 
 Among the very rare names — those that would be 
 designated by R^ or R^ — I should include George 
 Champlin [R. I.]; Charles Humphreys and Joseph 
 Montgomery [Pa.]; Edward Giles and John Rogers 
 [Md.]; William Gumming, John Swann, Ephraim Bre-
 
 264 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 vard, Joseph McDowell and John Stokes [N. C.]; Henry 
 Middleton [S. C.]; and John Walton [Ga.]. 
 
 In classifying these names as very rare, and in all 
 other classifications, I must be understood as speak- 
 ing of full autograph letters or documents, or, at least, 
 of a good letter merely signed. The designation would 
 not be correct as applied, for example, to the Colonial 
 paper money signed by Charles Humphreys in Penn- 
 sylvania and by Henry Middleton in South Carolina. 
 
 The rare names — such as would be in the R^ or 
 R^ classification — may well include Samuel Rhoads 
 [Pa.]; John Cooper [N. J.]; John Evans and John 
 Patten [Del.]; Thomas Adams, Richard Bland, and 
 Aierewether Smith [Va.]; Thomas Person [N. C.]; and 
 Thomas Lynch and John Parker [S. C.]. 
 
 A small number of the remaining names may 
 properly be called scarce; but it is scarcely necessary to 
 particularize them. 
 
 Mr. Young. May I ask you to go further, and 
 give me the same kind of information about names 
 that occur in the Albany Convention and the Stamp 
 Act Congress Series, as well as in the series of Mem- 
 bers of the Federal Convention and Generals of the 
 Revolutionary War? 
 
 Mr. Old. In the Albany Convention Series the 
 rare names — for A. L. S. — are Roger Wolcott, Jun.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 265 
 
 [Conn.], and Martin Howard, Jun. [R. I.]; and the 
 extremely rare name is Abraham Barnes [Md.]. By the 
 way, it must not be forgotten that there was another 
 Abraham Barnes, also a Maryland man, who was 
 contemporary with the member of the Convention; 
 and care must be taken not to accept him in place of 
 the right man. 
 
 In the Stamp Act Congress Series there is one 
 extremely rare name; that of William Murdock of 
 Maryland. Three names — those of Timothy Ruggles 
 [Mass.], David Rowland [Conn.], and Thomas Lynch 
 [S. C] — may properly be called rare. You must guard 
 against being deceived by a letter of a certain Thomas 
 Lynch, a merchant of the city of New York, who was 
 a contemporary of the right Lynch. 
 
 In the series of Signers of the Constitution of the 
 U. S. and Members of the Federal Convention, no 
 names occur that are extremely rare. Of names that 
 are rare I can specify Robert H. Harrison [Md.], John 
 Blair [Va.], Willie Jones [N. C], and William Houstoun 
 [Ga.]. 
 
 In the series of Generals of the Revolutionary War, 
 the extremely rare names are Philippe Du Coudray, 
 the Chevalier de Roche Fermoy, and the Chevalier de 
 la Neuville. They are not represented in any of the 
 collections, large or small, that have been sold at
 
 266 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 auction during the last fifty years. A letter signed by 
 Baron de Woedtke has appeared once, and once only, 
 in a sale catalogue. An A. L. S. is unknown. 
 
 Among the very rare names I should class John 
 Stark and Israel Putnam [in the form of A. L. S.], 
 Count Pulaski, Andrew Lewis, Francis Nash, James 
 Hogun, and the Chevalier De Preudhomme De Borre. 
 
 The rare names would include Richard Mont- 
 gomery, John Thomas, Thomas Conway, the Baron de 
 Kalb, Seth Pomeroy, James Moore, John Philip De 
 Haas, Ebenezer Learned, and Hugh Mercer. 
 
 Names of certain generals that are of common 
 occurrence, but are much sought for — such as Wash- 
 ington, Benedict Arnold, Anthony Wayne, and Na- 
 thanael Greene — would be designated as recherche by 
 a French dealer. 
 
 Having answered all your questions, I want to 
 say that the conclusions I have expressed in regard 
 to rarity are based on an experience covering very 
 many years; during which time I have had in my 
 hands and have carefully examined all the catalogues 
 of public or private sales of autographs that have been 
 issued in the United States. Some collectors will, 
 perhaps, differ with me in regard to certain names, 
 which they may think should have received either a 
 higher or a lower mark of rarity. Some may think 
 
 / 
 
 I
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 267 
 
 I have named too many — others that I have not named 
 enough. Such differences of opinion are most natural, 
 and are bound to exist. 
 
 Let me, however, impress upon you the fact that 
 substantial changes in the degrees of rarity I have 
 noted may easily happen within any decade. Names 
 that have long been sought, either totally or very 
 largely in vain, may emerge from sources hitherto un- 
 known, be placed on the market, and thus lose their 
 rarity. Other names, that are now merely scarce or 
 rare, may become very rare by the failure of an ade- 
 quate supply of them. I can cite instances of such 
 changes in years gone by. Fifty or sixty years ago no 
 collector had ever seen an autograph of William 
 Clingan, a Pennsylvania member of the Continental 
 Congress and a Signer of the Articles of Confederation. 
 Mr. Cist expressed the opinion that if any man of this 
 name had been a member of the Congress, he would 
 have left some written sign of his existence. Dr. 
 Sprague came to the conclusion that the name was a 
 misprint for William Bingham. So it happened that 
 this void in the series remained unfilled until 1876, 
 or perhaps 1880; when, among a large quantity of 
 papers of the Revolutionary period discovered in a 
 long-unused room in the Capitol at Harrisburg, many 
 letters and documents of Clingan were found. Of
 
 268 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 course no collection was thereafter without this name. 
 Simon Boerum is another instance of the same 
 kind. Up to the time when Mr. Danforth unearthed, 
 in a County Surrogate's office, dozens of official auto- 
 graphs — documents — signed of this absolutely obscure 
 man, any paper in his handwriting would have been a 
 rarity of rarities. For years and years the name was 
 totally unprocurable. Then, when Dr. Emmet was 
 so fortunate as to secure a large D. S. at a correspond- 
 ingly large price, collectors thought he had become 
 the owner of something almost unique. Now, every 
 collector who wanted this autograph has it; and it is 
 a drug on the market, though the dealers still hold it 
 at a pretty stiff price because once upon a time it sold 
 at 3200. 
 
 As an instance of great increase in rarity, let me 
 tell you a little story about the letters and manu- 
 scripts gathered by Gov. David L. Swain, of North 
 Carolina, with the intention of using them in the prep- 
 aration of a history of his native State. He succeeded 
 in getting together a very large amount of material of 
 great autographic, as well as historical, interest and 
 value, including many letters of Signers of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, Generals of the Revolutionary 
 War, etc. During the latter part of the Civil War, 
 Dr. Charles G. Barney, a Northerner by birth, who
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 269 
 
 had married a Southern lady and had become a resi- 
 dent of Richmond, Va., heard of these papers. He 
 was a collector in a small way and had some knowledge 
 of the rarity of certain letters. So he paid a visit to 
 Gov. Swain, and requested permission to examine 
 them for historical purposes. It was granted; and he 
 became the possessor of hundreds of letters which had 
 come from the correspondence of William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, John Penn, and Samuel Johnston. He 
 had a large number of letters of each of the North 
 Carolina Signers, with fine historical contents, which 
 he brought to the North, immediately after the close 
 of the war, and sold to collectors and dealers at 320 
 per letter. There were other gems obtained from the 
 same source, for which he received prices depending 
 upon the number of specimens in his hands. It took 
 him live or six years to dispose of his entire supply. 
 If collectors had considered the fact that, with the 
 exhaustion of this supply, letters of these Signers would 
 again become rare, a better appreciation of their pe- 
 cuniary value would have been entertained. To-day, 
 all of them are considered rare, and their money value 
 is vastly greater than it was from 1865 to 1880. 
 
 Arthur Middleton, one of the South Carolina 
 Signers, may also be mentioned as an Instance of an 
 autograph which was once, for a time, quite plentiful,
 
 270 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 but afterwards became very rare. In the year 1860 
 a bundle of drafts signed by Middleton and some of 
 his colleagues in the Continental Congress, dated in 
 1781 and 1782, and written on one half of a 4to sheet 
 of paper, came to light in Philadelphia. They were 
 offered for sale at $S each, and were greedily taken by 
 collectors, nearly all of whom needed this autograph. 
 After the collectors had been fully supplied, the sur- 
 plus went to dealers. In 1886, at the Cist sale, one 
 of these drafts sold for $\S. Five years later, at the 
 Leffingwell sale, the price advanced to 3140. To-day 
 it would be much more. 
 
 Sixth Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. A friend of mine who is interested, 
 as I am, in collecting letters of American poets, and 
 who has most of the important names, asked me, a 
 few days ago, if I had autographs of Philip Pendleton 
 Cooke, Lucy Hooper, Edward C. Pinkney, and the 
 Davidson sisters. I told him that I hadn't any of 
 them, and I frankly confessed that, with the exception 
 of Cooke, the names were unfamiliar to me. Since 
 then I have looked into Duyckinck's "Cyclopedia of 
 American Literature," where I find quite lengthy
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 271 
 
 notices of all of them. Can you tell mc anything in 
 regard to the rarity of their autographs? 
 
 Mr. Old. All the names you mention have honor- 
 able places in the annals of American literature. While 
 it is true that they are rarely mentioned nowadays, it 
 is no less true that they were once well known and 
 highly esteemed. A special interest, of a somewhat 
 sad kind, attaches to them from the fact that they 
 died when very young. The Davidson sisters — Lu- 
 cretia Maria and Margaret Miller — furnish very re- 
 markable instances of youthful precocity. Both of 
 them died of consumption; Lucretia, one month be- 
 fore reaching her seventeenth birthday, and Margaret, 
 at the age of fifteen. The esteem in which Lucretia's 
 poems were held was expressed by the English poet 
 Southey in a laudatory notice in the Quarterly Review, 
 in which he said: "In our own language, except in the 
 cases of Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to 
 mind no instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal 
 a pursuit of intellectual advancement." Margaret's 
 poems were introduced to the world by Washington 
 Irving. She began to write when she was only six 
 years old; and, according to her mother's statement, 
 "she seemed to exist only in the regions of poetry." 
 
 No letter of either of these sisters has ever ap- 
 peared in a sale catalogue, nor is any known to exist in
 
 272 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 a public collection. Dr. Sprague, who lived in Albany 
 and personally knew the Davidson family, was unable 
 to obtain from Mrs. Davidson any autographic me- 
 mentos of her gifted daughters other than a small 
 manuscript poem, signed on the back, written by 
 Lucretia, and a short note written and signed by Mar- 
 garet. You may, therefore, consider their autographs 
 as excessively rare. 
 
 Next, in the order of rarity of the names we are 
 considering, I should place Lucy Hooper. She, too, 
 died when she was very young — only twenty-five. 
 That she was regarded as a poet of much merit is evi- 
 denced by the fact that, when her "Complete Poetical 
 Works" were published in 1848, they contained lauda- 
 tory verses by Whittier and Tuckerman. Her auto- 
 graph was wanting in every collection that has yet 
 been exposed to public sale, and may be classed as 
 extremely rare. The same remark is true in regard to 
 Edward C. Pinkney and Philip Pendleton Cooke; both 
 of whom hold high rank among the minor poets. 
 Pinkney, who died in his twenty-sixth year, was noted 
 for the exquisite taste of his lyrics; and Cooke, who 
 was only thirty-three at the time of his death, had 
 established his reputation by his beautiful poems, of 
 which "Florence Vane" is the best known. 
 
 Mr. Young. Is it not true that, as a general rule.
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 273 
 
 letters of our best known poets, though bringing high 
 prices, are not rare? 
 
 Mr. Old. You state what I believe to be a fact. 
 I do not, at this moment, recall more than one name 
 — that of Joseph Rodman Drake — that is an excep- 
 tion to the rule. His letters are excessively rare; not 
 more than two or three of them being known to exist 
 in public or private collections. Here you have an- 
 other instance of rarity due to early death; for you 
 know that Drake did not survive his twenty-fifth year. 
 
 Mr. Young. You told me, while speaking of the 
 Davidson sisters, that Southey ranked them as the 
 equals of Chatterton and Kirke White in poetical 
 precocity. Are they, too, very rare names? 
 
 Mr. Old. Thomas Chatterton's letters very sel- 
 dom occur; and when one is offered for sale, the price 
 asked for it is high, say from seventy-five to one hun- 
 dred pounds. Remember that, unable to stand the 
 conflict with the extreme poverty to which he was re- 
 duced, he poisoned himself with arsenic when he was 
 only eighteen years of age. Hence the rarity of his 
 letters is readily accounted for. Henry Kirke White's 
 letters fall much below Chatterton's in point of rarity 
 and value. Still, as he died when in his twenty-first 
 year, his letters must be rare. The last one that I
 
 274 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 remember to have seen in a sale catalogue was priced 
 at fifteen pounds. 
 
 Mt. Young. Changing the subject of conversa- 
 tion, may I ask you if it is not an odd circumstance 
 that certain literary names should be sought with such 
 persistence, while others, of very positive merit, suffer 
 comparative neglect? For instance, there seems to be 
 a rage for letters of Eugene Field, Bret Harte, Lowell, 
 James Whitcomb Riley, Bayard Taylor, Thoreau, and 
 Walt Whitman. Why should they be more desirable 
 than Longfellow, Bryant, Halleck, Holmes, T. Bu- 
 chanan Read, Whittier, and others of nearly equal 
 rank? 
 
 Mr. Old. There is no way of accounting for the 
 taste of collectors or for their preference for certain 
 names. Something occurs to set the pace in a certain 
 direction, and it keeps up while the vogue lasts. The 
 same thing happens in England. Dickens, Thackeray, 
 Stevenson, Meredith, and a few others, are special 
 favorites at high prices; while little attention is 
 paid to such excellent novelists as Anthony Trollope, 
 Charles Reade, Charles Kingsley, Bulwer Lytton, 
 Wilkie Collins, Dinah M. Craik, Stanley Weyman, 
 and many others. It is easy to understand why Dick- 
 ens should be such a prime favorite, and why his 
 almost countless letters should have advanced so enor-
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 275 
 
 mously in value within the last twenty or twenty-five 
 years; but it would not be easy to give a reason — even 
 a purely literary reason — for the autographic esteem 
 accorded to some writers and denied to others of high 
 rank. 
 
 Seventh Conversation. 
 
 Mr. Young. I am somewhat at a loss to deter- 
 mine the best way to arrange and preserve the letters 
 I have collected. My inquiries show me that col- 
 lectors differ very much in their views on this ques- 
 tion. A few of them mount their autographs in books; 
 some have their letters inlaid, on Whatman paper, to 
 a uniform folio size; while others place them loose in 
 wrappers. Does your experience enable you to say 
 which one of these modes is the best.'' 
 
 Mr. Old. Individual tastes differ so widely that 
 one must be careful in making an ex cathedra statement 
 on the question you ask. As a general rule, however, 
 I should say that autographs should never be mounted; 
 that is, pasted down in books. When so placed, they 
 are difficult to remove, in case you want to make a 
 change; and, if you are not particular in regard to the 
 kind of paste used, the letter may be injured. This
 
 276 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 is particularly true where gum arable is used. It 
 nearly always produces a serious discoloration. 
 
 In recent times a few collectors have had their 
 letters inlaid on large sheets, of uniform size, of What- 
 man paper. I consider this a most objectionable mode 
 to follow. When so inlaid, the letter is pasted down, 
 by the edges, on all sides; and then, in order to get rid 
 of the extra thickness on the parts where the letter 
 and the Whatman paper unite, the edges of the letter 
 are pared down. Its margins are thus weakened; and 
 small portions of words on the right hand side, the top, 
 and the bottom of the letter, are not unfrequently 
 scraped away. The pecuniary value of a letter which 
 has been so treated is much lessened thereby. I have 
 no hesitation in expressing my unqualified disapproval 
 of such inlaying. It is justifiable only where the let- 
 ters are to be bound together in a volume; and even 
 then a much better plan is to attach the letters to the 
 sheets on which they are laid by means of a few small 
 strips placed on their left sides, which serve as hinges. 
 
 What, then, is the best mode to adopt? Nearly 
 all of the leading American collectors have followed 
 the custom, pursued by the principal European col- 
 lectors, of placing their autographs loose in boxes, 
 arranged in series. Some have used wrappers; others 
 have not done so. The most noted French and Ger-
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 277 
 
 man collectors have had handsome wrappers, of spe- 
 cial design, containing their coats of arms, in which 
 their letters were placed, accompanied by a portrait 
 of the person whose autograph is enclosed. The addi- 
 tion of a portrait gives enhanced interest to the letter. 
 The two together bring you in much closer contact 
 with the writer than either one would separately. 
 The splendid collection of Alfred Bovet was thus ar- 
 ranged, and several fine portraits frequently accom- 
 panied a letter or document. All things considered, 
 I regard this mode of keeping autographs as by far the 
 best. 
 
 Mr. Young. I have been reading, with great 
 pleasure, Mr. Joline's delightful "Meditations of an 
 Autograph Collector." The concluding words of the 
 book impressed me very much. He says, as you 
 probably remember: "No one will ever be as fond of 
 my pets as I have been, and at no distant day they will 
 be scattered among the bidders at the inevitable auc- 
 tion-sale which awaits all collections save only those 
 consigned to perpetual burial in some library. My 
 own association with them will be lost and forgotten. 
 I look upon them almost as one might upon the chil- 
 dren whom he must leave behind him. They, how- 
 ever, may remember, while our cherished autographs 
 and books, in serene unconsciousness, will be forever
 
 278 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 unmindful of the fondness which has been lavished 
 upon them. A rare book will now and then retain 
 the record of a tender and devoted ownership, but an 
 autograph seldom recalls the memory of a chance 
 possessor. None the less dear to me are these relics 
 of the leaders of life and of literature. Some one 
 will preserve them, and perhaps may fondle them as 
 I have done. I trust that they may come under the 
 protecting care of a true collector, a real antiquary — 
 no mere bargain-hunter, no ^snapper up of uncon- 
 sidered trifles,* but one endowed with the capacity 
 to appreciate whatever things are worthy of the af- 
 fection of the lover of letters and of history." There 
 is such a decided tone of sadness in these words; such 
 an expression of regret that his autographic treasures 
 must eventually pass into other hands; that I fail to 
 see why, if he wanted to prevent such a fate from over- 
 taking them, he did not prefer to keep them together 
 and give them what he calls "perpetual burial in some 
 library." There, at least, they would bear his name, 
 preserve his memory, and give pleasure and instruc- 
 tion to the select few who, in future years, would ask 
 to see and examine them. I can understand, of course, 
 why the needs of a man's family might make it im- 
 perative that his collection should be sold; but, in the 
 case of Mr. Joline, I am told that no such needs existed.
 
 A. H. JOLINE
 
 TALKS ABOUT AUTOCRATllS 279 
 
 Mr. Old. There is enough pathos in Mr. Joline's 
 lament to stir the heart of any collector who, like him, 
 has a positive affection for his manuscript possessions. 
 The true collector is generally a man of education and 
 refinement, who, until the close of his days, follows 
 his hobby with a real love for it. There is pleasure- 
 able occupation for a long life in gathering a truly 
 representative collection of letters of the great men 
 and women of past and present times. From day to 
 day, month to month, year to year, these memorials 
 of the dead and the living fall, one by one, into his 
 hands, rewarding his earnest search and patient wait- 
 ing. He gives them his affectionate care. They be- 
 come dear to him, as his constant companions. They 
 give him joy in many a weary hour. They almost 
 become part of his existence. How any man whose 
 pecuniary means would enable him to keep these 
 silent and constant friends from being sold and sepa- 
 rated can consent to have them scattered to the four 
 winds of heaven, never again to be reunited as mem- 
 bers of a family, is something I cannot understand. 
 Mr. Dreer gave his valuable collection, to the forma- 
 tion of which he had given fully sixty years of his life, 
 to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, in order 
 that it might be there preserved for all time, bearing 
 his name. He told me that he could not endure the
 
 280 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 thought of its dispersal. Dr. Fogg left his manu- 
 script possessions to the Maine Historical Society. 
 Lyman C. Draper gave the great mass of papers, which 
 he spent years in collecting, to the Historical Society 
 of Wisconsin. Dr. Sprague was anxious that his im- 
 mense collection should not be scattered after his 
 death; and his family saw that this wish was met when 
 they determined to sell the collection as a whole to 
 some one who would keep it together. 
 
 No one will doubt the truth of Mr. Joline's thought 
 that his "cherished autographs, in serene unconscious- 
 ness, will be forever unmindful of the fondness which 
 has been lavished upon them" — for they are inani- 
 mate. But I cannot agree with him that "an auto- 
 graph seldom recalls the memory of a chance pos- 
 sessor." The statement is probably true in the case 
 of common letters and such as are without historical 
 or personal interest or have not had a place in a col- 
 lection of note; but letters that are rare or that have 
 important contents, often carry with them the story 
 of the different hands through which they have passed. 
 Alfred Bovet loved the pieces that came from cele- 
 brated collections; and the beautiful and remarkable 
 catalogue prepared by Etienne Charavay indicates 
 the sources from which many of his autographs came. 
 The names of Baron de Tremont, Lucas de Montigny,
 
 BOOK OF FACSIMILES 281 
 
 Chambry, Benjamin Fillon, Alfred Sensier, Dubrun- 
 faut, and others, frequently occur as former owners of 
 pieces named in the catalogue. 
 
 The collection of the Prince de Ligne contained a 
 drawing, sketched in pen and ink, by Raphael Sanzio, 
 the superb painter, of two heads of horses, with the 
 arms of men, and five lines in his handwriting, dated 
 1510. At his sale, this drawing passed into the hands 
 of Comte de Fries; thence to the collection of Prof. 
 Bohm, of Vienna; thence to Mr. Donnadieu, who had 
 bought it, for 1000 francs, from a Mons. Hertz; and 
 thence to Baron de Tremont. You see, from this 
 illustration, that an autograph may, and often does, 
 recall the memory of a former possessor. 
 
 There Is one other statement of Mr. Joline's to 
 which I cannot accede. He speaks of "the inevitable 
 auction-sale which awaits all collections save only 
 those consigned to perpetual burial in some library.*' 
 Mr. Joline's experience in regard to collections given 
 to Historical Societies and libraries must have been 
 an unfortunate one; otherwise he would not have 
 spoken of them in words which imply that they are 
 forever hidden from sight. The truth is that they are 
 always open for the inspection of those who want to 
 see them as mere curiosities, and for the use of those
 
 282 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 who wish, for historical or literary purposes, to ex- 
 amine their contents. 
 
 So, while I am in full accord with Mr. Joline in 
 his expressions of affection for the "pets" of a lifetime, 
 I must disagree with him In his view of what is their 
 natural and inevitable fate.
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 List of Books Containing Facsimiles of Auto- 
 graph Letters or of Mere Signatures. 
 
 British Autographyy a Collection of Fac-Similes of 
 the Handwriting of Royal and Illustrious Personages, 
 with their Authentic Portraits. By John Thane. 
 Small 4to, 3 volumes. 
 
 Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned and Re- 
 markable Personages Conspicuous in English History 
 from the reign of Richard the Second to that of Charles 
 the Second; with some Illustrious Foreigners; contain- 
 ing many passages from important letters. Engraved 
 under the direction of Charles John Smith. Accom- 
 panied by concise biographical memoirs and inter- 
 esting extracts from the original documents, by John 
 Gough Nichols. Folio. London, 1829. [A very val- 
 uable work.]
 
 284 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Autographs of the Kings and Queens, and Emi- 
 nent Men, of Great Britain, from the 14th century to 
 the present period. Being Fac-Similes taken from 
 original documents by J. Netherclift, Oblong folio. 
 London, 1835. 
 
 Autograph Letters, Characteristic Extracts and 
 Signatures, from the Correspondence of Illustrious 
 and Distinguished Women of Great Britain, from the 
 XIVt*» to the XIXt'* Century. Collected and copied 
 in Fac-Simile from Original Documents by J. Nether- 
 clift. Folio. London, 1838. 
 
 Isographie des Hommes Celebres, ou Collection 
 de Fac-Simile de Lettres Autographes et de Signatures. 
 4 volumes, 4to. Paris, 1843. [An invaluable work 
 to a collector.] 
 
 Collection of One Hundred Characteristic and 
 Interesting Autograph Letters, written by Royal and 
 Distinguished Persons of Great Britain, from the XV. 
 to the XVIII. centuries. By J. Netherclift and Son, 
 1849. [An instructive work.] 
 
 The Autograph Miscellany: A Collection of Auto- 
 graph Letters, Interesting Documents, etc. By F. 
 Netherclift, 1855.
 
 BOOK OF FACSIMILES 285 
 
 Sale Catalogue of the manuscript library of the 
 late Dawson Turner, Esq. Puttick and Simpson, 
 1859. [Contains many important facsimiles.] 
 
 American Historical and Literary Curiosities: Con- 
 sisting of Fac-Similes of some plates, &c., relating to 
 Columbus, and Original Documents of the Revolu- 
 tion, &c., &c., with a variety of Reliques, Antiquities 
 and Autographs. Edited and arranged, with the 
 assistance of several autograph collectors, by John 
 Jay Smith. Second Series. Folio. New York: 
 Charles B. Richardson, 1860. 
 
 The Book of the Signers: Containing Fac-Simile 
 Letters of the Signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence. Edited by William Brotherhead. 4to. Phil- 
 adelphia, 1861. 
 
 The Autograph Souvenir: A Collection of Auto- 
 graph Letters, etc., selected from the British Museum 
 and other Sources by F. G. Netherclift. With notes 
 by R. Sims, of the British Museum. 
 
 American Historical and Literary Curiosities: Con- 
 sisting of Fac-Similes of Original Documents relating 
 to the events of the Revolution, &c., &c. Collected
 
 286 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 and edited by John Jay Smith and John F. Watson. 
 Folio. Sixth edition; with improvements and addi- 
 tions. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1861. 
 
 The Autograph Mirror: Autographic Letters and 
 Sketches of Illustrious and Distinguished Men of past 
 and present times: Sovereigns, Statesmen, Warriors, 
 Divines; Historians, Lawyers; Literary, Scientific, 
 Artistic and Theatrical Celebrities. 4to. London 
 and New York: Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. 
 
 Album de Fac-Simile des Regents, Capitaines, et 
 Hommes D'Etat depuis L'An 1500 Jusqu' en 1576. 
 Dessines sur les Originaux et Expliques par Charles 
 Oberleitner. 4to. Vienne, 1862. 
 
 The Hand-Book of Autographs: Being a Ready 
 Guide to the Handwriting of Distinguished Men and 
 Women of every Nation. Designed for the use of 
 literary men, autograph collectors, and others. By 
 Frederick G. Netherclift. With a Biographical In- 
 dex, etc., by Richard Sims, of the British Museum. 
 London, John Russell Smith, 1862. 
 
 The Autographic Mirror: L'Autographe Cosmopo- 
 lite. Inedited autographs of illustrious and dis- 
 tinguished men of past and present times. Sovereigns,
 
 BOOK OF FACSIMILES 287 
 
 Statesmen, Warriors, Divines, Historians, Lawyers, 
 Literary, Scientific, Artistic and Theatrical Celebrities. 
 Lithographed by Vincent Brooks, Chandos St., Char- 
 ing Cross, London. Large folio. Vol. L Published 
 Feb. 20, 1864. 
 
 The same. Volume 2. 
 
 The Autographic Album: A collection of four hun- 
 dred and seventy fac-similes of Holograph writings of 
 Royal, Noble, and Distinguished Men and Women of 
 various Nations. With biographical notices, and oc- 
 casional translations. By Lawrence B. Phillips, F. R. 
 A. S. Lithographed by F. G. Netherclift. Small 4to. 
 London, 1866. 
 
 The Centennial Book of the Signers: Being Fac- 
 simile Letters of each Signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence. By W. Brotherhead, Librarian. Folio, 
 295 pages. Philadelphia; J. M. Stoddart & Co., 1875. 
 
 Inventaire des Autographes et Documents Historiques 
 Reunis par M. Benjamin Fillon. Decrits par Etienne 
 Charavay. 3 volumes, 4to. Paris, 1878. [Filled with 
 fac-similes of letters and signatures.] 
 
 Lettres Autographes composant la Collection de 
 M. Alfred Bovet, Decrites par Etienne Charavay.
 
 288 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 A Paris. Librarie Charavay Freres. 1887. 4to, 880 
 pages. [Very valuable for its numerous fac-similes of 
 letters and documents.] 
 
 Catalogue of the Collection of Alfred Morrison. 
 Six sumptuous volumes, large 4to, filled with full page 
 fac-similes. Printed for private distribution. 
 
 Fac-Similes of Royal, Historical, Literary, and 
 other Autographs in the Department of Mss., British 
 Museum. Edited by George F. Warner. Series I-V, 
 with 150 plates. Folio. 1899. 
 
 English Court Hand: A. D. 1066 to 1500. Illus- 
 trated chiefly from the Public Records. By Charles 
 Johnson and Hilary Jenkinson. Text 1 vol. 8vo, and 
 a royal folio volume containing 44 reproductions. 
 Oxford, 1915. 
 
 Catalogue of the Autograph Letters collected by 
 Henry Huth, and sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby, 
 Wilkinson & Hodge, London, on June 12 and 13, 1911. 
 [Contains many full-page fac-similes.]
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 Convention of Commissioners to Confer with 
 THE Six Nations and Other Friendly Indians 
 ON Offensive and Defensive Measures against 
 the French and the Indians Acting with 
 Them. Held at Albany, October 5, 1745. 
 
 Commissioners frorn New York. 
 
 Governor George Clinton. \ 
 
 Philip Livingston. I Members of the Execu- 
 
 Daniel Horsmanden. > tive Council of New 
 
 Joseph Murray. \ York. 
 
 John Rutherford. / 
 
 Co7nmissioners from Massachusetts. 
 
 Col. John Stoddard. 
 Jacob Wendell. 
 Thomas Berry. 
 John Choate. 
 Thomas Hutchinson.
 
 290 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Commissioners from Connecticut. 
 
 Roger Wolcott. 
 
 Col. Nathaniel Stanley. 
 
 Commissioners from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Thomas Lawrence. 
 John Kinsey. 
 Isaac Norris.
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 Delegates to the Convention Held at Albany, 
 
 IN 1754. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 James Delancey. 
 Joseph Murray. 
 Sir William Johnson. 
 John Chambers. 
 William Smith, Sen. 
 Samuel Welles. 
 John Chandler. 
 Thomas Hutchinson. 
 Oliver Partridge. 
 John Worthlngton. 
 Theodore Atkinson. 
 Richard Wibird. 
 Mesech Weare. 
 Henry Sherburne, Jun.
 
 292 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 William Pitkin. 
 Roger Wolcott, Jun. 
 Elisha Williams. 
 Stephen Hopkins. 
 Martin Howard, Jun. 
 John Penn. 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 Richard Peters. 
 Isaac Norris. 
 Benjamin Tasker. 
 Abraham Barnes.
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Delegates to the Stamp Act Congress, Held in 
 
 1765. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 James Otis, Jun. 
 Oliver Partridge. 
 Timothy Ruggles. 
 Metcalf Bowler. 
 Henry Ward. 
 Eliphalet Dyer. 
 David Rowland. 
 William Samuel Johnson. 
 Robert R. Livingston, Sen. 
 John Cruger. 
 Philip Livingston. 
 William Bayard. 
 Leonard Lispenard. 
 Robert Ogden. 
 Hendrick Fisher. 
 Joseph Borden.
 
 294 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Maryland. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 John Dickinson. 
 John Morton. 
 George Bryan. 
 Thomas McKean. 
 Caesar Rodney. 
 William Murdock. 
 Edward Tilghman. 
 Thomas Ringgold. 
 Thomas Lynch. 
 Christopher Gadsden. 
 John Rutledge.
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 Delegates to the Continental Congress 
 
 OF 1774. 
 
 Peyton Randolph, President. 
 
 New Hampshire. John Sullivan. 
 
 Nathaniel Folsom. 
 Massachusetts, Thomas Cushing. 
 
 Samuel Adams. 
 
 James Bowdoin. (Did not attend.) 
 
 John Adams. 
 
 Robert Treat Paine. 
 
 Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 Samuel Ward. 
 
 Eliphalet Dyer. 
 
 William Samuel Johnson. (Did not 
 attend.) 
 
 Erastus Wolcott. (Did not attend.) 
 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Connecticut.
 
 296 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Richard Law. (Did not attend) 
 Silas Deane. 
 
 Joseph Trumbull. (Did not attend.) 
 New York. Isaac Low. '^ 
 
 John Haring. (Did not attend.) 
 John Alsop. 
 John Jay. 
 James Duane. 
 Philip Livingston. 
 William Floyd. 
 Henry Wisner. 
 Simon Boerum. 
 
 New Jersey. James Kinsey. 
 
 William Livingston. 
 Stephen Crane. 
 Richard Smith. 
 John DeHart. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Joseph Galloway. 
 
 John Dickinson. 
 Charles Humphreys. 
 Thomas Mifflin. 
 Edward Biddle. 
 John Morton. 
 George Ross. 
 Samuel Rhoads. (Did not attend.)
 
 CONGRESS OF 1774 
 
 297 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Caesar Rodney. 
 Thomas McKean. 
 George Read. 
 
 Robert Goldsborough. 
 
 attend.) 
 Matthew Tilghman. 
 John Rogers. 
 Thomas Johnson, Jr. 
 William Paca. 
 Samuel Chase. 
 Richard Henry Lee. 
 Peyton Randolph. 
 George Washington. 
 Patrick Henry, Jr. 
 Richard Bland. 
 Benjamin Harrison. 
 Edmund Pendleton. 
 
 William Hooper. 
 Joseph Hewes. 
 Richard Caswell. 
 Henry Middleton. 
 Thomas Lynch. 
 Christopher Gadsden. 
 John Rutledge. 
 Edward Rutledge. 
 
 (Did not
 
 APPENDIX F. 
 
 Presidents of the Continental Congress. 
 
 Elected 
 
 Peyton Randolph. Sept. 5, 1774. 
 
 Henry MIddleton. Oct. 22, 1774. 
 
 Peyton Randolph. May 10, 1775. 
 
 John Hancock. May 24, 1775. 
 
 Henry Laurens. Nov. 1, 1777. 
 
 John Jay. Dec. 10, 1778. 
 
 Samuel Huntington. Sept. 28, 1779. 
 
 Samuel Johnston. July 9, 1781. 
 
 [Note. On July 10 he declined to accept the 
 
 election, for reasons that were satisfactory to the 
 Congress.] 
 
 Thomas McKean. July 10, 1781. 
 
 John Hanson. Nov. 5, 1781. 
 
 Elias Boudinot. Nov. 4, 1782. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin. Nov. 3, 1783.
 
 PRESIDENTS OF CONGRESS 299 
 
 Richard Henry Lee. Nov. 30, 1784. 
 
 John Hancock. Nov. 23, 1785. 
 
 [Note. Illness prevented him from serving, and 
 hejresigned on June 5, 1786.] 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham. June 6, 1786. 
 
 Arthur St. Clair. Feb. 2, 1787. 
 
 Cyrus Griffin. Jan. 22, 1788. 
 
 Note. The following named members of the Con- 
 tinental Congress were elected Chairmen [Presidents 
 PRO TEM.] of Congress, to preside during the absence 
 of the President. 
 
 John Rutledge. Sept. 8, 1783. 
 
 Daniel Carroll. April 15, 1782. Sept. 9, 
 
 1783. Nov. 3, 1783. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. March 12, 1784. 
 
 Thomas Stone. June 1, 1784. 
 
 Samuel Holten. Aug. 17, 1785. 
 
 David Ramsay. Nov. 23, 1785. 
 
 [He served until May 15, 1786, during the long 
 absence of John Hancock, caused by his illness.] 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham. May 15, 1786. 
 
 [He served until the first Monday of June, 1786.] 
 
 Lambert Cadwalader. Feb. 19, 1787. 
 
 William Grayson. July 4, 1787.
 
 APPENDIX G. 
 
 Revolutionary Cabinets. 
 
 Comprising the names of the persons who were 
 elected or appointed by the Continental Congress to 
 administer the affairs of the departments of State, 
 Finance, War, Navy, and the Post Office during the 
 Revolutionary War and up to the time when the Con- 
 stitution of the United States became operative. 
 
 Department of State. 
 
 Secretary for foreign affairs. 
 
 Aug. 10, 1781. Robert R. Livingston. 
 May 7, 1784. John Jay.
 
 REVOLUTIONARY CABINETS 301 
 
 Department of Finance. 
 
 Board of Treasury. Commissioners of the Board 
 
 OF Treasury. 
 
 July 23, 1776. George Clymer. Served until May 8, 
 
 1777. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1777. Mann Page, Jr. 
 
 Jonathan Elmer. 
 
 March 22, 1777. Jonathan Bayard Smith. 
 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 May 8, 1777. George Walton. 
 
 Aug. 12, 1777. Henry Laurens. 
 
 Nathaniel Folsom. 
 Cornelius Harnett. 
 Eliphalet Dyer. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1777. Francis Dana. 
 
 Benjamin Rumsey. 
 Joseph Jones. 
 
 June 9, 1778. Thomas Heyward, Jr. 
 
 Henry Marchant. 
 John Wentworth. 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Feb. 24, 1779. Frederick Frelinghuysen.
 
 302 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Nov. 9, 1779. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1779. 
 Dec. 13, 1779. 
 April 28, 1780. 
 May 9, 1780. 
 
 May 10, 1780. 
 June 23, 1780. 
 July 7, 1780. 
 Dec. 4, 1780. 
 
 June 3, 1784. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1785. 
 
 July 27, 1785. 
 Feb. 20, 1781. 
 
 Ezekiel Forman. Resigned July 24, 
 1781. 
 
 Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. 
 
 William Churchill Houston. 
 
 William Sharpe. 
 
 John Gibson. 
 
 William Floyd, vice William Sharpe. 
 
 William Denning. 
 
 James Duane, vice William Churchill 
 Houston. Declined the election. 
 
 James Henry. 
 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Edward Telfair, vice James Henry. 
 
 Oliver Wolcott. Excused from serv- 
 ing. 
 
 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer. 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth. 
 
 William Denning. Declined the ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 John Lewis Gervais. Declined the 
 election. 
 
 Samuel Osgood. 
 
 Walter Livingston. 
 
 Arthur Lee. 
 
 Robert Morris was elected Superin- 
 tendent of Finance.
 
 REVOLUTIONARY CABINETS 303 
 
 Department of War. 
 
 Board of War and Ordinance. Board of War. 
 Commissioners for the Board of War. Secretaries at 
 War. 
 
 Board of War and Ordinance. 
 
 June 13, 1776. John Adams. 
 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 James Wilson. 
 
 Edward Rutledge. 
 Sept. 11, 1776. Francis Lightfoot Lee. 
 March 26, 1777. George Clymer. 
 May 8, 1777. Charles Carroll of CarroUton. 
 
 July 2, 1777. William Duer. 
 
 Board of War. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1777. Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin. 
 
 Col. Timothy Pickering. 
 
 Col. Robert H. Harrison. 
 Nov. 17, 1777. Francis Dana. 
 
 Jonathan Bayard Smith. 
 Jan. 14, 1778. Edward Langworthy. 
 Dec. 22, 1778. Jesse Root, vice Roger Sherman.
 
 304 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 April 8, 1779. Joseph Spencer, vice Francis Light- 
 foot Lee. 
 Samuel J. Atlee, vice Jesse Root. 
 Sept. 27, 1779. Jesse Root, vice Joseph Spencer. 
 Nov. 23, 1779. Robert R. Livingston, vice Sam. 
 
 J. Atlee. 
 April 6, 1780. John Morin Scott. 
 
 John Matthews. 
 June 23, 1780. Gen. Artemas Ward, vice John Mat- 
 thews. 
 Dec. 29, 1780. John Matthews. 
 
 Commissioners for the Board of War. 
 
 Nov. 27, 1777. Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates, President. 
 
 Joseph Trumbull. 
 
 Richard Peters. 
 Jan. 12, 1778. Maj. Gen. Thomas Mifflin. 
 June 22, 1779. Maj. Gen. William Heath. 
 
 [On July 27, 1779, he asked to be excused.] 
 Dec. 7, 1779, Col. William Grayson. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1780. Ezekiel Cornell. 
 
 Secretaries at War. 
 Oct. 30, 1781. Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln.
 
 REVOLUTIONARY CABINETS 305 
 
 Nov. 19, 1781. Richard Peters was authorized to 
 
 continue to exercise the duties of 
 the War Department until the 
 Secretary at War shall enter upon 
 the execution of his office. 
 
 March 8, 1785. Henry Knox. 
 
 Navy Department. 
 
 Continental Navy Board. Commissioners of the 
 Board of Admiralty. Secretary of Marine. Agent of 
 Marine. 
 
 Continental Navy Board. 
 
 Nov. 6, 1776. John Nixon. 
 
 John Wharton. Resigned Jan. 11, 
 
 1781. 
 Francis Hopkinson. 
 
 Board of Assistants to the Marine Committee for the 
 
 Eastern Department. 
 
 May 6, 1777. William Vernon. 
 
 James Warren. 
 
 John Deshon. Resigned May 7, 
 1781.
 
 306 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 For the Middle Department. 
 
 May 9, 1778. William Smith. Resigned July 22, 
 
 1778. 
 Aug. 19, 1778. Capt, Nathaniel Falconer. Declined. 
 
 James Searle. Resigned Sept. 28, 
 1778. 
 Nov. 4, 1778. James Read. 
 
 John Wharton. 
 William Winder. 
 
 Commissioners of the Board of Admiralty. 
 
 Nov. 26, 1779. Thomas Waring. Declined the elec- 
 tion. 
 William Whipple. Resigned March 
 7, 1780. 
 Dec. 3, 1779. George Bryan. Declined the elec- 
 
 tion. 
 William Floyd. Resigned. 
 James Forbes. 
 Dec. 7, 1779. Francis Lewis. Resigned July 17, 
 
 1781. 
 Dec. 8, 1779. William Ellcry. 
 
 March 22, 1780. James Madison. On account of the 
 
 illness of James Forbes.
 
 RE I OL U TIONAk } ' CABIN E TS 3U7 
 
 June 6, 1780. Whitmill Hill. 
 
 Benjamin Huntington. 
 June 23, 1780. Thomas Woodford. 
 Nov. 7, 1780. John Hanson. 
 
 William Sharpe. 
 [On Dec. 3, 1779, John Brown was elected Secre- 
 tary of the Board of Admiralty, and he was the actual 
 head of the Continental Navy during the remainder of 
 the war.] 
 
 Secretary of Marine. 
 Feb. 27, 1781. Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall. 
 
 Agent of Marine. 
 
 Sept. 7, 1781. Robert Morris [as Superintendent of 
 
 Finance], until the close of the war. 
 
 Post Office Department. 
 
 Postmasters-general. 
 
 July 26, 1775. Benjamin Franklin. 
 Nov. 7, 1776. Richard Bache. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1782. Ebenezer Hazard.
 
 APPENDIX H. 
 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett. 
 William Whipple. 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 Samuel Adams. 
 John Adams. 
 Robert Treat Paine. 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 Stephen Hopkins. 
 William EUery. 
 Roger Sherman. 
 Samuel Huntington. 
 William Williams. 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 William Floyd. 
 Philip Livingston. 
 Francis Lewis. 
 Lewis Morris.
 
 SIGNERS OF DECLARATION 
 
 309 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Richard Stockton. 
 
 John Witherspoon. 
 
 Francis Hopkinson. 
 
 John Hart. 
 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
 Benjamin Rush. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 John Morton. 
 
 George Clymer. 
 
 James Smith. 
 
 George Taylor. 
 
 James Wilson. 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 Caesar Rodney. 
 
 George Read. 
 
 Thomas McKean. 
 
 Samuel Chase. 
 
 Charles Carroll of Car roll ton. 
 
 William Paca. 
 
 Thomas Stone. 
 
 George Wythe. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 Thomas Nelson, Jr.
 
 310 BOOK 
 
 ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee. 
 
 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 William Hooper. 
 
 
 Joseph Hewes. 
 
 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Edward Rutledge. 
 
 
 Thomas Heyward, Jr. 
 
 
 Thomas Lynch, Jr. 
 
 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Button Gwinnett. 
 
 
 Lyman Hall. 
 
 
 George Walton.
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 Delegates to the Continental Congress. 
 
 [Note. The names printed in tlalics are those of delegates who either did 
 not accept the appointment or did not attend any session of Congress.] 
 
 Adams, Andrew, Conn. 
 
 do John, Mass. 
 
 do Samuel, Mass. 
 
 do Thomas, Va. 
 Alexander, Robert, Md. 
 Allen, Andrew, Pa. 
 Alsop, John, N. Y. 
 Andrew, Benjamin, Ga. 
 Armstrong, John, Sen., Pa. 
 Armstrong, John, Jr., Pa. 
 Arnold, Jonathan, R. I. 
 Arnold, Peleg, R. I. 
 Ashe, John B., N. C. 
 Atlee, Samuel J., Pa. 
 Atkinson, George, N. H.
 
 312 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham, Ga. 
 
 Banister, John, Va. 
 
 Barnwell, Robert, S. C. Attended Jan. 1, 1789. 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah, N. H. 
 
 Bassett, Richard, Del. 
 
 Bayard, John, Pa. 
 
 Beatty, John, N. J. 
 
 Bedford, Gunning, Sen., Del. 
 
 Bedford, Gunning, Jr., Del. 
 
 Bee, Thomas, S. C. 
 
 Bellows, Benjamin J N. H., 1781. 
 
 Benson, Egbert, N. Y. 
 
 Beresford, Richard, S. C. 
 
 Biddle, Edward, Pa. 
 
 Bingham, William, Pa. 
 
 Blair, John, Va., 1781. 
 
 Blanchard, Jonathan, N. H. 
 
 Bland, Richard, Va. 
 
 do Theodoric, Va. 
 Bloodworth, Timothy, N. C. 
 Blount, William, N. C. 
 Bocrum, Simon, N. Y. 
 Boudinot, Elias, N. J. 
 Bowdoin, James, Mass. 
 Bradford, William, R. L, 1776. 
 Braxton, Carter, Va.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 313 
 
 Brevard, Ephraim, N. C, 1781. 
 Brown, John, R. I., 1784-5. 
 
 do John, Mass. 
 Brown, John, Va. 
 Brownson, Nathan, Ga. 
 Bull, John, S. C. 
 Bulloch, Archibald, Ga. 
 Burke, Thomas, N. C. 
 Burnet, William, N. J. 
 Burton, Robert, N. C. 
 Butler, Pierce, S. C. 
 Cadwalader, Lambert, N. J. 
 Canfield, John, Conn, 1786-7. 
 Carmichael, William, Md. 
 Carrington, Edward, Va. 
 Carroll, Charles, Barrister, Md., 1775. 
 
 do Charles, of CarroUton, Md. 
 
 do Daniel, Md. 
 Caswell, Richard, N. C. 
 Champlin, George, R. I., 1785-6. 
 Chandler, Charles Church, Conn., 1784-5. 
 Chase, Jeremiah T., Md. 
 
 do Samuel, Md. 
 Chester, John, Conn., 1787-9. 
 Clark, Abraham, N. J. 
 Clarkson, Matthew, Pa.
 
 314 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Clay, Joseph, Ga. 
 
 Clingan, William, Pa. 
 
 Clinton, George, N. Y. 
 
 Clymer, George, Pa. 
 
 Cocke, Willliam, State of Franklin. 
 
 Collins, John, R. I. 
 
 Condict, Silas, N. J. 
 
 Contee, Benjamin, Md. 
 
 Cooke, Joseph P., Conn. 
 
 Cooper, John, N. J. 
 
 Cornell, Ezekiel, R. I. 
 
 Coxe, Tench, Pa. 
 
 Crane, Stephen, N. J. 
 
 Gumming, William, N. C. 
 
 Gushing, Nathan, Mass., 1784. 
 
 Gushing, Thomas, Mass. 
 
 Dalton, Tristram, Aiass., 1783. Resigned 1784. 
 
 Dana, Francis, Mass. 
 
 Dane, Nathan, Mass. 
 
 Danielson, Timothy, Mass., 1781-2. Resigned 1783. 
 
 Dawson, John, Va. Attended Dec. 3, 1788. 
 
 Dayton, Elias, N. J. 
 
 do Jonathan, N. J. 
 Deane, Silas, Conn. 
 De Hart, John, N. J. 
 De Witt, Charles, N. Y.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 315 
 
 Dick, Samuel, N. J. 
 Dickinson, John, Pa. 
 
 do Philemon, Del. 
 
 Dow, Moses, N. PL, 1784. 
 Drayton, William Henry, S. C. 
 Duane, James, N. Y. 
 Duer, William, N. Y. 
 Duffield, Samuel, Pa. 
 Dyer, Eliphalet, Conn. 
 Edwards, Pierpont, Conn. 
 
 Edwards, Timothy, Mass., 1778. Resigned 1779. 
 Elbert, Gen. Samuel, Ga. 
 Ellery, William, R. I. 
 Ellsworth, Oliver, Conn. 
 Elmer, Jonathan, N. J. 
 Evans, John, Del. 
 Eveleigh, Nicholas, S. C. 
 Fell, John, N. J. 
 Few, William, Ga. 
 Fitzhugh, William, Va. 
 Fitzsimons, Thomas, Pa. 
 Fleming, William, Va. 
 Floyd, William, N. Y. 
 Folsom, Nathaniel, N. H. 
 Forbes, James, Md. 
 Forrest, Uriah, Md.
 
 316 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Foster, Abiel, N. H. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, Pa. 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Frederick, N. J. 
 
 Frost, George, N. H. 
 
 Gadsden, Christopher, S. C. 
 
 Galloway, Joseph, Pa. 
 
 Gansevoort, Leonard, N. Y. 
 
 Gardner, John, R. I. Attended Feb. 12, 1789. 
 
 Gardner, Joseph, Pa. 
 
 Gardner, Sylvester, R. I., 1787. 
 
 Gelston, David, N. Y. Attended Feb. 18, 1789. 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, Mass. 
 
 Gervais, John Louis, S. C. 
 
 Gibbons, William, Ga. 
 
 Giles, Edward, Md. 
 
 Gillon, Alexander, S. C, 1784. 
 
 Gilman, John Taylor, N. H. 
 
 Gilman, Nicholas, N. H. 
 
 Goldsborough, Robert, Md. 
 
 Gorham, Nathaniel, Mass. 
 
 Grantham, Isaac, Del., 1787. 
 
 Grayson, William, Va. 
 
 Griffin, Cyrus, Va. 
 
 Gunn, James, Ga., Feb. 10, 1787. 
 
 Gwinnett, Button, Ga. 
 
 Habersham, John, Ga.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 317 
 
 Habersham, Joseph, Ga. 
 Hall, John, Md. 
 Hall, Lyman, Ga. 
 Hamilton, Alexander, N. Y. 
 Hancock, John, Mass. 
 Hand, Edward, Pa. 
 Hanson, John, Md. 
 Hardy, Samuel, Va. 
 Haring, John, N. Y. 
 Harnett, Cornelius, N. C. 
 Harrison, Benjamin, Va. 
 do William, Md. 
 Hart, John, N. J. 
 Hartley, Thomas, Pa. 
 Harvie, John, Va. 
 Hathorn, John, N. Y. 
 Hawkins, Benjamin, N. C. 
 Hazard, Jonathan J., R. I. 
 Hemsley, William, Md. 
 Henderson, Thomas, N. J. 
 Henry, James, Va. 
 
 do John, Md. 
 
 do Patrick, Va. 
 
 do William, Pa. 
 Hewes, Joseph, N. C. 
 Heyward, Thomas, Jr., S. C.
 
 318 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Higglnson, Stephen, Mass. 
 
 Hill, Whitmill, N. C. 
 
 Hillhouse, James, Conn., 1786-9. 
 
 do William, Conn. 
 Hindman, William, Md. 
 H olden, Thomas, R. I., 1788-9. 
 Holten, Samuel, Mass. 
 Hooper, William, N. C. 
 Hopkins, Stephen, R. I. 
 Hopkinson, Francis, Pa. 
 Hornblower, Joslah, N. J. 
 Hosmer, Titus, Conn. 
 Houston, William Churchill, N. J. 
 Houstoun, John, Ga. 
 
 do William, Ga. 
 
 Howard, John E., Md. 
 Howell, David, R. I. 
 Howley, Richard, Ga. 
 Huger, Daniel, S. C. 
 Humphreys, Charles, Pa. 
 Huntington, Benjamin, Conn. 
 
 do Samuel, Conn. 
 
 Hutson, Richard, S. C. 
 Ingersoll, Jared, Pa. 
 Irvine, William, Pa. 
 Izard, Ralph, S. C.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 319 
 
 Jackson, David, Pa. 
 
 do Jonathan, Mass. 
 Jay, John, N. Y. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, Va. 
 Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, Md. 
 Johnson, Charles, N. C, 1786. 
 Johnson, Thomas, Md. 
 
 do William Samuel, Conn. 
 Johnston, Samuel, N. C. 
 Jones, Allen, N. C. 
 Jones, Gabriel, Va., June 17, 1779. 
 
 do Joseph, Va. 
 
 do Noble W., Ga. 
 Jones, Samuel, N. Y. 
 
 do Willie, N. C. 
 Kean, John, S. C. 
 Kearney, Dyre, Del. 
 King, Rufus, Mass. 
 Kinloch, Francis, S. C. 
 Kinsey, James, N. J. 
 Langdon, John, N. H. 
 
 do Woodbury, N. H. 
 Langworthy, Edward, Ga. 
 Lansing, John, N. Y. 
 Latimer, Henry, Del., April, 1784. 
 Laurance, John, N. Y.
 
 320 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Laurens, Henry, S. C. 
 Law, Richard, Conn. 
 Lee, Arthur, Va. 
 
 do Francis Lightfoot, Va. 
 
 do Henry, Va. 
 
 do Richard Bland, Va., 1780. 
 
 do Richard Henry, Va. 
 
 do Thomas Sim, Md. 
 Lewis, Francis, N. Y. 
 L'Hommedieu, Ezra, N. Y. 
 Lincoln, Levi, Mass. 
 Livermore, Samuel, N. H. 
 Livingston, Philip, N. Y. 
 do Robert R., N. Y. 
 
 do Walter, N. Y. 
 
 do William, N. J. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward, Md. 
 
 do James, Md. 
 Long, Pierse, N. H. 
 Lovell, James, Mass. 
 Low, Isaac, N. Y. 
 Lowell, John, Mass. 
 Lowndes, Rawlins, S. C, 1779. 
 Lynch, Thomas, Sen., S. C. 
 
 do Thomas, Jr., S. C. 
 McComb, Eleazer, Del.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 321 
 
 McDougall, Alexander, N. Y. 
 McDowell, Joseph, N. C, 1788. 
 McHenry, James, Md. 
 Mcintosh, Lachlan, Ga. 
 McKean, Thomas, Pa. 
 McKinly, John, Del., April, 1784. 
 McLene, James, Pa. 
 Macon, Nathaniel, N. C, 1787. 
 Madison, James, Jr., Va. 
 Manning, James, R. I. 
 Manton, Daniel, R. I. 
 Marchant, Henry, R. I. 
 Martin, Alexander, N. C, 1787. 
 Martin, Luther, Md. 
 Mason, George, Va. 
 Mathews, John, S. C. 
 Matlack, Timothy, Pa. 
 Mercer, James, Va. 
 
 do John F., Va. 
 Meredith, Samuel, Pa. 
 Middleton, Arthur, S. C. 
 
 do Henry, S. C. 
 Mifflin, Thomas, Pa. 
 Miller, Nathan, R. I. 
 Mitchell, Nathaniel, Del. 
 
 do Stephen Mix, Conn.
 
 322 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Monroe, James, Va. 
 Montgomery, John, Pa. 
 do Joseph, Pa. 
 
 do William, Pa. 
 
 Moore, Williamy Pa. 
 Morris, Cadwalader, Pa. 
 
 do Gouverneur, N. Y. 
 
 do Lewis, N. Y. 
 
 do Robert, Pa. 
 Morton, John, Pa. 
 Motte, Isaac, S. C. 
 Mowry, Daniel, R. I. 
 Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus, Pa. 
 Mumford, Paul, R. I., 1785. 
 Nash, Abner, N. C. 
 Neilson, John, N. J. 
 Nelson, Thomas, Jr., Va. 
 Osborne, Adlai, N. C, 1785. 
 Osgood, Samuel, Mass. 
 Otis, Samuel A., Mass. 
 Paca, William, Md. 
 Page, Mann, Jr., Va. 
 Paine, Elisha, N. H. 
 
 do Ephraim, N. Y. 
 
 do Robert Treat, Mass. 
 Parker, John, S. C.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 323 
 
 Partridge, George, Mass. 
 Paterson, William, N. J. 
 Patten, John, Del. 
 Patterson, Gen. Samuely Del., 1784. 
 Peabody, Nathaniel, N. H. 
 Peery, William, Del. 
 
 Pell, Philip, N. Y. Attended March 2, 1789. 
 Pendleton, Edmund, Va. 
 Penn, John, N. C. 
 Person, Thomas, N. C, 1784. 
 Peters, Richard, Pa. 
 Pettit, Charles, Pa. 
 Phillips, Peter, R. I., 1785. 
 Pickering, John, N. H., 1788. 
 Pierce, William, Ga. 
 Pinckney, Charles, S. C. 
 Pinckney, Thomas, S. C, 1788. 
 Pitkin, William, Conn., 1784-5. 
 Plater, George, Md. 
 Piatt, Zephaniah, N. Y. 
 Polk, Thomas, N. C, 1788. 
 Potts, Richard, Md. 
 Ramsay, David, S. C. 
 Ramsey, Nathaniel, Md. 
 Randolph, Edmund, Va. 
 do Peyton, Va.
 
 324 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Read, George, Del. 
 
 do Jacob, S. C. 
 Reed, Joseph, Pa. 
 Reid, James R., Pa. 
 Rhoads, Samuel, Pa. 
 Ridgeley, Richard, Md. 
 Roberdeau, Daniel, Pa. 
 Rodney, Caesar, Del. 
 Rodney, Thomas, Del. 
 Rogers, John, Md. 
 Root, Jesse, Conn. 
 Ross, David, Md. 
 
 do George, Pa. 
 Rumsey, Benjamin, Md. 
 Rush, Benjamin, Pa. 
 Rutledge, Edward, S. C. 
 
 do John, S. C. 
 Schureman, James, N. J. 
 Schuyler, Philip, N. Y. 
 Scott, Gustavus, Md. 
 
 do John Morin, N. Y. 
 Scudder, Nathaniel, N. J. 
 Searle, James, Pa. 
 Sedgwick, Theodore, Mass. 
 Seney, Joshua, Md. 
 Sergeant, Jonathan D., N. J.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 325 
 
 Sharpe, William, N. C. 
 
 Sherman, Roger, Conn. 
 
 Shippen, William, Pa. 
 
 Sitgreaves, John, N. C. 
 
 Smallzuood, Gen. Williamy Md., 1788. 
 
 Smith, Benjamin, N. C, 1786. 
 
 Smith, James, Pa. 
 
 do Jonathan Bayard, Pa. 
 
 do Melancton, N. Y. 
 
 do Merewether, Va. 
 
 do Richard, N. J. 
 
 do Thomas, Pa. 
 
 do William, Md. 
 Spaight, Richard Dobbs, N. C. 
 Sparhawk, John, N. H. 
 Spencer, Joseph, Conn. 
 St. Clair, Arthur, Pa. 
 Stevens, John, Sen., N. J., 1783-4. 
 Stewart, Charles, N. J. 
 Stirk, Samuel, Ga. 
 Stockton, Richard, N. J. 
 Stokes, John, N. C, 1788. 
 Stone, Thomas, Md. 
 Strong, Caleb, Mass. 
 
 do Jedediah, Conn. 
 Sturges, Jonathan, Conn.
 
 326 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Sullivan, James, Mass. 
 
 do John, N. H. 
 Sumner, Increase, Mass., June 6, 1781. Resigned 
 
 June 28, 1781. 
 Sumter, Gen. Thomas, S. C, Feb. 1783. 
 Swann, John, N. C. 
 Sykes, James, Del. 
 Symmes, John Cleves, N. J. 
 Taylor, George, Pa. 
 Telfair, Edward, Ga. 
 Thacher, George, Mass. 
 Thompson, Ebenezer, N. H., 1783. 
 Thornton, Matthew, N. H. 
 Tilghman, Matthew, Md. 
 Tilton, James, Del. 
 Trapier, Paul, Jr., S. C. 
 Treadwell, John, Conn. 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., Conn. 
 Trumbull, Joseph, Conn. 
 Tucker, Thomas Tudor, S. C. 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas, Del. 
 Varnum, James M., R. I. 
 Vining, John, Del. 
 Wadsworth, James, Conn. 
 
 do Jeremiah, Conn. 
 
 Wadsworth, Peleg, Mass.
 
 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 327 
 
 Walker, John, Va. 
 Walker, Timothy, N. H. 
 Walton, John, Ga. 
 
 do George, Ga. 
 Ward, Artemas, Mass. 
 
 do Samuel, R. I. 
 Warren, James, Mass., 1782. 
 Washington, George, Va. 
 Wentworth, James, Conn. 
 Wentworth, John, Sen., N. H. 
 Wentworth, John, Jr., N. H. 
 Wentworth, Joshua, N. H. 
 West, Benjamin, N. H. 
 Wharton, Samuel, Del. 
 Whipple, William, N. H. 
 White, Alexander, N. C. 
 
 do James, N. C. Attended Feb. 6, 1788. 
 
 do Phillips, N. H. 
 Williams, John, N. C. 
 
 do William, Conn. 
 Williamson, Hugh, N. C. 
 Willing, Thomas, Pa. 
 Wilson, James, Pa. 
 Wingate, Paine, N. H. 
 Wisner, Henry, N. Y. 
 Witherspoon, John, N. J.
 
 328 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Wolcott, Erastus, Conn., 1774, 1787-9. 
 Wolcott, Oliver, Conn. 
 
 do Roger, Jr., Conn., 1777. 
 Wood, Joseph, Ga. 
 Wright, Turbett, Md. 
 Wynkoop, Henry, Pa. 
 Wythe, George, Va. 
 Yates, Abraham, Jr., N. Y 
 
 do Peter W., N. Y. 
 Zubly, John J., Ga.
 
 APPENDIX J. 
 
 Signers of the Articles of Confederation. 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah. 
 Wentworth, John, Jr. 
 
 Hancock, John. 
 Adams, Samuel. 
 Gerry, Elbridge. 
 Dana, Francis. 
 Lovell, James. 
 Holten, Samuel. 
 
 Ellery, William. 
 Marchant, Henry. 
 Collins, John. 
 
 Sherman, Roger. 
 Huntington, Samuel. 
 Wolcott, Oliver. 
 Hosmer, Titus. 
 Adams, Andrew.
 
 330 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Duane, James. 
 Lewis, Francis. 
 Duer, William. 
 Morris, Gouverneur. 
 
 Witherspoon, John. 
 Scudder, Nathaniel. 
 
 Morris, Robert. 
 Roberdeau, Daniel. 
 Smith, Jonathan Bayard. 
 Clingan, William. 
 Reed, Joseph. 
 
 McKean, Thomas. 
 Dickinson, John. 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas. 
 
 Hanson, John. 
 Carroll, Daniel. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry. 
 Banister, John. 
 Adams, Thomas. 
 Harvie, John. 
 Lee, Francis Lightfoot. 
 
 Penn, John. 
 Harnett, Cornelius. 
 Williams, John.
 
 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 331 
 
 South Carolina. Laurens, Henry. 
 
 Drayton, William Henry. 
 Mathews, John. 
 Hutson, Richard. 
 Heyward, Thomas, Jr. 
 
 Georgia, Walton, John. 
 
 Telfair, Edward. 
 Langworthy, Edward.
 
 APPENDIX K. 
 
 Delegates to the Annapolis Convention, 
 
 Sept. 1, 1786. 
 
 [Note. The names in italics arc those of delegates who declined the appoint- 
 ment or who did not attend the Convention.] 
 
 Rhode Island. Bowen, Jahez. See Blake's Blog. 
 
 Dict'y. 
 Ward, Samuel. See Appleton. 
 
 Massachusetts. Dana, Francis. 
 
 Higginsony Stephen. 
 
 IScc "The Collector," vol. 5, No. 9, page 142.] 
 
 Sullivan, James. 
 
 Sullivan declined the appointment. See No. 152, Part 1, Leffingwcll sale. 
 
 Lowell, John. 
 Parsons, Theophilus. 
 Gerry, Elbridge.
 
 ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 333 
 
 New York. Hamilton, Alexander. 
 
 Benson, Egbert. 
 
 [See "New York Civil List" and "The Collector," vol. 5, No. 9, page 142.) 
 
 Duane, James. 
 Gansevoort, Leonard. 
 Livingston, Robert C. 
 Livingston, Robert R. 
 
 New Jersey. Clark, Abraham. 
 
 Schureman, James. 
 Houston, William Churchill. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Morris, Robert. 
 
 [See "The Financiers and Finances of the American Revolution," vol. 2, page 
 197, Prof. W. G. Sumner.] 
 
 Coxe, Tench. 
 Clymer, George. 
 Armstrong, John, Jr. 
 Fitzsimons, Thomas. 
 Maryland. Martin, Luther. 
 
 Delaware. Read, George. 
 
 Dickinson, John. Chairman of the 
 Convention. 
 
 Bassett, Richard. 
 
 Broom, Jacob. 
 Virginia. Randolph, Edmund. 
 
 Madison, James, Jr. 
 
 Tucker, St. George. 
 
 [See No. 2148, Part 1, Leffingwell sale; and Virginia Hist. Soc. Collections 
 New Series, vol. x.]
 
 334 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Smith, Merewether. 
 Jones, Dr. Walter. 
 Ross, David. 
 Ronald, William. 
 Mason, George. 
 
 North Carolina. Nash, Abner. 
 
 Moore, Alfred. 
 
 [Sec No. 2124, Part 1, LefRngwell sale.] 
 
 Williamson, Hugh. 
 Blount, John G. 
 Hawkins, Philemon.
 
 APPENDIX L. 
 
 Signers of the Constitution of the United States, 
 AND Members of the Federal Convention. 
 
 (Note. Those wliose names are printed in Capitals took their seats and 
 signed the Constitution. Those whose names arc printed in italics — unless other- 
 wise stated — never accepted their positions or acted in any way.] 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 John Langdon. 
 John Pickering. 
 Nicholas Gilman. 
 Benjamin West. 
 
 Francis Dana. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry. (Refused to sign.) 
 Nathaniel Gorham. 
 Rufus King. 
 
 Caleb Strong. (Absent on day of 
 signing.) 
 
 William Samuel Johnson. 
 Roger Sherman.
 
 336 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth. (Absent on day of 
 signing.) 
 
 Robert Yates. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 John Lansing. 
 
 William Livingston. 
 David Brearley. 
 William C. Houston. 
 William Paterson. 
 John Neilson. 
 Abraham Clark. 
 Jonathan Dayton. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 Thomas Mifflin. 
 Robert Morris. 
 George Clymer. 
 Thomas Fitzsimons. 
 Jared Ingersoll. 
 James Wilson. 
 
 GOUVERNEUR MoRRIS. 
 
 George Read. 
 Gunning Bedford, Jr. 
 John Dickinson. 
 Richard Bassett. 
 Jacob Broom.
 
 SIGNERS Of CONSTITUTION 
 
 337 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 James McHenry. 
 
 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer. 
 
 Daniel Carroll. 
 
 John Francis Mercer. (Withdrew.) 
 
 Luther Martin. (Withdrew.) 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 
 
 Tho7nas Stone. 
 
 Thomas Sim Lee. 
 
 Gabriel Duvall. 
 
 Robert H. Harrison. 
 
 George Washington. 
 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 Edmund Randolph. (DecHned to 
 
 sign.) 
 John Blair. 
 James Madison, Jr. 
 George Mason. (Declined to sign.) 
 George Wythe. (Absent on day of 
 
 signing.) 
 James McClurg. (Absent on day of 
 
 signing.) 
 Richard Henry Lee. 
 Thomas Nelson., Jr. 
 Richard Caswell. 
 Alexander Martin. (Absent on day 
 
 of signing.)
 
 338 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 William R. Davie. (Absent on day 
 
 of signing.) 
 William Blount. 
 Willie Jones. 
 
 Richard Dobbs Spaight. 
 Hugh Williamson. 
 
 South Carolina. John Rutledge. 
 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 
 Charles Pinckney. 
 Pierce Butler. 
 Henry Laurens. 
 
 Georgia. William Few. 
 
 Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 William Pierce. (Withdrew.) 
 
 George Walton. 
 
 William Houstoun. (Declined to 
 
 sign.) 
 Nathaniel Pendleton. 
 
 J
 
 APPENDIX M. 
 
 Generals of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 George Washington, General and Commander-in-chief. 
 
 Charles Tufin Armand, Marquis de la Rouarie, Brig.- 
 Gen. 
 
 John Armstrong, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Benedict Arnold, Major-General. 
 
 George Baylor, Brevet Brigadier-General. - 
 
 Daniel Brodhead, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Richard Butler, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 John Cadwalader, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Thomas Clark, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 George Clinton, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 James Clinton, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 John Crane, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Thomas Conway, Major-General. 
 
 Elias Dayton, Brigadier-General. 
 
 The Chevalier De Preudhomme De Borre, Brigadier- 
 General.
 
 340 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 The Chevalier Matthias Alexis de Roche Fermoy, 
 Brig.-General. 
 
 John Philip De Haas, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 Philippe Du Coudray, Major-General. 
 
 The ChevaHer Louis Lebegue Duportail, Major-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Samuel Elbert, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Christian Febiger, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Joseph Frye, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Christopher Gadsden, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Horatio Gates, Major-General. 
 
 John Gibson, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Mordecai Gist, Brigadier-General. 
 
 John Glover, Brigadier-General. 
 
 John Greaton, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Nathanael Greene, Major-General. 
 
 John Gunby, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Edward Hand, Brevet Major-General. ' 
 
 Moses Hazen, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 William Heath, Major-General. 
 
 James Hogun, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Robert Howe, Major-General. 
 
 Isaac Huger, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Richard Humpton, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Jedediah Huntington, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 William Irvine, Brigadier-General. 
 
 i
 
 GENERALS OF REl OLUi'iOA 341 
 
 Henry Jackson, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Michael Jackson, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 John, Baron de Kalb, Major-General. 
 
 Henry Knox, Major-General. 
 
 Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Marquis de Lafayette, Major-General. 
 
 John Lamb, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 The Chevalier de la Neuville, Brevet Brig.-Gen. 
 
 Monsieur de Laumoy, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Ebenezer Learned, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Charles Lee, Major-General. 
 
 Andrew Lewis, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Benjamin Lincoln, Major-General. 
 
 Alexander McDougall, Major-General. 
 
 Lachlan Mcintosh, Brigadier-General. 
 
 George Mathews, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 William Maxwell, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Hugh Mercer, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin, Major-General. 
 
 Richard Montgomery, Major-General. 
 
 James Moore, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Daniel Morgan, Brigadier-General. 
 
 William Moultrie, Major-General. 
 
 Stephen Moylan, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Peter Muhlenberg, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 Francis Nash, Brigadier-General.
 
 342 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 John Nevill, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Lewis Nicola, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 John Nixon, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Matthias Ogden, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Samuel H. Parsons, Major-General. 
 
 John Paterson, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Brevet Brig.-Gen. 
 
 Seth Pomeroy, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Enoch Poor, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Casimir, Count Pulaski, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Israel Putnam, Major-General. 
 
 Rufus Putnam, Brigadier-General. 
 
 James Reed, Brigadier-General. 
 
 Joseph Reed, Brigadier-General. 
 
 William Russell, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Philip Schuyler, Major-General. 
 
 Charles Scott, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 William Shepard, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 Elisha Sheldon, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 
 William Smallwood, Major-General. 
 
 Joseph Spencer, Major-General. 
 
 John Stark, Brevet Major-General. 
 
 Arthur St. Clair, Major-General. 
 
 Adam Stephen, Major-General. 
 
 Baron Steuben, Major-General. 
 
 Walter Stewart, Brevet Brigadier-General. 

 
 GENERALS OF REIOLUTION 343 
 
 William Alexander, Lord Stirling, Major-Gencral. 
 John Sullivan, Major-Gcneral. 
 Jethro Sumner, Brigadier-General. 
 Heman Swift, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 John Thomas, Major-General. 
 William Thompson, Brigadier-General. 
 Benjamin Tupper, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 Philip, Van Cortlandt, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 Gozen Van Schaick, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 James M. Varnum, Brigadier-General. 
 Joseph Vose, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 Artemas Ward, Major-General. 
 Anthony Wayne, Brevet Major-General. 
 Samuel B. Webb, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 George Weedon, Brevet Major-General. 
 John Whetcomb, Brigadier-General. 
 James Wilkinson, Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 Otho H. Williams, Brigadier-General. 
 Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron de Woedtke, Brig. -Gen. 
 William Woodford, Brigadier-General. 
 David Wooster, Brigadier-General.
 
 APPENDIX N. 
 
 General Washington's Secretaries and Aides-de- 
 camp. 
 
 Baylies, Hodljah. 
 Baylor, George. 
 Gary, Richard. 
 Cobb, David. 
 Custis, John Parke. 
 Fitzgerald, John. 
 Fitzburgh, Peregrine. 
 Grayson, William. 
 Hamilton, Alexander. 
 Hanson, Alexander Contee. 
 Harrison, Robert H. 
 Humphreys, David. 
 Jackson, William. 
 Johnston, George. 
 Laurance, John. 
 Laurens, John.
 
 irJSIIINGTON'S J IDS ^4S 
 
 Lewis, George. 
 McHcnry, James. 
 Meade, Richard K. 
 Mifflin, Thomas. 
 Moylan, Stephen. 
 Palfrey, WilHam. 
 Randolph, Edmund. 
 Reed, Joseph. 
 Smith, Benjamin. 
 Smith, William S. 
 Thornton, Presly P. 
 Tilghman, Tench. 
 Trumbull, John. 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr. 
 Varick, Richard. 
 Walker, Benjamin. 
 Walker, John. 
 Webb, Samuel B.
 
 APPENDIX O. 
 
 Presidents and Vice-Presidents ^ of the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Presidgnts. 
 
 Washington, George. 
 Adams, John. 
 Jefferson, Thomas. 
 Madison, James. 
 Monroe, James. 
 Adams, John Quincy. 
 Jackson, Andrew. 
 Van Buren, Martin. 
 Harrison, William Henry. 
 Tyler, John. 
 Polk, James K. 
 Taylor, Zachary. 
 Fillmore, Millard. 
 Pierce, Franklin.
 
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS 347 
 
 Buchanan, James. 
 Lincoln, Abraham. 
 Johnson, Andrew. 
 Grant, Ulysses S. 
 Hayes, Rutherford B. 
 Garfield, James A. 
 Arthur, Chester A. 
 Cleveland, Grover. 
 Harrison, Benjamin. 
 Cleveland, Grover. 
 McKinley, William. 
 Roosevelt, Theodore. 
 Taft, William H. 
 Wilson, Wood row. 
 
 Vice-Presidents of the United States, and Presidents pro 
 tempore of the U. S. Senate who were Acting Vice- 
 Presidents. 
 
 Adams, John. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas. 
 
 Burr, Aaron. 
 
 Clinton, George. 
 
 Crawford, William H., Acting Vice-Pres. after the 
 
 death of Clinton. 
 Varnum, Joseph B., Acting Vice-Pres. from Dec. 6, 
 
 1813, to April 7, 1814.
 
 348 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Gerry Elbridge. 
 
 GalUard, John, Acting Vice-Pres. after the death of 
 
 Gerry. 
 Tompkins, Daniel D. 
 Calhoun, John C. 
 White, Hugh Lawson, Acting Vice-Pres. after the 
 
 resignation of Calhoun. 
 Van Buren, Martin. 
 Johnson, Richard M. 
 Tyler, John. 
 Southard, Samuel L., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Tyler's Presidency. 
 Mangum, Willie P., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Tyler's Presidency. 
 Dallas, George M. 
 Fillmore, Millard. 
 
 King, William R., Acting Vice-Pres. during the Presi- 
 dency of Fillmore. 
 King, William R. 
 Atchison, David R., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death 
 
 of King. 
 Mason, James M., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death 
 
 of King. 
 Cass, Lewis, Acting Vice-Pres. after the death of 
 
 King.
 
 PRESIDENTS AND J' ICE-PRESIDENTS 349 
 
 Bright, Jesse D., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death of 
 
 King. 
 Stuart, Charles E., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death 
 
 of King. 
 Brecken ridge, John C. 
 Hamlin, Hannibal. 
 Johnson, Andrew. 
 Foster, Lafayette S., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Johnson's Presidency. 
 Wade, Benjamin F., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Johnson's Presidency. 
 Colfax, Schuyler. 
 Wilson, Henry. 
 Ferry, Thomas W., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death 
 
 of Wilson. 
 Wheeler, William A. 
 Arthur, Chester A. 
 Bayard, Thomas F., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Arthur's Presidency. 
 Davis, David, Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Arthur's Presidency. 
 Edmunds, George F., Acting Vice-Pres. during part of 
 
 Arthur's Presidency. 
 Hendricks, Thomas A. 
 Sherman, John, Acting Vice-Pres. after the death of 
 
 Hendricks.
 
 350 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Ingalls, John Jay, Acting Vice-Pres. after the death 
 
 of Hendricks. 
 Morton, Levi P. 
 Stevenson, Adlai E. 
 Hobart, Garrett A. 
 Frye, William P., Acting Vice-Pres. after the death of 
 
 Hobart. 
 Roosevelt, Theodore. 
 Frye, William P., Acting Vice-Pres. after Roosevelt's 
 
 accession to the Presidency. 
 Fairbanks, Charles W. 
 Sherman, James S. 
 Marshall, Thomas R.
 
 APPENDIX P. 
 
 Speakers of the U. S. House of Representatives. 
 
 Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan. 
 
 Dayton, Jonathan. 
 
 Dent, George. 
 
 Sedgwick, Theodore. 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel. 
 
 Varnum, Joseph B. 
 
 Clay, Henry. 
 
 Cheves, Langdon. 
 
 Taylor, John W. 
 
 Barbour, Philip P. 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew. 
 
 Hubbard, Henry. 
 
 Bell, John. 
 
 Polk, James K.
 
 352 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Hunter, R. M. T. 
 White, John. 
 Jones, John W. 
 Hopkins, George W. 
 Davis, John W. 
 Winthrop, Robert C. 
 Burt, Armistead. 
 Cobb, Howell. 
 Boyd, Lynn. 
 Banks, Nathaniel P. 
 Orr, James L. 
 Pennington, William. 
 Grow, Galusha A. 
 Colfax, Schuyler. 
 Pomeroy, Theodore M. 
 Blaine, James G. 
 Kerr, Michael C. 
 Randall, Samuel J. 
 Keifer, J. Warren. 
 Carlisle, John G. 
 Reed, Thomas B. 
 Crisp, Charles F. 
 Henderson, David B. 
 Cannon, Joseph G. 
 Clark, Champ.
 
 APPENDIX Q. 
 
 Delegates to the "Peace" Congress Held at 
 
 Washington in 1861. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 William P. Fessenden. 
 Lot M. Morrill. 
 Daniel E. Somes. 
 John J. Perry. 
 Ezra B. French. 
 Freeman H. Morse. 
 Stephen Coburn. 
 Stephen C. Foster. 
 Amos Tuck. 
 Levi Chamberlain. 
 Asa Fowler. 
 Hiland Hall. 
 Levi Underwood. 
 H. Henry Baxter. 
 Lucius E. Chittenden. 
 B. D. Harris.
 
 354 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 John Z. Goodrich. 
 Charles Allen. 
 George S. Boutwell. 
 Theophilus P. Chandler. 
 Francis B. Crowninshield. 
 John M. Forbes. 
 Richard P. Waters. 
 Samuel Ames. 
 Alexander Duncan. 
 William W. Hoppin. 
 George H. Browne. 
 Samuel G. Arnold. 
 Roger S. Baldwin. 
 Chauncey F. Cleveland. 
 Charles J. McCurdy. 
 James T. Pratt. 
 Robbins Battell. 
 Amos S. Treat. 
 David Dudley Field. 
 William Curtis Noyes. 
 James S. Wadsworth. 
 James C. Smith. 
 Amaziah B. James. 
 Erastus Corning. 
 Francis Granger. 
 Greene C. Bronson.
 
 PEACE CONGRESS OF 1S61 
 
 -^•^5 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 William E. Dodge, 
 John A. King. 
 John E. Wool. 
 
 Addison Gardiner. Declined the ap- 
 pointment. 
 Charles S. Olden. 
 Peter D. Vroom. 
 Robert F. Stockton. 
 Benjamin Williamson. 
 Joseph F. Randolph. 
 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen. 
 Rodman M. Price. 
 William C. Alexander. 
 Thomas J. Stryker. 
 James Pollock. 
 William M. Meredith. 
 David Wilmot. 
 A. W. Loomis. 
 Thomas E. Franklin. 
 William McKennan. 
 Thomas White. 
 George B. Rodney. 
 Daniel M. Bates. 
 Henry Ridgely. 
 John W. Houston. 
 William Cannon.
 
 356 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 John F. Dent. 
 Reverdy Johnson. 
 John W. Crisfield. 
 Augustus W. Bradford. 
 William T. Goldsborough. 
 J. Dixon Roman. 
 Benjamin C. Howard. 
 John Tyler. 
 William C. Rives. 
 John W. Brockenbrough. 
 George W. Summers. 
 James A. Seddon. 
 George Davis. 
 Thomas Ruffin. 
 David S. Reid. 
 D. M. Barringer. 
 J. M. Morehead. 
 Samuel Milligan. 
 Josiah M. Anderson. 
 Robert L. Carruthers. 
 Thomas Martin. 
 Isaac R. Hawkins. 
 A. W. O. Totten. 
 R. J. McKinney. 
 Alvin Cullom. 
 William P. Hickerson.
 
 PEACE CONGRESS Of 1861 
 
 357 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 George W. Jones. 
 Felix K. Zollicoffcr. 
 William H. Stephens. 
 William O. Butler. 
 James B. Clay. 
 Joshua F. Bell. 
 Charles S. Morchead. 
 James Guthrie. 
 Charles A. Wickliffe. 
 John D. Coalter. 
 Alexander W. Doniphan. 
 Waldo P. Johnson. 
 Aylett H. Buckner. 
 Harrison Hough. 
 Salmon P. Chase. 
 William S. Groesbeck. 
 Franklin T. Backus. 
 Reuben Hitchcock. 
 Thomas Ewing. 
 Valentine B. Horton. 
 C. P. W^olcott. 
 John C. Wright. 
 Caleb B. Smith. 
 Pleasant A. Hackleman. 
 Godlove S. Orth. 
 E. W. H. Ellis.
 
 358 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Thomas C. Slaughter. 
 John Wood. 
 Stephen T. Logan. 
 John M. Palmer. 
 Burton C. Cook. 
 Thomas J. Turner. 
 James Harlan. 
 James W. Grimes. 
 Samuel R. Curtis. 
 William Vandever. 
 Thomas Ewing, Jr. 
 J. C. Stone. 
 Henry J. Adams. 
 Martin F. Conway. 
 Cadwalader C. Washburn. 
 John F. Potter. 
 James R. Doolittle. 
 Charles Durkee. 
 Charles Billinghurst. 
 
 They 
 did not 
 attend.
 
 APPENDIX R. 
 
 Members of the First Congress Under the 
 
 Constitution. 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 Massachusetts. 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut. 
 New York. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Senators. 
 
 John Langdon. 
 
 Paine Wingate. 
 
 Tristram Dalton. 
 
 Caleb Strong. 
 
 Theodore Foster. 
 
 Joseph Stanton, Jun. 
 
 Willian Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth. 
 
 Rufus King. 
 
 Philip Schuyler. 
 
 Jonathan Elmer. 
 
 William Paterson. 
 
 Philemon Dickinson. 
 
 William Maclay. 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
 Richard Bassett. 
 
 George Read. 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 
 
 John Henry.
 
 360 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 South Carolina. 
 Georgia. 
 
 William Grayson. 
 Richard Henry Lee. 
 John Walker. 
 James Monroe. 
 Benjamin Hawkins. 
 Samuel Johnston. 
 Pierce Butler. 
 Ralph Izard. 
 William Few. 
 James Gunn. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Members of the House of Representatives. 
 
 New Hampshire. Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 Samuel Livermore. 
 Abiel Foster. 
 Fisher Ames. 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 Benjamin Goodhue. 
 Jonathan Grout. 
 George Leonard. 
 George Partridge. 
 George Thacher. 
 Theodore Sedgwick. 
 Benjamin Bourn. 
 Benjamin Huntington. 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut.
 
 CONGRESS Of 17 89 
 
 361 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Maryland. 
 
 Jonathan Slurges. 
 Jonathan Trumbull. 
 Jeremiah Wadsworth. 
 Egbert Benson. 
 William Floyd. 
 John Hathorn. 
 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. 
 John Laurance. 
 Peter Sylvester. 
 Elias Boudinot. 
 Lambert Cadwalader. 
 James Schureman. 
 Thomas Sinnickson. 
 George Clymer. 
 Thomas Fitzsimons. 
 Thomas Hartley. 
 Daniel Hiester. 
 Fred. Aug. Muhlenberg. 
 Peter Muhlenberg. 
 Thomas Scott. 
 Henry Wynkoop. 
 John Vining. 
 Daniel Carroll. 
 Benjamin Contee. 
 George Gale. 
 Joshua Seney.
 
 362 
 
 BOOK ABOUT AUTOGRAPHS 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 William Smith. 
 Michael Jenifer Stone. 
 Theodoric Bland. 
 John Brown. 
 Isaac Coles. 
 Samuel Griffin. 
 Richard Bland Lee. 
 James Madison, Jun. 
 Andrew Moore. 
 John Pa^e. 
 Alexander White. 
 Josiah Parker. 
 William B. Giles. 
 John Baptiste Ashe. 
 Timothy Bloodworth. 
 John Sevier. 
 John Steele. 
 Hugh Williamson. 
 (Edanus Burke. 
 Daniel Huger. 
 William Laughton Smith. 
 Thomas Sumter. 
 Thomas Tudor Tucker. 
 Abraham Baldwin. 
 James Jackson. 
 George Mathews.
 
 INDEX 
 
 Figures in Italics indicate pages where auction prices of autographs are given; 
 
 Bold-face figures indicate pages where names appear in official lists. All other 
 
 references are indicated by plain type.
 
 4.
 
 INDEX 
 
 365 
 
 Abbreviations, 10 
 
 Abelard, 46 
 
 Abington, Frances, 94, /SS 
 
 Adams, Andrew, 311, 329 
 
 Adams, Henry J., 358 
 
 Adams, John, 77, 202, 215, 295, 303, 
 
 308, 311, 346, 347 
 Adams, John Quincv, 346 
 Adams, Samuel, 77, 295, 308, 311, 329; 
 
 collection, 221 
 Adams, Thomas, 311, 330 
 
 Autograph rare, 264 
 Addington, Samuel, 126, 129-130, 156, 
 
 157, 237 
 Addison, Joseph, 22, 71, 93, 124, 175 
 Admiralty, Revolutionary Board of, 306, 
 
 307 
 /Eschylus, 15, 47 
 
 Aides-de-Camp to Washington, 344-345 
 Aiguillon, Duke of, 99 
 Alba Amicorum, 17, 18, 19, 20 
 
 Facsimiles from, 19 
 Albany Convention, 191, 198, 220, 226, 
 249, 291-292 
 
 Mistakes of identity, 249 
 
 Scarce autographs, 264, 265 
 Albert, Charles d' — see Luynes. 
 Albret, Henri d', 126 
 Albret, Jeanne d", 96, 104, 114, 127, MO 
 Album de Fac-SimiU, 286 
 Album, Roman, 17 
 Alcibiades, 46 
 Alcuin, 47 
 
 Alden, John, <?00, 203 
 Aldobrandini, Hippolyte — see Clement 
 
 VIIL 
 Alenyon, Ducd', 20, 110 
 Alexander the Great, 46; spurious letter, 
 
 51 
 Alexander VI., Pope, 96, 97, 1 10, 1 11, 148 
 Alexander, Robert, 311 
 Alexander, William C, 355 
 Alfieri, 174 
 Allen, Andrew, 311 
 Allen, Charles, 354 
 Allen, Mrs. E. H., 170 
 Allen, Ethan, 188; papers, 224 
 Allen, Ira, papers, 224 
 Almagro, Don Diego de, 162 
 Alsop, John, 296, 311 
 Alva, Fernando, Duke of, 162, 177 
 Amboise, Georges, Cardinal d', 138 
 
 American Antiquarian, 82 
 
 American Antiquarian Society, 210-211; 
 Handbook of Information, 211 
 
 American Collectors, 170-207; Public, 
 210-229 
 
 American Historical and Literary Curiosi- 
 ties, 285-286 
 
 American Poets, 270 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci, 22 
 
 Ames, Fisher, 215, 360 
 
 Ames, Samuel, 354 
 
 Amiens, Treaty of, 14 
 
 Among my Autographs, 8 
 
 Anacreon, 47 
 
 Anderdon, 73 
 
 Anderdon, John L., 88 
 
 Anderson, Josiah M., 356 
 
 Andre, John, 75, 76, 193, 193, 204 
 MS. of Cow Chace, 216 
 Papers, 223 
 Letter Book, 217 
 
 Andrew, Benjamin, 311 
 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, 188, 203 
 
 Angus, James, 56 
 
 Annapolis Convention, 191, 220; Dele- 
 gates, 332-334 
 
 Anne of Austria, 96 
 
 Anne of Bretagne, 111, 138 
 
 Anne of France, 138 
 
 Anne, Queen of England, 177 
 
 Anson, Admiral, 93 
 
 Appendices, 283-363 
 
 Aquila, Caspar, 189 
 
 Arbuthnot, 175 
 
 Arc, Jeanne d' — see Jeanne. 
 
 Arcesilaus, 47 
 
 Archdale, John, papers, 213 
 
 Archimedes, 47 
 
 Archivist, 29, 71 
 
 Aretino, Pietro, 96, 149 
 
 Ariosto, Ludovico, 47, 134, 162 
 
 Aristotle, 47, 51 
 
 Arlington, Lord, 100 
 
 Armand, Gen. Charles Tufin, 339 
 
 Armstrong, John, Sr., 311 
 
 Armstrong, John, Jr., 311, 333 
 
 Armstrong, Gen. John, 339 
 
 Arne, Dr., 123 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 76, 183, 193, 201,206, 
 211, 248, 339; Letter Book, 216 
 Autograph recherch6, 266 
 
 Arnold, Jonathan, 311
 
 366 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Arnold, Peleg, 311 
 
 Arnold, Samuel G., 354 
 
 Artaignan, Comte d', 162 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., 347, 349 
 
 Articles of Confederation, 191, 220; 
 
 Signers, 329-331 
 Ashe, John B., 311,362 
 Aske, Robert, 96 
 Atchison, David R., 348 
 Atkinson, George, 291, 311 
 Atkinson, Theodore, 291 
 Atlee, Samuel J., 304, 311 
 Atossa, 16 
 Attila, 47 
 Auction sales of note — see Collections and 
 
 Collectors. 
 Auctioneers — see Evans, Henkels, Put- 
 tick & Simpson, Sotheby. 
 Augustus, 16 
 Austin, Ben W., 35-38 
 Austin, Jane, 218 
 Authors — see Blackburn 6? Caddell, 
 
 Brotherhead, Davey, Howell, Joline, 
 
 Netherclift, Nichols, Scott, Sims, Thane, 
 
 Walsh, Walton. 
 Autograph dealers — see Dealers. 
 
 imposters, 28-38 
 Autograph Letters, 284 
 Autograph Mirror, 286 
 Autograph Miscellany , 284 
 Autograph Souvenir, 285 
 Autographic Album, 287 
 Autographic Miiror, 286 
 Autographs of the Kings and Queens, etc., 
 
 284 
 Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned and 
 
 Remarkable Personages, etc., 283 
 Autographs — Taste for collecting, 13 
 
 What determines their value, 22 
 
 Requests for, 26 
 
 Spurious, 40-68 
 
 Progressive increase in values, 69 
 
 Collectors of — see Collectors. 
 
 Dealers in, 79-84 
 
 Migration of, 230 
 
 Pedigrees of, 230 
 
 Should not be mounted or inlaid, 275, 
 276 
 
 Care of, 275-277 
 
 Prices of, 69 
 
 Conversations about, 240-282 
 Avanches, Bishop of, 115 
 
 Bach, 204 
 
 Bache, Richard, 307 
 
 Backus, Franklin T., 357 
 
 Bacon, Francis, 96, 128, 132, J 66, 175, 
 204, 207, 259 
 Handwriting changed with maturity, 
 
 253 
 Facsimiles of handwriting, opposite 
 page 253 
 
 Baillie, Joanna, 174 
 
 Baker sale, 25, 237 
 
 Balafr6 — see Guise. 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham, 312, 338, 362 
 
 Baldwin, Roger S., 354 
 
 Ballantyne, James, 166 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, 178 
 
 Baluze, Etienne, 86 
 
 Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, 89, 134 
 
 Bancroft, George, 221; collection, 221 
 
 Banister, John, 312, 330 
 
 Banks, 176 
 
 Banks, Nathaniel P., 352 
 
 Bannister, 176 
 
 Barbaroux, 70 
 
 Barbauld, Mrs., 174 
 
 Barbour, Philip P., 351 
 
 Barclay papers, 220 
 
 Barker, Frederick, 81 
 
 Barnes, Abraham, 292; autograph ex- 
 tremely rare, 265 
 
 Barnes, Abraham — not the desirable 
 autograph, 265 
 
 Barnevelt, Johann van Olden, 128 
 
 Barney, Dr. Charles G., 268-269 
 
 Barnwell, Robert, 312 
 
 Barringer, D, M., 356 
 
 Barry, Spranger, 95 
 
 Bartelet, Mr., 88 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah, 194, 308, 312, 329 
 
 Barton, 174 
 
 Bassano, Due de, 105 
 
 Bassett, Richard, 312, 333, 336, 359 
 
 Bassompierre, Marshall, 111 
 
 Bates, Daniel M., 355 
 
 Battell, Robbins, 354 
 
 Baude, Charles, Marquis de, 113 
 
 Baxter, H. Henry, 353 
 
 Baxter, Richard, 124 
 Bayard, 42, 138 
 Bayard, John, 312 
 Bayard, Pierre, 111 
 Bayard, Thomas F., 349
 
 INDEX 
 
 367 
 
 Bayard, William, 293 
 
 Baylies, Hodijah, 344 
 
 Baylor, Col. George, 247, 339, 344 
 
 Beattie, James, 176 
 
 Beatty, John, 312 
 
 Beauharnais, Josephine de, 138, 165 
 
 Beaumarchais, 176 
 
 Beaumont, Comte de — sec Marillac. 
 
 Beaumont, M. de, 1 14 
 
 Beauregard, Gen., 212 
 
 Bedford, Gunning, 312; confused with a 
 
 carpenter of the same name, 248 
 Bedford, Gunning, Jr., 312, 336 
 Bee, Thomas, 312 
 Beechey, 176 
 Beethoven, Ludwig von, 72, 137, 184, 
 
 189, 204 
 Belisarius, 47 
 Bell, John, 351 
 Bell, Joshua F., 357 
 Bellamy, George Anne, 94 
 Bellay, Cardinal du, 120 
 Bellievre, Pomponne de, 96 
 Bellows, Benjamin, 312 
 Belzoni, 175 
 Benjamin, Park, 83 
 Benjamin, Walter R., 83 
 Benjamin, William Evarts, 83 
 Benson, Egbert, 312, 333, 351 
 Bentham, Jeremy, 175 
 Benton, Thomas H., papers, 218 
 Beranger, 31 
 Beresford, Richard, 312 
 Berkeley, 175 
 
 Berlichingen, Gotz von, 147, 153 
 Berlin Library, 209 
 Berry, Thomas, 289 
 Berulle, Pierre, Cardinal, 97 
 Bethune, Hippolyte de, 85 
 Bethune, Philippe de, 85 
 Beza, Theodore, 97, 111 
 BibliothSque Nationale, 86, 208-209, 
 
 210, 243 
 Bichat, Francois Xavier, 139 
 Bichet, 70 
 
 Biddle, Edward, 296, 312 
 Billinghurst, Charles, 358 
 Bindley, James, 88 
 Bingham, William, 267, 312 
 Biron, Armand de Gontaut, Due de. 111 
 Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Due de, 97 
 Bixby, W. H., collection, 218 
 
 Blackburn & Caddell — The Detection of 
 
 Forgery, 261 
 Black Prince, 233 
 Blackmore, Sir R., 94 
 Hlackstone, Sir William, 81, 93 
 Blaine, James G., 352 
 Blair, John, Zt^O, 312, 337 
 
 Autograph rare, 265 
 Blair, Robert, 124 
 Blake, Admiral Robert, 93, 127 
 Blake, William, 94 
 Bianchard, Jonathan, 312 
 Bland, Richard, 297, 312 
 
 Autograph rare, 264 
 Bland, Theodoric, 312, 362 
 Bloodworth, Timothy, 312, 362 
 Blount, John G., 334 
 Blount, William, 312, 338 
 Blumenbach, 176 
 Boccacio, 47 
 Boerner, C. G., 82 
 Boerum, Simon, 268, 296, 312 
 
 Autograph formerly extremely rare, 
 268 
 Bohemia, Queen of, 98, 128 
 Bohm, Professor, 231,281 
 Boileau-Despreaux, Nicholas, 43, 47, 97, 
 
 111, 128, /JP, 166 
 Boisjourdain, Comte de, 46 
 Boleyn, Anne, 50, 120 
 Bolivar, Simon, 97 
 Bolton, Rev. Robert, 88 
 Bonaparte — see Napoleon. 
 Bonaparte Family, 177 
 Bonaparte, Charles de, 139 
 Bonaparte, Letizia, 167, 177 
 Bonaparte, Lucien, 111, 167 
 Bonaparte, Madame, 111 
 Bonnivet, 138 
 Bonpland, 176 
 
 Books with facsimiles, 283-288 
 Book of the Signers, 285 
 Booksellers — see Dealers. 
 Boone, Daniel, 191, 202 
 Booth, Barton, 94 
 Booth, John Wilkes, 21 
 Bora, Katharina von, 154 
 Borden, Joseph, 293 
 Borgia, Caesar, 97, 111,/^^ 
 Borgia, Lucretia, 148, 149, 162, 204 
 Borgia, Roderigo — see Alexander VI. 
 Boswell, James, 93
 
 368 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bothwell, 55 
 
 Botta, 175 
 
 Boucicaut, Jean La Maigre, Sire de, 112 
 
 Boudinot, Elias, 298, 312, 361 
 
 Bouillon, Due de, 105 
 
 Bouillon, Duchesse de, 169 
 
 Bouillon, M. de, 103 
 
 Bourbon, Charles II., Cardinal de, 112, 
 
 126 
 Bourbon, Matthieu de, 112 
 Bourepaux, M. de, 117 
 Bourn, Benjamin, 360 
 Bouthiller, M. de, 97 
 Boutwell, George S., 354 
 Bouver, Benjamin, 
 Bovet, Alfred, 87, 143, 280; collection, 
 
 42, 143-146, 231, 277; sale, 72, 73; 
 
 catalogue, 287 
 Bowdoin, James, 295, 312 
 Bowen, Jabez, 332 
 Bowler, Metcalf, 293 
 Bowring, 174 
 Boyd, Lynn, 352 
 Boyer, 177 
 
 Boyle, Robert, 45, 93, 94, 123 
 Bracegirdle, Anne, 94 
 Braddock, Gen. Edward, 177, 191 
 Bradford, Augustus W., 356 
 Bradford, William (Mass.), 203 
 Bradford, William (R. I.), 312 
 Brande, Gustavus, 88 
 Brant, Sebastian, 151 
 Brawne, Fanny, 23, 169, 218, 238, 240 
 Braxton, Carter, 77, 310, 312 
 Brearley, David, 336 
 Breckenridge, John C, 349 
 Bremer, Frederica — MS. o( Hertha, 216 
 Brevard, Ephraim, 313; autograph very 
 
 rare, 263 
 Brewster, Sir David, 46 
 Br6ze, Marshall de. 111 
 Brienne, Antoine Lomenie de, 86 
 Bright, Jesse D., 349 
 British Autography, by John Thane, 87, 
 
 283 
 British Museum Collection, 20, 86, 210, 
 
 243 
 Brittany, Duke of, 166 
 Brockenbrough, John W., 356 
 Brodhead, Gen. Daniel, 339 
 Bronson, Greene C, 354 
 Brontd, Charlotte, 218 
 
 Brooks, Vincent, 287 
 
 Broom, Jacob, 333, 336 
 
 Brotherhead's Book oj the Signers, 64, 
 285, 287 
 
 Brown, Alexander, 55 
 
 Brown, Jacob, papers, 213 
 
 Brown, John, 307 
 
 Brown, John (Mass.), 313 
 
 Brown, John (R. I.), 313 
 
 Brown, John (Va.), 313, 362 
 
 Brown, Moses, papers, 227 
 
 Browne, George H., 354 
 
 Browne, Sir Thomas, 93, 124, 127, J62, 
 204 
 
 Brownson, Nathan, 313 
 
 Bruyere, Jean de la, 209 
 
 Bryan, George, 293, 306 
 
 Bryant, William Cullen, 274 
 
 Buchanan, James, 226, 347 
 
 Buckingham, Duke of, 22, 97, 123, 127, 
 162 
 
 Buckingham, Marquis of, 132 
 
 Buckner, Aylett H., 357 
 
 Bueil, Honorat de— see Racan. 
 
 Bugenhausen, 260 
 
 Bull, John, 313 
 
 Bulloch, Archibald, 313 
 
 Bulstrode, Sir Richard, 160 
 
 Bulwer, 175 
 
 Buonarotti — see Michelangelo. 
 
 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 97, 106 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen. John, 201 
 
 Burke, Edmund, 58, 95, 175 
 
 Burke, (Edanus, 362 
 
 Burke, Thomas (N. C), 313 
 
 Burnett, William, 313 
 
 Burnev, Fanny — see D'Arblay. 
 
 Burns,' Charles De F., 82, 83 
 
 Burns, Robert, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 
 60, 71, 94, 124, 128, 156, 165, 168, 202, 
 204, 221; Forgeries, 54, 55 
 
 Burr, Aaron, 185, 217, 347 
 
 Facsimiles, 251; Papers, 213; Differ- 
 ences in his handwriting, 250-252 
 
 Burt, Armistead, 352 
 
 Burton, Robert, 204, 313 
 
 Butler, Pierce, 313, 338, 360 
 
 Butler, Gen. Richard, 339 
 
 Butler, William O., 357 
 
 Byron, "George Gordon," 53, 54
 
 INDEX 
 
 369 
 
 Byron, Lord, 53, 54, 72, 93, 94, 124, M5, 
 145, 168, 173, 1 74, 191, 202, 204; Letter 
 to Galignani, 68 
 
 Byron, Pseudo, 53, 54 
 
 Cabinet Officers, 25, 244 
 
 Cabinet Officers — see Revolution. 
 
 Cabot, George, 215 
 
 Cadell, W. W., 57 
 
 Cadell & Davies, 108 
 
 Cadoudal, Georges, 139 
 
 Cadwalder, John, 339 
 
 Cadawalder, Lambert, 299, 313, 361 
 
 Caesar, 47, 48 
 
 Cagliari, Paolo — see Veronese. 
 
 Calderon, 152 
 
 Calhoun, John C, 348 
 
 Caligula, 47 
 
 Calvin, John, 128, 148, 164 
 
 Camden, William, 112, 127 
 
 Camden's Britannia, 88 
 
 Campbell, Thomas, 174 
 
 Campbell papers, 227 
 
 Campbell, William J., 84 
 
 Camuccini, 176 
 
 Canfield, John, 313 
 
 Cannon, Joseph G., 352 
 
 Cannon, William, 355 
 
 Canova, 176 
 
 Capello, Bianca, 147, 204 
 
 Caracchi, Ludovico, 112, 136 
 
 Carignan, Thomas Franjois de Savoie, 
 Prince de, 112 
 
 Carlisle, John G., 352 
 
 Carmichael, William, 313 
 
 Carrington, Edward, 313 
 
 Czrroll, Charles, 76, 303, 309, 313, 337, 
 359 
 
 Carroll, Charles (Barrister), 313 
 
 Carroll, Daniel, M. C, 246, 299, 313, 
 330, 337, 361 
 
 Carroll, Daniel, of Duddington, 246; 
 autograph mistaken for the Congress- 
 man's, 246, 247. [Portrait also.] 
 
 Carruthers, Robert L., 356 
 
 Carvalho's Forty Centuries of Ink, 261 
 
 Cary, Richard, 344 
 
 Cass, Lewis, 348 
 
 Castellane, Comtesse de, 87 
 
 Castiglione, Baldassare, 163 
 
 Caswell, Richard, 297, 313, 337 
 
 Catalogue, etc., Henry Huth, 288 
 
 Catalogue, etc., Alfred Morrison, 288 
 
 Catesby, Robert, 98, 128, 163 
 
 Catharine of Arrapon, 72, 98, 151, 156 
 
 Catherine of Russia, 127, 151 
 
 Cato, 47 
 
 Caulincourt — see Vicenza. 
 
 Cecil, Robert — see Salisbury. 
 
 Cecil, William — see Burghley. 
 
 Cellini, Benvenuto, 168 
 
 Centennial Book oj the Signers, 287 
 
 Centlivre, Mrs., 124 
 
 Cervantes, 47, 134, 163 
 
 Chalabre, Marquis de, 87 
 
 Chalmers Collection, 221 
 
 Chamberlain, Levi, 353 
 
 Chamberlain, Mellen, 170 
 
 Chambers, John, 291 
 
 Chambry, Etienne Pierre Louis, 87, 137, 
 
 280; Collection, 43, 137-142, 143 
 Champlin, George, 313; autograph very 
 
 rare, 263 
 Champlin papers, 227 
 Chandler, Charles Church, 313 
 Chandler, John, Sr. and Jr., mistaken for 
 
 e.-ich other, 249, 291 
 Chandler, Theophilus P., 354 
 Channing-Ellery Papers, 227 
 Chantry, 176 
 
 Chapelain, Jean, 98, 112, 126, 174 
 Charavay family, 79, 232 
 Charavay, Etienne, 41, 43, 44, 80, 85, 
 89, 131, 138, 143, 259, 262, 280, 287, 
 288 
 
 His La Science des Autographes, 41, 85 
 Charavay, Eugene, 80 
 Charavay, Gabriel, 80 
 Charavay, Jacques, 79, 80 
 Charavay, Madame, 80 
 Charavay, Noel, 44, 80 
 Charles I, of England, ?J, 55, 71, 98, 101, 
 127, 128, /6J, 177. 
 
 His letter to Ormond, 234-237 
 
 Variations in his autograph, 254 
 Charles II, of England, 18, 55, 98, 105, 
 
 120, 123, 128, 129, 163, 164, 204 
 Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, 113 
 Charles V, Emperor, 24, 70, 72, 98, 103, 
 
 115, 129, 141, 143, 157, 162, 163, 167, 
 
 169, 177, 209 
 Charles V, of Germany, 45, 1 13, 133, 168 
 Charles V, of France, 112, 126 
 Charles VI, of France, 70, 1 13, 143
 
 370 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Charles VII, of France, 98, 1 13, 122, 138, 
 
 143 
 Charles VIII, of France, 113, 138, 139 
 Charles IX, of France, 96, 101, 106, 113, 
 
 118, 127, /JP 
 Charles X, of France, 112, 126 
 Charles, Constable of France, 126 
 Charles, Due de Bourgogne, 113 
 Charlemagne, 47 
 Chase, Jeremiah T., 313 
 Chase, Salmon P., 357; papers, 213 
 Chase, Samuel, 77, 202, 297, 309, 313 
 Chasles, Michel, 87; dupe of Vrain Lucas, 
 
 44-50 
 Chastillon, Gaspard de, 114 
 Chatterton, Thomas, 204, 271 
 
 Handwriting always the same, 253; 
 extremely rare, 273. 
 Chauny, A., 116 
 
 Chenier, Andr6 Marie de, 72, 134, 139, 
 145, 152 
 
 Migration of one of his letters, 231 
 Chester, George D. — see Austin {Ben 
 
 fV.). 
 Chester, John ,313 
 Chesterfield, 178 
 Cheves, Langdon, 351 
 Childs, George W., 216 
 Chittenden, Lucius E., 353 
 Choate, John, 289 
 
 Choate, Rufus, difficult handwriting, 255 
 Christian II, of Denmark, 147 
 Christian III, of Denmark, 113 
 Christie, Gen. Gabriel, 199 
 Christina, Queen, 46, 98 
 Christophe, 177 
 Churchill, John, 124 
 Cibber, CoUey, 94, 207 
 Cibber, Mrs. Susan, 128 
 Cicero, 15, 16, 47 
 Cimarosa, Domenico, 136 
 Cist, Lewis J., 170, 186-190, 190, 191, 
 
 247, 267; Sale, 74, 75, 270 
 Clairon, Hippolite Claire, 99 
 Clarendon, Edward, Earl of, 124, 129 
 
 see Hyde {Henry). 
 Clark, Abraham, 77, 309, 313, 333, 336 
 Clark, Champ, 352 
 Clark, Gen. Thomas, 339 
 Clarkson, Matthew, 313; confused with 
 
 Major Matthew, 248 
 Claude, wife of Francis I, 1 14, 139 
 
 Claverhouse, 55 
 
 Clay, Henry, 351 ; Papers, 213 
 
 Clay, James B., 357 
 
 Clay, Joseph, 314 
 
 Clays, Pierre Jean — facsimile, 39 
 
 Clemens, Samuel L., 75 
 
 Clement VII, Pope, 101, 114 
 
 Clement VIII, Pope, 99, 129, 147 
 
 Clement IX, Pope, 1 14 
 
 Cleopatra, 47; Spurious letter, 48 
 
 Clermont, Madame de, 118 
 
 Cleveland, Barbara, Duchess of, 123, 129 
 
 Cleveland, Chauncey F., 354 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, 347 
 
 Clingan, William, 314, 330; Doubts of 
 
 his existence, 267 
 Clinton, Gen. George, 289, 314, 339, 
 
 347; Papers, 213, 223, 224 
 Clinton, Gen. James, 339; Papers, 213 
 Clvmer, George, 77, 301, 303, 309, 314, 
 
 333, 336, 361 
 Coalter, John D,, 357 
 Cobb, David, 344 
 Cobb, Howell, 352 
 Coburn, Stephen, 353 
 Cockburn, Alexander, 212 
 Cocke, William, 314 
 Cohen, Joshua J., 171, 196-197 
 Cohn, Albert, 82 
 Cohn, Alexander Meyer, 150 
 Cohn Sale, 73, 74, 150-153, 231 
 Coke, Sir Edward, 123 
 Colbert, 112 
 Colden papers, 219 
 Cole, Robert,88 
 Coleman, the Elder, 71 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 94, 95 
 Coles, Isaac, 362 
 Colfax, Schuyler, 349, 352 
 Coligny, 114, /JP 
 Collecting of Autographs, 13 
 Collection of one hundred characteristic, 
 
 etc., autograph letters, 284 
 Collections, European, 85 
 Collections, formation of, 26 
 Collector, The, 83 
 Collectors and Collections in the United 
 
 States, 170-207 
 Collectors, disreputable, 28-39 
 Collectors, European, 85-169
 
 INDEX 
 
 371 
 
 Collectors, Collections and Sales, see 
 Addington, Samuel 
 Allen, Mrs. E. H. 
 American Antiquarian Society 
 Anderdon, John L. 
 Baker 
 
 Baluze, Etienne 
 Bartelet, Mr. 
 Berlin Library 
 Bethune, Hippolyte de 
 Bethune, Phillipe de 
 Biblioth^que Nationale 
 Bindley, James 
 Bixby, W. H. 
 Bolton, Rev. Robert 
 Bovet, Alfred 
 Brande, Gustavus 
 Brienne, Antoine Lominie de 
 British Museum 
 Castellane, Comtesse de 
 Chalabre, Marquis de 
 Chamberlain, Mellon 
 Chambry, Etienne Pierre Louis 
 Chasles, Michel 
 Childs, George W. 
 Cicero 
 
 Cist, Lewis J. 
 Cohen, Joshua J. 
 Cohn, Alexander Meyer 
 Cole, Robert 
 Conches, Feuillet de 
 Congressional Library 
 Connecticut Historical Society 
 Corser 
 
 Cotton, Sir Robert 
 Cousin, Victor 
 Danforth, Elliot 
 Daniel 
 
 Davis, Robert C. 
 Dillon, John 
 Dolomieu, Marquise de 
 Donnadieu, A. 
 Dreer, Ferdinand J. 
 Drexel Institute 
 Dubrunfaut 
 DuChesne, Andr6 
 Dumas, Alexandre 
 Egerton MSS. 
 Emmet, Dr. Thomas Addis 
 Etting, Frank M. 
 European, 85-169 
 Fillon, Benjamin 
 
 Collectors, Collections and Sales, jr* 
 Fogg, John S. H. 
 Gaignidres, Roger de 
 Geibel, Dr. Carl 
 Gibbes, R. W. 
 Gilmor, Robert 
 Grimke, Thomas S. 
 Guizot 
 
 Hale, John Mills 
 Harleian MSS. 
 Harley, Robert 
 Hauterive, Comte d' 
 Haverford College 
 Herz v. Hertenried, Carl 
 Heath, Baron 
 Hibbert 
 Hodges 
 Huth, Henry 
 Ives 
 
 Joline, Adrien H. 
 Jones, Charles C. 
 La Caille. 
 LefRngwell, E. H. 
 Libanius the Sophist 
 Maine Historical Society 
 Martin, Alexandre 
 Mayer, Brantz 
 Mickley, Joseph J. 
 Missouri Historical Society 
 Monmerqu6 
 Montigny, Lucas de 
 Morrison, Alfred 
 Mucianus 
 
 Musgrave, Sir William 
 Neve, Peter le 
 
 New Hampshire Historical Society 
 New York Historical Society 
 New York Public Library 
 New York State Library 
 Oxford, Earl of 
 Paar, Count 
 Parison 
 
 Peiresc, Fabri de 
 
 Pennsylvania, Historical Society of 
 Phillips, Sir Thomas 
 Pix6r6court, Guilbert de 
 Pliny 
 
 Pompeius Secundus 
 Poore, Ben Perley 
 Raffles, Rev, Dr. 
 Rhode Island Historical Society 
 Roberts, Charles
 
 372 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Collectors, Collections and Sales, see 
 
 Sainte-Beuve 
 
 Sardou, Victorien 
 
 Sensier, Alfred 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans 
 
 Sprague, William B. 
 
 Swain, Gov. David L. 
 
 Tarbe 
 
 Tefft, Israel K. 
 
 Thacher, John Boyd 
 
 Thatcher, Benjamin B. 
 
 Thoresby, Ralph 
 
 Tr^mont, Baron de 
 
 Turner, Dawson 
 
 Upcott, William 
 
 Virginia Historical Society 
 
 West, James 
 
 Williams, J. B. 
 
 Wisconsin State Historical Society 
 
 Young, John 
 Collins, John, 314, 329 
 Collins, Wilkie, 274 
 Colon, Don Diego, 163 
 Colonial Governors, 181, 187, 191, 198, 
 
 203, 204, 217 
 Colonial paper money signatures, 264 
 Colonna, Vittoria, 114, 134, 150 
 Columbus, 23, 163, 165, 179 
 Commerce in Autographs — see Dealers. 
 Commissioners to the Six Nations, 289- 
 
 290 
 Commynes, Phillipe de, 139 
 Conarroe collection, 226 
 Conches, Feuillet de, 87 
 Condict, Silas, 314 
 Congress, First, under the Constitution, 
 
 244, 359-362 
 Congress, Library of, collection, 212-213 
 Congress, Peace — see Peace. 
 Congreve, William, 71, 93, 94, 124, 129, 
 
 189 
 Connecticut Historical Society Collec- 
 tion, 214-215 
 Connecticut MSS., 214 
 Constitution, Signers of the, 335-338, 
 
 265 
 Constitutional Convention, 191 
 Contee, Benjamin, 314, 361 
 Continental Congress of 1774, 295-297 
 Continental Congress, 25, 191, 195, 196, 
 
 197, 198, 201, 204, 211, 212, 217, 220, 
 
 222, 227, 229, 243, 246, 261, 262, 263, 
 
 311; Presidents of the, 298 
 Continental Navy Board, 305 
 Convention with Indians at Albany, 289- 
 
 290 
 Conversations on Autographs between 
 Mr. Old and Mr. Young, 240-282 
 
 First, on advisability of collecting, 240- 
 245 
 
 Second, on Right names but wrong 
 men, 245-250 
 
 Third, on handwriting at different 
 periods of a man's life, 250-255 
 
 Fourth, on Forgeries, 256-261 
 
 Fifth, Rarity and Scarcity of auto- 
 graphs, 261-270 
 
 Sixth, American Poets, 270-275 
 
 Seventh, Arrangement of a collection, 
 275-282 
 Conwav, Martin F., 358 
 Conway, Gen. Thomas, 190, 211, 339; 
 
 autograph rare, 266 
 Cook, Burton C, 358 
 Cook, Capt. James, 123, 127, 144, 163 
 Cooke, George Fred, 129 
 Cooke, Joseph P., 314 
 Cooke, Philip Pendleton, 270; autograph 
 
 extremely rare, 272 
 Cooper, J. Fenimore, 1S3 
 Cooper, John, 314; autograph rare, 264 
 Cope, Sir Walter, 158 
 Corday, Charlotte, 146 
 Corneille, Pierre, 22, 137, 142, 145, 163, 
 
 209 
 Corneille, Thomas, 139 
 Cornell, Ezekiel, 304, 314 
 Cornhill Magazine, 259 
 Corning, Erastus, 354 
 Corser sale, 155 
 Cortez, 162 
 Costa, Emanuel da, 91 
 Cotton, Sir John, 210 
 Cotton, Sir Robert, 86 
 Coudray, Philippe du, 76 
 Cousin, Victor, 87 
 Cowley, Abraham, 94, 127 
 Cowper, William, 1S9, IIX 
 Coxe, Tench, 314, 333 
 Coypel, Noel, 114 
 Crabbe, 174 
 
 Craik, Dinah Maria, 274 
 Cranach, Lucas, 136, 152 
 Crane, Gen. John, 339
 
 INDEX 
 
 373 
 
 Crane, Stephen, 296, 314 
 
 Crawford, William H., 347 
 
 Crisfielii, John W., 356 
 
 Crisp, Charles F., 352 
 
 Crittenden (John J.) papers, 213 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 55, 99, 127, 128, 133, 
 
 163, 1\1, 243 
 Cromwell, Richard, 99 
 Crowninshield, Francis B., 354 
 Cruger, John, 293 
 Cullom, Alvin, 356 
 Cumberland, 175 
 Cumming, VVilliam, 314; autograph very 
 
 rare, 263 
 Cumnock Express, 56 
 Cunningham, 174 
 Curtis, Samuel R., 358 
 Cushing, Nathan, 314 
 Cushing, Thomas, 295, 314 
 Custis, John Parke, 344 
 Custis papers, 217 
 Cuvier, 176 
 
 Dagobert I, 209 
 
 Dait, Carlo, 221 
 
 D'Alembert, 176 
 
 Dallas, George M., 348 
 
 Dalton, Tristram, 314, 359 
 
 Dampiere, Madame, 115 
 
 Dana, Francis, 301, 303, 314, 329, 332, 
 
 335 
 Dane, Nathan, 314 
 Danforth, Elliot, 33-35, 197-200, 268; 
 
 Sale, 75; Prices of the Signers at the 
 
 sale, 77-7S 
 Danforth, Thomas, 192 
 Daniel Sale, 155 
 Daniell, Walter V., 82 
 Danielson, Timothy, 314 
 Danneker, Johann Heinrich von, 152 
 Dante, 47 
 Danton, 166 
 D'Arblay, Madam, 175 
 Darnley, Lord, 104 
 Darwin, 175 
 Dati, Carlo, 73, 221 
 Davenant, Sir William, 94, 129 
 Davenport, Rev. John, 192 
 Davey, Samuel — Guide to the Collector 
 
 of Historical Documents, 7 
 Davidson, Lucretia M., 270, 271, 272, 273 
 
 Davidson, Margaret M., 270, 271, 272, 
 
 273 
 Davie, William R., 338 
 Davis, David, 349 
 Davis, George, 356 
 Davis, John W., 352 
 Davis, Robert, C. 170, 179, 180 
 Davy, Sir Humphrey, 176 
 Dawson, John, 314 
 Dayrolles, J., 91 
 Dayrolles, S., 91 
 Dayton, Elias, 314, 339 
 Dayton, Jonathan, 314, 336, 351 
 Dealers in autographs, 79 
 
 American, 82-84 
 
 English, 81 
 
 French, 79, 80 
 
 German, 82 
 Dealers, Individual, see 
 
 Barker, Frederick, 81 
 
 Benjamin, William Evarts, 83 
 
 Benjamin, Walter R., 83 
 
 Boerner, C. G., 82 
 
 Brown, Andrew, 55 
 
 Burns, Charles De F., 82, 83 
 
 Campbell, William J., 84 
 
 Charavay family, 79, 232 
 
 Charavay, Etienne, 80 
 Eugene, 80 
 Gabriel, 80 
 Jacques, 79, 80 
 Madame, 80 
 Noel, 80 
 
 Cohn, Albert, 82 
 
 Daniell, Walter V., 82 
 
 Evans, Mr., 73 
 
 Goodspeed, Charles E., 83 
 
 Haas, Otto, 82 
 
 Heise, John, 83 
 
 Henrici, Karl Ernst, 82 
 
 Hirsch, Emil, 82 
 
 Liepmannssohn, Leo, 82 
 
 Madigan, P. F., 83 
 
 Madigan, Thomas, 83 
 
 Maggs Bros., 82 
 
 Moxon, Edward, 54 
 
 Murray, John, 53, 54 
 
 Naylor, Frederick, 81 
 
 Pearson, J., & Co., 82 
 
 Pickering, William, 73 
 
 Quaritch, Bernard, 72, 73, 82, 221 
 
 Rosenbach, A. S. W., 84
 
 374 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Dealers, Individual, see 
 
 Sabin, Joseph, 83 
 
 Schulz, Otto August, 82 
 " Richard Zeune, 82 
 
 Stargardt, J. A., 82 
 
 Stillie, James, 55, 56, 67 
 
 Waller, , 80 
 
 " John, 80 
 
 Wheeler, F., 82 
 
 White, , 54 
 
 Zeune, Richard, 82 
 Deane, Silas, 296, 314; papers, 214 
 De Borre, Chevalier De Preudhomme, 
 
 339; autograph very rare, 266 
 Declaration of Independence — see Sign- 
 ers. 
 Defoe, Daniel, 124, 156, 164, 168, 204 
 DeHaas, John Philip, 340; autograph 
 
 rare, 266 
 De Hart, John, 296, 314 
 Delambre, 176 
 Delancey, James, 291 
 Delassus, Charles Dehault, papers, 218 
 Denney, William, 
 Denning, William, 302 
 Denon, 176 
 Dent, George, 351 
 Dent, John F., 356 
 Department — see Admiralty, Finance, 
 
 Marine, Navy, Post Office, State, War, 
 
 War and Ordinance. 
 Descartes, Ren6, 46, 114, 123 
 Deshon, John, 305 
 Deshoulieres, Antoinette Ligier de la 
 
 Garde, 140 
 Desmarets, M., 120 
 Desmoulins, Camille, 70, 144, 151 
 De Stael, Madame, 176 
 Devereux, Robert — see Essex. 
 De Witt, Charles, 314 
 Diana of France, 99, 126 
 DianaofPoictiers,99, 114, 126, 127, 138, 
 
 164 
 Diaz, Narcisse, 131 
 Dibdin, Charles, 174 
 Dick, Samuel, 315 
 Dickens, Charles, 30, 31, 53, 184, 21 A 
 
 Mutual Friend MS., 216 
 Dickinson, John, 294, 296, 315, 330, 
 
 333, 336 
 Dickinson, Philemon, 315, 359 
 Diderot, 176 
 
 Dillenius, 175 
 
 Dillon, John, 88, 128 
 
 Dillon sale, 71, 73, 128-129, 130, 156 
 
 Disreputable collectors, 28-38 
 
 D'Istria, Capo, 177 
 
 Dodd, Dr., 178 
 
 Dodge, William E., 355 
 
 Dodsley, 178 
 
 Dolomieu, Marquise de, 87 
 
 Donadieu, Abb6, 119 
 
 Doniphan, Alexander W., 357 
 
 Donnadieu, A., 71, 72, 73, 74, 88, 95, 95- 
 109, 121, 231, 281 
 
 Doolittle, James R., 358 
 
 Doria, Andrea, 148 
 
 Dow, Moses, 315 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 129 
 
 Drake, J. Rodman — autograph ex- 
 tremely rare, 273; change in his hand- 
 writing, 252 
 
 Draper, Lyman C, MS. collection, 228, 
 279-280 
 
 Drayton, William Henry, 315, 331 
 
 Dreer, Ferdinand J., 171, 180; collec- 
 tion, 226, 279 
 
 Drexel Institute Collection, 215-216 
 
 Dryden, John, 124, 127, 156, 168, 204 
 
 Duane, James, 296, 302, 315, 330, 333; 
 papers, 220 
 
 Dubrunfaut, 87, 143, 280 
 
 DuChesne, Andr6, 86 
 
 DuCoudray, Philippe, 340; autograph 
 extremely rare, 265 
 
 Dudley, Robert, 97; see Leicester. 
 
 Dudley, Thomas, 192 
 
 Duer, William, 303, 315, 330; papers, 
 219 
 
 DufBeld, Samuel, 315 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre, 30, 87 
 
 Duncan, Alexander, 354 
 
 Dunlop, Miss, 165 
 
 Dunois, Jean, Comte de Longuevillc ct 
 de, 114, 126,144 
 
 Dunster, Henry, 192 
 
 Duplessis, Armand Jean, see Richelieu. 
 
 Duportail, Gen. Louis Lebegue, 340 
 
 Dupuy, M., 121, 166 
 
 Duquesne, Abraham, 146 
 
 D'Urfey, Thomas, 94 
 
 Durer, Albrecht, 149 
 
 Durkee, Charles, 358 
 
 Duvall, Gabriel, 337
 
 INDEX 
 
 375 
 
 Duyckinck, Evart A. and George L., 
 papers, 221; Cyclopedia of American 
 Literature, 110 
 
 Dyer, Eliphalct, 293, 295, 301, 315 
 
 Eck, Johann Maier, 153 
 
 Edgeworth, Maria, 175 
 
 Edmund, brother of Edward IV, 156 
 
 Edmunds, George F., 349 
 
 Edward IV, of England, 99, 108, 156, 
 164, 168 
 
 Edward VI, of England, 99, 151, 168 
 
 Edwards, Pierpont, 315 
 
 Edwards, Timothy, 315 
 
 Egerton, Lord, 210 
 
 Egerton MSS., 20 
 
 Elbert, Gen, Samuel, 315, 340 
 
 E]:\ot,]o\^n, 183,192,200 
 
 Elizabeth of France, sister of Louis XIII, 
 100 
 
 Elizabeth of France, sister of Louis XVI, 
 100, 126 
 
 Elizabeth, Madame, 44 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 100, \TJ 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 20, 24, 71, 
 72, 73, 97, 100, 106, 1 15, 1 17, 127, 133, 
 156, 164, 169, 111, 189, 207, 111, 226, 
 243; variations in her autograph, 254 
 
 Ellery, William, 77, 306, 308, 315, 329 
 
 Ellis, E. W. H., 357 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver, 302, 315, 336, 359; 
 papers, 215 
 
 Elmer, Jonathan, 301, 315, 359; con- 
 fused with Rev. Jonathan, 248 
 
 Elzevier, Abraham, 115 
 
 Emery, J., 94 
 
 Emmet, Dr. Thomas Addis, 170, 180, 
 268; collection in New York Public 
 Library, 180 
 
 Endicott, John, 192 
 
 English collectors, 86, 87, 88 
 
 English court hand, 288 
 
 English dealers, 81 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius, 129, 135, 146, 148, 
 154, 164 
 
 Ericsson, 212 
 
 Espartero, 30 
 
 Essex, Earl of, 100, 127 
 
 Estrades, Godefroi, Comte d', 100 
 
 Elstrees, Gabrielle d', 115 
 
 Estrees, Jeanne d', 115 
 
 Etting, Frank M., 170, 179 
 
 Etting Collection, 179, 226 
 
 Ettrick Shepherd, see Hogg (James). 
 
 Euripides, 15, 47 
 
 European noted collections, 85-169 
 
 European Public Collections, 208-210 
 
 Evans, auctioneers, 92 
 
 Evans, Mr., 73 
 
 Evans, John, 315; autograph rare, 264 
 
 Eveleigh, Nicholas, 315 
 
 Evelyn, John, 93, 100, 162 
 
 Ewing, Thomas, 357 
 
 Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 358 
 
 Eylau, Battle of, 14 
 
 Fabert, Abraham, 140 
 
 Facsimiles, etc., in British Museum, 288 
 
 Facsimiles sold as originals, 67; detection 
 of, 68; books of, 283-288 
 
 Fairbanks, Charles VV., 350 
 
 Fairfax, Miss, 167 
 
 Falconer, Capt, Nathaniel, 306 
 
 Falconer, William, 94 
 
 Falstaff, Sir John, 169 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, 126 
 
 Febiger, Gen. Christian, 340 
 
 Federal Administration, F"irst, 220 
 
 Federal Congress, First, 198 
 
 Federal Convention, autographs, 187, 
 220, 226, 229, 264, 265; Members, 335- 
 338 
 
 Fell, John, 315 
 
 Felton, assassin, 123 
 
 Fenelon, Franfois de la Mothe Salignac, 
 140, 209 
 
 Ferdinand, King of Spain, 144, 217 
 
 Fermoy, Chevalier de Roche, 340; auto- 
 graph extremely rare, 265 
 
 Ferry, Thomas W., 349 
 
 Fessenden, William P., 353 
 
 Festel, M. du, 109 
 
 Few, William, 315, 338, 360 
 
 Field, David Dudley, 354 
 
 Field, Eugene, 274 
 
 Fielding, Henry, 124, 127, 129 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, 346, 348 
 
 Fillon, Benjamin, 87, 131-137, 262, 280 
 
 Fillon Sale, 71, 74, 131, 143, 231; cata- 
 logue, 131,287 
 
 Finance, Revolutinary Department of, 
 301-302 
 
 First Congress — see Constitution.
 
 376 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Fisher, Hendrick, 293 
 
 Fitch, John, papers, 213 
 
 Fitch, Governor, papers, 214 
 
 Fitzburgh, Peregrine, 344 
 
 Fitzgerald, John, 344 
 
 Fitzhugh, Peregrine, 
 
 Fitzhugh, William, 315; confused with 
 another William, 247 
 
 Fitzsimons, Thomas, 315, 333, 336, 361 
 
 Fleming, William, 315; confused with 
 Col. William, 248 
 
 Florence, Prince of, 116 
 
 Flovd, William, 77, 296, 302, 306, 308, 
 315, 361 
 
 Fogg, Dr. John S. H., 170, 181, 217, 279 
 
 Folsom, Nathaniel, 295, 301, 315 
 
 Fontaine, Jean de la, 127 
 
 Foote, Samuel, 95 
 
 Forbes, James, 306, 315; autograph 
 extremely rare, 263 
 
 Forbes, John M., 354 
 
 Ford, Gordon L., papers, 222 
 
 Foreign Affairs, Secretaries, 300 
 
 Forgers of autographs, 40-68; Vrain Lu- 
 cas, 42-51; "George Gordon Byron," 
 53-54; Alexander Hamilton Smith, 
 54-60; Baron von Gerstenbergh, 61- 
 63; James W. Turner, 64-65; Robert 
 Spring, 65-67; Conversation on, 256- 
 261 
 
 Forman, Ezekiel, 302 
 
 Forrest, Uriah, 315 
 
 Foster papers, 227 
 
 Foster, Abiel, 316, 360 
 
 Foster, Lafayette S., 349 
 
 Foster, Stephen C, 353 
 
 Foster, Theodore, 359 
 
 Fowler, Asa,*353 
 
 Fox, George, 94, 123, 129 
 
 Fox, Lieut. Gen., 106 
 
 France, collecting in, 17 
 
 Frnncis I, of France, 24, 71, 101, 103, 
 114, 115, 118, 127, 129, 133, 139, 140, 
 143, 164, 168, 169. 
 
 Francis II, of France, 101, 115, 127, 140 
 
 Frank, Sebastian, 149 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 66, 77, 81, 93, 199, 
 in, lis, 116, 292, 307, 309, 316, 336 
 
 Franklin, Thomas E., 355 
 
 Frederic II, of Prussia, 101, 115 
 
 Frederic, King of Bohemia, Wl 
 
 Frederic V, King of Bohemia, 151 
 
 Frederic William, of Brandenburg, 151 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Frederick, 301, 316 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., 355 
 
 French, Ezra B., 353 
 
 French Academy of Sciences, 45 
 
 French and Indian War, 211 
 
 French collectors, 86, 87 
 
 French dealers, 79-80 
 
 French Revolution autographs, 125, 203 
 
 Fries, Comte de, 231, 281 
 
 Frontenac, 204 
 
 Frost, George, 316 
 
 Frye, Gen. Joseph, 340 
 
 Frye, William P., 350 
 
 Furno, Nicolas de, 1 16 
 
 Fuseli, 176 
 
 Gadsden, Christopher, 64, 183, 294, 297, 
 316, 340 
 
 Gage, Gen. Thomas, 199 
 
 Gaignidres, Roger de, 86 
 
 Gaillard, John, 348 
 
 Gainsborough, Thomas, 94, 123, 205 
 
 Gale, George, 361 
 
 Galignani, 68 
 
 Galileo Galilei, 73, 115, 132, 144, 156, 164 
 
 Galland, Antoine, 115 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, papers, 213, 220 
 
 Galloway, Joseph, 296, 316 
 
 Gandini, Marc Antonio, 109 
 
 Gansevoort, Leonard, 316, 333 
 
 Garcia de Paredes, Don Diego, 144 
 
 Garcilasso de la Vega, 115 
 
 Gardiner, Addison, 355 
 
 Gardiner, Silvester, 316; papers, 217 
 
 Gardner, John, 316; autograph ex- 
 tremely rare, 263 
 
 Gardner, John, Sr., mistaken for his son, 
 263 
 
 Gardner, Joseph, 316 
 
 Gardner, Sylvester, 316; Papers, 217 
 
 Garfield, James A., 347 
 
 Garique, 119 
 
 Garrick, David, 89, 94, 128, 129, 169, 
 169, 179, 188, 192, 207 
 
 Garth, S., 94 
 
 Gates, Horatio, 211, 304, 340; papers, 
 219 
 
 Gay, John, 94, 124, 129 
 
 Geibel, Dr. Carl, collection, 153-154 
 
 Gelston, Daviti, 316
 
 INDEX 
 
 Zll 
 
 Generals of the Revolution, 74, 76, 181, 
 
 187, 191, 195, 197, 198, 206, 211, 217, 
 
 220, 222, 227, 229, 265, 339-343 
 Generals of the Civil War, 191, 198, 245 
 Generals of the Confederacy, 195 
 George III, of England, 103 
 Gerard, 176 
 
 Gerard, Marc Antoinc — see Saint Amant. 
 German dealers, 82 
 German auxiliaries, 222 
 Germany, collecting in, 17 
 Germius, Julius, 47 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 77, 308, 316, 329, 332, 
 
 335, 348, 360 
 Gerstenbergh, Baron von, 61-63 
 Gervais, John Louis, 302, 316 
 Gibbes, R. W., 170 
 Gibbon, Edv/ard, 7/, 93, 124, 179 
 Gibbons, William, 316; father and son 
 
 often confused, 248 
 Gibson, Gen. John, 302, 340 
 Gifford, 175 
 Gifford, Lady, 167 
 Giles, Edward, 316; autograph very rare, 
 
 263 
 Giles, William B., 362 
 Gillies, 175 
 
 Gillon, Alexander, 316 
 Giiman, John Taylor, 316 
 Gilman, Nicholas, 316, 335, 360 
 Gilmor, Robert, 170, 171, 172, 173, 178; 
 
 collection, 171-179 
 Gist, Mordecai, 184, 340 
 Giulio Romano, 135, 149 
 Glover, Gen. John, 340 
 Gluck, Christoph Willibald, 73, 136, 140, 
 
 153, 204 
 Godwin, William, 175; MS. oiCloudesley, 
 
 216 
 Goethe, Johann W. von, 151, 176 
 Goldoni, 174 
 
 Goldsborough, Robert, 297, 316 
 Goldsborough, Robert, Jr., Judge of the 
 
 Supreme Court, confused with the 
 
 Congressman, 247 
 Goldsborough, William T., 356 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, 94, 127, 129, 156, 169, 
 
 176, 204, 207, 111 
 Gontaut — see Biron. 
 Goodhue, Benjamin, 360 
 Goodrich, John Z., 354 
 Goodspeed, Charles E., 83 
 
 Gorham, Nathaniel, 299, 316, 335 
 
 Governors — see Colonial, 
 
 Gracchi, The, 16 
 
 Graham, James — see Montrose. 
 
 Graham, Mrs., 175 
 
 Gramont, Philibert, Comte de, 101 
 
 Grancey, M. de, 113 
 
 Granger, Francis, 354 
 
 Grant, U. S., 199, 347 
 
 Grantham, Isaac, 316 
 
 Grattan, Henry, 58 
 
 Gray, Thomas, 204 
 
 Grayson, William, 299, 304, 316, 344, 
 
 360 
 Greaton, Gen. John, 340 
 Greeley, Horace, handwriting hard to 
 
 read, 255 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, 199, 201, 211, 
 
 340; autograph rech6rch6, 266; papers, 
 
 214, 227 
 Gregory XIII, Pope, 133 
 Greuze, Jean Baptiste, 146 
 Griffin, Cyrus, 299, 316 
 Griffin, Samuel, 362 
 Grillparzer, Franz, 152 
 Grimaldi, Joseph, 94 
 Grimes, James W., 358 
 Grimke, Thomas S., 170 
 Griswold, Almon W., 183 
 Groesbeck, William S., 357 
 Gronovius, 175 
 Grotius, 179 
 Grout, Jonathan, 360 
 Grow, Galusha A., 352 
 Gruachv, M. de, 113 
 Grouchy, Marshall, 207 
 Guericke, Otto von — facsimile from his 
 
 Album Amicorum, 19 
 Guesclin, Bertrand du, 209 
 Guicciardini, Francisco, 1 16 
 Guise, Due de, 22, 104 
 Guise, Franfois de Lorraine, Due de, 116 
 Guise, Henri de Lorraine, Due de, 116 
 Guise, Henri II de Lorraine, Due de, 1 16 
 Guise, Louis de. Cardinal — see Lorraine. 
 Guizot, 87 
 Gunby, John, 340 
 Gunn, James, 316, 360 
 Guthrie, James, 357 
 Guvon, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la 
 
 Motte, 140 
 Guyse, Comte de, 113
 
 378 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gwinnett, Button, 22, 23, 75, 77, 91, 191, 
 
 194, 196, 198, lie, 256, 310, 316 
 Gwynn, Eleanor, 164 
 
 Haas, Otto, 82 
 
 Habersham, John, 316 
 
 Habersham, Joseph, 317 
 
 Hackleman, Pleasant A., 357 
 
 Hale, John Mills, 200-202 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthew, 127 
 
 Hale, Nathan, 75, 76, 193, 201, 204; 
 
 papers, 214 
 Hall, Hiland, 353 
 Hall, John, 317 
 
 Hall, Lyman, 77, 194, 310, 317 
 Hallam, Henry, 175 
 Halleck, Fitz Greene, 274 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 175, 212, 215, 317, 
 
 333, 336, 344 
 Hamilton, Lady, 160 
 Hamlin, Hannibal, 349 
 Hammond, James H., 212 
 Hancock, John, 77, 194, 298, 299, 317, 
 
 329 
 Hand, Edward, 317, 340 
 Handbook of Autographs, 286 
 Handel, George Fricdrich, 136, 204 
 Hanson, Alexander Contee, 344 
 Hanson, John, 298, 307, 317, 330 
 Hardouin, Jules — see Mansart. 
 Hardwicke Collection, 221 
 Hardy, Samuel, 317 
 Haring, John, 2%, 317 
 Harlan, James, 358 
 Harleian MSS., 88 
 Harley, Robert, 86, 210 
 Harnett, Cornelius, 301, 317, 330 
 Harris, B. D., 353 
 Harris papers, 227 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 77, 297, 303, 309, 
 
 317 
 Harrison, Benjamin (President), 347 
 Harrison, Col. Robert H., 184, 193, 303, 
 
 337, 344; autograph rare, 265 
 Harrison, William, 317; another William 
 
 confused with him, 247 
 Harrison, William Henry, 187, 346 
 Hart, John, 309, 317 
 Harte, Bret, 75, 274 
 Hartley, Thomas, 317, 361 
 Harvey, William, 218 
 Harvie, John, 317, 330 
 
 Hathorn, John, 317, 361 
 
 Hatton, Christopher, 123 
 
 Hauterive, Comte d', 87 
 
 Hauy, 176 
 
 Haverford College, Roberts collection, 
 
 179 
 Hawkins, Benjamin, 317, 360 
 Hawkins, Isaac R., 356 
 Hawkins, Sir John, 133, 164 
 Hawkins, Philemon, 334 
 Hawley, Joseph — collection, 222 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 75 
 Haydn, Joseph, 189, 204 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., 347 
 Hazard, Ebenezer, 307 
 Hazard, Jonathan J., 317 
 Hazen, Gen. Moses, 340 
 Hazlitt, William — "Four Generations of 
 
 a Literary Family," 130, 155 
 Hearne, 175 
 Heath, Baron, 88 
 
 Heath, Gen. William, 211, 304, 340 
 Heine, 30 
 Heise, John, 83 
 Hemans, 174 
 Hemsley, William, 317 
 Henderson, David B., 352 
 Henderson, John, 129 
 Henderson, Thomas, 317 
 Hendricks, Thomas A., 349 
 Henkels, Stan. V., 
 Henrici, Karl Ernst, 82 
 Henrietta Maria, 101 
 Henry 11, of France, 99, 103, 104, 112, 
 
 113, 114, 116, 164 
 Henry III, of France, 24, 70, 1 15, 125, 165 
 Henry IV, of France, 14, 21, 24, 73, 89, 
 
 96, 99, 101, 102, 109, 115, 116, 118, 
 
 125, 127, 129, 156, 164, 169 
 Henry V, of England, 18, 101 
 Henry VI, of England, /Oi- 
 Henry VII, of England, 164, 184 
 Henry VIII, of England, 24, 44, 72, 98, 
 
 116, 129, 133, 151, 156, 157, 164, 177, 
 
 202, 204 
 Henry, James, 302, 317; two of same 
 
 name confused, 248 
 Henry, John, 317, 359 
 Henry, Patrick, 317, 337 
 Henry, Patrick, Jr., 297 
 Henry William, 317; two of same name 
 
 confused, 248
 
 INDEX 
 
 379 
 
 Herkimer, Nicholas, 200 
 
 Herod, 47 
 
 Hertz, M., 231, 281 
 
 Herz von Hertenried Collection, 153-154 
 
 Hewes, Joseph, 77, 269, 297, 310, 317 
 
 Heyward, Thomas, 77 
 
 Hevward, Thomas, Jr., 194, 301, 310, 
 
 317, 331 
 Hibhard papers, 219 
 Hibbert sale, 260 
 Hickerson, William P., 356 
 Hiero, 47 
 
 Hiester, Daniel, 361 
 Higginson, Stephen, 318, 332 
 Hill, Aaron, 94 
 "Hill," John, 56, 57 
 Hill, Whitmill, 307, 318 
 Hillhouse, James, 318 
 Hillhouse, William, 318 
 Hindman, William, 318 
 Hirsch, Emil, 82 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania — see 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Hitchcock, Reuben, 357 
 Hobart, Garrett A., 350 
 Hobby, Sir Thomas, 96 
 Hobhouse, Cam., 174 
 Hodges, collection, 105, 108 
 Hodgson, Rev. Francis, 168 
 Hofer, Andreas, 147 
 Hogarth, William, 95, 205, 207 
 Hogg, James, 60 
 Hogun, Gen. James, 340 ; autograph very 
 
 rare, 266 
 Holcroft, 175 
 Holden, Thomas, 318 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 184, 274 
 Holten, Samuel, 299, 318, 329 
 Hone papers, 220 
 Hooper, Lucy, 270; complete Poetical 
 
 Works, 272; autograph extremely rare, 
 
 272 
 Hooper, William, 77, 269, 297, 310, 318 
 Hopkins, George W., 352 
 Hopkins, Stephen, 292, 295, 308, 318 
 Hopkinson, Francis, 68, 77, 305, 309, 
 
 318 
 Hoppin, William W., 354 
 Hoppner, J., 95 
 Hornblower, Josiah, 318 
 Horsmanden, Daniel, 289 
 Horton, Valentine B., 357 
 
 Hosmer, Titus, 318, 329 
 
 Hough, Harrison, 357 
 
 Houston, John W., 355 
 
 Houston, William Churchill, 302, 318, 
 
 333, 336 
 Houstoun, John, 318 
 Houston, William, 318, 338; autograph 
 
 rare, 265 
 Howard, Benjamin C, 356 
 Howard, John Eager, 318 
 Howard, Martin, Jr., 292; autograph 
 
 rare, 265; confused with Martin, Sr., 
 
 249 
 Howard, Thomas — see Norfolk. 
 Howe, Gen. Robert, 340 
 Howell, David, 318 
 Howell, James — Instructions for Forreine 
 
 Travel, 17 
 Howley, Richard, 318 
 Hubbard, Henrv, 351 
 Huet, Abb€, 119 
 Huet, Bishop, 102 
 Huet, M., 98 
 Huger, Daniel, 318, 362 
 Huger, Gen. Isaac, 340 
 Hull, Thomas, 94 
 Humboldt, 176 
 
 Humphreys, Charles, 296, 318; auto- 
 graph very rare, 263, 264 
 Humphreys, David, 344 
 Humpton, Richard, 340 
 Hunter, R. M. T., 352 
 Huntingdon, Samuel, 77, 185 
 Huntington, Benjamin, 307, 318, 360 
 Huntington, Gen. Jedediah, 340 
 Huntington, Samuel, 185, 298, 308, 318, 
 
 329 
 Hutchinson, Thomas, 289, 291 
 Huth, Frederick, 155 
 Huth, F., & Son, 155 
 Huth, Henrv, 154-156; sale, 23, 7?, 7J, 
 
 154-158; catalogue, 288 
 Hutson, Richard, 318, 331 
 Hutten, Ulrich von, 145, 148 
 Huygens, Constantin, 107, 136, 164, 166 
 Hyde, Anne — see York. 
 Hyde, Henrietta, 109 
 Hyde, Henry (Clarendon), 91 
 
 Iberville, 204 
 
 Increase in value of autographs, 69 
 
 Indians, Convention with, 289
 
 380 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ingalls, John Jay, 350 
 
 Ingersoll, Jared, 318, 336 
 
 Ink used, detection of forgeries, 260-261 
 
 InvetJtaire des Autographes, 287 
 
 Irvine, William, 318, 340 
 
 Irving, Washington, 75, 184, 271 
 
 Isabella, Queen of Spain, 179, 217 
 
 Isographie des Hommes Celebres, 284 
 
 Iturbide, 177 
 
 Ives, Mr., 88 
 
 Izard, Ralph, 318, 360 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 190, 11(>, 346 
 Jackson, Dr. David, 319; confused with 
 
 another David, 248 
 Jackson, Gen. Henry, 341 
 Jackson, James, 362 
 Jackson, Jonathan, 319 
 Jackson, Gen. Michael, 341 
 Jackson, William, 344 
 James I, of England, 24, 55, 102, 116, 
 
 123, 127 
 James II, of England, 109 
 James III, of England, 102 
 James VI, of Scotland, 72, 100 
 James, Amaziah B., 354 
 Janin, Jules, 30 
 Jay, John, 296, 298, 300, 319 
 Jeanne d'Arc, 114, 169 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 66, 77, 218, 299, 309, 
 
 319, 346, 347; papers, 227 
 Jeffrey, 175 
 Jehannot, 121 
 Jenifer, Daniel, of St. Thomas, 302, 319, 
 
 337 
 Jenkinson, Hilary, 288 
 Jesus Christ, 47 
 Joan of Arc — see Jeanne. 
 Johannes Secundus, 128 
 John "Le Bon," 208 
 John II, of France, 208 
 Johnson, Andrew, 194, 347, 349 
 Johnson, Charles, 288 
 Johnson, Charles (N. C), 319 
 Johnson, Reverdy, 356 
 Johnson, Richard M., 348 
 Johnson, Samuel, 71, 93, 124, 175, 176, 
 
 221 
 Johnson, Thomas, 319 
 Johnson, Thomas, Jr., 297 
 Johnson, Waldo P., 357 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, 185, 291; papers, 
 213,223,224 
 
 Johnson, William Samuel, 293, 295, 
 319, 335, 359; Papers, 214 
 
 Johnston, George, 344 
 
 Johnston, Samuel, 269, 298, 319, 360 
 
 Joliet, 204 
 
 Joline, Adrien H., 205-207, 277-281; 
 Meditations of an Autograph Collector, 
 15, 205, 277-281; Rambles in Auto- 
 graph Land, 205 
 
 Jones, Allen, 319 
 
 Jones, Charles C, 195-196 
 
 Jones, Gabriel, 319 
 
 Jones, George W., 357 
 
 Jones, John Paul, 75, 76, 184, 190, 192, 
 201, 204, 212 
 
 Jones, John W., 352 
 
 Jones, Joseph, 301, 319 
 
 Jones, Noble W., 319 
 
 Jones, Samuel, 319 
 
 Jones, Dr. Walter, 334 
 
 Jones, Sir William, 175 
 
 Jones, Willie, 319, 338; autograph rare, 
 265 
 
 Jonson, Ben, 124, 204 
 
 Jordaens, C, 123, 152, 164 
 
 Jordaens, Jakob, 136 
 
 Jordan, Dora, 188 
 
 Jordan, Dorothea, 94 
 
 Josephine — see Beauharnais. 
 
 Julius II., Pope, 116 
 
 Judas, 47 
 
 Kalb, Baron de, 76, 190, 193, 341; auto- 
 graph rare, 266 
 
 Kant, Immanuel, 152 
 
 Katharine of Arragon — see Catharine. 
 
 Kauffmann, Gerard — see Mercator. 
 
 Kean, Edmund, 94, 176 
 
 Kean, John, 319 
 
 Kearney, Dyre, 319 
 
 Keats, John, 23, 53, 124, 157, 158, 169, 
 189, 204, 218, 238-240; migration of 
 his letter to Fannv Brawne, 238-239 
 
 Keifer, J. Warren, 352 
 
 Kemble, John P., 94 
 
 Kemble family, 176 
 
 Kennedy, John S., 57, 180 
 
 Kent, James, paper, 213 
 
 Kepler, John, 102, 149 
 
 Kerr, Michael C, 352
 
 INDEX 
 
 381 
 
 Kieft, William, 203 
 
 Kiliengworth, Thomas, 108 
 
 Killigrew, Sir W., 124 
 
 King, John A., 355 
 
 King, Rufus, 319, 335, 359 
 
 King, Thomas, 94 
 
 King, William, papers, 217 
 
 King, William R., 348 
 
 King papers, 220 
 
 Kingsley, Charles, 274 
 
 Kinloch, Francis, 319 
 
 Kinsey, James, 296, 319 
 
 Kinsey, John, 290 
 
 Kleist, Heinrich von, 152 
 
 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 95, 127, 205 
 
 Knox, Gen. Henry, 305, 341 
 
 Knox, John, 55, 164^ 111; papers, 217 
 
 Knyphausen, Baron, 192 
 
 Korner, Karl Theodor, 188 
 
 Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 201, 341 
 
 Kotzebue, 176 
 
 La Bruvere, 47 
 
 La Caille, M., 87 
 
 Lacordaire, 30 
 
 Lacroix, 176 
 
 La Fayette, Comtesse de, 140 
 
 La Fayette, Marquis de, 177, 184, 202, 
 
 211, 341 
 La Fontaine, Jean de, 43, 44, 90, 116, 
 
 127, 134, 141, 145, 152, 169, 209 
 Lagrange, 176 
 Lalande, 176 
 Lamarque, 176 
 Lamb, Charles, 73, 94, 102, 157, 175, 184, 
 
 207; MS. of Essay on mtches, 216 
 Lamb, Gen. John, 341; papers, 219 
 Lamb, Mary, 207 
 Lamballe, Princess, 100, 104, 117, 119, 
 
 129, 165 
 Landon, Letitia E., 174 
 Langdon, John, 319, 335, 359 
 Langdon, Woodbury, 319 
 Langworthy, Edward, 303, 319, 331 
 Lannes, Marshall, 70, 140 
 Lannoye, Madame de, 115 
 Lansdowne, Marquis of, 210 
 Lansing, John, 319, 336 
 Laplace, 176 
 
 La Rochefoucauld — see Rochefoucauld. 
 La Sablifere, Marguerite Hessin de, 141 
 La Salle, 204 
 
 Las Casas, Fray Bartolome de, 165 
 Laso, Garcias — see Garcilasso. 
 Lasso, Orlando, 153 
 Latimer, Henry, 319 
 La Tremoille, Louis II, Sire de, 117 
 Laumoy, Gen. de, 341 
 Laurance, John, 319, 344, 361 
 Laurens, Henry, 298, 301, 320, 331, 
 
 338 
 Laurens, John, 344 
 Laussac, M. de., 116 
 La Valliere, Louise de, 117, 123, 14/, 146 
 Laverdet, Mr., 1 10 
 Law, Jonathan, papers, 214 
 Law, Richard, 296, 320 
 Lawrence, John, 
 Lawrence, Thomas, 290 
 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 176 
 Lazarus, 47, 50; spurious letter of, 49 
 Learned, Gen. Ebenezer, 341; auto- 
 graph rare, 266 
 Le Brun, Charles, 102 
 Le Brun, Madame Vigee, 176 
 Le Couvreur, Adrienne, 90, 135, 141 
 Lee family papers, 227, 228 
 Lee, Arthur, 302, 320 
 Lee, Gen. Charles, 76, 193, 211, 341 
 Lee Francis Lightfoot, 77, 303, 310, 
 
 320, 330 
 Lee, Henry, 320 
 Lee, Richard Bland, 320, 362 
 Lee, Richard Henrv, 78, 297, 299, 309, 
 
 320, 330, 337, 360 
 Lee, Thomas Sim, 320, 337 
 Leffingwell, Prof. E. H., 190-194, 196, 
 
 197, 247, 248, 263, 270 
 Leggett papers, 219 
 Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 97, 
 
 117, 123 
 Leisler, Jacob, 203 
 Lennox, Matthew, Earl of, 104 
 Lenclos, Anne de (Ninon), 117, 146 
 Lenox Library, 57 
 Leo X., Pope', 117, AW 
 Leonard, George, 360 
 Leopold, 177 
 Leopold, Archduke, 103 
 Le Sage, Alain Ren6, 134, 141, 145, 152, 
 
 165 
 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 1 17, 145, 188 
 Letellier, 43, 1 19, 138
 
 382 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lewis, Andrew, 193, 341 ; autograph very 
 
 rare, 266 
 Lewis, Francis, 78, 306, 308, 320, 330 
 Lewis, George, 345 
 Lewis, Major, 185 
 
 Lettres Autographes Composent la Collec- 
 tion de M. Aljred Bovet, 287-288 
 L'Hommedieu, Ezra, 320 
 Libanius the Sophist a Collector, 15 
 Liepmannssohn, Leo, 82 
 Ligne, Prince de, 231, 281 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 21,75,76, 181, 190, 
 
 194, 198, 199, 200, 202. 241, 347; 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation, 224; 
 
 Handwriting did not change, 253. 
 Lincoln, Benjamin, 304, 341 
 Lincoln, Levi, 320 
 Lispenard, Leonard, 293 
 Lithographs — see Facsimiles. 
 Livermore, Samuel, 320, 360 
 Livingston, Philip, 78, 194, 289, 293, 
 
 296, 308, 320 
 Livingston, Robert, 
 Livingston, Robert C, 333 
 Livingston, Robert L., 
 Livingston, Robert R. Sr., 293 
 Livingston, Robert R., 300, 304, 320, 
 
 333 
 Livingston, Walter, 302, 320 
 Livingston, William, 202, 2%, 320, 336 
 Lloyd, Edward, 320 
 Lloyd, James, 320 
 Lloyd, Thomas, 68 
 Lloyd papers, 219 
 Locke, John, 102, 204 
 Logan, Stephen T., 358 
 London Magazine, 57 
 Long, Pierse, 320 
 Longfellow, Henry W., 75, TIA; Family 
 
 papers, 217 
 Loomis, A. W., 355 
 Lope de Vega — see Vega. 
 Lorraine, Charles de — see Mayenne. 
 Lorraine, Henry de — see Guise. 
 Lorraine, Louis de Guise, Cardinal de, 
 
 116, 117 
 Louis VII, of France, 117 
 Louis IX, of France, 118 
 Louis XI, of France, 90, 110, 132, 138 
 Louis XII, of France, 24, 111, 118, 126, 
 
 138, 141 
 Louis XIII, of France, 100, 102 
 
 Louis XIV, of France, 71, 86, 103, 117, 
 123, 141, 146 
 
 Louis XV, of France, 103, 146 
 
 Louis XVI, 44, 100, 103, 118, 126, 129, 
 138 
 
 Louis XVII, 
 
 Louis XVIII, 165 
 
 Louise de Savoie, 103 
 
 Louisiana, Spanish archives of, 218 
 
 Lovelace, Francis, 203 
 
 Lovell, James, 320, 329 
 
 Low, Isaac, 296, 320 
 
 Lowell, James Russell, 75, 274 
 
 Lowell, John, 320, 332 
 
 Lowndes, Rawlins, 320 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius, 1 16, 137, 204 
 
 Lucas, Vrain, forger, 44-50 
 
 Ludwell, Philip, papers, 227 
 
 Lulli, Giambattista, 136 
 
 Luther, Martin, 46, 73, 103, 127, 129, 
 137, 143, 144, 145, 148, 151, 154, 157, 
 165, 189, 260; Letter presented to 
 William II, of Germany by J. Pierre- 
 pont Morgan, note, 154 
 
 Luynes, Charles d'Albert, Due de, 118 
 
 Lynch, Thomas, New York merchant, 
 265 
 
 Lynch, Thomas, 297 
 
 Lynch, Thomas, Sr., 294, 320; aato* 
 graph rare, 264, 265 
 
 Lynch Thomas, Jr., 22, 23, 64, 65, 74, 78, 
 178, 180, 191, 196, 201, 226, 310, 320; 
 signature scarce, 256, 264, 265; only 
 one letter known, 180; source of his 
 signatures, 257; forgeries, 256-258 
 
 Lytton, Bulwer, 274 
 
 Mabillon, dom Jean, 90 
 McClellan, Gen. George B., 181, 212 
 McClurg, James, 337 
 McComb, Eleazer, 320 
 McCuUough, Hugh, papers, 213 
 McCurdy, Charles J., 354 
 MacDonald, Frederick R., His In a Nook 
 
 with a Book, 232-234 
 McDougall, Alexander, 307, 321, 341; 
 
 papers, 219 
 McDowell, Joseph, 321; autograph very 
 
 scarce, 264 
 MacGregor, Rob Roy, 55 
 McHenry, James, 321, 337, 345 
 Machiavelli, Nicolo, 118, 128
 
 INDEX 
 
 383 
 
 Mcintosh, Lachlin, 321, 341 
 McKean, Thomas, 294. 297, 298, 309, 
 
 321, 330; papers, 225-226 
 McKennan, William, 355 
 Mackenzie, Henry, 60 
 Mackenzie, James, 55, 56, 57 
 McKinley, John, 321 
 McKinley, William, 347 
 McKinney, R. J., 356 
 Macklin, Charles, 94, 175 
 McLane papers, 219 
 Maclay, William, 359 
 McLean, John, papers, 213 
 McLene, James, 320 
 McNeill, Hector, 192 
 Macon, Nathaniel, 320, 351 
 Madigan, P. F., 83 
 Madigan, Thomas, 83 
 Madison, Dolly, 212 
 Madison, James, 306, 346; papers, 227 
 Madison, James, Jr., 321, 333, 337, 362 
 Mahomet, 47 
 Maine Historical Society collections, 
 
 217-218; Fogg collection, 181, 217, 279 
 Maintenon, Madame de, 204 
 Maistre, Xavier de, 30 
 Major, 260 
 
 Malebranche, Nicolas, 132, 145 
 Malesherbes, 142, 174 
 Malet, Giles, 112 
 
 Malherbe, Francois de, 103, 126, 165 
 Mallet, David, 94 
 Mangum, Willie P., 348 
 Manning, James, 321 
 Mansart, Jules Hardouin, called, 135 
 Manton, Daniel, 321 
 Manzoni, 175 
 
 Marat, Jean Paul, 70, 90, 141 
 Marchant, Henry, 301, 321, 329 
 Marcy, William L., 212 
 Margaret of Austria, 132, 164 
 Marguerite d'Angoulfime, 141, 
 Marguerite de France, 118 
 Marguerite de Valois — see Valois. 
 Maria Lxjuisa, 177 
 Marie Antoinette, 44, 70, 90, 103, 104, 
 
 1 19, 129, 132, 138, 165 
 Marillac, Louis de, 119 
 Marine, Agent of, 307 
 Marine Committee assistants, 305-306 
 Marine, Secretary of, 307 
 Marshall, John, 228 
 
 Marshall, Thomas R., 350 
 
 Martin, Alexander, 321, 337 
 
 Martin, Alexandre, 87 
 
 Martin, Jacques, 104 
 
 Martin Luther, 321, 333, 337 
 
 Martin, Thomas, 356 
 
 Marvel, Andrew, 93, 124 
 
 Mary I, of England, 104, 1 19, 157 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, /(9^, 118, 128, 129, 
 
 133, 141, 144, 157, 165, 168, 169, 189, 
 
 192 
 Mary Magdalene, 47; spurious letter, 50 
 Maryland governors, 197 
 Mason, George, 321, 334, 337; papers, 
 
 213 
 Mason, James M., 348 
 Massillon, J. B., 141 
 Mather, Cotton, 192, 211 
 Mather, Increase, 211 
 Mather, Richard, 211 
 Mathews, Gen. George, 341, 362 
 Mathews, John, 304, 321, 331 
 Matlack, Timothy, 321 
 Matthews, John, 304 
 Matthias, Emperor of Germany, 20 
 Maury, Matthew F., 212 
 Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, 20, 
 
 118 
 Maxwell, Gen. William, 341 
 Mavenne, Charles de Lorraine, Due de, 
 
 104 
 Mayer, Brantz, 170, 182 
 Mazarin, Cardinal, 71, 90, 98, 99, 121, 
 
 133, 140, 162 
 Mazarine Gallery, 208 
 Meade, Richard K., 345 
 Mecklenburg Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, 228 
 Medicis, Catherine de, 24, 101, 104, 112, 
 
 116, 125, 132, 133, 139, 144, 168, 189 
 Medicis, Cosmo de, 1 19 
 Medicis, Francesco de, 147 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, 96, 116, 120, 121, 
 
 123 
 Medicis, Marie de, 90, 104, 133, 163 
 Medicis, Pietro de. 111, 117 
 Melancthon, Philipp, 148, 165, 188, 260 
 Menage, M., 121 
 Menage, Gilles, 126 
 Mendelssohn, Moses, 152 
 Mendoza, Don Inigo Lopez de, 149
 
 384 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Mercator, Gerard KaufFmann, called, 
 149 
 
 Mercer, Hugh, 76, 201, 341; autograph 
 rare, 266 
 
 Mercer, James, 321 
 
 Mercer, John, 
 
 Mercer, John Francis, 321, 337 
 
 Meredith, George, 274 
 
 Meredith, Samuel, 321 
 
 Meredith, William M., 355 
 
 Mersenne, Pere, 114, 115 
 
 Metastasio, 174 
 
 Mexican war papers, 218 
 
 Mezeray Francois Eudes, 119 
 
 Michaux, 176 
 
 Michelangelo Buonarotti, 1 19, 135, 138, 
 149, 163 
 
 Mickley,JosephJ., 170, 181 
 
 Middleton, Arthur, 78, 310,^321; ad- 
 vance in values, 269-270, 270 
 
 Middleton, Henry, 297, 298, 321; auto- 
 graph very rare, 264 
 
 Mifflin, Thomas, 296, 298, 303, 304, 
 321, 336, 341, 345 
 
 Mignard, Pierre, 90, 119, 126, 146 
 
 Migrations and Pedigrees of Autographs, 
 230-240 
 
 Milan, Duke of, 164, 168 
 
 Miller, Nathan, 321 
 
 Miller, Dr. Ph., 102 
 
 Millet, Jean Franjois, 131 
 
 Milligan, Samuel, 356 
 
 Milton, John, 73, 99, 221, 226, 253; 
 autograph in British Museum, 20 
 
 Minuit,5Peter, 203 
 
 Mirandola — see Pico. 
 
 Missouri Historical Society Collection, 
 218 
 
 Mitchell, Nathaniel, 321 
 
 Mitchell, Stephen Mix, 321 
 
 Mole, M. dela, 113 
 
 Moliere, J. B. Poquelin, 104, 119, 134, 
 145, 209 
 
 Monk, 93 
 
 Monmerqu6, 87; sale, 89-91, 1 17, 1 18, 120 
 
 Monmouth, James, Duke of, 105, 128 
 
 Monroe, James, 185, 322, 346, 360; 
 papers, 227 
 
 Montaigne, 47, 209 
 
 Montalembert, 30 
 
 Montcalm de Saint Veran, I^uis Joseph, 
 Marquis de, 1 19 
 
 Montgomery, 174 
 
 Montgomery, Gabriel, Comte de, 105 
 
 Montgomery, John, 322 
 
 Montgomery, Joseph, 322; autograph 
 very rare, 263 
 
 Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 76, 199, 201, 
 341; autograph rare, 266 
 
 Montgomery, William, 322 
 
 Montigny, Lucas de, 87, 124, 280; col- 
 lection, 125-126 
 
 Montmorency, Anne de, the Constable, 
 115, 120 
 
 Montmorency, Henry II, Due de, 105 
 
 Montmorency, House of, 86 
 
 Montrose, Marquis of, 128, 129 
 
 Moore, Alfred, 200, 334 
 
 Moore, Andrew, 362 
 
 Moore, Gen. James, 193, 341; auto- 
 graph rare, 266 
 
 Moore, Dr. John, 168 
 
 Moore, Thomas, 174 
 
 Moore, William, 322 
 
 More, Hannah, 175 
 
 Morehead, Charles S., 357 
 
 Morehead, J. M., 356 
 
 Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 341; papers, 222 
 
 Morgan, J. Pierrepont, 196; and the Lu- 
 ther letter, note, 154 
 
 Morgan, Lady, 175 
 
 Morghen, 176 
 
 Morrill, Lot M., 353 
 
 Morris, Cadwalader, 322 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur, 322, 330, 336 
 
 Morris, Lewis, 78, 301, 308, 322 
 
 Morris, Robert, 78, 302, 307, 309, 322, 
 330, 333, 336, 359 
 
 Morrison, Alfred, 88, 159, 160, 161, 237, 
 243; sale, 159-169; catalogue, 160, 161, 
 288 
 
 Morse, Freeman H., 353 
 
 Morse, Jedediah, 185 
 
 Morton, John, 202, 294, 296, 309, 322 
 
 Morton, Levi P., 350 
 
 Mothe de Vaingfield, M. de la, 118 
 
 Motte, Isaac, 322 
 
 Moulton, Louise Chandler, 212 
 
 Moultrie, Gen. William, 341 
 
 Mowry, Daniel, 322 
 
 Moxon, 54 
 
 Moylan, Gen. Stephen, 341, 345 
 
 Mozart, 149, 153, 154, 165, 189, 204 
 
 Mucianus a collector, 15
 
 INDEX 
 
 385 
 
 Muhlenberg, Fretlk. Augustus, 322, 351, 
 361 
 
 Muhlenberg, Gen. Peter, 341, 361 
 Mumford, Paul, 322 
 Munson, Capt. William, 193 
 Murdock, William, 294; autograph ex- 
 tremely rare, 265 
 Murphy, 175 
 Murray, John, 53, 54 
 Murray, Joseph, 289, 291 
 Musde des Archives Nationales, 209 
 Museum Thoresbyanum, 88 
 Musgrave, Sir William, 88 
 Myers, T. Bailey, 227; collection, 222 
 
 Napoleon, 14, 73, 92, 105, 111, 139, 140, 
 J42, 144, 151, 165, 167, 188, 189, 206, 
 207, 1\1; deterioration of autograph, 
 254-255 
 
 Nash, Abner, 322, 334 
 
 Nash, Gen. Francis, 193, 341; autograph 
 very rare, 266 
 
 Nassau, Maurice of, 105 
 
 Nassau, Philibert de, 113 
 
 Naval Officers, 197 
 
 Navarre — see Albret, Henri d'. 
 
 Navarre, Queen of; see Albret, Jeanne d'; 
 Valois, Marguerite de; Marguerite d' 
 Angoulhme. 
 
 Navy Department, Revolutionary, 305 
 
 Naylor, Frederick, 81 
 
 Neilson, John, 322, 336 
 
 Nelson, Lord, 53, 93, 106, 233; his letter 
 to Thomas Lloyd, 68; his correspond- 
 ence with Lady Hamilton, 160. 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 78, 309, 322, 337 
 
 Netherclift, J. and F., Books of facsimile 
 autographs, 284, 285, 286, 287 
 
 Neuville, Chevalier de la, 76, 341; auto- 
 graph extremely rare, 265 
 
 Neve, Peter le, 87, 88 
 
 Nevers, House of, 86 
 
 Nevill, Gen. John, 342 
 
 Newcomb, Simon, 212 
 
 Newenham, Sir Edward, 158 
 
 New Hampshire Historical Society Col- 
 lection, 219 
 
 New Madrid archives, 218 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 14, 45, 46, 93, 106, 
 123, m, 132, 193,122 
 
 New York Historical Society collection, 
 219-220 
 
 New York Dutch Governors, 203 
 
 New York MSS., 224 
 
 New York Public Library collection, 
 
 220-222; Emmet collection, 180, 220 
 New York State Library collection, 222, 
 
 224 
 Nichols (John Gough) — Autographs oj 
 
 Royal, Noble, Learned and Remarkable 
 
 Personages, etc., 18-19, 87, 283 
 Nicola, Gen. Lewis, 342 
 Nigro, Fr., 1 18 
 
 Nixon, Col. John, 211, 305, 342 
 Norfolk, John, Duke of, 99, 102 
 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, Duke of, 120 
 Norris, Isaac, 290, 292 
 North Carolina signers, 269 
 Northwestern Literary and Historical 
 
 Society a fraud, 38 
 Northumberland, Algernon, Earl of, 128, 
 
 129 
 Nostradamus, Csesar, 106 
 Noyes, William Curtis, 354 
 
 Gates, Titus, 128 
 
 Oberleitner, Charles, 286 
 
 Occam, Sampson, papers, 214 
 
 Ogden, Matthias, 342 
 
 Ogden, Robert, 293 
 
 Old Congress — see Continental Congress. 
 
 Old, Mr., Conversations with Mr. Young, 
 
 240-282 
 Olden, Charles S., 355 
 Orange, Prince of, 113 
 Orange, William the Silent, Prince of, 
 
 151, 166 
 Orange, William II, of, 108 
 Orleans, Due d', 132; see Valois. 
 Ormond, Marquis of, 23, 127, 163, 234- 
 
 237 
 Orr, James L., 352 
 Orth, Godlove S., 357 
 Osborne, Adlai, 322 
 Osgood, Samuel, 302, 322 
 Otis, James, Jr., 293 
 Otis, Samuel A., 322 
 Ovid, 47 
 
 Oxford, Earl of, 86 
 Oxford, Harley, Earl of — see Harley. 
 
 Paar, Ludwig, Count, 146; collection, 
 
 146-150 
 Paca, William, 78, 297, 309, 322
 
 386 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page, John, 362 
 
 Page, Mann, Jr., 301, 322; confused with 
 
 Mann, Sr., 247 
 Paine, Elisha, 322 
 Paine, Ephraim, 322 
 Paine, Robert Treat, 78, 295, 308, 322 
 Paine, Thomas, 93, 199 
 Palfrey, William, 345 
 Palmer, Barbara — see Cleveland. 
 Palmer, John, 94 
 Palmer, John M., 358 
 Pandolphino, 108 
 Par6, Ambroise, 90, 120, 126 
 Paredes — see Garcia. 
 Parison sale, 138 
 
 Parker, John, 322; autograph rare, 264 
 Parker, Josiah, 362 
 Parma, Archduchess of, 128 
 Parma, Duke ol — see Farnese. 
 Parnell, Thomas, 94 
 Parr, Dr., 175 
 Parr, Lord, 98 
 Parr, Catherine, 98, 157 
 Parsons, Gen. Samuel, 342 
 Parsons, Theophilus, 332 
 Parsons, W., 94 
 Partridge, George, 323, 360 
 Partridge, Oliver, 291, 293 
 Pascal, Blaise, 45, 46, 123, 126, 132, 209 
 Pasta, 176 
 
 Paterson, Gen. John, 342 
 Paterson, William, 323, 336, 359 
 Patten, John, 323; autograph rare, 264 
 Patterson, Gen. Samuel, 323 
 Paul I, of Russia, 192 
 Payne, John Howard, 184 
 Peabody, Nathaniel, 323 
 Peace Congress of 1861, 198, 245, 353- 
 
 358 
 Pearson, J. & Co., 82 
 Pedigrees of autographs, 230-240 
 Peiresc, Fabri de, 86 
 Peery, William, 323 
 Pell, Philip, 323 
 Pellisson, 137, 142, 166 
 Pendleton, Edmund, 297, 323; papers, 
 
 227 
 Pendleton, Nathaniel, 338 
 Penn, John, 78, 269, 292, 310, 323, 330 
 Penn, Thomas, 199 
 Penn, William, 75, 76, 178, 188, 192, 203, 
 
 207, lis 
 
 Penn MSS., 225 
 
 Penns, The, 177 
 
 Pennington, William, 352 
 
 Pennsylvania Historical Society, collec- 
 tions, 224-227; Penn MSS., 225; 
 Washington letters, 225; Wayne Col- 
 lection, 225; Wilson papers, 225; Mc- 
 Kean papers, 225; Poinsett papers, 
 226; Conarroe papers, 226; Dreer Col- 
 lection, 180, 226, 279; fitting Collec- 
 tion, 179, 226; Buchanan letters, 226; 
 Franklin letters, 225 
 
 Pennsylvania University; Hale Collec- 
 tion, 201 
 
 Pepperill, Sir William, papers, 216 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, 93 
 
 Percy, Algernon — see Northumberland. 
 
 Pericles, 47 
 
 Perrault, Charles, 90 
 
 Perrugin, Petro Vanucci, called, 135 
 
 Perry, Belmont — autograph imposter, 32 
 
 Perry, John J., 353 
 
 Person, Thomas, 323; autograph rare, 
 264 
 
 Pescara, Marquise de — see Colonna, 
 Fittoria. 
 
 Peter, Saint, 47, 49 
 
 Peter the Great of Russia, 147 
 
 Peters, Hugh, 129 
 
 Peters, Richard, 292, 304, 305, 323 
 
 Pettit, Charles, 323 
 
 Peutinger, Conrad, 148 
 
 de Peyster papers, 219 
 
 Philip I, of Spain, 128 
 
 Philip II, of Spain, 70, 100, 106, 119, 
 133, 147, 169, 177 
 
 Philip IV, of Spain, 100 
 
 Philip V, of Spain, 92 
 
 Philippe II, of France, Philippe Auguste, 
 129 
 
 Phillips, Lawrence B., 287 
 
 Phillips, Peter, 323 
 
 Phillips, Sir Thomas, 88 
 
 Phillips, Gen. William, 228 
 
 Photographic reproductions — see Fac- 
 similes. 
 
 Picard, Ludovic — French imposter, 29 
 
 Piccini, Nicolas, 142 
 
 Piccolomini, ^neas, see Pius II. 
 
 Pickering, John, 323, 335 
 
 Pickering, Timothy, 303 
 
 Pickering, William, 73
 
 INDEX 
 
 387 
 
 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 133 
 Pierce, Franklin, 346 
 Pierce, William, 323, 338 
 Pilate, Pontius, 47 
 Pinckney, Charles, 323, 338 
 Pinckncy, Charles Cotesworth, 338, 342 
 Pinckney, Thomas, 323 
 Pinkerton, John, 175; papers, 216 
 Pinkney, Edward C.,270; extremely rare, 
 
 272 
 Pippi, Giulio — see Giulio Romano. 
 Pirkheimer, Wilibald, 148 
 Piron, Alexis, 90, 106 
 Pitkin, William, 292, 323 
 Pius II, Pope, 120 
 Pix6r6court, Guilbert de, 87 
 Pizarro, 162 
 Plancy, M. de, 114 
 Plater, George, 323 
 Piatt, Zephaniah, 323 
 Pliny, 16, 47 
 Poe, Edgar A., 75, 184, 193; MS. of 
 
 Murders in the Rue Morgue, 216 
 Poinsett, Joel R., papers, 226 
 Poisson — see Pompadour. 
 Pole, Edmund de la — see Suffolk. 
 Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 128 
 Poliziano, Angelo, 120 
 Polk, James K., 346, 351 
 Polk, Thomas, 323 
 Pollock, James, 355 
 Poltrot, assassin, 116 
 Pomeroy, Seth, 193, 342; autograph 
 
 rare, 266 
 Pomeroy, Theodore M., 352 
 Pompadour, Madame de, 70, 90, 142, 146 
 Pompeius Secundus, a collector, 16 
 Pompey, 47 
 
 Pomponne, Arnauld de, 140 
 Pontius Pilate, 47 
 Poor, Enoch, 342 
 "Poor Man's Prayer," 56, 57 
 Poore, Ben Perlev, 170, 182 
 Pope, Alexander, 22, 59, 93, 94, 106, 124, 
 
 175, 189, 221 
 Popham, Sir John, 106 
 Poquelin, J. B. — see Moliere. 
 Porson, Richard, 93, 123, 175 
 Portsmouth, Duchess of, 120 
 Post Office Department, Revolutionary, 
 
 307 
 Potter, John F., 358 
 
 Potts, Richard, 323 
 
 Poussin, Nicholas, 106 
 
 Pratt, James T., 354 
 
 Preble, Edwin, papers, 213 
 
 Presidents of the Continental Congress, 
 
 229, 298-299 
 Presidents pro tem of the Senate, 347- 
 
 350 
 Presidents of the United States, 74, 181, 
 187, 191, 195, 197, 198, 204, 206, 212, 
 216, 218, 229, 244, 250, 346-347; 
 papers in the Library of Congress, 212 
 Pretender, the Old — see James III. 
 Pretender, the Young, 55 
 Prevost D'Exiles, L'Abb6, 90, 134, 142, 
 
 145 
 Price, Rodman M., 355 
 Prices of other things than autographs, 
 
 15 
 Prices from 1827 to 1859, 71, 72 
 Prices at Bovet sale, 72, 73 
 Cist sale, 77-78 
 Cohn sale, 73, 74 
 Danforth sale, 77-78 
 Dillon sale, 73 
 Donnadieu sale, 72, 73, 74, 95- 
 
 109 
 Fillon sale, 74, 132-137 
 Huth sale, 72, 73 
 Young sale, 74 
 Monmerqu6 sale, 89-91 
 Upcott sale, 92-93 
 Tefft sale, 183 
 Leffingwell sale, 196 
 Priestley, 176 
 
 Prior, Matthew, 94, 95, 124 
 Proctor, Bryan W., 175 
 Progressive decrease in market value of 
 
 autographs, 69-78 
 Pseudo Autograph Collectors, 29 
 Ptolemy III, 5 
 Public Collections in America, 210-229; 
 
 in Europe, 208-210 
 Pulaski, Count, 76, 342; autograph very 
 
 rare, 266 
 Pulci, Luigi, 120 
 Putnam, Israel, 76, 190, 201, 250, 342 
 
 autograph very rare, 266 
 Putnam, Rufus, 342 
 Puttick & Simpson, 95, 157, 285 
 Puy, M. de, 107, 121 
 Pynchon, Col. John, 200
 
 388 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Qualities that determine the value of 
 
 autographs, 21 
 Quaritch, Bernard, 72, 73, 74, 82, 221, 237 
 Querouille, Louise de — see Portsmouth. 
 Quick, John, 94 
 
 Rabelais, Franfois, 42, 43, 45, 47, 120, 
 
 128, 132, 138, 166 
 Racan, Honorat de Bueil, Marquis de, 
 
 142 
 Racine, Jean, 43, 44, 47, 7/, 128, 134, 
 
 138, 166, 174 
 Raffles, Rev. Dr., 88, 178 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 23, 106, 127, 129, 158 
 Rameau, Jean Phil., 136, 142 
 Ramsay, David, 298, 323 
 Ramsey, Nathaniel, 323 
 Randall, Samuel J., 352 
 Randolph, Edmund, 323, 333, 337, 345 
 Randoplh, Joseph F., 355 
 Randolph, Peyton, 295, 297, 298, 323 
 Randolph papers, 227 
 Rantzau, Joseph, Comte de, 121 
 Raphael Sanzio, 47, 106, 121, 135, 138, 
 
 153, 154, 163; migration of a sketch, 
 
 231,281 
 Rapin, Pfire, 141 
 Rarity of autographs — see Conversation 
 
 Five. 
 Read, George, 297, 309, 324, 333, 336, 
 
 359 
 Read, Jacob, 324 
 Read, James, 306 
 Read, T. Buchanan, 274 
 Reade, Charles, 274 
 Recherche autographs, 266 
 Reed, Gen. James, 342 
 Reed, Joseph, 324, 330, 342, 345 
 Reed, Thomas B., 352 
 Reed papers, 219 
 Reid, David S., 356 
 Reid, James R., 324 
 Rembrandt, 74, 107, 128, 136, 152, 166 
 Ren6 d' Anjou, 121 
 
 Replies for requests for autographs, 26 
 Reuchlin, Johann, 137, 145, 148 
 Revere, Paul, 193, 201 
 Revolutionary Cabinets, 300-306 
 Revolutionary War— see Generals. 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 95, 129, 156 
 Rhoads, Samuel, 296, 324; autograph 
 
 rare, 264 
 
 Rhode Island Historical Society collec- 
 tion, 227 
 
 Ricci, Francesco, 168 
 
 Rich collection, 221 
 
 Richard II, of England, 18 
 
 Richard III, of England, 107, 166 
 
 Richardson, Samuel, 71, 95, 124, 175, 
 189, 207 
 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, 74, 119, 127, 128, 
 133, 162; autograph of his secretary 
 like his, 255 
 
 Ridgeley, Henry, 355 
 
 Ridgeley, Richard, 324 
 
 Riley, James Whitcomb, 274 
 
 Riilbank, Crescent MSS., 56 
 
 Ringgold, Thomas, 294 
 
 Rives, William C, 356 
 
 Roberdeau, Daniel, 324, 330 
 
 Roberts, Charles, 179; Roberts Hall at 
 Haverford College, 179 
 
 Roberts, Dr. W. H., 57 
 
 Robespierre, 71, 148, 166 
 
 Rochefoucauld, Franfois, Due de la, 90 
 
 Rochefoucauld, Franjois VI, Due de la, 
 141 
 
 Rochester, Lord, 105 
 
 Rodney, Cssar, 78, 293, 297, 309, 324 
 
 Rodney, Caesar A., 
 
 Rodney, George B., 355 
 
 Rodney, Thomas, 185, 324 
 
 Rogers, John, 297, 324; autograph very 
 rare, 263 
 
 Rogers, Samuel, 174 
 
 Rohan, Henri, Due de, 90 
 
 Rohan, Prince de. 111 
 
 Roland, Madame, 71, 91 
 
 Roman, J. Dixon, 356 
 
 Romano — see Giulio Romano. 
 
 Romney, George, 95 
 
 Ronald, William, 334 
 
 Ronsard, Pierre de, 133, 142, 144 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, 347, 350 
 
 Root, Jesse, 303, 304, 324 
 
 Rosa — see Salvator Rosa. 
 
 Roscoe, 175 
 
 Rosenbach, A. S. W., 84 
 
 Ross, David, 324, 334; autograph ex- 
 tremely rare, 263; another David some- 
 times passes for him, 247 
 
 Ross, George, 78, 296, 309, 324 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 91, 107, 176 
 
 Rousseau, Theodore, 131
 
 INDEX 
 
 389 
 
 Rowe, Nicholas, 124, 129 
 
 Rowland, David, 293; autograph rare, 
 
 265 
 Roy, Rob, 55 
 Rubens, Peter Paul, 107, 121, 128, 136, 
 
 153, J 54, J 66, 176 
 Ruffin, Thomas, 356 
 Ruggles, Timothy, 293; autograph rare, 
 
 265 
 Rumsey, Benjamin, 301, 324 
 Rupert, Prince, 93, 107, 123, 128, 129 
 Rush, Benjamin, 309, 324 
 Russell, Gen. William, 342 
 Rutherford, John, 78, 289, 303 
 Rutledge, Edward, 297, 303, 310, 324 
 Rutledge, John, 294, 297, 299, 324, 338 
 
 Sabin, Joseph, 83 
 
 Sabli^re — see La Sabliire. 
 
 Saint Albans, Viscount — see Bacon. 
 
 Saint Amant, Sieur de, 142 
 
 Saint-Beuve, 87 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur, 224, 299, 325, 342 
 
 Saint Genevieve Archives, 218 
 
 St. George, Chevalier de— see James III. 
 
 Saint Louis Archives, 218 
 
 St. Marthe, M. de, 107 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Bernadin de, 91 
 
 Sales, noted — see Collections and Col- 
 lectors. 
 
 Sales, St. Francis de, 91, 107, 121, 134, 
 144, 150, 204 
 
 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Earl of, 107 
 
 Salmatius, 176 
 
 Salvator Rosa, 123 
 
 Samblanfay, Baron de, 1 14 
 
 Sand, Madame Georges, 30 
 
 Sandeau, Jules, 31 
 
 Santi, RafFaele, 135 
 
 Sardou, Victorien, 87 
 
 Saumaise, Claude de, 107 
 
 Savage, Richard, 94 
 
 Savonarola, Girolamo, 132 
 
 Savoy, Duke of, 144 
 
 Saxe- Weimar, Duke of, 96, 177 
 
 Saxony, Augustus, Duke of, 165 
 
 Saxony, John, Duke of, 157 
 
 Saxony, Duke of, 73 
 
 Scala, Bartolomeo, 121 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 107 
 
 Scammel, Col. Alexander, 193, 201 
 
 Scarron, Paul, 134, 142, 145, 166 
 
 Schiller, 61,62, 63, y<J<J 
 
 Schlegel, 176 
 
 Schubert, Franz, 189 
 
 Schulz, Otto August, 82 
 
 Schureman, James, 324, 333, 361 
 
 Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 21 1, 324, 342, 359 
 
 papers, 222 
 Science des Aulographes, La, SS 
 Scott, Dr., his ylulograph Collecting, 14, 
 
 54, 260; his Guide to the Collector of 
 
 Historical Documents, 7 
 Scott, Gen. Charles, 342 
 Scott, Colville, 56 
 Scott, Gustavus, 324 
 Scott, John Morin, 304, 324 
 Scott, Thomas, 361 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 
 
 71, 93, 94, 108, 174, 221; forgeries, 54, 
 
 55 
 Scudder, Nathaniel, 324, 330 
 Scudery, Madame de, 141 
 Searle, James, 306, 324 
 Seddon, James A., 356 
 Sedgwick, Theodore, 324, 351, 360 
 Selden, John, 94, 124, 128 
 Seney, Joshua, 324, 361 
 Sensier, Alfred, 87, 130-131, 143, 280 
 Sergeant, Jonathan D., 324 
 Settle, E., 94 
 
 Seurin, Chastelain de la Mottc, 122 
 Severn, Joseph, 158 
 Sevier, John, 362 
 Sevign6, Marquise de, 121 
 Sforza, Galeas Maria Visconti, 121 
 Sforza, Ludovicus Marie, 108 
 Shadwell, Thomas, 94 
 Shakespeare, 46 
 
 Sharpe, William, 302, 307, 325 
 Shea, 176 
 
 Sheldon, Gen. Elisha, 342 
 Shelley, Percy B., 53, 54, 74, 93, 94, 124, 
 
 145, 158, nS, 189 
 Shenstone, William, 94 
 Shepard, Gen. William, 342 
 Sherburne, Henry, Jr., 291 
 
 Senior and Junior often confused, 249 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 93, 94, 177 
 Sherman, James S., 350 
 Sherman, John, 349; papers, 213 
 Sherman, Roger, 78, 295, 301, 302, 303, 
 
 308, 325, 329, 335, 360 
 Sherman, Gen. Wm. T., 212
 
 390 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Shippen, Edward, 
 
 Shippen, William, 325; Father and son 
 often confused, 248 
 
 Shore, Sir John, 175 
 
 Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, 122 
 
 Sickingen, Franz von, 144, 148, 154 
 
 Siddons, Mrs. Sarah, 94, 166 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, 128. See also Sydney. 
 
 Signers of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, 74, 77, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 
 183, 183, 187, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 
 200, 204, 206, 211, 217, 220, 222, 223, 
 226, 229, 256, 308-310; prices at Cist 
 and Danforth sales, 77-78; at TefFt 
 sale, 183 
 
 Signers — see Articles of Confederation, 
 Constitution, etc. 
 
 Simms, William Gilmore, 212 
 
 Sims, George R. — Among my Autographs,^ 
 
 Sims, Richard, 286 
 
 Sinnickson, Thomas, 361 
 
 Sismondi, 175 
 
 Sitgreaves, John, 325 
 
 Six Nations, Convention with, 289 
 
 Sloan collection, 20 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans, 86, 210 
 
 Slaughter, Thomas C., 358 
 
 Sloughter, Henry, 203 
 
 Smallwood, Gen. William, 325, 342 
 
 Smith, Adam, 93 
 
 Smith, Alexander Hamilton, 54-60 
 
 Smith, "Antique," 54-60 
 
 Smith, Benjamin, 325, 345 
 
 Smith, Caleb B., 357 
 
 Smith, Charles John — Book on Auto- 
 graphs, 283 
 
 Smith, Horace, 174 
 
 Smith, James, 309, 325 
 
 Smith, James C, 354 
 
 Smith, John J. — American Historical 
 and Literary Curiosities, 285, 286 
 
 Smith, Jonathan Bayard, 301, 303, 325, 
 330 
 
 Smith, Margaret Bayard, 212 
 
 Smith, Melancton, 325 
 
 Smith, Merewether, 325, 334; autograph 
 rare, 264 
 
 Smith, Richard, 296, 325 
 
 Smith, Thomas, 325 
 
 Smith, William, 306, 325 
 
 Smith, William, 362 
 
 Smith, William, Sr., 291; often confused 
 with Junior, 249 
 
 Smith, William Laughton, 362 
 
 Smith, William S., 345 
 
 Smollett, Tobias, 81, 124, 129 
 
 Somerset, Edward, Duke of, 108 
 
 Somes, Daniel E., 353 
 
 "Song to the Rosebud," 56 
 
 Sophocles, 15 
 
 Sorel, Agnes, 122, 138, 209 
 
 Sotheby & Wilkinson, 54, 161, 288 
 
 Sotheby, Samuel Leigh — Ramblings in 
 the Elucidation of the Autograph of Mil- 
 ton, 253, 254, 259, 260 
 
 Southard, Samuel L., 348 
 
 Southern Confederacy, 198 
 
 Southerne, Thomas, 94, 124, 129, 189 
 
 Southey, Robert, 174, 201, 221, 232, 271, 
 273 
 
 Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 325, 338 
 
 Spalatinus, C. G., 103 
 
 Spanish Archives in Missouri, 218 
 
 Sparhawk, John, 325 
 
 Speakers of the House of Representa- 
 tives, 351-352 
 
 Spencer, Joseph, 194, 304, 325, 342 
 
 Speroni, 108 
 
 Spinoza, 47, 128, 149, 152 
 
 Sprague, William B., 170, 173, 178, 184, 
 185, 186, 187, 190, 267, 272, 280 
 
 Spring, Robert, 65-67 
 
 Spurious autographs, 40-68 
 
 Stamp Act Congress, 191, 198, 204, 220, 
 226, 264, 293-294; scarce names, 265 
 
 Standish, Myles, 203 
 
 Stanley, Col. Nathaniel, 290 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., 212 
 
 Stanton, Joseph, Jr., 359 
 
 Stargardt, J. A., 82 
 
 Stark, Gen. John, 342; autograph very 
 rare, 266 
 
 State Department of the Revolution, 300 
 
 State Historical Society — see Wisconsin. 
 
 Steele, John, 362 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard, 93, 124, 175 
 
 Stella, Jacques, 135 
 
 Stephen, Adam, 342; papers, 213 
 
 Stephens, William H., 357 
 
 Sterne, Laurence, 14, 71, 95, 124, 166, 
 178, 207 
 
 Steuben, Baron, 343; papers, 219 
 
 Stevens, John, Sr. (N. J.), 325
 
 INDEX 
 
 391 
 
 Stevens, John, Sr. (Vt.), papers, 224 
 Stevens, John, Jr., often mistaken for 
 
 John, Sr., 247 
 Stevens, Thaddeus, papers, 213 
 Stevenson, Adiai E., 350 
 Stevenson, Andrew, 351 
 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 274 
 Steward, Mr., 99 
 Stewart, Charles, 325 
 Stewart, Dugald, 175 
 Stewart, Gen. Walter, 342 
 Stewart papers, 219 
 Stillie, James, 55, 56, 57 
 Stirk, Samuel, 325 
 Stirling, Earl of, 211, 343 
 
 papers, 219 
 Stockton, Richard, 78, 309, 325 
 Stockton, Robert F., 355 
 Stoddard, Col. John, 289 
 Stokes, John, 325 
 
 autograph very rare, 264 
 Stone, J. C., 358 
 Stone, Michael Jenifer, 362 
 Stone, Thomas, 78, 299, 309, 325, 337 
 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 
 
 24, 25, 108, 122 
 Strahan, William, 81 
 Strong, Caleb, 325, 335, 359 
 Strong, Jedediah, 325 
 Stryk, Samuel — Facsimile from his Alba 
 
 Amicorum, 20 
 Stryker, Thomas J., 355 
 Stuart, Charles E., 349 
 Stuart, Henry — see Darnley. 
 Stuart, Mary — see Mary, Queen of Scots. 
 Sturges, Jonathan, 325, 361 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, 188, 203, 207 
 Sue, Eugene, 31 
 Suetonius, 47 
 
 Suffolk, Edmund, Earl of, 108 
 Sullivan, James, 326, 332 
 Sullivan, Gen. John, 219, 295, 326, 343 
 Sully, Due de, 85 
 Summers, George W., 356 
 Sumner, Increase, 326 
 Sumner, Gen. Jethro, 343 
 Sumter, Gen. Thomas, 326, 362 
 Supreme Court of the U. S., 198, 206 
 Swain, Gov. David L., Collection, 268- 
 
 269 
 Swan, John, Major in Revolution, 247; 
 
 mistaken for John Swann, 246 
 
 Swann, John, autograph very rare, 263, 
 326; John Swan's autograph mistaken 
 for it, 246 
 
 Swann, John, M. C. from N. C, 247 
 
 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 129 
 
 Swift, Dean Jonathan, 23, 71, 93, 94, 124, 
 129, 167, 175 
 
 Swift, Gen. Heman, 343 
 
 Sydney, Sir Philip, 94 
 
 Sykes, James, 326 
 
 Sylvester, Peter, 361 
 
 Symmes, John Cleves, 326 
 
 Taft, William H., 347 
 
 Talbot, John — see Shrewsbury. 
 
 Talcott, Joseph, papers, 215 
 
 Tarb6, 87 
 
 Tasker, Benjamin, 292 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo, 108 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, 22, 91, 134, 167, 176 
 
 Taste for collecting autographs, 13 
 
 Tavanne, M. de, 116 
 
 Tavanne, Vicomte de, 117 
 
 Taylor, Bayard, 274 
 
 Taylor, George, 202, 309, 326; confused 
 
 with a N. J. coast guard of same name, 
 
 249 
 Taylor, John W., 351 
 Taylor, Zachary, 190, 346 
 Tefft, Israel K., 170, 172, 182, 190, 257 
 Telfair, Edward, 302, 326, 331 
 Terrail, Seigneur de, 111 
 Teulet, Mr., Ill, 113 
 Thacher, George, 326, 360 
 Thacher, John Boyd, 202-205 
 Thackeray, Wm. M., 53, 55, 58, 184, 207, 
 
 11^; MS. of Lecture on George III, 216 
 Thane's British Autography, 87, 283 
 Thatcher, Benjamin B., 170, 171 
 Thomas, Isaiah, 210; History of Printing, 
 
 211 
 Thomas, John, 343; autograph rare, 266 
 Thomas papers, 220 
 Thompson, Ebenezer, 326 
 Thompson, Gen. William, 343 
 Thomson, James, 94, 124, 129 
 Thoreau, Henrv D., 274 
 Thoresby, Ralph, 87, 88, 91 
 Thornton, Matthew, 78, 308, 326 
 Thornton, Presly P., 345 
 Thorwaldsen, 176 
 Thou, Jacques Auguste de, 112
 
 392 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Thouars, Vicomte de — see La TremoiUe. 
 
 Tiberius, 47 
 
 Tickell, Thomas, 94 
 
 Tilghman, Edward, 294 
 
 Tilghman, Matthew, 297, 326 
 
 Tilghman, Tench, 345 
 
 Tilliers, Comte de, 118 
 
 Tilton, James, 326 
 
 Titian, 135, 149, 153, 167 
 
 Tompkins, Daniel D., 348; papers, 223 
 
 Totten, A. W. O., 356 
 
 Townshend, Lord, 106 
 
 Trapier, Paul, Jr., 326; confused with his 
 father, 248 
 
 Treadwell, John, 326 
 
 Treasury Board, 301 
 
 Treat, Amos S., 354 
 
 Tremont, Louis Philippe Joseph, Baron 
 de, 87, 109, 110, 231, 280, 281; collec- 
 tion, 24, 43, 143; sale, 71, 109-122 
 
 Trivulce, Cardinal de, 114, 119 
 
 TroUope, Anthony, 274 
 
 Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon, 122 
 
 Trumbull, John, 345 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, 351; papers, 215 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 302, 326, 345, 
 361; papers, 215 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph, 296, 304, 326 
 
 Trumbull, Lyman, papers, 213 
 
 Tuck, Amos, 353 
 
 Tucker, St. George, 333 
 
 Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 326, 362 
 
 Tuckerman, Henry T., 272 
 
 Tupper, Gen. Benjamin, 343 
 
 Turenne, Comte, 105, 111 
 
 Turenne, Marshall, 100 
 
 Turner, Dawson, 88; collection, 122-124; 
 sale, 71; catalogue, 285 
 
 Turner, James W., 64-65 
 
 Turner, Thomas J., 358 
 
 Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 99 
 
 Twiller, Wouter van, 203 
 
 Tyler, John, 346, 348, 356 
 
 Underwood, Levi, 353 
 
 Upcott, William, 88, 91-95; collection, 
 
 91-95; sale, 71, 91-95, 95, 99, 100, 101, 
 
 102, 104, 107, 109 
 Urbain VIII, Pope, 122 
 
 Vadier, 138 
 
 Vaingfield, M. de la Mothe de, 118 
 
 Valentinois, Duke of — see Borgia, Caiar. 
 Valentinois, Duchesse de — see Diana of 
 
 Poictiers. 
 Vall6, Franfois, papers, 218 
 Valois, Charles le, 126 
 Valois, Marguerite de, 118, 126, 129, 133, 
 
 150 
 Valois, Ren6 de — see Alencon. 
 Values of autographs, 21; affected by 
 
 condition, 24, 25; length, 25; celebrity, 
 
 24; contents, 23; genuineness, 22; 
 
 fashion, 25; whether 1. s. or a. 1. s., 25; 
 
 increase in, 69-78. See Prices. 
 Van Brugh, Sir John, 94 
 Van Buren, Martin, 346, 348 
 Van Cortlandt, Gen. Philip, 343 
 Vancouver, George, 144 
 Vandever, William, 358 
 Van Dyck, Anthony, 136 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas, 326, 330; father 
 
 and son confused, 248 
 Vane, Sir Henry, 108 
 Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 361 
 Van Schaick, Gozen, 343 
 Vanucci, Pietro — see Perrugino. 
 Varenne, Sire de la, 122 
 Varick, Richard, 345 
 Varnum, James M., 326, 343 
 Varnum, Joseph B., 347, 351 
 Vecelli — see Titian. 
 Vega — see Garcilasso. 
 Vega-Carpio, Felix Lope de, 135 
 Vendome, Due de, 102 
 Vercingetorix, 47 
 Verneuil, M. de, 117 
 Vernon, William, 305 
 Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, called, 109, 122, 
 
 123, 128, 136, 163 
 Verulam, Baron — see Bacon. 
 Vespucci, Emerico, 133, 167 
 Vice Presidents, 250, 347-350 
 Vicenza, Duke of, 105 
 Victorvs, Paolo de, 1 14 
 Villandry, M. de, 120 
 Villeroy, M. de, 96, 97 
 Villeroy, Nicolas de Neufville'de, 109 
 Villiers, George — see Buckingham. 
 Vincent de Paul, 109, 126, 142, 204 
 Vinci, Leonardo da, 122, 167 
 Vinin^, John, 326, 361; Senior and 
 
 Junior often confused, 247 
 Virgil, 16
 
 INDEX 
 
 393 
 
 Virginia Historical Society Collections, 
 
 227-228 
 Volney, 176 
 
 Voltaire, 14,7/, 115, 176 
 Vosc, Gen. Joseph, 343 
 Vossius, 176 
 Vouet, Simon, 123, 135 
 Vroom, Peter D., 355 
 
 Waddell, Rev. Moses, 212 
 Wade, Benjamin F., 349 
 Wadsworth, James, 325 
 Wadsworth, James S., 354 
 Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 326, 361; papers, 
 
 215 
 Wadsworth, Pcleg, 326 
 Wake, Sir Isaac, 100 
 Waldstein, Albrect Wenzel Eusebius 
 
 von, 144 
 Walker, Benjamin, 345 
 Walker, John, 327, 345, 360 
 Walker, Timothy, 327 
 Wallenstein, Count, 63, 64, 144, 147 
 Waller, Edmund, 93, 94, 124, 128, 129 
 Waller,John, 80, 81 
 
 Waller, , 80 
 
 Walpole, 176 
 
 Walsh, W. S., Handybook of Literary 
 
 Curiosities, 16, 26 
 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 123 
 Walton, George, 196, 301, 310, 327, 338 
 Walton, Isaac — Life of Sir Henry JVoot- 
 
 ton, 18 
 Walton, John, 327, 331; autograph very 
 
 rare, 264; father and son confused, 248 
 Wanley, Humphrey, catalogue of the 
 
 Harleian MSS., 18 
 War, Board of, 303; commissioners for 
 
 the Board, 303 
 War, Civil VVar letters, 245 
 War, Revolutionary Department of, 303 
 War, Revolutionary secretaries, 303- 
 
 304 
 War and Ordinance, Board of, 303 
 Warburton, 175 
 Ward, Artemas, 304, 327, 343 
 Ward, Henrv, 293 
 Ward, Samuel, 295, 327, 332 
 Waring, Thomas, 306 
 Warner, George F., 288 
 Warren, James, 305, 327 
 Warren, Joseph, 194, 201, 204 
 
 Washburn, Cadwalader C, 358 
 
 Washburne, P^iihu B., papers, 213 
 
 Washington, George, 75, 91, 95, 148, 158, 
 167, 177, 185, 190, 194, 194, 196, 196, 
 199, 202, 204, 206, 207, 211,215, 220, 
 225,226, 297, 327, 337, 339, 346, 347; 
 letter to Francis Hopkinson, 68; forged 
 letters, 66, 67; letter about his gen- 
 erals, 224; letters considered recherchi, 
 266; farewell address, 224; household 
 papers, 224; letters in Pennsylvania 
 and Virginia Historical Societies, 225, 
 228; change in his handwriting, 252- 
 253; his aides-de-camp, 344-345; his 
 secretaries, 344-345 
 
 Washington, Martha, 75, 76,95,200,202, 
 204, 207 
 
 Washington, Marv, 75 
 
 Waters, Richard P., 354 
 
 Watson, John F., 286 
 
 Watts, 174 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, 76, 194, 343; auto- 
 graph recherche, 266; papers, 225 
 
 Weare, Mesech, 291 
 
 Webb, Samuel B., 343, 345 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 212, 219 
 
 Weedon, George, 343 
 
 Welles, Gideon, papers, 213 
 
 Welles, Samuel, 291 
 
 Wendell, Jacob, 289 
 
 Wentworth, James, 327 
 
 Wentworth, John, Sr., 301, 327 
 
 Wentworth, John, Jr., 327, 329 
 
 Wentworth, Joshua, 327 
 
 Wentworth, Thomas — see Strafford. 
 
 Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 23, 24 
 
 Wesley, John, 233 
 
 West, Benjamin, 176 
 
 West, Benjamin (N. H.), 327, 335 
 
 West, James, 88 
 
 West Point Garrison's reply to Wash- 
 ington, 211 
 
 Weyman, Stanley, 274 
 
 Wharton, John, 305, 306 
 
 Wharton, Samuel, 327 
 
 Wheeler, F., 82 
 
 Wheeler, William A., 349 
 
 Whipple, William, 78, 306, 308, 327 
 
 Whitcomb, Gen. John, 343 
 
 White, Alexander, 327, 362 
 
 White, Henry Kirke, 93, 94, 124, 271,273; 
 handwriting never changed, 253
 
 394 
 
 INDEX 
 
 White, Hugh Lawson, 348 
 White, James, 327 
 White, John, 352 
 White, Phillips, 327 
 White, Thomas, 355 
 White, Bp. William, 175 
 
 White, , dealer, 54 
 
 Whitgift, John, 128 
 
 Whitman, Walt, 274 
 
 Whittier, John G., 272, 274 
 
 Wibird, Richard, 291 
 
 Wickliffe, Charles A., 357 
 
 Wilhelm — see Woedtke. 
 
 Wilkinson, James, 343 
 
 Wilkinson, Tate, 94 
 
 William the Silent — see Orange, 
 
 William II, of Orange — see Orange. 
 
 William II, of Germany, note, 154 
 
 Williams, Elisha, 292 
 
 Williams, John, 327, 330 
 
 Williams, J. B., 88 
 
 Williams, Otho H., 343 
 
 Williams, Roger, 187, 188, 192, 203 
 
 Williams, William, 78, 308, 327; papers, 
 
 215 
 Williamson, Benjamin, 355 
 Williamson, Hugh, 327, 334, 338, 362 
 Willing, Thomas, 327 
 Wilmot, David, 355 
 Wilson, Henry, 349; papers, 213 
 Wilson, James, 78, 225, 303, 309, 327, 
 
 336 
 Wilson, Woodrow, 347 
 Winder, William, 306 
 Wingate, Paine, 327, 359 
 Winthrop, Robert C, 187, 352 
 Wirt, William, papers, 213 
 Wisconsin Historical Society Collection, 
 
 280 
 Wisconsin State Historical Society's 
 
 Collection, 228-229 
 Wisner, Henry, 296, 327 
 Witherspoon, John, 78, 212, 309, 327, 
 
 330 
 Woedtke, Baron de, 77, 343; autograph 
 
 extremely rare, 266 
 Wolcott, C. P., 357 
 
 Wolcott, Erastus, 295, 328 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver, 78, 302, 308, 328, 329 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver (Sec. Treas.); papers, 215 
 
 Wolcott, Robert, Sr., Wolcott, Robert, 
 Jr., confounded, 249 
 
 Wolcott, Roger, 290 
 
 Wolcott, Roger, Jr., 292, 328; auto- 
 graph rare, 265 
 
 Wolfe, Gen. James, 123, 129, 167, 194 
 
 Wolfe, Maj. Walter, 167 
 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 128 
 
 Wood, John, 358 
 
 Wood, Joseph, 328 
 
 Woodford, Thomas, 307 
 
 Woodford, Gen. William, 194 
 
 Woodward, Henry, 94 
 
 Woodward, William, 95, 174, 343 
 
 Wool, John E., 355 
 
 Wooster, David, 343 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, 128 
 
 Wordsworth, William, 95, 174 
 
 Worthington, John, 291 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, 94, 109 
 
 Wright, John C, 357 
 
 Wright, Turbett, 328 
 
 Wycherly, William, 124, 129 
 
 Wynkoop, Henry, 328, 361 
 
 Wythe, George, 78, 309, 328, 337 
 
 Yates, Abraham, 328 
 
 Yates, Peter, 328 
 
 Yates, Robert, 336 
 
 York, Anne Hyde, Duchess of, 109 
 
 York, Duke of — see James II. 
 
 Young, Arthur, 175 
 
 Young, John, 88, 126, 237; sale, 23, 71, 
 
 74, 126-128, 129, 158 
 Young, Mr., Conversations with Mr. Old, 
 
 240-282 
 
 Zeune, Richard, 82 
 
 Ziegler (Caspar) — Facsimile from his 
 
 Album Amicorum, 19 
 Zollicoffer, Felix K., 357 
 Zubly, John J., 328 
 Zuichen, Viglius, 164 
 Zwingli, Ulrich, 137, 149, 154
 
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