illlBM^
^««^^^^^^^^^^^
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION.
.:.-:\-
HAND-BOOK
OF
ANGLO-SAXOI OETHOGMPHY.
INTWOPARTS.
jFfrst ^art.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY AND ITS MATERIALS.
.Sccontt ^art.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXO.'^ ORTHOGRAPHY.
The^rms, which occur most frequently in discourse, or which recall Uie most vivid conceptions, are
Kon." — Editi, Rev.
verily, was Uie glory of the English tongue before the Norman conquest."— Camdtn,
BY
^ Citerarg 2l00ortaticn.
\ ISTEW-YORK :
^^PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN A. GRAY,
97 CLIFF STREET.
1852.
[second edition.]
I
^7/
Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1853,
33ii 3amcs Sitott anli Soljn E. (Ci^apman,
FOR A riTIRART ASSOCIATION,
In ttie Clerk's Office of tbe District Court of the United States for the Southern District
of New-York.
ii^-d^^^^ ^^'^
-^^w-^/ - CcS. c^s^ot^Y
^:. "^
THE LITERARY ASSOCIATION
READER OF THE HAXD-BOOK OF A^^GLO-SAXOI ORTHOGRAPHY.
TuK Literary Association, anticipating the inquiries wliicii this work must awaken, intro-
duce thenaselves at once to the reader. The following statement, it is hoped, will meet all
such inquiries.
The Association was called into existence by the increased interest in education which has
marked the history of our nation for the last ten years. They were placed at once in circum
stances in which they had to examine the school literature of the United States.
At the close of this investigation, which extended through years, the Association, though
profoundly impressed by the activity of the American mind in this department of letters,
could not avoid the conviction that the school-books had not been prepared with aufficieat
reference to the laws of the human mind.
With this impression, the Association entered upon a new field of labor. They proceeded
to interrogate the humjui mind, and ascertain its general laws. They freely discussed such
questions as these: " Does the mind grow ? Is its growth the unfolding of native energies?
How does it grow ? By what laws ¥ By what methods ? For instance, How does the human
mind acquire lavguage ?
In answering the last question, it was ascertained that the mind first acquires the names
of things, or nmns ; next, the names of qualities, or adjectives; and then, the names of
actions, or verbs ; and that this seems to be a law of the human mind.
The lland-Book of Anglo-Saxon Orthography grew out of the discovery of this and other
laws of the human mind. In executing it, the Association proceeded to a careful analysis
of the English language.
They ascertained it to be a composite language, and like the great American nation, Unum
« Plur.bus. They determined the relation of its various elements. They found the Anglo-
Saxon to be the stock ; the Celtic, Gothic, French, Latin, and Greek elements, to be engraft-
ures. In this order, they resolved to present them in the study of the Orthography of the
English language.
The next care of the Association was to determine the principles of the growth of words,
as seen in their composition and derivation. (See pp. 23, 24 ) Compositioiu, they considered
a form of (rrowth^ which takes place by the union of whole words; derivation^ a form of
growtk that takes place by the addition of parts of words, which are known as terminations,
suffixes, and prefixes. (See p. 25.)
Mi^5C>J5aO
TO THE READER.
The terminations were determined and classified under the heads of number, gender, case,
comparison, person, and tense. There are only nine of Anglo-Saxon origin. (See p. 25, at
the bottom.)
The suflSxes were also ascertained and arranged. They are twenty-five in number. (See p.
30. Their meaning and use are exhibited from pp. 30 to 40.)
TJie prefixes were next examined, and their nature and number settled. They are eighteen
in number. Their meaning and use are set forth from pp. 41 to 45.
The terminations, suffixes, and prefixes, thus determined, are presented at one view on page
50. They form (he whole materials of the growth of Anglo-Saxon words.
All these things the Association concluded to bring together in the First Part of the
Hand-Book, under the head of Instructions. They are things to be known.
Cut how shall these instructions be studied ? The Association, after due deliberation, pro-
pose three ways, any one of which may be adopted, according to the circumstances and
wants of the child. They may be studied by written or oral analysis. They may also be
studied topically., or as subjects. The child may take up the topic of the Instruction, study
and recite it in the order in which it is presented, attending to the name, origin, definition,
the THING for which the word stands, and show the correctness of his knowledge by giving
INSTANCES. Thus he may recite the first Instruction : —
The word, orthography, is derived from two Greek words, and means correct writing. This
study is not a new one. It was commenced when the first word was spelled or written. The
field of orthography is the written word. It teaches us to represent words by letters. If I
spell or write the word, book, for instance, it is an exercise in orthography.
The Association proceeded to apply the materials of the first part of the Hand-Book and
form a second part, which should consist of Studies instead of Instructions.
The law of mind, according to which the child acquires, first, nouns, next adjectives, and
then verbs, was made the basis of the classification of words, and the words of Anglo-Saxon
origin arranged accordingly in these three groups. In carrying out this classification in
its details, radical nouns are presented, and in connection with them, their terminations,
suflixes, and prefixes. In this way, the child is led forth from home, and passes over all the
objects that lie between it and heaven, gathering up their names Next adjectives are taken
up, and then verbs. They are presented and studied In the same way as the noun. (For the
entire classification, see page 8, of the Contents ; also pages 55, 102, 115 )
In addition to this, the Association added instances, giving the use of words. This is ex-
plained in the plan of study, on page 54. Attention is constantly directed to it in the first
word of every Study, which should serve as a model for all the other words, radical and
derivative.
An extract from Dr. Wisdom's address on the Anglo-Saxon part of the English language
is. introduced at the beginning of the volume, which should be carefully read, as giving a
clear, succinct, and condensed view of it.
The Association believe that a child capable of reading the Hand-Book of Anglo-Saxon
Orthography, may, in two quarters, study this book, and be in possession of some five thou-
sand of the choicest Anglo-Saxon words, and their meaning. He will then be ready for the
Hand-Book of the Gothic, Celtic, French, and Classic elements of the English language,
which should be immediately taken up.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ffivst ?&<ixU
THE MATERIALS OF A^fGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Instruction I. — Orthogbaphy Defined as the Study of "Written Words.
Inst. II. — Language in General.
Inst. III.— The English Language not IsTative to England.
Inst. IV. — The Origin of the English Language, and its Mixed Nature.
Inst. V. — The Anglo-Saxon Part of it.
Inst. YI. — Words. $
Inst. VII.— Words are the Beginning of Language.
Inst. VIII. — The Knowledge of Words stated.
Inst. IX.— Letters and Sounds as the Elements of Words.
Inst. X. — Syllables as the N'atural Parts of Words.
Inst. XI. — Quantity as the Time of Speech.
Inst. XII. — Accent as Change of Power in Speech.
"Inst. XIII. — Orthoepy and Orthography — the Spoken and Written Woed.
Inst. XIV. — Etymology, or the thue Account of Words.
Inst. XV.— Radical and Derivative Words.
Inst. XVI. — Composition of Words.
Inst. XVI T. — Derivation of Words.
Inst. XVIIL — Manner of Derivation by Terminations, Suffixes and Pre
fixes.
Inst. XIX. to XXV.— Terminations.
of Number,
of Case.
of Sex.
OF Comparison.
of Person of Verbs.
of Tense of Verbs.
Inst. XXVI. to XLIII. — ^^Suffixes : grouped according to their sense.
Inst. XLIV. to LIV. — Prefixes : grouped according to their sense.
In>t. LV. — Classification of Words.
Inst. LVI. — Plan of Study laid down.
Inst. LVII. — Materials of Anglo-Saxon Orthography.
Seconir ^atU
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Chap. I. — Studies Explained.
Chap. IL — The Plan Explained and Applied.
VIU CONTENTS.
Chap. III. — Home,
Studies : Home, Houses, Outhouses, Kinds of Houses, Groups of
Houses, Parts of a House, Household-Stuff, House-
hold, Husband a»d Wife, Father aud Mother,
Children, Servants, Food, Clothiug.
Chap. IV.— Maw.
Studies : Man, Body of Man, the Head, the Chest, the Upper
Limbs, tlxi Lower limbs, the Frame and Clothing
of the Body, States of the Body, Properties of the
Body, Diseases, Senses, Soul, States of the Soul,
Properties of the Soul.
Chap. V. — ^Business.
Studies: Hunting and Fishing, Farming, Building, Smithing
Warring, Trading, Ofl5ces.
Chap. VI. — Tools and Works of Man.
Studies : Tools and Works of the Hunter and Fisher, of the
Farmer, of the Housewright, of the Wheelwright,
\)f tlie Shipwright, of the Mdlwright, of the Smith,
of the Weaver, of the Housewife, of the Soldier, of
the Learned Callings, of Different Kinds of Business,
Weights and Measures.
Chap. VII. — Works of the Creator.
Studies: the Earth, Bodies of Land, Bodies of Water, Mine-
ral Bodies, Plants, Animals, Bodies in the Heavens^
Chap. VIIL— God.
Studies : God, Attributes, Relation of God to Man, the Abode
of Gud,
Chap. IX. — Place and Time.
Studies: Places on the Earth and in the Heavens, Relative
Places, Large Divisions of Time, Small Divisions of
Time, Relative Divisions of Time.
Chap. X. — Qualities.
Studies: Qualities of Home, of a House, Outhouses, Household-
Stuff, Household, Food, Clothing, Man, Body of Man,
Parts of the Body of Man, <»f the Soul, of the
Hunter and Hunting, of the Fisher, Farmer, War,
Mechanics, Manufacturers, Traders, Sailors, Learned
Callings, Officers, Works of Man, Works of God,
Miners, Plants, Animals, Light, God.
Chap. XL — Actions.
Studies : Actions of Man, Body of Man, Senses, of the Soul, of
the Household, Householder, Housekeeper, of the
Hunter, of the Fisher, of the Farmer, of the Me-
chanic, of Manufacturer, of Trader, of War, Lawyer,
of the Doctor, of the Teacher, of the Artist, of
Miners, of Plants, of Domestic Animals, of Wild
Animals, of the Earth, of the Heavens, of God.
Chap. XII.— Events.
Studies : Events of the Household, of the Occupations of Man,
of the Earth, of the Heavens, of GckI.
:•: }^iA^2/
DR. WISDOM
SAXON PART OF OUR LANGUAGE.
The address of Dr. Wisdom on English Grammar was soon followed by one
of equal interest on the Saxon part of our language. Profes-or Cadmus, in a
late communication to the Association, has kindly furnished an outline of
it. Dr. Wisdom, he says, was induced to prepare and deliver the address
by two facts, observed in his investigations in English Grammar : first, that
the structure and idiom of our language are Anglo-Saxon ; second, that its
few inflections are derived from the same source. These facts led him to enforce
the importance of paying greater attention to this part of our native tongue
DR. WISDOM ON THE SAXON PART OF OUR LANGUAGE.
Gentlemen, said Dr. Wisdom, it is a proud thing to have the English
language for our native speech. Its structure is simple and massive, and its
basis strong in all the elements of enduring power. Its history, to which I
lately directed your attention, has taught you these things.
Recall its outlines, gentlemen. From the present, look back on the past,
Tlie English language now reigns over a vast territory — United States, British
hies, Oxnada, Guiana, Jamaica, Guernsey, Jersey, Gibraltar, Liberia, Cape of
Good Hope, Malta, India, and Australia. Once, it was known only on tlie isle
of Thanet. Its home was Hanover and Westphalia, on the Continent Its
wanderings were by the etormy Baltic, Caucasus, and distant Indus.
It covers this territory, gentlemen, as a mixed language. It is found on
the Continent, and in those wanderings, as the Saxon tongue, a branch of the
great Teutonic family. As such, it was introduced into England in A. D. 450.
Six successive settlements established it on the island. It became a national
language in A. D. 836. The Celtic speech, the original language of the British
Isles, existed only in a few districts. New changes awaited our mother-tongue.
i^^'i^^ /^ j^Alx:pi^ :f.\kt of our language.
*T^fe D%Ee 'a'l^'lTorwegian came in A. D. 827, altered its form, and brought in
the Gothic eU^ment. Tlie ll^ornian- French conquered the Saxons in A. D. 1066,
and engrafted the French element upon the native stock. Other changes fol-
lowed. Latin and Greek words were freely introduced by the learned. Modern
English arose in the time of Elizabeth — arose wiih the Anglo-Saxon element
as the basis. To this element of our native speech, allow me to direct your
attention.
Gentlemen, said Dr. Wisdom, the love of our mother-tongue should be
strong as death. It is the speech of home and the heart, and contains treasures
of sacred memory. Who can forget, or neglect it, and not wound the dearest
interests of his nature ?
The Anglo Saxon is our mother- tongue. The French portion of our lan-
guage is associated with wrong and oppression. A few memories of taste
relieve this picture of it The Latin part belongs to arts, sciences and abstrac-
tions. The other elements, whicli enter into its composition, are puny exotics.
It is otherwise with the Anglo-Saxon. It forms the root, life, and beauty of
the English language.
Gentlemen, continued the Doctor, I wish you would weigh this matter, and
render a just verdict for our mother-tongue. The verdict, which I ask, is a
PREFERENCE to the Latin and French portions of the English language in the
education of our children. The grounds on which I ask this verdict are weighty
and just
1. The early words of home are Anglo-Saxon. It furnishes us with the
names of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter and child,
brother and sister, friends and kindred, and home itself.
2. The words of the heart are Anglo-Saxon. Such are love, hope,
sorrow, fear, tear, smile, blush, laughter, weeping, and sighing.
3. The words of early life are Anglo-Saxon. And who can overrate
their power? The foundations of the mind are laid amidst the objects for
•which they stand, and their associations.
4. The words which stand for sensible things are mainly Anglo-Saxon:
such, for instance, as the sun, moon, stars, water, earth, spring, summer, winter,
day, night, heat, cold ; and nearly all our bodily actions. These are the words
adapted to childhood.
5. The words of^ractical life are Anglo-Saxon. The farmer, the mer-
chant, the laborer and salesman use this part of our language. The names of
their instruments are mainly Anglo-Saxon.
6. The words that mark special varieties of objects, qualities, and
actions, are Anglo Saxon, and give peculiar weight and point to our language.
7. The grammar of the English language is Anglo-Saxon. Its struc-
ture, idiom, and inflections are derived from this source.
SAXON PART OF OUR LANGUAGE. V
On these grounds I rest my claim for a preference of our mother-tongue as
the basis of education in the English language. It is admirably adapted to
childhood, and capable of producing results, affecting happily the mind, heart,
and life of our children.
Dr. Wisdom continued : Counting on a verdict agreeable to these views,
allow me now to make some suggestions on the study of orthography.
The speaking and spelling of our language are widely different. This is
apparent to every reflecting mind. Indeed, the difference is so great that it
is almost useless to give any rules. What is to be done ? Shall we write as
we spell ? Shall we lop off every letter that does not enter into the pronun-
ciation of the word ? By no means. I would not tear away old associations, and
efface the early records of the history of English mind, as seen in the form ol
our words. I would learn the spoken language by the ear, and the written
language by the eye. This is a simple remedy fur the evil, and the only cer-
tain way of acquiring oral and written speech.
I would teach the growth of our language also, said Dr. Wisdom. Tlie
common practice is otherwise. Analysis is preferred to synthesis. I would
reverse this order. I would begin with the radical word, show the process ot
derivation and composition, and point out the exchanges of one part of speech
for another. In this way, the child would be introduced to the formation ot
his language. Indeed, he would form the language himself; and it would be to
him as a living thing, because it would be the expression of his own mind. To
make this mode of studying our language complete, I would always link the
wordu with the things for which they stand, and reduce them to practice at once
by giving instances. I would also arrange them in families, or groups, under
the leading xoprcs of thought, and thus link them for ever to the objects to
which they relate.
It remains, added Dr. Wisdom, to define the place of the study of
English orthography. There is danger of introducing it too early into the
course of education. It should receive attention from the beginning ; but its
study, as such, should be commenced after the elements of English grammar
have been mastered. And why ? The study of orthography should embrace
definition and the u&3 of words in sentences. Instances should complete every
exercise. Now, these things cannot be attended to without some knowledge of
grammar. The nou\i muH be defi7ied by the noun, and the verb by the verb.
Such, gentlemen, U our mother-tongue in outline. We are proud of it. If
other languages are hke the scimeter of Saladin, bright and keen, the Anglo-
Saxon is like the mace of Richard, a thing of power. It is well used only by
one man on this continent.
But, gentlemen, the Anglo-Saxon is not all the English language. The
Gothic, Celtic, French, Latin, and. Greek elements are invested with much
Vi SAXON PART OF OUR LANGUAGE.
interest, and must be called up to your attention at no distant day. I am am-
bitious. I wish to hasten the dawn of a new era in education. The time is
at hand, when the professor of the English language shall sit side by side with
the doctors of Latm and Greek ; but he shall do so on the condition of placing
the old Anglo-Saxon above the classics, and making Alfred and Caedmou and
Bede more honorable than Virgil and Homer. Gentlemen, our old moiher-
tongue has endured two captivities: one under the Norman-French, the other
under the Latin and Greek. From the former, it was delivered under the reign
of a king : from the latter, it is about to return under a president.
FIRST PART,
MATERIALS OF ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
niND-BOOK
OF
ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY.
INSTRUCTION I.
OETnOGEAPIIY.
The word, orthography^ is of foreign origin. It is derived
from two Greek words, and means correct writing. If I spell,
or write the word roch^ for instance, the exercise is one in
orthography.
The study of orthography is not a new one. It was com-
menced when ihQ first word was spelled, or written, and has
been pursued in some way or other ever since. Even while
reading, it receives attention. The eye fixes the forms of
words upon the mind, as it fixes the shapes of sensible
objects.
The field or extent of this study is easily defined. It is
WRITTEN WORDS. Orthography teaches us to write or rep-
resent the words of spoken language by certain marks, called
letters. As such, it is a part of the study of language.
14 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
INSTRUCTION it.
LANGUAGE.
Language is a familiar thing. It is known in the daily
intercourse of life. The child uses it to tell his wants and
hopes : the sage uses it to declare his opinions.
The «rord, language^ is of Latin origin. It comes from the
name of the tongice, because this organ is chiefly used in form-
ing it. It is now the name of that system of sounds, or
marks, by which we make known our thoughts. If I speak
or write my thoughts about a rose or a book, the exercise is
one in language.
The study of language is one of great interest. As far as
we are able to judge, language, in the first instance, came
from God. There was only one language in Eden. There
are now about three thousand varieties of it upon the earth.
Some of these are only spoken : others are both spoken and
written. Some of the languages are written in pictures,
others in symbols, and others still in letters. Among these,
we find our own — ^the Enghsh language.
INSTRUCTION ill.
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
This is our native tongue. It is spoken by the English
and their descendants in every part of the earth.
It is not the native language of the country, called Eng-
land. It was imported from the ]S"orth of Germany by the
Angles and Saxons about 450 A. D. The name of the lan-
guage, as well as the country of England, is derived from
one of these tribes, the Angles.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY. 15
The Englisli language is now spreading fast over tlie
earth. It has already won its way into all quarters of the
globe. It is spoken in England, Scotland, and Ireland;
Malta, Gibraltar, Gruernsey, Jersey, Cape of Good Hope,
India, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Canada, and the
United States.
INSTRUCTION IV.
THE OEIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
The English language is not the native speech of Eng-
land. It came from that part of Germany now known as
Hanover. The Angles and Saxons introduced it into
Britain, now called England, about A. D. 450. Since
that time, it has undergone many changes, and is now a
mixed language. It has received words from the French,
Gothic, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew lan-
guages. The Anglo-Saxon part is the basis. It is the
mother-tongue of the present English.
The Gothic words are very much like the Anglo-Saxon.
They are Danish, Swedish, Dutch, and German. Such are
the words, hoor, shop, scliooner, ivaltz.
The French words are quite numerous. They were in-
troduced chiefly at the Korman conquest, A. D. 1066. Such
are the words, depot^ bouquet.
Words of Spanish origin are limited in number. From
this source, we have casie^ platina^ musquito.
Words of Italian origin belong chiefly to music and paint-
ing. Such are piano-forte, stanza, sketch, solo^ falsetto.
The words derived from the Latin and Greek are quite
numerous. They belong chiefly to the arts and sciences, and
abstract qualities of things.
16 ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY. '
The Hebrew supplies us witli a few words. Such, are 055,
jubilee, Pharisee, Essene, Talmud^ and some others.
The different living languages, now on the earth, have
supplied us with a variety of words. These have been in-
troduced by commerce and travel. We may mention here
the Celtic, Eussian, Polish, Bohemian, Georgian, Persian,
Arabic, Chinese, African, and native American languages.
INSTRUCTION V.
TBE ANGLO-SAXOX PAET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
The name, Anglo-Saxon^ is derived from the Angles and
Saxons, German tribes, who began to settle in what is now
called England, about A. D. 450. They drove out the old
inhabitants, called Celts, if we except Wales and small
portions of Scotland, Ireland, and England.
The Anglo-Saxon is truly our mother-tongue — ^truly the
English language. The words, borrowed or introduced from
the various living and dead languages, have been merely
engrafted upon it and partake of its form and nature.
The Anglo-Saxon portion of our language includes about
TWENTY-THREE THOUSAND words. Most of these are in
common use.
1. They are the early loords of home. Such are the names
of father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, child, home.
2. They are the names of our first feelings. Such are the
words love, hope, sorrow, fear, smile, blush, laugh, sigh,
groan.
8. The words ofjpractical life are chiefly Anglo-Saxon. They
occur on the farm, in the shop, counting-house, and market.
The tales of love and sorrow in every family are told in
Anglo-Saxon words.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 17
4. The names of sensible objects^ sucli as first awaken llie
mind and are always with us, are Anglo-Saxon. Sucli are
the names of the sun, moon, stars ; earth, fire, water ; spring,
summer, winter ; day and night ; light, heat, and cold ; land
and sea ; and many others.
INSTRUCTION VI.
WOKDS.
Words form the materials of language. With these, we
give shape to our thoughts and feelings. They become
vocal^ and touch the ear. They become visible^ and please
the eye.
Words are familiar and well-known things. They form
part of our daily life, and, like fuel, feed the constant desire
to talk. Words are signs of things. When I speak or
write the word, rose, you think at once of the flower for which
it stands ; the object is recalled, and seen and smelled again.
The English language, which is our native tongue, con-
tains about SIXTY THOUSAND words.
INSTRUCTION VII.
WORDS AEE THE BEGINNING OF LANGUAGE.
Language docs not begin with the alphabet. Single
sounds, such as are expressed by letters, are unknown to
childhood. Entire words, like entire objects, fix attention.
Their sound pleases the ear. Their form, when written, fixes
the eye.
The child playing, or listening to household conversation,
picks up whole words as he picks up whole pebbles and
flowers in his early walks. Thus language begins — ^begins
18 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
with words. Simple sounds and letters are learned after-
wards.
INSTRUCTION V|II.
THE KNOWLEDGE OF WORDS.
A WORD, like a sensible object, was the point of departure.
Here the ear was attracted. Here the organs of speech were
first exercised. As the child, at first, thinks little or nothing
of the parts of things, so he thinks little of the parts of words.
He knows not that they have parts. The whole lamp
catches his eye. The whole words, papa and mamma, catch
his ear. So his knowledge of words begins.
It begins with whole ivords. From a whole word, the child
proceeds to a knowledge of its parts, leiiers and their sounds^
or advances to new words formed from it.
Let U.S take, for instance, the word, father. He learns to
divide it into two parts, fa and ther, and these again into the
letters, yj a, t, h, e, r.
He learns also to join other words or parts ol words to it,
and form new ones. Thus, he forms fiithers, iaiheilike,
father/iooc?, tmfatherZy.
INSTRUCTION IX.
LETTERS AND SOUNDS.
The sixty thousand words that compose the English
language are spoken with forty sounds, and written with
twenty-six letters, or characters. These are called the
ALPHABET.
The sounds and letters will now be presented at one view,
under the heads of vowels, dip>hthongs^ and consonants.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 19
I. Vowel Sounds. There are twelve vowel sounds.
1. a as in father.
2. a as in fat.
S. a as in fate.
4. a or aw as in water, law.
5. e as in mete.
6. e as in met.
7. I as m pm.
8. as in note.
9. as in not.
10. 00 as in fool.
11. w as in tube.
12. u as in tub.
II. Diphthongs. There are four diphthongs.
1. ou as in house. 3. ew as in new.
2. 01 as in boil. 4. V as in bite.
III. Consonants. There are twenty-four consonants.
1. w
as in woe.
13.
th
as in thin.
2. y
as in ye.
14.
ill
as in thine.
3. I
as in low.
15.
9
as in gun.
4. m
as in man.
16.
h
as in kin.
5. n
as in not.
17.
s
as in sin.
6. r
as in ran.
18.
sh
as in shine.
7.^
as in pan.
19.
z
as in zeal.
8. 6
as in bin.
20.
zh
as in azure.
9. V
as in van.
21.
ch
as in chin.
10./
as in fan.
22.
j
as in jest.
11. if
as in tin.
23.
ng
as in sing.
12. c^
as in din.
24.
h
as in he.
If we look over the forty sounds of our language, as pre-
sented in this view of them, the twelve vowel sounds are
represented by five letters, three of the diphthongs by two
letters each, and one of them by one letter. The twenty-four
sounds known as consonants are represented by eighteen
letters. This is done by making z stand for two sounds, th
for two, and sA, ch and ng for separate sounds. The letters
c, X and q are of little or no use. C is represented by i*
'iO ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
in words like cake, and by 5, in words like cider : x is the
same as ks or gs^ and g[ is the same as hw.
INSTRUCTION X.
SYLLABLES.
Many of the sixty thousand words which compose the
English language cannot be sounded at once. Such are
words like father, river, contentment. They are broken into
parts, called syllables ; as, fa-ther-ly.
A syllable is a word, or so tyiucIi of one as can he sounded at
once; as, man, riv-er, cheer-ful-ly.
The division of words into syllables requires attention.
It may be understood by attending to a few rules.
1. Two vowels are separated, when they do not form a
diphthong: li-on, cru-el.
2. A single consonant is joined to the latter of two vowels :
fa-tal, pa-per.
3. Two consonants coming between two vowels are com-
monly separated : car-man, bar-ter, con-tents.
4. Three or more consonants coming between two vowels
are not separated, if the first vowel is long: de-throne,
a-thwart.
5. Three or more consonants are separated when they
cannot be readily sounded together: trans-gress, ab-stract.
6. Terminations are commonly separated : teach-er, fish-er.
INSTRUCTION XI.
QUANTITY.
The voice, in sounding letters, syllables, or words, may
be prolonged or shortened. This is called quantity.
ANGLO-SAXON" ORTHOGRAPHY. 2t.
Quantity is length of voice^ as heard m vowels and syllahles.
A vowel is long when it is allowed to vanisli away ; as,
Ca-to, fa-tlier. It is short when part of its sound is cut off ;
as, fat, bzt, at
A syllable is long when the voice, in sounding it, is pro-
longed ; as, feet, sit, shut. It is short when the voice is
hurried over it ; as, bat-ter, in-com-pat-i-ble.
Quantity requires constant attention. It gives a pleasing
variety to conversation and reading. But it is seldom
observed. The signs of quantity are ■^•, — , as in presume.
INSTRUCTION XII.
ACCENT.
The voice, in sounding words of more than one syllable,
varies its /orce. It is stronger on one syllable than on another.
This is called accent. Accent is force of voice on one or more
s-yllables of a tuord. It is observed on the syllable t?j in
iy-Ynnij and the syllable sume in the word ipre-sume.
Accent is very important. It gives a pleasing variety to
the sound of a word, and in many cases, even fixes its mean-
ing. Its sign is /. This is called the acute accent. The
other accents are of no moment in this place.
Its importance is seen in the change which it produces
in some words. Thus :
August,.th.Q name of a month. Au-gust, the quality of a person.
Min-ute^ sixty seconds. Minute, small.
Des-ert, a wilderness. Desert, what one deserves.
INSTRUCTION XIII.
OETHOEPT AND OETIIOGEAPHT.
The words of our language may be either spoken or
written. In the one case, they are addressed to the ear ; in
22 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
the otlier case, to the eye. They appear as audible or visible
tilings. To make tliem audible is the province of orthoepy :
to make them visible is the work of orthography.
Orthoepy is derived from two Grreek words, and means
correct speaking. It teaches us the spoken word ; its sounds,
syllables, and accents. If I sound the word, minute^ it is an
exercise in orthoepy.
Orthography is derived from two Greek words, and means
correct writing. It teaches us the written word ; its letters,
syllables, and accents. If I spell or write the word, desert^
it is an exercise in orthography.
INSTRUCTION XIV.
ETYMOLOGY.
It is not enough to be able to speak and write words. We
wish to know their origin^ and the changes through which
they have passed, or their history. Etymology tells us
about these things.
Etymology is derived from two Greek words, and means
the true account of a word. It treats of the descent of words,
and their changes of form. As such, it introduces us to
knowledge of the first importance. An instance will explain
the whole subject. The word, child, is an original one, and
means issue, or what is produced. From this word, others
are formed ; as, children^ childhood^ childlike^ childish^ child-
ishly. They differ from it in form and meaning. To point
out such differences, and mark the true descent of words, is
the business of etymology.
Another instance : I take the word, ungodly. I remove
the part, ly^ which means like, and the part, un^ which means
not. Thus is left the complete word, God^ which is an
original one, and comes from the Saxon. It means good.
ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY. 23
This is etymology, since it gives a true account of tlie word,
ungodly^ its changes of form, descent, and meaning.
INSTRUCTION XV.
BADIOAL AND DEEIVATIVE WOEDS.
In seeking the origin of words, we find some that are not
derived from other words, and some that are. We find
RADICAL and DERIVATIVE WOrds.
The term, radical^ is taken from the Latin, and means
helonging to the root. As the root gives rise to the stem and
branches, so do certain words give rise to others. Care^ for
instance, is a word of this class ; and from it are derived the
words care/w?, carefe, carefaZy, and others. It is a radical
word.
A radical word is one that gives rise to others. Man is such
a word, as it is the source from which manly ^ unmanly^
manlike^ and others, are derived.
The term, derivative^ is taken from the Latin, and means
tending from a source^ as a stream from its fountain. As
streams are derived from fountains, so are some words
derived from other words. Thoughtless is a word of this
class, as it is derived from the word, thought. It is a deriva-
tive word.
A derivative loord is one that has its origin in some other word.
Ungodly is such a word, as it has its origin in the word, God,
INSTRUCTION XVI.
THE COMPOSITION OF WORDS. ^
Words are brought together in speech to express our feel-
ings. We speak of a black berry, a black bird, a red bird.
Words are iil^o joined^ and form new ones. This is the COM-
24 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
POSITION of words. Fox-hunter, sea-sick, black-bird, and.
father-land, are produced by composition.
The coiii'position of words is the union of two or more luords to
form a new one. The word, thus formed, is called a com-
pound one ; and the words from which it is formed, are
known as simple words.
A simple word is one that is not combined with another. Ship,
wreck, watch, maker, tea, cup, are simple words.
A compound word is one that is formed from two or more
simple words hy combination. Ship-wreck, watch-maker, tea-
cup, cock-crowing, are compound words.
INSTRUCTION XVII.
THE DERIVATION- OF WORDS.
Vast numbers of the words of the English language are
derived from other words. Their descent is easily traced,
and their origin pointed out. An instance will explain this.
If we examine the word, mimindful^ it will be seen at once
that we can take away the parts, un^ and fu\ and there will
still remain the word, inind. We say, then, that unmindful
is derived from mind^ by the addition of un and ful. This
is an exercise in derivation.
The word, derivation^ is from two Latin words, meaning
from a stream. It treats of the descent of words from their
sources in other words, and points out the manner in which
they arise, as a traveller would point out the course of rivers,
and trace them to fountains in the remote table-lands. It
directs our attention to two classes of words, radical and de-
rivative, as composition directed it to two classes, simple and
compound.
A radical word is one that gives rise to other words. Child,
man, and book are radical words.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 25
A derivative word is one that ha^s its origin from another word.
Manly is a derivative word, and has its origin from man,
INSTRUCTION XVIII.
THE MANNER OF DEEIVATION.
How is one word derived from another ? This is a usef al
question, and should be carefully studied.
Derivation takes place in three ways : by terminations,
by SUFFIXES, and by prefixes.
A termination is a letter or letters added to the end of a word
to vary its meaning. The s in fathers, and the er in wiser, are
terminations. A termination shows the relation of one word
to another.
A suffix is a letter or letters placed at the end of a word to form,
a Tiew one. Less, in childless, and hood, in GhildJiood, are
suffixes.
A prefix is a letter or letters placed before a word to form a
new one. A, in abroad, and mis, in misguide, are prefixes.
Terminations, suffixes, and prefixes answer the same pur-
poses in a family of words as christian names in a family
of persons. They mark the individuals.
INSTRUCTION XIX.
TERMINATIONS.
Many derivative words are formed by terminations. The
addition of a letter or letters changes the form of the radical
word, and varies its meaning.
The Anglo-Saxon terminations are as follows : s, n, r, st,
ress, ster, st, th, and ed. These may be considered under the
heads of number, case, comparison, gender, person, and
tense.
2
2S
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGBAPHT-
INSTRUCTION XX,.
TEEMINATI0N8 THAT M A E K N¥MBEE.
8, ES, E», AND A CHANGE OF VOWEL.
The names of single things are changed into the names
of two or more things by certain terminations. These are
5, es, and en. A change of vowel, in some cases, answers
the same purpose : man, men.
If the word ends in / the / is changed into v before es :
loaf, loaves. K it ends in y, the y is changed into i : lady,
\dkdiies.
ES.
EN.
Change
Of
Vowel.
More
than
one.
Spade, a tool to dig with.
Spade5, two or more tools to dig with.
Plough, a tool to turn up the soil.
Ploughs, two or more tools to turn up the soil.
Box, a chest or case.
Boxe«, two or more chests.
Dish, a broad, open vessel.
Dishcs, two or more broad, open vessels.
Ox, a domestic animal.
Ox(fw, two or more domestic animala*
Foot, the lower part of the leg.
Yeev, two or more lower parts of the leg;
Man, a human being full grown.
MeN, two or more human beings full growiL
INSTRUCTION XXI.
TEBMINATIONS THAT MAEK OASS,
The names of persons and things become the names of
possessors by certain terminations. These are '5, '.
The termination h consists of two parts, the s and the
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY. 27
mark ', called apostroplie, wliich marks the absence of a
vowel : §jiiitlia5 hat, Smith's hat
The termination ' is used in the plural, when the word
ends in 5; trees'5, trees'. The s after the apostrophe is
dropped, because there would be too much of the hissing
sound if it was retained.
The boy's book, or the book that belongs to the boj.
The micn's spades, or tlie spades owned by the men.
Possession.ThQ trees' leaves, or the leaves belonging to tli^ti'ees.
The oxen's horns, or the horns possessed by the oxen.
The ships' sails, or the sails belonging to the ships.
INSTRUCTION XXII.
TERMINATI0X8 THAT MARK SEX.
ESS, AND STEU.
The names of some male animals and persons are changed
into the names of female animals or persons bj certain ter-
minations. These are ess, and ster.
EXERCISE.
ESS.
8TER.
Liox, a male animal of the cat tribe.
^ LioNcss, a female animal of the cat tribe.
female. Poet, a male person who writes verse.
PoETCss, a female person who writes verse.
A
also one ^riNs^er, a female person who spins.
iffho ^oyastress, a female person who sings,
guides. TEXuster, one who guides a team.
28 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
INSTRUCTION XXIII.
TEEMINATIONS THAT MARK OOMPAKISOX.
R, ER, ST, EST.
The names of qualities undergo some change of form.
Certain terminations are added that change their form and
meaning. These are r or er, which means more; st or est^
which means most. The termination r or er means the rela-
tion between two things expressed by more ; and the ter-
mination st or est means the relation between many, expr3ssed
by most.
R.
ER.
ST.
EXERCISE.
"Wise, having knoAvledge.
"WisEr, having more knowledge than another.
^ More, ^^^'^ "^°^^^^-
Fair*?/", more comely than another.
Narrow, having little breadth.
NARR0W<?r, having less breadth than another.
Safe, secure from harm.
Saf^s^, most secure of all from harm.
\ Most ^^^^■'' '^''^"°-
I Stoutcs^, tlie strongest of all.
EST. I Broad, having mucli width.
L Broadcs^, having the most width of alL
INSTRUCTION XXIV.
TERMINATIONS THAT MARK THE PERSONS OF VERBS.
T, ST, S, TH.
Yerbs form a very large class of words. They always
declare something. They do so of the first persouj or speaker ;
the second person^ or one spoken to ; the third person^ or one
spoken of. To do so, they undergo some change of form by
taking the terminations t, st, s, th.
T.
ST.
S.
TIL
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 29
Am : I, the speaker, exist
Ant: thou, the person spoken to, existest.
"Was : I, the speaker, did exist.
"WASif; thou, the person spoken to, didst exist.
Shall: I, the speaker, determine.
One spoken gu^^^ ; thou, the person spoken to, determinest.
Will : I, the speaker, purpose.
Second Person '■ ,
Wiht : thou, the person spoken to, purposest
Love : I, the speaker, delfght in something.
LovKst : thou, the person spoken to, delightest in something.
Speak: I, the speaker, make sounds.
Speak^s^ : tliou, the person spoken to, makest sounds
Walk : I, the speaker, move with my feet.
WALK.<f, or vTALKeih : he, the person spoken of, moves with
his feet
One spoken y^nnK: I, the speaker, make marks.
Writes ; wRueth, he, the person spoken of, makes marks.
Ttird Person. ' ' '- '
Ride: T, tlie speaker, move on horseback.
Ride.s : vADKth, he, tlie person spoken of, moves on horse-
back
INSTRUCTION XX>A.
TERMINATIONS THAT MARK THE TEXSE OF YEEB9.
D, ED, OU CHANGE OF VOWELS.
Yerbs declare sometliing at different times. Sometimes
they declare it now, at other times, before now. To do so,
they undergo some change of form, by taking the termina-
tion d or edj or changing a vowel.
EXERCISE.
r Live, to have life now.
I LivEc/, had life be/ore now.
^' I Walk, to move with the feet now.
ED 1 ^^"^^^^ "^^' Walke^ did move with the feet before now.
Hope, to expect sotnething now.
Hopec?, did expect something before now.
30 ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGEAPHY.
Speak, to utter sounds now.
Oh f V 1 ^^^^^ ^^^ utter sounds before now.
Write, to make marks now.
"Wrote, did make marks before now.
INSTRUCTION XXVI.
SUFFIXES.
Yast numbers of tlie derivative words of tlie English lan-
guage are formed by suffixes.
The word, suffix, is derived from two Latin words, and
means that which is fastened upon. Like, in the word father-
like, is a suffix, and is fastened on to the word father.
A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a word to form
a new one. It changes the form of the radical word, and
gives us a new one with a new meaning.
The Anglo-Saxon suffixes are as follows: 7dn, och, ling,
ie, en, ish, ness, hood, head, dom, ship, ric, age, ly, like, wise,
less, some, ful, ing, en, ward> n, y, er.
INSTRUCTION XXVII.
DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES.
KIN, OCK, LING, IE.
The suffixes, Tcin, och, ling, and ie, are called diminutives,
because they lessen the meaning of the words after which
they are placed. They mean small and dear.
ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
81
KIN.
OCK.
LING.
IE.
Small
and
dear.
Lamb, a young slieep.
JuXiOikin, a small young slieep.
Pipe, a clay tube with a bowL
Fipkin, a small earthen boiler.
Hill, an elevation of land.
HiLLock, a small elevation of land
Bull, the male of the ox tribe.
BuLLoc^, a small male of the ox tribe.
Duck, a water fowl.
DvcKling, a small or young water fowL
Lord, a master or ruler.
liORDling, a small or little ruler.
Lass, a young country girl.
luASsie, a small young country girL
Lady, a noble woman.
Ladzc, a small and dear noble woman.
The suffix, ie, is used only in tlie Lowlands of Scotland,
and in some kinds of poetry.
INSTRUCTION XXV1I1.
MOEE DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES.
EN, AND A CHANGE OF VOWEL.
A change of vowel is a common way of forming deriva-
tive words. In a few instances, this change lessens the
meaning of the radical word, and is a diminutive suffix ; as,
kit from cat
EN.
Change
of
Vowel.
Cock, a male barn-yard fowl.
CniCKew, a small or young barn-yard fowl.
■ Cat, a four-footed animal of the tiger tribe.
KiTT(?n, a little or young cat.
Cat, a four-footed animal of the tiger tribe.
Kit, a little or young eat.
„ „ Goat, a four-footed animal like the sheep.
Small. ^^ -,. ,,
Kid, a little or young goat
Top, the highest part of anything.
Tip, the smallest point of the top.
82 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY,
INSTRUCTION XXIX.
THE surFix, isn.
The suffix, ish^ is an important one, and forms a large clas^
of diminutive words. It has three meanings.
Ish^ added to adjectives^ means someivhatj or a small degree
of the quality : white, whitish.
Ishj added to proper names, denotes possession : EnglM^
DsLTiish, Swedish,
Ish, added to common names, means partaking of: fool,
ioolish; brute, hrdiish.
EXERCISE.
Green, a color.
Greenz'sA, somewhat green.
Dark, want of light.
DARK^■sA, somewhat dark.
Dane, an inhabitant of Denmark.
Danish, belonaing to the Dane.
lSR.-{ Possession, cs • iTu-^ i. c a j
Swede, an inhabitant of Sweden.
Swedish, belonging to the Swede.
Fool, one void of sense.
Partaking Foohish, partaking of the nature of a fool.
of. Rogue, a dishonest fellow.
JioGvish, partaking of the nature of a rogue.
Somewhat.
INSTRUCTION XXX.
THE SUFFIX, NESS.
The suffix, ness^ forms about thirteen hundred deriva-
tive words, and has three meanings.
It is added to adjectives, and forms names that denote the
quality or state of the adjectives : good, goodness ; wide,
widewe55.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
83
NESS. ^
Hard, firm to the touch.
Quality IlARDness, the quality of being firm.
of-
State of.
Smooth, even to the touch.
SMooTiiness, the quality of being even.
Wicked, evil in heart or practice.
WicKEDWtfss, the state of being eviL
Crude, raw or rough.
CRUDEwess, the state of being raw or rough.
Careful, full of care.
Carefulticss, the state of being full of care.
Roguish, partaking of a rogue.
RoGUisHwess, the state of partaking of a rogue.
Manly, like a man.
Manliw^ss, the state of being like a man.
Toilsome, somewhat wearisome.
ToiLsoMEness, the state of being somewhat wearied.
Froward, wilful disobedience.
FRowARDne«s, the state of wilful disobedience.
Healthy, a sound state,
HjEALTHiwfis*, the state of being sound.
INSTRUCTION XXX.
THE SUFFIX, HOOD.
The suffix, hood^ is one of much interest. It is derived from
a word which means to ordain or place a thing. Its common
meanings are, state^ quality^ and condition.
Hood is added to certain names, and means state: boy,
ho J hood; man, man/iooc?.
Hood is added to the names of persons in office, and means
condition: priest, priestAood
Hood is added to adjectives, and means the qualities which
they express : hardy, hardiAooc?.
2*
84
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
HOOD. -{
EXERCISE.
"Woman, the female of the human race.
WoMAshood, the state of the female of the human race.
Man, the male of the human race.
Man/< ooc^ the state of the male of the human race.
Knight, a man of military rank.
Kmawihood, the condition of a man of military rank.
Priest, one who waits on the altar.
PuiEST/iooc^ the condition of one who waits on th<3 altar.
Lusty, stout or strong.
Quality LusTi/tood^ the quality of being stout.
of. Likely, like truth.
LiKELiAooo?, the quality of being like the truth.
State.
Condi-
tion.
I NSTR UCTIO N XXXII.
THE SUFFIX, HEAD.
This suffix is derived from a word wliicli means to Jieave^
and then that which is high. It denotes the nature of a
thing.
C God, the Supreme Being, Creator.
I GoDhead, the nature of the Supreme Being.
HEAD J ^^^^^^^ Hardy, bold, daring.
' I of. llAKmhood, the nature of being bold.
I Maiden, an unmarried woman.
L MAiDENAcac^ or hood, the nature of an unmarried woman.
INSTRUCTION XXXIII.
THE SUFFIX, DOM.
The suffix, dom, is of doubtful origin. It is likely derived
from a Saxon word, which means law, or rule. Its common
are, dominion^ state, or office, quality and act.
DO^L'
AI^GLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 35
Duke, a nobleman.
_ . . DvKEdom, the dominions of a duke.
Dominion, ^y. ^, ^ if ^•
King, the supreme ruler of a nation.
KiHGdom, the dominions of a king.
Free, without restraint.
FRKKdom, the state of being free.
Thrall, slavery.
TaKAhdom, the state of slavery.
Wise, having knowledge.
Wi&dom, the quality of being wise.
J . Martyr, one put to death for his cause.
MARTYB^fom, the act of putting one to d«ath for his cause.
Slate.
Quality.
INSTRUCTION XXXIV.
THE SUFFIX, SHIP.
Ship forms an interesting class of derivative words. It
is derived from a Saxon word, which, means malce^ or sha;pe.
Its common meaning now is, s^ate, or office,
EXERCISE.
Friend, one attached to another by love.
FRiENDs/tip, the state of being attached by love to another.
Son, a male child.
Soaship, the state of a son. ^
State or Court, to seek favor.
Q^ce. CovRTship, the state of seeking favor.
"Workman, one who labors.
WoRKMANsAi/), the state or character of the work.
King, one who rules as the head of a nation.
KisQship, state of a supreme ruler.
INSTRUCTION XXXV.
THE SUFFIXES, EID AXD AQB.
Bic is used in a few cases. It comes from a Saxon word
which means rich, or powerful This is still its meaning after
SHIP.
36
ANGLO-SAXOIT OETHOGRAPHY.
names of persons; as, Fredenc. It commonly denotes of
fice^ or rank ; also, dominions.
Age^ as a suffix, means state^ or rank ; also, dominions.
RIC.
AGE J
EXERCISE.
Office, or Brsnop, an officer who oversees the churcli.
rank. Bisnorm, the office of a bishop.
Pupil, a scholar.
State, or TvpiLage, the state of a scholar.
rank Peer, a nobleman.
V^E&age, the state or rank of a peer.
INSTRUCTION XXXVI.
THE SUFFIXES, LT, LIKE, WISE.
Ly and lilce are different forms of tlie same suffix. They
are derived from a Saxon word, and mean like. They ex-
press resemblance^ and sometimes manner. Wise is a Saxon
word, and means manner.
LY.
LIKE.
WISE.
Man, the male of the human specieat
MAN/y, like a man.
Friend, one attached to another by loTe.
Friend/?/, like a friend.
Resem- ^'^^^'^^ ^^^^ female of the human species.
blance, WoMAN/iA;(?, like a woman.
or Cold, not warm to the touch.
Manner. ColdZi/, in a manner cold.
Rude, rough, not refined.
Rude/?/, in a manner rude, or a rude manner.
Like, equal in some way.
LiKEwise, in like manner.
AUGLO-SAXON OETHOGBAPHT.
S7
INSTRUCTION XXXVII.
THE SUFFIXES, LESS AND SOME.
Less is a common suffix. It comes from a word wLicli
means to hose or separate. Its common meaning is without^
wanting something.
Some is derived from a Saxon word, denoting a certain
quantity. Its sense, in common usage, is quantity in a greater
or less degree.
LESS.
SOMR-{ Somewhat.
Cash, ready money.
Cash/-?**, without ready money.
Without. Y^yjY^^ what is produced by the earth.
Yvivnless, without fruit.
BuTiiE, cheerful.
BLiTHE.sowie, somewhat cheerful.
Glad, joyous.
GrhKHsome, somewhat joyous.
Mettle, spirit, ardor.
MKTTLEsome, somewhat spirited.
INSTRUCTION XXXVIII.
THE SUFFIX, FUL.
The suffix, ful^ is of Saxon origin. It is derived from a
word wliich. means com'plete. It commonly means ihound-
ing in,
EXERCISE.
Hope, the expectation of future good.
Hope/w/, abounding in hope.
, Abound- Fruit, the productions of the earth.
^ j ^^9 «w- FRurr/w/, abounding in fruit.
Care, toil, or anxiety.
I Caee/w^, abounding in care.
88
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGKAPHY.
INSTRUCTION XXXIX.
THE SUFFIX, INa.
Ing is an important suffix, and forms a large class of deri-
vative words. It commonly means tending to or continuing
io: laugh, IsiUgking ; shame, shammy.
ING.
Cleanse, to make clean.
Tending Cleanszw^, tending to make clean.
to. Amuse, to please, av entertain.
AMUsm^, tending to amuse.
Walk, to move with the feet.
Continu- WALKznj', continuing to move with the feet.
inff to. Write, to make marks with a pen.
WEiTm^r, continuing to make marks with a pen.
INSTRUCTION XL.
THE SUFFIXES, WAED, EEN.
Ward^ as a suffix, is added to nouns and forms adverbs.
It is derived from a word which means to turn to. Its com-
mon meaning is towards^ in a certain direction, Em is a
Saxon suffix, and has the sense of place.
WARD.
ERN.
Towards
Place.
EXERCISE.
Home, thi place where one lives.
IIoMEioarc^ towards home.
Heaven, the place overhead, the sky, the place of God's throne.
HEAVEXwarc?, towards heaven.
North, a point in the heavens.
NoRTuwarc?, towards the north.
East, the point of the heavens where the sun rises.
EASTerw, the place of the rising of the sun.
N, EN.
ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGRAPHy. 39
INSTRUCTON XLI.
THE SUFFIX, N, EN.
This suffix is derived from an old Saxon word, and lias
tlie sense of giving or bestowing. In its common nsage, it
has two meanings. It is added to nouns to make adjectives,
and means made of. It is added to adjectives to make verbs,
and means to make.
EXERCTSK
Oak, a tree, or a certain ■wood
Oakcw, made of oak.
•'* Silk, the thread produced by a worm.
SiLKCH, made of silk.
Soft, yielding to the touch.
„ , barren, to make soft.
To make. ,
Black, a color.
Black^^, to make black.
INSTRUCTION XLII.
THE SUFFIX, Y.
This suffix is of Saxon origin, and has tlie sense of hold-
ing or possessing. It has now three meanings : little^ place
wliere^ and quality. Baker, bakery, and might, mighty, are
instances.
EXERCISE.
{ume Jt dear. ^^°^' ^ ^^^^^ ^^"^^- , .,,
Bab?/, a little young child.
Nurse, to nourish as a babe. )
NuRSER, one who nourishes. )
Place where Purser?/, the place where a child is nursed.
Fisii, to take fish. ' )
Fisher, one who takes fish. )
FisHERy, the place where fish are taken.
Might, power.
MiGHTy, the quality of power.
Quality of. c raft, cunning.
Cbaft^, the quality of cunning.
Y.<
ER.
40 ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
INSTRUCTION XLIII.
TUBE SUFFIX, EB.
jEV is an important suffix, and forms a large number of
words that are names of agents. It has tlie sense of agentj
or doer.
EXERCISE.
Plough, to turn up the soil with the plough.
FhoVGiier, one who turns up the soil with a plough.
one wiio S^^'MBERfr, one who sleeps.
Mow, to cut with a scythe.
Mow^r, one who cuts with a scythe.
INSTRUCTION XLIV.
PREFIXES.
Derivative words are formed by prefixes, as well as
suffixes and terminations. J/zsguide is an instance.
The word, prefix, is derived from two Latin terms, mean-
ing to fasten on hefore. It is the name of the letter or letters
which we place before radical words to form derivative ones.
Mis^ in the word misguide, is a prefix, because it is fastened
on before the radical word, guide.
The prefixes are as follows : a, 5e, for, to^ mis, out, m, of
or off, over, under, with, mid, un, in or em, on, up, down, n.
I N STR UC TIO N X LY .
THE PREFIX, A.
The prefix, a, as it appears in English, has a twofold ori-
gin. In one case, it is derived from a word that has the
force of did. It adds force to the meaning of the word to
which it is added: drift, adrift. In the other case, it comes
from a word, meaning on or upon: bed, abed.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
41
Did.
On.
Rise, to raise oneself.
-4rise, to stand up.
Wakk, to rouse from sleep.
-4 WAKE, to rouse up from sleep.
Bed, a couch to sleep on.
^BED, on or in the bed.
Loft, an elevation.
-4loft, on an elevation, abovo.
NSTRUCTION XLVI.
THE PEEFIX, BE.
The prefix, 5e, comes from a root whicli means to press close
or near. Its common meanings are, nearness^ closeness^ on,
and hy.
EXEKCISa.
Deck, to clothe.
J5^DECK, to clothe "with taste.
Set, to place.
jScset, to place on or about.
Come, to draw nigh.
^<?coME, to come on, or into. .
Drop, to fall in drops.
Beoviov, to fall on, or over, in drops.
BE.
%, on.
INSTRUCTION XLVII.
THE PEEFIXES, FOE, TO.
For., as a prefix, lias a twofold origin and meaning. It is
derived, in one case, from a word, tire sense of which is, to
gofori\ or away: bid,/drbid. In the other case, it comes
from a word, meaning he/ore: /orward, yjrlie.
42
ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHy.
FOR.
TO.
Forth,
away.
Bfifore.
Before,
at now.
Bear, to carry.
FoTBKWi, to carry forth, or away.
Give, to bestow.
i'brGrvE, to give away, or out of sight
Lie, to lay.
jpbrLiE, to lie before.
Day, the time the sun is visible.
7c>-DAy, the present time the sun is visible.
j?<>GETUKR, in company with.
INSTR UCTION XLVIII.
THE PEEFIX, MIS.
Mis is one of our most striking prefixes. It comes to us
from a word wliicli means to fail^ or err. It lias, in com-
mon usage, the sense of the word, to miss. The prefix, mis^
has two meanings. The one is, wrong ; as in mwtake, to
take wrong. The other is, not; as in mis\AkQ, not to hke.
EXERCISE.
MIS.
Wrong,
amiss.
Not.
Shape, to give form to a thing.
if JssHAPE, to shape wrong, or fail of the right si tape.
Call, to name.
J/zscall, to name wrong.
Seem, to appear or become.
iirissEEM, not to become.
Trust, to confide in.
MisTRVfiiy not to confide in.
Beseem, to suit or fit.
J[/i5BESEEM, not tO fit.
INSTRUCTION XLIX.
TnE PREFIXES, OUT, IX, OF OE OFF.
Out and in are of Saxon origin. Out comes from, a word
that means beyond. It has two meanings, beyond and with-
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
48
out. In has its origin in a word wliicTi means to inclose.
Its sense, in common usage, is witJiin^ as opposed to without.
OUT.
IN.
OF,
OFE.
Beyond,
without.
Within.
Out of,
from.
EXERCISE.
Weigh, to be heavj.
Oa^wEiGii, to be heavy beyond another.
Watch, to guard.
Oit^wATCH, to guard beyond another.
Wall, a defense.
OwAvALL, the wall without.'
Beeed, to produce.
/nBRED, produced within.
Board, the cover of a vessel.
iiiBOARD, within board.
Set, a shoot.
O^SET, a shoot from an old plant.
INSTRUCTION L.
THE PREFIXES, OVEE, UNDER.
Over is a simple prefix. It has its origin from a word
which means to pass^ and then to pass over. It has two mean-
ings, above and across, or beyond: leap, overleap ; look,
overlook.
OVER.
UNDER.
Above.
liOOK, to view with the eye.
OverLooK, to view above.
Count, to rate or reckon.
OvcrcouNT, to rate above value.
Pass, to go by.
Across OverPAfis, to go across.
^^ - Grow, to increase in size.
^^^^ ' OverGROw, to grow beyond what is fit
or Write, to form letters.
beneath. UndervfRiTE, to form letters under something else.
u
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOaRAPHY.
INSTRUCTION LI.
THE PEEFIX, WITH, MID.
The prefix, withj comes from a word wliicli means to press
and then join. Its common sense is against: hold, with-
hold.
EXERCISE.
Stand, to be firm.
WitJisTAyiD, to stand against
Draw, to take out
WitkoRAvr, to take from, draw against.
Hold, to possess or retain.
WithiioLD, to possess against
Day, the time tlie sun is visible.
MidDAY, the middle of the time he is visible — noon.
WITH.
MID.
Against.
Middle,
or with.
INSTRUCTION Lll.
THE PEEFIXES, TX, IJT, ON.
Un has two meanings, which require attention. When
placed before adjectives, it has the sense of not: able, un-
able. . When placed before some verbs, it gives them the
OPPOSITE SENSE: bend, unbend- twist, wntwist.
In has also two meanings as a Saxon prefix. It means
within: case, mease. It means, in some cases, rnore, in-
creasing the sense of the word to which it is joined: close,
to shut ; zViclose, to shut around.
UN, -
Not
Aback.
Able, ha\yng power.
Z7/IABLE, not having power.
Bind, to tie with care.
t/nBiND, to untie or loose.
TwisT, to unite by winding.
f/ViTWisT, to separate by unwinding.
Bend, to work by straining.
DwBEND, to bend back again.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
45
IN, EM.
ON.
Bred, produced,
Wth ' •^^*^^^^' produced within.
' Born, brought forth.
i/iBORN, brought ibrth within.
Set, fixed position.
P ' OwsET, an attack upon an enemy.
INSTRUCTION LIII.
THE PREFIXES, UP, DOWN.
Up and doiun, as prefixes, are easily understood. Tliej
are opposed to each, up having the sense of abfij and dowrij
the sense of below: bear, w/)bear, downhear.
UP.
DOWN.
Aloft.
Below.
Lift, to raise by force.
f/pLiFT, to raise aloft by force.
Bear, to carry.
iTpBEAR, to carry aloft.
Cast, to throw.
DowncAsr, thrown below.
Right, straight.
DownBiGET, straight down, or below.
INSTRUCTION LiV,
THE PREFIX, N.
The prefix, n, is used in a few cases, and always has the
sense of not — a privative meaning. It gives an opposite
sense to the word to which it is added.
N. -l
Not.
ErriiEB, one of two.
JVeither, not one of the two.
Ever, always, all time.
A^EVER, not any time.
46 ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY.
INSTRUCTION LV.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF WOEDS.
There is a likeness or resemblance in words as "well as in
other things. It is easily traced in the FORM of such words
as hojhood, girlhood, msinhood, and priest/rboc? ; in the origin
of words like /a^/ier5,/a^Aerly,/a^/ierhood, and/a^Aerlike. It
is also seen in the kinds of words, as names of things, rock^
tree, river ^ or names of qualities, xoMte, wise, good. This
likeness leads us to group words together. The exercise is
one in classification, and is very useful.
The classification of words is the arranging of them in fami-
lies, according to their resemblances. It makes tHeir study
easy and agreeable.
1. Resemblance of form. Words have form ; and in it we
trace a marked likeness. This likeness is important, because
it points out their meaning. It is seen in the following
group of words : child/ess, fruitless, aimfess, hope^<.s. Like-
ness of form is traced in the prefixes, terminations, and
suflBixes.
2. Besemblance of origin. Many words have a common
origin, and belong naturally to the same family. This is
seen by removing the prefixes, terminations, and suf-
fixes. It may be seen in the following words : fruitless,
iriiitful, fruitfulness, unfimtful, unfrmtfulness.
3. Resemblance of kind. All the words, in the English
language, are signs of things. They belong to great classes,
according to the things for which they stand: names of
things, names of qualities, names of what things do, names
of relations of things, names of connections of things,
names of modifications, and names of substitutes ; or nouns,
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 47
adjectives, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, and
pronouns.
4. Resemblance of topics. "Words are signs of things, or
are connected in some way with them. Here is a striking
resemblance, and one of the greatest importance. The sixty
thousand words, that compose the EngHsh language, may all
be arranged and studied under a limited number of topics, or
divisions of the objects of nature and art; such topics, or
divisions, for instance, as home, the fiamily, and instruments.
Studied according to these four kinds of classificatLmj
words assume a new interest — an interest as new and pleas-
ing as that of Botany. Orthography becomes attractive, and
is easily understood.
INSTRUCTION LVI.
THE STUDY OF WORDS.
The p1S.n of study, in Orthography, may now be laid down.
Words are the objects. These may be viewed as we view
any other objects, and reduced to a simple system. The
exercises of study may be conducted according to a given
model.
Are the words spoken ? The ear and organs of voice are
to be exercised. Are they written ? The eye and hand
are to be used. Do we wish to trace their descent ? Know-
ledge is required. Do we wish to spell, define, and use
them ? Practice is needed. It is wise to look at what is to
be done, and know how to do it.
1. The spoken word. It requires the use of the ear and
ORGANS OP VOICE, and attention to the sounds that com-
pose it, SYLLABLES, ACCENT, and QUANTITY.
2. The written word. To write a word requires the use
48 ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
of the EYE and hand, and attention to letters and spell-
ing.
3. The hinds of words'. The origin and descent of words
are to be noticed. Words are to be viewed as simple or
compound, radical or derivative, and their composition or
derivation, if they are compound or derivative, pointed
out.
4. The sense of words. Words stand for something or
other, and their meaning is to be known by seeing or feeling
the things for which they stand. To neglect this, is to over-
look the main point. It is not enough to speak and write
the word, upbear^ or even tell that it is a derivative word,
being derived from the radical word, hear^ by the prefix, up.
Its sense must be known. Upbear is to carry any thing
ahft.
6. The use of words. Words are the materials of language,
and have a use in forming it. The use follows their mean-
ing, and is known fully in instances. I defined the word,
upbear. It is not enough. It is only understood when I
can use it properly. The eagle upbears his prey.
6. The classified word. Every word belongs to some
family of words, and is understood best when seen in con-
nection with its fiamily. It is to be viewed accordingly in
ii^ form, origin^ hind, and the topic to which it belongs. The
word, motherly, in its form, is like all words that end in
ly: in its origin, it is connected with mothers, motherZ^7ce,
and all words derived from mother ; in its kind, it is a deriv-
ative adverb, and when viewed in the topic to which it
belongs, directs our attention to a female parent, especially
one of the human race.
Such is an outline of the things that enter into studies
in Orthography. They should find a place m every exercise.
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY. 40
INSTRUCTION LVII.
THE MATEEIALS OF ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOaBAPHY.
The end of the first part is readied ; and we now stand
on an elevation, from which we can look back on our course.
The materials of Anglo-Saxon Orthography are recalled.
"We are ready for its studies. Before we enter upon them,
let us take a general review of what we have done.
1. The English language is a mixed one, and is made up
of words from various living and some dead languages.
2. The Anglo-Saxon part is by far the most important,
especially for childhood. It was introduced by the Angles
and Saxons, A.D. 450.
S. The words from this source are the materials of Anglo-
Saxon orthography. They should form the basis of our
language. ^.
4. TlJttpe to be studied in their structure. The simple and
compounof radical and derivative words must be examined.
Each of these divisions of words is to be carefully studied.
The first meaning of the simple word is to be secured. The
union of two or more simple ones, to form a compound word,
is to be noticed. The derivative word is to be traced to its
root, and the way in which it was formed, attentively ob-
served,
5. The formation of the compound and derivative words
is of prime importance. It exercises the mind of the child,
ia the building of derivative words. It constantly directs his
attention to the radical word and its meaning^ and also to the
changes which this meaning undergoes by the addition of
PREFIXES and SUFFIXES. As we study the formation of
Anglo-Saxon" words, in this way ; we are studying the liis-
tory, of the minds and hearts, of our forefathers. Every
3
50
ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
word is a record. Every cliange, the word undergoes, is an
event^ tliat tells us how they thought and felt.
6. The TERMINATIONS, SUFFIXES, and PREFIXES demand a
marked attention. These we will now present at one view,
leaving it to the child to recall their meanings.
TEEMINATIONS.
NOUNS.
ADJECTIVES.
VERBS.
-es.
-en.
- change of
vowel.
SUFFIXES
— kin.
— ock.
— ling.
— ie.
— in.
PEEFIXES.
Amh, Am-
Be
-ess.
-ster.
-r.
-er.
-St.
-est.
-t.
-St.
'S.
-th.
For-
Ge—
a change of Mis-
vowel. Mid-
Out-
Over-
-ish.
-ness.
-hood.
-head.
-dom.
-ship.
-ric.
-age.
Of off-
On — —
WitJt
Und^f^
In or Em
-ly, like, wise. JJp-
-ed.
- change of
-less.
-some,
-fal.
-ing.
-em, ward.
-71, en.
-y-
-er.
Down-
N
To
Thus close the materials of Anglo-Saxon Orthography.
The child is now ready to enter upon the study of the struc-
ture, meaning, and use of Anglo-Saxon words. These ma-
terials are to him, what drafts, plans, and drawing materials
are to the young architect. He is now prepared to build up
and to use the words', which are to compose the language of
his whole life on earth.
SECOND PAET.
STUDIES n ANGLO-SAXOX ORTHOGRAPHY.
STUDIES
IN
ANGLO-SAXON OUTIIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER].
BTUDIES IIT ANGLO-SAXOX ORTHOGKAPHT.
The ortliograpliy of our language, in its wide sense, is a
ricli and pleasing study. It deals with the spoJceii word^ and
exercises the ear and organs of voice. It deals also with the
written wordj and educates the eye and hand. The sense
of touch fixes the forms of words upon the mind. It re-
quires us to attend to simple sounds, letters, accent, and
quantity, and by so doing, calls into play every part of our
nature. More than all this : it brings the mind in contact
with the formation of words, their origin, descent, meaning,
and use.
In the following Studies, all these things are unfolded.
The words are written in groups, under great divisions of
thought, as Home, House. A radical word is defined and
54 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGRAPIIY.
used in an interrogative sentence, to supply the child with an
instance of its use. lie uses the same ivord in an answer ;
and thus gets the form of speech in conversation. The build-
ing or formation of words follows. It is made visible. In
addition to this, he is led to notice the changes of form and
meaning, which they undergo, by terminations, prefhces^ and
suffixes.
CHAPTER 11.
APLANOFSTUDT.
This is the written study. After it has been presented
and corrected, the child is then to repeat the study' orally,
attending to the pronunciation^ spelling^ meaning^ and use of
each word.
A STUDY.
MOTHER, the female parent of man.
Is a mother dear to a child?
s, more than one
less, without a
-ly, like a
Un ly, not like a
A PEEPAEED STUDY.
MOTHER, the female parent of man.
A mother is dear to a child.
MoTnER.f, more than one female parent of man.
Motiier/^m, without a female parent of man.
- MoTiiER^y, like a female parent of man.
t/nMOTHER^y, not like a female parent of man.
The Study, it will be seen, is unfolded in the following
order :
I. The radical word is defined : thus, Mother, the female
parent of man.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 65
II. An interrogative sentence is given, in wliicli tlie radical
Avord is used : thus, Is a motlier dear to a child ?
III. The pupil is always to answer, by repeating the interro-
gative sentence in a declarative form : thus, A mother is
dear to a child.
rV. The plural of the radical word is the next thing in order ;
which is to be spoken and written, with its definition:
thus. Mothers, more than one female parent of man.
V. The radical word is then given with its different suffixes
SiXid prefixes J each of which are to be defined.
YI. This is the order of every Study. The repetition will
fix indelibly the radical words and their derivatives, "with
their meanings, in the mind of the child.
CHAPTERIII.
HOME.
Home is the nursery of all studies. Here we begin to
gather up the words that compose our language. Here we
wisely commence their study. Written and oral speech
should take the same course. This is our view. Grouping
the words of our language under proper topics, we begin
their study at home, and go forth to the wide world.
FIEST STUDY.
HOME.
Home, whatever may be its character, is the spot that is
sacred to the heart.
56
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXQN ORTHOGEAPHY,
Home, s. the place where one lives.
Is homo a pleasant place ?
s, more than one
li/, li've home ; coarse.
Her, more
liesf, most
-Uli/, i:i a manner like -
-lines'^, state of being —
-loard, towards
-borir, brought forth at
-bred, brought np at ■
-made, formed at
-hitilt, shaped at — ■
-spun, spun or wrought at — —
-dtoelling, living at
-sick, grieved for
-sicknens, state of grieving for
-stead, the place of
SECOND STUDY
A HOUSE, as an abode for man, is a building closely con-
nected ^\itli our lives.
House, s. a building to live in.
Is a house a work of man ?
s, more than one
House, v. to cover, or put in a house.
s, does
d, did
Un-
-, to put out of a
s, does
-d, did
-less, without
-hold, those who live in a ■
-holder, one who owns —
-keeper, one who keeps -
-wife, the mistress of a -
—wifely, like
-room, space in a
-wright, tlie builder of a ■
-do(/, a dog that guards a •
THIKD STUDY
OUTHOUSES.
Outhouses are appendages to every pleasant home in
the country. They are found adjoining the dwelling-house
among all civilized people, and add much to its convenience.
Outhouse, a building without the one
in which we live.
Is an outhouse useful ?
s, more than one building
without
Ice , a building for
-s, buildings for
Wood —
Hex
Summer-
for —
-, a building to keep •
a building for
-y a building in a garden
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHT.
57
Town , a house in which one
lives
Barn, an outhouse for grain and cattle.
Sued, an open building for cattle.
Stable, an outhouse for cattle.
, to put in a stable.
s, does pnt in
Crib, the manger of a stable.
Rack, an open frame from which cat-
tle eat hay.
Stall, a stand for a horse or ox.
, to put into a stall.
s, ed, ing
-fed, fed or fattened in
-ed, did put in
OURTH STUDY
KINDS OF HOUSES.
Houses, in which, man lives, differ very much in form,
size, and convenience. They range from the Indian wig-
wam to the royal palace.
Hut, s. a mean house to live in.
Have the Irish huts?
Hovel, s. a rude dwelling-house.
Did the Saxons live in hovels?
Cot, s. a small rude house.
Did our forefathers live in cots ?
ter, one who
Cottage, a small house for poor per-
sons to live in.
Are cottages now very tasteful ?
r, one who
Hall, s. a manor-house — a house for
courts of justice to meet in.
Are halls noble dwelling-houses?
Castle, s. a fortified dwelling house.
Are there many old castles in Eng-
land?
FIFTH
T U D Y:
GROUPS OF HOUSES.
Man is a social being, and builds his houses nefI5r each
other. He is weak, and needs protection. This also leads
men to group their houses, to live in neighborhoods.
Hamlet, s. a cluster of houses.
Is hamlet the name of a small clus-
ter of houses?
Town, s. a group of houses larger
than a village.
3*
"Were towns once only fortified
hills ?
ish, like
-lesa, without
-house a house in
58
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
-hall, a building for public busi-
clerk, an officer who keeps the
records of the town.
•talk, the common talk of a — — —
ahlp, the district of a
s, more than one district
s-man, one of the same town — Borough, a fortified town; also an
a selectman to do business. incorporated town.
IXTH STUDY
THE PARTS OF A HOUSE.
The house, like every other object, has parts. These
require notice. It is only by dividing a subject that we
master it. For this purpose, we return to look at the names
of the parts of a house.
Side, s. the broad or long part of a
thing.
Has a house two sides ?
Out , the side without
In -, the side within
End, & the narrow part of a thing.
Has a house two ends ?
Door, s. a passage into a house.
post, the upright timber by the
Sill, s, the wood or stone under the
door or window.
Room, s.^an apartment in a house.
y, abounding in
iness, the state of abounding in
Sed , a room to sleep in.
Kitchen, a room used for cooking in.
. work, work done in
-7naid, a female servant
Court, an uncovered space before a
house.
Hearth, s. the pavement or stone on
which the fire is made.
Roof, s. the cover of a
s, does
ed, did
ing, continuing to , or the
materials.
less, without
Floor, s. the bottom part of a house
or room.
s, does lay a
ed, did lay a
^^inrt, continuing to lay
or the materials.
less, without a
Gate, a large door, or entrance.
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
69
SEVENTH
T TJ D Y
HOUSEHOLD-STUFF.
A BUILDING in itself does not form a home. It must be
farnislied with many articles to meet the wants of those
who are going to dwell in it. A house needs furniture.
Household-stuff, the furniture of a
house.
Had the Saxons much household-
stuff ?
Bed, s. a piece of furniture to sleep on.
Are beds useful articles ?
A , in or on
room, an apartment in which is
a bed.
stead, a frame to support a bed.
post, the upright part of a bed-
stead.
clothes, the clothes used with a
bed.
Bolster, «. a cushion for the head.
, to support with a bolster.
s, ed, ing, does , did ,
continuing to
Pillow, s. a cushion for the head
smaller than a bolster.
, to lay on a pillow.
— : s, ed, ing
Sheet, s. a broad piece of under-
cover for a bed.
Washstand, s. a piece of furniture to
wash at.
Boavl, s. a hollow vessel to hold wa-
ter.
Stool, a seat without a back.
Stove, s. an iron article of furniture
in which fire is made.
Pan, s. a hollow vessel.
Cradle, s. a trough-like instrument
placed on rockers, for rocking ba-
bies.
Crock, an earthen vessel.
Dish, a broad open vessel used for
meat.
Fork, s. an instrument with points
used for lifting food.
Knife, s. a cutting instrument with a
sharp edge.
Cup, s. a small vessel used to drink
out of.
CHAPTER IV
HOUSEHOLD.
A HOUSE always leads us to think of the inhabitants. It
is a place for the abode of man. But man does not dwell
in it alone. He is a social being ; and when we see a dwell-
60
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGKAPHY.
ing-liOTise, we think of the household — a family bound
together by dear domestic ties.
EIGHTH STUDY
HUSBAND AND VTLFE.
When God made man, he made woman also, and united
them in marriage. Then, they became husband and wife.
Therefore shall a man leave father and mother, and cleave
unto his wife, and the twain shall be one flesh.
Household, those who dwell in the
same house under one head.
Do a husband and wife make a
household ?
er, one who owns
Husband, a man joined to a woman
by marriage.
Husband, to manage and rule with
-s, ed, ing
-man, a man who tills
Wife, a woman joined to a man in
marriage.
hood, the state of
House , the female head of a
house.
NINTH STTTDT.
FATHER AND MOTHER.
Father and mother are dear names, and should always
be spoken in love. What child can ever repay the care
and love of his parents ?
Father, the male parent of man.
Should we honor our father ?
— — — s, less, ly, like, liness, less'i
Uh , not
-hood, the state of
in-law, the father of one's hus-
band or wife.
Step , a father by marriage.
Mster , one who takes the
place of a father.
Mother, the female parent of man.
s, ly, liness, lessness, less
Uh , not
hood, the state of
in-law, the mother of a hus-
band or wife.
Step , a mother by marriage.
Fosfer- , a nurse — one who takes
the place of
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY,
61
TENTH STUDY
Children are an heritaore of tlie Lord. A wise cHld is
an honor to his parents.
Child, offspring.
Is a good child a blessing ?
ren, more than one
inh^ like,ishly, ishness, hood
Foster , a child nursed by a wo-
man not the mother, or brought up
by a man not the father.
Son, a male child.
——ft, less
ship, the office or rank
Foster , a son not by birth.
in-law, the husband of a daughter.
Daughter, a female child.
s, less, ly, liness
in-law, a wife of a son.
Brother, a male child born of the
same father and mother.
s, ly, liness, like •
Ifn , not
ter.
Foster-
-in-law, the husband of a sis-
— , a male child fed by
the same nurse.
Half , brother by one parent.
Sister, a female child born of the
same father and mother.
5, ly, liness, like, less
Un , not
hood, the state
in-law, the wife of a brother.
Foster , a female child nursed by
the same person.
Half , a sister by one
Bairn, a child.
Kin, a relation by blood.
Kindred, relation by birth or mar-
riage.
ELEVENTH STUDY.
From the earliest times, some men and women have
waited on others. These have been known as servants.
They form a useful class of mankind, and should be treated
kindly.
Cook, a servant who prepares food
for the table.
Is a cook useful ?
Cook, to prepare food for the table.
«, ed, ing
Kitchen-maid, a female servant who
does the work of the kitchen.
House-maid, a female servant who
keeps a house clean.
62 STUDIES IN" ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
"\VASHER--woiiAN, a woman who washes Shepherd, a man who tends sheep.
clothes. Foot-man, a servant who waits on
Hireling, one who works for wages. foot.
Plough-man, a man who Steward, a man who manages the
Carman, a man who drives affairs of a household.
Teamster, one who drives Henchman, one who serves another.
TWELFTH ST UDT.
The first care of a houseliold is food. "Wliat sliall we
eat and what sliall we drink, are important questions.
Food is needed to keep a liousekold alive.
Food, any thing eaten to support life. Ham, the thigh of a hog or pig, salted
What is food? and smoked.
less, without Milk, a white fluid obtained from
Bread, food made from flour. female animals.
tness
-less, without ■ less, y, ily,
-corn, corn from the flour of maid, a woman who
which pail, an open vessel for
■stuff, all kinds of flour from pan, a hollow open vessel
which Milk, to take away the milk from the
Barm, yeast, the scum of beer used animal.
to make s, cd, ing
Meat, any kind of food. Buttei^ the oily substance obtained
Dough, a mass of kneaded flour. from milk by churning.
nuL a round cake made of milk, milk from Avhich
Loaf, s. a mass of dough baked. Cheese, the curd of milk pressed.
TniBTEENTH STUDY.
Clothing is an early want of man. Next to food, it
claims the care of the konseliold. What shall we put on, is
a question that is connected with the comfort and existence
of the family.
Cloth, s. stuff made of woollen, linen, Is woollen cloth warmer than
or cotton fibre. linen ?
RTUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
63
Clothe, to cover with garments made
of cloth.
s, ed, inff, ier
Un-
to take off
Clothes, garments made of cloth.
brush, a brush to
-basket, a basket for
-line, a line for
Mantle, s. a loose outside garment.
, to cover, to spread over.
8, ed, ing
Un-
', to uncover
Belt, s. a girdle or band worn round
the waist.
X/AP, s. a cover for a man or boy's
head.
Sleeve, the part of the garment that
covers the arm.
without
Sleeve, to furnish with sleeves.
s, ed, ing
Tippet, a garment for the neck.
Hood, s. a covering for the head of a
woman.
, to cover the head.
s, ed, ing, less
Hose, a covering for the leg.
ier, one who deals in
iery, the practice of dealing in
all kinds of hose.
Glove, s. a cover for the hand.
, to cover the hand.
s, ed, ing, less, er -
Shoe, s^ a covering for the foot.
less, without
, to cover the foot with a shoe.
s, ed, ing
maker, one who makes
string, a string to fasten a
Hat, s. a cover for the head.
}a7id, a band that
')ox, a box for
Wush, a soft brush
r, one who makes
CHAPTER V.
MAN.
From home and the houseliold, we turn to take a closer
view of man. He is the great object of study, and lends a
charm to every thing connected with him. The house, the
food, the clothing, and the furniture of home, are objects of
interest, because they are connected with man.
FOURTEENTH STUDY.
MAN.
" The proper study of mankind is man."
Max, a male of the human race. Iiood, the state of — —
Has man both a body and soul ? Mej^, more than one
64 STUDIES IN" ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Man, to furnish with men, as a ship. Fellow, a companion of ilie same
s, ed, ing kind.
ly, like, liness, ful, fully Folk, men in general.
IJn y to deprive Gawk, a poor simpleton.
kind, the race of y, the quality of
slayer, one who kills Boor, a rude countryman.
slaughter, the unlawful killing ish, somewhat like
Swain, a young farmer.
"Woman, a female of the human race. Guest, a visitor from a distance.
Women, more than one. Heathen, a man who does not know
ish, hood, ly, like, liness the true God.
kind, the race of ish
-hater, one who dislikes the Knave, a dishonest man.
— ish, ishly, ishness -
PIFTEENTn STUDY.
THE BODY OF MAN.
The body of man is wonderfully made. Every part of
it is an instance of Divine skill. Its study is rich in know-
ledge.
Body, the frame of an animal or man. Skin, to remove the skin.
ly, less, liness s, ed, ing
Body, to give shape to our thoughts. Frame, the bony skeleton.
s, ed, ing s, less
^m , to form into Flesh, tlie soft part of the body.
clothes, covering for y, iness, less.
guard, the soldiers who guard brush, a brush for
color, the color of
Skin, the natural covering for the diet, food consisting of
body. mo7iger, one who deals in
y, less, er
SIXTEENTH STUDY.
THE HEAD THE CHIEF PART OF THE BODY.
The head of man is formed for the abode of a soul.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
C5
Thought and feeling sit on the human brow,
called divine.
The face is
Head, s. the upper part of the human
bodj.
Is the head the seat of the soul ?
■ less, y, iness — —
Head, to act as head or leader.
s, ed, ing
' ache, pain in the — —
dress, the covering for — — -
Fore , the front part of the
Lip, s. the border of the mouth.
Lip, to kiss.
s, ed, less
Nose, 5. the ridge of the face.
Nose, to smell.
Nostril, the passage through the nose.
Mouth, the outlet of the voice.
MouTir, to utter sounds with a swell.
s, ed, ing, less, ful — —
Tooth, a bony substance growing out
of the jaw.
Tooth, to furnish with teeth.
s, ed, ing, less
Tongue, s. the instrument of speech
and taste.
Tongue, to talk, to chide.
s, ed, ing, less
Cheek, s. the side of the face below
the eyes.
bone, the bone of the
Chin, s. the lower part of the face.
Brow, s. the ridges over the eye.
Eye, s. the organ of sight.
ball, the ball or apple of
brow, the hairy arch over
•—'-glance, a rapid look of
lash, the line of hair on the eye-
lid.
——lid, the cover of
sight, the view of
tooth, the tooth under
witness, one who sees a thing
Eye, to view with
s, ed, ing, er, less
Eae, s. the organ of hearing.
ache, a pain in
cap, a cover for ■■
•——lap, the tip of — —
ring, a ring for
wax, a substance formed in
Bkain, s. the soft substance inclosed
within the skull.
s, less, ish
Neck, the part of the body betwee?
the head and the chest.
Throat, the front part of the neck.
Nape, the high joint of the neck bo
hind.
BEVENTEENTn STTDT.
THE CHEST, OR MIDDLE PART OF THE BODY.
The chest, or middle part of the body, contains the trea-
sures of life. The lungs and heart are laid up in it.
eQ
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
Chest, the part of the body from the
neck to the belly.
Is the chest the seat of the heart ?
Breast, s. the fore part of
bone, the bone of
Breast, to meet in front, oppose.
s, ed, ing
Back, the hinder part of
bone, the bone of
Back, to support.
s, ed, ing
Rib, s. a bone which forms part of the
frame of the chest.
Side, part where tlie ribs are.
Lungs, the organs of breathing, con-
sisting of air-cells.
ed, less
Breath, the air taken in and expelled
from the lungs.
less, lessness
Breathe, to take in air and expel it.
s, ed, ing, er.
Breathing-place, a place
time, a time to
Heart, s. the vessel that holds the
blood.
less, ly, lessly, less7iess
- y, full of
ier, more
lest, most
Liver, an organ that forms bile.
Gall, a bottle-green fluid secreted by
the gallbladder.
Blood, the red fluid that flows from
the heart.
y, ily, iness, ier, iest, less
Bleed, to let blood, or take it aAvay.
s, ed, ing
Loin, the space between the false rib
and hip-bone.
EIGHTEENTH STUDY
THE UPPER LIMBS.
The upper limbs of tlie human body are nseful instru-
ments. The hand of man is a ceaseless wonder — a work of
Divine skill.
Limb, s. a branch of the body.
Are the limbs instruments ?
Arm, s. the limb reaching from the
shoulder to the hand.
Shoulder, s. the joint connecting the
arm and body.
blade, the bone of
Shoulder, to push with
8, ed, ing
Elbow, to push with
s, ed, ing
Elbow, s. the angle made by bending
the arm.
room, space to bend
Hand, s. the end of the arm — palm and
fingers.
y, ier, iest, ily, iness, less
Hand, to pass with the
$, ed, ing
Finger, one of the extreme parts of the
hand.
p ost, a post with a
Finger, to handle with
-8, ed, ing
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGRAPHY.
67
Fist, s. the closed hand.
Knuckle, a joint of the finger.
Thumb, s. the short thick finger.
I N E T E E N T n STUDT
HIE LOWEU LIMBS.
The lower limbs are wisely formed for standing and
They unite strength, ease and grace in their move-
ments.
walking,
TniGii, s. that part between the body
and leg.
Are both thighs alike ?
bo7ie, the bone of
Hip, s. the fleshy part of the thigh.
Knee, s. the joint of the thigh and
leg.
pan, the round bone on
Shin, s. the front part of the leg.
Ankle, s. the joint between the leg
and foot.
Foot, the lower end of the leg.
step, the mark of
stool, a stool for ■
path, a way for
hold, a hold for
man, a servant who goes — — '
less, without
Heel, «. the hind part of the foot.
Step, the space between the feet.
Instep, the fore part of the upper
side of
Foot , the track of
Toe, s. one of the extreme parts of
TWENTIETH STUDY
feame and clothing of the human body.
The human body has a frame of bones which is clothed
with flesh and skin. Its outline is soft and beautiful.
Bone, s. a firm, hard substance, form-
ing the frame of the body.
Are there many bones in the body ?
r/, less
Breast , the bone ■
Back , the bone
Chebk , the bone — — ■
Thigh , the bone
Flesh, the soft solids of the body.
1/, ily, iness, less
brush, a brush to
-color, the color of
Skin, the natural cover of the body,
y, less, iness, er
Skin, to strip off — —
s, ed, ing
68
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
Hair, a small thread-like substance,
growing out of the skin.
-^ — y, iness, less
brush, a brush to smooth ■
cloth, stuflF made of
Naii^ s. the horny subtance on the
upper sides of the fingers and toes.
Beard, the hair of the chin and face.
less, lessly.
TWENTT-FIEST STUDY.
STATES OF THE BODY.
The states or conditions of the body require some notice.
Among these, work, play, rest, and sleep are the most
pleasing. They are closely connected with a healthy and
happy life.
"Work, labor, or active use of strength.
Is work a means of health ?
-s, ing, er
-day, a day on which
-house, a house in which
■^man, a man employed in
-shop, a shop where
■^manlike, like a true
-manship, the state or skill of
Under-
-, work under or below
Work, to labor in any way.
s, ed, ing
Plat, exercise for pleasure.
s, ful, fully, fulness, er, ing some.
day, a day given
mate, a fellow at
Play, to take exercise for pleasure.
s, ed, ing
Rest, repose from labor.
less, lessly, lessness.
Un , not
Rest, to cease from labor.
s, ed, ing.
Sleep, repose from the use of body
and mind.
er, ful, fulness, less, lessly, less-
ness.
y, abounding in
iness, ily.
Sleep, to repose from the use of body
and mind.
-s, ing
-walking, walking in
Slept, did
Wake, to rouse from sleep.
A , to rouse up
Also,
not asleep.
.", ed, ing
Health, a sound state of the body.
ful, fully, fulness.
y, abounding in ■■ ♦
-mess, some'
STUDIES m AJSTGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
69
TWENTY-SECOND STUDY
PROPERTIES OF THE BODY.
Things and their nature are known bj tlieir properties — ■
tlie impressions thej make upon our senses.
Fat, fleshy or plump.
Is a fat body pleasing to the eye ?
Zy, ness, ish, y, iness
Fat, to make fleshy or plump.
s, ed, ing
Fatten, to make fat
•— — s, ed, ing, er <
Lean, wanting flesh.
ness, er, est
Lean, that part of the flesh without
fat.
faced, having a ■
Sound, entire, not diseased.
er, est, ness
Ruddy, a lively flesh color.
er, est, ness
Wan, pale, without color.
er, est, ly, ness
Sweat, moisture on the skin.
Sweat, to give out moisture on the
skin.
ing
Lank, tliin, and yielding to pressure.
ly, ness
Gaunt, thin and hollow.
ly, ness
Strong, having much active force.
er, est, ly
-hold, a place of —
-minded, a mind of
voiced, a voice of great •
Strength, quality of being strong.
en, to make
?, ed, ing, er, less
"Weak, having little active force.
ly, ness.
side, a part that is
sighted, having weak
Weaken, to become weak.
ed, ing
TWENTY-THIRD STUDY,
DISEASES OF THE BODY.
Disease follows tlie steps of kealtk in tliis world. " The
tooth-ache, and the thousand ills that flesh is heir to."
Sick, touched with disease.
Is it painful to be sick ?
er, est, ish, ishly, ishness ■
ly, liness, ness
en, to make sick.
ed, ing
Pain, an uneasy feeling.
s, ful, fully, fulness, less
Pain, to make uneasy.
s, ed, ing ;-
70
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON" OETHOGRAPHY.
Pang, great pain.
AciiE, constant pain.
Ache, to suffer pain.
Ail, a dull sickness.
Ail, to trouble with sickness.
s, ed, ing
III, a bad state of health.
ness
Ague, a cold fit.
ish, ishness
Blain, pustule or sore on the skin.
Pimple, an elevation of the skin.
y, ed, like
Croup, a disease of the throat.
Blind, without sight.
ly, ness
Blind, to deprive of sight
s, ed, ing
Deaf, without the sense of hearing.
-en, to make deaf.
— s, ed, ing .
Dumb, without the power of speech.
Lame, crippled in the lower limb.
Zy, ness.
Lame, to cripple.
s, ed, ing
T W E N TT -F O U B, T n STUDY.
THE SENSES.
The senses are the instruments of the soul. By them we
gain a knowledge of things without us. They are noble
instruments. The ear gives us music ; the eye presents the
beauties of the earth and heavens.
Smelling, the sense by which we per- s, ed, ing, er
ceive odors. Seeing, the sense by which we per-
ls smelling one of the five senses ? ceive color, form, place, and disr
Smell, to perceive by the nose. tance.
s, ed, er See, to perceive by the eye.
Smell, the sense by which odors are Fore , to see
noticed. s, ing, er
Hearing, the sense by which we per- Saw, did
ceive sounds. Seen, perceived by — —
Hear, to perceive by the ear.
TWENTY-FIFTH STUDY.
THE SOUL.
Man is something more than a living creature. He
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 71
tliinks, feels, and acts accountably. A soul inhabits liis
body.
Soul, that part of man that thinks, Un , not
feels, and acts. Mind, to fix our thoughts upon a
Is the soul immortal ? thing.
s, less s, ed, ing
destroying, ruining Heart, that part of man which is the
stirring, rousing seat of the passions.
subduing, bringing under s, less, lessly,ful, fully y y, iness,
Mind, that part of our nature that ily —
knows. Will, that part of the mind by which
less, ful, ed, edness, fully, ful- we purpose or plan.
ness ful, fully, fulness, ingly, ingness.
TWENTY-SIXTH STTJDT.
STATES OF THE SOUL.
The soitI of man appears in various states or conditions,
all of wliich. have an interest for us.
Mood, temper of mind, or soul. er, one who
Should we live in a happy mood? Sin, to depart from what is good and
y, abounding in right.
ily, iness s, ed, ing
Sound, entire, healthy, using all the Thinking, using the power of thought.
powers. Think, to use the mind in forming
ly, ness notions.
Mad, disordered in mind or soul. . s, ing, er
ly, ness Thought, what is produced by think-
en, to make disordered or furious ing.
-less, ful, fully, lessly, lessness.
ed, ing Feeling, noticing things by the senses.
Bliss, happy and contented. Feel, to notice by the touch.
f'^h f^^^y> f 'Iness, less s, ing, ingly
Sin, departure from what is good and Felt, did
right. Willing, choosing something.
— /«/, ful/y, fulness, less, lessly, less- Will, to choose an object or course.
ness s, ed, ing
72
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Holy, whole in what is good and Guilt, a wicked condition.
right. -yt iness, ier, iest, less
li/, ness Wicked, evil at heart.
Wise, using knowledge properly. ly, ness
Wisdom, the right use of knowledge.
T W EN T T -S E V E N T n STUDY.
PROPERTIES OF THE SOUL.
The soul has many interesting properties. It is good to
name and know them. Such knowledge prepares us to be
useful and happy.
Thought, the product of thinking,
power to think.
Is thought the root of all know-
ledge ?
Feeling, the power to learn by the
senses, easily moved.
U71 , not
Shame, a feeling produced by guilt.
-/«/, fuUi/, fulness, less, lessly.
lessness
Shame, to put to shame.
s, ed, ing
Pride, great esteem of oneselt
less, ful •
Pride, to indulge in pride.
s, ed, ing, ingly
Loath, unwilling, not inclined.
-ful, ness, er
some, somewhat
-mmely, someness
Loathe, to feel disgust at any thing,
s, ed, nig, inrjy
Hate, great dislike.
-ful, fully, fulness, r.
Hate, to dislike greatly.
s, ed, ing
Hatred, hate amounting to enmity.
Love, delight in any thing.
s, less, ly, lily, er, liness -
Love, to delight in any thing.
s, ed, ing, ivgly
Sorrow, pain of mind by some loss.
s, ful, fully, less, fulness.
Sorrow, to feel pain for the loss of
something.
s, ed, ing
Woe, deep settled sorrow.
ful, fully, fulness
Hope, expectation of future good.
s, ful, fully, fulness, less, lessly,
lessness
Hope, to desire future good.
s, ed, ing, er, ingly
Fear, a painful feeling in view of
future evil.
s, ful, fully, fulness, less, lessly^
lessness,
Fear, to feel pain from future eviL
s, ed, ing
Dread, great fear.
ful, fully, fulness, less, Iess7ies9,
Dread, to fear greatly.
s, ed, ing
Gladness, a kind of delight
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
73
Glad, plfeased.
ly, .somey somely, soineness.
IIuNGEK, pain from waut of food.
;y, y
Hunger, to feel pain from want of
food.
s, ed, ing
Thirst, pain from want of drink.
y, ily, iness
TuiRST, to feel pain from want of
drink.
-less
-s, ed, ing
s, ful, fully^ fulne.ts
Lust, to have a longing desire.
s, ed, ing, ingly
Laughteb, audible mirth.
Laugh, an expression of mirth.
Laugh, to make audible mirth.
5, ed, ing
Wit, power of thinking laughably.
less, lessly, lessness, ling, y, ily,
iness, ingly
Friendship, the love of friends.
Belief, an assent of the mind to what
is true.
ITn '- — , a want of
Tear, a fluid that appears in the eye,
the sign of joy or grief.
s, less, ful, fully, fulness.
Smile, a cheerful play of the lips.
• s, ing .
CHAPTER V.
BTTSINES S,
Man is known best in the business of life. lie is made
for action. Every power of tlie body and soul delights in
exercise. Rest and play are only useful, as they prei>ftre for
labor. Healthy and useful service is the happiest condition
of human life. Business makes the man.
TWENTY-EIGHTH STUDY.
hunting and fishing.
Men, in the early ages of the world, employed them-
selves in hunting and fishing. These are among the first
occupations of all people.
Hunting, the pursuit of wild animals.
Was hunting an early employment?
Hunt, to chase wild animals to kill
or catch them
~s, ed, ing
■er, one who
-sman, a man who
Fishing, the practice of taking fish,
74 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY,
Fish, an animal that lives in water. er, one who
Fish, to try to take fish. maUj a man who ■
— — «5, edy ing
TWENTY-NINTH S T IT D T ,
FARMING.
The culture or tillage of the ground early employed tlie
care of man. "Abel was a keeper of sheep, and Cain was
a tiller of the ground."
Farming, the business of tilling the Landlord, the owner of land.
land. Shepherd, a man who tends sheep.
Is farming a healthy occupation? Dig, to turn up ground Avith a spade.
Farm, a tract of land tilled by one s, ed, ing, er
man. Shovel, to throw up earth with a
Farm, to till the ground. shovel.
s, ed, ing, er s, ed, ing
hotise, a house attached to Hoe, to scrape or dig with a hoe.
-yard, the space inclosed about s, ed, ing
a barn. Sow, to scatter seeds on the ground.
Teoman, the first man among the «, ed, ing, er
people. Mow, to cut grass with a scythe.
Plough, to furrow the land. s, ed, ing, er
s, ed, ing Rake, to gather grass or grain with «
•man, a man who ■ rake.
Shear, to separate with shears. $, ed, ing, er
8, ed, ing, er Thresh, to beat out grain from the
Reap, to cut grain with a sickle. husk.
cd, ing, er s, ed, ing, er •
THIRTIETH STUDY.
BUILDINGS.
Man, early in life, shows a taste for building. The house,
wagon, and ship are works of his skill. The useful arts
arise, and increase the powers of man.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
75
HousEWRiGHT, one who builds houses.
Is housewright the same as carpen-
ter?
"Wheelwright, one who makes wheels
and wheeled carriages.
SuirwiiiGHT, one who builds ships.
Millwright, one who builds mills. .
Frame, to fit and unite the parts of a
building.
■s, ed, ivg, er
Frame, the timbers of a building
joined together.
Build, to frame and rear a building.
s, ed, ing, er
Board, to cover with boards.
s, ed, ing
Roof, to cover with a root
s, ed, ing
THIETY-FIIiST STUDY.
Metals were used, even in the family of LamecTi.
business of the smith early rose into importance.
The
Smith, one who works in metals.
Is a smith a mechanic?
Smithing, the practice of working in
metals.
Blacksmith, one who works in iron.
Silversmith, one who works in silver.
Goldsmith, one who works in gold.
Tinsmith, one who works in tin.
Coppersmith, one who works in cop-
per.
Locksmith, s. one who makes locks.
Melt, to reduce any thing to a liquid
by fire.
s, ed, ing .
Heat, to warm by fire.
s, ed, ing
T H I E T Y-S E O O N D STUDY.
manufacturing.
Raw materials are furnished by nature. Man purposes
to work them into some useful form, and becomes a manu-
facturer. Such pursuits existed in the earliest ages of the
world.
Spin, to twist fibres into thread.
Do women spin ?
er, one who
"Weave, to unite threads and form
cloth.
ing.
Shoe-maker, one who makes
Watch-maker, one who makes
Clock-maker, one who makes
Book-maker, one who makes
Turn, to form things with the lathe.
70 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
s, ed, ing Hatter, one who makes hats.
Turner, one who — — Nailer, one who makes nails.
THIETT-TniRD STUDY.-
WARRING.
War raged too soon in the world. The arms that were
turned against Avild beasts were soon pointed at the Hfe of
man. Nimrod was a great hunter, and the first warrior.
"War, the practice of arms. Shooting, the act of firing guns or
Is war cruel ? arrows.
War, to contend in battle. Shoot, to let fly an arrow or bullet.
«, ed, ing .s, hig, er
Fight, to strive for victory in battle. Shot, did
-s, ing, er Board, to enter a ship by force.
Fought, did s, ed, ing, er
Shield, to cover with a shield, pro- Drill, to exercise or ti'ain in arms,
tect. ■ s, ed, ing
-s, ed, ing, less Halt, to stop on marcli.
Sling, to throw with a sling. s, ed, ing
5, ing, er Foe, an enemy.
Slung, did
T H I E T T-FO UE T H STUDY.
buying and selling.
Trade arose as soon as man produced more than he
wanted. The merchant entered upon a new business, and
did much for man's comfort.
Buying, the act of getting things by house, a house in which
paying for them. keeper, the man who keeps
Buy, to get things by purchase. room, a room in which
ing, er "Weight, the quantity of any thing
Bought, did found by weighing it.
Store, to lay up goods. y, iness, ily
s, ed, ing Selling, giving any thing for a price.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
77
Sell, to give awaj any thing for a
price.
Sold, did
' Shop, a building in which goods are
sold.
keeper, the man who sells goods.
Shopping, going to shops to buy goods.
Monger, a dealer in any thing.
Fish— , one who deals
Iron , a dealer in
Deal, to trade in any thing.
TniBTY-FIFTH STUDY.
Men are often engaged in public business, and are known
as officers. Some kinds of officers were known to the Saxons.
King, the chief ruler in the nation.
Are kings useful ?
s, ly, liness, less, like, ling
ship, the office
hood, the state of
dom, the territory of
Yeoman, an officer in the king's house.
Earl, a nobleman of the third rank.
Knight, a man of rank bearing arms.
, to make a knight by a form.
s, ed, ing
-hood, like, ly, liness
Lord, one having supreme power, a
master.
Lady, a woman of rank.
Watchman, one who guards a city by
night.
Alderman, an officer of a town.
ship, the office
Provost, the chief officer of a town
or college.
Sheriff, the officer who executes the
law in a county.
Beadle, a crier in a court of law.
Canon, a person who performs divine
service.
ship, the office
Bishop, an overseer in the church — a
preaching elder.
ric
Elder, an officer in the cliurch.
Queen, the wife of a king, or a wo-
man who is the chief ruler.
THIRTY
IXTH STUDY.
THE LEARNED CALLINGS.
Some of tbe callings of life require mucli knowledge, in
order to attend to tliem in a proper way. They are known
as the learned professions. Such are the pursuits of the
teacher, lawyer, doctor, and minister.
"^
78
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
Teach, to impart knowledge.
s, ivg
Taught, did
ing
-er, one who
Laav, a rule of life.
yer, one who practises
. maker, one who makes
giver, one who gives
breaker, one who breaks
day, the day of open courts.
Oat , a person without the care
s, less, lessly, lessness — —
-ful, fully, fulness
Heal, to cure diseases.
-er, one who heals.
Pkiest, one who attends to sacrifice.
flood, the state
ly, like, liness
Canon, a church law.
Worship, to perform acts of religion.
s, ed, ing, er
Monk, a man who retires from the
world to attend to religion.
iith, hood
Nun, a woman wiio retires from the
world to attend to religion.
isK ishness
CHAPTER VI.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF MAN.
Business requires tools or instruments. Man cannot fol-
low any trade or occupation without them. Tliey increase
his power, and help him to master all things. Works spring
up. These are the products of busy man, and are monu-
ments of his skill. Their study is the study of man.
THIRTY-SEVENTH 8TFDT.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE HUNTER AND FISHER.
The first pursuits of man were carried on, only, by a few
rude instruments. His knowledge was very limited.
Bow, an instrument made of bent Arrow, a barbed weapon shot with a
wood and a string. bow.
Cross , a bow placed across a head, the head of
stock. shaped, shaped like
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY. 79
Trap, an instrument that shuts with Seine, a large net for taking fish,
a spring. Weir, a fence of sticks in a river to
Shot, a missile weapon, bail, bullet. take fish.
EoD, a pole for fishing. Net, an instrument made o? interwo-
HooK, a curved or bent piece of ven twine.
metal. Handle, the part of a tool held in the
Fish , a hook to catch hand.
THIRTY-EIGHT n STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE FARMER.
The tillage of the ground requires instruments. At first,
these were few and rude. Now they are much improved.
The farmer has a fine tool for every kind of work.
Plough, «. an instrument to furrow Hay, cut and dried grass.
land. Crop, s. the gatliered products of the
share, s. the part of a plougii earth.
that cuts. Wheat, a useful grain from which
tail, the hind part flour is obtained.
Mould-board, s. the part of a plough ear, an ear
that turns over the furrow. Barley, a grain somcAvhat like wheat.
Bpade, s. an instrument to dig the Bear, a kind of barley.
ground. Heap, a pile, as of grain.
MArrocK, s. a pick-axe with broad iron Oat; s. a kind of grain used for cattle.
ends. Rye, a grain like wheat, but not so
Shovel, s. a hollow instrument to good.
tlirow up earth. Flax, a plant from which linen is
Hoe, s. an instrument to cut weeds made.
and loosen the earth. Whip, s. an instrument for driving
Rake, s. an instrument to gather grass animals.
together. Gad, s, a rod to drive beasts.
Hand , a rake used Goad, s. a pointed stick to urge on
Horse , a rake used beasts.
Sickle, s. a curved instrument to cut Fetter, s. a chain to bind the feet of
grain with. beasts.
ScTifiE, «. an instrument for mowing less
grass. Un , not
80
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Bridle, the instrument by -which a
horse is guided.
Blade, s. the cutting part of a tool.
Shears, an instrument to crop with.
.•^HEEP , shears to crop
Hedge , shears to crop
Hedge, a thicket of thorns.
"Wall, a defense of stones.
Bin, 8. a wooden box for grain.
Rack, s. an open frame from which
horses eat haj.
Cart, s. a carriage with two wheels.
Dray, s. a low cart.
Wagon, s. a carriage with four
wheels.
Barn, s. an outhouse for hay and
grain.
Stile, s. steps for going up and down
in passing over a wall.
Bower, s. a sheltered place in a gar-
den.
THIETY-NINTH STUDY.
tools and works of the iiousewrigiit.
The carpenter, at the present day, lias a cliest of tools.
He is well furnished for his work. In olden times, his
instruments were few.
Axe, s. an instrument to hew timber
»nd chop wood.
Is the axe a good instrument ?
handle, the handle of an
heady the head of
Hammer, s. an instrument to driye or
draw nails.
Saw, s. a toothed instrument to cut
wood.
blade, the blade of
handle, the handle of
Auger, s. a tool to bore large holes.
hole, the hole
HousE» 8. a building for man to live in.
Ladder, s. a frame of wood joined by
rounds.
Gate, s. a large door into an inclosed
place.
waj/, the way .
Bier, a fi'ame like a barrow to bear
the dead on.
Chest, s. a wooden box to hold things.
Box, s. a woode^i chest.
Tower, s. a building used for defense.
Steeple, s. the turret of a church end-
ing in a point.
Bridge, & a building raised over a
liver.
PORTIETH STUDY.
THE TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE WHEELWRIGHT.
Carriages, very early in the history of the world, became
want of man. He was unable to convey himself, or his
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXOK ORTHOGRAPHY.
81
goods, as lie wished, from place to place, without them.
The wheelwright came to his help. His tools are, in the
main, the same as those of the honsewright. His works are
different
Wheel, s. a circular frame of wood
for a carriage.
Is a wheel circular ?
Nave, s. the thick piece of timber in
the centre of a wheel.
Spoke, s. a bar of a wheel.
RiM, 8. the border of the wheel.
Cart, s. a carriage with two wheels,
drawn by one horse or ox.
Wagon, s. a carriage with four wheels,
drawn by one or more horses.
Dray, a low cart.
Wheelbarrow, s. a frame or box with
one wheel.
Handbarrow, s. a frame with handles,
carried by two men.
Sledge, s. a frame moved on runners.
FOETT-FIEST STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SHIPWRIGHT.
The sea has attractions. Man, as he gazed upon it, wished
to cross it. For a long time, he had no means of moving
on water. The shipwright supplied them in the ship and
boat. His tools are like those of the wheelwright and
housewright. His works are widely different.
Ship, s. a large vessel made to float
on water.
Did the Saxons call their 8hips,keels?
Hull, s. the frame or body of a vessel.
Helm, s. the instrument with which a
ship is steered.
Keel, s. the timber that extends from
stem to stern of a sliip.
Stem, the fore part of a ship.
Stern, the hinder part of a ship.
Mast, s. a round piece of timber on
which sails are fastened.
head, the top of
Main — —, the chief
4*
Deck, s. the covering of a ship.
Hold, the hollow part of a ship.
Boat, s. an open vessel moved by oars.
Oar, «. an instrument to row boats.
Ballast, heavy matter placed in tha
hold of a ship.
Wharf, s. a raised mound of stone,
earth, or wood, on tlie shore.
Piepx, 5, a raised mass of stone extend-
ing into a sea or river.
Sail, s. a spread of canvas, sewed with
a double seam, and edged witli cord.
Rope, s. a thick line of several twists
or strands.
82
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHy.
FOETY-SEOOND STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE MILLWEIGHT.
Man, at first, lived on the fruit of the earth. Grains were
afterwards cultivated and ground into flour. To do this, a
mill was needed — the work of the millwright.
Mill, s. a machine for making flour,
or the house in whicli this- machine
is kept
stone, a stone for grinding in
How many kinds of mill are there
now?
Bam, a wall or bank raised to ob-
struct water.
"Wheel, s. a circular frame of wood
or iron.
-, a wheel turned •
"Water-
Breast , a wheel that receives
the water abreast.
Over-shot , a wheel that re-
ceives the water from above.
Under-shot , a wheel that re-
ceives the water from below.
Hopper, s, a wooden trough through
which grain passes into the mill.
FORTY- THIRD STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SMITHS.
The iorge of the blacksmith resounds with the clank of
tools. Many useful works are produced there.
Anvil, s. an iron block with a smooth
face.
Is an anvil made of iron ?
Sledge, s. a large hammer.
Tongs, a tool of two shafts, joined at
one end.
Bellows, an instrument to blow the
fire.
Linchpin, s. an iron pin used to keep
the wheel of a carriage on.
Plough, an instrument to furrow land.
Spade, an instrument to dig with.
Shovel, an instrument to throw up
earth.
HojE, an instrument to stir the soil.
Wedge, a piece of iron thick at one
end and sloping to the other.
Shoe, s. a rim of iron nailed to the
foot of a horse.
Nail, s. a pointed piece of iron with
a head.
Hasp, s. a clasp that passes over a
staple.
Lock, s. an instrument to fasten doors.
Key, s. an instrument to shut or open
a lock.
hole, the hole of
Ward, s. part of the lock that agrees
to part of the key.
Spring, s. an elastic part of a lock.
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
FOETY-FOUBTH STUDY.
TOOLS AND WOKKS OF THE WEAVER.
The wants of man called for clothing. His taste de-
manded fine materials. The weaver arose to meet his wants
and taste.
Loom, s. a frame of wood for weaving.
Did Jacquard invent the modern
loom I
Slaie, a weaver's reed.
Reed, a weaver's instrument to sepa-
rate the threads of the warp.
Spindle, s. the pin used in spinning-
wheels for twisting the thread.
Yarn, thread spun from wool or flax.
Silk, the thread of silk-worms.
Warp, the yarn that runs lengthwise
in the loom.
Woof, the yarn that runs across the
loom.
Web, s. cloth woven out of yarn.
Spinning-wheel, a wheel on which
thread is spun.
Knot, the union of thread or cords.
FOETY-FIFTH STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE MANUFACTURER.
Man, by skill, and the aid of instruments, has changed the
raw materials of the earth, and produced many noble works.
Glass, a hard, brittle substance com-
posed of sand and potash.
Is glass useful ?
Cloth, a material made of wool, hair,
or flax.
Woolen , cloth made of
Oil . cloth made of
Hair —
Silk, a
— , cloth made of
kind of cloth made of the
thread of the silk-worm.
Shoe, a cover for the foot.
Glove, a cover for the hand.
s, ed, ing
Tin d, not
Cap, a cover for the head, chiefly of
children.
Hat, a cover for the head, of a cei'-
tain shape.
Needle, an instrument of steel, with
an eye and point.
Pin, an instrument with a point and
head, used for fastening apparel.
Hose, a cover for the leg.
Comb, a toothed instrument for ar-
ranging or clearing the hair.
Comb, to arrange the hair with a
comb.
s, ed, ing
Leather, the prepared skin of animals.
I^iQUOR, a fluid substance of any kind.
84
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGEAPHY.
FOETY-SIXTH STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE HOUSEWIFE.
Housekeeping requires many utensils. These were few
in olden times. Now they are greatly multiplied.
Meal, the substance of grain ground.
Is meal the flour of corn ?
Sieve, s. an instrument that separates
meal from the bran.
Stove, s. an iron instrument used for
making fire in.
OvE\, 5. a place for baking in.
Fire, s. heat made from wood or coal.
Loaf, s, dough shaped and baked.
Bread, dough made by moistening
and kneading flour, and baking it.
Kettle, s. a hollow vessel used to boil
water in.
Churx, s. a vessel in which milk is
agitated, and butter made.
Ladle, an instrument with a bowl
and handle.
Beetle, s. a wooden hammer.
Bell, s. a hollow vessel used to make
sounds.
Goxg, s. a privy, an instrument used
to make sounds.
Fork, s. an instrument with a handle
and points, to lift food to the
mouth.
Knife, s. a cutting instrument with a
sharp edge.
Needle, s. an instrument of steel used
in sewing.
Comb, s. a toothed instrument used to
arrange the liair.
Fan, s. an instrument used by ladies to
put the air in motion.
Besom, s. an instrument, or brush,
used to sweep with.
Token, a mark of love and attention.
FORTY-SEVENTH STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF THE SOLDIER.
War has pressed some instruments into its service. The
skill of man has been used in making weapons of death.
Shield, s. a broad piece of armor.
Is the shield used at present ?
Target, s. a small shield.
Sword, s. a weapon worn at the side.
Spear, s. a long pointed weapon.
Arrow, s. a shaft with a barbed
head.
Armor, a habit worn for defense in
battle. *
Spur, «. an instrument worn on the
heel of horsemen.
Sling, s. an instrument to throw
stones.
SnoTfc a -bullet, or ball.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 85
Bow, s. a bent piece of wood and Helmet, s. a defense for the head in
string. battle.
string, the string of TowiK, s. a building used for defense.
Oboss , a bow that crosses a stock. Castle, ». a fortified building.
FOETY-EIGHTn STUDY.
TOOLS AND WOUKS OF LEARNED BUSINESS.
The learned callings of life require few instruments.
Their works are various.
Hakp, s. a stringed instrument of mu- Desk, an inclined table to write on.
sic. Song, a little poem.
Is a harp a stringed instrument of Book, s. the thoughts of a man print-
music ? . ed and bound.
Pipe, s. a wind instrument of music. Word, letters or sounds used as the
Pen, s. an instrument used to write sign of a thing.
with. Creed, the articles of belief.
Inkhorn, a vessel for ink. Speech, a discourse in public.
FORTY-NINTH STUDY.
TOOLS AND WORKS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF BUSINESS.
There are callings about which the Saxons knew little.
The names of tools and works connected with some of these,
we will place together.
"Watch, an instrument to measure Saddle, s. a seat to be placed on a
time. horse's back.
Is a watch moved by a spring ? r, one who
-glnsn, a glass that Awl, «. a pointed tool used to make
spring, an elastic piece of steel holes in leather.
in a watch. Shoe, s. a cover of leather for the foot.
Clock, an instrument moved by maker, one who makes
weights to keep time. Last, s. a form of the foot made of
work, the works of wood.
86
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY.
Glove, «. a cover for the hand.
r, one who
Hat, a covering for the head.
er, one who makes
Kiln, an oven of stone or brick for
burning lime, or hardening any
thing.
Road, an open way for travel.
Park, an inclosed piece of ground.
"Well, a place dug to obtain water.
Mound, a bank of earth raised for
defense.
Drrcii, a trench dug in the earth.
Timber, wood prepared for building.
Tow, the broken and coarse part of
flax.
Toll, a tax paid for some privilege.
FIFTIETH STUDY
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Weights and measures are portable instruments by wbicli
men find tlie value of alt quantities.
Scale, a balance to weigh things.
Is a scale much used ?
Weight, a mass of iron or brass as a
standard for weighing other things.
Pound, a weight of twelve ounces.
Hundred, a weight of one hundred
pounds.
Ton, a weight of twenty hundred.
Grain, the weight of a kernel of
wheat
Foot, a measure of length of twelve
inches.
Yard, a measure of three feet.
Span, a measure of the length be*
tween the thumb and little finger.
Fathom, a measure of six feet.
Money, coin used as a measure of
value.
Pound, money valued at twenty shil-
lings.
Shilling, money valued at twelve
pence.
Pknny, money made of copper.
Farthing, the fourth of a pennji
FIFTY-FIKST STUDY,
NUMBERS.
Numbers are tlie finest instruments of the mind.
One, the sign of a single tiling.
Is one a number \
Five,
Slx. -
Two, the sign of one and one thing. Seven,
Thbee, the sign of two and one thing. Eight,
Four, Nine, •
STUDIES IN AKGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
87
Ten,
First, the foremost in the order of
place and time.
Second, next in order.
TuiRD, first after the second.
Fourth, ■
Fifth, —
Sixth, —
Seventh,
Eighth, -
Kinth, —
Tenth, —
CHAPTER VII.
TnE WOEKS OF TOE CEEATOK.
The tools and works of man introduce us to tlie works
of tlie Creator. We go forth from home to gaze upon the
earth and heavens. We drop the hoe or spade to pick up a
flower, or gaze upon some cloud sailing in the blue sky.
Man, for the moment, is forgotten ; and we feel the presence
of the Creator — God over all, blessed for evermore.
FIFTY-SECOND STUDY.
THE EARTH.
The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof,
earth hath He given to the children of men.
The
Earth, the world in which we live.
Is the earth round like a ball ?
Earth, the dust and mould on which
we tread.
y, ly, liness, liny
en, made of
ware, crockery made
born, born of
bound, fastened to
quake, a shaking of
Sea, s. a large body of water.
•^~board, the shore
—^breeze, wind blowing from -
— man, a sailor.
like, ship.
Water, a useful and abundant fluid.
?/, less, ish, ishness.
Land, the solid matter of our world.
breeze, air moving from the — —
-flood, an overflowing
-force, troops serving
holder, an owner of
lady, a lady having tenants.
lord, the owner of
mark, a mark to bound ■
sman, one who lives
tax, a tax of money
Land, to set on shore.
s, ed, ing
88 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
PIFTY-THIKD STUDY.
BODIES OF LAND.
The land or solid part of tlie earth is divided into parts.
Tliese are to be named and known.
HiLi^ s. a small rise of land. Dell, s. a hollow place between hills
Are hills pleasing to the eye ? Glex, s. a deep hollow place between
y, iness hills.
fop, the top of a hill. Suore, s. tlie land bordering on the
Gck, a small sea.
Mount, a mass of earth higher than a hill. less
Mount, to rise on high. Island, a tract of land surrounded by
— — — s, ed, ing, er water.
Peak, s. the point of a hill or mount. er, one who dwells
ish, ed Pit, s. a deep place in the earth.
Ridge, s. a range of hills or mounts. Dust, dry, powdered earth.
, to form a ridge. y, iness
s, ed, ing, y Dust, to free from dust.
Cliff, s. a high steep rock. s, ed, ing
Bank, s. a pile of raised earth. brush, a brush to free .
, to raise a mound of oarth. Swamp, s. spongy land filled with
s, ed, ing water.
Knoll, s. a little round hill. Ledge, an elevated row of rocks.
Meadow, a tract of low land. Sward, the grassy surface of land.
F I F T T-F O U E T H STUDY.
BODIES OF WATER.
The water on the surface of tlie earth appears in various
bodies that have names and uses.
"Water, a fluid of great use and very Un not
abundant. -faU, a descent of
Is water used for drink ? wheel, a wheel moved
-y, iness, less, ish . — — man, a boatman.
"Water, to supply with water. Foam, froth formed in water.
s, ed, ing y, iness
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
Sound, a narrow sea, or strait. Stream, s. a current or flow of water.
^ to measure the depth of water , to flow as water.
by lead and line. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing, less Cueek, a small inlet of the sea.
Bay, an arm of the sea.
Shoal, s. shallow water.
Harbor, a port for ships.
FIFTY-FIFTH STUDY.
MINERAL BODIES OF THE EARTH.
The eartli, especially tlie land, is made up of various
kinds of minerals and metals. Some of these were known
to the Saxons.
Iron, a grayish, hard, and useful me-
tal.
Is iron made into steel ?
• smith, a worker
bound, bound
•Jilinga, particles of
foundry, the place where cast-
• ings
Iron, to arm with iron, or smooth.
s, ed, ing
Tin, a whitish, soft, elastic metaL
smith, a worker in
7nine, a mine
Tin, to cover with tin.
s, ed, ing
Silver, a white, brilliant metal.
smith, a worker in
Silver, to coat with silver.
s, ed, ing, y
Gold, a yellow, heavy, and precious
metal.
heater, one who beats
dust, particles
leaf, leaf or thin
smith, a worker in
Gild, to overlay with gold.
s, ed, ing, er
Lead, a dull, whitish, and soft metal.
en, made of
'pencil, an instrument to draw
lines.
White , carbon and lead used as
a paint.
Red , oxygen and lead used as a
paint
Brass, a metal, known as an alloy of
copper and zinc.
Steel, iron combined with carbon.
, to point with steel.
s, ed, ing^ y
yard, the Roman balance, or
scales.
90 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGKAPHT.
FIFTY-SIXTH STUDY.
HI.VERAL BODIES OF THE EAKTII CONTINUED.
Coal, a solid black substance used for Sand, fine, gritty particles.
fuel. y, ish, iness
Is coal a vegetable or a mineral ? stojie, a stone composed — —
Collier, s. one who digs coaL Flint, s. a grayish black stone.
pit, a pit where s, y
mi7ie, a mine where glass, the purest
miner, a man who works Clay, oily earth.
scuttle, a vessel for carrying ey, ish
Salt, a compound substance used for Loam, y. a mixture of sand and clay,
seasoning. Brimstone, roll sulphur.
, to season with salt. Chalk, a dull white earth.
s, ed, ing, y, less, ish, ness — — y, iness
inine, a mine where Limestone, a gray stone from which
spring, a spring of lime is made.
FIFTY-SEVENTH STUDY,
VEGETABLE BODIES OF THE EARTH.
The solid earth is clothed with plants. Many of these
were observed and named by our Saxon forefathers. The
plants of England received much attention irom them.
Tree, s, a plant whose stem is large Asii, a grayish and stately tree, sup-
and woody. plying good wood.
How long does it take an acorn to Birch, a whitish or blackish tree,
grow an oak tree ? whose twigs are long and slender.
less, without en
Willow, s. a tree of a drooping form. Beech, en. a fine tree of silvery bark.
Sallow, s. a kind of willow of a sickly Elm, s. a stately tree with drooping
hue. limbs.
Oak^ s. a hardy and noble tree, sup- Linden, s. a fine cone-like tree, with
plying fine timber. rich flowers.
en, ling Hawthorn, s. a small tree bearing the
Maple, s. a tree of a cone-like form. liaw.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY. 91
Holly, a tree of a rich glossy foliage. Hemlock, a kind of fir whose leaves
Apple-tree, s. a tree bearing the are prisms.
apple. Chestnut, a large, spreading tree, use-
Pear-tree, a tree bearing a rich fruit ful for its nut and timber.
like the apple. Horse , a cone-like tree, bear-
Plum-tree, a tree bearing plums. ing rich flowers — native to Africa.
Fir, an evergreen, cone-like tree, use- Yew, an evergreen tree, like the fir.
ful for timber.
FIFTY-EIGHTH STUDY.
SHRUBS.
Shrub, a dwarf tree. Heath, a drj, brittle, and brownish
Is the rose-bush a shrub f shrub.
ij, iness, less Whortleberry, a shrub bearing a
Thorn, a shrub having spinea fine beny.
1/, less Mistletoe, a shrub growing on the
Hazel, a shrub bearing a fine nut. oak.
Brier, s. a shrub full of small thorns. Ivy, a climbing shrub that grows on
y, ed walls.
Bramble, any rough prickly shrub. Madder, a plant used in dyeing.
Furze, a thorny evergreen shrub with Wormwood, a small, bitter shrub.
yellow blossoms.
FIFTY-NINTH STUDY.
Nettle, s. an herb whose prickles Fern, a plant whose fruit is on the
raise blisters. back of the leaf.
Will the juice of the nettle cure Rue, a plant used in medicine.
burns ? Fennel, a plant yielding scented
Hemlock, a poisonous plant. seeds.
SIXTIETH STUDY.
Grass, plants that form the food of Orchard ^, grass that grows
cattle. Sedge, coarse grass growing in
Are grasses very useful? swamps.
Meadow , grass that grows Reed, grass with hollow jointed stein-
92
STUDIES IN ANaLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Clover, a plant with three leaves.
RvE, a useful grain, and easily raised.
Barley, a bearded kind of grain
nsed for making malt.
Bear, a kind of barley.
Flax, a plant that yields fibre for
thread.
Hemp, a plant whose skin is used for
cords.
Sorrel, a plant of an acid taste.
Wheat, next to rice, the most useful
grain.
Oat, a plant yielding a grain for food.
SIXTY-FIEST STUDY.
VEGETABLES.
Bean, a plant with a straight -stalk
yielding a flat seed.
Are beans used for food ?
Pea, a climbing plant yielding a pea
good for food.
Radish, a plant whose root is eaten
raw.
Leek, a plant with a bulbous root.
Garlic, a plant with a bulbous root
and acid taste.
Parsnip, s. a plant with a spindle
root and used for food.
Turnip, a plant whose bulbous root
is ffood for food.
SIXTY-SECOND STUDY
FLOWERS.
Daisy, a bright, button-like flower,
called the eye of day.
Has Burns immortalized the daisy ?
Poppy, a showy plant whose juice
produces sleep.
Mallows, a soft, large-leafed plant,
with depressed fi-uita.
Blossom, the flower of plants
Thistle, a prickly plant with tt
showy head.
SIXTY- THIRD STUDY,
SOME PRODUCTIONS OF PLANTS.
Trees and shrubs yield fruits of various kinds tliat are
useful for food. Some of them are luxuries.
Apple, the ft-uit of the apple-tree.
Is the apple a large iruit ?
Pear, a large fruit like tiie apple.
Nut, a fruit consisting of a shell and
kernel.
Plum, a fine stone fruit.
Berry, a pulpy f^uit mostly found on
shrubs.
Haw, the berry of the thorn.
Sloe, the fruit of the wild plum.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
93
Acorn, the nut of tlie oak.
Corn, the seed of such plants as
wheat, rye, and maize.
Tau, a thick, dark, resia-like sub-
stance.
Pixai, the thick juice of certain trees.
Gum, the clear and pleasant juice of
some trees.
Starch, a white substance without
smell or taste.
SIXTT-FOFRTH STUDY,
THE PARTS OF PLANTS.
The smallest plant consists of several parts, all of wliicli
have their use. The Saxons observed and -named some of
them.
Stem, the bodj of a plant.
Is the stem always wood?
Bough, the arm or branch of a tree.
Twig, the smallest bough of a plant.
Wood, the solid part of a tree.
Pith, the spongy centre of a tree.
Bark, the outward covering of a tree.
Sap, the juice of a tree.
Leaf, s. the broad organs that rise
out of the small boughs.
Blossom, the flower of a j)lant.
Seed, the substance from which
plants are produced.
Kernel, the eatable part of a nut.
IXTT-FIFTH STUDY.
ANIMAL BODIES OF THE EARTH.
The earth is more than clothed and made beautiful by
trees, shrubs, grasses, and flowers. It is animated — it is
alive. Animals, or living creatures, are found on the land,
in the air, and in the depths of the water. The Saxons
observed and named many of them
to be seen.
These names are^now
DOMESTIC BEASTS OR ANIMALS.
Ox, en. the male of the cow tribe.
Is the ox used in ploughing ?
Cow, 8. the female of domestic ani-
mals with cloven feet, that gives
milk.
Horse, a fine animal with uncleft
hoof.
Colt, a young horse.
Bullock, a young or little bull.
Sheep, a small quadruped useful for
food and wool.
Ram, the male of the sheep.
Goat, an animal somewhat like the
sheep, but with hollow horns.
94
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
Lamb, a young sheep.
Stud, .<?. a horse for war — a fine horse.
Mare, the female of the horse class.
Flock, a company, as of sheep.
Swine, a thick-skinned animal used
for food.
Pig, the young of swine.
IIouND, s. a kind of dog used for
hunting.
Grey-
IIORN,
, a hound of great speed.
a hard substance growing
on the heads of some animals.
Hoof, s. a horny substance that cov-
ers the feet of animals.
Hide, s. the skin of an animal.
Marrow, a soft substance found in
the hollow of bones.
BIXTr-SIXTH STUDY
WILD animals.
The most of animals remain wild. Tliej liave never been
tamed by man, and are not likely to be used in his service.
Elephant, s. a thick-skinned animal
of great size.
Is the elephant used much in
Asia?
Deer, an animal like the goat, whose
meat is food.
Rein •. a deer that is found in
cold regions.
Fallow , a small kind of deer al-
most domesticated.
Doe, the female of the fallow-deer.
Stag, the male red deer.
Hart, s. the female red deer.
Roe, the smallest of the deer kind.
Buck, the male of the fallow-deer, or
goat.
Elk, s. a large kind of deer called
moose.
Hare, ». a small animal with long
ears and a very short tail.
Fox, an animal like a dog, and very
cunning.
Bear, a lar^je, unsightly animal, found
in cold climates.
Boar, the wild hog.
Otter, s. a small animal that lives in
water and has web feet.
Rat, s. an animal like a mouse, but
larger.
Mouse, a small animal that dwells
chiefly in houses.
Ape, s. a four-handed animal living
in warm countries.
Toad, s. a small clumsy animal like
the frog.
Frog, s. a small animal that lives on
land and water.
Tadpole, a young frog.
SIXTY-SEVENTH STUDY.
WATER ANIMALS.
The water, as well as the land of the earth, is full of liv-
ing creatures. Many of these are useful to man.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY. 95
Fish, an animal with scales and fins. Whale, a lai'ge animal partly fish.
Are fish good for food? Cuab, an animal covered with a crust-
Herrixg, a fish used much for food. like shell.
Trout, a fine fish found in fresh and Lobster, an animal like a crab,
salt water. Clam, a shell-fish used for food.
RcACH, a fresh-water fish with shiny Fix, a limb of a fish used for swim-
scales, ming.
Seal, a dog-headed animal found in Scale, a small crust which covers a
cold countries. fish.
SIXTY-EIGHTH STUDY.
REPTILES.
Eeptiles were not known mucli to tTie Saxons. This
large division of animals is found cliiefly in hot climates.
SxAKE, «. a serpent like the eel in Worm, s. a ringed animal without
lorra. feet.
Are snakes poisonous ? Leech, s. a worm-like animal used for
AobER, «. a venomous serpent of the sucking blood.
viper class. Frog, a small animal with four feet,
SxAiL, s. a slimy, slow-creeping ani- naked body, and no talL
maL Toad, a kind of frog.
SIXTY-NINTH STUDY.
Insects are very numerous in most countries. They
swarm in hot climates. Some of them are found in Eng-
land.
Bee, s. a small winged insect that House , a common black fly found
makes honey. in houses.
Is the bee useful to man ? Gad , a large fly that stings cattle.
Wasp, ». an insect like the bee. Gnat, s. a small insect whose bite is
Hornet, an insect like the wasp. sharp.
Fly, 8. a winged insect of various Beetle, an insect with a crust-liko
kinds. covering.
96
STUDIES IN" ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Midge, a kind of gnat.
Earwig, an insect with large trans-
parent wings.
Moth, .<?. a winged insect that destroys
clothes.
Flea, s. a small, black, troublesome
. insect.
Louse, s. a small insect that lives
on plants or animals*.
Mite, a very small insect found on
cheese.
Emmet, a small insect, as the ant
Weevil, .?. a small insect of the beetle
tribe that destroys grain.
GEVENTIETH STUDY.
Birds are abundant in all climates. Their forms and
plumage please the eye. The song of many of them de-
lights the ear.
Hawk, & a crooked-beaked bird that
lives on flesh.
Are hawks wild ?
Owl, 5. a strange bird that flies at
night.
Kite, s. a bird of prey that can fly
without moving its wings.
Raven, s. an unclean bird that liyes
on dead flesh.
Crow, s. a large black bird.
Rook, a bird like the crow, that
feeds on grain and insects.
Lark, s. a bird noted for its song.
Thrush, .s. a fine singing bird.
Blackbird, «. a kind of thrush.
Swallow, s. a bird of quick motion
and flight.
DovB, s. a kind of pigeon.
Cuckoo, s. a wandering bird noted
for its note.
Swan, s. a bird like the goose, witb
arched neck.
Nightingale, a small bird that sings
at night.
Finch, s. a small singing bird.
Gold——, a finch whose head is tip-
ped
Chaf , a finch delighting in
Bul , a finch with thick bill and
crimson head.
Bird, an animal with legs and wings.
Bill, «. the beak of a bird.
"Wing, s. the limb of a bird used for
flight.
Claw, s. the sharp nail of a bird.
8EVENTT-FIES T STUDY.
DOMESTIC BIRDS.
Domestic birds add much interest to the barn-yard.
They are usefal, and adorn the home of man.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 97
Fowl, a winged animal. Goose, a well-lcnown domestic water-
Domestic , a winged animal fowl.
Hen, a female domestic fowl. Gander, the male
Cock, a male domestic fowl. Gosling, a little or young goose,
Chickkn, the young of domestic fowl.
6BVBNTT-SE0OND STUDY.
PRODUCTIONS OF ANIMALS.
Animals yield man many things that are useful. They
clothe and feed him.
Milk, a white fluid yielded by many birds.
animals. Wool, the soft hair of sheep.
Is milk good for children ? y, iness, en
Butter, an oily substance obtained Oil, a greasy substance drawn from
from milk. animals.
y , less y, incss
Meat, the flesh of animals. Hair, the mass of thread-like covcr-
Eqg, «. a body formed by female ing on the skin of animals,
SEYENTT-TniED STUDY.
BODIES IN THE HEAVENS.
The bodies that appear in the heavens early attract the
infant eye. The sun, moon, and stars have fixed the atten-
tion of man in all ages.
Heavens, the region that surrounds Moon, the body that lights the earth
. the earth. by night
Are the aerial heavens high ? Star, a twinkling bright body in the
Sun, the body that lights the earth heavens.
by day. Welkin, the vault of heaven.
93 STUDIES IN AJSIGLO'SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY,
CHAPTER VIII.
GOD.
The works of God are great, sought out of all those that
have pleasure therein. When we look upon their form,
number, beauty, and use, we are led to think of their Crea-
tor.
8 B VENTT-FOUBTn S T IT D T ,
"Where is God my Maker ? This question is just as
simple and natural as to ask, Where is my father ?
God, the Supreme Being, the Good head — ^the Author of all thinga.
One. Son, the second person in the God-
— -/y, liness, like, less, lessness ■ head — ^the daysman.
'-—head, the nature of Holt Ghost, the third person in the
Un — ?y, not like Godhead, the Spirit that makes the
Fathkb, the first person in the God- soul holy.
8EVBNTT-PIFTH 8TT7DT.
ATTRIBUTES OF GOD.
The attributes of God are those qualities that belong to
Him. We find the names of some of them in the Saxon
part of our language. Their names are impressive, and
stand for things in which every child has an interest.
Might, strength or power. Wisdom, the power to use knowledge
Is the might of God great ? in the right way.
y , abounding in ' Good, a quality that makes happy.
- i ness, ily Goodness, the state of being good.
Almighty, having all power. True, according to fact or what is —
Know, to see and understand. Truth, the standard of all that ia
Knowledgb^ a clear understanding of good and wise and right
things. Holt, pure from all blemishes.
Wise, having much knowledge. Holiness^ the state of being holy.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 99
8 EVENT Y- 81 XT H STUDT,
RELATIONS OF GOD TO MAN.
All tliat is dear in objects is found in their relations to
lis. It is this that makes one man a father. God is kindly
related to us ; and His relations are full of interest. Have
we not all one Father ? Hath not one God created us ?
Maker, the Creator. Pbace-makeg, one who reconciles
Is God the Maker of man? parties at variance.
Hold, to keep or maintain. Higii-peiest, the chief priest.
Up , to support. Shepherd, one who feeds and guides
Up f r, one who supports. men or sheep.
Rule, to govern or direct. Father, the Author of our being and
Ruler, one who governs or directs. happiness.
Daysman, a mediator.
BE VB NT T-SE VENTH STUDT,
THE ABODE OF GOD.
Heaven is His throne, and the earth is His footstool.
God filleth heaven and earth with His fulness.
Earth, the world which we inhabit. sun, moon, and stars — the dwelling-
Heaten, the air — the place of the place of holy angels.
CHAPTER IX.
PLAOB AND TIMS.
Place and time belong to every thing which we know,
and require a passing notice. It is wise to notice the local-
ity of bodies, and the time when events happen. The
names, of some places and divisions of time, may now be
studied, and the things for which they stand, understood.
100
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
SEVENTY-EIQHTH STUDY.
PLACES ON TIIK EARTH AND IN THE HEAVENS.
The earth and heavens may be looked upon as places,
and divided into various parts.
Heavens, tlie place where the snn,
moon, and stars appear, and holy
angels dwell.
Can any one measure the heav-
ens?
East, that place in the heavens
where the sun rises.
"West, that place in the heavens
where the sun sets.
North, the place opposite to the svu
at noon.
South, the place opposite the north.
Ground, the earth as distinct from air
and Wiiter.
Earth, the place where plants, ani-
mals, and man live.
Acre, a measured piece of earth.
Field, ground not built on.
EVENTT-NINTH STUDY
eelative places.
Places are compared with one another, and named. The
names mark their relations.
Here, the place where we are.
There, a place beyond where we are.
Thither, the place to which a thing
goes.
"Where, at what place.
Whither, to what place.
Within, inclosed in a place.
Without, outside of a place.
Hexce, from this place.
High, above in place.
Low, not high in place.
Inward, towards a place.
Far, distant in place.
Farther, more distant in place.
Over, above in place.
Near, close by a place.
Below, under in place.
Beneath, under in place.
Nigh, near in place.
Out, beyond in place.
Outward, going beyond in place.
Beyond, at the outside in place.
Up, ascending in place.
Together, brought near in place.
Next, nearest in place.
Middle, coming between the ex-
tremes in a place.
Mid, at equal distance from extremes.
Yonder, distant in place, but in view.
STUDIES IIT ANGLO-SAXON ORTHO.GRAJ^dY. ''' lOl^^' I
ElftHTIETH STUDY
LAEGE DIVISIONS OF TIME.
All events liave their times and seasons, wliicli are to
be observed and named. The Saxons gave macli attention
to this subject.
Time, the measure of events.
Is time a part of eternity ?
Day s. the time we have sunlight.
break, the dawn of
light, the light of
- — spring, the first gleam of
tiine, the time of
Sux , the day dedicated by the
Saxons to the Sun — the Christian
Sabbath.
MoN , the day of
TuEs , the day of
Wednes , the day of
Thubs , the day of — —
Fri , the day of
Satur , the day of
Night, the time the sun is absent.
iy
-fall, the drop of •
"Week, the space of seven days and
niglits.
ly
Month, the space of the moon's mo-
tion round the earth.
^y~
Year, the space of time in which the
earth moves round the sun.
Spring, the part of the year when
plants bud.
Summer, the manhood of the year.
Fall, that part of the year when
leaves fall.
Winter, that part of the year when
cold prevails — the old age of the
year.
Easter, the festival of the Saviour's
resurrection.
Lent, the space of forty days before
Easter.
EIGHTY-FIRST STUDY
SMALLER DIVISIONS OF TIME.
Morn, the first part of day.
Morning, the opening of the day.
Evening, the close of the day.
Eventide, the time of evening.
Noon, the part of the day when the
sun is overhead.
day^ the time of
tide, the highest point of
After , the time
Fore , the time
Night, the time from sunset to sun-
rise.
Mid , the middle
Twilight, the mixture of day and
night.
Morrow, the day after to-day.
Dawn, the break ol day.
^ -Iw ' ' S^bDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
EIOHTY-SEOONDSTUDY,
BELATED DIVISIONS OF TIME.
Some of the divisions of time are known and named as
they are related to each other. Such divisions are useful,
and their names are to be studied.
Now, the present time. Again, repeated in time.
Before , time before the present. When, at what time.
HBRbAFTER, time after now. Then,, at that time.
Always, time unending. While, during a certain tima
Ever, time without limits. Yet, remaining time.
N , no Still, time up to the present,
Soon, early, at a certain time. New, recent in time.
Late, behind the set time. Old, of long duration.
Early, before the set time.
CHAPTER X.
QUALITIES OP THINGS.
To the qualities of things we now turn. Every thing in
the world has its own qualities. Snow is white and cold :
fire is bright and warm. Qualities form the greater part of
our knowledge. Some of them we have already noticed :
others yet remain to be seen.
The infant mind first acquires the names of things. It
then goes back to learn their qualities. Its third effort is to
learn the actions of these things. This is a law of mind in
acquiring language. First, it learns the names, mamma^
^apa, dog. Second, the qualities of these things, thus : good
mamma, hind papa, lad dog. Third, it turns back to learn
the actions of these things: good mamma comes, kind papa
runs, bad dog biles.
It is out of regard to this law of mind, that we turn back
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGBAPHY. 103
here, to give tlie Saxon words denoting quality^ in each of
the preceding studies, beginning at Home,
BIGHTY-THIED STUDY.
QUALITIES OF HOME.
To gather up the quahties of home is as pleasant as to
gather flowers.
Sweet, pleasing. En , to make .-
Is home sweet f s, ed, ing ■■ _
en, ed, ing, ness, ish, ishness — — Love, to delight ia
Dear, precious, or of great value. d, ly
c r, est, ly, ness Be d, greatly —
BI O n T T- F O TJ E T H STUDY,
QUALITIES OF A HOUSE.
The building, in which we live, exerts a great influence
upon our hearts and lives. It does so bj its qualities. Let
them be pleasing, then ; and man is happy.
Small, little in extent. Bare, laid open to -view.
May a small house be neat! ly, ness
er, est, ness, ish Shade, shelter from light : to shelter
Great, large in extent. from light
er, est, ness, ly — y, iness ■ ■ ■—
Old, a long time made. High, raised far above the earth.
er, est, ness, ish — — - ■ ■ er, est, ness — —
New, lately made. Low, raised a little above the earth,
er, est, ness, ish, ly er, est, ly, liness
BianTT-FIFTH STUDY,
QUALITIES OF OUTHOUSES.
The condition of our domestic animals depends, very-
much, upon the character of our outhouses. The habita-
tion of animals should be clean, roomy, and well aired.
104:
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON" OETHOGRAPHY.
KooM^ enough of space.
Is there room enough in the barn ?
1/, iness, ful, ily
Long, extended in length.
er, est
Narro-^, of litT,le width.
er, est, ness, ly
Wide, extended between the sides.
er, est, ness •
Clean, free from dirt of any kind.
er, est, ly, liness, ness .
Dirt, any foul matter.
y, ier, iest, i7iess
Open, not closed, exposed.
ly, ness
Dnv, free from moisture.
er, est, ness, ly
Wet, coiitaininff moisture.
GHTT-SIXTn STUDY.
QUALITIES OF IIOUSEIIOLn-STUFK.
The furnitTire of a house adds mucli to tlie comfort of the
inmates. It forms the taste of children. It does so bj its
quahties, which should, on this account, receive some
attention.
Nice, delicate or fine.
Are the chairs nice ?
r, est, ly, ness
Snow, to present to view for show.
y, abounding , splendid.
ness, ily
Rough, uneven, or not polished.
er, est, ly, ness
Smooth, even surface, polished.
cr, est, ness, ly
Even, level, uniform.
ly, ness
Heavy, weighty or massy.
ly, 7iess
Light, having little weight.
er, est, ness, ly
QHTY-SEVENTn STUDY
QUALITIES OF THE IIOUSEHOLI).
A GOOD and happy family is one of the fairest things in
the world. Its beauty, whatever it may be, is that of the
good qualities of each member.
Good, hind and comely.
Is a good father beloved ?
ness, the state
ly, li7iess ■
Better, more kind than another.
Best, the most kind of all.
Fair, pleasant to behold.
ness, er, est
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
105
Busy, engaged in some pvirsuit
Idle, not actively employed.
y , ness, er
Glad, pleased and joyous.
ly., ness
some, somewhat —
ness, ly
-some, somewhat
God, the Supreme Being, the Good
One.
ly, liness, like .
ZTn ly, liness
Hallow, to make holy.
s, ed, ing .
Glee, mirth or gayety.
E IGH T Y - E I G n T n STUDY.
qualities of food.
The quality, as well as tlie quantity of our food, is of the
greatest importance. It is closely, connected with health.
Fresh, new, recently procured.
Is fresh bread pleasant ?
er, est, ness
Whole, sound, not diseased.
some, somewhat ■
ly, ness •
Enough, all that is needed to satisfy
us.
Tart, sharp to the taste.
ness, ly
Sour, sharp and astringent,
ness, ish, ly
EIGHTY-NINTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF CLOTHING.
Clothing is a great concern of life. It employs some
millions of the race in producing it. Some of its qualities
may be grouped together. It should be light and warm.
"Warm, that which preserves heat.
Are all kinds of clothing alike
warm ?
ly, ness, er, est
Soft, gentle and yielding to the touch.
er, est, ish, ly, ness
Cool, not retaining heat.
er, est, ish, ness, ly
Thick, of some extent from side to
side.
e r, est, ish, ness
6*
Thin, not thick.
er, est, ish, 7iess, ly
Silk, the thread made oy the silk-
worm.
en, made of
Wool, the soft hair of sheep.
en, made of
Cheap, of low price and value,
er, est, ness, ly
Tidy, neat in dress.
er, est, ness, ly
106 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
NINETIETH STUDY.
QUATJTIES OF MAN.
The qualities of man are iiTimerous. He takes to him-
self, in some way, the qualities of all other beings. There
are many, however, which are native to him. Some of these
have been given.
"Weak, feeble in strength. less, without
Is man a weak being ? Earnest, order in employment.
er, est, ness, ly '- ly, ncss
Sin, an evil nature. Fickle, wavering and chang-^ftble.
— -ful, fully, fulness, less ness
Empty, vain and foolish, containing Lukewarm, a little warm,
nothing. ly, ness «
ness Lorn, lost.
Short, of little height. For , lost to
er, est, ness Bold, daring.
Free, at liberty to do as one pleases. er, est, ly, ness — —
ly, ness Evil, wicked.
Rest, repose from care and toiL
ninett-first stttdt,
qualities of the body of man.
The body is the habitation of the soul, and should be kept
sound and healthy.
Sound, whole and free from disease. Sick, suif^iring from disease.
Is a sound body desirable ? 1^, ness-
.ness Hale, robust, or sound.
Strong, having much active power. Spare, lean, or wanting in flesh.
er, est, ly ness
Heal, to make sound. Bone, the hard, solid part of the
.<?, ed, ing body.
th, the state of y, full of
-y, abounding in .. Flesh, the soft, solid part of tlio
XTn , not body.
Little, small in size. y, iness, less
•ness ■
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY. 107
NINBTT-SEOOND STUDY.
QUALITIES OF PARTS OF THE BODY OF MAN.
EvEEY part of the human body has its uses and qualities.
A knowledge of them is desirable. To name these quali-
ties is instructive.
Ruddy, a healthy flesh color. ness
Is the face ruddy ? Stiff, not easily bent, stubborn.
Wan, pale or sickly in appearance. -ness, ly •
Giddy, a whirling feeling in the head. Broad, extended in width.
ness er^ est, ly, ness " ,
Stern, severe and rigid. Film, a thin skin.
er, est, ly, ness y, partaking of — —
Hollow, sunken or depressed.
NINETY-THIED 8 T TJ D T •
QUALITIES OF THE SOUL.
The soul is a priceless thing. It is the object of much
regard, and should be carefully studied. It is known in its
qualities. The most of these have already been brought to
view.
Dark, obscure and gloomy. Wicked, evil in heart and life.
Is a dark soul attractive f ly, ness
ly, ness Right, according to goodness and
Light, to make light, or visible. truth.
s, ed, ing eous, full of ' ■ -
-en, to make ■ Un , not
-s, ed, ing ly, ness ■
En ed, inwardly made Death, the result of the body and soul
Self, one's own person, or interest. being separated.
•ish, somewhat less, without
•ly, ness ly, like, ful, fulness
Mean, base, or of little value. Leave, to permit, or allow.
er, est, ly, ness s, ing
Stubborn, stiff-minded, or obstinate. Believe, to give credit to any thing:
— — ly, ness -r ? -..i — ed, ing, ingly
108 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGKAPHY.
NINETY-FOUKTH STUDY.
^ QUALITIES OF THE HUNTER AND HUNTING.
Hunting is often a dangerous employment. It requires
skill and courage to pursue it successfiillj, for profit or
pleasure.
"Wild, roving, savage. s, ed, ing
Is hunting a wild pursuit I hj, liness
ly, ness, er, est A , in
Dare, to face danger. Ready, quick and prepared.
s, ed, ing, bigness ■■
Live, to be animated.
iness
NINETT-FIFTH PTUDY,
QUALITIES OF THE FISHER AND FISIUNG.
Fishing is connected with rivers, lakes, and seas. It i3
full of idleness and adventure.
Hard, firm or strong. Watch, attention, observation.
Js a fisher's life hard ? -fid, fulness, fully
-y, abounding in — — Steady, firm and constant in mind.
Care, trouble, caution. ily, iness
ful, fully, fidness, less Fear, the dread of some danger.
Lust, vigor, active power. less, without
y , abounding
NINETY-SIXTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF THE FARMER AND FARMING.
There is no employment that seems to be so full of sim-
ple life as that of farming. Its toils and burdens are con-
nected with fields, groves, and sunsets.
Blithe, gay and joyous. s, ed, ing
Is the farmer blithe ? • so7ne, someness
some, fill, fully, fulness — — Toil, to labor with fatigue.
Tire, to weary. s, ed, ing
STUDIES m ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY.
109
. some, somenesa
Peace, freedom from disturbance.
-ful, fully, fulness
Fallow, not tilled.
Time, a season of any thing, or mea-
sure of an event
ly, liness
Early, first in time.
-7iess, er, est
Late, after the time.
ly, ness, er, est
Sultry, hot and close.
Cold, wanting in heat.
ly, ness, ish, er, est
Rain, to fall in drops of water from
the air.
s, ed, ing, y, in ess — ^
Dry, without moisture.
ness, er, est
Clay, soft and oily earth.
ey, ish
Loam, a kind of colored earth.
Stone, a hard mass of earth.
y, iness
NINET Y- SE V E N T n STUDY.
qualities of war.
War is a cruel thing, but those who follow it, as a calling
in life, are often noble. It will cease. .
Blood, the vital fluid, also slaughter.
Is blood the seat of bodily life ?
y, itcess, less ■
Dead, deprived of life.
Jy, liness, ness
Dread, terror or awe.
ful, fully, fulness, les
Rue, to lament or grieve.
s, d, ing
ful, fully, fidriess
-pi, woe or tender pity.
-ful, fully, less, lessness-
Gore, thick blood.
y, abounding in
Foul, filthy, wicked.
ly, ness
Fright, violent fear, or terror.
ful, fuUy, fulness
Rife, abounding, prevailing.
ly, ness
NINETY-EIGHTn STUDY.
QUALITIES OF MECHANICS AND THEIR CALLINGS.
Mechanics compose a useful class of men. Their ma-
chines and wares are connected with the growth of the nation.
Their callings require some bodily and mental qualities.
Skill, ready knowledge. Does the mechanic need skill ?
110
STUDIES IN ANGL0-SAX0:N' ORTHOGRAPHr.
t/''*^* f^^^Vi y«^?"«6ss
Craft, art, or practical skill.
w, inem, ily
Need, the want of any thing.
-y«/, fully, fulness
Cunning, skilful, crafty.
workman, a workman -•
Wise, skilled in practical knowledge.
NINETY-NINTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF THE MANUFACTURER AND MANUFACTURINa.
The manufactaring department of life is full of enterprise
and skill. Striking qualities meet us at every step, many
of wHch have already been pointed out.
Many, numerous.
Are there many manufacturers ?
Some, a certain quantity.
Raw, not altered, in its natural state.
Mix, to blend or join in some way.
es, ed, ing
Rude, rough in finish.
Home, made in one's native country.
Any, one or more.
All, the whole number.
moat, the greatest part •
Such, of the like kind.
Both, two taken together.
Other, not the same.
Golden, made of gold.
Silver, made cf silver.
Silken, made of silk.
Woolen, made of wool.
Wooden, made of wood.
Iron, made of iron.
ONE nUNDEEDTn STUDY.
QUALITIES OF THE TRADER AND TRADING.
Trading is now extensive, ranging from the pedlar to tlie
wholesale merchant. It is a form of life in which there is
much tact, and many fine business qualities needed, in order
to succeed.
Sell, to transfer any thing for money.
Does the merchant sell goods ?
s, ing, er
Sale, the transfer of goods for money.
Whole , the transfer of goods in
quantity.
Buy, to obtain by purchase.
Cheap, bearing a low price.
cr, est, ness, ly
Fresh, recently made or obtained.
er, est, nesa, ly
Old, of long duration.
Weiqii, to find out the quantity by
scales.
Weight, the quantity of a thing.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Ill
ONE nUNDEED AND FIRST STUDY.
QUALITIES OF THE SAlLOPw AND A SEAFAraNG LIFE.
Those who do business on great waters are a noble and
generous class of men. Much of the wealth and comfort of
the nation depend upon their daring and skill.
Merry, gaj and noisy.
Are sailors merry ?
c r, est, ness, ly ■—
A , on or before
Foam, the froth of water.
,-, to gather foam.
s, ed, hig, y, less — —
Path, the way in Avhich a body
moves.
less, without
Storm, a violent action of air and
rain.
Drive, to urge forAvard by force.
s, wg
Drift, any thing driven.
A , afloat, or driven along.
Float, to be borne along on water.
s, cd, ing
A ■; borne along
Head, the upper or foremost part.
ONE nUNDEED AND SECOND STUDY.
QUALITIES OF THE LEARNED PROFESSIONS.
Society is more indebted to the learning and life of the
teacher, lawyer, doctor, and minister, than to every thing
else on earth.
Learn, to obtain knowledge.
Must the minister learn much ?
s, cd, ing, er
High, raised or elevated.
Each, the whole taken separately.
Either, one of two.
N , not one
Word, sounds or letters used as a sign
of a thing.
less, y -
Thought, the product of thinking.
fuf, less, fulness, lessly
Mood, style in music.
y, iness
Care, concern, interest in any thing.
-ful, abounding in — — -
ONE HUNDRED AND THIKD STUDY,
QUALITIES OF OFFICERS AND OFFICES.
Society needs men to attend to public business. Officers
112
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGRAPHY.
are necessary. Much depends upon tlieir wisdom and jus-
tice. Good qualities in our officers are tlie pledge of pros-
perity.
First, before all others.
Does the President fill the first
office?
Main, chief, or principal.
PitiiiE, highest in rank.
Low, below otliers in station.
er, est
7nost^ the very lowest
Tire, to weary.
s, ed, ing
some, somewhat
Money, the currency of a country.
ed, having
Mn.D, gentle.
ly, ness, er, est
Stern, severe and stiff.
er, est, ly, ness -
Trust, to confide in.
s, ed, irig
-y, less, incHS, ful —
■worthy, worthy of
ONE HUNDRED AND FOUETH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF TEE WORKS OF MAN.
The works of man are tested by their qualities. 'These
are numerous, and of every degree of excellence. Atten-
tion to tlieir names is a useful exercise in education.
Like, resembling.
Are the works of man like God's ?
Un , not
Tell, to speak, to count.
Told, did
Un , not reckoned.
Little, small in size.
Less, smaller
Least, smallest
Keen, sharp in cutting.
er, est, ly, ness
SuAUP, having a thin edge or point.
er, est, ness, ly
Level, flat, agreeing with the line
where the earth and sky seem to
meet.
Plough, uneven, not perfect.
ONE nUNDEED AND FIFTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF TEE WORKS OF GOD.
"Who can point out the perfection of the Divine works ?
They are all goodly. Their qualities are perfect in degree.
In wisdom, has He made them all.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXOK ORTHOGRAPHY.
113
Great, large in size or number.
Are the works of God great ?
■ er, est, ly, ness
End, the last or close of any thing.
less, without
Good, of line quality.
WoNDEu, strange, great or novel.
-ful, fulness, fully
Fast, firm and fixed.
Bleak, open and exposed to the wind,
er, est, ness-
ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF MINERAL BODIES.
Earths and metals have many nseful qualities. To tliese
we owe the existence of plants, in a good degree, and the
Avorks of man.
Hard, firm to the touch.
Are all metals hard ?
er, est, iiess
Gas, a body of a light elastic nature.
y, full of
Weight, quantity of a body.
y, full of , or heavy.
er, est, iness, ily ■
Acid, sharp to the taste.
Bright, shiny.
-er, est, ness, ly
Dull, not clear, but clouded.
er, est, ness — —
Flint, a yellow, or grayish black
stone, which is very hard.
y
Chalk, an earth of a dull white color.
y, iness
ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF VEGETABLE BODIES.
Plants have always attracted the attention and love of
man. A thousand simple charms hang about our trees and
flowers.
Wood, the firm part of a tree, many Tougii, flexible, or bending readily.
trees.
Is the wood hard ?
y, abounding in
-er, est, ness, ly
Leaf, the airy organ of a plant.
y, iness, less
Pretty, neat and pleasing.
Thick, crowded together.
ly, ness
Mellow, soft with ripeness.
er, est, ness
Ripe, mature in growth.
er, est, ness
Whole, entire, sound.
some, somewhat
114 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXOIT ORTHOGRAPHY.
fv
ONE HTJNDEED AND EIGHTH STUDY
QUALITIES OF ANIMALS.
Animals, tame or wild, have mucli to attract our notice.
Their qualities appear in every form and variety. Some of
tliem are recorded by the Saxons.
Tame, aeeustomed to man. ly, liness, er, est
Is the ox tame ? . Uh li/, liness
er, est, ness, less Grisly, frightful.
Greedy, having a strong desire for Shaggy, rough with long hair or wool,
food. Swift, rapid in motion.
er, est, ly, ness er, est, ly, ness
Grim, fierce, savage. Slow, tardy or lazy in motion.
Clean, free from what is foul. er, est, ly, ness
Un , not free
ONE HUNDRED AND NINTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF LIGHT.
The colors of light are a charm to the eye.
Red, a bright warm color. Blue, a rich warm color.
Is red a color ? Buown, a sober cool color.
Yellow, a bright and brilliant color. Gray, white with a mixture of black.
Greex, a soft and cool color, composed "White, the color of snow.
of yellow and blue. Black, the color of night.
ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH STUDY.
QUALITIES OF GOD.
As the streams of the earth are fed by the clouds of
heaven, so all the qualities of created things were originally
derived from God. His qualities are the source of all that
is good and true.
Ever, at all times. es, ing
lasting, continuing without end. ed, pronounced happy.
Bless, to make happy. Mighty, strong.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 115
Al ^ having all strength, or Last, the end of all things.
power. True, the real.
Wise, the proper use of knowledge. Ever, existing without end.
All , the right use of all know- Lasting, enduring.
ledge. Everlasting, continuing without end.
First, the beginning of all things.
The noun and verb, in tlie Studies on Qualities, have
sometimes been given. The object of this is, to keep before
the mind of the child, the derivation of one part of speech
from another ; and also to lead him to distinguish between
nouns, verbs, and adjectives. This has been found to be
desirable to secure correctness, in the practical defining and
use of words. A similar course is observed in the Studies
on Actions.
CHAPTER XI.
"We have now arrived at the third stage of the mind, in
the formation of language. The first is things and their
names ; the second is qualities and their names ; the third is
ACTIONS and the words by which they are expressed.
These stages are ever in this order. Certain laws of the
mind guide every child to take these steps ; and, having
taken them, he has the materials of language. He can de-
clare, question and express his feelings, about all things,
with which he is acquainted.
The various things which we have noticed are agents,
and have their work to perform in the world. Their ac-
tions, to some extent, were noticed by our Saxon fore-
fathers. Many of the words expressing them are still pre-
serv.ed, and form part of our language.
116
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY,
ONE IIUNDKED AND ELEVENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF MAN.
Man is ever active. Even ifi sleep, his busy mind is in
motion, pursuing some image or fancy in life.
Live, to have and use life.
s, ed, ing
Out , to live
Grovv--, to enlarge in size.
s, ing
-er, the tliini
Grew, did
Die, to cease from life.
.«?, ed, ing
Have, to possess or hold,
ing
Had, did
Do, to perform any work.
— eSy ing, er
Uii — , to change and reverse.
Did, having done
Blush, to redden on the cheeks.
«, ed, ing
"Wept, did
Sneak, to steal away secretly.
s, ed, ing
Know, to have the knowledge of
things.
' s, ing, er, n
Knew, did
Think, to use the mind in getting
knowledge.
.5, ing, er
Thought, did
Feel, to have pain or pleasure by the
s, tng, er
Felt, did
Believe, to trust in a person, or tes-
timony.
s, ed, ing, er
Laugh, to make the noise of mirtli. Wokship, to adore God, or pay th«
s, ed, ing, er highest honor to Him.
Sigh, to breathe with sorrow. s, ed, ing, er »
s, ed, ing
Weep, to shed tears.
s, ing, er
Hallow, to regard or make holy,
— — — s, edf ing
ONE HUNDEED AND TWELFTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE BODY OF MAN.
The body declares its nature in various kinds of actions.
Walk, to move on the feet.
s, ed, ing, er
Sit, to rest on a seat.
—-5, hig, er —
Leap, to bound suddenly.
—s, ed, ing, er
Run, to move quickly with the feet.
s, ing, er
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGIIAPHY.
117
Rax, did ■
Staxd, to be upon the feet
Spit, to cast out from the mouth.
5, ing
Spat, did
Swoon, to sink into a fainting state.
Stood, did
Lie, to rest outstretched.
S, i7lff
Stagger, to totter on the feet.
Lain, did
Slumbkb, to take light sleep.
Slip, to slide on the feet.
«, ed, ing
Slide, to move along the surface by
skips.
Stride, to walk with long steps.
Sleep, to rest with the will sus-
pended.
s, inff, er, less, y, iness
Snore, to breathe with a hoarse voice
in sleep.
Glide, to move lightly along the sur-
face.
s, ed, ing, er, ingly
Yawn, to have the mouth open
through drowsiness.
Rise, to get up.
s, tng
A , to get straight ■
Sneeze, to emit air audibly through
the nose.
Gape, to open the mouth wide.
Swim, to move through water by the
hands and feet.
Swam, did
Grope, to feel with the hands.
Spring, to bound lightly along.
s, ing ■■
Sprang, did
Spurn, to cast away in anger.
Creep, to move on hands and feet.
Bow, to bend the head.
s, ed, ing
Belch, to cast wind out of the sto*
mach.
s, ed, ing
Crept, did
Crawl, to move by drawing out the
body.
ONE nUNDKED AND TniRTEENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE SENSES.
The senses are like wakeful sectinels and servants of tlie
soul. They are ever on duty during the day.
118 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGEAPHY.
Look, to turn the eye towards an ob- s, ed, ing
jeet. List, to incline the ear in desire.
Does the eye look at all things ? s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing en, to attend closely to hear.
Blink, to twinkle witli the eyes. s, ed, ing
-s, ed, ing Smell, to perceive or know by the
Staee, to look with fixed eye. nose.
s, ed, ing, er s, ed, ing
Hark, to lend the ear. Feel, to perceive by the touch.
s, ed, ing s, ing, er
Hearken, to listen to what is said.
ONE HUNDEED AND FOTTRTEENTH STUDT.
ACTIONS OF THE SOUL OF MAN.
The soul is fall of action, and shows it in various ways.
Glab, to cheer with pleasure. s, ed, ing
Does God glad the heart of man ? Liguten, to make light.
s, ing, er, en -E'/i , to cause to make
Mourn, to grieve for lost good. s, ed, ing, er
•s, ed, ing, ful, fully, er Deem, to think or judge.
Wish, to long for some good. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing, er, ful, fully Keckon, to count or number.
Like, to be pleased with. ■ s, ed, ing,
er
s, ed, ing Heed, to mind or record with care.
Chide, to blame. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Prove, to try so as to find the truth.
Upbraid, to reproach. — — s, ed, ing
ONE HUNDEED AND FIFTEENTH STUDY,
ACTIONS IN THE HOUSEHOLD.
The houseliold is tlie scene of the fairest actions of the
heart. It is the nursery of all actions.
Cook, to prepare food. s, ing •••
Is it easy to cook food ? Cleanse, did
5, ed, ing Sweep, to clean by brushing.
Clean, to separate from any thing s, ing
foul. Swept, did
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 119
Wash, to clean by rubbing in water. Cuoke, to stop the windpipe in any
es, ed, incf, er way.
"Wipe, to rub for the purpose of clean- s, ed, ing
ing. Sup, to take into the mouth with the
s, ed, ing lips.
Sift, to separate by a sieve. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Sip, to take a fluid in small quanti-
Knead, to work flour and leaven into ties.
dough. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Ask, to seek by speech.
Bake, to cook and prepare food in an «> ^<^> ««^
oven. Answer, to speak in return,
s, ed, ing, er s, ed, ing
Dine, to eat the chief meal of the Bear, to support, to support without
day. passion.
s, ed, ing s, ing
Carve, to cut in small pieces. For ,
s, ed, ing Kiss, to salute with the lips.
Cram, to press or stuff in any thing. s, ed, ing
8, ed, ing Greet, to address kindly.
s, ed, ing •
ONE HUNDEED AND SIXTEENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE HOUSEKEEPER.
The housekeeper is silently performing her part in the
world. Her actions promote or retard the good of the
whole household.
Foster, to feed or bring up. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Tie, to bind with a cord or band.
Warm, to supply heat. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing — — ^ Singe, to burn slightly.
Feed, to give food. s, ed, ing
s, mg • Soak, to steep in a liquid.
Fed, did s, ed, ing
Sew, to unite with needle and thread. Rear, to raise or bring up,
8, ed, ing .?, ed, ing
Hem, to fold and sew down the edge. Meet, to come together.
Swaddle, to bind with bandage. Met, did
120 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE HOUSEHOLDER.
The care of a honseliold is known only to liouseliolders.
Who could name the acts of one day of their lives ?
Open, to unbar or remove any fasten- s, ing, er
ing. Led, did
Does the householder open the Rule, to order or control.
house ? s, ed, ing, er
s, ed, ing Bid, to command or direct.
Shut, to close or bar. s, ing
s^ ing For , to command before.
Give, to bestow or transfer any thing. Bade, did
s, ing, er Bide, to dwell or continue. .
Given, bestowed. A , to dwell in
Gave, did s, ing
"Work, to perform labor. Abode, did
s, ed, ing • Bequeath, to leave any thing by will
Lead, to guide or conduct. s, ed, ing
ONE HUNDEED AND EIGHTEENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE HUNTER.
The chase is attended with toil as well as pleasure. Acts
of daring make up much of the hunter's life.
Hunt, to chase wild animals. Rode, did
Do many men hunt animals ? Out , did
s, ed, ing, er Bet, to stake a wager.
Trap, to catch by a snare. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing, er "Weary, to exhaust strength, to tire.
Run, to pass rapidly on foot. s, ed, ing
s, ing, er Slay, to put to death by violence.
Ran, did s, ing, er
Ride, to go on horseback. Slew, did
s, ing, er Skin, to take off the skin.
Out , to ride farther, or beyond. s, ed. ing
s, ing, er — Throw, to fling or cast in any way.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 121
-5, ing . ■ 5, ed, ing
Threw, did — — Flay, to strip off the skin.
Ford, to cross a river by -walking on s, ed, ing
the bottom.
ONE HIJNDEED AND NINETEENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE FISEER.
The days and nights of the fisher are marked with
change. Perils and escapes make up much of his history
on the deep.
Fish, to try to take iisk Wreck, to ruin, or throw aiway.
Is it pleasant to fish ? «, ed, ing
es, ed, ing, er Swamp, to plunge or upset in water.
Hook, to seize with a hook. s, ed, ing
«, ed, ing Pull, to drag or haul.
Spear, to pierce with a spear. s, ed, ing
«, ed, ing • Weather, to bear up through a
Drag, to pull or hauL storm.
«, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Sail, to pass through water in a ves- Steer, to direct, as a vesseL
sel. 5, ed, ing
8, ed, ing Row, to drive with oars.
Swim, to pass through water by using s, ed, ing
the limbs. Toil, to labor, to become weary.
s, ing, er ^ ed, ing
Swam, did
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE FARMER.
Almost every act of the farmer's life is connected witii
something agreeable.
Farm, to lease or till land. Seed, to sow, or plant with seed.
Is it healthy to farm f Weed, to free from weeds.
ing, er s, ed, ing
Till, to cultivate land. Harvest, to gather grain or fruits,
■ ■ <, ed, ing ■ g, ed, ing -^
122 STUDIES IK ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
Summer, to pass, or cany through Fan, to Avinnow, or separate chaff
summer. from grain.
s, edy ing < s, ed, ii>g
Winter, to pass, or carry through Hire, to engage in service for a r^-
winter. ward.
s, edy ing 5, ed, ing, ling
Mow, to lay grain or hay in a mass Gather, to get in the harvest
in the barn, .«, ed, ing
.. s, ed, ing Hinder, to keep back, or obstruct*
Mow, to cut down grass or grain. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing, er
ONE mJNDEED AND TWENTT-FIE8T STUDY.
AC3TION3 OF MECHANICS.
Building has a cliarm for the mind, and pleases ns with
acts of skill. The sound of busy instruments awakens use-
ful feelings in the heart.
Frame; to form the outline of a Melt, to make liquid. '*it
building. s, edging ™
Did the housewright frame the Turn, to form on a lathe.
barn?
s, ed, ing, er
_ ,j ,.
Beat, to strike repeatedly.
Bore, to make holes with
an auger
s, mg ——
or gimlet
Neal, to temper by heat
s, ed, ing, er
s, ed, ing
Fast, firm, set
An , to heat and cool slowly.
Saw, to cut with a saw.
Naii^ to fasten with nails.
s, ed, ing
s,ed,ing,er
Dovetail, to join in a tenon like a
"Wield, to sway with the hand.
s, ed, ing
pigeon's tail.
Hammer, to strike with the hammer. Heav, to cut with any instrument
«, ed, ing s, ed, ing, er
Drili^ to bore a hole. Carve, to cut wood or stone into
5, ed, ing some form.
BcjiLD, to frame and raise a building. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing, er
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OBS^HOGRAPHY, 123
ONE HUNDRED AND T W ENT Y - 8 E OND STUDY.
ACTIOXS OF MANUFACTURERS.
The steps by wliicli raw materials are clianged into tlie
goods and wares of trade, must always liave an interest for
the mind.
Shape, to form for some end. color.
Does the pin-maker shape his pin ? s, ed, ing, er
Twist, to wind one thread ix)und an- Comb, to separate and arrange "with a
other. comb.
5, ed, hig, er ■% ed, ing, er
Twine, to twist threads. Un ed, not
a, ed, ing Grind, to make smooth or sharpen.
Full, to tliicken cloth in a mill. s, ed, ivg
.s, ed, ing, er Glazk, to crust with a glossy coat.
Bleach, to whiten by removing the s, ed, ing
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THIED STUDY.
ACTIONS OF TRADERS.
The acts of buying and selling are more closely related
to the welfare of man than all are ready to perceive. Ac-
tive and wise merchants do much for the nation.
Uave, to hold or possess. s, ed, ing
lias the trader much goods ? Chop, to buy or barter.
-s, ing «, ed, ing •
Had, did Mete, to measure.
Wend, to pass or travel from place to .•?, ed, ing
place. Ship, to put on board a ship.
s, ed, ing ■- s, ed, ing, er
Dun, to urge payment. Un , to take off
s, ed, ing -^ "°- Weigh, to find the quantity of a thing
Lie, to deceive, or tell an untruth. by weighing it.
J3e , to give the lie.
124: STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGKAPIIY.
ONE mJNDRED AND T W E N T T - F O UBT II STUDY.
ACTIONS OF WAR.
The deeds of the soldier occupy a large place in tlie liis-
tory of man.
Wrest, to gain by force. Reck, to care or mind.
Does the hero wrest the goods of s, ed, ing
the enemy ? Reek, to emit steam or Taj)or,
s, ed, hig s, ed, ing
Ward, to guard or fend oil. Quail, to crush or subdue.
s. ed, ing 5, ed, ing
Weaken, to make weak. Waver, to totter, or change in cour-
s, ed, ing • age.
Hurt, to injure in any way. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Murder, to kill a human being.
Spare, to forbear to punish or destroy. s, cd, ing
8, ed, ing Slaughter, to make great havoc of life.
Quell, to subdue or overcome. s, ed, ing •
s, ed, ing Welter, to roll in foul matter or
Rush, to move with violence. blood.
8, ed, ing s, cd, ing
ONE nUNDEED AND TWENTY-FIFTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE LAWYER.
As society now exists, the lawyer is needed to explain
our laws.
ONE nUNDEED AND TWENTY -SIXTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE DOCTOR.
The diseases of mankind require skill to lieal tliem. The
doctor, in a diseased world, becomes an important person.
Heal, to cure a wound or disease. s, ing
Does the doctor heal diseases ? Mix, to mingle things.
a, ed, ing, er s, cd, ing
Bleed, to take away blood by open- Bray, to pound in a mortar,
ing a vein. «, ed, ing
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY. 125
Blister, to raise a blister by a hurt, discharge of blood or water.
burn, or medical plaster. s, ed, ing
s, ed, iiig Lkecii, to bleed by leeches.
Cup, to apply a glass to procure a s, ed, ing
ONE HTINDEED AND T W E N T Y - SE V ENTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE TEACHER.
To instruct and train the soul is the noblest calling on
earth. It embraces the interests of man in time and eter-
nity.
Teach, to impart knowledge. Un ■, to open out, to reveaL
Is it easy to teach children f Read, to utter written letters and
-s, ing, er words.
Taught, did 5, ing,er
Show, to present to view. Read, did
s, ed, ing Write, to form letters and words.
Form, to give shape or outline. s, ing, er
-s, ed, ing Wrote, did
Stbength, power of body or mind. Reckon, to count by figures.
e n, to make strong. s, ed, ing, er •
s, ed, ing " Rule, to govern and guide.
Fold, to lap up in folds. s, ed, ing, er
s, ed, ing, er
ONE HUNDRED AND T W E N T Y - E I G HT H STUDY.
actions of the artist.
The love of beauty is part of our nature, and, in some
cases, leads to the fine arts.
Draw, to represent or picture by s, ed, ing, er
lines. Carve, to cut wood or stone into
Can you draw objects ? some shape.
s, ing, er 5, ed, ing, er —
Drew, did -• ■ Sixa, to utter sweet sounds, to tell
Pipe, to play on a wind instrument something in verse.
— — «, ed, ing, er s, ing, er r—. —
Habp, to play on the harp. Sang, did
126 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGEAPHY.
Dkaft, to draw the outline. Blend, to mingle together.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
-sman, a man who
ONE nUNDEED AND TWENTY-NINTH S T TT D T .
ACTIONS OF MINERALS.
Minerals have a kind of life, made up of simple actions.
Glisten, to shine with light. s, fd, ing, y, ineas •
Does gold glisten ? Glitter, to si)a!-klo with light.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Rust, to become rusty bj exposure t6 Dwindle, to become less.
air. s, ed, ing
ONE nUNDRED AND THIETIETH S T TJ D Y .
ACTIONS OF PLANTS.
Plants are living things. Many and pleasing are their
acts.
Gkow, to enlarge in size. Droop, to hang downward.
Do all plants grow ? s, ed, ing
ing Clothe, to cover, as rocks on the earth.
Grew, did s, ed, trig
Leaf, to put forth leaves. Feed, to supply food.
Blossom, to put forth flowers. Fed, did
s, ed, ing Die, to pass from life.
Seed, to grow and produce seed. s, ed, ing
— >■ — s, ed, ing Eustle, to make quiclc, small sounds.
"Wither, to fade or lose its freshness. s, cd, ing
s, ed, iyig
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIRST STUDY.
ACTIONS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
The fireside and barn-yard have their actors in dumb
animals.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGKAPHY. 127
Bellow, to make a lioUow loud noise. s, ed, ing
Does the bull bellow ? Bray, to make a harsh, loud sound,
-s, ed, ing as an ass.
Low, to make a low noise, as a cow. .5, ed, ing
■■?, ed, ing Gkaze, to eat grass, to supply cattle
Bleat, to cry as a sheep. with grass.
,s, ed, ing .s, ed, ing
Bark, to make a sharp, snapping noise, Wag, to move one way and another,
as a dog. as the tail.
s, ed, rng s, ed, ing
Worry, to harass, or tear, as a dog. Lick, to draw the tongue over.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
WiiLVE, to make a crying sound, as a Crow, to make the noise of the cock.
dog. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Cluck, to utter the sound of a hen
Fawn, to court favor, as a dog. while hatching.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Neigh, to utter the sound of a horse.
ONE nUNDEED AND THIE T Y -S E ON D STUDY.
ACTIONS OF WILD ANIMALS.
The deserts and forests are alive with active, living crea-
tares.
Roar, to make a continuous noise, as s, ing
a lion. Crept, did
Does the lion roar for food ? Spring, to move with violence.
s, cd, ing s, iiig
Grin, to open the mouth and set the Sprang, did
teeth. Tear, to separate or destroy.
IIiss, to make a hissing sound, as a Tore, did
serpent. Burrow, to hollow a place or bed in
'-"— s, ed, ing ' the earth.
Croak, to make a low, hoarse noise, s, ed, ing
as the frog. Climb, to creep up a tree or rock.
•s, ed, ing, er s, cd, ing
Bristle, to erect the hair, as swine. Suck, to draw out milk or blood with
s, ed, ing the mouth.
Creep, to move slowly, or on the belly. s, ed, ing
128 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXOK ORTHOGRAPHY.
ONE HUNDEED AND THIETY-THIED STUDY.
ACTIONS OF BIRDS.
The bird is a thing of beauty. All its doings are pleasing,
and add mucli to the life and pleasure of every spot, on the
surface of the earth.
Fly, to move by the wings. Scream, to utter a shrill loud cry, as
Does the eagle fly high ? an eagle.
-s, inq - s, ed, ivg
Flew, did Pick, to pluck or pull off any thing.
Hop, to spring on the feet, as a bird. s, ed, ing
s, eri, ing Lay, to bring forth, as eggs.
Swoop, to seize on the wing. Mount, to soar on high.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Flutter, to move and flap the wings. Light, to get down, as a bird.
s, ed, ing A , to get down upon.
ONE HUNDRED AND T H I R T Y - F O U E T H STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE EARTH.
The world, on which we live, is a moving world. Every
part of it is in motion, and has its work to do.
Turn, to move in a circular course. Swarm, to throng and herd in crowds.
Does the earth turn on its axis ? s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Swell, to rise in billows.
Whirl, to roll rapidly. s, ed, ing
s, ed, ing Ooze, to trickle out, as water.
Glide, to pass on rapidly but smooth- s, ed, ing
ly. Flow, to glide along, as water.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Float, to be borne along on water or Sprout, to spring f^rth, as grass.
in the air. s, ed, ing
s, ed. ing Bear, to bring forth, as young.
Quake, to shake or tremble. -s, ing
s, ed, ing Bore, did
Teem, to swarm with life. Freeze, to congeal or harden into ice.
s, ed, ing s, ing
STUDIES li^ ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGKAPHY. 129
ONE HUITDRED AND THIETT-FIFTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF THE HEAVENS.
The heavens above us are ever marked with, wonderful
doings.
Hang, to suspend. Wheel, to roll forward.
Over , to hang over. .s, ed, hig
Do the heavens overliang the earth? Rise, to move or pass upwards.
s, ing s, ing
Hung, did Rose, did
"Water, to pour out, as rain. Set, to sink or pass below the horizon.
-s, ed, ing s, ing
Shade, to screen from the light. Twinkle, to sparkle at intervals.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Dazzle, to overpower with light. Thaw, to melt, or become fluid.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Glitter, to sparkle with light. Sprinkle, to scatter, as rain.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing ■
ONE HFXDEED AND THIETY-SIXTH STUDY.
ACTIONS OF GOD.
He doeth all things well.
Make, to form or fashion. Hold, to keep or bind fast or together.
Did God make the earth ? Up , to bear or keep up.
s, ing, er s, ing
Made, did Keep, to hold and retain.
Lay, to settle or fix as a foundation. Curse, to pronounce and make miser-
— —s, ing able.
Laid, did s, ed, ing
Rear, to raise, as a building. Bless, to pronounce and make happy.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
Fix, to make firm. Atone, to satisfy and reconcile.
s, ed, ing s, ed, ing
6*
130
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGKAPHY.
CHAPTER XII.
EVENTS.
The life of the world and all that it contains is made up
of events. In these, actions have their end. As the growth
of the plant is perfected in the production of its seed, so
the acts of all things are completed in a few striking events.
Some of these were noticed and recorded by the Saxons,
and are still found among the relics of their language. To
gather them up and weave their names with our earliest
speech, is a happy view of education.
ONE HTJNDEED AND T H IE T T - S E VE N T H STUDY.
EVENTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD.
There are events enough in every family to form an in-
structive history.
Wed, to unite in marriage.
Do men and women wed each
other ?
s, cd, ing
"Wedding, a marriage.
Birth, coming into life.
Work, labor of any kind.
ing, tlie act
Play, sport or amusement.
ing, the act of
Sleep, rest bj suspending active pow-
ers.
ing, the act
Breakfast, the first meal in the daj.
iyig, the act
Sick, affected with disease.
ness, state of
Teach, to instruct by giving know-
ledge.
-ing, the act of instructing.
Learn, to receive knowledge.
ing, the act of getting know-
ledge.
Clothe, to cover the body with gar-
ments.
ing, covering with garments.
Feed, to give food.
ing, the act of taking food.
Welcome, to receive and entertain
gladly.
s, ed, ing
Welcome, a salutation.
Farewell, a wish of happiness at
parting.
Burt, to place a dead person in a
grave.
s, ed, ing
STUDIES IN AKGLO-SAXOIT ORTHOGRAPHY. 131
ON-E HUNDllED AND THIETY-EIOIITH STTDY.
EVENTS IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF MAN.
Every pursuit of life lias its events. Some of these are
of general interest, and sliould be noticed by all.
i^EED-ir.,/^, the season for sowing. Shipweeck, the easting away of a ship.
Is 3j)fing the seed-time of tlie Set,, to place firm, or on a basis.
year i Over , to turn over ■
Harvest, tde season for gathering Fall, the act of dropping from a
crops. liigh place.
ko)A€^ jhe song and feasting "Wound, a hurt of any kind.
' at tne end ti harvest. Begin, to commence.
^isowiNG, the aci >f seeding a field. s, ing
iIaevesting, thi act of gathering Beginning, the first of any thing.
crops. End, the last of a thing.
t>LiGUT, a disease liat nips plants or Lose, to pass from our possession.
grain. s, ing
iEiLDEW, a while c > iting on plants, Lost, did
producing aejay. Loss, privation of a thing.
VvUST, a disease in ^v.im produced by Fire, the burning of any thing, as a
lichens. house.
ONE n\711I'RED AND THIETT-NINXn STUDY.
NATURAL EVENTS OF THE EARTH.
Ik the coursr, of things, striking changes pass upon the
oarth. Events C/Ccur that must be noticed.
Cold, the want of Le«t. Summer, the flowering of the earth —
Is printer cold ? the season of heat.
Heat, a state of warmth. Fall, the decay of the leaf — the sea-
Dav, the time when the sun is with son of decay.
us. Winter, the sleep of the earth — the
KiGHT, the time when the sun is ab- season of cold.
sent. "Wind, the air in motion.
Spring, the budding of the earth — Blast, a gust of wind,
the season of buds. Breeze, a gentle gust of wind.
132
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OETHOGRAPHY.
Storm, a violent action of wind and
rain.
Shower, a fall of rain.
Hail, a fall of frozen rain.
Sxow, a fall of frozen vapor.
Ice, water frozen solid.
Frost, frozen mist or fog.
Mist, water falling in very small
drops.
Dew, moisture condensed from the
air.
Flood, a great flow of water.
Wave, a moving swell of water.
Tide, the rise and fall of the waters
of the sea.
Land-slip, a movement of land.
Earthquake, a trembling of the eartli.
Spring, a bubbling up of water.
Boiling-spring, a heaving up of hot
water.
Fall, a descent of water.
ONE nUNDEED AND rORTIETH
NATURAL EVENTS OF THE HEAVENS.
Men, in all ages, have looked with interest on the hea-
vens. The bright noon and the starry night have unfolded
wonders to the eye of man.
Light, that by which we see.
Is light pleasant to the eye ?
Sun , the light
Moon , the light
Star , the light
Twilight, the faint light of the sun
before rising and after setting.
Dark, obscui-e, or without light.
ness, the state
Cloud, a mass of visible vapor.
Dawn, the break of day.
uvy-way, a broad luminous belt in
heavens.
'. the point of the heavens where
orth star appears.
— ern, belonging
light a, lights
Shoot, to dart rapidly.
s, nil)
Shooting-stars, meteors like stars
that dart across the sky.
Thunder, the sound that follows the
flash of lightning.
STORM, a storm of rain and
thunder.
cloud, a cloud
Lightning, a flash of light known as
a dischai-ge of electricity from one
cloud to another.
SuNRisp, the appearance of the sun.
Sunset, the going down of the sun.
New Moon, the moon when first seen.
Full Moon, the moon as seen oppo-
site the sun.
Rainbow, a bow of seven colors
formed by light and rain in the
heavens.
STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON ORTHOGRAPHY.
133
ONE HUNDRED AND FOETY-FIRST STTIDY.
EVENTS OF GOD.
The Creator is revealed to us by events. His power and
wisdom and love have wrought wonders in behalf of man.
Some of these are recorded in the Saxon part of our lan-
guage.
Earth, the globe which we inhabit.
Is the earth the work of God ?
Heavex, the sky or air.
Sun, the great body that lights the
earth by day.
Moon, the body that lights the earth
by night.
Stars, the bright bodies that appear
in the sky at night.
World, the universe, or the earth and
heavens.
Man, the race of beings to which we
belong — God's image on earth.
Fall, the ruin of the race by sin —
the loss of the Divine image per-
mitted by God.
Gospel, good news from God to man.
Daysman, one who lays his hand on
opposite parties and brings them
together — a mediator.
Atonement, removal of sin by the
obedience of a mediator.
Give, to bestow.
For , to give away or pardon.
ness, the pardon of an of
fender.
Right, according to law or truth.
eous, full of
-ness, the state of
Peace, rest from all disturbance.
Holt, free from sin.
ness, state of
Death, the end of life on earth.
Grave, the place of the dead.
YARD, an inclosed place —
God's Acre, the field of God — the
Saxon phrase for a grave-yard.
Court, a place of justice.
Doom, to judge, to pronounce sen-
tence.
s, ed, ing
Hell, a deep, covered place — the
abode of the wicked.
Heaven, a high and honorable place
— the abode of God and holy be-
ings.
ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND STUDY.
The end of the Hand-Book of Anglo-Saxon Orthography
is reached. The course was agreeable as well as useful.
Every step had a freshness and interest that readily claimed
134 STUDIES IN ANGLO-SAXON OKTHOGRAPHY.
attention. We look back with pleasure, and feel tliat we
have gathered up a large amount of knowledge for future
years.
The review is profitable. If the child has paid due
attention to ''The Instructions," he has learned nearly
all that is to be known about the Anglo-Saxon portion of
his language. The formation of words is known : termina-
iionsj suffixes J and prefixes are at his command. If he has
given proper thought to "The Studies," the leading words
of Anglo-Saxon origin are understood — some five thou-
sand in number. He has the chief materials that form
the language of the Bible, the Pilgrim's Progress, and the
Speeches of Daniel Webster.
These are happy considerations. They awaken desire
and hope. The future is still before us, and invites to new
studies. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin do not compose the
whole English language. They form its hasis only. Thou-
sands have been received from other sources, and are now
to be studied. The Hand-Book of the Gothic, Celtic,
French, and Classic words of our language remains to be
taken up, in order to complete the course of studies in
Orthography.
These two Hand-Books, it is believed, will give a new
interest and importance to words. Orthography takes the
form of a charming science. It is no longer meagre spelling,
or a dry analysis of disconnected words. It is a classified
view of the words of our language. They appear in fami-
lies, arranged according to their parentage, retaining their
national origin, and standing in close union with the things
which they represent. The course is a complete one. Every
leading object of thought stands forth in connection with
the words of a rich and happy language.
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THE UNIVERSITV OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY