... - THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES s , B.O U ^ / SIMPLIFIED AN AMERICAN EXPOSITION OF THE ISAAC PITMAN PHONOGRAPHY, Prepared by the Teachers OF THE NEW YORK BUSINESS COLLEGE, NEW YORK, N. Y. NEW YORK: 1896. Copyright 1896 bi/ C. C. Gaines. Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1896, by Clement C. Gaines.'in the" office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. All HigMs Reserved. 3 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. These Lessons in Isaac Pitman's Phonography, and the Language Lessons accompanying them, have been prepared chiefly by William Hope, A. B,, C. A., the senior shorthand instructor of the New York Business College. The work of the subscriber has consisted largely in revision and arrangement. Mr. Hope has been a practical reporter and teacher of shorthand for thirty years. His success as an instructor, the field to which he has more recently been devoted, has been rarely equalled and never sur- passed, as thousands of grateful pupils willingly testify. His ability and authority as a stenographer are equally unquestioned. It is there- fore confidently believed that in offering the fruit of his experience to shorthand students, we present a plan of study which will greatly lighten their labors. Language, Correspondence, Typewriting and Penmanship Lessons are now in press which will make a fitting accompaniament to the Short- hand Lessons. It is believed that they will afford exercises in spelling and longhand writing, punctuation, capitalizing, word studies, letter writing and composition which will result in the greatest benefit to the ambitious student. They are so* arranged as to meet the demands of the student's progress, and if faithfully mastered, in accordance with directions, will render that progress thorough and rapid. The subscriber extends his grateful acknowledgements to his co- laborers for the untiring zeal and energy they have shown in prepar- ing this work. CLEMENT C. GAINES. 1st August, 1896. 448470 ADVANTAGES OF SIMPLIFIED SHORTHAND. Brevity, Simplicity, Comprehensiveness, Completeness. These Lessons are in complete accord with the latest Isaac Pitman Phonography and all the well-edited Pitman shorthand magazines. The simplest and most frequently-used principles are presented and applied first ; the more difficult come later. No duplicate letters, or letters written upward and downward, are used until easy matter can be written with facility. No form once learned requires to be changed. The words practiced in the Theory Lessons are written in the same way when reporting. Position is taught from the first; but all words that are not con- tractions are vocalized, in every Lesson, in order to facilitate progress. All conti'actions, not in conflict with principles learned, are used as soon as each principle has been explained and the Exercises practiced. Each Lesson occupies only one page, and no principle, except the halving, requires for its elucidation more than one Lesson. The first thirty Lessons, of one page each, clearly explain and fully illustrate, all the principles of Isaac Pitman's shorthand. The next forty Lessons contain Correspondence Speed Practice, with full instructions how to become successful amanuenses. The last thirty Lessons prepare for verbatim reporting, and furnish sufficient practice to enable students to become very fast writers. The Amanuenses' Speed Practice has never before been printed. It is the result of thirty years' teaching of the Isaac Pitman system. The Reporting Lessons and Instructions are the result of knowledge acquired through years of actual reporting work by a successful teacher. American teachers, with these Lessons, will produce faster and more accurate writers than was possible before in the same time. Quali ty, not quantity ; simplicity, not complexity ; business require- ments, not philosophical dissertations, have been the great aim. The Pitman text-books are printed from engraved characters which no writer can conform to. These Lessons are reproduced from script executed by the senior shorthand instructor of the New York Business College, and are easily imitated by the student. They are the production of American brains and American labor ; and the entire Theory and Practice is complete in one book. INTRODUCTION. The greatest minds among the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians indeed, all nations from the earliest times, have unceasingly exerted their best energies to invent a system of shorthand that would record verbatim the eloquent utterances of their most distinguished speakers. Until the fifteenth century, however, no attempt was tuade to invent a shorthand alphabet. Single letters were employed to represent words, and arbitrary signs represented whole sentences, and sometimes entire paragraphs. From the publication of Timothy Bright's system in 1588 until the invention of Phonetic Shorthand by Sir Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, in 1837 over two hun- dred systems appeared and disappeared in the British realm. The Ends Sought. Previous to the invention of Isaac Pitman's shorthand, the people of England and America, like the ancients, believed that shorthand was of no use except for reporting, because nobody, except the writer, could read the notes. When Pit- man invented his shorthand alphabet and, with the assistance of distinguished edu- cators and experienced reporters, built up his system of phonography, he had a threefold object in view : 1 To give those who had memoranda to make a more elementary method of writing, plain, simple, easily acquired in a few weeks, and capable of being executed at the rate of fifty or sixty words per minute. 2 To develop a style of writing for the use of business men, ministers, physi- cians, authors, scientific investigators and others, who would acquire through a few months' study the ability to write one hundred words per minute, with the ease of speech and the legibility of print. 3 To establish a system of reporting for those who sought to record the elo. quent orations of public speakers at the rate of three hundred words per minute, when required. Alphabetic Signs for Elementary Sounds. Phonography differs from all other systems in that it is based upon the ele- mentary sounds of spoken language. Previous systems simply endeavored to repre- sent ordinary spelling. If there are forty sounds in the English language, then there should be forty signs to represent these sounds ; and it is not improbable that to this fact, more than to any other, the art owes much of its popularity. INTRODUCTION. The development of the system was watched with interest, and fostered with care, by experienced teachers and expert stenographers of phonetic societies throughout the world. The impractical elements were gradually removed ; the lengthy alphabetic outlines were abbreviated by the introduction of new shortening expedients ; hooks, circles and loops were provided for frequently occurring letters ; contractions were invented for the more common words, and entire syllables, initial and final, were represented by one inflection of the pen. Finally, the use of pho- nography brought the system to such a degree of perfection that its practitioners undertook and satisfactorily performed the most arduous reporting All Honor to Sir Isaac Pitman for the part he took in its invention and subsequent development ; but in justice to others we must emphasize the fact that the system is not the work of its reputed author alone. It is the product of the combined labor and genius of thousands of experts ia America, as well as in England and Canada, many of whom have made for themselves names that will last as long as the phonographic art itself shall last. His singleness of purpose in the great work has been rewarded, and his success is complete. The English government has made special grants of public monies for instruction in Isaac Pitman's shorthand. School children, of the rich and poor alike, are taught the elementary style, and adults and business men apply it to correspond- ence, bookkeeping, legal documents, insurance, abstracting, telegraphy and all the varied business of every-day life. It has become, in England, an accepted medium of written communication, while the impassioned flights of the greatest English and American orators are also caught and recorded with the ease of human speech. Its Educative Value Unsurpassed. But the most far-reaching result, and one which was perhaps unthought of by its early patrons, is the immense importance of phonetic shorthand in acquir- ing a thorough, accurate knowledge of the English language. Being founded on a scientific and rational basis, its value in this particular cannot be over-estimated. Within the last ten years the most wide-awake and progressive educators of this country have introduced it into many of the American public schools. Its great value and popularity as an aid to the rapid acquirement of- the common school branches, has induced the Board of Education of New York, within the past few years, to introduce it into the grammar grades of its public schools. Out of the five hundred answers to inquiries as to its value, from an educational point of view, there is not a lukewarm reply, the usual testimony being, that the lower the grade, the more satisfactory the result. Examples can be multiplied a thousand-fold; but the educative value of Isaac Pitman's shorthand is now too well known to need illustration. It is the natural out-growth of this intensely active and progressive century. The railroad and the steamship save time in travel ; the telegraph and telephone annihilate distance ; the rotary press has revolutionized the art of printing ; and the tedious slow-coach INTRODUCTION. known as "longhand" is rapidly being superseded by the new and electric loco- motive, "shorthand." Especially in Acquiring Good Use of Language. In every case, in all countries, without any exception, it is the universal opin- ion of teachers that the pupils' knowledge of their own language has been remark- ably increased. Educators who have not taught shorthand know nothing of the delight with which young people take hold of the study, and are ignorant of the fascinating effect it has upon all students as its beauties are daily unfolded. When it is known and remembered that for sis months, on the average, the ex- pectant amanuensis has been analyzing words, writing them according to their pronunciation, giving their meanings ; has been made to correctly spell them through daily transcription on the typewriter ; has been hearing and writing daily instructions in punctuation, capitalization and rules of grammar, no one need be surprised at the great improvement made in oral and -written expression. And add to these elementary advantages the fact that shorthand students write every day from dictation all kinds of matter, including correspondence connected with gro- cery, dry goods, furniture, hardware, banking, insurance, commission, brokerage, railroads, shipping, foundries, manufacturing establishments ; with specifications, contracts, real estate conveyances, wills and other legal forms ; with medical lec- tures, proceedings of political conventions, religious gatherings, extracts from English and American literature and history, editorials from daily newspapers, etc., and some idea may be gained of the immense value a course in shorthand is to the student, not only as an aid in acquiring facility of expression in the English language, but also in increasing his general information and intelligence. Shorthand has also a value in getting Bread and Butter that places it in the front rank of educational accomplishments. The history of young people, in the lowly walks of life, is replete with incontrovertible facts illustrative of the great importance of shorthand as a stepping-stone in making a start. Take a single example : Stanley Browne was a carpenter's apprentice in the city of Washington twenty years ago. Later, he was induced to study shorthand. Within a year he was employed to take occasional reports in Congress. When Garfield was elected President, Browne was chosen as his shorthand secretary. Soon after, while the lamented President lay dying from the assassin's bullet, the world hung breathless on his words, which were caught by young Browne and sent from the sick-chamber to millions of sympathizing hearts. He afterwards married the martyr President's daughter. While the practice of other arts and sciences is limited to one occupation, the stenographer finds his art the " open sesame " to all branches of commercial enter- prise. There is for him a desk in the bank, even at the directors' table, and a seat in the insurance office. There is a place for him on the staff of the newspaper, or in the study of the man of letters ; and the merchant, the lawyer and the railway official believe his services indispensable to the successful conduct of their business. INTRODUCTION. A Dollar and Cents Comparison. Young people may generally attain to a fair knowledge of bookkeeping and ac- counts in from three months to a year. The assistant bookkeeper, salesman and office boy may receive from three to ten dollars a week for their services when capa- ble of doing practical work. Isaac Pitman's shorthand, under the same conditions, may be acquired in the same length of time, but the accomplished amanuensis will be offered about double the wages paid to any other clerk. This pecuniary benefit should not be forgotten. Besides this great, sometimes treble, advantage in cash, the very nature of the stenographer's position makes it one of large responsibility, giving him an insight into the firm's affairs not possible to other employees. These opportunities of the stenographer for advancement are so many and frequent, that not one in ten makes shorthand a life-long vocation. Having acquired a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of the business, he is most likely to be promoted, when a vacancy occurs, to a higher and more lucrative position. Thus the occupation is congenial and instructive, the hours are fewer than in any other branch of clerical work, and the salaries are much larger. We Believe in Isaac Pitman, and, for this reason, we teach and publish the Isaac Pitman System of Shorthand in these Lessons without adulteration. We have not attempted to alter or improve, but to present the system in its purity. We have many reasons for this course, among them the following : Because the development and improvement of the system has not been the unaided work of one man, but the ripe, rich fruit of the brains and experience of ten thousand eminent teachers and expert reporters in all the English-speaking countries of the world ; Because it is quickly learned, easily written, and as legible as print ; while with it the hand is able to keep pace with the most rapid vocal utterance, no matter how difficult or technical the subject matter may be ; Because far more books have been printed in this system of shorthand, which students and writers may read and study, than all the other shorthand systems com- bined ; Because authors, ministers, medical practitioners, lawyers in court, judges on the bench, scientists in their laboratories, compositors at the case, business men in offices everybody who has learned it can read each others writing, on any sub- ject, in less time and with greater ease and pleasure, than average longhand. But a far more important and weightier reason than any of these has led us to select Isaac Pitman's shorthand. Like the English language, it is rapidly becoming universal, and is undoubtedly destined to be the principal vehicle of written com- munication between all classes, in every English-speaking nation of the world. It is true that we have at present in America a few other systems of shorthand capable of doing reporting work in the hands of experts. It is equally true that in Central America we have Spanish ; in Brazil, Portuguese ; in Canada, French, and in the INTRODUCTION. United States, everything; but, despite their native vigor, other tongues have no power of propagandise^ and are being fused m a mold that is emphatically English. It is the same with shorthand. Some of His Disciples. Benn Pitman followed the improvements suggested by experienced teachers and shorthand writers which had been adopted by his brother Isaac, up to the Ninth Edition of Phonography, in 1852. At that time he came to America, and became a publisher on his own account, but on personal and economic grounds re- fused to follow further improvements. Graham, who was Isaac Pitman's agent in America at that time, could not see why he should not also derive pecuniary benefit by publishing Isaac Pitman's sys- tem, which has no copyright in America, under his own name. A year later, he and another gentleman published the Ninth Edition of Isaac Pitman's system, with a few changes, certainly not improvements, and called it " Standard Phonography.'' It has not been changed materially since. Later, Longley's Eclectic pretended to take the best of every device known to shorthand writers and reporters, and fuse them into something better, but, un- fortunately, the benevolent intention did not succeed. Munson had much the same desire, and much the same result as Longley. Besides these, we have Burnz, The American Standard, Practical Phonography, Exact Phonography, and others, for a brief season, all strutting in the borrowed plumes of Isaac Pitman. There have also been innumerable unsuccessful efforts to invent shorthand systems under the names of Light-line, Pernin's, Cross's Eclectic, New Rapid, Takigraphy, etc. all one-man systems and incapable of legibility combined with a high rate of speed. One Universal System. These attempts will ultimately be absorbed by the original Isaac Pitman, upon whose work and inventive genius they have nearly all been built, as surely as the English language will absorb the different dialects and foreign languages in the British Colonies and other parts of the world. The lime will certainly come when shorthand must take the place of the ordi- nary longhand, the present cumbersome means of written communication, and then there will undoubtedly be a demand for a common system of phonography. If difficulties present themselves, because of the variety of interests at stake, Govern- ment would naturally cut the Gordian knot by the selection of one system that shall be universal. In our opinion that must be the Isaac Pitman system, on account of its superiority over every other system, and because its writers far exceed in number the writers of all other systems combined. Progress in this Direction. Already there are strong evidences of this greatly desirable result. The Isaac Pitman system is universal in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Australia. It 10 INTRODUCTION. has already absorbed Benn Pitman, Graham and Munson in Canada, and although but recently introduced here, is making rapid progress in the same direction in the United States. The public and many private schools of the city of New York have put out other systems and are introducing the Isaac Pitman. This will go on in schools everywhere until all the English-speaking nations will have one shorthand writing which will be as legible as print, and as easy of manipulation as the free- flowing English speech. The strongest influence in the bringing about of this desirable result will be the fact that wherever the pure, unadulterated Isaac Pitman shorthand is used, every writer uses the same forms, and can read every other writer's shorthand more easily than longhand. White this is going on in America, the system is being adapted to all languages, and is now used in reporting French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Welsh, Marathi, Bengalee, Hindoo, Hungarian, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Fijian, Tongon and Malagasy. A few years ago a striking illustration of this adaptability of pho- nography to languages, other than English, was given by Mr. Thomas Allen Reed, of London, England, an the occasion of his visit to India, to report a scientific congress. Mr. Reed was a stranger to the language used by the delegates ; yet, writing by sound, he followed the speakers in Hindostani, and reproduced his notes with accuracy. No mere stenographic system could have enabled him to perform so extraordinary a feat. Wanted A Better Text-book. While we think the system is not capable of improvement at our hands, we are confident that its text-books are. The presentation of the system in the Pitman text-books is not suited to the requirements of American students and schools. In this opinion we are borne out by teachers in England and Canada as well as in America. Our presentation of the principles, arrangement of the lessons, and the method of instruction are pre-eminently original with the faculty of the New i 7 ork Business College, and are the result of actual teaching, and not the outcome of theory. The aim has been to make more easy and rapid the acquisition of the system by remov- ing the many stumbling-blocks which at present hinder the student's progress. Of our success in this direction we have ample proof. We have always kept in mind that the essentials of a good text-book are comprehensiveness, accuracy and sim- plicity. The Lessons herein given will be found unique in plan, simple in treat- ment, and to conform to the latest and most successful methods of instruction. ' The Complete Phonographic Instructor." The English shorthand text-book, published in America by Isaac Pitman & Sons, gives the same words in different forms to illustrate various principles of abbreviation, compelling the student to learn and unlearn forms as he advances. This retards progress, creates confusion, and perplexes and discourages students. It also presents the system in chapters and paragraphs, mixing principles in a manner that makes them difficult to be understood by the student. INTRODUCTION. 11 Xo special amanuensis practice is given in the English text-books, and the contractions are presented in long lists which discourage the stxident. The report- ing instructions are in common print, aud no rules are given under sections or divisions for the development of the system by abbreviation, omission and phras- ing. In this American exposition of phonography all these defects are remedied. The Jewel of Consistency. One defect of the English text-books, and other shorthand publications gener- ally, is their inconsistency. The text-book, dictionary and periodical publications issued by Isaac Pitman & Sons should agree in outlines. Unfortunately, they do not. In some instances the text-books give one outline for a word ; the dictionary for the same word gives another, while the current magazines, published by them, give'a third. They violate with annoying frequency some of the simplest and best known principles of the art. Such inconsistencies, however, are not the fault of the system. In these American Lessons, and the works which are to follow, we shall endeavor to make consistent the outlines used. Where differences exist in the Pitman publications, we have chosen the form which we believe to be in accord with the correct application of the principles of the system. A Genuine American Production. American teachers and shorthand readers have good reason to complain that shorthand books produced in England are not suitable to the requirements of American schools and the American people. The presentation in phonography for reading practice of obscure sermons and speeches are of no local interest to the American reader. We want the writings of American genius ; a literature in short- hand that shall present to readers the scenes, memories, thoughts and ideas familiar to Americans, and, for want of other means, we shall take upon ourselves the duty of satisfying this need with home-made products. We believe we have successfully "Americanized" Isaac Pitman. In the first edition of these Lessons, presented herewith, errors made by the copyist, or by the printer, and overlooked by the author and proof readers, may be discovered by captious critics. Should there be such, they will be corrected in subsequent editions. LONGHAND COMPARED WITH ISAAC PITHAN'S SHORTHAND. An Impressive Object Lesson. THE ALPHABET. To form the 26 letters of the longhand alphabet re- quires 117 inflections of the pen. To make 26 letters in Isaac Pitman's Shorthand requires only 26 inflections. SINGLE LETTERS __ In longhand, to form the letter A requires five dis- tinct strokes of the pen ; but to write the same letter in shorthand only needs a dot, thus : . WORDS. To write in longhand the word ought, 18 inflections or strokes of the pen are needed ; but to write the same word in full pho- nography takes only two strokes, thus : ~[ WORD SIGNS. More than 60 per cent- of the English language is written with from 300 to 400 brief characters called word-signs. For instance: It requires 35 inflections of the pen to write the word lan- guage in longhand ; but in Isaac Pitman's Shorthand only one stroke is needed, thus: ^^ In the word establishment, longhand takes 55 strokes, but in shorthand only two, thus : ^ ; plenipotentiary requires 64 strokes, but in Isaac Pitman's Shorthand only 4, thus : V PHRASING. In longhand, to preserve legibility, the pen is lifted from the paper at the end of each word, thereby losing much time. In short- ha'id, two to a dozen words may be phrased or joined together without impairing the legibility. Compare the complex longhand of the words, It is my opinion, with the brief, simple shorthand characters for the same phrase : J^_^ Or compare, I do not think it is necessary at pre- sent to explain (190 movements of the pen) with the clear, compact, easily formed shorthand phrases, containing only 20 movements, thus: TIME SAVING EXPEDIENTS. There are in the daily use of our language numerous frequently recurring phrases which have, in Isaac Pitman's Shorthand, specially brief signs, such as, In order to, ^ ; On the other hand, d ; From time to time, \\ Day after day, \,. These examples will give the general reader, unacquainted with shorthand, some idea of the great simplicity, remarkable brevity and wonderful advantage of Isaac Pitman's Shorthand, when compared with the complex, cumbersome, illegible longhand. CONTENTS. To the Teacher Lesson. Page. 16 To the Student 17 I 18, 19 Joined Consonants Illustrated . . . . . . . II 20, 21 The Long Vowels Phonetically Exemplified .... III 22, 23 A Long Vowel Sounded Between Two Consonants . . . IV 24, 25 Contractions for Frequently Occurring Words . . V 20, 27 The Short Vowels Phonetically Exemplified .... VI 28, 29 Double Vowels, or Diphthongs and Triphthong . . . VII 30, 31 Recapitulation of Rules. Vowel Positions .... VIII 32, 33 IX 34, 35 Contractions for Frequently Occurring Words . . . X 86, 37 Stroke 8 and Z. Large Circles Sio and Ses .... XI 38, 39 Ish Written Upward. Lay Downward ..... XII 40, 41 Extra Sign for R. Omissions. Tick The .... XIII 42, 43 Three Additional Signs for H. Of the XIV 44, 45 XV 46, 47 Contractions with Circle S and Loop St .... XVI 48, 49 Initial Hook adding R XVII 50, 51 Extra Hooked Signs for R. Xg Hooked. Prefixes . XVIII 52, 53 XIX 54, 55 Contractions with R and L Hooks XX 56, 57 Double Consonants. Prefix Con. Affixes ln En K Kay NG ^ lug G Gay L r Lay F W- Eff R ^ Ray V ^ Vee W ' J ' As in Pa. baa fa. tah ma Shah Second place dot, \ v , I . I . / V. As in Pay bay Tay day jay say Third place dot, . As in Pea bee tea key fee thee First place dash, \ -j > \~ - As in Paw taw daw maw saw caw Second place dash, ^ x v I I _ / ^j As in Poe beau toe doe Joe go Third place dash, -\- ...... L- ........ I. ...... / ........... /. ......... -. As in Pooh too do chew Jew coo x / i /- o ^-^^r^ ,v,-v-/ v , v. (. is r -> ..^- x X V I- /- /- T- -r- )- ^ .. v ,. . ^ . THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON IV. A Long Vowel Sounded Between Two Consonants. When a vowel sound occurs between two consonants, as in the words palm, talk, dame, dome, it is possible to write the character represent- ing the vowel sound either after the first consonant or before the sec- ond. To secure uniformity in writing the following rules are observed : RULE I. All first place dots and dashes sounded between two conso nants are written in the first place, after and to the first consonant, never to the second. RULE II, A second place heavy dot or dash sounded between two consonants, is written in the second place, after and to the first con- sonant, never to the second. RULE III. All third place dots and dashes sounded between two consonants are written in the third place, before and to the second consonant, never to the first. These rules should be committed to memory and repeated every time a word is written that has a vowel sounded between two consonants until they can be applied without hesitation. Perpendicular and sloping stroke consonants have three positions: (1) Above the line ; (2) On the line; (3) Through the line. Horizontal stroke consonants have only two positions: (1) Above the line ; (2) On the line. By writing words in position, according to their vowel sounds, pho- nographers familiar with shorthand characters need not write the vow- els, because the position indicates them. Some common words are written on the line for convenience, regardless of their vowel sounds, and words containing more than two stroke consonants, having distinctive outlines, are always written on the line. The combination of consonants that forms the shorthand word is called an " outline." Lesson IV, like all others, must be first read and then written as directed in previous instructions. Do not pass on to the next Lesson until the one you are studying can be written accurately and quickly from dictation. Reading is as important as writing. Educate the eye, the ear and the hand. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 25 LESSON IV. A Long Vowel Sounded Between Two Consonants. First position, ^ x > V ^ /^*V_ s-~-^ /^ As in Calm balm laugh maul chalk ball Second position, _ m ^-^ As in Bate bathe came comb mole load Third position, As in Keep beam deem doom, move room V ^ ^ i; < 77 -*N >' <] s\ 26 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON V. Contractions, Qrammalogues or Word=signs and How they are Used. Frequently occurring words are expressed in shorthand by part of their phonetic forms. A consonant, or combination of consonants, is generally used, but sometimes a vowel or diphthong sign is selected, while in a few cases the character chosen is no part of the word it repre- sents. When only one letter of a word is used, phonographers usually call it a grammalogue. When a combination of two or more letters is employed, they name it a contraction or word-sign. In these Lessons all abbreviated forms are called contractions. Contractions are generally written on the line, although sometimes they are placed above or through the line, that they may not be read for other words. If unruled paper is used, and the word or contraction has a place above or through the line, the position should be indicated by a dotted line as shown in the Lesson. With the exception of own and young, words represented by horizontal consonants and vowel signs can only be written in two positions : above and on the line. De- scending and ascending consonants have three places: above, on, and through the line. Above the line is called the first place ; on the line the second place; through the line the third place. No disjoined vowel sign is placed to a contraction. Occasionally one sign represents two or three words, but the signs have been chosen so that the rules of grammar, or the context, will prevent ambiguity. For instance: A dot above the line represents a or an. The grammatical construction of the sentence always makes it clear which word is indicated. And so with others. Each contraction should be studied, memorized, written, re-written, and read as if it were an additional letter of the alphabet. Always read what you write and as often as you write it, for reading is as important as writing. These contractions should be practised until each can be written from dictation at the rate of fifty a minute. The period is represented by a cross; all the other punctuation marks are the same as in longhand. In reporting, the comma and semi- colon are seldom used. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. LESSON V. Contractions for Frequently Occurring Words. o \ - An and all are at as has away be but by can come J......I..../....J ........ S: /../.. ........ : ...... S, ...... , o Do did each had half have he his holy how if is it C.. 1.1...J "^ v ) ( , < ' ...... I"- 28 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON VI. The Short Vowels Phonetically Exemplified. There are six short vowels heard in English speech, as in the words bat, bet, bit ; lock, luck, look. The short vowel sound heard in the words add, ash, at, am, Ann, ask, is represented by a light dot written in the first place, close to, but. iict touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name: First place light dot. The short vowel sound heard in the words ebb, egg, ell, etch, edge, is represented by a light dot written in the second place, close to, but not touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name: Second place light dot. The short vowel sound heard in the words if, ill, it, in, is represented by a light dot written in the third place, close to, but not touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name : Third place light dot. The short vowel sound heard in the words off, bog, bosh, chop, cob, cog, jot, job, is represented by a light dash written at a right angle, in the first place, close to, but not touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name : First place light dash. The short vowel sound heard in the words up, cub, cull, cup, dub, dull, gum, hub, jug, love, mug, urge, is represented by a light dash written at a right angle, in the second place, close to, but not touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name : Second place light dash. The short vowel sound heard in the words bull, bush, book, look ? nook, rook, push, shook, took, is represented by a light dash written at a right angle, in the third place, close to, but not touching, the stroke consonant. Vowel name : Third place light dash. RULE IV. The second place light dot and dash, sounded between two consonants, are written in the second place, before and to the sec- ond consonant, never to the first. Lesson VI, like all others, must first be read, then written as directed in previous instructions. EXERCISE. I can go out with that lad any day. When the big dog came out of the shed on that rainy day it bit Jack on the neck and Paul on the leg. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 29 LESSON VI. Short Vowels Phonetically Exemplified. First place dot, ~, ^ < , -^ I As in At am Ann ash ask add Second place dot, i . -s- ./ ./ As in Ed ebb egg ell etch edge Third place dot, As in It if in ill bit nick First place dash, 'V^ \__ i \ . X x /~~ As in Off bog cob cog jot job Second place dash. - ^ ^ < X'X. /* As in Up cub cup gum hub jug Third place dash, , , 1 ! As in Pull bull look book took rook > . s L. ' ' .. L_ ' Ir ..:... .f ' o . i x _( , ) 30 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON VII. Double Vowels, or Diphthongs and Triphthongs. A diphthong is a union of two simple vowel sounds pronounced in one syllable, as in the words by, now, boy, pew. The blended double vowel sound, or diphthong, heard in the words pie, by, tie, die, guy, vie, sigh, lie, my, nigh, rye, is represented in plionography by a small angular mark, something like the letter V, It may be written in the first, second or third place as most convenient. Diphthong name : /. The blended double vowel sound, or diphthong, heard in the words pow, cow, vow, thou, now, is represented in phonography by a small angular mark, something like the letter A. It may be written in the first, second or third place as most convenient. Diphthong name : Oni. The blended double vowel sound, or diphthong, heard in the words boy, toy, joy, coy, is represented by a small slanting angular mark. It is always written in the first place. Diphthong name : Oi. The blended double vowel sound, or diphthong, heard in the words pew, due, few, view, cue, mew, new, is represented by a small curve. It is always written in the third place. Diphthong name : U. There is a small class of words, such as wide, wight, wife, into which are blended three simple vowel sounds, called a triphthong. It is repre- sented in phonography by a small right angle. It may be written in the first, second or third place, as most convenient. Triphthong name: Wi. I, Ow, U and Wi may be joined when convenient. Lesson VII, like all the other Lessons, should be read, written and mastered as previously stated. EXERCISE. May I write my name in the book now ? No ; but you may read the book which was given you by the boy. If Paul, Joe and Mary Dale come to see me, may I go to the lodge and get the key of the row boat"? No; but you may go and get Joe Shaw and Jack Perry, and see the cow and sheep which we bought at the show. If Paul and the new boy come we shall enjoy the show. Dick bought a duck and took it to the duke. My wife and I may go to the beach to night. Pay the money now due at the oil shop. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. LESSON VII. Double Vowels, or Diphthongs, and Triphthong. Diphthong 7, x v -"~^ \ v | v I v ) v As in By my pie tie die sigh Diphthong OW, ^ ^ As in Pow bow now out cow vow 4 I ^ s -7 * Dipththong 01, \ I / ? <^""~ ^X/^ As in Boy toy joy coy oil boil Diphthong U, ^ ^ ^^^ As in Pew due few view mew new Triphthong WI, I \ >_/^ ^^J As in Wide wight wife wifely wifelike ^'^ "7 "7 1 1 ^ ^r- \^ V V- X, _ : csr.'. .* X\ '\A A ' '\\ " \ 32 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LES5ON VIII. Recapitulation of Rules. Vowel Positions. The period is represented by a cross ; all the other punctuation marks are the same as in longhand. When a vowel is written on the left hand side of a perpendicular or sloping consonant, or above a horizontal one, it is read before the con- sonant. When on the other side it is read after the consonant. RULE I. All first place dots and dashes, whether light or heavy, sounded between two consonants, are written in the first place, after and to the first consonant, never to the second. RULE II. The second place heavy dot and dash, sounded between two consonants, are written in the second place, after and to the first consonant, never to the second. RULE III. All third place dots and dashes, whether light or heavy, sounded between two consonants, are written in the third place, before and to the second consonant, never to the first. RULE IV. The second place light dot and dash, sounded between two consonants, are written in the second place, before and to the second consonant, never to the first. The diphthongs / and Ow, and the triphthong Wi, may be written in the first, second or third place, to the consonant, as may be con- venient. Oi is written in the first place, and U in the third. The diphthongs may sometimes be joined to the consonants. The student should now be able to write the preceding Lessons with facility. If taken from dictation, he should be able to write from thirty to sixty words a minute. Rather write thirty a minute neatly than sixty a minute slovenly. The sentences given in the preceding Exercises should be written at the rate of thirty words a minute. This may be accomplished by making each sentence a headline, as in a copy- book, and writing it until that speed is attained. Speed in writing can only be attained by constant, careful, daily practice. The fastest American shorthand writers believe in and practice on the principle that it is better to write one sentence fifty times than fifty sentences once. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 33 LESSON VIII. Recapitulation of Rules. Vowel Positions. Ace say age jay aim may ale lay ape pay. Eat tea ease. At e"bb it ell ill bat bet bit lock luck look book Laugh loaf move ball bale deal folly follow filly < -r Rye nigh sigh my lie by. Joy toy toil boil ' oy coil Wide wife wifely wight. Due new view few. Now thou vow V \v ^ Iv Iv )- r r -\ ! x x . / C- ... 34 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON IX. Additional Signs for S and Z. "With the phonetic signs already given, every word in the English language can be written three times faster than by the use of the ordi- nary longhand alphabet. But this is not sufficient for amanuensis and reporting work. There are, therefore, principles of abbreviation and methods of contraction which must be learned before the hand is able to keep pace with thought. These principles are introduced gradually and applied extensively in this presentation of the system. A small circle is used as an additional sign for the sound of s and 2. Phonetic name: See. When joined to straight con-sonants, either initially or finally, the circle is written on the right hand side of down- strokes and the upper side of Tc and g and upstrokes. When joined to curves, with few exceptions (see fslt) it is written inside the first curve. Between two straight strokes forming an angle, it is written on the outside of the angle. A vowel cannot be written to a circle, but is always written and read to the stroke consonant. When a circle is written to the beginning of an initial stroke consonant it is read first ; and when it is written to the end of a final stroke consonant it is read last. Write the following combinations with the circle sign, and blend or breathe the s sound with the stroke consonant to which it is attached. Do this many times as previously instructed. Sp, sb, sd, st, s-ch, sg, sv, s-ith, sin, sn, s-ng, si, sr, sj, sk, ss, s-thee, s-zh, sf, sr, s-sh, sz, Ps, bs, ts, ds, ch-s, ks, gs, fs, vs, ith-s, thee-s, ss, zs, sh-s, zh-s, ms, ns, ng-s, Is, rs, ws, ys, hs. Psb, pst, psj, psm, psn, ps-ith, bs-r, bsw, dsk, nst, ksg, gsm, gsn, vs-ith, zh-sp, sps, sts, s-ch-s, sks, sf s, sns, sms, fslt, sksl, smsls. EXERCISE. Half, not, to, you, and, come, how, put, who, all, do, if saw, with, are, did, it, that, without, at, each, Lord, the, ye, as, had, much, thy, year, has, away, be, have, of, up, but, he, on, was, your, when, out, his, by, can, is, holy, own, or, why. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 35 LESSON IX. Additional Sign for S and Z. f. ..... f. Sp sb st sd s-ch sj sk sg sf s-th s-thee 3 ........ ) ......... J ......... J ....... . ....... S- ....... ^x ........ C ...... ?/. Ss sz s-sh s-zh sm sn s-ng si sr Ps ds ch-s ks gs fs ss Is rs \vs hs Tsm msm nsn fsn Ism nst C. s-ch-sr sis smsms ksr wsn Spsm srsns sbsks ysr 5 I _ f^ J I v- Xj /< 86 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON X. Questions for SeIf=Examination. Lessons I to IX. 1. Name the straight and curved consonants. 2. How many long vowels, short vowels, diphthongs and triph- thongs? 3. Name the vowels and diphthongs. Give the rules for placing them. 4. How many times have you written the contractions given in Les- son V? 5. How many contractions can you write per minute? 6. Repeat the rules for writing vowels between two consonants. 7. Have you written each letter and word ten times ? 8. Are all the lessons copied into a book in ink? 9. Name the additional sign for s and z. Master the contractions in Lesson X as instructed in Lesson V, and transcribe the following Exercise into shorthand, leaving each alternate line for corrections, and give it to the teacher, along with the answers to the above review questions. EXERCISE. "Which youth did you see at the show? I saw Paul and Joe. Have you thanked them ? No ; but I think I shall do so on Mon- day. How many were at the ball game? I saw so many that I can not name them now. Have you read the book which I bought at the large shop on Tuesday? I think not. Is that the book which Joe Shaw is now reading? No; the book which I saw Joe Shaw reading was not the book I bought him. If I go to Home I may take Sam with me. I do not think Sam will go to Rome with you now. Joe, what differ- ence do they make when you take five at a time? They make no differ- ence to me, but they make a difference to you. How much did you pay to get the use of the large boat all day? I paid a dime, but I think Joe paid five or six. Do you think it would be wrong to go with me to the ball on the eighteenth? No, I do not think it would be wrong, I think it would be right, but you should not go on Monday if you go on the eighteenth. Do you know the youth who was at the show with Joe Paul and May Dale ? I think I know him, but I would not make oath to it. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 37 LESSON X. Contractions for Frequently Occurring Words. Business different-ce give -n go ago him may hour our v v - ^_^ S v __ ^-^ ^-^ I I eye in any large language me my no know O ' Owe ought see use shall should so us she wish to be \ ....... ( ........... .(. .......... .( ....... w ........ .( ......... ( ......... N ....... >..... Be thank-ed them they thing think though two too -^ ..... ...*< ..... ' ...... / ........ ) ....... ) ....... ?. ....... (. ....... ^ ..... Usual-ly we way what which whose use would youth young I _ X -No -^ ^ ' J I o s ," ..... '- V ^ , n , x v VV . .)../' _< ..^"o 4, f-.i D, ,i ..!. . s < 448470 38 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XI. Stroke S and Z. Large Circles Sw and Ses. As it is possible to write either the stroke consonant or small circle to represent the sounds s and z, to secure uniformity the following- rules for writing the stroke s and z are observed. Rules for Writing Stroke S and Z. EULE I, "When s or z is the only consonant in a word, and in de_ rivatives of such words, as in saw, sawmill. RULE II. When a word begins with the sound of z, as in zeal. RULE III. When s or z is the first consonant in a word preceded by a vowel, or the last consonant, foUowed by a vowel that is sounded, as in acid, assume, also, uneasy. RULE IV, In words where initial s is followed by two vowels or final s or z is preceded by two vowels, as in science, chaos. RULE V. In words beginning with s followed by a vowel and s or z initial or final, as in society, season, disuse. Large Circles Sw and Ses. The initial double consonantal sound sw is represented by a large circle written initially on the same side of the stroke consonant as the small circle s, as in sweet, swim. It is never used medially or finally, and must always be joined to the stroke consonant. Being a circle, a a vowel cannot be placed to it. Phonetic name : Sway. The s circle may be made double its size to represent either of the sounds, ses, sez, zes, zez, as in necessity, passes, possessive, causes. It cannot be used initially, but may be employed medially or finally, S may be added to the final Ses circle by continuing the stroke of the circle to the opposite side of the letter, forming another circle, as in exercises. The cirAe Ses is supposed to contain the second place short vowel sound ; the o^ier vowels may be expressed by writing them within the circle, as in census, exist, exhaust. Being a circle, a vowel cannot be placed to it. Phonetic name : Ses. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 39 LESSON XI. Stroke S and Z. Large Circles Sw and Ses. \A Apply ...-) 3; { .}.. RULE 1. Ace essay ice issue sawmill seagull seamark Apply .. 2l- ... RULE a. Zany zeal zealous zenith zero zinc Zion RULE 3- Acid agency also aside assume busy uneasy ^ / 7 Y y Apply ^J C TT\... RULE 4. Chaos ingejiuous joyous science sighing Siam RULE 5. Cease season society sieze disuse saucer. Siv and Se Circles. p ^-^. ^P ^^ . 6 Sweet swim exist necessity passes exercises ^~^ X . y^ K. ^ -. V ^ ^ -f N^_ /A- Jr ' ^ >< rx- ^ 40 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LES5ON XII. Ish Written Upward and Lay Written Downward. The letters Ish and Lay, when joined to other letters, may, according to certain rules, be written upward or downward. Alternative Method of Writing Ish. In the English language there are 2008 words in which sk occurs. It is written downward 1577 times, and ipwarcl 431 times. Sh, when forming the only consonant in a word, is always written down, as in show. For convenience of joining it is, when joined to other consonants, frequently written up. For example: (a) When it precedes I, as in shoal, shell, shield, social. (b) When it precedes f or .v, as in sheaf, shave. (c) When it follows I, as in abolish, polish. (d) After d, as in dash, dish, dashing. Alternative Method of Writing Lay. Initial I is generally written up, as in lame, laugh, long, lory, lamb, loop, leave, lead. But (a) When preceded by a vowel and followed by a horizontal letter, it is written downward, as in Allen, alone, along, elk. But in the deriva- tives illness, alliance, allowance, the upward I is used to agree with their primitives. (d) Before sf, sv, sn, sng, it is written down, as in falsify, illusive, lesson, losing. Final I is written down : (a) After n, ng, ns, ngs,fs, vs, th-s, as in annual, annually, annul, king- ly, counsel, Kingsley, facile, vessel, thistle. (b) When two vowel sounds fall between a straight downstroke and final I, the I is written down, as in towel, duel, jewel. (c) With few exceptions, after straight upstrokes, and after f, v, sk, L is written down when it is the final sound, and up when a vowel follows, as in rule, royal, yell, rally, yellow, full, fully, vale, valley. When Ish is written up it is named Shay, and when Lay is written down it is called EL SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND- 41 LESSON XII. Ish Written Upward. Lay Written Downward. Shoal shell shield shillalah shallow shale Social socialism socially socialize sociology Sheaf shave shifty shive sheath unsheathe Abolish V abolished embellish relish polish Dash dashing dishing audacious audaciousness C Alone along alike allowance lesson illusive Z... yell scale 6L C C, Cpxinsel facile towel rule .r .:. c ..<.. V"' V_. V.-,.* X. 42 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XIII. Extra Sign for Ray. Consonants Omitted. Tick The. The sound of r is represented in phonography by two signs : one a straight stroke written up as in the alphabet ; the other a curved letter written down as shown on the opposite page. The phonetic name for the curved sign is Ar. Alternative Sign for Ray. (1) When initial r is preceded by a vowel, write it down (except be- fore t, d, ch,j, ith, thee, w, when it is written up) as in arm, early, ark, error. (2) When it is the first letter in a word, and also when it precedes the above excepted letters, write it up, as in room, ring, review, irrita- tion, aridity, arch, urge, earth. When r is the last sound in a word write it down, as in far, car, tar, mare, sear, soar ; and up if a vowel follows, as in ferry, carry, tarry, nar- row, merry, sorry, sorrows. Exceptions : (1) After the straight upstrokes Ray, Way, Yay, If ay, write r up, as in roar, wore, wear, yore, hero. (2) After two downstrokes final r should be written up, as in debar, deter ; but after two straight upstrokes it should be written down, as in wearer, roarer. OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. P between ni and t and between m and sh; t between s and another consonant ; k or g between ng and t or sh m;iy be omitted without affecting legibility, as in empty, presumption, dis- tinct, mostly, anxious, distinguish. TICK THE. The word the may be expressed by a short slanting stroke made like should or and, generally written downward, but when more convenient written upward, and always joined to the preceding word, as in to the, at the. When written thus, the never begins a phrase. When joined to the contraction on, the down stroke is made slanting to keep the combination distinct from the diphthong I, as in on the. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. LESSON XIII. Extra Sign for Ray. Consonants Omitted. Tick The. -> Army early ark arise. Room ring review arch urge Sir soars sear sorry sorrows. Tar tarry car carry ^ / ^ J> ^ S* <^ ^ / ^< ,sC L^ /' <:"* 6 -O. t^< s~r>S: . . .^/.. Rare roar were weary' yore hero Harry wears Mary Empty postoffice listless mostly testimony. Anxious > \ w : * : Of the to the at the if the on the is the has the C f , ) ( *:& \: x C , ^ 'C x. \ . 44 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XIV. Three Additional Signs for H. Of The. In the preceding Lessons h has always been written with an up- stroke ; in future Lessons three additional signs will also be used. STROKE H WRITTEN DOWN. When the stroke h is written down its phonetic name is Aitch, and it is used: (1) When it is the only conso- nant in a word, as in hoe, high, and their derivatives, as in higher; (2) When it precedes k or g, as in hake, hag; (3) When it forms a better junction than the upward A, as in hawser. TICK H. The Tick II is an abbreviated form of the downstroke h. Phonetic name : Tick II. It never stands alone. It is written to the letters 5, 2, Ar, Lay, m, as in the words hiss, hazy, here, hill, ham. The Tick H is always joined to an initial consonant, and, like the initial circles, is read first. A vowel cannot be placed to it. DOT H. The letter h is sometimes indicated by placing a dot before the vowel, as in halve, happily, manhood, handy. This dot always pre- cedes a vowel which is read to a following consonant, and is never writ- ten between a final consonant and a final vowel. OF THE. The frequently occurring words " of the " may be indicated by writing the words which the phrase connects near to each other, thus : The state (of the) case ; the last (of the) book ; the date (of the) social. JOINED VOWELS. Diphthongs and vowel contractions may be joined in compound words, thus: Always, almost, already, to-morrow, to-day, al- though, almighty. When convenience and legibility permit, part of the diphthongs, I, Ow, U, are joined to a consonant, or the contracted form of the word, thus: Aisle, new, now, sinew. Bead, write, practice, persevere. EXERCISE. How many pages do you think should be in the new book? I think eighty are enough. We may mail you the invoice on Monday. Are your sales large this month? No; the sales are small this month. They have now some money on deposit in the City Savings Bank. They wire us that they will now mail invoice soon. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND, 45 LESSON XIV. Three Additional Signs for H. Of The. Ha hoe high hew hack hake hag haggis hackney hoax Hawser hewer higher Mohawk. Hiss hazy her hill ham Halves hath horsehair household hardihood happily Manhood handy. His side of the case. The value of the book. Date of the social always almost already to-morrow to-day Oil item wife pew due issue pow cow wide isle X N ' N ~~ New now sinew I will I may I can I go I give. ." [>; ..'.. 46 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XV. The Use of the St and Str Loops. ST LOOP. The closely blended consonantal sounds, st, initial, and st and zd, final, are represented by a loop made half the length of the consonant to which it is placed. It is written initially and finally on the right hand side of straight downstrokes, above straight horizontals and upstrokes and inside of curves, in the same way as the circle s. It is also used medially when a good joining can be made. A vowel can- not be written or read to the loop. Phonetic name: Stee. When a vowel occurs between s and t do not use the st loop, but the circle s and the stroke t. STR LOOP. The Str loop is the St loop enlarged and lengthened to two-thirds the length of the stroke consonant to which it is attached. Its principal use is final, but in a few words it is used medially, as in registering, upholsterer, but never initially. Like the Ses circle, a final loop may have the s circle added to it by continuing the stroke to the opposite side of the consonant (so as to form a small circle) to which it is attached. A vowel cannot be written or read to the Str loop. Pho- netic name : Ster. PHRASING. Phraseography is chiefly used in reporting, but phrases of two or three words are very common in correspondence and amanu- ensis work. The outline or contraction for the first word in a phrase must take its place above, on, or through the line, which it would occu- py if standing alone. The second, or other joined words, may rise or fall according to their joinings, and without regard to the position or place, above, on, or through the line, usually taken by them. EXAMPLES. I will, I may, you will, you may, he will, he may, I shall, they will, if you, if they, and in, and the, to the, to me, shall be, you can, we can, how can, how may, all are, all his, all it, all that, all this, all you, and have, and this, and you, and with, as he, as if, as it, at him, at most, but our, but so, but that, but you, by his, by many, by our, by such, by the by, by and by. These examples should be written in shorthand and mastered by reading and writing, as previously instructed. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 47 LESSON XV. The Use of the St and Sir Loops. State step taste toasts paused staff fasts casts .fer: ........ /: ........... I-:. ............. fcr ............. fes ......... ^r. ...... Vestry elastic statistic toasting dusting jesting Poster boasters lustre registering masters dusters T ' ' Coasters foster pester pastors investor upholsterer' Deceit exceed recede dusty musty rusty X* /.. <- X A, THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XVI. Contractions and Review. Lessons X to XV. 1. Give the five rules for -writing stroke s and z. 2. Write five words showing the use of sw circle. 3. Write eight words showing the use of s circle. 4. Give the rules for writing Ish and Lay. 5. State the rules for writing Ray and Ar. 6 What consonants may be omitted in some words? 7. In how many ways can " the " be written? 8. On which side of straight letters is Stee written? 9. When should the St loop not be used? 10. How is the sound of Ster represented? 11. Is the St loop ever used initially or medially? 12. Can vowels be read to circles or loops? 13. What instructions are given about the use of phrases? Master the contractions in Lesson XVI, as instructed in previous Lessons, and transcribe the following Exercise into shorthand, leaving each alternate line for correction, and give it to the teacher along with the answers to the above review questions. EXERCISE, Have you the oak pole ? No ; but I have the key of the boat. Do the goat and the sheep feed on the heath? On which date do you go to Rome ? W T e all go on the eighteenth of May. The gale may make the sea rage and roar. May I write my name in the book now ? No ; but you may read the book which was given to you by the large boy? How many pike were in the pool? I saw only four. What would you say if I were to go away now ? I got your message all right last month. I will answer it when I get time. I am busy this month, but I think I will write you on Wednesday. If you can come to see us on Wednesday we may all go to the beach to see them launch the new boat. Mary, James and Paul all came to our city to see the ball game on the eighth of May. You shall go to the social. No ; I would abol- ish them. Take the book to the seer early, and hurry up, as we are anxious to get his testimony. Hugh has a high hobby horse here. We now mail your invoice and bill of lading. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND 49 LESSON XVI. Contractions with Circle 5 and Loop St. Itself myself himself religious because those domestic 4 / O O ^ o ...6 ......... 4 ...... 4 ....... Thyself this thus youths as is has his mistake must O O ........ t? ......... Q ....... S^ His is is his first speak several Savior next most ^ .......... * Something subject yesterday themselves special-ly house Signify-ied-icant-icance influence expect-ed Influenced respect-ed -. ^A^ I- .^1. ^.- Satisfactory spelling reform although almighty herself t P _ ..... . T v , , ..... > ' --H. u ..... I p ( s . 50 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XVII. Initial Hook adding R to Stem Letters. Pronounce the following words distinctly, and observe closely the r sound blended with the preceding consonant or stem letter: Pray, pry, prow, grow, grew. STRAIGHT LETTERS. A small initial hook prefixed to the left side of straight descending consonants and to the under side of k and g adds r, making double consonants. 8 is prefixed to these double consonant.! by closing the hook, which makes it a circle, thus: Pay, pray, spray; Tay, tray, stray; coo, crew, screw. This makes these double letters treble consonantal sounds. These double letters are vocalized (that is, vowels are placed and read to them) as if they were single stroke con- sonants. CURVED LETTERS. A small hook written on the inside of a curved letter, at the beginning, adds r, thus : fr, vr, ith-r, thee-r, sh-r, zh-r, mr, nr. Offer, over, other, author, fisher, measure, owner. S ADDED.- "When s is the first sound in a word, and is added to curved letters initially hooked, and Avhen attached to straight hooked letters which occur medially or finally the hook must be shown (except when follow- ing a straight stroke in the same direction) by writing the s inside of it, to prevent the double consonant being read as a single one, as in sa.vor, suffer, cipher, summer, sooner, express, destroy. In a few cases the consonant r may be omitted, as in subscribe, superscribe. To express sgr or skr after t or d, the circle is written on the right side of Those letters, as in disagree, disgrace, tasker. NOT HOOKED. The stroke consonants s, z,Lay, El, Ray,Ar, w, y, h, are not hooked for r. To attain a high rate of speed, Lesson XVTT and subsequent Lessons should be thoroughly mastered. Analyze each word and combination of consonants, repeat the rules for the formation of the outline, and after the principles can be readily applied the words should be copied and finally written from dictation. EXERCISE. Because, religious, several, satisfactory, speak, must, mis- take, house, domestic, influence, something, next, himself, thyself, sub- ject, thus, youths, yesterday, has is, as is, special, his, is, expect. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 51 LESSON XVII. Initial Hook Adding R to Stem Letters. Pray pry bray tray dray crew crow grow grew prow Spray spry screw spruce scrape stray straw strew descry M - ' J /^ c *\S~ ' ../. I- ? '<*^.J$.x A . ..- ^~ %>- _V/^ V ^t /^* / -^ /. I . .. 52 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XVIII. Extra Hooked Signs for R. Ng Hooked. Prefixes. When Ar is hooked initially, it is used as an extra sign for/ry when it is thickened and hooked initially it is an additional sign for vr; when s is hooked initially it is an extra sign for th-r; when z is hooked initially it is an extra sign for thee-r. In words that contain no other stroke consonant, these duplicate or extra signs are used when no vowel precedes, as fro, free. "When another consonant conies before or after, use the form which is most convenient. If both forms of these initial hooked curves, having extra signs, are equally convenient, the one agreeing with the r series of straight consonants should be preferred, as in proffer, tether. "When ng is hooked it does not represent the sound of ng-r as in singer, but ng-gr and ng-kr, as in Bangor, finger, thinker, banker, tinker. All initially hooked letters may be used at the beginning, middle or end of an outline. The phonetic names are Per, Ter, etc., not Pee- Ray or Tee-Ar, etc. The Sw circle and St loop may be prefixed to the initial Per series of hooked letters, as in switcher, sweeper, swagger, sweeter, stoker, stutter, stopper. Use the following sentence as a phonographic headline, and write it carefully a hundred times: " He always writes all his exercises in a most satisfactory manner and takes them to school." Prefixes Inter=, flagni=, Self-. The prefixes inter-, intro-, enter-, are represented by writing the stroke n, half size, close to, before or joined to the stroke consonant that follows it, as in interfere, introduce, introduction, entertain, enter- prise. Magna-, magni-, is represented by writing m above the consonant which immediately follows it, as in magnanimous, magnify, magnifi- cence. This prefix is never joined. A small circle written close to a word or part of a word expresses the prefix self, as in self-denial, self- same, self-righteous, self-praise, self- love. In selfish and selfishness the circle is joined to the sh. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 53 LESSON XVIII. Extra Hooked Signs for R. Ng Hooked. Prefixes. O ....... C..5 ......... p ........... ..... ........ '' I ,.. c x ..).. ; * v^ X ...p.. x -^X* ' > THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XX. Contractions with R and L Hooks. Write the following in shorthand, using all the contractions which you have learned. Bead the shorthand many times, write it often, and finally have it dictated until it can be written freely. We are very much pleased to hear that you are studying the Lesson that has to do with initial hooks. On the opposite page is a full list of forms which you may write without using vowels. Write and re-write them, read and re read them, so that you may be able to write them at a high rate of speed. Do this before you write this Exercise, If you write fifty forms twice, you shall know that your speed has increased ; but if you write each form fifty times, your speed shall be increased very much more. Take eight new forms and master them. Do it first by reading; then write them neatly. Do the same with all the others. You must always remember that these forms with initial hooks are sim- ply helps to write with increased speed. Never forget that you must go back to the earlier Lessons and Exercises and re-read and re-write them several times. You must study every principle in every Lesson given, and write all the forms very carefully and neatly, and finally with a speed of at least fifty forms a minute, before you go on to what fol- lows. Never allow your desire to write fast overrule your resolve to write neatly. The places of the long vowels, in fact, the places of all the vowels, should be well known by you. If you have trouble in plac- ing any vowel, go back and write the Lessons over and over. The way to get up speed is to write slowly and neatly at first. Never force your speed ; it comes only by practice. When you are practising the hooked forms, remember that the stem is read before the hook. When a vowel is placed before a form with an initial hook, it is read before the whole double form. If placed on the other side, the double form is read first. The stem and hook should be pronounced in a single breath. There is no royal road to success. It is only by much study, every day in the year, that you can succeed. Before you practise this Exercise show the shorthand to the teacher, and if there are errors in it, correct them. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 57 LESSON XX. Contractions with R and L Hooks. Principle principal- liberty member remember-ed never ..... x ............. ^ .............. r ........... f- .......... f- ........ 1 .......... 1 ..... Numbered assembly at all tell till truth true ....1 ......... 1 ....... '..) .............. f. ............ er slumber cumber Will you comply with my request? And comply Recognize paying dancing hearing eating Evening exposing expressing sayings mornings sittings / > ^ ' I -^S' -N Lo 60 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXII. Small Final Hook adding N. A small final hook is added to all letters, whether hooked, circled, or looped, to express the final sound of n, as in pay, pain, plain ; key, keen, clean ; tray, train, strain ; pun, spun, spoon ; kin, skin. In straight downstrokes the final n hook is written on the left hand side, opposite the circle s, and on the under side of k and g and straight upstrokes, as in tone, chain, cone, gain, rain, win, won, yawn, hen. No vowel can be placed to or read after the n hook, but See, Ses, Stee, /Ster, may be added to and follow the sound of n by making the hook a small or large circle, or a small or large loop, as in pain, pains ; bone, bones ; tense, tenses ; dance, dances ; pounce, pounces ; danced, punster, punsters. The n hook and the final circle s or z which follow it, (placed inside the hook) is written on the inside of curves, as in feign, feigns; vein, veins; thin, thins; shine, shines; mine, mines; nine, nines. /Ses, Stee, or Ster cannot be written to the hook n in curves. If a good angle can be obtained the n hook may be used medially, as in vanish, finish, French, ransom, economy, foreigner, agent. Shn when written up, and Ln when written down, should never stand alone. The former would be mistaken for sh.r, and the latter for wl, Between two consonants a small circle can never represent ns. "When a vowel that is sounded follows a final n sound, the stroke n and not the hook must be used, thus : tin, tiny ; chin, china ; man, many ; gun, agony; spoon, spoony. The only way to become a fast writer is to have a thorough knowl- edge of the principles. Do not leave any Lesson until it can be writ- ten freely from dictation. Study earnestly, write continuously, and success is certain. EXERCISE. Liberty, assemble, equal, care, messenger, during, at all, member, remark, pleasure, near, nor, more, Mr. sure, dear, never, char- acter, belief, for, from, true, truth, very, ever, equally, every. May we have the pleasure of your company this evening? I see no reason why we should not call. Do you? SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 61 LESSON XXII. Small Final Hook Adding N. V..A ..... J ..... J...,../ ..... / ..... ^ TO ..U.<.....C ....... C ........ ).... Pn bn tn dn ch-n jn kn gn fn vn th-n thee-n sn ..) ...... J, ...... . ....... x?.... . .^^..^ "7 62 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXIII. Small Final Hook adding F or V. A small final hook, written on the right hand side, or the I and s side, of straight downstrokes, and on the upper side of k and g and up- strokes, expresses the final sound of f or v. It is treated m all re- spects like the final n hook, as in tough, dove, buff, chaff, jove, trough, bluff, contrive, strive, cough, cave, cliff, glove, skiff, crave, grave. The f of v hook cannot be added to curved letters ; therefore in move, nave, love, orphans, shave, thief, thieves, write the stroke f or v. Circle s only can be added to the f or v hooks, and when it is added, it must be written inside the hook so that the hook is clearly shown, as in toughs, doves, troughs, bluffs, contrives, strives, coughs, caves, cliffs, gloves, skiffs, craves, graves. If a good angle can be formed, the f or v hooks may be used medi- ally, as in proven, prefixed, profits. The final f or v hook may be used when it represents the final f or v sound only. When a final vowel that is sounded follows a final f or v sound, the stroke must be used, as in cough, coffee; duff, defy; trough, trophies; grave, gravy; wave, wavy. "Write the following letters in shorthand, leaving each alternate line for corrections. Note all errors, copy the corrected forms several times, and then write the whole from dictation many times. DEAR SIR: We have your invoice of Saturday last, and in reply en- close our check, for $500 which pays it in full. We hope you may re- quire several car loads of the same merchandise which you bought from us last season. Our stock is now full in all lines, and we trust we may have the pleasure of serving you at an early date. We shall re- quire more stock similar to what we got from you this month, but shall advise you in a few days. Yours truly, DEAR SIRS: We thank you for your valued favor enclosing us check for $500, which pays all bills in full to date. We may soon require several car loads of the same stock, we got from you last season. We are now making out a list of what we desire you to ship us, and will mail it next Monday. The prices and terms will, we presume, be the same as for the last invoices. Yours truly, SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 63 LESSON XXIII. Small Final Hook Adding F or V. X Pf bf tf ilf ch-f jf kf gf ray-f wf yf hay-f puff tough Pfs bfs tfs dfs ch-fs jfs kfs gfs ray-fs 'wfs yfs hay-fs v I- /- /' s ^v >^ \$ [p 6 >.'_ f^ * 1 Puffs toughs doves chaff calf roofs graves groves k I". **. tei....siS ^ *:... Contrive strive cliff gloves skiff craves curve curves Move knave love orphans shave thief thieves live Proverb prefixed lithographs profits defeat David v^ KJ* ' ^^ Cough coffee Duff defy troughs trophies grave gravy c e \; f " ->* v^.t/V"- ^ \ ^ p . '. )... A, .... . ^~-f- . i f \ ) J t \ o . ^ . . . .^ * ic-^ .X 7 64 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXIV. The Use of the Shun Hook Illustrated. The terminal syllable, whether spelled tion, tian, dan, sian, sion, or shion, is represented in phonography by a large final hook. Phonetic name : Shun. It is written inside of curves, like the small final n hook, as in motion, mission, evasion, fashion, lotion. Shun may be written on either side of a straight consonant, as follows : (a) When a straight letter has an initial hook, circle or loop, or springs from a curve, the shun hook is written on the opposite side to keep the letter straight, as in attrition, conclusion, suction, secretion, constipation, faction, affection. (b) When Shun follows t, d or j, not preceded by a hook, circle or loop, write the large hook on the right hand side, as in irritation, dic- tation, temptation, addition, consolidation, magician. (c) When Shun follows a simple straight letter, it is written on the opposite side to the vowel. If more than one vowel precedes, it is written opposite to the accented (always the last) vowel, as in option, potion, auction, caution, education, action. If two distinct vowel sounds immediately precede, write the stroke sh and the n hook, as in situa- tion, valuation, tuition. This large hook may be used medially, as in visionary, national, cau- tionary, affectionate, fashionable. When Shun follows circle s or ns, it is expressed by continuing the circle to the other side of the stroke consonant, so as to form a back hook, as in possession, physician, transition. It may be used medially, as in transitional, positional. Circle s may be added to Shun by writing it within the hook, as in fashions, passions, stations, possessons, dispensations, musicians. The back Shun hook is vocalized by writing the third place vowel within, or rather at the end or after, the back hook, and by writing the second place vowel outside the back hook, as in position, possession. Lesson XXIV, like all others, should be first read, then copied several times, and finally written from dictation. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 65 LESSON XXIV. The Use of the Shun Hook Illustrated. Motion mission evasion fashion lotion notion nation ,.1 :-> ** .'.^ < 3 <... ..^ ^ -.(?.. .^ f. ,'l... ^ K T" Missions passions stations lotions notions situations additional ; C..^. L .V :^.... I I V .>>,.. x -^ X 66 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXV. Additional Contractions and Review Lessons XVII to XXV. 1, How are r and I added to primary consonants? 2. What are the four extra hooked signs? 3. -Quote the rules for using the extra signs. 4. How are the prefixes magna-, magni- and self- represented? 5. -Explain how the Per and Pel consonants are vocalized. 6. Name the double consonants given in Lesson XXI, 7. How are the prefixes co?i-, com- and cum- represented? 8. What signs represent the affixes ing and ings. 9. How is n added to straight consonants? 10. Can a vowel be read to or after the n hook? 11. How can f be added to stroke consonants? 12. To which letters can the hooks /"and v be added? 13. How is the termination Shun represented in phonography? 14. On which side of t, d andj is Shun written? 15. When Shun follows straight strokes how is it written? 16. How is Shun represented when two distinct vowel sounds pre- cede? 17. When Shun follows circle s how is it written? 18. How is circle s added to the Shun sign? Before attempting to answer these questions go over all the Lessons from XVII to XXV. Write the answers on each alternate line and hand them to your instructor for examination. Do not repeat the ques- tions, but give the numbers. The list of contractions on the opposite page must be well studied. Trace them first with a dry pen. Memorize them, write them often, and when they are thoroughly known by sight, and can be copied from the print at the rate of forty a minute, they should be written from dic- tation until a speed of a hundred a minute is attained. There is no royal road to success in shorthand : nothing but conscien- tious hard work, and much of it, will ensure success. Read everything you write. Correct errors and write again. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 67 LESSON XXV. Additional Contractions. \ \ \ I Happen happy upon approve above been difficult difficulty Done down which have general-ly religion generation often , Phonograpy heaven within important-ce while improve-d-ment ...... ............ x->. .......... <^ ...... ....f?.\..S~S. ...... ..s .................... Impossible improvements one will well whether whither altogether -: ...... -^ ........... ^ .......... } ............ t ............... l ....... Anything architect-are Catholic danger destruction advantage " } Doctrine especial-ly govern-ed-ment influential information irregular "*-' ~^" ' Kingdom knowledge acknowledge magazine more than better than M-. / V VE ^^. <5<\ 68 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXVI. The Halving of Consonants. A thin or light consonant, whether hooked, circled, or looped initially, when standing alone, if written half its usual length adds the sound of t; and a thick or heavy consonant, whether hooked, circled, or looped initially, when standing alone, if written half its usual length, adds the sound of d. A vowel written before a half-sized letter is read before both the primary letter and the added one; when written after the halved letter the vowel is read after the stem, or primary letter, but before the added letter, as in act, cat, oft, fought, apt, pat, ebbed, bed. pit, bad, tit, chit, kit, fit, east, shot, mate, net, let, art, wait, yet, hat, jade, good, viewed, used. The letters m, n, I and Ar may be halved and thickened for the addition of .. P pt t tt cli cht k kt f ft s st ith itht 1 It m int n nt ..V^.i^ ..... C ...... c ..... ).....)... W wt y yt h ht b bd d dd j jd v vd thee thee-d z zd ...-.^ ...... ^ ....... :>. ...... ^ ..... N ....... x ...... >,.. s ....... K ..... /.. Act cat oft fought apt pat ebbed bed pit bad tit chit |...w ..... ........ ) ....... I'...,*,...*,..* ..... i ..... L..n ...... .X... kit fit thought east shot mate net bad did jade good used . . !s-?. ....... <>... ..r->. . ..r?> ..... -r^x ..... .<> ...... ffc. ...... ^T> ...... ^. ....Sr^.... viewed. May mate imade aim aimed mode mote scent send heart hard felt felled fold lead followed corrode read parried .^...^7. ...... J .............. *> ............... C. ........... ^ ............ ^ dwelt quilt tent-tend mount-mound lent-lend rent-rend vent-vend ..^ ....... ^>. ....... ^ ..... V? ........ * ......... C. ...... <\. ....... ^ .......... *? ....... Mate mates nut nuts bends lend lends mounts sounds l : ^ .. c . <- "^ on c^ ^ ) /- ^> / NO x ....N S ^o...TrT..v >t x I- x ^ -^ o sj ^- : >. . ^1 " rs ^ n ?..->;"> V^^ 70 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN- INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXVII. Halving Principle Concluded. Affixes. It is the final letter that is halved to add t or d in the past tense of verbs, as in rented, granted, parted, printed, planted. Half length strokes when joined must make a good angle, except in such words as afford and named, where the junction is evident; there- fore to avoid ambiguity either write t and d in full, or disjoin the half length t or d, as in kicked, fact, propped, effect, licked, liked, looked, quaked; illustrated, attitude, situated, obtruded. II when halved is generally written up, as in hats, heats, hits, hints ; Ray when halved, never stands alone, see rate, write ; after the large Shun hook the halved stroke s may be written up when it cannot be written down ; as in Salvationist, fashionist. Ing, Emp cannot be halved unless hooked, as in angered, anchored, hampered, slumbered, impend. Affixes =AIity, =IHty, -Arity, =Ly, -Ship, =SeIf. Ality, -ility, -arity, and other similar terminations are expressed in Phonography by disjoining the consonant that comes immediately before -ality, etc., as in brutality, stability, barbarity, peculiarity. The affix -ly is represented by I, joined or disjoined as may be con- venient, as in heavenl}', suddenly, loosely. The termination -self is represented by a small circle and the termin- ation selves by a large circle (written close to the consonant near the middle); while supposed to be disjoined, it is often more convenient to join this affix ; as in thyself, myself, himself, ourselves, themselves ; but herself, yourself, and yourselves are generally written in full. The affix -ship is expressed by sh, sometimes joined, sometimes dis- joined, as in headship, apprenticeship, township. EXERCISE. They often spoke of the great barbarity themselves. Be careful how you write the forms for afford, named and conferred. Do not forget to write the full forms for rate, right, wrought and wrote. The term Salvationist is not now one of reproach. Turn this Exercise into shorthand and present it to the teacher for correction. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 71 LES5ON XXVII. Halving Principle Continued. Affixes. Kicked fact propped effect licked liked looked quaked attitude - Illustrated situated obtruded hats hits heats hunts excursionists Salvationist impend fashionist angered hampered slumbered Brutality stability barbarity suddenly heavenly loosely headship p .^^.~^\-...^\..^ ..... ;>....^-i ..... s ' ....... V- Ourselves herself yourself rate write print printed plant planted K s VI - 72 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXVIII. Double Length Characters Illustrated. An additional syllable is added to curved letters by writing them twice their usual length. Er is added to Emp or Emb, as in timber, tamper, temper, distem- per, chamber, plumper, pamper. After Z, the treble consonant Emp-r ( Emp hooked for R) is more convenient, as in slumber, limber, cumber, scamper. Ker or ger is added to ing. The Ing stroke hooked for r is more frequently used than the double length character, as in linger, lingered. All other curves made twice their usual length add ther, ter or der (and ture), as in mother, father, letter, fetter, order, border, alter, loiter, softer, center ; also invader, fender, thunder, mounter, vender, inventor, fomenter, future, feature. A straight stroke ending with a hook or preceded by another letter, may be made double length, as in pointer, planter, chanter, bender, brander, tender, counter, hinder. When the present tense of a verb is written by a double length stroke, the past tense is written by the halving principle, as in render, rendered ; wander, wandered; tender, tendered. Prefix In. Affixes -Mental, -Mentality, -Ment. In is expressed by a back stroke before the treble consonantal sounds spr, str, skr, and before the strokes Hay and Aitch, as in inscribe, in- human, inherit. The letter m halved and hooked for n is used for the affix -mental or -mentality. It is generally disjoined but not always, as in detrimental, sacramental, fundamental, instrumental, monumental. JVJ5 (the n halved) may be employed as a contraction for -ment after si, stroke ns, or a hook, as in imprisonment, resentment, commencement, pavement, refinement, achievements. EXERCISE. Every one who desires to write at a high rate of speed knust first make the forms very carefully and correctly. All outlines that are new to the writer should be copied until they can be made without hesitation. No amount of study can take the place of dictation. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 73 LESSON XXVIII. Double Length Characters Illustrated. Timber tamper temper distemper chamber plumper longer Slumber limber pamper cumber cumbered linger lingered Mother father letter fetter order border alter loiter .J:... Inventor invader fomenter pointer planter chanter | _ , ^^ Jf? ^ J; ....... ^^......^. ........ < ....... * ......... ^X,......^C7. ........ if>. ...... Wander wandered pain paint painter unscrew inhuman detrimental, fundamental imprisonment commencement pavement X 74 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXIX. The W and Y Series of Diphthongs. Besides providing a brief elementary character for every sound, pho- nography provides a convenient sign for every combination of vowels. A very small Thee written to a sti-oke consonant in three places re- presents a diphthong formed by the union of w and a heavy dot vowel. "When written in the first place, it represents w and a first place dot; in the second place, w and a second place dot/ and in the third place, w and a third place dot, as in railway. A very small stroke z written to a stroke consonant in the three places represents a diphthong formed by the union of w and a dash vowel, as in water. Sometimes these signs are used for initial w, and may then be joined to other consonants, as in "William, "Wilson, Wilkinson, week, wax, wake, woke, weaken, woman, women. A very small n thickened, written to a stroke consonant in three places, represents a diphthong formed by the union of y and a dot vowel. A very small m thickened, written to a stroke consonant in the three places, represents a diphthong formed by the union of y and a dash vowel. These diphthong signs may be written heavy to represent heavy dots and dashes, and light for the light dots and dashes. In actual report- ing, however, it is rarely necessary to make any distinction between light and heavy signs. The TF and Y series of diphthongs is difficult to remember and write quickly. They should be practised a great deal, and xintil they have been mastered they ought to be gone over once each day. Every line of shorthand should be looked over in order to see where and how they are used. This is a very important Lesson. EXERCISE. Any young person who desires to write rapidly should join speed classes. There are many good schools, colleges and associations where daily practice may be had. The frequent practice provided by these institutions increases the speed very rapidly. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 75 LESSON XXIX. The W and Y Series of Diphthongs. ..... W and Dot Vowel . ...*?\.. c sounded as in Wah weh wee. Wah-t weh-t wee-t Railway roadway twenty twelve wish frequent frequenter * ..?.. Wand Dash Vowel .. ....*& ..... .^^ ....................... * ....... J ....... sounded as in Waw woh woo. Waw-t woh-t woo-t ...1 ............ V. ............ 3d-.' .......... 1^ .............. a .......... S> ...... Water waterish waterlogged waterproof word password .~..Y and Dot Vowel .* ....... < ....... & ........................ w > sounded as in Yah yeh yee. Yah-t yeh-t yee-t -i: ^.'L.re ...... ss. ..'^ ......... : "' -I ..?... and Dash Vowel * ...... Os...,^* ......................... J ........ -|--- sounded as in Yaw yoh yoo. Yaw-t yoh-t yoo-t: .^....^ ..... M ..... v ......... ** ........ ^ ...... ^- ..... ^ Folio ratio period^ patriot serious various cameo fume ~ William Wilson Wilkinson week wax wako walk work warm 76 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXX. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. The third place light dot, preceded by and blended with the six long vowels, forms a series of two syllable diphthongs and is represented by a little angular mark, open above, for the heavy dot vowels, and the same mark reversed represents the heavy dash vowels. These angular marks may also be used to represent the first and second place heavy dots and dashes, and any short unaccented vowel, as in Kaiser, saying, being, drawing, following, doing, clayey. When the accent is on the second vowel, use the Y series, as in creation, reality. Vowels that are initials of proper names may be written in longhand, or a nominal consonant may be used, as shown on the opposite page. Phonography has been adapted to French, Gei-man and other foreign languages by the addition of signs to represent sounds heard in those languages not used in English. Review of Lessons XXVI to XXX. 1. When a thin consonant is halved what letter sound is added? 2. Explain how a half size letter is vocalized, 3. How may d be added to m, n, I and r f 4, What should be done to avoid long strokes? 5. When h is halved how is it written ? 6. Can Ing, Emp and Ler be halved? 7. How is ality, ility, arity, ly, ship and self represented? 8. What is added to JEmp, JEmb, Ing when written double length? 9. What is added to all other curves by lengthening? 10. What is added to a straight stroke when made double length? 11. How is the prefix IN expressed? 12. How are the affixes mental, mentality, ment represented? 13. Explain the W and Y series of diphthongs. 14. Illustrate the dissyllabic series of diphthongs. Every fundamental principle of phonetic shorthand has now been presented. The following Lessons will enable the student to put them into practice. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 77 LESSON XXX. Dissyllabic Dipththongs Illustrated. First place heavy dot blended with third place light dot Solfaing Kaiser Second place heavy dot blended with third place light dot Laity saying ~^ "^ Third place heavy dot blended \ \.r,....!V. with third place light dot Seeing being 1". ^ 1^ //-" ^) First place heavy dash blended * ' .r""^.. with third place light dot Drawing toil Second place heavy dash blended ,(^.... ...(7**. ..S^Vt with third place light dot Lowing following Third place heavy dash blended I I ...s*^-r?... ..yf>-^... with third place light dot Doing ruin CT ~^ Y-" I ->^f- - -y* - -t \J^'- ^^- t- ( Clayey ideal poet real really museum snowy theory Owen A E I O U Leo oasis Louisa Ohio Messiah dewy 78 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON XXXI. Contractions Involving the Halving Principles. 1 - Gentlemen / <- God ...... guard ____ . yard .... child .... after .... third ) ' let -C told f <\ ^ ^ particular . . . . meet-ing ^ happened ..... did not J hand ...... yet <^ opportunity % under >^ - cart ..... tell it f called ____ gold c amouu t ^ J '? ^ J do not ..... cannot...,., send equaled c_^niay not ^^ want .... applied . . . reformer -^\^-^ N x x.. - ^ .^ X r -.... > .f-.-.'r.. ^ x I i < v J -l ^' > - SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 79 LESSON XXXII. Exercise on Contractions. Reverend .X^_ immediately/ vW^acknowledged **~1 subscription^ r> enlarge-d ./ **~t^ phonographer ^^ practice-d-cal-ly\ regularX""""* ^\f2 v ' 1 v establisli-ed-ment ) manuscript ...... transcript J v object \ inconsistent essential-ly ^ f uniform-ity f natural-ly "y whatever V_ satisfaction T stranger T~ immediate ^~s^^ objection^ interest-ed | *f representative-tion ^\j X^unanimity-imous c regularX^ reform-edX\_ republic X^v probable-y-ilityN. understood ^f parliament-ary >/^ notwithstanding ^y nothing neglect-ed reformation Xt understand ^ transf er-ed I A \. 80 LESSON XXXIII. Exercise on Contractions. /i ^i Rather than ^ performs-ance V^Vo enthusiasm-ast-astic-ally \. transgress J peculiar-ly-ity \ prospect ^Q cabinet \ characteristic ^nevertheless vl perform-edN/Vpublic-ish-ed N. [agriculture-al ..... aristocratic-cy~~^ administrator V^ discharge L unexampled r benevolent-ce x_^t benignant-ityx^^^ sent . *-\ I < v '.indefatigable v_^ disinterested-ness QD ,ecclesiastic-al ) if it v. distinguish-ed fy ' v efRcient-ly-cy \^J capable-ility ~~ \ till it | financial-ly Vs> ' entertainment [_ Presbyterian-ism '^o tell it f episcopal-ian \ iwent t/> wont t/> inconsistency 1 become \ SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 81 LESSON XXXIV. Exercise on Contractions. c Cross-examine-(l-ation__.^. . . . c-ii-cninstantial-ly L^y* imperfVct-ioh deficiency \j-S executor - cs executrix " o dignity-fy-fiVd I -. <:onstitution-al-ly J democratic-cy t~-><- degeneration I English 7^ description o extemporaneous [ ^ contingency (_. indenture *^^- indiscriminate b indignant-atiou w example . . . .^T.^. .esquire, j _ indescribable ^"^ v uninfluential xinsubstantial^^o individua,I-ly ... . . subservient ^tf' unfavorable-ly ^- (exchequer / guperscription e> ^ inconsistent prejudice-ial ' S X investment ^^P p '^ >< \ N^ ,, extinguish-cd I __ impracticable ..... appointment ...... , tribunal L t- t- t > r 82 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LE5SON XXXV. Exercise on Contractions. Whenever . inventor \. commercial-ly ......... therefor j textbook I ^ Temperance Society l\ mechanic-al-ly ^-^__, C instructive thankf ul-ly . .>r. . . surprise ...... indispensable-ly V__ prof ession-al ^^ original- mathematic-s-al ( transcribe d v transcription J _ repugnant-ce /\^* relinquish-ed ^^^, out of that--L temperance U*v intemperance U-^ for a time ^~, orthodox-y x^T 1 mathematician'^ manufacturer tobscurity\ _ proficiency 9- C ^ instruction (j thought ........ met ..... . . SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 83 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XXXVI. Exercise on Contractions. November December archbishop -^7 certificate ^\ advertise-d-ment 4 administratrix I X__D baptize-d-ist-sm \. \ \> astonish-ed-ment . rr^ . arbitration ~^Vj suspect-ed oi suspicious-ly o) iintagonist-ic-ism defendant I disappointment J^-, contentment ^ transgression J 3 unexpected-ly controversy-sial J construction (j- 1 | 6) covenant v_ dissimilar cj-- extraordinary L^ extravagant-ce iusignificant Calvinism * V^ atonement H> attainment celestial o* improbable ^v henceforth <$^^~^ responsible friendship ^ expensive ^ eternal bliss l^, circumstance si ^ ^ 3 philanthropy-ic w jurisprudence a? resignation ^ a ~" inscription,'..... / inscribe-d insubordinate-ation ^N inform-ed "~V_ January jurisdiction cS inspect-ed-ion \ proportion-ed ./X^. . majesty /^ insufficient-cy-ly ^^-^ magnet-ic-ism-ize-ed impregnable ^^ proportionate N^ misdemeanor | Methodism melancholy * i \x N. - objective ^ sensible-ly-ity ^\ censorship Q_j>^ I am informed . ^X, ^ v_ x ^ o rv^.t V*;fT. x .-:.r. ^ - o ^^ ^,C -- c - s ^_ ^...^.. ) .^. \ -' y '^ < K ^- ^ ^ .^..r...^.^c/V^^ > "If - ^ > ^\1 \ -^ ^ I C ^-7 ^ -p 7 *s ^v/ ^ ^ v ' -Y^ .r^~". \ ft * .^~~-- X . 'i s . - ^/ A --- SN n 'P ~-\_y ^ L ^V. r. ..TX x N %:- ^ Jb * SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 85 LESSON XXXVIII. Exercise on Contractions. Unselfish-ness _x plaintiff ^ manufacture-d . >- transmission x < r revenue /X_ unquestionable-y 3 singular-ly ) }>:... *t 86 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR LESSON XXXIX. The Importance of Regular Practice. I ^ _ -* Lesson j> desire before X^. chosen b JA ' ^ < '' profession ^t week 2 i phonetic shorthand v^, for it ^ rate one or two t/^ from my last letter all claims . /^ .3. 4 . !V^-^ > ^~J) > ^" \ . tT'.r .V.V.. X J ^ ^ ; \ ( 1 (T \ ^^ ( ^ . f v_ 1- ^ ^X ^ ) ( 1 . 1 \ i 6 *O* *..rT7. . x. *N- L. "I ^^ . _^- ^ x - ^ ..." 1 ^ J^ \ .>. X ^ > .. / .^.^.. ' - ^ ^\ *9 * "~^ "" ^ ' ^ K ^ / - V* X. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 87 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XL. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Theory. /> study P fifty ^^^ minute *J following v/^^vmtil / .[ letter/ sixty o__p desired J,. dictation! likewise.'. '.find, i. b fear ^^ enclose v^t_> to-morrow ^^ note ^ rails *< patienceXx~ -^ > Wednesday o / ^~f. I have the honor ^s- lay letter sincere *-X x| . .^, ^ ..x- S- x '' " <1 . v * x c ^_ ..- e= prove forget >L - 71 fact^T~~l mastered , stock thoroughly ability \/^l. twejve v_ .h ~ L My dear Sir ~^. inventory firm *s^^ in exchange V> 4 "l \ (> N> A. . >.. V -* ^ * , ^_ <^.. ( ^ U >..,- ^ ' N. Y. Central safely /^ entire "TN write. . ... ..at any rate ....... by wire < . x * Ir-* / ^ " ^ A 90 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLIII. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Better Xi account _> correct I error ^-s serve esteem ) ^ favor v!_ send <* amount --^ statement 'l-^ friends ^ position . x^. . . writing y. .... present >Ti another v -^ astray) f utiux- L. . . . at his request cannot say ~^. , ^ ^_O rx , . . *!> *- ^ ) '../. ^S-'v < x 5^ ^ .^ i >j ). i- *s .:. ->> ^ /& Z* t^ <^ _/ ^ J I> ^ ^,.<. ^ -^ *j., -> / ^ N> N_^ ^ ^^*^\*^>^ x V ^ , i ^, ^-v V^ ^ ^^ y - -y V S ^., 4 SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 91 INSTRUCTIONS FOR LE5SON XLIV. Review and Correspondence Speed Exercise. Spell every woi'd in every Lesson you come to. Be sure you know the meaning of all the words you write. Eead your notes every time you take dictation; and if you can save time by making time saving phrases do so, and re-write them until they can be made quickly and never be forgotten. Write the following letter in Phonetic Shorthand, present it to the teacher for correction, copy it studiously until you can write it very freely, then write it from dictation, DEAR SIR: You have had five easy Lessons in Phonetic Shorthand speed practice. If you have read them several times, and have written them as advised, you will have no difficulty in writing this letter in short- hand, or in reading it after you have written it. While these letters are not very difficult, still they contain a great many good words which will assist you to write what follows with ease. .Remember these letters can- not take the place of a thorough knowledge of the principles. Review the principles daily. Copy the contractions several times each week, and go over the Theory Reading Lessons until you can take them from dictation at a high rate of speed. The words chosen are just the words you will require to use in an office when you take up the duties of an amanuensis. Give heed to the phrases which you will find at the bot- tom of each page. They should be practised many times. They will not assist you much unless you can write them at a high rate of speed when you hear them. Get a friend to read the Lessons to you for an hour or two each day. This will increase your speed more than you will at first believe. Write all the new words until you have mastered them. Do this with every Lesson as you come to it. Never pass to the next until you can take the one you are at from dictation at the rate of fifty words per minute. If you follow this advice you will soon have no difficulty in writing very fast. You should already know that Phonetic Shorthand is a very important subject, and it will pay you for all the time you can give to it. Try to follow the advice given in each Lesson. Daily practice is the sure road to success. 92 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLV. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Claim agamst collected '' collections /' I ? matter, overlooked." V- effecting V- .draft settlement -|^ esteemed obligations 'S_S remittance ^^j ascertain >~^ decline v " // / 4 o /TTT... >.... :, ^ \ "C prompt ./7T "X r I, 7 >o X. ^ A SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 93 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLVI. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Twenty line passenger train Tfl service o ; -\ o exceedingly TL, Baltimore & Ohio Road \xi presume ' N Ss~<" ordered '~\ furnish ^ price ... tons d~ possible s^ otherwise -(^P \earnf elsewhere/^ THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLVII. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Quality' forward agreed . obliged ' instructions ions u> correspondent" *** address (> class. ..... sending / "> SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 95 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLVIII. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Replying , marked <~ meantime instant ^ hasten reduction /\ < per cent. \ provided ^ ^ 'I &* A 'advanc'e ^~~^ . as well as ...... I. was there I .are not C -> p r \ c 7 v-J> \ (o C 96 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLIX. Correspondence Speed Exercise. f Q x^-% Application \_p refers ^f regarded <^"^' sound <> exercise -HT worthiness cx^vJ> judgment / energy <^y considerable 3 strict^. I ^< I attention ^ enable \ decide h appreciated- c \^ regarding/^" assured^ until ^ if you can inform me V^ ^^^ j u reply ^ 'NO O _o N^ ... "Xo x b >C . .?*r~. ....... . NO o y - evidence -^-v^P endowed intrusted b~ finished ^-^ vacant v_ ^ action certain ^ : ' regret s^ ' learned benefit v I o c x I ,^. ,P x ts t. \ SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 99 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LII. >U n Correspondence Speed Exercise. Non-arrival T ~^ unloaded ^jj' will not '^ por P "f ultimo Y-p^ telegram F-^x former ^~ ^ ample J . extensive - we are in receipt of your letter detriment purpose L ** I. / -t I . l/\ v V. .... 100 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LIU. Correspondence Speed Exercise. Madam'. selected gained world c ^ earning '-i x unfit " woman > ^ Ella f7 O_J ^~~-~^\ signed .... entitled J discloses <4>__Q human /- O v I l O . Cl< v. ,t experience v^ honorable x pursuits \/^ deportment ***~^> generosity f-P higliminded SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 101 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LIV. Correspondence Speed Exercise Foresee ^/J. unfortunate^^results s<^ brought J capital '. invested vp consider \ gave -o reservation s^^* blame V certainly c^^ paragraph (N V-o slightest ^71 retaining 'N B insurance ^ acknowledging f acknowledgement ^~/ act .TT. Q V I -^ ' 1 .... I .... ^ i ^ J ...- ....... ... I p ' \i ^ 1 - ^ 'I .. I .(> y ..r-T:. f. '.. I lOli THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN- AND INSTRUCTIONS LV. Headlines for Speed Practice. System 55^ forty ^-"1. heard ^> English language / v provides ^vj sign .... divided (, consonant Q~--^-' dccm-riii" ^ * sixteen Q P diphthong' |/- briefly *X frequently ""^V combinations V^__^ shortened ^ lengthened ' >' employed . . . > . J <-_^ X, ) - x ' ^ ^ > / -s ."" .. -^ t, //// 6 4 N^ .^ -- .r.,.^ , / ./. " /\ SIMP-UFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 103 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LVI. Headlines for Speed Practice. Initial v '<_^ pray ' x \ play N. final . rT^ passion . . . .option . . . .pot. . p i-i ^ __ - ' P vowel, I . situation I dread I' afternoon ' extenuation Li^ > decision possession >w musician ^~^. single < 2^t Condensation..* composition >^ disposition JL- length ' \ bed \- double J indicate ^^T addition U straight *? hooks. .9.,.. print t V reble J treble prints V fashions .... authorities > chains e/' .u y 4- .L J 1 ^ V 104 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN Sender counter curves // LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LVII. Headlines for Speed Practice. - \ stroke C__ operator N S? liberator medial X^~ attached J wise tf. inside^f sorry . sentence Q^^P except ' previously Cs \ u instructed T' i / : v? , v r-~?> P .vl ' SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 105 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LVII1. Headlines for Speed Practice. Beginning I turnin { sprints V tents J- features. L. prefixed' < X J -^ \-9 Q ~ I v ' ^ straw | screw a -, strike ...... supply. . . _ spray scrape \ sable ^ saddle I cloak Danes J" suffer /s_ sinner summer 9 J sickle e : bones 5 civil . \<_: guns & r- \ f f x y.y 4 : J ' - / 106 THK AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LIX. Outlines for Derivatives. In practice recognized >-<-^> derivative *^\^ between V clear - < r-r->. . should commence <^> like there /..-,'. primitives cannot be made too lengthy many forms -7 result ^ at first . D . . . incorrect poetic ^] poorest . X. . . poorness putrefaction X/, pettiness \ aptness ^r^ editor -L^ editorial l^i /- .pledger < \^ opener ^\_^ deeply I /^y 'J * ~f+ ' s * ^X^,^ . ( /^^f ^ following this rule ' ^-f 7 (o-j^ putre.fy ^vi petrifaction petrify - xXVv pitiable J" achievement ^ acknowledger / x , c U^.... JlAs . ..?.., /l/ o t/ ) . ^ X ?<. 5^v l..<~. c^ \ - ^/^^ > . r^ k^^ X. s. \ SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 107 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LX. Influence of Concurring Vowels on Outlines. '\. Observed V 5 in the middle Xv . . applied. .. .indicated " T abbreviation iation -f \ termination I 15 must be y~ frequency ^ - y is not <^ Jewett / Zion <~s etc.' for instance occurrence downward pous created < ~^7~i- provided accompaniment "V . "I . t_ ^ o /r. -, ^ X .>.. \ d vO- J -\-_ > c N . .Oi -N r - ( * \ 108 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXI. Exceptions to the Com Principle. Prefixes ^XD affixes^- P must never ^ cr--t with regard to the separately ^ / - you cannot rv_, brevity "^ ignore the , ^ commotion . ^T) commission ^-^> commerce i N/ by tho use ^ hence <5 < ^^ exemplified concomitant '"p* comatose ' " comii cotrnate . _. recognize ,/C_o it is better (^s^. commissariat ' ^^ shorter s 1 incumbent ^ for a time , c S I v ^ ) " \--d .o-> X / . ; L *> I ' SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 109 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXII. Influence of Final Vowels on Outlines Of rules .- . . . . consonantal ^~f petty . v. . . duty I pet \ sickly r v. __ . 1 A|- r taught ____ in aii such cases yr> deed |. pare \_tar *-^ perry V/. > / r tarry ..... full .L._ . fully (^j^~- skill Q ~7' rail ss, doubt |> ?^/ I experienced xxf to a certain extent ^j^-^-^P very lengthy ir^{ in the use S as to whether. x^T. . terminate P-v^ permission v J M perfect Nr~ invariably *^X permit (NS ^- > instead S ~"' neve permanent v ^^.^.^permissible ^nOv/^~ garment r O chairman dormant V-* German /^ telegraph lr J delicate L_ children deducted L!_ , adjustment ^> admonitor IT ^ advisement L- \^ SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. ill LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXIV. Influence of Accent on Outline. Perhaps ^v wondered ^ for the words ^-r \r accent" >^ divers J diverse but the fact A necessity TT differ remains ^- authorized for such explains ^ devour I/-"' certain cases o^-^-^~~ it i s possible Kb in more than one way <^^ ' poverty ^_ which is now ^ \ 3^"^ refer s< was written l*-^ shorthand writers . . . proffer CS V>^ reverberate ^\. reverence revere - / v^^ clashing ' ^-P ^ ,. l e xist much more permitted ^^T't. advancement Vs-A* L. % - ^, - / \ | V ^ y k^^ ^ ^ ^* *) '(X x 4 : ^ \ ^*l I >^' ^ , p x. . ' ^x s-/ ^ ; i 3 112 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XLV. Influence of Accent on Outlines Concluded. altar ^ Theoretically. y^ ' unaccented can only 7^ at the en-x master ..... moisture caviler V cavalier VO in ivgard to the ^ ' .. creator *~^\ posture \pp pasture N^> boaster X) hestir^^P/ creature mature j^ astir ^ agriculturist . . . . . . tilignment 0- -h ^......v) .-s SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 113 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXVI. S Vowel 5, Medial and Final. diocese o^ ' -) I/ ' y l I primary ^"~^ / plural N- nouns person ^Q^> possess-es ^T~&\ Moses ') basis, bases \) \O using.. V.. change C ^^^ verbs |^ ends >x -\ excess-es ) Jesus outline I/ 7 . . undergo *^ grammatic ' possessive ^0 isle . . . -HP v crisis, crises . . .observe v* recess-es ) announcement anxiously although v <\ , X" r*! ~^_j *...>. -i ^ -i JL -j / '-) . , * /^ iv i S "t ) -* 114 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXVII. S Vowel S, Medial and Final, Concluded. ]r Dealt r outlines..^. . . .preceded begins ^ exception sustain - standing cease. <) ; sauce ^ saucy. .. swing J /. medially ~f~' finally S^ swagger 5T"". . . that it should be estate \>. f ussy anxiousaess approvement \^. lastl ^ } C A o ..... V 7 9 ..< s SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 115 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXVIH. Rules for the Past Tense. Occasionally x > understanding the "4* in relation to G settled ' past tense ^Ss should there be **\ plied ^s in the first place p _. /-r" ^ P i ' question J relating ^ .as far as possible ^-^ utter-ed '/ monosyllable f - j-&- \ supplied .'...'. by making the . T7>r>7'. . isle . . half length for the present v this is only \^ V by means of the ^7^ by which you vvill see jfr~\ by your letter V island..... 116 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXIX. Review and Speed Exercise. The pupil should put this Lesson into Phonetic Shorthand, show it to the teacher, and after it has been corrected, it should be written several times, and then be written from dictation until it can be taken at the rate of sixty words a minute. There are no difficult words in this Exercise for those who have mastered tho other Lessons. If the instructions have not been followed, there will be great difficulties ; and the only way to get rid of them is to go back and read and write all the Lessons. In the Lessons which follow there will be much that is new. It will be necessary to have patience and study every word, every form, every phrase, by reading and writing, and again study them by writing and reading. Tour motto must be: "This one thing I do." Phonography, for the first few months, should be a craze. Everything but the most important things of life should be given up. Wherever you hear language spoken, as in church, in conversation, or otherwise, follow the speaker as well as you can with phonographic outlines, allow- ing them to form in your brain, and, if possible, trace them in mute action with your finger. Lessons LV to LVIII are put into paragraphs. Each paragraph should be first read and then written not less than a hundred times. This can be easily done in one hour. The best results will be obtained by giving to this special practice one hour in the morning, one hour in the afternoon and one hour in the evening. If this advice be followed wonderful results in speed will be seen. Before all these special para- graphs are finished one hour will be sufficient to write one two hundred and fifty times. This practice will review theory principles, which will have a remarkable influence on the speed of. the pupil. A thorough knowledge of the principles is of vast importance. Unless the principles are mastered no one need try to reach a high rate of speed ; it will be time lost, and disappointment will be the result. Study the principles. No one can read shorthand for you, and no one can write it for you. These things you must do for yourself. If you read and write as ad- vised you cannot fail to succeed. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 117 LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXX. Ready Now for Reporting. > . . . . , ^ x \ ......... . > X J >- f c t ^ 0^ c ~ /;>. - "i r\ xl :.<. *3 < x 4 e .' - :. t ~ ) ' X .; ^ X x 118 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXI. Introduction to Reporting Practice. Completed *\ conducted i ' underlying >-s(v reporting X^xv_^ useful^)--, memorized ^~^-^^ directed L attained 'J' students^d accomplish |S additional L^ at tlie rate of ..... words a minute^ k 1 . so >, ^> ^, >*-, $ ^SS^' SIMPLIFIED PHOXETIC SHORTHAND. 119 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXIL Be Careful How You Write Negatives. N^^^,./^*^ '^^^^^^^1 v-V Positive^ negative L. ambiguity ^|, repeating/ ' postal there is no danger v. words per minute postage ^ mission enviable immix 4- Laudable r + J illaudable ( % \ answered . 7"". . . unanswered ^-^ r*~ legal f " illegal f mix ^-x_ unenlightenedv^' legality (^' illegality immobility *V legible <3 illegible (\ moderate f*^ immoderate ^ ^x mingle ^^^.^ immingle legitimate f *~^ illegitimate / modest ' J" immodest ' 5 noted ^Tf- unnoted ' liberal f\S illiberal immission unenviable _b enlightened mobility nerve 120 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXIII. Must Write from Dictation. Worth qualified ^ dictated I ; one hour's preparation *\v -, rapidity s legibility f /v minister . *O *\jr > ^ a""* liinitablefx illimitable \f\ Resolute / irresolute immortal ~^-^f respective ^\ irrespective movable v^ immovable mutability x^ immutability C ">c\imiUMerab!*y school ^4- r~* T selection b hardness V_> glazed < , m *z> elastic L parallel /- companion comparative V_ comparatively kl_ complete *x compliment complimentary X->^ conceive..^,, concern-ing- ^ CT sX-/ concerned ^ conclude <^ conclusion < -, conduct L conductor I _ confidence V_ confidential v, confinement^*^ conjecture ^!___ j ^J conscience <^_p conscientious <~j conscientiousness <^. ^ <*Ls> consequence ^ o consequent <2_, conservative o^X^ consider I considered ^ considerable-ly J consideration \j consistence <_0 P I consistency *. consistent %, constituency L_. contemplate 1 x contemplation \^-^> continual l^ continue I _ <. continuous I __ ^ contracted I _ contrariety l/i contrary K convenience v> o Conversation ^>p conclusive V. confinement ...... convenient ?, 124 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXVII. Omission of Words Implied. Candidate* explained clearly , c longer (i process ss ^v unvocalized distinctive expresson sion \> , I , , illustrated t\> j. development ^1 at first Ije considered Nq verify V/ judicious./* chiefly SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 125 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXVIII. Phrasing i. First Principles. Have learnt ^/ you will probably <* \ phraseograms "^ ^^-^ y I am inclined to think so T> I shall be pleased X Y I thank you . ^7 you may go o, ^ .which compose /Xo an y one ^ tnem ( in the examples TT\ fT^ . .^ which have been ^ there are some r^ these are the (L>/ which must be ^~TV to be found . V . . chief .y. . in the next , grammatic connection > subordinate q->v e *~~~}' surmised r~^ phraseography ^^T^. emphasis \Q formation sense Q^_> phrase*^ preceding /fv compose-d-ingXQN^x^iearly 126 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXIX. Little Things of Great Importance. Fold V, envelope V x \instructor L. . someone ^ instance instructing ! . ignorance _ -^/ needful stenographer. . . . doubtless I A amanuensis' " manifold o",, mimeograph' "^-^^ ^stencil distribute *^v^ typewriter is ' i T ' f V -S^ ;.. - S t < / / \ x . . . ' u - t \ .SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 127 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXX. Phrasing 2. Grammatic Connection. Grammatically connected nominatives they qualify 1; very good if possible. adjectives / adverbs If- loving father would receive of course they precede ^_ in N-. Y. . . ... . joined.."! . excellent people sweet music. fc.- . prepositions^^ conjunction Vi2 auxiliary "-. * rf^ in the preceding ^P as a .matter of fact balance \^ J7 D /\. - > N ^> -\ / ^r c> .? ^x / \ So ; I, -I S-T >>'\* . "Vx t_*. ^- ; -^.^^^ -^ ^ x c N V_ yr ^^ \ X" 4, ^?. C-- -~ N ^ , ^^", V > - <^ ^ a r^ V / / ^^ i^.. \ / C/c 1) ^ G ^ ^ -\ . ^-^ /r -- v_... v-x . i_ j X 5 ^ c/ \ yr c ^~~* / ^ ^ -L ; ^ ^ \^ > 1- ; "^v ? ~\ J ~l x * * . X o ^ , ' / V) 128 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXI. Transcription of Notes. Stretches J) introduction Li-j stand ... accurate ;_._/* accuracy.: manipulate' ""V^machine / \T) deserves \^' shorthand writer . . . trained 3- acquired v> acquisition C stenographer and typist . . discounted J ^ dictators ' j at the rate of .. . . declare a dividend . I i ">-~- -t ". . . . l .X . X 'I I -. U / ^ t . . . . ' " \. A \ % ^6 :.. 1 X ' X. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 129 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXII. Phrasing 3. Omission of Words. Absolutely necessary TP so that the ^ context I -^ omitted '~^ in respe.et to \ in reference to with respect to t ^\ bondsman V. _ S N --- < in connection with 5 in reference to your letter />=> extension ^_p ( o in respect to this matter \ larger and broader . X. . . . mostl (a x \ . _ . class of people ' V policy of the. government ' suc portions of the coastal" , O' classes of people V such a state of things can have been sooner or later ^-^ ought to have been \ ^ may have been in connection with the work li larger or smaller ,^v\ i . courtyard c-** seems to have been /x ' balance sheet \/3 best of my ability o^ > Q^Q ^-^ "-> ; ^^ ^ . -^ onward ... ^ . fc . -V^" r c \ --^ <-H c * -x v^ > 'V < ...-..'... 130 THE AMEPJCAX ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXIII A High Rate of Speed a Necessity. secure L n . Greater ^^ demand /T?.. graduate '! obtain 'Xj conceded .P salary'*^ attain J* highest J) hundred ^"^ teport/\x x--~. O t V y^ 1 s" L ~l method ';^ sacrifice >o achievement ^ coveted ,v_ 4 selects I /~$\ ^-P' Q ^f illustrative r s r hesitancy <5^_. construct [_ one hundred ^_^ referring ^r dictionary I 'y/ standard *> ri'mliiiK-nxnn ^\/^ 3 .:. -/ SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 131 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXIV. Phrasing 4. Indications of Omitted Words. Widely K* large number. /V . . it is generally L day by day' 2 _ -~->^ -j- week by week i _ year by year ."TV. . year after year .""N x , contract L If ^~^ ' vP .f ; <>, o / 132 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXV. Phrasing 5. Abbreviation of Original Forms. Desirable J: \ allowable joining alteration . . . . altered .... in the same manner ^ - " / on my part this would be ^e^\ they would be \^^ Holy Word (S be written\x~-^-^vhich we obtain ^/^ \ on the part of ... . producing ^ ^~Y" ^P in like manner LX^____/ in such a manner as ?7 -for the sake of necessary c manner continued , ^ ,-V . ( v^> U -V > Crf. ^ 4 ^ ^ 4 e vT* SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND 133 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXVI. United States Cotton and Wheat. n*~" S* product rs S United States *-& yield <^? two-thirds > ^Wy . ' o ^^^~> Great Britain \ one third t^*i export x^ union s^"-^ regions ..s t v "*cy wheat ^^ ritoriesK-K \ i Tennessee Lj_^\ Georgia /^ Missouri , ^ ' adapted ). ' f Kentucky - 7 -, > Virginia tL Arkansas i__^_p r '-*-*s* / transported ( ^>^. winter tsf_ large part consignment I v produces'^ South Carolina Cc ' North Carolina Do , successfully vl^ 7 cultivated A* cultivation ^Vo territories ^ total J" k - s \s <^ "X^jO o i j- V N| XS * ^ ( ^r / < _.'_ * (. L s s~ >. i ^ ^\. \/ * / >' ^^^ \S o '^ v ^. o . . . VJ^ N ' \ Vj^ 1 N ^ ^ X^ r-i- < -^ v '^"S> > , V ^ / .... >--x r, ^ * / > -X x '. x n~ \ ^^ /V /^v^ - / o 1 -n x h.- -^ /TV" ^y j / . b x/^ ^ At ^^ s D ^ >^ . * . * .-v-' / s\ ( c r^ ^ \ - ^ v ^.^"t ^" X x. THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXV1I. Phrasing 6. Altered Forms. Frequency thoroughly committed LX als< prime minister /> > overlook < ;t that the present s.tate of affairs NLP for the sake of their r fact c) --- <- it is well known f ' that there is another fact c --- <- it is well known f ' admitted r-^. must be considered ^a w e may weUt/""" secretary of state i-s ought to be considered \ and it may as well \r-rf arrive A you must recollect that ^ ^there is no subject ^--^ *o far J another subject^- - ^ in point of fact no stone >~ T -P mildly no Wf^S yes sir ^ and if you can inform me SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXXVIII. Application for Stenographer. I Punctuality^*!* /r New York Business College v s department ,*>*~* grammar. v'/T^ strictly \J president ;f*. energetic ^-/. L outcome. I. . ^> L : I v % t (^.v I / ' v >v^^> 1 >^-^^ T ^^ T \ -A; 136 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS LXXX1X. Phrasing 7. Abbreviations. Lay down fj guidance of contractions ) for their I j ^ --- Y ~^ at the same time may there from hi V ' -- >v^ halving . . . . employ \ from it ^ to his NO for his Vo I r\ if their V. for there \. for it ^_ so their j have there y^ love their f\^ doubling N,, " SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 137 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XC. United States Maize. Indian^ cornT grain ,--, indigenous .J^ thrives^ spirits climate C ~V"^ wanner ?\. . . central ^~~^ Iowa ._.' . .Kansas'^ ^ Illinois "C_^ Indiana^ staple > breadstuffs \> fattening -, live stock v | ~' consumed ff alcoliolic (^ bushels^^ starch '< O glucose*' --,- t n crop ^ barley ^^ . 1,500,000,000 /$ ^cereals . 138 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCI. Phrasing 8. Sentence Phrases. Which we do not feel commercial correspondence that it has been the higher 3 .;. } ^,4^<{. ) v^ ^ N V \ .-s.. V ^L, ^ "">> **-> "^-r ^^ ^ "^~ " ^" ^-^: L^ ^_ (^ V - ~ ? ' V ^ ^ , % .^_ \ ~S \ -C X *- ^- -> -~,s /A 3 ^ /x t 7' "-X; l X 4 L, fc ..)... s x "7^ ^- t- ^ x 4 c 2i'./,'. / r~ jr N| x i ^v . x> -.^ 7 ^~^ v N . x ^rf . I- I X * X. 140 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCIII. United States Tobacco. tobacco! western X" hemisphere" '1 colonial ^hops^^> Pennsylvania V^ industries ^j~ country -^ hay ?. potatoes < sugar--/ cane -, grape'^X in other ^\ there are other one of our . attempt, -L^ n' . ^^^V .^ exactly ( part of speech ">Jjnsertion ^1S>^' not *-~^ pave ^ adapt / adopt / advocate, (r- tract in obstruct /Sn defect G ' appraise'^o test 0. jtraise x> effect^-^-, lady ' /. lad ' 'I attest [) enemy Similar of. clashing that it may not tempt U^ abs snow < ' which is so o/ 142 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCV. Words Distinguished by Inserting a Vowel. Accept, except: abstract, obstruct; achromatic, chromatic; acorn, corn ; adamant, demand ; adapt, adopt ; address, dress ; administra- tion, demonstration ; advance, defence ; adventures, defenders ; advo- cate, defect ; affluent, fluent ; afore, fore ; aliment, element ; anomaly, animal; annual, only; anterior, interior; apathetic, pathetic; appur- tenant, pertinent; apologue, epilogue; apportion, portion; apposite, opposite; appraise, praise; approbation, probation; approximate, prox- imate; army, arm; aspiration, aspiration; attempt, tempt; avocation, vocation; else, less; effect, fact; endi? so N -^ <\ medium . N^-V, -unsound ^-L&^ airholes y or not .... surprised. . . . on Monday evening I*.' instanter endeavor ^| examine **~~* foreman V-^ =fa=^ ^ -'..;. ).',. f ^ ; V-'- ' N L 'V T o- > t ) \, "j "n / - V-V- ^ X 144 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCVII. United States Animals and their Products. Tillage V'l cattle \ beef . >^. . wool. fT. . sk'ins o derived v$ < ' r*\ ^ plateau \ mountains ^-^ bordering ^^ treeless . \/^>. grassy ' } plains ^> ('grazing cT* ' pasturage j 3 // scale / centers f ^-^S> driven (^ ' Kansas City |"^ Chicago 1 \ points dressed become > commodity lard ' - herds -^ cannot answer SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND. 145 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCVIH. Legibility in Phrasing. Requisite/ j lineality f' quickly c _ -f ' unmistakable /^ I A \ retards X- 1 discarded instantaneously considering (, ^ renders X^ absolutely o* mistakable ' \ \ .) 146 THE AMERICAN ISAAC PITMAN REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS XCIX. Phrases that are Easily Joined. Mania ^> ' awkward studied [-/ greatest ? ~ r ] common v ^"' 1 V v^ p ,, ^_^ ^^ . sometimes inward / A <-V /- -^ Q f-rf* ^ LLs x ? : / _/ * "I c-O O -I- / ^ . . i- v ^ ^ vf _ __ " 1 - / ^->/ vA. X X. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND 147 REPORTING LESSON AND INSTRUCTIONS C. Lineality in Phrases. , c D eighty-three "k clause '. . . connected corner .... left J' rarely/*" " plan limit Eighty-one running /s diagonal!} right hand v . . . .descend^ ten J' rarely/*' confine." .copy* formed^-x misgovernment ^- indifferent ..{ generalship POINTERS FOR STUDENTS OF SHORTHAND. Things To Be Done and Not To Be Done. The stenographer is a necessity ; he has come to stay. The demand for competent stenographers exceeds the supply. All private correspondence is entrusted to the stenographer. His services are indispensable, and he secures rapid promotion. A girl of eighteen often earns more than her father. The work is pleasant, and the surroundings are always the- best. It opens wide fields for the exercise of natural talent. It sometimes leads to the management of the entire business. No other field is more inviting or as profitable. All important courts now have their regular stenographers. Through shorthand a student has an easy road to a knowledge of law. It enables attorneys to take important notes that win a case. Splendid opportunities await those who make themselves proficient. Stick to shorthand until you can do good work rapidly. The study affords a mental exercise equal to mathematics. It develops the intellect and increases desire for other knowledge. SIMPLIFIED PHONETIC SHORTHAND is the best instructor published. It greatly lightens the student's work and shortens his term. It creates enthusiasm in the pupil, and quickly increases his speed. It makes more efficient amanuenses in much less time. It equips students for professional reporting very rapidly. All writers of the Isaac Pitman system can read each other's writing. Final success depends very largely upon the choice of a school. Avoid schools that do not give thorough individual instruction. Cheap schools always mean cheap teachers and final failure. Private tuition is either too expensive or the teacher is incompetent. A good school will give five hours' dictation, five days each week The speed classes should be graded from thirty words upwards. No student should be given dictation at a rate beyond his speed. Commence the study when young; youth is no barrier to success. Choose a good, large school where the Isaac Pitman system is taught. Be sure the school has found good positions for hundreds of students. THE NEW YORK BUSINESS COLLEGE, 125th Street, New York, affords all these advantages ; it is, in fact, the best school of Isaac Pitman's short- hand. Points about Spelling. There are in the English language between three and four thousand words with which every one who proposes to master shorthand should be perfectly familiar. They are the common words of the language. While they do not include the entire vocabulary of business, they do comprise so much of it that when once thoroughly learned the student may be satisfied that no difficulty will be experienced with commercial correspondence on account of new words. A bad speller may have the honor of being compared to a poet; he is born, not made. However, the subject is an essential and important one, and is worth a little intelligent study. Where bad spelling pro- ceeds from defective education, as it generally does, no better plan than that of reading a great deal, and of noticing words carefully while reading, can be suggested. In this way you will learn to spell by sight. To attempt to remedy the evil by mere memory exercises and parrot repetition is of little, if any, use. Get a friend to read to you while you write, then correct your work carefully. These corrections should always be made. A hard word, or one imperfectly understood, should never be overlooked. By this method, which calls for little expenditure of time, the correct spelling and true meaning of words will be acquired more surely, and, indeed, more rapidly than by committing to memory long columns of names without thought connection. The difficulty of spelling a difficulty which is felt even by able and well-educated persons arises from the fact that the English language has never been in the possession of one fixed and uniform manner of writing down the sounds of which it is composed. Every Saxon scribe wrote pretty much as he pleased wrote as he pronounced; and a North of England scribe pronounced his words very differently from a scribe in Surrey or in Kent. "Wold" in the North was written "weald" in the South. In early times, English was not one language, but a com- posite of several dialects. Eveti as late as the Fourteenth Century there were in the language three well-marked dialects. Each dialect had its own pronunciation, and, therefore, each fcribe had his own way of writing down the different words. This state of things continued down to the introduction of the printing press in 1474. What is the result? The result is that the learner can draw- up no rules, can make no classifications, can form no habits. If he forms any mental habits at all, they are bad habits. He must imitate the irreg~ ularities of his ill-spelt language if he is to be regarded as spelling "correctly." He must learn, indeed, the bad habits of numerous Saxon and Norman scribes who have unwittingly laid on the shoulders of Bub- sequent generations of English writers a burden not easily borne. What is the cure for all this irregularity, malformation, and instability in our printed symbols ? There is, for the present at least, no cure ex- cept that which is to be found in hard work and accurate observation. A word is like a person. It may be known, but to be remembered it should be known thoroughly. Its form and features, its constituent letters and syllables should not only be definitely impressed on the mind, but its character, the meaning of the word and the idea con- veyed by its sound should also be clearly apprehended. To receive the printed forms of words with complete accuracy into the brain, there must be (i) Isolation, that is, the complete separation of the word from every other word to which it is related. (ii) Comparison of contrasted forms. For example, the two forms of ei and ie may be contrasted as in Again, two different ways of writing (or printing) the words may be (iii) Reproduction is the third step. That is to say, the learner should enter in a writing-book all the words in which he has made mistakes, and should, from time to time, rewrite these words so as to accustom himself to the look of them. For, until we have a self-consistent and scientific mode of spelling, it is only by the EYE, and not by the reason, that we can tell whether a word has been rightly spelt. "There is now," says the Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge, "only one rule a rule which is often carefully but foolishly concealed from learners namely, to go entirely by the LOOK of a word, and to spell it as we have seen it spelt in books." It follows from this that learning to spell is only a training of the eye; and, to train the eye, perpetual reproduction of words is necessary. This reproduction may be in two ways: (i) by copying ; (ii) by dictation. The former requires the very smallest effort of attention; and it is quite possible for a learner to copy correctly, and yet to spell wrongly when he comes to write something of his own composition. But, when the learner has to write from dictation, his powers of memory and of accurate reproduction are called upon, and the effort of attention is very much more vigorous. For those who are backward in spelling, we have prepared a list of those three or four thousand words to which reference is made above. This list is given in the following pages in such a manner as to enable the student to practice it, both with a view of impressing the spelling, and with a view of giving a more practical knowledge of the form and meaning of words generally. Most of these words are difficult only because of their simplicity. Many of them are one syllable words, and are written in shorthand with a single stroke, or with a very brief combination of strokes. If one of these lessons is thoroughly mastered daily, and written, both in longhand and shorthand, in accordance with instructions, it will surely increase the student's vocabulary, improve the accuracy of spelling, and give great aid in learning definitely the use of position to indicate the vowel sounds. Quite a few exercises are also given in synonyms that is, words having similar meaning ; and homonyms that is, words having the same sound, but different in meaning. Words similar in sound, but different in meaning, give the stenog- rapher mosc trouble. These are not infrequently misused; that is, one written for another. For instance, right means straight, according with truth and duty, etc. ; rite means a religious ceremony ; wrigJit means a workman, and write to record for reading but the same sound ex- presses all these different ideas. There is a long list (more than six hundred) of these words in our language, and they should be learned so that the stenographer will be entirely familiar with them, and be able to tell from the context for which of them the sound or outline was written. In correcting the work note errors carefully, and write out words which cause trouble ten or fifteen times. This is the best way to impress the correct meaning and form of the word upon the memory. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ALL THE SPELLING AND WRITING LESSONS. Learn to Spell every word given by writing it; place the shorthand characters which represent it immediately after the written word, ob- serving its proper position above, on or through the line; then state briefly the meaning of the word. If you do not know the meaning of any word, learn it from a dictionary. The figure 1 indicates that the first letter in the shorthand outline must be written above the line ; the figure 2 that it rests on the line, and figure 3 that it is written through the line. After memorizing the spelling, meaning and shorthand characters for all the words, write each word in shorthand only, and test yourself as to whether you know the word by sight, can spell it and give its mean- ing. Finally, make for the teacher a neat copy of the words in long- hand with the shorthand outline and definition after them, in ink, on ruled paper, leaving each alternate line for corrections. Word Studies. As a valuable intellectual discipline, we have ar- ranged a series of exercises for the study of synonyms and homonyms. The study of these leads the student, almost unconsciously, into the habit of weighing words, and making nice, yet sound, distinctions. These words should also be written in longhand, unless exempted by the teacher. Commercial Terms, phrases and abbreviations are given in each Les- Bon, and are briefly defined. The definitions should be committed to memory by writing them. When the Lessons are completed, the stu- dent will know the meaning of all the terms, phrases and abbreviations common to every branch of mercantile business. Letter Writing, Punctuation, etc. In later Lessons, exercises are given in composition and letter writing, showing the correct structure of sentences, capitalization, punctuation, as well as all kinds of business correspondence. Typewriting. To the amanuensis, typewriting is next in importance to shorthand, and should, if possible, be studied in the same course. Each Lesson contains sufficient useful words to fill a page, by necessary repetition. Copy accurately as many pages as the time allotted to the practice will permit. SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON I. Each of the following- words is represented by only one shorthand consonant (the one which is sounded), and is written above, on or through the line, as indicated by the figures. 1. Paw, pie, abbe, abbey, boy, buoy, taw, tie, iota, die, dye, add, odd, joy, jaw, coy, guy, faugh, fie, vie, via, ivy, thaw, thigh, sigh, ice, ash, ashy, shah, pshaw, shy, am, maw, gnaw, nigh, awn, annoy, law, lie, lye, ally, alley, alloy, aisle, isle, oil, oily, raw, rye, yaw. 50. 2. Pay, ape, ope, payee, bay, bow, beau, obey, ebb, ate, eight, eight}', toe, oat, aid, ode, owed, dough, eddy, etch, age, jay, ache, oak, echo, key, eoo, cow, cue, eke, gay, egg, ague, fay, foe, ova, oath, say, knew, gnu, new, nay, neigh, inn, e'en, anew, lay, low, ell, ail, ale, allay, ray, row, roe, sew, sow, weigh, woe, yea. 60. 3. Pea, pew, pooh, bee, bow, bough, eat, tea, ado, itchy, chew, Jew, fee, view, vow, avow, eve, sou, sow, sue, ease, easy, ooze, shoe, issue, lea, lee, ill, eel, allow, rue, row, woo, wee, ewe. 35. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Abbe, abbey Sir "Walter Scott calls an a monastery. Die, dye .... the plume black ; the .... is cast. Bow, bouyh The bends under its load of ripe fruit. Ode, owed He much and therefore sold the Sew, soic They .... the seed ; she will .... the garment. Nay, neigh Their answer was an emphatic New, knew, gnu I .... the hunts- man who killed the Lie, lye What President would not tell a ? Aisle, i^le The of the new church is very wide. Ail, ale That malt liquor we saw is known as .... Row, roe He will to where the young drinks. Commercial Term. 4 1. Lloyd's, in classifying boats on their regis- ter, use this mark to denote ships of the highest class. The term is also often applied to anything that is of the very best kind or quality. Typewriting Lesson I. Your first lesson should be to memorize thor- oughly the location of the keys. Make a diagram of the key-board from memory. Before attempting to write, learn how to put in and take out tbe paper readily, and how to return the carriage. A knowledge of the mechanical construction of the machine is of great importance. Learn something more each Lesson. SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON II. Each of the following words is represented by only two shorthand consonants (the two which are sounded), the first of which is written above, on or through the line, as indicated by the figures. 1. Pap, papa, poppy, pop, pipe, piety, pad, pod, pied, patch, pack, pike, pica, path, apathy, posse, pious, pashaw, palm, piny, piano, pall, appall, pile, parry. 25. 2. Pope, puppy, petty, putty, poet, opiate, paid, pay-day, poach, peck, poke, puck, epic, epoch, opaque, peg, pug, poesy, apish, uppish, poem, opium, penny, pony, pale, pail, poll, pole, opal, perry. 30, 3. Pip, poop, peep, peaty, pity, pitch, pitchy, peach, pouch, pick, peak, peek, pique, pig, pith, pithy, pussy, push, peony, puny, appeal, pure. 22. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Pail, pale " They are not of complexion red or " RANDOLPH. " The night, methinks, is but the daylight sick, only it looks more " SHAKESPEARE. " No cheek warned me of decay." WHITTIER. Pole, poll "And .... for points of faith his trusty vote." " The muster file amounts to fifteen thousand " " All flaxen was his " SHAKESPEARE. " And spread the truth from to " ADDISON. Peak, peek, pique "You sneak and as if you would steal linen." BEAUMONT and FLETCHER. " In the original, it appears as if some share in the success was owing to female " OBSERVER. " Though he have the , and long, 'tis still for something in the wrong." HDDIBRAS. "Add long prescription of established laws, and of honor to maintain a cause." DRYDEN. Commercial Term. Abandonment. In marine insurance, the leav- ing of a ship as dangerous or unseaworthy; also, relinquishing to the underwriters insured property saved from shipwreck. Typewriting Lesson II. Use the fingers of both hands, according to the division of the keyboard, and as indicated by the figures above the words. Typewrite four lines of each word, which will fill a page. The first word on each line should commence with a capital letter. 1122 1121 1121 1132 1122 1131 1122 1122 Them then they thou this that thud thus SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON III. Each of the following words is represented by only two shorthand consonants (the two which are sounded), the first of which is written above, on or through the line, as indicated by the figures. Learn each outline thoroughly, for it is always expressed by the same form in actual reporting. 1. Bob, bat, bought, bite, body, batch, botch, botchy, badge, back, aback, balk, bag, bog, boggy, abash, boyish, balm, balmy, bang, ball, bawl, bile, by-law, boil, barrow, borrow. 27. 2. Babe, bet, abet, bait, bate, abate, boat, budge, bake, beck, beg, bug, buggy, both, bathe, bung, being, bomb, bell, belle, bail, bale, bellow, below, berry, bury, borough, burrow, burro, bureau. 30, 3, Booby, beet, beat, boot, booty, beauty, bedew, beach, beak, book, bouquet, big, booth, busy, bush, bushy, beam, boom, bill, billow, bull, bully, bowery. 23. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Bail, bale " up these goods.' 7 GOLDSMITH. " The must be real, substantial bonds- men." BLACKSTONE, "None there was to rescue her; none to her." SPENCER, " Excessive shall not be required." U. S. CON- STITUTION'. Sate, bait " To is to allure, to entice." FAIRFAX. " A crooked pin for a hook, a vile worm for a " IRVING. " He must either the laborer's wages or not employ him." LOCKE. Hell, belle " Say what strange motive, Goddess, could compel a well- bred lord to assault a gentle ? " POPE. " In a single fight he lost the " FAIRFAX. " To bear away the , to win the prize." FULLER. Berry, bury "I'll thee in a triumphant grave." SHAKESPEARE. " Lord, suffer me to my father." BIBLE. " Give me a bowl of wine ; in this I all unkindness." SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Term. Above par. "When the price of stocks, shares and other securities is higher than that originally paid for them, they are said to be above par, or at a premium, Typewriting Lesson III. Use the fingers of both hands as marked. Four lines of each will fill a page. 1121 1121 1221 1231 1211 1211 1211 2211 Thin thug been bray high nigh tint sigh SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON IV. Each of the following words is represented by only two shorthand consonants (the two which are sounded), the first of which is written above, on or through the line, as indicated by the figures. The words printed in italics are to be vocalized. No word is introduced until the student has been fully directed how to write the proper outline. The pupil who masters each Lesson before commencing a new on will, upon completing the course, be a compe- tent amanuensis. 1. Tap, top, atop, type, tapis, tab, tide, tidy, toddy, attach, tack, attack, talk, attic, tag, taffy, eye-tooth, tithe, atom, autumn, time, item, tawny, tiny, tall, tile, toil, tally, tallow, tarry, tyro. 31. 2. Tape, tub, toad, toady, touch, touchy, take, tuck, tug, toga, eighth, eightieth, tame, tome, tail, tale, toll, tory. 18. 3. Tip, tube, tattoo, outdo, teach, tick, took, outgo, teeth, tooth, team, teem, tomb, tool, outlaw, outlay. 1C. Synonyms. Choose the right word. Bishop Trench says: " Syno- nyms are of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Bring, motion toward the speaker; fetch, go and bring. " And as she was going to it, he called to her and said, me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread." BIBLE. Haste denotes quickness of action ; hurry is a confused or rash haste ; speed denotes the actual progress made ; dispatch signifies the promptitude and rapidity with which things are done. " O Lord God of my master Abraham, I pray thee send me good to-day." BIBLE. "Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, and puts it into a violent of thought." ADDISON. " The king's business required " BIBLE. " I said in my all men are liars." BIBLE. Commercial Term. Abrasion of Coin. The loss in weight which money undergoes by circulation. Typewriting Lesson IV Use the fingers of both hands as marked. Four lines of each will fill a page. 2211 3211 1231 1212 1212 1231 1232 1221 City pity heat bind boys bean beam grin SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON V. Each of the following words is represented by the two shorthand consonants which are sounded, the first of which is written above, on or through the line, as indicated by the figures. The words printed in italics are to be vocalized. When you can spell, define and write the words correctly in short- hand, get some one to read them to you while you write. Do this with each Lesson. 1. Dab, daub, dot, diet, audit, oddity, dodge, adage, dock, dike, decoy, dog, defy, dime, demy, doll, dally, doily, oddly. 19. 2. Depot, dub, debut, debt, date, Deity, duet, Dutch, duchy, deck, decay, duck, dug, edify, death, doth, daisy, dame, dumb, dome, demi, dummy, odium, delay, dell, dale, dole, daily, dahlia, dull, dairy. 31. 3. Dip, deep, dupe, dowdy, ditch, duke, dig, deify, idiocy, dizzy, dim, deem, doom, idiom, downy, deal, dowry, diarrhea, duly. 19. Synonyms. Choose the right word. Idle, unemployed; averse to doing an}"thing useful ; indolent denotes a love of ease or an aversion to effort; lazy, averse to bodily effort, and more contemptuous than indolent. " The spear and shield were high up-hung." MILTON. " repose." POPE. " Wicked men will ever be like rogues, and not fall to work, but be and spend victuals." BACON. Industry implies habitual devotion to labor, and includes diligence, which de- notes earnest application and some specific object or pursuit. "In order to quicken the human , Providence has so contrived that our daily food is not to be procured without much labor." ADDISON. " Seest thou a man in business? He shall stand before kings." BIBLE. " pays debts; idleness will increase them." WEBSTER. " and accuracy are the only merits which an historian may as- cribe to himself." GIBBON. Commercial Term Accept a Bill To accept a bill is to write one's name across the face of it, thereby engaging to pay it when due. Typewriting Lesson V. Use the fingers of both hands as marked. Four lines of each word will fill a page. 1221 1211 1231 1212 1211 1212 1212 1212 Burn bent bran huts hunt hind huge gone SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON VI. Each of the following words is represented by the two shorthand consonants which are sounded, and are written in the position indi- cated by the figures. Put in the long and short vowels according to the rules you have learned. If you meet with difficulties, or if you do not find shorthand clear and easy, do not be discouraged. Obstacles melt away before an earnest worker. Write the words often. 1. Chap, chop, chide, chalk, chime, jot, jack, jockey, jag, jaggy, jog, joyous, jam, jolly, cap, copy, occupy, cab, cob, cod, catch, caulk, cog, cash, coyish, calm, cameo, comma, acme, coil, carry. 31. 2. Chub, chubby, check, chuck, choke, chum, cherry, chary, jet, jetty, jut, joke, jug, gem, jail, jelly, cup, cape, cub, cud, echoed, coach, cage, cake, coke, cocoa, kick, cook, cuckoo, keg, coffee, chaos, cosy, came, comb, oakum, cayenne, coney, canoe, kail, coal, cull, curry. 43. 3. Chip, cheap, chid, chick, cheek, chill, chilly, jute, juicy, Augean, jury, keep, cube, kid, cowed, couch, kill, keel, cool, cowl, 20. Synonyms Choose the right word. Connivance means intentional failure to see fault ; collusion denotes a secret agreement and co-oper- ation for fraudulent purposes. " By the ignorance of the merchants or the dishonesty of the weaver, or the of both, the ware was bad and the price excessive. Such abuses had gradually prevailed, and gained strength by " SWIFT. Genius implies high and pecu- liar gifts of nature; extraordinary powers of originating; talent de- notes natural strength of intellect ; power to execute. " Like many other men of , Fielding was unfortunate." SCOTT. " of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the magnifying power." COLERIDGE. Lord Chatham was distinguished for his genius .and his son, William Pitt, for his talents. Commercial Term. Acceptor The drawee of a bill of exchange, after he has written his name across the face of it, agreeing to pay it, is called the acceptor. Typewriting Lesson VI 1212 1212 1212 1231 1221 1221 2121 2123 Bone tone bond buoy gong brim chin chip SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON VII. Each of the following words is represented by the two shorthand con- sonants which are sounded, written in the position as indicated by the figures. Insert all the vowels. 1. Gap, gat, got, gaudy, gawk, gawky, gag, gash, gang, gong, gall, guile, galley, augury, fop, fob, confab, confide, fag, fog, foggy, fife, fauna, fang, fallow, folly, follow, faro, farrow, fiery, foray, fatty. 32. 2, Fed, fade, fame, foam, finny, funny, felloe, fellow, folio, ferry, fairy, furrow, gape, get, gait, gate, gut, gutta, goat, gaiety, gauge, gig, gewgaw, gush, guinea, gale, gull, goal, gala, gaily, ugly, gory. 32. 3. Fib, feed, food, feud, effigy, fig, fugue, fusee, fish, fishy, fume, filly, fully, fury, goat, gouty, giddy, goody, gouge, gill. 20. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Fellow, felloe " Worth makes the man, and want of it the " POPE. The word is also written felly. "She seemed to be a good sort of " DICKENS. Alter, to change; altar, a communion table. " Noah builded an to the Lord." BIBLE. " My covenant I will not break, nor the thing that has gone out of my lips." BIBLE. Bole, a kind of fine earth}' clay; boll, the pod of a plant; bowl, a concave vessel. " The barley was in the ear, and the flax was .... ed." BIBLE. " Give them drink in . . . . s of basswood." LONGFELLOW. Bourn or bourne, a point aimed at; borne, carried; born, brought into life. "The undis- covered country, from whose no traveler returns." SHAKESPEARE* " No one could be into slavery in Mexico." PRESCOTT. Commercial Terms. Accommodation Bill A bill drawn, accepted or endorsed to aid or accommodate one of the parties thereto, and for which no value has been given. Account In business, a statement showing the amount due, by one to another, for cash, goods, etc. On the Stock Exchange, the period which intervenes between one settle- ment and another. Typewriting Lesson VII. 1221 1221 1221 1221 3221 1212 1322 1322 Dish fish fist mist list bend bake cake SPELLING EXERCistb AixU SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON VIII. Each of the following words is represented by the tico shorthand consonants which are sounded, written in the position indicated by the figures. Insert all the vowels. 1. Yat, viny, avenue, valley, value, volley, asp, acid, aside, ask, saucy, Siam, Zion, shop, shabby, chateau, shad, shod, shied, shoddy, shadow, shadowy, shock, shaggy, sham, shammy, chamois, shawl, shallow. 29. 2. Vote, evoke, vague, vogue, veiny, vary, ethic, thumb, thorough, suet, assayed, essayed, eschew, assuage, ice-house, assail, shape, shade, shady, shed, showed, sLave, shake, shaky, shame, shell, shale, shoal, showily, sherry, usury. 31. 3. Veto, vouch, venue, villa, thick, theme, theory, seaweed, sea-view, see- saw, assume, zeal, easily, easel, zero, ship, sheep, shoe-tie, shook, showery. 20. Synonyms. Choose the right word. Clumsy, ill-made, badly con- structed; awkward, ungraceful in movements or manners; uncouth, untrained in language or deportment. " The exercises of the European tourney." PRESCOTT. " O blind guides, which being of an religion, do ' strain at a gnat and swallow a camel.' " UDAL. " Thus sang the swain." MILTON. Error, deviation from the right ; mistake, apprehending wrongly ; misconception ; blunder, to do a thing without forethought. " Yet know not how to find the uncertain place, and on, and staggers every pace." DRYDEN. " His judg- ment was often in , though his candor remained unimpeached."- " A man may the love of virtue for the practice of it." JOHNSON. An may corrected and a rectified. Commercial Terms. Account Current A statement drawn out in Dr. and Cr. form, containing an account of the transactions which have taken place between two parties during a certain time. Account Sales An account sent by a merchant to the consignor of goods telling the weight of the goods sold, the price obtained, and the net result after deducting the freight, commission, and all other charges. Typewriting Lesson VIII 1322 1332 3322 3322 1322 2322 1322 3231 Came gale lake lame make same name plan SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON IX. Each of the following words is represented by the shorthand conso- nants which are sounded, and must be written in the position indicated by the figures. Insert all the vowels. 1. Map, mop, mob, motto, mighty, amity, match, mock, mica, moth, massy, mossy, mash, ma'am, mamma, manna, many, maul, mile, marry, marrow, morrow, miry, mothy, mallow. 25. 2. Mope, empty, Mayday, meadow, muddy, make, meek, mug, muggy, muff, mesh, mush, maim, mum, mummy, money, minnow, mania, ammo- nia, among, aiming, mail, male, mole, mull, Malay, mellow, melee, merry, mower, emery, 31. 3. Myth, mouth, meal, mill, mule, mealy. 6. Words with Circle S, 1. Packs, pass, poise, pies, pause, paws, pacifies, apostle, piously. 9. 2. Poets, apex, pays, pace, apace, apiece, pose, oppose, pasty, upset, upside, episode, possess, puzzle. 14. 3. Piteous, peace, piece, peas, pews, appease, pistol. 7. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Jam, to squeeze ; jamb, the side-piece of a door or fireplace. " The stranger was in a great .... " KENT. " The fell from the hand of the architect." GUILT. Hart, male deer ; heart, the seat of life. " Godliest of all the forest and hind. MILTON. " Why does my blood thus muster to my " SHAKESPEARE. " Look, then, into thy and write." LONG- FELLOW. Threio* did throw ; through, as to pass through a board or gate. " the gates of ivory he dismissed his gallant offspring." " He a brave defiance in King Henry's teeth." SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Terms. Accountant A person skilled in posting, keeping and balancing books, and who is usually employed by mer- chants, public companies, etc., to prepare accounts and balance-sheets, or to audit their books and accounts for the purpose of seeing that they are properly kept, A Glean Acceptance on a bill of exchange is simply a signature, or a signature and the name of the place where payment of the bill is made, Typewriting Lesson IX. 3231 1313 3312 1331 3131 1121 1311 1211 Plat harp lark flag ably ruin vary very SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE LESSON X. The following icords should be written in shorthand, and in the posi- tion indicated by the figures. The contractions should also be written as instructed in shorthand Lessons V and X. With the twenty-five contractions given in this Lesson, twenty-five per cent, of the English language is written. Write these words in longhand and in shorthand, as instructed for the writing of the words. Remember that only words that are sounded are written in phonography. 1. Nap, nab, knob, knobby, natty, knotty, naughty, untie, annoy, notch, enjoy, knack, knock, knife, naive, envoy, navvy, noisy, gnash, nausea. 20. 2. Nape, into, neck, nick, nook, enough, nave, knave, navy, nephew, envy, inveigh, unsay, name, numb, enemy, ennui, narrow, ink. 19. 3. Nip, neap, nib, unto, annuity, needy, endow, endue, undo, un- due, niche, ensue, uneasy, 13. Contractions. The, and, of, to, in, a, that, is, it, he, with, be, are, but, I, all, by, not, or, as, thy, have, at, no, any. 25. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Bread, a kind of baked food; bred, educated, trained. ' In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat " BIBLE. " Born and on the verge of the wilderness." EVERETT. " Flowers which I up with tender hand from the first opening bud." MILTON. Cell, a small room, as in a prison ; sell, to exchange for money. " The heroic confessor in his .... " MACAULAY. "I am changed. I'll all my land." SHAKESPEARE. Clause, a part of a sentence ; claws, sharp, hooked nails of animals or birds. " The usual attestation to a will," BOUVIER. " are also the slender base of petals, as those of the pink." GRAY. Commercial Terms. Acquittance A full discharge in writing of some contract, debt or liability. Action any legal proceeding institut- ed in a court of law. Active Bonds Bonds which bear a fixed rate of interest, payable in full from date of issue. Typewriting Lesson X. 2311 1233 2231 1221 3321 3321 2121 2233 Wary real wily fury lazy lady over dial SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XI. The following -words should be written in shorthand, and in the positions indicated by the figures. The contractions should also be writ- ten as instructed in shorthand Lessons V and X. "Write these words in longhand and in shorthand as instructed for the writing of the words. 1. Lap, lop, lob, lobby, alibi, alto, lad, laud, lied, allied, alloyed, latch, lodge, lack, lacky, lock, like, lag, log, laugh, life, live, alive, olive, lava, lath, loathe, lithe, lash, lamb, lime, loll, loyal. 2. Elope, lobe, elbow, laity, led, last, load, lode, lady, ledge, allayed, allege, elegy, lack, luck, lucky, leg, loaf, elf, lave, love, levy, loath, lathe, loathe, also, lasso, lazy, lame, loam, lull, lowly. 3. Lip, leap, loop, lewd, allude, elude, loud, aloud, leach, leech, liege, lick, leak, look, league, leaf, aloof, live, leave, leash, limb, loom, lily, lowery, leak. Words with Circle >S'. 1. Palace, palsied, polonaise, porpoise, para- dise, uprise, parasite, parricide, parson, parasol, paralyze. 2. Pulse, palisade, paleness, polarize, purpose, purposely, apparatus, parades, parks, previous, porous, upraise, uprose, pursuit, parsonage, perilous, uproarious, pursued. 3. Police, pellucid, periods, peruse, perusal, peruser, pureness. Contractions. At, has, away, can, come, do, did, each, had, half, Itis, lioly, how, if, is, it, Lord, much, on, out, own, put, saw, up, was, wfren, why, who, without, ye, year, you, your. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Vale, a valley ; veil or vail, a covering. " The .... of the temple was rent." BIBLE. " Down, the lovely of leisure." JEAN INGELOW. Feat, an exploit; feet, mcra than one foot. " "With stories told of many a .... " MILTON. "..... was I to the lame." BIBLE. Commercial Terms. Active Circulation The active circulation of a bank means the notes actually issued and in the hands of the public. Active Partner An active partner is one who takes an active or work- ing part in the business in which he is concerned, distinguished fron nominal partner, or one only in name. Typewriting Lesson XI. 1221 2232 1312 1232 1232 1232 1232 1232 Bodv sold harm bold cold hold beam mold SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XII. The following- words should be written in shorthand, and in the posi- ttons indicated by the figures. The contractions should also be written as instructed in shorthand Lessons V and X. 1. Kap, ripe, rob, aright, errata, rat, rot, wrought, right, rite, write, riot, arid, rod, ride, arch, orgie, rack, rock, rag, wrath, wroth, rash, ram, rhyme, rang, wrong, rally, royally, rely. 30. 2. Rope, repay, rub, robe, aerate, rate, rut, rote, wrote, arrayed, red, raid, rode, road, rowed, ready, ruddy, wretch, rage, urge, ridge, ridging, wreck, rake, rug, rogue, earth, earthy, racy, rosy, ratio, rush, rum, roam, rainy, rung, wrung, rowing, relay, rare, roar, rower. 42. 3. Rip, reap, rib, ruby, writ, root, route, rout, read, reed, rood, rude, rich, reach, rick, reek, wreak, rook, review, ruth, wreath, rim, ream, rheum, rheumy, room, room}', ring, wring, hourly, really, rear. 32. Words with Circle S. 1. Box, bass, boss, boys, buoys, buys, bias, ibis, besought, bask, obsequies, abscess, absence. 13. 2. Bakes, base, bass, baize, buzz, bespoke, bespeak, beset, bestow, obesity, boisterous, bestowal, bestir, basin, obscenity, absentee, base- ness, obeisance, basely, bustle, abeyance, bonus, bellows, balsam. 24. 3. Obtuse, beauteous, books, abuse, booze, bows, obsequious, besom, bosom, obscene, busily, bilious. 12. Contractions. Business, different, give, go, him, may, our, hour, eye, large, language, shall, should, so, us, she, wish, to be, be, thank, me, my, know, owe, ought, see, use, they, them, thing, think, though, too, two, usual, we, way, what, which, whose, ease, would, youth, young. Commercial Term. Act of Bankruptcy This means that any act by which a debtor becomes liable to be made a bankrupt ; such as an insolvent fleeing the country, or transferring his goods or property to another, with a view to defeat creditors ; a debtor giving notice to his creditors that he has suspended, or is about to suspend, payment of his debts ; an insolvent filing in court a declaration of his inability to pay his debts, etc. Typewriting Lesson XII 1232 1232 1232 1212 1312 3211 2311 1311 Fold gold told more four pour sour gout SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XIII. Write the words in shorthand, in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all vowels that are sounded. 1. Wipe, watch, wallow, wire, wiry, haughty, hide, hatch, hash, hallow, hallo, holy, hollow, harrow. 14. 2. Weighty, wed, wade, weighed, wedge, wage, awake, awoke, way- lay, were, ware, wore, aware, wary, worry, yellow, yore, heady, hedge, heavy, hush, honey, halo, hurry. 24, 3. Weep, witty, weed, wood, widow, witch, winnow, willow, wooed, ewer, heed, hewed, hitch, huge, hyena, hero. 16. Words with Circle S. 1. Baroness, barrenness, typhus, toss, toys, twice, tacit, task, tassel. 9. 2. Bareness, touchiness, tasty, testy, etcetera, tusk, tussel, tennis, tenacious, tortoise, terrace, tyrannize, tyrannous, depose. 14. 3. Tease, outset, outside, outrages. 4. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Wade, weighed. " Forbear and no further in this speech." OLD PLAY, " The king's aclmir. able conduct has d through all these difficulties." DAVENANT. 4i They for my price thirty pieces of silver." BIBLE. Ware, wear. " Trials .... us into a like of what, possibly, in the first essay, dis- pleased us." POPE. "If the people of the land bring .... or any victuals on the Sabbath day to sell," BIBLE. " Let the dark shop com- mend the .... " CLEAVELAND. Cite, to summon ; site, local position ; situation ; sight, the power of seeing. " The . . . . d dead, of all past ages, to the general doom shall hasten." MILTON. " The semblance of a lover fixed in melancholy " THOMSON. " A cloud received him up out of their " BIBLE. " O loss of , of thee I most complain." MILTON. Commercial Terms. Act of God A clause in a policy of insur- ance or a bul of lading meaning those perils or dangers which are be- yond human power to control. Acceptance for Honor A term used when a person, not already liable upon it, accepts or pays a bill of ex- change for the honor (that is, to save the reputation of) the drawee, or one of the endorsers. Typewriting Lesson XIII 2311 1311 3223 2311 2233 2131 2233 3231 Rout bout plea each meal wean leap lead SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XIV. Write the words in shorthand, in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all vowels that are sounded. 1. Popped, piped, padding, panic, party, parity, parried, parody, parch, park, piracy. 11. 2. Peppery, poetic, poetess, pettish, epitome, peanut, punch, pansy, punish, penury, pulp, polka, poker, policy, palsy, polish, parade, perch, porch, purge, pork, purvey, pursue, uproar, uprear. 25. 3- Pudding, pinch, pillory, purity, period, peerage, purify, peeress, purely. 9. Words with Circle S. 1. Device, devise, advice, adds, odds, dice, audacity, decide, noisome, insanity, niceness, lapse, elapse, annoyance* lacks, locks, likes, lifeless, laws, loss, lies. 22. 2. Depository, debase, decorous, deface, edifice, defiance, deviser, days, does, dose, odious, ideas, despise, dispose, despiser, dispenser, despoil, dispel, despair, disappear, disperse, dusty, destiny, distil, desk, dusk, dusky, discuss, disease, disuse, adviser. 31. 3. Dubious, diffuse, adduce, deceit, deceive, disavow, decease. 7. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Him, that man or boy; hymn, a sacred soug. " Green vales and icy cliffs, all join my .... " COLE- BIDGE. " With his martial cloak around .... " WOLFE. Had, not good; bade, told. "Thus .... begins and worse remains behind.''- SHAKESPEARE, " So sweetly she .... me adieu." SHENSTONE. 13ut, a connecting word; butt, larger end; to strike with the head, " . . . . he lay like a warrior taking his rest." WOLFE. " The beast . . . . s me uway.'' SHAKESPEARE. The .... of the whip. Commercial Terms. Actuary An officer in a life insurance com- pany who makes the necessary calculations as to the probable duration of life, and advises generally on all questions relating to the statistics and finances of the concern. Adjudication Order An order made by a court of bankruptcy, declaring a debtor bankrupt, so that his estate may be vested in a trustee, and wound up for the benefit of his creditors. Typewriting Lesson XIV. 1231 1231 1233 3231 1222 1223 3223 3223 Team meat heal peat deem deep peep weep SPELLING EXERCISE5 AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XV. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures Insert all the vowels that are sounded. 1. Boudoir, becalm, begot, beguile, biology, borrowed, barge, bar- rier, borrower. 9, 2. Betake, bottom, bedim, bodily, beau-ideal, abjure, bakehouse, became, beget, bonnet, bayonet, banana, bank, bulb, ability, ballad, belch, bulge, bulk, abolish, belong, oblong, bellowing, barb, bark, barque, birth, birch, buried, barony, bearer, borer. 33 3. Bigot, bounty, bullock, boorish. 4. Words with Circle S. 1. Dazzle, docile, damsel, domicile, dancer, design. 6. 2. Dismay, disseminate, decimal, dismal, decency, dishonesty, dis- like, dislocate, disarray, desirous, dumbness, density, idols, idolize, idealize, idealism, idleness, dullness, dolorous, delirious. 22. 3. Dizziness, disallow, dimness. 3. Synonyms. Learn to discriminate. We conceal facts or crimes; disguise appearances; dissemble feelings, and secrete goods. ''Thou art sworn to what we impart." SHAKESPEARE, " Bunyan was forced to himself as a wagoner," MACAULAY. " Why one set of cells should bile, another urea, and so on, we do not know." CARPENTER. I thought the attempt foolish at first, now I think it ab- surd, and even preposterous. " I am a very old man." SHAKES- PEARE. "An figure he must make." PRIOR. "This proffer is and reasonless." SHAKESPEARE. " Though the error be easily fallen into, it is manifestly " J. TAYLOR. He is content who holds enough ; he is satisfied who gets enough. " Having food and raiment, let us therewith be " BIBLE. " The grave question arose as to whether he was with what he got." MACAULAY. Commercial Term. Administration Order An order made by the court in cases of small bankruptcies, for the summary administration of a debtor's estate when his whole property is not likely to exceed the amount provided by law. Typewriting Lesson XV. 1222 1223 1222 1322 3222 1221 2131 1331 Reek reel meek glee seek jeer mean SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XVI. Write the words in shorthand, in the position indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels. Words written with the Consonants given in Shorthand Wesson I. - 1. Tip-toe, timely, to-night, tonic, tank, torrid, torch. 2. Topic, to- tally, tomato, atomic, tamely, oatmeal, tenet, twenty, tonnage, tonic, tunic, utility, italic, twelve, tirade. 3. Tenuity, tinge, twinge, tillage, outlawry, outlive, outride, outrage, outreach. 31. Words written with the Circle S, Shorthand Lesson IX. 1. Dire- ness, joys, jaws, joyousness, jostle, joyless, joylessly. 2. Odorous, dor- sal, chess, chose, chasten, chosen, ages, jays, gesture, jealous, jealously. 3. Choose, chews, cheese, juiciness, genus, genius. 24. Words written loith up Ish, down I, down r, /Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Apparel, pallor, piler, par, pyre. 2. Patience, polish, palish, openly, painful, pai-ole, epicure, pioneer, paler, polar, pair, pare, pear, pore, pour, parterre, abolish, befell, befool, barrel, burial, butler, beguiler. 3. Puerile, pillar, peeler, puller, appealer, peer, pier, appear, poor, power, poorness, poorly. 40. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Load, a burden; lode, a vein of ore, " Jove lightened of its the enormous mass." POPE. A rich of silver. Retch, to try to vomit ; wretch, a miserable person, " Here he grew inarticulate with ing." BYEON. " Poor was never frightened so." DRAYTON. Soar, to fly aloft; sore, a hurt; tender. " I see where his .... lies." SCOTT. " Valor . . . . s above what the world calls misfortune." ADDISON. Commercial Terms. Ad Referendum; to be further considered ; ad referendum contracts are sometimes made by public companies and others. The term, then, means that a contract has been signed for the purchase and supply of certain articles, but that there are some minor points to be settled, which require further consideration. Ad valorem, according to the value, and not to the weight or quantity. The customs ad valorem duty is, therefore, a charge of so much per cent., made on the value of certain articles, irrespective of their weight or quantity. Typewriting Lesson XVI. Eight hand practice. 1213 3231 1321 2121 1312 1233 3231 3221 Hump lily join inky monk mill lion loom SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XVII. "Write the words in shorthand iii the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to XVII L 1. Debar, auditory, dietary, de- coyed. 2. Deputy, depth, deter, decade, decayed, defied, edified, dainty, denote. 3. Dewberry, detour, denude. 16. Shorthand Lesson IX. 1. Copse, caucus, cause, ax, ox. 2. Co- pious, capacity, coax, case, kiss, expository, expansive, expel, expiry, exit. 3. Acoustic. 16. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Tonsil, taller, tar. 2. "Utensil, tuneful, tunnel, tamer, tenure, teller, tailor, tare, tear, tore. 3. Tinsel, tuneless, towel, tumor, tiller. 18. Shorthand Lesson XIV- II written downward. 1. Hock, haggis, high, Lag. hack. 2. Hoax, huckster, hackney. 8. Shorthand Lesson XV. St and Str Loops. 1. Pastor, pilaster, biased, ballast. 2. Pester, poster, pianist, best, based, abased, baste, boast, bust, boaster, bolster. 3 Perused, purest, beast. 18. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Council, a deliberative body; counsel, advice ; a legal adviser. " Satan, void of rest, his potentates to called by night. MILTON. " The queen is going with a puissant host, and prays your company for speedy '' SHAKESPEAKE. Draught, a current ; that which is drunk ; draft, a bill of exchange. " In his hands he took a goblet, but a while the forbore." TKEXCH, " He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs in a strong of air, until he was again sent for," DICKENS. " I thought it most prudent to defer the s till advice was received of the progress of the loan." HAMILTON. Commercial Term. Advance It is usual for merchants, brokers and agents, on receiving an invoice and bill of lading for a consignment ^sent to them for sale, to pay the consignor a certain portion of the value of the goods, this prepayment being called an advance. Typewriting Lesson XVII. Left hand practice. 2312 1231 2321 1221 1312 1231 1221 2131 Date best dart beer gave fear deed crag SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XVIII. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Denied, dallying, deride. 2. Ideality, delayed, deluge, dirty, dirge, adorer, derrick, chimney, charity. 3. Duality, delude, dealing 15. Shorthand Lesson IX. 1. Excite, caustic, costume, cask. 2. Custody, custom, accustom, customer, customary, costly, extol, exodus, exigence', excuse. 3. Accede, exceed. 16, Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Attire, dash, dollar, 2. Tersely, defiler, deform, despoiler, desire, admire, demur, demure, idler. 3. Tier, tear, tour, tower, dish, dealer. 18. Shorthand Lesson XIV. Tick II. 1. Ham, homily, higher, horse,, haul, hall. 2. Hail, hale, her, hare, hair, haze, hem, hymn, hurl, hiss, helm, harvest, hemlock. 3. Heel, heal, hill, howl. 24." Shorthand Lesson XV. St and Str Loops. 1. Tossed. 2. Burst, text, test, attest, taste, toast, tester, attester, taster, toaster, dust, dosed, duster, disgust, disguised, deceased, dishonest, idealist, dullest, 3. Outcast, outmost, outlast, tourist, doest, adduced. 26. Homonyms. Choose the correct word. Core, the center of a fruit; corps, a body of men. " Whose stands sound and great within him." CHAPMAN. Climb, to rise laborious!}' ; clime, a climate. "Black vapors aloft and cloud the day." DRYDEN. " Thy arms pursue paths of renown, and the ascent of fame." PRIOR. " Whatever the sun's bright circle warms." MILTON. Coarse, rude ; com- posed of large parts ; course, direction. " I feel of what metal ye are molded," SHAKESPEARE. " Some she arms with sinewy force, and some with swiftness in the " COWLEY. Commercial Term. Advanced Notes These are drafts on the own- ers of a ship (usually for one month's wages) issued by the captain to the seamen on their signing the articles of agreement. They are gener- ally made payable three days after sailing, and are granted as a means to enable the sailor to make some provision for those he leaves behind. Typewriting Lesson XVIII. Eight hand practice. 1213 2133 1212 3231 1213 3211 3321 3221 Gimp mull junk oily jump limn loin loon SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XIX. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig' ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Wessons I to VIII. 1. Agility, chaotic, actuary, cavi- ty. 2. Agency, jealousy, cubic, coterie, cookery, comely, camera,, county, colic, calico. 3. Jewelry, juror. 16. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Access, chasm, axiom, oxen, axle, castle, casual. 2. Excess, excise, exhume, cousin, exile, excel, causality. 3. Coolness, curious.: 16. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII, Dire, dyer, char, car, fall, file, follow 2. Dare, door, jailer, occupier, canal, core, corps, felloe, fel- low, folio, fair, fare, affair. 3. Deer, cure, fully. 23. Shorthand Lesson XIV. Upward II. 1. Hide, hied, hatch, ham- mock, hawker, hearth, harrow. 2. Hung, hush, heavy, hunger, hurry, horizon. 3. Heed, hoop. 15. Shorthand Lesson XV. St and Str Loops. 1. Joist, copyist, cast, caste, cost, accost, caused, caster, coster, oculist, chorister, aghast, August. 3. Chest, chased, jest, just, jester, juster, coaxed, coast, kissed, accused, coaster, coalesced, guest, guessed, gust, ghost, august. 3. Gist. 31. Synonyms. Choose the right word. Largely. A person deals largely in things, or drinks large draughts. Copiously. Rivers are co- piously supplied in rainy seasons. Fully. A person is fully satisfied or fully prepared. " There is one very faulty method of drawing up the laws, that is, when the case is set forth in the preamble." BACON. " Every word ought to be carefully considered by all who desire to understand the sense." BEVERIDGE. Commercial Term Adventure A shipment of goods sent to an agent in some foreign country, to be sold at the best prices obtainable. Merchants and manufacturers wishing to introduce their goods into a fresh market usually send out a few consignments in this way. Typewriting Lesson XIX. Left hand practice. 3231 2312 3231 1231 1312 1231 1321 1221 Zest wage seat bead gate rest cart deer SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XX. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons 1 to VIII. 1. Calmly, conic, collide, carrier. 2, Colleague, curb, carried, corrode, curried, carriage, accuracy, curacy, career, queer. 3. Kicked, cooked, cooling. 17. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Casual, callous, carrier, gaudi- ness, gas, gauze, goes, guise. 2. Auxiliary, accuser, exorcise, calami- ties, corpse, caressing, coercing. 3. Carousal, giddiness. 17. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Far, afar, fire, afire, vile^ vial, 2. Fur, four, fore, afore, fork, vail, vale, veil, avail, oval, valor^ valuer, aver. 3. Fear, fewer, veer. 22. Shorthand Lesson XI V. Dot H. 1. Happily, happiness, handy. 2. Perhaps, uphill, apprehend. 6. Shorthand Lesson XV. St and Str Loops. 1. Fast, faster, foster, frost, forest, vast, authorized. 2. Fixed, affixed, fester, first, fairest, forced, foremost, vest, vestry, thickest. 3. Fist, feast, feaster. 20. Synonyms. Check, to throw an obstacle in the way; to impede the course ; curb, to bear down by the direct exercise of force ; control, to direct and turn the course. " Devotion when it does not lie under the of reason is apt to degenerate into enthusiasm." ADDISON. " The point of honor has been deemed of use too deep to teach good manners and to abuse." COWPER. " These, when the angry tempest clouds the soul may darken reason and her course " THOMSON. Commercial Terms. Advice Commercial or other information and intelligence conveyed by letter, wherein one party advises another of something having been done, or of something about to be done, on his account. Affidavit A declaration made in writing, upon oath, before a person empowered to administer an oath. Typewriting Lesson XX. Right hand practice. 1232 3233 1331 3131 1233 3213 2123 1231 Yolk pill moon only jill pomp knop holy SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXI. Write the words in shorthand in the position indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Shawl, shallow, mar, mire. 2. Shell, shale, share, shore, molar, miller, mare, mayor, indoor, infer, unfair. 3. Sheer, shear, assure, newer, inure. 20. Shorthand Lesson XIV, Medial II. 2. Behead, adhesive, co- here, outhouse, warehouse. 5. Shorthand Lesson XVII. 1. Brag, bravo, broth, brass, brawny, briny, barley, brawl, broil, brawler, briar, blast, blaster, bridle. 2. Brake, break, broke, breaker, broker, bakery, burglar, braver, breath, brace, breezy, breast, brandy, brush, branch, brink, braver, tapestry, taper, table, blest, bluster, blossom, blush, abler, blur, blank, bray, blame, blown, bribe, barber, brought, bright, brittle, brutal, brightly, broach, bridge, abridge. 3. Blister, blear, bluer, bloom, blink, brute, breach, brick, brook, brig, breeze, bruise, brisk, bruiser, brim, broom, brewer, brewery, eatable, tipple, tuber. 75. Anonyms. Choose the right word. Alone, marks the state of a person; solitary, denotes the quality of a person or thing; lonely, marks quality of a thing only. ' Here we stand as in our form distinct, permanent." YOUNG. " I would wish no man to deceive him- self with opinions which he has not thoroughly reflected upon in his hours." CUMBERLAND. " There stands a but a healthful dwelling, built for convenience and the use of life." ROWE. A person walks alone or takes a solitary walk in a lonely place. Whoever likes to be much alone is of a solitary turn. Commercial Terms. After Date A term used in drawing bills of exchange ; it means after the date of the bill. After Sight After hav- ing been presented to the drawee for acceptance. When bills are drawn after sight, it is necessary for the acceptor to insert the date of his ac- ceptance, so that holders may know when the bills will become payable. Typewriting Lesson XXI. Left hand practice. 1312 1231 1221 2131 1231 1312 1231 1321 Rave tear feed drag vest rage beat fact SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXII. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded, Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Followed, following, forehead, valid, variety. 2. Foliage, filthy, fallacy, felony, filial, furrowed, forage, forge, forth, foresee, forum, vapory, vitally, votary, evacuate, evict, vacu- ity, vagary, vanity, valve, evolve, villany, verity, verge. 3. Valued. 30. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Passes, pauses, axis, causes, swap, mocks, moistness, mask, massive, moisten, malice, handiness, annex, honesty, nicety. 2. Paces, poses, opposes, basis, accessible, exercise, faces, phases, sweat, muddiness, musty, message, miscall, mu- sical, mix, makes, mustiness, musk, musky, music, miscarry, Mrs., museum, mason, amazing, amusing, missing, muscle, muzzle, mislaid, mislead, misled, misery, miserly, immensely, among, aiming, minx, monks, mails, aimless, mellowness, merriness, entice, notice, naughti- ness, ingenious, encase, noxious, incautious, enforce, inset. 66. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Lawyer, lyre, liar, arrow. 2. Level, lore, lower, lair, layer, lurk, alarm, air, ere, heir, oar, ore, airy, area, array. 3. Alluvial, lure, allure, era. 23. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. Initial Hooks. 1. Pauper, piper, patter, potter, paddle, padder, patcher, packer, passable, possible, 2. Pebble, payable, pitiable, petal, poetry, putrefy, patronize, pedal, puddle, poacher, poker, puffer. 3. Pewter, poodle, powder, pitcher, picker, peaceable. 28. Synonyms. Choose the right word, Abandon, to give up willing- ly ; relinquish, to give up what we prize. " Verus d the cares of empire to his wiser colleague." GIBBON. "To the rites of the church." HOOKEB. Commercial Term Agenda A list of business to be done. This is a heading generally used by public companies when calling a board meeting or a meeting of their shareholders. Typewriting Lesson XXII. Eight hand practice. 3213 3213 3233 3212 3233 1233 1211 3133 Lump limp loll puny poll nill mum lull SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXIII. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. Authority, thorny, thoroughly, as- pire, sciatica, acidity, escape, asylum, sewerage. 10. Shorthand Wessons IX to XI. 1. Swam, swan, swallow, masses, mosses. 2. Swayed, swig, swath, swathe, swing, swung, swear, sware, swore, emphasis, emphasize, Misses, messes, necessity, necessary. 3. Sweetness, switch, 22. Shorthand Lessons XII and XIII. 1. Arc, ark, raffle, rifle, rival, revile, arm, army. 2. Eepair, work, argosy, ruffle, arrive, revel, aroma, worm, earlier 3. Re-appear, reveal, arrear. 20. Snorthand Lessons X V and X VI. St and Str Loops, 1. Stop, stab, statue. 2. Step, stupid, stub, state, statute, states, status, state- ly, statue, stature, statuary, stead, staid, stud. 3. Steep, stoop, stout, stoutly, steed, stood. 23. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. Initial Hooks. 1. Panel, ap- ply, ply, apple, pliable 2. Pastry, pineapple, play, platina. 3. Pe- ual, opener, plea, plough. 14. Homonyms. Choose the right words. Sole, only; the bottom of the foot ; soul, spirit. " If they transgress and neglect that .... com- mand." MILTON. " But the dove found no rest for the .... of her foot." BIBLE. /Steal, to take without right; steel, hardened iron. "Oh! that men should put an enemy into their mouths to away their brains." SHAKESPEARE. " My heart is as true as '' SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Term. Agent An agent is one who is authorized to represent a principal, or one who buys or sells for another. Contracts and arrangements made by an agent are binding upon his employer or principal, provided they are made in the ordinary course of business, and are understood to be upon his principal's account. Typewriting Lesson XXIII. Left hand practice. 1312 1231 1321 3121 2312 3231 1211 1122 Fate test tart seer wave wear reed tree SPELLING EXERCISE5 AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXIV. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 2. Shabbily, showbill, charade, sharer, maypole, imagery, meekly, maggot, mashed, mammalia, memory, emanate, amenity. 3. Shearer, mutiny, minute, immunity. 17. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Offset, faucet, officer, offence, affiance, farce, vase, vice, voice. 2. Factious, efficacious, physic, phy- sique, fence, falsity, felicity, falsify, fallacious, vaccine. 3. Fierce, furiousness. 21. Shorthand Lessons XV and XVI. 1. Stack, stock, stalk, stocky, staff. 2. Staidness, stage, stake, steak, stick, stucco, stuff, stave, stem, steam, stumble, stumbler, stamen, stamina, stimulus. 3. Stickle, stiff. 22. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Plotter, paltry, plaid, plod, applaud, plied, plodder, applauder, applause. 2. Plater, plaiter, poul- try, played, pledge, pledger, pluck, plague, plug, plover, plays, place, plus, placid. 3. Plead, ploughed, pleader, please. 27. Synonyms. Choose the right words. Low, not high; in a mean condition ; mean, low-minded ; base. " Had I been born a servant, my .... life had steady stood from all these miseries." RANDOLPH. " Yet sometimes nations will decline so .... from virtue." MILTON. "We fast not to please nor to promote any .... worldly interest." SMALRIDGE. Commercial Terms. Attachment Laying an embargo upon, and prohibiting the sale or disposal of the money or goods of a debtor, in the hands of third parties, pending the settlement of some claim against the owner. Audit A searching examination of all books, accounts, vouchers, etc., by a person called an auditor, to see that they are kept correctly, and that no fraud has been committed by the party keeping them. Typewriting Lesson XXIV Eight hand practice. 1231 3213 1232 3212 3213 3211 3221 1232 Kiln pony hulk plum pump limy look milk SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXV. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Month, malady, married, mark, marque, morocco. 2. Manage, mangy, maniac, Monday, mulatto, mel- lowed, mouldy, melody, milk, milky, mercy, marsh, marshy, merino, merrily. 3. Minutia, mildew, myriad. 24. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1, Avarice, virus, veracious, vo- racious, sap, sop, spy, sappy. 2. Visit, vista, vastly, vesture, visitor, evasive, vessel, evince, various, veracity, voracity, sup, soap, 3. Avari- cious, sip, soup. 24. Shorthand Lessons XV and XVI. 1. Stammer, staunch, stall, style, styled, stolid. 2. Stain, stun, stone, stains, stench, stung, sting, stale, stole, stiletto, stealth. 3. Steamer, still, steal, steel, steeled. 22. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. Initial Hooks. 1. Plash, planet, planner, plyers. 2.- Placer, plush, plum, plumb, plainer, planer, player. 3. Plume, pleurisy. 13. Homonyms. Choose the right words. Main, chief; mane, long hair on an animal's neck. " All creatures look to the .... chance." L'ESTRANGE. " Like a dewdrop from the lion's .... " SHAKESPEARE, Tare, a weed ; weight allowed ; tear, to pull apart. " The parable of the .... s of the field." BIBLE. " Do not .... thyself away from me." SHAKESPEARE. Pail, a vessel for water ; pale, white. " The .... high foaming with a milky flood." POPE. "Let ....faced fear keep with the mean-born man," SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Terms Allotment A share, or number of shares, in a public company, granted to persons who have formally applied for them by signing an application form, and paying the company's banker a pro- portion of each share they desire to hold. Allotment Note. A note drawn by seamen on the owners of a ship for a monthly payment of a portion of their wages during the time they are away on avoyage. Typewriting Lesson XXV. Left hand practice. 1231 2312 1231 1321 1312 3231 1312 3212 Bear sage feat tact rate west card were SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE LESSON XXVI. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Wessons I to VIII. 1. Anybody, noisily, nominee, un- alloyed. 3. Nebula, untidy, anatomy, nobody, natal, entail, unduly, invite, innovate, anthem, ensuing, animate, enmity, inmate, unmade, pneumonia, anomaly, animal, namely, ninety, noonday, unallayed, inlaid-, unload. 3. Uneasily, unallowed. 30. Shorthand Wessons IX to XI. 1. Spike, spice. 2. Spotty, sped, spade, speck, spoke, space, suppose, espousal, spacious, auspicious, sponge. 3, Speed, spouse, espouse, specious, species, spoony, spinage. 20. Shorthand Lessons XV and XVI, 1. Stylus, star, starry, stark, stork. 2. Staleness, sightliness, stellar, stir, stair, stare, store, story, stirrup, storied, storage, steerage, storehouse, storm, songsters. 3. StiUness, steer. 22. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. Pry, prop, pride, pried, prod, 2. Pray, prey, upper, propped, perhaps, propose, prepays, proposal, prettiness, prettily, portray, prayed, preyed, prodigies, prodigious, pro- duce, proudly. 3. Prow, prepay, proud. 25. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Hail, frozen rain ; to salute ; hale, sound; healthy. "....! holy light." MILTON. "We thought him strong and " SWIFT. Hair, of the head ; hare, an animal. " The very ....s of your head are all numbered." BIBLE. " They have the voice of lions and the act of ....s." SHAKESPEARE. Wait, to stay; weight, heaviness. " Learn to labor and to .... " LONGFELLOW. "Bend under any '' SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Term All Jlights Reserved A term winch an author puts upon his books to warn the public that he reserves to himself the whole of the rights which copj'right gives him. Typewriting Lesson XXVI. Right hand practice. 3133 1212 1331 3123 1212 2131 2121 1212 Pull hunk noon pulp kink July hymn mink SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXVII. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Locked, locket. 2. Unhealthy, unripe, enrobe, unrobe, inwrought, narrowed, unread, unready, inroad, enrage, narrowly, unruly, narrower, labial, logic, locate. 3. Loudly, leaked, looked, look-out. 2. Shorthand Lesson IX to XI. 1. Spoil, spoiler, subside, sights. 2, Spell, speller, spare, sparrow, superior, subdue, steadily, stays. 3. Spill, spool, spear, cities, sits, seats, suits. 19. Shorthand Lessons XV and XVI. 1. Most, rnast, amassed, moist, master, monster, annexed. 2. Solaced, ship-master, modest, must, missed, mist, amazed, amused, muster, minced, menaced, meanest, min- ister, immersed, enticed, noticed, encased. 24. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Paraphrase. 2. Approach, perjure, purger, perjury, proxy, procure, preface, profess, profile, pow- erful, proffer. 3. Preach, prick, profuse. 15. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Air, what we breathe; e'er, ever; ere, before ; heir, one who inherits. "A dewy freshness fills the silent .... " SOUTHEY. "Make us .... s of all eternity." SHAKESPEARE. " Come down .... my child die." BIBLE. " The question, wrangle .... so long, is only this." POPE. Plait, to fold ; a fold ; plate, a dish. " The s on whit-h we fed." DRYDEN. " The soldiers ed a crown of tliorns," BIBLE. Gait, manner of walking ; gate, a kind of door. " Hark! the lark at Heaven's .... sings." SHAKESPEARE. "Does he not strut in his . . . . ? " SHAKESPEARE. Commercial Terms. Balance (bal.) Difference between the sides of an account ; ledger account showing resources and liabilities. Hill of Lading A bill of goods shipped, duly certified to by the officer of the transportation company. Typewriting Lesson XXVII. 1312 1321 3221 3212 1231 1321 1312 1312 Cave base seed sere dear case face fade SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE LESSON XXVill Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Likely, lively, launch. 2. Lofty, luckily, levity, elevate, lazily, lovely, lunch, link, length, lurch, lyric, larva. 3. Leakage, alleviate, lounge, lunacy, lurid 20. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Sad, sod, side, sighed, sadly, sack, sky, sacks, 2. Satire, said, sowed, soda, sage, sake, soak, sick, sketch, sex, skim, scheme, scanty, scale, scaly, sickly, scalp, sickliness. 3. Seed, seedy, siege, skill, scowl. 31. Shorthand Lessons XV and XVI. 1. Honest, inmost, last, lost. 2. Nest, insist, ancestor, announced, lest, laced, lowest, repast, re- posed, raised, razed, rest, wrest, raced, rust, roast, arrest, erased, roaster, earliest, west, waist, waste. 3. Least, leased, list, loosed, wrist, roost, aroused, rooster, released, realized. 37. Shorthand Lesson XXI 1. Pomp, champ, damp, quiet, quack. 2. Pump, chump, counselor, councilor, equip, quake, quick, quire, im- petus. 14. Synonyms. Choose the right word. Doubt, to be in uncertainty respecting the truth or fact; sus2)ense, indetermination ; indecision. We have our doubts about things that have no regard to time. " Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding ; it dissipates every in an instant." ADDISON. We are in suspense about things that are to happen in the future, or that are about to be done. " Ten days the prospect in remained." DENHAM. We are in doubt for want of evidence ; we are in suspense for the want of certainty. Commercial Term Anchorage Dues paid by a ship for anchor- ing in certain ports and harbors, and using the quays, landing stages, etc., belonging thereto. They are charged at so much per vessel on their arrival at port, whether coastwise or from parts beyond the sea. Typewriting Lesson XXVIII Right hand practice. 1233 3212 3223 3212 1233 3212 1233 1212 Kill link loop pink hull punk null mink SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXIX. Wi'ite the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Rightly, radish. 2. Rebel, robbery, retake, retina, retinue, rotary, radiate, irradiate, erudite, red- dish. 3. Retook, retail, ritual, redeem, rudely. 17. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Severity, assassin, sighs, size, psalm. 2. Scarce, score, security, safe, sofa, society, some, same, seem, semi. 3. Secure, scour, sphere, season, seas, seize, seizure. 22. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Prime, promise, premise. 2. Promissory, primer, primary, apprehensive, princess, pronounce, pearl, prelude. 3. Prim, premier, prowl. 14. Shorthand Lesson XXI. 1. Lamp, while. 2. Empire, empower, impair, impure, embody, leveler, whale, whisk, whiskey, awhile, where, lump. 3. Limp, whip, wheel. 17. Shorthand Lesson XXII. 1. Bans, benign, brighten, broaden, barn, born, barren, baron, bran, brawn, brine, bronze, barons, ottoman, tan, twine. 2. Bones, blown, balance, baritone, burden, burn, borne, brain, brains, burns, brilliance, taken, token, ten, eighteen, attain, tone, atone, ton, oaten, tense, attenuation, turban. 3, Bounce, balloon, brown, tuition, tunes, towns, outline. 47. Homonyms. Choose the right word. Broach, to make public; brooch, a bosom pin. "Those very opinions had ed." SWIFT. ' Honor's a good to wear.'' BEN JONSON. JJun, a color; to ask for a debt ; done, performed. " If 'twere .... when 'tis . . . . , then 'twere well it were .... quickly." SHAKESPEARE. Having sold you my .... horse, I am obliged to .... you for the money. Commercial Terms. Annuity A sum of money paid or received annuallv, for so many years, or for life. Ante-date To date any letter or document before the true time. Appraiser A person whc is licensed to set a price upon, or estimate the value of, anything to be sold. Typewriting Lesson XXIX. Left hand practice. 1312 1221 2312 1321 2312 1122 3221 1221 Ca^-e beet ard gaze save free weed beef SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXX. "Write the words in shorthand in the position indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. Re-echoed, recoil, regatta, regale, regalia, refuge, roughly, revere, reviewer, reassume, remedy, remake, range. 13. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Smack, smock, psalms, sine, sign, sanity, snag, signs. 2. Smith, smith}', smoke, smoky, seams, seems, sameness, seeming, sane, son, sun. sin, seen, scene, soon, snow, sinew, sanitary, century, Sunday, snake, sneak, snug, snuff, sense, since, scenes, sneeze. 3. Smooth, sniff. 38. Shorthand Lessons X VII to XX. 1. Price, prize, apprise, par- cel, priceless, parcels. 2. Previous, approval, prevail, prover approver, purveyor, press, oppress, praise, prays, prose, prosy, prowess, precipice, presuppose, prospects, perspire, prosperous, pressed, preside, praised, precede, proceed, presidency, oppressive, perceive, precise, process, person, personage, oppressor, appraiser, purser, presence. 3. Priest, priests, presume, prison. 44. Shorthand Lesson XXI. 2. Context, continuance, continual, con- tinually, commodiously, condemn, condenser condoler, 3. Continues, conducive. 10. Synonyms. Question, query. The question is the thing called in question or that which is sought for by a question. Query denotes to seek or inquire, signifying simply the thing sought for. Questions and queries are both put for the sake of obtaining all necessary information; but the former may be for a reasonable pr unreasonable cause. A query is mostly a rational question. Idlers may put questions from mere curiosity ; learned men put queries for the sake of information, Commercial Term. Arbitrage Buying securities in one market and selling them in another. For example: buying American railway shares in London and simultaneously selling them in New York. Typewriting Lesson XXX. Practice for both hands. 11122 11221 11222 11212 11232 11211 11212 11221 Three those thick think these thing there their SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXI. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Royalty, rallied, relied, -had- dock, high road. 2. Relic, relieve, raillery, rewrite, rarity, rarely, wittily, woefully, windy, window, waylaid, hotel, headache, hardy, hor- rid, hurried, heroic, heresy, heroine. 3. Reality, 25. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Prior, priority, babble, bau- ble, batter, biter. 2, Prelacy, prayer, preyer, bubble, battle, bottle, better, butter, betrayal, betrayer, 3. Beetle, bitter, beater, bitterly, 20. Shorthand Lesson XXI. 2. Confessedly, confusedly, conveyance, convince, conveyancer, confirm, convulse, conspiracy, constancy, con- soled, consoler, commence, commons, common-sense, commencing. 3. Conjure, concealed. 17. Shorthand Lessons XXVIII. 1. Pamper, panter, pointer, pan- der, ponder, prompter, barrier. 2. Pumper, painter, pounder, com- pounder, pelter, upholder, porter, operator, Presbyter, prosecutor, per- secuter, promoter, bolder, boulder, bolter, barter, border, boarder, bearer, borer. 3. Builder. 29. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Advice, counsel; advise, to give counsel. ""We can give but we cannot give conduct." FRANKLIN. "I wish no more to thee.'' MILTON. Accede, to agree to ; exceed, to go beyond. " His deeds all speech.'' SHAKESPEARE. " To to a request." WORCESTER. Commercial Term. -Arbitration of Exchange This term means calculating the proportional rates between two countries, through in- termediate places. For instance: A merchant here having to remit money to Paris at a time when the exchange is unfavorable may find, on calculation, that it will be more advantageous to make the payment through London to Paris than to send it there direct. Typewriting Lesson XXXI. Practice for both hands. 11312 11122 11122 11212 11123 11213 11212 11211 Thank throw thyme thine threw thump third thumb SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXII. "Write the words in shorthand, in the position indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Slap, slop, slab, solitary, slide, soiled, salad, solid, slack, slacked, solve, saliva, salvage, slice, solace, slash, slam, slime, solemn, slyness, slang. 2. Slope, sailed, sold, soled, sulk, sulkily, select, salve, slush, slushy, solemness, slowness. 3. Slip, sleep, sloop, sleepy, sealed, ceiled, slid, silk, sleeve, slim, silliness, sling.-; 45. Shorthand Lessons XVI I to XX. 1. Balker. 2. Baker, bakery, baffle, before, buffer. 3. Butcher, bicker, bugle, bugler. 10. Shorthand Lesson XXII. 1. Appetence, competence, pan, pawn, pine, companion, platten. 2. Competency, potenc}', upturn, open, pen, pain, pane, pun, pence, pens, pains, openness, penance, palatine. 21. Shorthand Lesson XXIII. 1. Approve, dive, calf, cough. 2. Brave, deaf, cave, cuff. 3. Proof, prove, beef, brief. 12. Shorthand Lesson XXI V. 1. Passion, option, desolation, caution, auction, action. 2. Putrefaction, application, compulsion. 9. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Allusion, indirect reference; illusion, an unreal image. " Fame, glory, wealth, honor, have in the prospect pleasing "- STEELE. " A base to a long forgotten past." HALLAM, Ordi- nance, a law ; ordnance, great guns. " Thou'lt die by God's " SHAKESPEARE. " Then you may hear afar off the awful roar of his rifled " E. EVERETT. Commercial Terms. Articles of Association In a joint stock com- pany, a contract containing the terms of agreement upon which the con- cern has been transferred, and specifying the rules and conditions upon which the company's business is to be managed and carried on. As per Advice A phrase often seen on bills of exchange. It means that notice has been given to the drawee that the bill has been drawn upon him. Typewriting Lesson XXXII. Practice for both hands. 13212 13212 13212 13212 33212 13212 33212 3321:2 Found bound hound mound pound round sound wound SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXIII. "Write the words in shoi'thand, in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Slyly, salary, sorry, sorrow, 2. Slowly, solely, cellar, seller, sailor, solar, slower, celery, sir, soar, sore, search, survey, service, surveyor, source. 3. Sear, seer, sere, sour. 24. Shorthand Lesson XXII. 1. Batten, began, begone, ban. 2. Button, obtain, beckon, bacon, begun, bowman, bemoan, bane, bone, abandon. 3. Bitten, beaten, beacon, begin, bin, bean. 20. Shorthand Lesson XXIII. 1. Inactive. 2. Grief, grave, grove, grieve, sportive, serve, mastiff, reprieve, reproof, prophecy, prophesy, prefers, bluff, bravery. 15. Shorthand Lesson XXIV. 2. Preparation, production, prediction, perfection, profession, prevention, provision, perception, prescription, promotion, permission, abolition, education. 13. Shorthand Lesson XXVIII. 1. Finder, flatter, falter, flatterer. 2. Fretter, fritter, comforter, for there, for their, voter, voters, vaunt- <>r, vindicator, fender, offender, founder, confounder, flutter, floater, fleeter, flutterer. 3. Filter. 22, Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Precedent, going before ; precedent, what has gone be- fore as an authoritative example. " The world or any part thereof, could not be to the creation of man." HALE. " Examples for cases can but direct as only." HOOKER. Commercial Term. Assay Chemically testing and analyzing pieces of metal, minerals, etc., to determine their purity and ascertain the per- centage of foreign matter. Assaying forms a very essential part of com- merce, as two pieces of mineral may appear to be of the same compo- sition, but when analyzed may each be found to be composed of totally different oaatter. Typewriting Lesson XXXIII. Practice for both hands. 23211 13211 13211 12111 22111 32111 12111 12111 Daunt gaunt haunt bight fight light might night SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXIV. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Wessons XVII to AA". 1. Blotch, black, block. 2. Bloody, oblige, blockhead, bless, blaze. 3. Blue-eyed, bleach, bleak, oblique, blouse. 13. Shorthand Lesson XXIV. 1. Violation. 2. Coercion, carnation, fraction, vacation, vocation, evasion, convulsion, section, seclusion, suffo- cation. 11. Shorthand Lessons XXV to XXVII. 1. Compatible, patent, competent, pattern, packed, compact, packet, pocket, point, pond, pint, appoint. 2. Petrify, petrifaction, pasted, posted, opened, pound, pained, paint. 3. Picked. 21. Shorthand Lesson XXVIII. 1. Tamper, chanter, charter, canter, candor, kinder, granter. 2, Temper, tender, contender, contributor, adapter, janitor, gender, captor, acceptor, cumber, counter, collator, grunter, 3. Timber, tinder. 22. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Lineament, outline, feature ; liniment, liquid ointment. *' Man he seems in all his s." MILTON. ' is a species of soft ointment, somewhat thinner than an unguent but thicker than oil." WEBSTER. Plaintiff, the complainant; plaintive, mournful. " The person who commences a personal action or suit to obtain a reme- dy for an injury to his rights is called a " Y/EBSTER. " Yet the most ditty has imparted a fuller joy to its composer." LANDOR. Commercial Terms. Assets A general term for the whole of the funds, money, debts, dependencies and other property belonging to any private individual, trader or company. Assign To make over proper- ty, as by deed of assignment ; or transfer to another, by indorsement, those documents which convey a right to the money, property or goods they represent. Typewriting Lesson XXXIV. Practice for both hands. 22111 22111 12111 32111 13211 23211 23211 23211 Eight sight tight wight bough cough dough rough SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXV. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Wessons I to VIII. 2. Asperity, monotony, mental, mentally, monetary, antimony, notoriety, anterior, interior, ingenuous, reticule, rotunda, ridicule, ruminate, heretic, horridly, hurriedly. 3. Minutely, minatory. 19. Shorthand Wessons IX to XI, 1. In his own, ensign, lawsuit, last day, license, lastly, alliance, rejoice, rice, rise, recite. 2. Noisiness, uneasiness, unsoiled, uiisolve, enslave, nameless, lesson, lessen, lesser, aliens, robes, radius, redness, readiness, reckless, rays, insane, unseen, innocence, nuisance, unsold, announce, newness, lakes, less, lace, else, rose, race, raise, rusty, russet, rosette. 3. Unsealed, loudness, leaks, licks, looks, allows, lease, loose, lose, illness, allowance, ellipse, leafless, listen, loosen, looseness, loosely, loser, looser, ribs, reduce, rudeness, ours, hours. 68. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Populace, the people. (SYNONYMS: Mob, people, common- alty.) Populous, full of people. " Now swarms the , a countless throng." POPE. "Heaven, yet , retains numbers sufficient to possess her realms." MILTON. Lean, .thin ; to incline. (SYNONYMS: Slen- der, spare, meager, lank, gaunt.) Lien, a legal claim. " They delight rather to .... to their customs." SPENSER. "A .... discourse maketh a .... soul." DRYDEN. "A .... is a legal charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty." WEBSTER. Incite, to stir up ; insight, deep view. " Pontiac d the Indians to re- volt." SMITH. "Burke's to great questions won the admiration of Parliament." JOHNSON. Commercial Terms. Assignee, any person to whom an assignment is made. Assignment an absolute transfer of property or goods to another, either by deed or by endorsement. Assigns Any person or persons to wnom an assignment is made. Typewriting Lesson XXXV. Practice for both hands. 13211 13211 23211 13211 33211 32211 12211 11211 Tough young forth north worth weigh neigh thigh SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXVI. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Title, tighter, trotter, tri- ennial, daughter, auditor, drag, drama, dryness, drank, clap, clock, clam, climb, corner, 2. Telegraphy, treble, trouble, day-break, closely, globe, gleam, gloom, gloomy, traitor, eternal, debtor, drug, drum, dearness, drunk, click, cloak, claim. 3. Tutors, treater, doubter, dream, drink, clip, greedy. 41. Shorthand Lesson XXVI, 1. Prompt, bad, backed, bond, bind, combined, bland, blind, blond, brand, taught, tight, talked, tried, tired, defined, divined. 2. Promote, permit, print, parent, apparent, about, beautify, bed, abode, obeyed, bid, object, baked, befriend, absurd, bend, bent, bound, abound, belt, blend, bird, board, bared, bare-foot, tempt, tent, attend, attained, toward, treat, department, deportment, doubt, defend, deafened, disappoint, dismount, desert, desired. 3. Pyramid, bullet, beard, ticket, timid. 63. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Eruption, a breaking out ; irruption, a breaking into. (SYNONYMS: Invasion, incursion, inroad.) " All Paris was quiet to gather fresh strength for the insidious " WASHINGTON IRVING. " Lest evil tidings, with too rude hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep. MILTON. Fisher, one who fishes ; fissure, a cleft or crack. "Three s went sailing out into the West." KINGSLEY. '-These perpendicular s in the earth are among the wonders of crea- tion." GOLDSMITH. Gallant, brave, noble; gallant, polite to ladies. "A officer." WEBSTER. "He was brave in war and in peace." EMKROON. Commercial Term. Assurance Vide "Insurance," which has the same meaning, though many life insurance companies prefer to use the former term. Typewriting Lesson XXXVI Practice for both hands. 13312 13212 12212 23312 23212 12312 21312 21212 Blank blink brink clank clink crank drank drink SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXVII. Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Flock, oversee, lodger, re- plies, wrapper, robber, rider, hatter. 2. Vigor, thirty, umbrella, un- truly, knuckle, nickle, enclose, increase, honorable, honorably, energy, labor, liberal, liberally, flake, ledger, lecture, loafer, lovable, lover, re- press, replace, reproof, reprove, rubber. 3. Throughout, neutral, liver, livery, reaper, reader, ruder. 40. Shorthand Lesson XXII, 1. Combine, brighten, broaden, bur- den, barn, born, barren, baron, join, cotton, carbon, guardian, finery, overgrown, than, thine, satin. 2. Button, obtain, beckon, bacon, bun, bone, burn, borne, turban, destine, domain, cabin, clean, colon, curtain y crown, currency, grain, groan, grown, grin, green, festoon, flown, vio- lin, villain, evergreen, threaten, thirteen, thrown, then, superhuman, Satan, stolen, strain. 3. Bitten, beaten, beacon, bin, boon, bean, Britain, Briton, kitten, cartoon. 62. Shorthand Lesson XXIII. 1. Dive, divide, define, divine, ad- vance, drive, calf, cough, raff, rife, active, scarf. 2. Telegraph, de- prive, deaf, dove, devote, deafen, defence, drove, cave, cuff, clove, cliff, starve, reprieve, reproof, reprove, wave, wove, huff, refer, referee, rough, mastiff, toughen, travel, connective, sportive, motive, serf, serve, surf. 3. Defeat, weave, hoof, heave, reef, roof. 49. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Precede, to go before, in place, or order of time ; pro- ceed, to go forward. " From my loins thou shalt " MILTON. " He who s on any other principles in his inquiry into any science posts himself in a party.'' LOCKE. "It is usual to hostilities by a public declaration." KENT. Commercial Term. At Sight A term used upon bills of exchange when they are payable on demand. Such bills do not require accepting. Typewriting Lesson XXXVII. Practice for both hands. 13312 12312 32312 31312 21312 23212 12212 31312 Flank frank plank prank shank slink trunk above SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXVIII. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons IX to XI. 1. Mightiness, reside, resign, aris- ing, rising. 2. Restore, recess, resume, arisen, racers, resource, recital, rustily, armless, rayless, harmonies, harmonize, harmonious, raisin, erasing, racing, raising, ceremony, ceremonious, soreness, surly, sorely, showiness, shoreless, emptiness. 3. Sourness, serial, showerless, re- lease, realized. 35. Shorthand Lesson XXII. 1. Madden, man, inactive, line, lawn, lion, rotten, origin, rejoin, recoin, horn. 2. Sexton, semi-tone, assign, sunshine, slain, sullen, sirloin, swollen, shaken, maiden, machine, men, mean, main, mane, moan, moon, moonshine, eleven, loan, lone, lane, lain, linen, lineal, learn, urban, urbane, retain, reckon, regain, organ, remain, Roman, renown. 3. Seedsman, sixteen, smitten, seaman, sea-worn, cerulean, uneaten, untune, lean, loon, routine. 57. Shorthand Lesson XXIV. 2. Consumption, consultation, salva- tion, imitation, machination, mechanician, emigration, immigration, in- attention, communication, nation, notion, numeration, enumeration, liberation, reaction, erection, revelation, revulsion, ration, oration, rational, irrational. 3. Illusion, revolution. 25. Shorthand Lesson XXVI. 1. Delight, dried, dragged, draft, draught, jacket, jointed, occupied, capital, capitol, accepted, expand, accident, called, carat, accurate. 2. Admit, dealt, daylight, adult, dread, drugged, drift, chestnut, adjourned, kept, couplet, cupboard, ex- cepted, expended, account, country, conclude, cold, killed, cooled. 3. Drilled, keyboard. 38. Commercial Terms. Bail To give security for the reappearance of n person released from custody. Bail Jiond A document signed by one person as a security for the reappearance of another at a stated time. Typewriting Lesson XXXVIII. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The door to success is labelled ' Push." 'Tis education forms the common mind; as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XXXIX. "NY rite the words in shorthand in the position indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lesson XXVI, 1. Accords, accordance, cornet, godly, congratulate, granite, fl.it, flight, fault, flashed, fright, sighted, stand, soft, salt, slight, slant, silent, sort, concert, might, met, omit, madam, mind, almond, mild, lightly, laughed, hard, hired. 2. Critical, current, greatly, greater, grater, favorite, famed, phonetical, effort, comfort, fort, framed, evidence, event, convent, vertical, third, thread, threat, throat, speculate, estimate, courts, goodly, goodwill, float, afloat, fleet, felt, flushed, fret, freight, fruit, seated, suited, conceited, stained, stunned, modify, invade, replied, rippled, worked, erect, record, recreate, regu- late, resort, sift, slate, salute, consult, mate, meet, meat, amount, meant, mend, amend, mailed, little, lately, left, heard, herd. 3. Lift. 97. Shorthand Lesson XXVIII, 1. Smatter, siniter, matter, mitre, inaterial-ly, maunder, minder, meander, neither, nitre, knotter, com- mander, enacter. 2. Scimitar, smoother, smother, sumpter, centre, consenter, senator, sender, sunder, sounder, psalter, slaughter, slighter, slater, slitter, consulter. conciliator, saluter, assaulter, slander, slender, cylinder, Icelander, sorter, assorter, servitor, conservatoi-, shatter, shut- ter, shooter, shouter, imparter, importer, embroider, immaterial-ly, melter, milter, moulder, emulator, murder, annotator, commentator, unother, 'enter, neater, neuter, comnientor, commender, nectar, com- municator, inviter, innovator. 65. Verbal Distinctions. Note the difference in spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Ingenious, skillful or prompt to invent; ingenuous, free from deception. (SYNONYMS: Open, unreserved, artless, plain, sincere, candid, fair, noble, generous.) " He in an author as well as an mechanic.'' SIR "NY. TEMPLE. ' If an detestation of false- hood be carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuine method to obviate dishonesty." LOCKE. Typewriting Lesson XXXIX. Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. Frowsy quacks jump, vex and blight. Abstemious. Facetious. SPELLING EXERCISES AND SHORTHAND PRACTICE. LESSON XL. "Write the words in shorthand in the positions indicated by the fig- ures. Insert all the vowels that are sounded. Shorthand Lessons I to VIII. 1. Abominate, monitory. 2. Bur- nish, tactic, pathetic, territory, tardily, tornado, admonish, diminish, coquetry, cantata, guarantee, factory, victory. 3. Torpedo. 16. Shorthand Lesson IX to XI. 1. Sank, soil, sly. 2. Sunset, sin- cere, sincerely, snail, sunless, sinless, snare, snore, scenery, sunrise, sunk, sink, soul, sole, sail, sale. 3. Sneer, senior, seal, ceil, slew, silly. 26. Shorthand Lessons XVII to XX. 1. Bother, blot, blight. 2. Able, blow, bather, belabor, bloat. 3. Blew, blue, bleat. Shorthand Lesson XXII. 1. Plan, pollen, prance, purloin, bob- bin. 2. Plain, plane, complain, pardons, prudence, precedence, prone, apron. 3. Puritan, prune, prince, appearance, baboon, 18. Shorthand Lesson XXIV. 2. Declension, definition, discussion, edition, addition, condition, donation, duration, exception, explosion, expression, expiration, exemption, occasion, connection, occasional, occa- sionally, auctioneer, collection. 19. Shorthand Lesson XX VII L 1. Stockholder, stamper, starter, scalder. 2. Violator, converter, supporter, conspirator, conspirer, superior, stakeholder, stumper, constructor, sculptor, scolder, softer, sifter, sister, take in, 3. Constrictor. 19. Commercial Terms. Tonnage, weight of a ship's load; capacity of a vessel. Wharfage, money paid for the use of a wharf or dock. Tender, to offer for acceptance. Legal tender is such money as the law prescribes shall pass current. Profit and Loss A commercial term used to express a gain or loss in business transactions. Typewriting Lesson XL. It is never too late to learn. Tour favor of recent date is at hand. Hoping to hear from you soon, we are. Deserve success if you expect to attain it. A man diligent in business shall stand before kings. The idle man's brain is the devil's workshop. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. NOV 211961 Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Z56 H77s A 000 571 265 8 * r l )AtUS, TEXAS