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 THE MILITARY HISTOKY 
 
 OP 
 
 THE MADRAS ENGINEERS 
 AND PIONEERS, 
 
 FROM 1743 UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 MAJOR H. M. VIBART, 
 
 ROYAL (late madras) EXGINEKRS. 
 
 IW TWO VOLUMES. 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: 
 W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE. S.W. 
 
 PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE. 
 
 1881. 
 
 (All Bights Reserved.)
 
 LONU'iK : 
 rRINTFl) HT W. H. ALI.rN A^'ll CO , 13, WATKKl.OO PLArt.
 
 stack 
 Annex 
 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Re/viai^ihg Officers 
 
 OF THE 
 
 8lb &rps 0f Sjjirrsrs M^teieier^
 
 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 Having obtained, some years ago, a tolerably accurate 
 list of officers who had served in the Corps of Madras 
 Engineers, I was urged by some friends to undertake 
 the compilation of the Military History of the Corps 
 from its commencement up to the present time. At 
 first I was unwilling to attempt this, but the frequent 
 persuasions of a friend, added to the deep interest I 
 have always taken in the Corps, together with the 
 feeling that, perhaps, if I did not take the matter up, 
 nothing would be done, at last overcame my hesita- 
 tion, and I commenced some six years ago to collect 
 information. 
 
 I know well that there are many officers in the Corps 
 who could have done greater justice to the subject, but 
 I trust that my shortcomings will be overlooked by my 
 friends, when they consider that at least I have done 
 my best. 
 
 Although a great deal of the book must necessarily, 
 I think, be dry, still I hope I have obtained information
 
 71 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 regarding the Corps not previously generally known, 
 which will prove of interest. 
 
 I have endeavoured to trace the services of the 
 Madras Engineers, Pioneers, and Sappers, from their 
 origin, and, in my accounts of the various campaigns in 
 which they have been engaged, I have done my utmost 
 to ascertain the manner in which those Corps have 
 contributed to their success. I have made use, when- 
 ever practicable, of letters and reports ot engineers 
 themselves, and I have availed myself largely of various 
 military works published by officers of the Corps. 
 
 The compilation is jsl record of the gradual develop- 
 ment of the Corps, with accounts of all the campaigns 
 in which they have been engaged, with a view to bring- 
 prominently to notice the works done by those Corps. 
 I have largely consulted the Madras Government 
 Records, as well as many works published many years 
 ago, and not readily obtainable. 
 
 I have to thank the Madras Government and the 
 Military Authorities at Fort St. George for the freest 
 access to their records. Without this, I could have 
 done nothing as regards the earlier history of the Corps. 
 Several of my brother officers have assisted me with 
 information regarding the later campaigns, and I am 
 greatly indebted to them for aid so freely rendered. 
 
 I must not forget to add that owing to the kindness 
 of Brigadier- General O'Connell, Quartermaster- General 
 of the Madras Army, I was enabled to make use of 
 any of the numerous plans in his office, careful lists of
 
 INTRODUCTION. Til 
 
 which have been prepared under the able direction of 
 Major Kenny Herbert, Assistant Quartermaster- General. 
 I need say nothing further, but conclude with the 
 hope that my compilation will not be harshly criticised 
 by my friends. 
 
 H. M. V. 
 
 Corwen, 2Sth October 1881.
 
 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 
 
 Eecords of Madras Government. 
 
 Orme's Hindostan. 
 
 Hamilton's Gazetteer. 
 
 Wilks' Mysore. ^ 
 
 Munro's Coromandel War, 1784. 
 
 Broome's Eise and Progress of Bengal Army. 
 
 East India Military Calendar. 
 
 Fullarton's Narrative of Operations of Southern Army, 1788. 
 
 Mackenzie's Sketch of War with Tippoo. 
 
 Dirom's Narrative of Campaign, 1792. 
 
 Life of Baird, by Hook. 
 
 Life of Lord Harris, by Lushington. 
 
 Beatson's War with Tippoo, 1800. 
 
 Wilson's Expedition to Egypt. 
 
 Thorn's Memoirs of War, 1803-1806. 
 
 Wellington's Indian Despatches. 
 
 Blakiston's Memoirs. 
 
 Thorn's War in Java. 
 
 Blacker's Mahratta War. 
 
 Lake's Sieges of Madras Army. 
 
 Summary of Mahratta and Pindaree Campaign. 
 
 Prinsep's History of Political and Military Transactions in 
 
 India, 1813-1823. 
 Historical Eecord of " Queen's Own " Madras Sappers and 
 
 Miners, by Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson. 
 Dodwell and Miles' Army Lists. 
 Military Eeminiscences, by Colonel James Welsh, Madras 
 
 Establishment. 
 Diary of Ensign Eowley, Madras Engineers, 1799. 
 History of Persia, by Markham. 
 History of Travancore, by a Native of Travancore. 
 Malleson's Native States of India. 
 Malleson's Monograph on Seringapatam. 
 Yonge's History of British Navy.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 State of the Carnatic in the last century. — Capture of Madras by the French. — 
 Siege of Fort St. David raised. — Mr. G. Jones' report on fort. — Siege of 
 Pondicherry. — Capture of Ariancopang. — Siege of Pondicherry raised. — 
 Peace between England and France. — Captain Delavaux retires from the 
 service. — Devicottah captured. — Terms of evacuation of Fort St. George by 
 the French. — Benjamin Robins. — His assistants. — Thomas Heath. — Philip 
 Glass. — Death of Robins. — Surrender of Covelong. — Colonel Scott appointed 
 Engineer-General. — Two companies formed. — Death of Colonel Scott. — 
 Capture of Calcutta by Suraja Dowlah. — Clive sends to Madras for an 
 engineer. — Brohier goes to Calcutta. — Call, Chief Engineer at Madras. — The 
 Council asks Call's advice regarding defence of Madras . . . p. 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Siege of Fort St. David. — Its capture by the French. — Lally fails at Tanjore. — 
 Siege of Madras. — Formation of European and Xative Pioneers. — Preston 
 marches to Arcot. — Engineers granted commissions. — Siege of Madras 
 raised. — Colonel Lawrence takes Poonamallee and Tripassare. — He marches 
 towards Conjoveram. — Brereton takes command. — Lawrence and Draper 
 return to England. — Capture of Conjeveram. — Brereton attacks Wandewash. 
 — Repulse of the EngUsh. — Coote takes command. — Capture of Wandewash. 
 — Carangooly taken. — Defects of Wandewash. — Improvements of Fort St. 
 George. — French attack Wandewash. — Coote defeats the French. — Death of 
 Brereton. — Coote takes Chettipet. — Wood invests Arcot. — Capture of Arcot. 
 — Coote attacks Waldour. — Siege of Karical by Monson. — Party of Pioneers 
 take Chillumbram. — •Verdachellum surrendered. — Coote takes YiUenoure 
 and Waldour — Coote superseded by Monson. — Monson wounded. — Coote
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 re-assTunes the command. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Great storm at Pondi- 
 cherry. — St. Thomas' redoubt captured. — French capitulate. — Sufferings of 
 French. — Ginjee invested. — Thiagar blockaded. — Pondicherry destroyed. — 
 Mahe capitulates. — Ginjee taken. — The French lose every place in India. — 
 Coote goes to Bengal . . . . . . . . . . p. 24 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Siege of Vellore. — Pioneer company raised under Captain Bonjour. — Expedition 
 against Manilla. — Captain Stevenson. — Murder of Lieutenant Fryer. — Cap- 
 ture of Manilla. — Passes leading into the Carnatic . . . . p. 57 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 Siege of Madura. — Lawrence's proclamation. — Tanjore Rajah agrees to co- 
 operate. — Council of war. — Siege raised. — Preston left in command. — 
 Charles Campbell appointed to command the army. — French officer offers 
 to desert. — Rebels completely invested. — Preston marches towards Palam- 
 cottah. — Siege undertaken in earnest. — Hamilton of the Engineers killed. — 
 Assault made. — Preston badly svounded. — Pioneers from Manilla arrive in 
 camp. — Engineers at the siege. — Madura taken. — Palamcottah taken. — 
 Survey of passage between Ceylon and mainland. — Death of Stevenson. — 
 Madras Government entertain fears of Hyder Ah. — Survey of the passes. — 
 Caillaud's treaty with Nizam Ali. — Colonel Joseph Smith aiTives in India. — 
 Colonel Wood commands in Carnatic. — Call inspects forts and passes. — 
 Bonjour takes Vaniembaddy. — Nizam moves towards Bangalore and Colonel 
 Smith marches to join him. — Nizam Ah commences hostilities against us. — 
 Colonel Smith takes command in the Baramahl. — Battle of Changama. — 
 Battle of Trinomally .^Confederates defeated. — Hyder moves to Amboor. 
 — Relief of Amboor. — Hyder attacks a convoy, and is repulsed. — Nizam 
 treats with Smith. — Ignominious peace with the Nizam. — Hyder goes to 
 ■west coast p. 74 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Black Town fortified. — Ai"my sent against Tanjore. — Capture of Vellum,— 
 Vellum occupied. — Siege of Tanjore. — Engineers suft'er heavily. — Montresor 
 womided. — Colonel Ross wounded. — Dispute as to right of engineers to take 
 rank in the army. — Force sent to reduce Ramnad. — Ramnad stormed. — 
 The Poligar killed. — Montresor appointed to the infantry. — Campbell killed
 
 CONTENTS. XI 
 
 — Montresor dies. — Tanjore assaulted and captured. — Xa?ore taken. — 
 Survey of Northern Circars. — Corps of Guides raised. — Dispute about rank 
 of engineers. — Artillery located at St. Thomas' Mount. — Chief Engineer 
 complains against Captain Dugood. — Bound hedge for Madi-as — Memorial 
 of Engineers to Commander-in-Chief. — Tanjore restoi-ed to the Raja. — Paul 
 Benfield. — Lieutenant Robert Schoular appointed surveyor. — Vellum 
 destroyed. — Complaint of Chief Engineer. — Lieut. -Colonel Cosby commands 
 a force against Rajah of Carvetnuggur. — War with France. — Siege of Pondi- 
 cherry. — Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed. — Pondi cherry delivered up, 
 19th October 1778. — Captain Maule remarks on Major Stevens. — Siege of 
 Mahe. — Mahe captured. — Forts destroyed. — Geils distinguished at Pondi- 
 cherry. — Sea-face of Fort St. George. — Full batta . . . • ?• HO 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 Banks and Bonneveaux taken prisoners by the Mahrattas. — Movements of the 
 Enghsh fleet under Rodney in 1780. — Combined French and Spanish fleets. 
 — Rodney reinforced, but combined fleets had left for Europe. — Simon 
 Stewart and Mr. W. Rylands, of Engineers, made prisoners. — Colonel Baillie. 
 — Corps of Engineers in 1780. — Hyder AH descends into the Camatic. — 
 BaiUie's defeat. — Munro retreat.s to Marmelong . . . • P- 140 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Sir Eyre Coote's campaign. — Battle of Porto Novo. — Battle of Polilore. 
 — Coote's Despatch. — Battle of Sholinghur. — Hyder attacks our advance 
 force at Yeracundalore. — Vellore relieved. — Chittor captured. — Southern 
 campaign.- — Braithwaite attempts Patacottah. — He is wounded. — Nixon 
 takes command. — Siege of Negapatam. — Negapatam capitulates. — Sir 
 E. Hughes goes to Trincomalee. — Capture of Trincomalee. — Vellore 
 relieved. — Hyder lays a snare for us. — Defeat of Braithwaite. — Cudda- 
 lore capitulates p. 152 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. 
 
 Expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. — Suffrein proceeds to India. 
 — Captain Byres made prisoner in the Hannibal. — Admiral Hughes at 
 Madras. — Naval action off Sadras. — Byres writes to Coote regarding 
 exchange.- He appeals to the Governor. — Coote's army. — Naval battle at 
 Battacolo. — Rosa rejoins as Chief Engineer. — Coote's campaign. — Battle 
 of Aruee. — Oui- Grand Guard cut to pieces. — Naval action near Nega-
 
 Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 patam. — Reinforcement for Trincomalee. — Suffrein attacks Trincomalee, 
 which capitulates. — Court-martial thereon. — Banks honourably 
 acquitted. — Naval action near Trincomalee.— Peace with Mahrattas 
 and negotiations with Hyder. — Vellore relieved. — Colonel Lang sent to 
 command Southern Army. — Expedition against Cuddalore. — Coote 
 taken ill. — Expedition abandoned. — Tippoo defeated at Ponnany and 
 wounded. — Expedition to destroy Wandiwash and Carangooly. — Nega- 
 patam destroyed. — Movements from Bombay. — Force under Colonel 
 Lang. — Siege of Caroor. — Aravacoorchy captured. — Taking of Dindigul. 
 — Colonel FuUarton takes command of the Southern Army. — Death of 
 Coote. — Darapooram captured. — Stuart takes up position before Cudda- 
 lore. — Assault on enemy's works. — General Stuart's after-orders. — 
 Council of War. — Naval engagement between Suffrein and Hughes. — 
 Governor complains of Stuart's dilatoriness. — General Stuart resigns 
 command of Company's troops. — General Stuart arrested by the 
 Governor. — Arrest of General Burgoyne. — General Stuart sent prisoner 
 to England. — Armies march to winter quarters. — Pandalumcoorchy 
 attacked. — Assault repulsed, and the place abandoned. — "Comby" 
 taken possession of. — Eullarton resolves to take Palghaut. — Pettah 
 occupied. — • Palghaut captured. — Coimbatore surrenders. — Colonel 
 Campbell surrenders Mangalore. — Losses of Engineers . p. 170 
 
 CHAPTEK IX. 
 
 Tippoo attacks Travancore. — Proposed Corps of Guides. — Colonel Stuart sent to 
 Dindigul. — Assault fails, but place surrendered. — Kelly's plan for capture 
 of Bangalore. — Siege of Palghaut. — Surrender of Darapoonim. — Lord Corn- 
 wallis lands at Madras. — British before Bangalore. — Bangalore Fort cap- 
 tured. — Battle of Arrikera. — ComwalUs moves on Caniambaddy. — Bombay 
 Army retires to the Coast. — Cornwallis sets out for Bangalore. — Army 
 returns to Bangalore. — Siege of Ryacottah. — Gowdie advances to Nundy. — 
 Siege of Nundidroog. — Colonel Ross reconnoitres Savandroog. — Savandroog 
 captured. — Surrender of Ramgherry and Shivagherry. — Tippoo's Lines. — 
 Assault of Tippoo's Lines. — Seringapatam Island. — Attack made by Tippoo's 
 Cavalry. — Bombay Anny crosses the Cauvery. — General Orders regarding 
 operations of Engineers. — Action on night of 21st. — Two of Tippoo's sons 
 enter camp as hostages. — Tippoo signs articles of peace. — Colonel Maxwell 
 sent against the Pohgar of Shevagherry p. 213 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 France declares War against England and Holland. — Colonel Braithwaite takes 
 command of army before Pondicherry. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Maule killed, 
 and Captain Trapaud becomes Chief Engineer at Siege. — Pondicherry sur-
 
 CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 renders. — Pioneers level the batteries. 4-c. — Mr. Topping and Captain George 
 Johnstone. — Expedition against Malacca. — Amboyna, Bauda Xeira, and 
 other spice islands taken. — Capture of Columbo. — Proposed siege of Manilla. 
 — Colin ^Mackenzie reconimended for Surveyor-General. — Mackenzie joins 
 Colonel Roberts' detachment near Hydrabad. — Major-General Ross brings 
 to notice inadequate strength of the Engineer Corps. — Employment of 
 Pioneers previous to campaign against Tippoo. — Constitution of the Corps 
 of Engineers at Madras. — A corps of Militia embodied in Madras, December 
 1798 p. 274 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Campaign of 1799. — Plan of the Campaign. — Hostilities commenced, 5th March 
 1799. — Routes to Seringapatam. — Rowley and Garrard join Nizam's con- 
 tingent. — Tippoo's attack on the Bombay Army at Sedaseer. — Tippoo moves 
 to meet General Harris. — Action at Malavelly. — Army crosses Cauvery at 
 Sosilla, just about the junction of the Cubbany River. — A line of posts from 
 the river to Sultanpettah secured. — Floyd marches towards Periapatam. — 
 Bombay Army arrives, and crosses the river. — General Floyd marches 
 towards Cauverypooram. — At Mysore Ensign Rowley examines the fort. — 
 Enemy advances to secure village on northern side of river, where it was 
 proposed to establish an enfilading battery. — Attack on enemy's intrench- 
 ments at old powder-mill. — Attack on the outposts of the Bombay Army. — 
 Enemy's intrenchments behind the water-course which runs to Periapatum 
 Bridge attacked — Norris and Farquhar crossed the greater part of the 
 river on 29th April. — Scarcity of provisions. — Lieutenant Lalor finds the 
 river fordable. — Breach practicable. — Storming party. — Colours planted on 
 summit of breach. — Tippoo killed. — Our loss. — Survey of position of army 
 before Seringapatam.— Dispute between Wellesley and Captain Norris. — 
 Captain Bong's case. — G. 0. G. regarding Seringapatam medal . p. 290 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Wustara. — Arrakerry, stronghold of the Rajah of Bellum. — Chitteldroog. — 
 Dhoondiah Waug. — Blair and Garrard ordered to survey Forts on northern 
 frontier of Mysore. — Dhoondiah. — Koondgul stormed. — Dummul stormed. — 
 Dhoondiah encamps near Soondooty. — Wellesley surprises Dhoondiah at 
 Manowly, and captures his baggage. — Wellesley moves to Kittoor. — Detach- 
 ment sent against Pychy Raja in Wynaad and Malabar. — Poligar War. — 
 Repulsed from Pundalumcoorchy with heavy loss. — Pioneers attacked by 
 the enemy. — Pioneers exposed without arms or any protection. — Heitland, 
 of Pioneers, wounded. — Force reaches Sherewele. — Calliacoil Pagoda. —
 
 XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 Attempt to reach Calliacoil from Sherewele side abandoned. — A new chiof 
 set up in place of tlie Murdoos. — Fresh attempt on Calliacoil. — Thanks of 
 Government. — Wellesley marches against Rajah of Bullum . . p. 332 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Expedition to Egypt. — Expeditions at the Spice islands. — Changes in the Corps 
 from 1799 to 180.3. — Engineer Corps after the capture of Seringapatam. — 
 Major-General Ross recommends an increase to the Corps of Engineers. — 
 Proposed Establishment. — Distribution of Corps. — Major-General Ross 
 reports on Fort of Seringapatam. — Approval of Colonel Gent's services. — 
 Engineer Corps on 1st January 180.3. — Expedition into kingdom of Candy, 
 in Ceylon. — Increase of the Corps of Pioneers, January 1803 . . p. 354 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Causes of the Mahratta War in 1803. — Ensign Rowley dies. — Pettah of Ah- 
 modnugger taken by escalade. — Fort of Ahmednugger captured. — Colonel 
 Stevenson takes Jaulna. — Battle of Assaye. — Colonel Maxwell killed. — Loss 
 of the Pioneers. — Battle of Argaum. — Siege of Gawilghur. — Assault of 
 Gawilgluir. — Scarcity of forage. — Anecdote of siege of Ahmednugger. — 
 Blakiston slightly wounded at Assaye. — Captured standards made use of by 
 Pioneers in a comical way. — Mode of attack of 19th Dragoons at the battle 
 of Argaum. — Remarks on the work of Captain Johnson and the Pioneers. — 
 Blakiston suffers from dysentery.- — Remarks of Captain Johnson on the 
 siege. — Expedition against Cuttack.- — Four stands of colours captured by 
 the troops. — Hostilities with Jeswunt Row Holkar. — Chandore surrenders. — 
 The strong fortress of Dhoorp included in the capitulation of Chandore. — 
 Employment of Pioneers in 1805. — Government make provision for families 
 of natives killed in action. — Pioneers in Wynaad. — Pioneers in Poloor 
 Pollums. — Pioneers at Chittoor. — Court of Directors appoint cadets to 
 Artillery and Engineers. — Lieutenant Blakiston in Wynaad. — Full batta 
 granted to Pioneers. — Captains commanding to draw batta of Majors. — A 
 company of IMadras Pioneers serve with Poona Subsidiary Force till April 
 1806 . p. 372 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The miitiny at Vellore. — Colonel Gillespie's report. — Gillespie thanks Blakiston. 
 Principal conspirators executed. — Blakiston posted to Bangalore. — Captain 
 George Johnstone. — Engineer Corps in 1 809. — Pier proposed at Madras. —
 
 CONTENTS. XV 
 
 Attack on the Resident of Travancore. — Ficfhting at Quilon. — Troops ordered 
 to TraTancore. — Battle of Quilon. — Capture of Arambooly lines. — Artny 
 marches for the interior. — Action near Xagracoile. — Army reaches Trevan- 
 dnim. — Chalmers defeats enemy at Kilhanore. — The Devran commits 
 suicide, and his brother and friends are hanged. — Occupation of the Mauritius 
 resolved on. — Capture of St. Paul's, Bourbon. — St. Paul's abandoned. — 
 Attack on Bourbon. — Reinforcements amve at Rodrigues.— Capture of 
 Bourbon. — Attack on the Isle of Passe. — Capture of the Isle of Passe. — 
 Defences entrusted to Davies. — Davies wounded at Grand Port. — The French 
 capture Windham and Ceylon, East-Indiamen. — Astell, East Indiaman, 
 escapes. — French make their way into Grand Port — Windham recaptured 
 by boats from Sirius. — Captains Pym and ^Yilloughby attack the French 
 ships in the harbour. — Captain Willoughby dreadfully woimded.. — Garrison 
 at Isle of Passe compelled to surrender. — Lieutenant Davies taken prisoner. 
 — Bourbon blockaded. — Blakiston and C. E. Trapaud at Bourbon. — Several 
 deaths on the march from extreme heat. — Surrender of Mauritius , p. 401 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Force in the field to protect Nagpore. — Dispute between Sir George Barlow and 
 officers of the Madras Army producing the so-called Mutiny. — Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Bell, of the Artillery. — Colonel Bell seizes treasure. — Colonel 
 Davies placed in confinement.— Colonel Bell threatens to destroy bridges 
 over the Cauvery. — Troops from Chittledroog march to Seringapatam. 
 — Conference held. — Fortress sui'rendered. — Memorial of Madras En- 
 gineers regarding promotion. — Establishment of a Battahon of Pioneers. 
 — Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia. — -Grant and Fotheringham sent 
 to Baghdad, McDonald and Monteith to Bussorah. — Grant and Fothering- 
 ham murdered. — Malcolm ^•isits Futteh Ali Shah. — Sir Gore Ouseley 
 appointed Ambassador by the Crown. — Malcolm desires to leave Persia. 
 — Anxiety of the King for retention of Malcolm. — Order of the Lion 
 and Sim instituted, and conferred on Malcolm. — Malcolm quits Tabreez. 
 — Lieutenants Christie, Ijindsay, and Monteith remain in Persia. — First 
 Engineer officers who passed through Addiscombe College. — The French 
 occupy Java. — British expedition against Java. — ilovements of the fleet. — 
 Course of the reconnoitring party. — Mackenzie recommends Chillingching 
 as the landing-place. — Position of troops after debarkation.— Tanjong Priok. 
 — Army crosses Autchol river. — Colonel Gillespie to Wetteroreden. — 
 Extracts from Colonel Gillespie's despatch. — Siege of Cornells. — Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Clarges mortally wounded. — The several columns of attack. — 
 Gillespie captures the advanced redoubt, and crosses the bridge. — Arrival of 
 Colonel Gibbs. — Movements of remaining columns. — Colonel McLeod killed. 
 — Wood's column. — Column imder Major Yule. — Total defeat of the enemy. 
 — Our losses. — General Janssens flies to Buitzenzong. — Extract fi'om Lord
 
 XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 Miuto's letter to Secretary of State. — Cheribon surienders, and Genornl 
 Jumel taken prisoner. — Janssens surrenders the island. — Fort Ludowyck 
 surrenders. — Sir S. Auchmuty sets sail for Batavia, en route for Madras. — 
 Hostilities with the Sultan of Mataram, and capture of Djoejocarta. — 
 Subsequent operations of the British forces. — Expedition against Djoejocarta. 
 — Sultan demands our surrender. — The Sultan surrenders. — Gillespie 
 ■wounded. — IMackenzie ordered to remain in Java by the Commander-in- 
 Chief. — Field force under Colonel Dowse in South Mahratta country. — Four 
 sappers detained in Java to assist in forming a colonial corps. — Field force 
 at Gooty under Major-General Taylor. — Establishment of European officers 
 of Pioneers revised. — Adjutants appointed to each battahon of Pioneers. — 
 Detachment of Madras Pioneers ordered to Ceylon. — Pioneers employed 
 with Hydrabad subsidiary force under Colonel Doveton. — Force assembled 
 at Gooty for service against Kurnool. — Casualties in Corps of Engineers 
 from December 1810 to December 1816. — Pay of Acting Chief Engineer. — 
 Additions to the Corps. — Major Farquhar at Malacca. — Lieutenant Monteith 
 in Persia.- Lieutenant-General Trapaud's memorial regarding oflBcers of 
 Engineers' exclusion from Staff employ . . ... p. 441 
 
 CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 Mahratta War. — Rajah of Nagpore intrigues. — Holkar commences hostilities. — 
 Holkar and Scindiah make treaties with the British Government. — Pindar- 
 ries. — The Peishwa. — The Nagpore Government. — Holkar a young minor. — 
 Intrigues at Peishwa's Court previous to 1815. — Trimbuckjee confined to 
 Tannah, but escapes. — Alliance proposed to the Peishwa. — Hydrabad. — 
 Appa Sahib's alliance with British Government. — Pindarries enter the 
 Madras territory. — Divisions in the field. — Lord Hastings reaches Cawnpore. 
 — Sir T. Hislop leaves Secunderabad. — Doveton leaves Jauhia. — 4th 
 Division in rear of Unkye Tankye pass. — The Governor-General takes the 
 field. — Treaty with Scindiah. — Sir T. Hislop arrives at Hurdah. — 2nd 
 Division of the Grand Army intended to undertake Siege of Asseerghur. — 
 The 4th Division to advance to the Nerbudda. — Fifth Division assembled at 
 Hoosingabad. — 3rd or Left Division of the Grand Army. — Force under 
 Brigadier Hardyman. — Brigadier Toone's Division terminated line to the 
 left. — Reserve Division under Ouchterlony. — Guzerat Division. — Deccan 
 Reserve under Munro. — The Peishwa solicits the reduction of Soondoor. — 
 Chain of posts formed along the frontier. — 4th Division returns to Poena. — 
 Movements of General Doveton. — Bajee Row attacks the Residency at 
 Poena. — Colonel Burr defeats the Peishwa. — 4th Division reaches Kirkee. — 
 Pioneers improve the ford. — Peishwa retreats. — The Pindarries. — Position 
 of the Pindarries. — Pindarrie forces. — Battle of Seetabuldee. — Troops poured 
 into Nagpore. — Ensign Jenkins dies. — Movements against the Pindarries. — 
 Operations against army of Holkar. — Battle of Mehidpore. — Bombay Army. —
 
 CONTENTS. Xvii 
 
 Guzerat Division. — Movements of the Grand Army. — Operations confined to 
 Mewar. — Battle of Nagpore. — Attack of Nagpore city. — Storming party. — 
 Attack on breach fails. — Davies severely wounded. — Extract from General 
 Doveton's letter. — Further operations against the Pindarries. — Pindarrles 
 attempt to regain Malwa. — Completely dispersed at Kotrah on the Kalle 
 Sindh. — Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed's forces annihilated. — Cheetoo's 
 forces dispersed. — Cheetoo killed in the jungle by a tiger. — 2nd Division 
 proceeds from Xagpore to the west. — Holkar's possessions in Khandeish 
 ceded to the Enghsh. — Operations of 4th Division and the Reserve. — 
 Detachment under Captain Staunton repulses the Peishwa's Army at Kory- 
 gaum. — Flight of Bajee Row continued.— General Pritzler pursues Bajee 
 Row. — Cavalry action at Ashtee. — Gokla killed. — Siege of Singhur. — 
 Singhur capitulates. — Pritzler takes a number of forts. — Munro takes 
 Badami. — Siege of Belgaum — Munro effects junction with Pritzler. — Siege 
 of Sholapore. — The Fort of Sholapore reconnoitred. — Grant reconnoitres the 
 rampart and ditch. — Sholapore surrenders. — Forces in Hindustan. — Saugor 
 surrenders. — Lieutenant Remon, Bombay Engineers, wounded. — Dhamonee 
 surrenders. — Mundla stormed.— Army of the Deccan.- — 1st Division of 
 Deccan Army marches to the south. — Sir T. Hislop at Talneir. — Killadar 
 surrenders. — Arabs attack our party. — Killadar hanged. — Doveton at 
 Ootran ordered to Bal. — Holkar's possessions quickly occupied. — Hislop 
 hears of Bajee Row. — Sir T. Hislop returns to Madras via Bombay. — Bajee 
 Row hastens towards Chanda. — Adams defeats the Peishwa near Soonee. — 
 Pursuit of Mahratta Army. — Peishwa turns north to cross the Taptee. — 
 Wusota invested by General Pritzler. — Sun-ender of Wusota. — The 2nd 
 Division employed in pursuit of the Peishwa. — Detachment under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McDowell into Khandeish. — Unkye Tunkye. — Engineer officers 
 present. — Trimbuck reconnoitred. — Ensign Lake wounded. — Trimbuck sur- 
 renders. — Engineer Department moves to Xassick. — McDowell before 
 Malligaum.— Adams before Chanda. — Situation of Chanda. — Campaign in 
 Bhonsla territory closed. — Appa Sahib confined at Xagpore. — Appa Sahib 
 escapes. — The whole of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams's force takes the field. — 
 The Peishwa crosses the Taptee. — Peishwa has a conference with Sir John 
 Malcolm. — He joins Malcolm's camp. — McDowall's force at Malligaum. — 
 Description of Malligaum. — Recommendations of Commanding Engineer, 
 Lieutenant Davies. — Sortie from Malligaum — Lieutenant Davies mortally 
 wounded. — Eulogy of Lieutenant Davies. — Conduct of siege devolves on 
 Ensign Xattes. — Arrangements for the assault. — Ensign Nattes killed in the 
 assault. — Storming party retreats to the trenches. — Pettah captured. — 
 Attack on west side abandoned. — Proposal to attack east face. — Surrender 
 of Malligaum. — Severe losses among Engineer officers. — Appa Sahib makes 
 for the Mohadeo Hills. — Adams sends reinforcements. — Arabs driven into 
 the jungles. — Appa Sahib engaged in making fresh levies. — Intrigues at 
 Nagpore. — At end of October Mohadeo Hills still hold out. — Attempt to 
 recover Chouragurh. — Colonel Adams enters the Hills. — Tribes of Goands 
 reduced. — Appa Sahib escapes from Mohadeo Hills. — Lieutenant-Colonel
 
 XVni CONTENTS. 
 
 Pollock in the Valley of the Taptee. — Captures Jilpy Amueir. — Ex-Raja of 
 Nagpoor makes his way to Asseerghur. — Troops assembled for the Siege of 
 Asseerghur. — Ordnance available for the Siege. — Description of Asseerghur. 
 Attack of Asseerghur. — Pettah taken. — Engineer Department established 
 in centre of the pettah. — Malcolm moves to north-west of the fort. — 
 Disastrous explosion. — Engineers reconnoitred east front. — Lieutenant 
 Coventry's (Commanding Engineer) report. — Doveton's Division moves for 
 attack on east front. — Engineers' Depot established at the Ram Bagh. — 
 Malighur occupied by our troops. — Saugor battering train and Bengal 
 ■ Miners arrive. — North-east angle of fort destroyed. — Killadar offers to 
 surrender with stipulations, which were rejected. — Killadar surrenders un- 
 conditionally. — Fort occupied. — Great exertions of the Artillery. — Loss of 
 garrison slight. — British losses. — Appa Sahib not found in the fort. — Appa 
 Sahib escapes and makes his way to the Punjab. — Attack of Nowa. — 
 Description of Nowa. — Shaft commenced to blow in the counterscarp. — 
 Inner fort carried. — Our losses. — Engineer Establishment. — Siege of Copal 
 Droog. — Force encamped before Copal Droog.— Description of Copal Droog. 
 — Lower fort taken possession of. — Plan of attack. — Upper fort esca- 
 laded.^Assaulting columns throughout the campaign led by Engineer 
 Oflficers. — Extract from General Pritzler's despatch. — Disturbances in 
 Sawunt Waree. — Composition of Engineer Corps up to 1829 . . p. 488 
 
 APPENDIX 1 587 
 
 APPENDIX II 590 
 
 APPENDIX III 600
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
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 Lieut. F. W. T. Attree, R.E ,. 1 
 
 Oapt. A. Awdry, R.E 1 
 
 General Sir Frederick Abbott, C.B., R.E. (retired) ... 1 
 
 Major E. Begbie, Queen's Own S. and M. ... ... 2 
 
 Col. J. Beatty, R.E. 2 
 
 Secretary Bangalore Book Society... ... ... ... 1 
 
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 F. Brandt, Esq., Madras Civil Service ... ... ... 1 
 
 Bombav Government, Military Department ... ... 2 
 
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 Lieut.-Col. T. Beckley, R.E. (retired) 1 
 
 Lieut.-Col. E. Buckle, R.E. (retired) ... ... ... 1 
 
 Major-General W. J. Birdwood, R.E. (retired) ... ... 1 
 
 Lieut A. W. Cockburn, R E 1 
 
 Capt. W. H. Coaker, R E 1 
 
 Capt D. McN. Campbell, R.E 1 
 
 Capt. F. F. Cotton, RE 1 
 
 Col. G. T. Chesney, R.E. (1 of them for Government) ... 2 
 
 xMajor S. C. Clarke, R.E 1 
 
 Col. G. C. Collyer, R.E. (retired) 1 
 
 Major W. G. Gumming, R.E 1 
 
 Col. W. Chrvstie, R E 1 
 
 Col. Sir And'rew Clarke, R.E., K.C M.G., C.B., CLE. ... 1 
 
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 Major-Gen. W. R. Dickenson, R.E (retired) 1 
 
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 H. E. G. Evans, Esq., Civil Engineer, Madras 1
 
 LIST OF SUBSCBIBEES. 
 
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 Major A. J. Filgate, R.E 1 
 
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 Major A. T. Eraser, R E 1 
 
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 Lieut -Col. H. R. Faber, R.E. (retired) 1 
 
 Major J. P. Grant, Bombay S. C 1 
 
 Lieut.-Col. C. A. Goodfellow, R.E. , V.C 1 
 
 Lieut. H. E. Goodwyn, R.E 1 
 
 yir J. D. Gordon, K.S.C I., Resident Mysore ... 5 
 
 Major A. F, Plamilton, R.E. ... 1 
 
 Capt. W. J. Heaviside, R.E. 1 
 
 Edward Hewetson, Esq., Supt. of Police, Bangalne ... 1 
 
 Lieut. R. E. Hamilton, R.E 1 
 
 Lieut. H.J. Harmau, R.E. .. ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 Lieut. 0. B. Henderson, R.E. ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 P. P. Hutchins, Esq., Madras C. S 1 
 
 Capt. G Henry, R.E 1 
 
 Lieut.-Col. J. O. Hasted, R.E 1 
 
 Bt.-Col. W. Hichens, R.E. 1 
 
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 Major-General H. VV. Hitchens, R.E. (retired) 1 
 
 Government of India ... ... ... ... ... 25 
 
 Major-General C. C. Johnston, R.E. (retired) 2 
 
 Capt J. G. Johnston, R.E. (retired) ... ... ... 2 
 
 Col. R. B. Kennedy, Madras S. C. 1 
 
 Lieut. L. Langley, R.E. ... ... ... 1 
 
 Lieut.-Col J. G. Lindsay, R.E. 1 
 
 Sir H. Atwell Lake, K.C.B., late Col. R.E 1 
 
 Lieut. H. D. Love, R.E 1 
 
 Bt.-Lieut.-Col. A. Le Mesurier, RE. ... 1 
 
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 Edgar Ludlow, Esq., Indian Forest Department ... ... 2 
 
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 Major H. R. Mead, R.E 4 
 
 Major J. R. McCullagh, R.E 1 
 
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 Coi. J. G. Medley, R.E 1
 
 LIST OF SUBSCEIBERS. 
 
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 50 
 1 
 
 Government of Madras 
 Major P. Montgomerie, R.E. 
 
 Major E. L. Marryat, R.E. 
 
 Col. J O. Mayne, R.E 
 
 Major J. L. L. Morant, R.E 
 
 John MakGill, Esq., late RE., Kemback, near Cupar ... 1 
 
 General Lord Napier of Magdala, R.E, G.C.B., G.C.S.I. 1 
 
 Col. R. F. Oakes, R E. (retired) 2 
 
 Major-General P. P. L. O'Connell, R.E. (retired) ... 1 
 
 Major R. P. Pennefather, RE 2 
 
 Col. (Brigadier-General) H. N. D Prendergast, R.E. 
 
 V.C, C.B 1 
 
 Col. H. L. Prendergast, R.E 1 
 
 Major General C. Pollard, R.E 1 
 
 Major J. Pennycuick, R.E. ... ... ... ... 1 
 
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 Government of Punjab ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
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 C. Rundall, Esq., Madras Salt Department ... ... 1 
 
 Royal Engineer Library, Madras ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 Royal Engineer Institute, Chatham ... ... ... 10 
 
 Resident, Hyderabad, Deccan ... .. ... ... 2 
 
 Lieut. J. F. Romilly, R.E 1 
 
 Lieut.-General F. H. Rundall, R.E., C.S.I 1 
 
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 Major A. C. Smith, R.E 2 
 
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 Major C. J. Smith, RE 3 
 
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 Major H. Smalley, R.E 1 
 
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 Charles Sibthorp, Esq., Madras Medical Establishment ... 1 
 
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 Lieut.-General G. W. Walker, R.E 1
 
 LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS. 
 
 To face Page. 
 Addiscombe College, Governor's House .... Frontispiece. 
 
 Plan of Fort St. George, 1733 5 
 
 Plan of Fort St. George, December 1758 40 
 
 Siege of Manilla, 1762 70 
 
 Plan of Fort St. George, 1862 127 
 
 Plan of Pondicherry, 1778, with Siege Works ...... 184 
 
 Battle of Cuddalore, 18 June 1783 190 
 
 Sketch of the Southern Countries of India traversed by the arnaies 
 
 commanded by Colonel Humberston and Colonel Fullarton, 1782-84 208 
 
 Plan of Bangalore, with the Attack of the English Army, March 1791 . 225 
 Plan of Bangalore and its Environs, with the positions of the English 
 
 and Tippoo's Armies, March 1791 225 
 
 Plan of Nundidroog, and the British Attack, October 1791 . . . 239 
 
 Plan of the Siege of Seringapatam, 8-24 February 1792 .... 268 
 
 Plan of Pondicherry, 1793, with Siege Works 276 
 
 Sketch of the Environs of Seringapatam, showing Siege Works, 1799 . 820 
 
 Sketch of the Fort of Gawilghur 384 
 
 Plan of the Fortress of Vellore . 409 
 
 Map of Reunion Island, or Bourbon 428 
 
 Map of the Mauritius 488 
 
 Sketch of the Advance of the British Army against Port Louis, 
 
 December 1810 .439 
 
 Plan of Attack on the Fortified Lines of Cornells, 26 August 1811 . 468 
 Plan of Attack on Seetabuldee, 26-27 November 1817; and on 
 
 Nagpur, 19-29 December 1817 510 
 
 Plan of Attack on Malligaum, 14 June 1818 .... 550 
 Plan of the Attack of Aeseerghur, 9 April 1819 .... 566 
 Map of Central India, with the positions of the several Divisions of 
 the British Army during the Campaign of 1817-18, for the exter- 
 mination of the Pindarries 578
 
 MILITAEY HISTOKY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS 
 
 AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 State of tho Caruatic in the last century. — Capture of Madras by the French. — 
 Siege of Fort St. David raised. — Mr. G. Jones' report on fort. — Siege of 
 Pondicherry. — Capture of Ariancopang. — Siege of Pondicherry raised. — 
 Peace between Enghind and France. — Captain Delavaus retires from the 
 service. — Devicottah captured. — Terms of evacuation of Fort St. George by 
 the French. — Benjamin Robins. — His assistants. — Thomas Heath. — Philip 
 Glass. — Death of Robins. — SuiTender of Covelong. — Colonel Scott appointed 
 Engineer-General. — Two companies formed. — Death of Colonel Scott. — 
 Capture of Calcutta by Sm-aja Dowlah. — Clive sends to Madras for an 
 engineer. — Brohier goes to Calcutta. — Call, Chief Engineer at Madras. — The 
 Council asks Call's advice regarding defence of Madras. 
 
 It was not till 1770 that the Corps of Madras Engineers was 
 organised on a strictly military basis ; but more than a quarter 
 of a century previous to that time, various engineers were 
 employed on the fortifications at Madras and Fort St. David, as 
 well as on other duties of a purely military engineering 
 character. 
 
 In 1718 the first regular establishment of engineers was 
 formed. The head of this establishment was named Chief 
 Engineer. 
 
 1
 
 2 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Up to the year 1 745 the English governors hud merely been 
 at the head of trading establislimeuts, but war having been 
 declared between France and England in 1744, and an English 
 fleet having appeared on the coast with the view of destroying 
 the French settlements, changed the course of affairs. 
 
 At this period two nawabs of the Caruatic had been assas- 
 sinated in succession After the death of the first, Subder All 
 (the brother-in-law of Chunda Sahib), Nizam-ul-Mulk, the 
 Subadar of the Deccan, proceeded to Arcot, in the beginning of 
 1743, with an immense army, and found the Carnatic at his 
 disposal. The young son of Subder Ali had just before his 
 arrival been proclaimed Nawab in his father's place. The Car- 
 natic was, however, in a state of anarchy. " Every petty 
 commandant of a fort assumed the title of Nawab, and no less 
 than eighteen of these little nawabs were introduced to the 
 Nizam in a day. He threatened to scourge the first person who 
 should in the future usurp the title, and named Anwar-u-Din 
 Nawab." He further arranged that when the boy-prince came 
 of age, he would be made Nawab ; Anwar-u-Din meantime being 
 his guardian. 
 
 In March 1744 the Nizam left the Carnatic, and three months 
 after the boy-nawab was murdered at a wedding f jast. It was 
 believed that the murder was instigated by Anwar-u-Din and 
 Mortiz Ali (the uncle of the young Nawab). Nevertheless, 
 Nizam-ul-Mulk confirmed Anwar-u-Din in the post of Nawab ; 
 and when war broke out between the French and English he 
 was at the head of affairs in the Carnatic. At this time the 
 English were in possession of two settlements — one at Madras ; 
 and the other at Fort St. David, near the mouth of the Ponniar 
 river, and twelve m.iles south of the French settlement of Pondi- 
 cherry, which was about 100 miles south of Madras The 
 Dutch had settlements at Pulicat (twenty-four miles north of 
 Madras), and at Sadras (forty miles south of it). 
 
 In 1745 the forts at Madras (St. George), and at the Ponniar
 
 1740.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 3 
 
 (St. David) were formidable enough to deter the natives of the 
 country from attacking them, but were quite unfitted to stand a 
 regular siege and bombardment. It is at this time that we find 
 the first records of professional engineers being called in to give 
 their advice regarding the forts, and Major Knipe's quaint 
 report in 1743 shows clearly how very inferior were the works 
 at Fort St. George. Mr. George Jones' report on Fort St. 
 David, in 1747, clearly establishes the fact that, although Fort 
 St. David was stronger than Fort St. George, it still was but a 
 contemptible place of arms. 
 
 It was in lfi39 that the English first settled at Madras; 
 previous to that they had a factory at Armegon, north of 
 Madras. They now obtained a strip of coast six miles long 
 and one broad ; on this, they built a factory, and surrounded it 
 with a wall, on which they mounted cannon. Mr. Francis Day 
 was the English chief at that time. 
 
 In 1G44 we find that £2,294 bad been spent on the fortifica- 
 tions, and it was estimated that £2,000 more would serve to 
 complete it. The fort was of course but small, and a garrison 
 of 100 men was considered sufficiently strong for its occupation. 
 It is unlikely that Mr. Day had any professional assistance in 
 erecting this fort, as it is certain that the so-called fort merely 
 consisted of a slight wall surrounding the residences of the 
 merchants. 
 
 It would appear that for a century after its foundation no 
 material alterations were made to it. 
 
 In the year 1740, the President having learnt that 20,000 
 Mahrattas had arrived at Arcot, and were plundering the country, 
 became alarmed and hastily appointed William Monson, Esq., 
 captain ; Mr. John Stretton, lieutenant ; and Mr. John Hally- 
 burton, ensign. He also gave certain directions to the store- 
 keeper and gunner regarding the guns and their carriages, and 
 ordered the paymaster to repair the chcvaux-de-frises. The 
 alarm excited by the proceedings of the Mahrattas induced the 
 
 1 *
 
 4 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE 
 
 [1743. 
 
 Directors of the East India Company to send out an experienced 
 engineer officer, Major Charles Kuipe, to report on the state of 
 the fortifications His short and pithy report, given below, will 
 show that in ] 743 the fort was hardly entitled to its name. 
 
 "Major Charles Knipe having surveyed the fortifications of 
 the town on the west side from Charles' Point to Queen's Point, 
 delivers in a report, 
 
 '■ To the Honourable Richard Benyon, Esq., 
 " President and Governor. 
 
 " In obedience to your Honour's commands, I have taken a 
 survey of your city of Madraspatam from Charles' Point to the 
 Queen's Point, being that part of the fortifications, as it is 
 called, which faces towards the island ; but I must take the 
 liberty to assure you it is no fortification at all, but rather an 
 offensive than defensive wall to your garrison. Was it not for 
 the support it has from the several outhouses of the inhabitants 
 which are all built against it through the whole extent above- 
 mentioned, it could not stand, nor was it more than sufficient 
 for a garden-wall when first erected. As to the river that runs 
 by it, that neither is any addition to the strength of your works, 
 but rather a nuisance to the town ; for I observe in every part of 
 it, it is continually forded at less than two feet deep. The plan 
 laid down for enlarging your city and carrying a new fortifica- 
 tion across the island from Charles' Point to Queen's Point, 
 above mentioned, I have by your Honour's direction very care- 
 fully examined in regard to a foundation, by making small wells 
 of considerable depth from the surface, and by boring several 
 feet deeper in the bottom of each of them through the whole 
 extent of the intended fortification, and find the soil is clay and 
 sand capable of sustaining any weight, especially if assisted with 
 a few wells under the foundation near the river's side, where it 
 is a little spungy. As to the river, I will engage to turn that 
 ^uite off from your town at a very small expense, and supply its
 
 FORT S^GEO 
 
 IN 1755 
 
 5m Mo $00 Zoe 7«0 .0 
 
 Scale 300 fee f fo / l/irh
 
 1744-45.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 5 
 
 place with a much better foss, by which the whole island will be 
 drained and become a very firm and solid tract of land. 
 
 " This is humbly submitted to your Honour's and the Gentle- 
 men of the Council's consideration by 
 
 "Your most obedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) Charles Knipe. 
 " Fort St. George, 
 "January 25th, 1743." 
 
 But little action could have been taken on this report, for in 
 1746, when captured by the French, it was as weak as it could 
 well be. It was in January 1 748 that that distinguished man 
 Stringer Lawrence arrived from England to command the Com- 
 pany's forces in India with the rank of Major; and in June of 
 the same year the first regular engineer was appointed to the 
 establishment. Captain Alexander Delavaux. From that date a 
 regular establishment of engineers was maintained. This body 
 was of very small strength, and even in 1753 during the siege 
 of Madras, the number of engineers available was only four. 
 These engineers were obtained from various sources. Previous 
 to the siege of Madras in 1758-59, the engineers were con- 
 sidered civilians. At that time, however, military commissions 
 were given to the four engineer officers employed in the defence, 
 and subsequently officers on joining the Engineer Service were 
 granted military rank. 
 
 In 1769 the number of engineers in the ]\tadras Service was 
 but eight, and in 1770, when the Engineer Service was 
 re-organised on a purely military basis, the whole Corps con- 
 sisted of nine officers. This number was gradually increased, 
 but even so late as 1845 the whole amounted to no more than 
 forty-six, and in 18G0, when the Corps attained its maximum 
 strength, there were hardly ninety. 
 
 As before stated, war was declared between England and 
 France in 1744, and early next year the first naval action took 
 place between the two nations, in the Indian Seas. Commodore
 
 6 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1745-46. 
 
 Barnet had been sent with four ships to protect our trade. Two 
 of these he sent to Malacca, and with the others he proceeded 
 himself to the Straits of Bauca. He hoisted Dutch colours, 
 and waited for the enemy. Three French ships, mounting 
 thirty guns each, and laden with fine cargoes, appeared. A 
 smart action followed, with the result that all three were 
 captured. Barnet's other two vessels also captured two French 
 vessels from Manilla, with freights of enormous value. Barnet 
 was now anxious to go still further to the East ; but the 
 authorities at Madras begged him to repair to that place, and he 
 at once complied with their request. Admiral Labourdonnais, 
 Governor of the Mauritius, was threatening Madras, thinking 
 that as Barnet had been obliged to send two of his vessels home, 
 he would be able easily to defeat him. Barnet had, however, 
 been reinforced by three vessels, and had added one of his 
 prizes to his squadron, so that he was actually stronger than he 
 had been in 1745. 
 
 Labourdonnais left the Mauritius early in spring of 174C, and 
 in June arrived on the coast. He had eight ships, carrying 130 
 more guns than the English ; but, in spite of this, owing to the 
 guns of the French being of an inferior calibre to ours, the 
 advantage was really with us. Had Barnet still been in 
 command, Tiabourdonnais would have been defeated; but in 
 April 1740, Barnet had died at Fort St. David, and Captain 
 Peyton, of the Medicay, had succeeded to tlie command. He 
 had six ships cruising north of Ceylon, when Labourdonnais 
 came in sight. Instead of engaging in a battle, Peyton, taking 
 advantage of the better sailing-quality of his ships, refused an 
 engagement, contented himself with a cannonade, and next day 
 actually fled to Trincomallee — leaving Labourdonnais master of 
 the seas. The latter went leisurely to Pondicherry, refitted his 
 ships, and supplied them with heavier guns. In the beginning 
 of August he again came in sight of Peyton, who again fled, 
 when Labourdonnais set himself to the reduction of Madras.
 
 1746^7.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 7^. 
 
 Fort St. George was insufficient to repel a large European 
 force. 
 
 On 3rd September 1740, the French squadron anchored 
 south of Madras, with 1,100 soldiers, 400 Caffres, 400 natives, 
 and 2,000 French seamen. 
 
 The English garrison was only 200 men. 
 
 The troops were landed on 4th September, and on the 7th 
 bombarded the fort from a battery of nine mortars to the west, 
 500 yards distant from the walls. 
 
 In the evening some of the ships cannonaded the town. 
 
 On the 8th, a battery of five mortars was put up to the south, 
 and the bombardment was continued till the 10th September, 
 when the fort surrendered, and Madras passed into possession 
 of the French. The English had seven men killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Mr. (after Lord) Olive, was a writer at Madras. He became 
 a prisoner of war, but escaped, disguised as a native, to Fort 
 St. David. 
 
 The Government was now transferred to Fort St. David. 
 
 On 9th December 174G, a French force of 1,700 men invested 
 Fort St. David. They drove in the irregular peons who had 
 been armed by the English to protect the territory round Fort 
 St. David; but the Nabob's army, coming up to the assistance 
 of the English, surprised the French, and threw them into con- 
 fusion. The garrison thereupon made a sally, and drove the 
 French back several miles. 
 
 The French continued to invest the place till 19th February 
 1747. 
 
 The English garrison was now reinforced from England, and 
 marched out and gave battle. An English fleet appeared, and 
 the enemy raised the siege. 
 
 Our squadron now consisted of eleven good ships. The 
 result of the reinforcement was that Dupleix was blockaded in 
 Pondicherry (Labourdonnais had returned to the Mauritius,
 
 8 MILITAKY HISTOKY OF THE [1747. 
 
 chiefly owing to Dapleix's jealousy), and our naval superiority 
 was re-established. 
 
 The English fleet was commanded by Commodore Griffin, 
 who recommended the Governor to commence on new works for 
 the more perfect defence of Fort St. David. Mr. George Jones, 
 engineer, was accordingly directed to survey the fortifications, 
 and send in a report. On 25th April 1747, he forwarded this 
 report to the Governor in Council, with plan and estimates. 
 " The Board considered that the works ought to be cai'ried out 
 with the utmost vigilance and expedition before the Monsoon 
 sets in." This report had been called for by Mr. Hinde, 
 Governor of Fort St. David, but he having died meantime, the 
 report was presented to Charles Floyer, Esq., who had succeeded 
 him on 15th April 1747. 
 
 Mr. Jones considered the fort w\as too weak and defective to 
 enable us to make an effective defence against the French. He 
 reported that the fort was surrounded with a fausse braye and a 
 ditch of fifty feet. 
 
 It appears that the fort was rectangular, with a bastion at 
 each corner. 
 
 The interior space was 150 yards by 100, or rather more than 
 three acres. The whole of this space was filled with buildings 
 and warehouses, and hence the efi'eots of a bombardment would 
 be dreadful. 
 
 He recommended a horn-work on the north side, having 140 
 yards of " cassimated masonry." "''The guns, from the curtains 
 thereof, will enfilade the approaches from the Colloway." On 
 the east and west sides he proposed lunettes ; each to have four 
 magazines for powder, and in addition to this, there was to be a 
 covertway and glacis. 
 
 He suggested that a "very able hand should be sent from 
 England, as it was highly necessary." 
 
 It is presumed that these recommendations were carried out 
 not long after, as, when the French attacked the fort in
 
 1748.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 9 
 
 May 1708, it appears to have been as recommended by Mr. 
 Jones. 
 
 The Court of Directors would seem to have approved of 
 Mr. Jones' suggestion that an officer should be sent out from 
 England; for on J. 3th June 1748 we find that Captain 
 Alexander Delavaux arrived, having been appointed engineer 
 and captain of their train of artillery at Fort St. David; and 
 Mr. George Jones resigned. 
 
 In January 1748, Major Stringer Lawrence arrived from 
 England, to command the Company's forces in India. 
 
 On 17tli June, the French attacked Cuddalore, but were 
 repulsed by Lawrence. On 2ith, Lawrence and Delavaux 
 reported that Fort St. David might be kept against the French ; 
 but only with the proviso of withdrawing all the soldiers into it, 
 and leaving Cuddalore and all the English bounds exposed to 
 the enemy. 
 
 The Artillery Company, commanded by (Japtain Delavaux, 
 
 was of the following strength : — 
 
 Salary. 
 1 First Captain and Chief Engineer 
 1 Second Captain and Engineer 
 1 Captain-Lieutenant and Director of 
 
 Laboratory ... 
 1 First Lieutenant Fireworker 
 1 Second Lieutenant do. 
 
 1 Ensign do. 
 4 Sergeant Bombardiers ... 
 4 Corporal do. 
 
 2 Drummers 
 100 Gunners 
 
 Admiral Boscawen, with the English fleet, arrived at Fort 
 St. David on 29th July, and there found the squadron under 
 Admiral Griffin. 
 
 The latter resigned the command, proceeded to Trincomallee, 
 and thence to England. 
 
 200 
 
 £ 
 
 
 150 
 
 55 
 
 
 100 
 
 )t 
 
 
 75 
 
 55 
 
 
 GO 
 
 55 
 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 
 2s. 
 
 per 
 
 diem 
 
 Is. 
 
 . (Id. 
 
 55 
 
 Is. 
 
 
 55 
 
 Is. 
 
 
 55
 
 10 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1748. 
 
 On 8th August, the Company's forces marched to the 
 siege of Pondicherry, with the reinforcements broug]it by the 
 Admiral. 
 
 The force consisted of the following : — 
 
 
 Kinf/'s Troops. 
 
 
 12 Companies of 100 men 
 
 1,200 
 
 800 Marines 
 
 .. ... ... 
 
 800 
 
 80 Artillery 
 
 Company^s Troops. 
 
 80 
 
 
 2,080 
 
 
 
 1 Battahon 
 
 ... ... ... 
 
 450 
 
 70 Artillery 
 
 ... ... ... 
 
 70 
 
 Dutch reinforcements 
 
 120 
 
 On board 
 
 ships, 1,000 seamen ready 
 
 
 to be la; 
 
 uded ... 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 3,720 
 
 300 Topasses 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 4,020 
 
 Besides 2,000 sepoys, not -well disciplined. 
 
 The Company's Artillery was no doubt the train just formed 
 and commanded by Captain Delavaux, who was also Chief 
 Engineer. The army approaching Pondicherry bounds came in 
 sight of Fort of Ariancopang. An engineer of the Company's 
 troops was ordered to reconnoitre. Orme says he was afraid to 
 go near enough, and reported that it was not strong; on 
 which an attempt was made to storm it. The English troops 
 were assailed with musketry and grape-shot, and finally 
 repulsed with heavy loss. It was, however, determined to reduce 
 the fort. The English engineers erected a battery on the south 
 side of the river ; but when they opened fire they found the
 
 17480 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 11 
 
 guns were intercepted by a thick wood, Orme says, the 
 artillery officers erected another, with greater skill ; and fire was 
 kept up on both sides with but little execution. The French 
 cavalry advanced to the entrenchment close to the battery where 
 the sailors were posted. A panic arose and they fled. Major 
 Lawrence was taken prisoner, and carried off to Ariancopang. 
 
 Tlie same day a severe explosion took place in the fort, dis- 
 abling nearly 100 men. Some hours after, the French blew up 
 the fort and retired rapidly to Pondicherry. 
 
 The English took possession of Ariancopang, and remained 
 there five days repairing the fort. 
 
 On 26th August tlie army marched and took possession of 
 Oullagary. The French garrisons in the redoubts in the bound 
 hedge were withdrawn. 
 
 The Engineers recommended that the town should be attacked 
 on the north-west side. 
 
 On 30th August the army broke ground at a distance of 
 1,500 yards, and Orme says, " by this the engineers showed 
 themselves little skilled in their art." 
 
 Two sorties were made by the French, but on both occasions 
 they were repulsed. 
 
 The approaches were carried on very slowly owing to a want 
 of experience. 
 
 Two batteries of three guns were raised within J, 200 yards. 
 After much labour the trenches were advanced to within 800 
 yards of the walls. 
 
 It was then found that a large morass was before this part of 
 the town ; that is on the west side. 
 
 Two batteries began to fire on 2Gth September — one of eight 
 and the other of four pieces of 18 and 24-pounders; besides 
 these there was a bomb battery of five mortars, and fifteen 
 Koyals and fifteen Cohorns, 
 
 The French now opened several embrasures in the curtain and 
 began to fire from two or three batteries on the crest of the
 
 12 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Ul 
 
 glacis, so that tbe fire) of tlie besiegers became less powerful 
 than that of the enemy. Admiral Boscawen ordered the 
 ships to batter the town, but this was not found to be of 
 much use. 
 
 The fire from tlie batteries continued three days longer, 
 that from the town increased, and dismounted nine of our 
 pieces. 
 
 Very little impression was made on the defences ; sickness 
 prevailed in camp, and the monsoon had set in, so a council of 
 war was summoned, and on 30th September it was determined 
 to raise the siege. 
 
 The cannon and heavy stores were embarked on the ships, 
 and the batteries destroyed. On Cth October the troops began 
 to march, having previously blown up the fort at Ariancopang. 
 
 During the siege the English lost 1,0G5 Europeans. 
 757 Infantry. 
 43 Artillery. 
 265 Seamen. 
 
 Very few sepoys were killed, as they generally ran away on 
 the approach of danger. Orme blames the engineers for the 
 failure in most unmeasured terms. He says, " The engineers 
 were utterly unqualified for the enterprise, but the artillerymen 
 and officers knew their business." 
 
 It must be remembered that the Company's Artillery had 
 only lately been raised, and that the officer commanding the 
 Artillery was also Chief Engineer. No doubt the engineers 
 appear to have blundered from want of experience, and, 
 perhaps, from the indifferent quality of the men at their 
 disposal. 
 
 In the event of failures, it frequently happens that the 
 engineers have to suffer the odium of want of success, but 
 when successful they have been too often denied the credit 
 justly theirs, which is calmly appropriated by the general 
 commanding.
 
 1749.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 13 
 
 111 January 17-19 news was received of a peace between 
 England and France, and for a time hostilities ceased between 
 the two nations in India. 
 
 On the 20th April 1749, Captain Delavaux informed the 
 Council that he was suffering from a disease from which he was 
 not likely to recover, and requested to be allowed to retire from 
 the service and proceed to Europe. 
 
 His request was complied with, and one of the lieutenants 
 of the Train of Artillery was directed to take charge of the 
 company and oversee the fortifications. 
 
 The English and French, unable to fight against one another 
 in India owing to the peace, determined to assist the native 
 princes in their disputes. 
 
 Towards the end of January, accordingly, a force left Fort 
 St. David, under Captain Cope, to assist in reinstating Sahojee, 
 ex-Rajah of Tanjare, on his throne. 
 
 This force suffered from a storm while at Porto Novo. After 
 repairing damages, it penetrated into the Tanjore country, but 
 not getting expected assistance from the inhabitants, was 
 compelled to retire to Porto Novo, and next day marched to 
 attack Devicottah. Having no battering train, it was obliged 
 again to retire to Fort St. David. 
 
 The English, considering the possession of Devicottah to be 
 of great importance, sent a force against it under the command 
 of Major Lawrence. 
 
 On 27th May 1749, the troops embarked and anchored off 
 Devicottah, two days after. On the 29th and 80th the troops 
 landed; on 2nd June they began to make fascines, &:c.; and 
 on the 5th opened ground. 
 
 On the 8th a battery opened fire on the town, at daybreak, 
 for a few minutes, and then the place was summoned in the 
 name of Sahojee, ex-King of Tanjare. 
 
 Lawrence waited two hours, and, having received no reply, 
 ordered our guns and mortars to open fire briskly. This fire
 
 14 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1749. 
 
 shattered the wall very much, and nearly dismounted all the 
 enemy's gims. 
 
 On the 11th a small body of Marines were landed to look 
 after tlie baggage, while Lawrence attacked the place. That 
 night we were prevented crossing the river by heavy rain. 
 "Mr. More, the carpenter of tlie train, passed the river the 
 same night, and made fast the rope to the other side of the river 
 to pass our float." As the English battery was on marshy 
 ground, Major Lawrence feared that another day's rain would 
 have rendered it impossible to attempt anything, and he deter- 
 mined to attack on the l2th at 1 p.m. They passed the river by 
 the "float" (raft) made by Mr. More, to the number of 700 
 sepoys and 41)0 Europeans. Lieutenant Clive was ordered to 
 drive the enemy from the entrenchment on the left, and 300 
 sepoys were posted on the right to secure our right flank. 
 
 Lieutenant Clive was repulsed, not having been properly 
 supported by the sepoys ; however, another party was sent 
 forward to attack the entrenchment, under Sergeant Brown, and 
 Captain Dalton, with the Grenadiers, followed by the main 
 body, attacked the breach, and were in the possession of the 
 fort by 5 o'clock. 
 
 In August 1749, Major Lawrence and two others met 
 M. Dupleix and five others, for the purpose of considering the 
 terms of the evacuation of Eort St. George by the French. 
 
 1st Article of Treaty. — The gentlemen named,* to go to 
 Madras and take an inventory of efi'ects, artillery, &c. 
 
 2nd. — Inventory being finished, the day the town is to be 
 evacuated to be settled. 
 
 3rd. — On the day agreed on, English troops to be carried by 
 sea. The French will march out by sea-gate, Avhile the English 
 go in by St. Thomas' Gate. 
 
 4th. — As soon as French troops have embarked, the French 
 
 * Major S. Lawrence, Mr. Alexander W'ynch, Mr. Foss Wissott,
 
 1749.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 15 
 
 commandant will deliver the keys to the English Commissioner 
 and Admiral Boscawen. 
 
 On 2nd September 1749 the commissioners appointed pro- 
 tested against taking Fort. St. George, as they asserted that it 
 was not in the condition^stated in 9th Article of Treaty; guns, 
 mortars, and warlike stores having been carried away. 
 
 Although Madras was given up to the English in 1749, the 
 head-quarters of the English Government remained at Fort 
 St. David till 1751. 
 
 The Court of Directors about this time appear to have been 
 seriously alarmed regarding the state of the forts. 
 
 On 8th December 1749, the Court of Directors appointed 
 Benjamin Robins, Esq., Engineer-General and Commander-in- 
 Chief of Artillery of all settlements in East Indies and St. 
 Helena. He was ordered to proceed to Fort St. David, 
 then to Fort St. George, Fort William, to Bombay and 
 St. Helena. 
 
 The following were sent with him as assistants : — 
 
 £ 
 
 John Brohier, Esq. ... ... salary 40 
 
 Nathaniel Carrington ... ... „ 20 
 
 Charles O'Hara „ 20 
 
 Sampson Morrice ... ... „ 20 
 
 Charles Knapton ... ... ,, 20 
 
 Philip Glass „ 20 
 
 In addition to these salaries £20 a month was allowed for 
 their diet. 
 
 Mr. Robins was under covenant to contmue in India until the 
 despatch of the last ships from the place where he shall be 
 resident between the months of January and March 17o3-j4. 
 And if he lost his passage outward bound, until same time in 
 1754-55. Mr. Robins was to receive the same civil and military 
 honours as the third in Council. 
 
 Houses in the fort were to be provided for Mr. Robins and his
 
 16 MILITAET HISTOEY OF THE [1749. 
 
 assistants. A smith (Robeft Barrowcliffe) and a carpenter 
 (Israel Selfe) were also to proceed, and to be under orders of 
 Chief Engineer. Their salary was to be i'60 each per annum, 
 and they contracted to serve for five years. 
 
 It ajDpears that some time before, a Mr. Thomas Heath had 
 been sent out to be trained up under Captain Delavaux. He 
 was represented as not having a turn for the profession of an 
 engineer. The Court accordingly directed Mr. Eobins to " have 
 a trial of him, and if he finds him incapable or unwilling to 
 assist him, he is to be sent home by one of the first ships." 
 Kesult of trial not known. 
 
 Mr. Robins was a very distinguished scientific artillerist. He 
 was the inventor of the ballistic pendulum. He was also the 
 real narrator of Lord Anson's voyage round the world. 
 
 Mr. Robins planned the fortifications of Fort St. David and 
 Madras. When the French delivered Fort St. George to us in 
 1749 it was incapable of a long defence against Europeans, and 
 the internal area was only fifteen acres. An addition had been 
 projected in 1743 by Mr. Smith. This project doubled the area 
 of the fort. The ditch which marked its limits was then dug, 
 and faced with brick, and was supplied with water from northern 
 river, but nothing was then raised above the surface. 
 
 Mr. Robins approved generally of Mr. Smith's project and 
 completed the plans, but was unable to finish the works owing 
 to his death, which took place at Fort St. David on July 29th, 
 1751. 
 
 Orme calls Mr. Robins a man of great science. Mr. Nourse, 
 an eminent bookseller, in 1761 was preparing for the press the 
 learned works of Air Robins under the care of Dr. James 
 Wilson. He says in preface : — 
 
 " Mr. Robins' abilities as an engineer, I have heard highlv 
 praised by many intelligent persons who have been on the spot ; 
 and what is still more, I have been informed (by Mr. Orme) that 
 they were approved of by the brave Colonel Clive."
 
 1750-51.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 17 
 
 In the years 1160-d2 it does not appear that any of the 
 Engineers were employed on active service against the enemy. 
 
 It was probably thought of more importance that they should 
 attend to the fortifications of Fort Saint David, &c. 
 
 On 26th June 1751, however, we find that " Mr. Olive having 
 arrived from camp yesterday, communicated to the President 
 that Captain Gingens finding that he could not get permission 
 by fair means for the troops into fort of Volconda, the coflfres set 
 the suburbs on fire, and he (Gingens) with the main body 
 advanced very near the wall, when the killadar let in a body of 
 French troops with three or four pieces of cannon, which imme- 
 diately played so briskly on them, he was compelled to retire 
 out of reach of the guns ; the coolies having run away, a good 
 deal of the baggage was lost. The troops encamped at Vullatoor 
 — a very strong situation." On hearing this, Mr. B. Robins 
 proposed to go to the camp, but the Council were of opinion 
 that his life was of too much value to be risked in this way. 
 Clive having taken reinforcements to Trichinopoly returned in 
 the beginning of August, and representing the critical situation 
 of afi'airs at Trichinopoly, proposed to attack A rcot, offering to 
 lead the expedition himself. On 31st August he took Arcot 
 without opposition. 
 
 The detachment with which he effected this consisted of 300 
 sepoys and 200 Europeans with eight officers, six of whom had 
 never been in action, and four of these six had not previously 
 belonged to the army. The names of only five of these officers 
 are known. 
 
 Clive was commanding ; the other four were : — 
 Ensign Glass. 
 Lieutenant Bulkley. 
 Lieutenant Trenwith. 
 
 Lieutenant Revel, the only artillery officer. 
 Ensign Glass was a volunteer, and distinguished himself 
 highly in the memorable defence of Arcot by Clive. He came 
 
 2
 
 18 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE ti76i-52. 
 
 out to Fort St. David as one of Mr. Benjamin Robins' assistants, 
 his name being Philip Glass. 
 
 The French during the siege of Arcot took possession of 
 Conjeveram, and surprised a party of disabled men returning; 
 among these were Revel and Glass. 
 
 Clive determined to attack Conjeveram and summoned it. 
 The French commandant ordered Revel and Glass to write to 
 Clive and say he intended to expose them on the walls if he 
 attacked They wrote this, but said they hoped no regard for 
 their safety would induce him to discontinue his efforts. After 
 three days the French abandoned the Pagoda, but left the two 
 prisoners behind. 
 
 On 29th July 1751, Mr. Robins expired at Fort St. David, 
 literally with his pen in his hand. 
 
 Mr John Brohier was put in entire charge of the works, and 
 " the young gentlemen who were under Mr. Robins " were 
 directed to assist Mr. Brohier. 
 
 Mr. Robins, it appears, had requested that Mr. Brohier 
 should succeed him, and also that Mr. John Call (afterwards 
 chief engineer at defence of Fort St. George in 1758-59) should 
 get the same allowance as the other young gentlemen, as he 
 had been employed by Mr. Robins since the beginning of the 
 year. 
 
 Mr. OHara was also directed to assist Mr. Brohier at Fort 
 St. David, Mr. Charles Knapton being employed on the Com- 
 pany's work to the northward. 
 
 On 22nd of September 1752, Captain Clive advises the sur- 
 render of Sandet Bunder, or Covelong. On 30th November it 
 was resolved to destroy it, and Mr. John Brohier having been 
 called upon to furnish a report, stated that it would take some 
 time and many wcjrkmen. 
 
 It was, however, resolved on, and the demolition was com- 
 menced on 30th December 1752. 
 
 In the Madras Government Records a few names of engineers
 
 1753-66.] MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 19 
 
 are found here and there, but it has been impossible to ascertain 
 when they were appointed, or where they came from, thus : — 
 
 On the 12th February 1753, we find that a Mr. Thomas 
 Taylor reports on the breastwork at Syrian. Again, in 1 754, we 
 find that Mr. John Smith recommends that Mr. Hopkins should 
 be sent to Negrais, as " being skilled in fortifications and mari- 
 time affairs." Further on we find (11th January 1754) Mr. 
 Charles Knapton (one of the assistants who came out with 
 Mr. Robins) desires to be re-called from Negrais, as a Mr. 
 Hunter is there, and two engineers are not required for the 
 place. 
 
 In August 1753, Colonel Caroline Frederick Scott came out 
 as Engineer General, apparently on somewhat the same terms as 
 Mr. Robins ; he landed at Madras, but set out immediately for 
 Bengal, returning, however, on 15th April 1754. 
 
 Major Lawrence at this time was anxious to be relieved of 
 his command, and suggested that Colonel Scott should be 
 directed to relieve him on his arrival, but that officer declined to 
 do so, on the grounds that he was specially sent out to attend to 
 the fortifications of Calcutta, Madras, &c. 
 
 About this time two Train Companies were formed, 118 men 
 each. Mr. Brohier was appointed second Captain, and it was 
 stated that one Captain and two Lieutenants were coming out 
 from England. 
 
 During the next few years the information available regarding 
 the Engineers is very scanty and unsatisfactory. 
 
 In 1755, a Mr. Raillaud is mentioned in the records as " a 
 good engineer and draughtsman," and appointed to act as 
 lieutenant (it is presumed in the Train). 
 
 In 1756, Mr. John Call was the engineer at Fort St. David, 
 and in May of the same year a Mr. Conradi, who " had been 
 employed for two years under the engineer at Fort St. George," 
 was directed to assist him at Fort. St. David. 
 
 Mr. Smith, engineer, was ordered from Devicottah to Madras, 
 
 2 *
 
 20 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1756. 
 
 and Lieutenant Hume, " a very good officer, and qualified as an 
 engineer," to succeed him. 
 
 Colonel Scott appears to have died at Calcutta about the 
 middle of 1756, for in September of that year, Mr. Charles 
 Frederick Noble (who was Colonel Scott's secretary), writes to 
 say that Mr. Wells had been left by Colonel Scott to carry out 
 the works, 
 
 The Council thereupon directed that Mr. Brohier should be 
 assisted in his work by Mr. Charles Noble, Mr. McDonald 
 (volunteer of the King's Train), and Mr. Leigh (a Company's 
 servant, brought up as an engineer). 
 
 On 17th June 175G, Calcutta was taken by Suraja Dowlah, 
 and the tragedy of the Black Hole took place, when out of 145 
 men and one lady shut up in a close room — not twenty feet 
 square — but twenty-three ghastly figures were brought out alive 
 next moruiug. 
 
 After considerable loss of time, a force was sent to re-take 
 Calcutta, five ships of war, five Company's vessels, with 900 
 Europeans and 1,500 sepoys under Colonel Clive and Admiral 
 Watson. Clive entered Calcutta on 2nd January 1757, when 
 the fort surrendered at discretion. Clive at once sent down to 
 Madras for an engineer, and the Council, after a good deal of 
 hesitation, directed Captain John Brohier to go to Calcutta, and 
 place himself at the disposal of Colonel Clive. 
 
 Mr. John Call was ordered to re-place him at Fort St. 
 George. 
 
 Mr. Hume was to proceed to Fort St. David, and Mr. Conradi 
 had to take charge of Devicottah. Mr. McDonald and Mr. 
 Charles Noble appear to have gone to Calcutta as Captain 
 Brohier's assistants. 
 
 Captain Brohier does not appear to have left Madras till June, 
 a few days before the battle of Plassey. John Dyer, a master- 
 bricklayer, accompanied him. 
 
 On his way up to Calcutta, Captain Brohier was ordered to
 
 175&-58.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 21 
 
 land at Vizagapatam, survey the fortifications, and give his 
 advice to Mr. Percival, who was, it is presumed, the chief civil 
 officer there. 
 
 Captain Brohier landed on 24th June, at Vizagapatam, and 
 found it invested by the French. He examined the works, and 
 finding them untenable with the troops in it, resolved to embark, 
 and leave Lieutenant Elly to cover retreat and make the best 
 terms he could. 
 
 Monsieur Bussy summoned the fort, and finally marched in 
 the French force, consisting of 830 Europeans, infantry, 
 artillery and cavalry, 200 Mahrattas, and G,000 sepovs. 
 
 Captain John Brohier now proceeded on to Calcutta, and was 
 entrusted with the plan and erection of Fort William. 
 
 " The works now progressed rapidly, and in the month of 
 September the enceinte was completed, as also the ravelins and 
 covered-way ; the facing of the masonry of the escarpment was 
 in a forward state, the covered-way palisaded, and the bridges 
 and drawbridges well advanced ; the cost of all this already 
 amounted to twenty-two lacs of rupees.* So badly was the 
 masonry executed, however, that the greater part had sub- 
 sequently to be re-built, when the height of the works was 
 considerably increased." 
 
 Mr. John Call became the chief engineer at Madras, as we 
 have seen, and during the year 17.07 was engaged in improving 
 the forts at Chingleput, Fort St. David, and Fort St George. 
 
 Early in 1758, Mr. Call submitted a letter regarding Fort St. 
 George. He names the several works as follows : — 
 
 The bastion lately built at north.) 
 
 r. . 1 The Koyal Bastion, 
 
 west corner 01 town ... ...i •' 
 
 Bastion north-east corner ... The Demi Bastion. 
 
 Gate to be built between these) 
 , . The North Gate, 
 
 bastions ... ... ...) 
 
 * Report of Committee of Secrecy, appointed November 4th, Appendix No. 4. 
 Broom's History oj Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army, p. 203.
 
 22 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1758. 
 
 Redoubts before this gate ... North Eedoubt. 
 
 Gate to the east ... ... ... Sea Gate. 
 
 Redoubt before Sea Gate ... Sea Gate Redoubt. 
 
 Bastion south-east corner ... St. Thomas' Bastion. 
 
 Bastion south-west corner ... The Nabob's Bastion. 
 
 Gate on south curtain .. ... St, Thomas' Gate. 
 
 Earthen bastion, north of Nabob's) 
 
 _, . I Lawrence Bastion. 
 
 Bastion ... ... •••) 
 
 Earthen bastion, south of Royal) ^. , r. • 
 .^ . \ riffot s Bastion. 
 
 Bastion ) ^ 
 
 Gate in curtain between them ... St. George's Gate. 
 
 The redoubts to be placed in front) ■ t^ , , 
 
 „ F bt.Georffe s Redoubts. 
 
 01 gate ... ... ..') ° 
 
 Early in May, the Council having learned that the French 
 had received great reinforcements, thought it necessary to pro- 
 vide, in the best manner possible, for the defence of Madras, 
 and accordingly asked for Mr. Call's advice. 
 
 He recommended " redoubts in places of arms to north and 
 west, as well as a lunette to south ; that the ditch which now 
 extended one-half the length of south curtain be carried entirely 
 along, and round St. Thomas' Bastion ; and a battery erected in 
 south-east angle of covered-way, to defend and cover St. 
 Thomas' Bastion." 
 
 The south part of the fort being the weakest, he argued that 
 the works in that part should be first put in hand. 
 
 There were two cisterns in the fort — one under Nabob's 
 Bastion, to hold 33,4(S0 gallons, another under Charles' Bastion, 
 to hold 23,532 ; total, 57,012 gallons. He estimated this to be 
 one-ninth of what was necessary. 
 
 The water of several wells in the town he reported " drink- 
 able, but cannot be depended upon." He thought it " necessary 
 to make more cisterns, but there being now no time, the best 
 thing to do is to fill all small tanks, casks, and jars that were in 
 the place." 
 
 Later on (in November), he lined out two lunettes on the
 
 1758.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 23 
 
 glacis, to cover old south curtain and increase the fire from that 
 part. 
 
 He proposed to secure Black Town, by constructing two 
 dams in river to the west, one by the bound hedge, and the other 
 near the Arrack Distillery, to keep back the water, and make an 
 inundation over the country near the river. 
 
 " The defects of the bound hedge to be made good with 
 caldera-bushes, and between each brick out-guard, a redoubt of 
 palmyra trees to be raised ; barricades to be made across the 
 street."
 
 24 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE [1758. 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 
 Siege of Fort St. David. — Its capture by the French. — Lally fails at Tanjore. — 
 Siege of Madras. — Formation of European and Native Pioneers. — Preston 
 marches to Arcot. — Engineers granted commissions. — Siege of Madras 
 raised. — Colonel Lawrence takes Poonamallee and Tripassare. — He marches 
 towards Conjeveram. — Brereton takes command. — Lawrence and Draper 
 return to England. — Capture of Conjeveram.— Brereton attacks Wandewash. 
 — Repulse of the English. — Coote takes command. — Capture of Wandewash. 
 — Carangooly taken. — Defects of Wandewash. — Improvements of Fort St. 
 George. — French attack Wandewash. — Coote defeats the French. — Death of 
 Brereton. — Coote takes Chettipet. — Wood invests Arcot. — Capture of Arcot. 
 — Coote attacks Waldour. — Siege of Karical by Monson. — Party of Pioneers 
 take Chillumbrum. — Verdachellum surrendered. — Coote takes Villenoure 
 and Waldour — Coote superseded by Monson. — Monson wounded. — Coote 
 re-assumes the command. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Great storm at Pondi- 
 cherry. — St. Thomas' redoubt captured. — French capitulate. — Sufferings of 
 French. — Ginjee invested. — Thiagar blockaded. — Pondicherry destroyed. — 
 Mahe capitulates. — Ginjee taken. — The French lose every place in India. — 
 Coote goes to Bengal. 
 
 In May 1758, the French proceeded under Mr. Lally to 
 attack Fort St. David. On the 15th the French engineers erected 
 a battery of two 24 -pounders on the north bank of the river of 
 Bandapollem. 
 
 "Fort St. David could not be attacked by regular approaches 
 from the south, owing to the river, but on north and west the 
 ground was rather advantageous to the enemy." 
 
 The body of the place was small, being only 150 yards west 
 to east, and 100 yards north and south.
 
 •] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 25 
 
 The bastions each mounted twelve guns. The outworks were a 
 horn work to north with thirty-four guns, two large ravelins 
 east and west, with a ditch all round which had a cuvette sup- 
 plied from the river ; scarp and counter-scarp were faced with 
 brick ; a broad covered way, palisaded with arrows at salient 
 angles, commanding the glacis, and the glacis itself provided 
 with well-constructed mines. 
 
 The ground to the north of the fort is sandy, with large 
 hillocks here and there. 
 
 This ground was included by the sea, the rivers Ponniar 
 and Tripapolore, and a canal joiniug them. On the edge of the 
 canal, 1,300 yards north of the fort, stood an obsolete redoubt 
 called Chuckly Point. 200 yards to right of this stood another 
 redoubt on a saud-liill culled Patch aree 400 yards in rear of 
 this was another much larger sand-hill called Thevanapatam ; a 
 fascine battery was raised on this hill. To the west of this hill 
 there was a bridge over the canal, commanded by a gateway with 
 a narrow rampart and battlements. 
 
 The garrison iu Fort St. David consisted of 619 Europeans, 
 of whom 2SG were effective military, 83 pensioners, and 
 250 seamen (crews of Triton and Bridyewater ) besides 
 1,600 natives. 
 
 On I5th May the French attacked the posts in the sand 
 with three columns, the division on the right to attack the 
 bridge near Thevanapatam, the centre was to attack Chuckly 
 Point, and the left to cross the canal where it joins the Ponniar. 
 The right division found the bridge destroyed, the centre could 
 not find the expected ford, and they both therefore halted. The 
 left division easily crossed near the Ponniar. The centre division 
 learning this, marched and crossed at the same point, wliile the 
 right division remained in front of the broken bridge. Chuckly 
 and Patcharee Point were both attacked at the same time, and 
 in half an hour carried. The two divisions then marched on 
 the Thevanapatam battery.
 
 26 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1758. 
 
 After a spirited resistance of two hours the enemy got pos- 
 session of it, and all the Europeans were made prisoners. 
 
 The French retired from the Thevanapatam Hill, but held the 
 other two points. 
 
 On the loth the enemy broke ground, and carried a trench 
 from Chuckly to Patcharee ; and by the 19th they had advanced 
 to the Hill of Thevanapatam. 
 
 The next day they opened another trench from Thevanapatam 
 to the bridge, and repaired the latter. 
 
 By this time only 200 of the sepoys remained in the garrison, 
 The enemy worked on till the 20th, constructing four batteries 
 and carrying on their trenches from Thevanapatam towards the 
 north-east angle of the glacis. The fort continued all this time to 
 lavish their fire. The enemy's fire up to this had merely con- 
 sisted of five mortars to the west, but on the 26th a battery of 
 seven guns opened. On the 27th some of the sailors broke into 
 the treasury, procured some arrack and got very drunk. 
 
 By the 30th the enemy were within 200 yards of the glacis, 
 and opened three other batteries, one of three guns with five 
 mortars against north-west bastion, another of six guns and four 
 mortars on Thevanapatam Hill, and the third of four guns 300 
 yards to the south-east of Thevanapatam, opposite the north-east 
 bastion. 
 
 The north face was enfiladed by a battery on the west, and 
 the defences on this side had already suffered so much — both 
 from the enemy's shot and the shock of their own firing — that 
 they could barely return the same number of guns. 
 
 Up to I st June the fire still continued. The enemy carried 
 their trenches to the foot of the glacis near the north-east bastion, 
 where they began to erect a battery. AH the embrasures in the 
 fort commanding this point were mined, and as the French 
 squadron had arrived, and could land a large number of men and 
 make an assault which the garrison were not in a position to 
 resist, Major Poller and Mr. Wynch determined to hold a
 
 17S8.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 27 
 
 Council of War, at which it was decided they must capitulate on 
 the best terms obtainable. 
 
 On 2nd June a flag of truce was hoisted, terms were arranged, 
 and at G p.m. the French Grenadiers were admitted into the fort. 
 The garrison marched out and delivered up their arms and the 
 ensigns to the French, and they were all marched to Pondicherry 
 as prisoners. Lieutenant Hume appears to have been the chief 
 engineer of the garrison. Fort St. David was by the French 
 razed to the ground. 
 
 Immediately after the capture of Fort St. David the French 
 took possession of Devicottah, the garrison having abandoned it 
 on the approach of the enemy. 
 
 The French army returned to Pondicherry, and on the 7th 
 Mr. Lally entered in triumph. 
 
 Mr. Lally, to secure money supplies marched to Tanjore to 
 obtain payment of a bond for fifty-six lacs given by the Rajah 
 to Chunda Sahib. He found it impossible to get what he 
 required, and proceeded to attack Tanjore. 
 
 The English managed to cut off his supplies, and he was com- 
 pelled to return to Pondicherry without effecting his object. He 
 then determined to drive the English from Madras. On the 29th 
 November the French army moved from Coujeveram, and in the 
 afternoon of the 9th December 1 75S appeared in sight of theMount. 
 
 The English force under Lawrence retreated the next day from 
 the Mount to Choultry Plain. The French advanced to Mar- 
 melon. Our army retreated to the Island, and our parties at 
 St. Thome and Egmore fell back on the main body. 
 
 The French army consisted of 8,000 Europeans, 500 Black 
 Horse and 3,000 sepoys. 
 
 English, 1758 Europeans and 2,200 sepoys, besides 200 horse 
 belonging to Nabob, and of little use. 
 
 On 14th December the French marched from Choultry 
 Plain by Vepery to the north of Black Town, and by 8 a.m. 
 were in full possession of it.
 
 28 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1758 
 
 The following account is chiefly taken from the journal of the 
 chief engineer, Captain John Call. 
 
 A sally was made from the fort under Colonel Draper with 
 500 men. He marched out at the West Gate over the old 
 bridge which led into Pedda Naik's pettah. Major Brereton with 
 100 men guarded the passes by the old hospital to cover 
 Colonel Draper's retreat. 
 
 Colonel Draper advanced with two field-pieces into the great 
 street of the pettah, against the regiment of Lorraine with four 
 field pieces. 
 
 The enemy were driven from their guns, and Colonel Draper 
 and four Grenadiers advanced to take them, but our Grenadiers 
 were shaken, and did not advance rapidly Meantime, Colonel 
 Draper learned that Lally's regiment was advancing in support; 
 he thereupon retreated, and retired into the fort, bringing Count 
 D'Estaing prisoner. 
 
 ]\Teantime the engineers were engaged in making a dam in the 
 " gut," * to shut up the communication between tlie water in 
 the river and the ditch, lest the enemy should cut the dam, 
 which kept up the water some two feet, and thereby drain so 
 much off. 
 
 15th December. The engineers were employed in making two 
 batteries — one of three guns to cover the old north-east bastion, 
 and another of four guns, on the glacis to the east, a little south of 
 the southern flank of the same bastion, from the covered-way 
 to the surf. 
 
 ICth. A " black fellow " was hanged this evening at the foot of 
 the glacis, as a spy. 
 
 A sally took place this night, but it was not successful. 
 
 17th. The Governor told the garrison that five days after the 
 defeat or retreat of the enemy he would divide 50,000 rupees 
 amongst them. 
 
 * An opening between the river and the ditch to the west of the Royal 
 Bastion.
 
 1758.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 29 
 
 Between the 12tli and the 18th no less than thirty-three 
 deserters came over from the enemy. 
 
 In addition to Captain John Call, who was chief engineer, 
 there were four assistants — 
 
 Captain Lieutenant Leigh, engineer ordinary. 
 Lieutenant Eiser, H.M.'s 64th Kegiment, engineer extra- 
 ordinary. 
 Lieutenant Stevenson, sub-engineer, and 
 Ensign Cotsford, practitioner engineer. 
 
 On the 19th, the enemy threw up two breast-works, one behind 
 the other, near the sea-side to the north. It was supposed they 
 intended to attack the north face of north-east Bastion, so it was 
 resolved to strengthen the demi bastion. 
 
 One thousand sepoys were sent out to push through tlie enemy 
 at Garden House, attack St. Thome, and try to spike a large gun 
 on the beach. The enemy made an unexpected opposition, and 
 the sepoys retreated in disorder to the fort. It was thus seen 
 that no dependence could be placed on the sepoys in attack. 
 
 On the 20th a new Mayor was selected. It was usual to 
 salute him with nine guns, so nine were shotted on the Royal 
 Bastion, pointed at the enemy, and discharged in his honour. 
 All this night a warm fire was kept up from the Royal Bastion and 
 north lunette on besiegers' trenches. At 10 p.m. a sally was 
 made to spike a large gun in Triplicane, and another to spike 
 guns on the island. Neither were successful, but the enemy 
 was much annoyed by the attempts. 
 
 The artillery force of the garrison amounted to eleven non- 
 commissioned officers, seventy- eight privates, and 155 lascars. 
 
 On the 23rd the Governor received intelligence of Colonel 
 Forde having gained a complete victory over the French in the 
 north Circars ; the whole garrison were put under arms, marched 
 into the covered- way, and having brought the enemy in alarm to 
 the front, twenty one guns were fired at them, and three running- 
 fires from the covered- way.
 
 30 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [IT*. 
 
 By the 28th, part of the enemy's battery, near Sumput Kow's 
 house, was visible, also their barricade across the street in Pedda 
 Naik's pettah, opposite the bridge. A brisk fire was kept up 
 on these works, which seemed to be intended for a principal 
 battery against the north-west face of Eoyal Bastion, and to 
 enfilade the covered way of north front. 
 
 Mr. Lally complained of our firing at his head-quarters, and 
 threatened to burn Black Town. Captain Call remarks on 
 this, *' that he had no right to complain, because he is perhaps 
 the first General that fixed his head-quarters within point blank 
 shot of a fort, and lodged a regiment and ammunition at the 
 same place." 
 
 The English working parties usually consisted of 100 
 Europeans and 200 to 300 sepoys. 
 
 Captain Preston and Usoff Oawn had a skirmish with the 
 enemy on 30th December, with advantage on our side. 
 
 On the 3 1st, a sally was made to the south, with one company 
 of Grenadiers, troops of Horse, and 1 ,000 sepoys ; no opposition 
 was met with. 
 
 Captain Preston was now at Trevembore, two miles south of 
 St. Thome, and proposed to make a large circle round the 
 enemy, cut off their supplies, and endeavour to take Poonamallee 
 and Tripassore. 
 
 On 2nd January the enemy began to fire from battery of six 
 guns, north of old hospital, to enfilade the Royal Bastion, and 
 batter west flank of the demi-bastion. 
 
 The English were able to oppose twelve pieces, and the French 
 battery was soon silenced, and two of their guns knocked to 
 pieces. 
 
 The French continued to throw shells into the town. 
 
 Five more deserters came in to-day. 
 
 On the 5th, the engineers erected a battery of five pieces on 
 the covered-way before salient angle of the demi-baston, against 
 the enemy's north battery.
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 31 
 
 On the 6th, the French opened fire in real earnest ; the fire 
 on the 2nd was merely intended to engage the garrison, while a 
 force was detached to attack Captain Preston, south of St. 
 Thome. 
 
 They fired from Lally's hattery near the sea with six guns 
 and seven mortars, and from Lorraine's battery with seven guns 
 and a howitzer. They had a mortar or two to the west. They 
 threw 150 shells and 200 shot, but our fire appeared superior 
 to theirs. Against Lally's battery we had ten guns, and against 
 Lorraine eleven guns. 
 
 On the 7th, fire continued, and they opened another battery 
 to the left of the burying-ground. The damage done by the 
 enemy s fire was not great. 
 
 Captain Preston having been attacked at Trivembore, had been 
 obliged to retreat in some disorder. 
 
 As soon as it was evident that the enemy were about to open 
 fire, Captain Call, chief engineer, drew out the following 
 instructions for his assistants : — 
 
 " It is ordered that Captain Lieutenant Leigh, engineer in 
 ordinary, and Ensign Cotsford, practitioner engineer, do attend 
 on the front, attached together, and Lieutenant Eiser, H.M.'s 
 64:th, engineer extraordinary, and Lieutenant Stephenson, sub- 
 engineer, do also attend together, and that these four gentlemen 
 relieve each other every twenty-four hours, at the same time as 
 the guard is relieved. 
 
 " That the senior engineer on duty every twenty-four hours 
 do make a report to me if any very extraordinary occurrence 
 happens ; that he acquaint the senior engineer who relieves him 
 with such observations as he has made while on duty, and with 
 the nature of the work carrying on, and also reports to me, by 
 writing, in general terms, what has been executed during his 
 tour of duty 
 
 " That the senior engineer going on duty every morning do 
 attend the parade and receive the working*party, which he is to
 
 82 MILITABY HISTORY OP THE [1759. 
 
 distribute according to the orders he has received, or if he has 
 none in particuhir, in such a manner as he thinks the service 
 may require." 
 
 " That the senior engineer on duty, on application being 
 made to him by any military or artillery officer for the repairing 
 or security of any work, do give them all the assistance he can, 
 and he is to take care that the parapets, embrasures, platforms, 
 and the works in general are kept in the best condition possible. 
 
 " The master bricklayer and carpenter have orders to follow 
 the directions of the engineers on duty, and give all the 
 assistance they can in their branches." 
 
 On the night of the 7th the enemy ceased firing, but this 
 proved merely a lull before the storm ; for next day they began 
 with a heavier fire, the damage done to the fort being greater 
 than before. 
 
 "About 4 A.M. on the 7th, the garrison were surprised with 
 the arrival of three boats with a Frenchman in each ; they were 
 the same which had been sent on the 3rd to Sadras with some 
 English ladies. The French having seized that place captured 
 the boats, and loading them with 150 shot of 24-prs., 100 empty 
 cartridges, 50 steel caps, 50 barrels of powder, and 1,500 sand- 
 bags, sent them back with a soldier in each to Black Town. The 
 boat fellows towards the morning being opposite j\Iadras, seized 
 the arms of the sleeping soldiers, poured water on the locks, 
 tied up the men, and lauded the boats at our sea-gate." 
 
 On 8th January the damages to the works began to get more 
 serious, and their repair of vast importance. The Chief 
 engineer having found the soldiers unused to such duty, and 
 extremely awkward in repairing the damaged works, recom- 
 mended the establishment of a pioneer company composed of 
 volunteers drawn from the several corps, who were to attend 
 only to the repair of the works, so that by constantly employing 
 the same people they might the more readily execute the required 
 services.
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 33 
 
 The company consisted of six sergeants, six corporals, and 
 eighty-eight privates commanded by Lieutenant Meyer assisted 
 by Ensign West. 
 
 Two companies of sepoys were also formed with proper 
 officers on the same plan. 
 
 The men of the European Pioneer Company were to receive 
 half a rupee a day as extraordinary allowance. 
 
 To-day, a shell from the enemy fell on a house full of saltpetre 
 and brimstone which took fire, and could not be put out for 
 many hours. 
 
 The enemy were observed to be erecting works to the west and 
 south by which the town would be fully invested, so it was 
 resolved to effect a junction with Captain Preston. Preston was 
 to march to tlie Mount from Wendalore on the 11th, and then 
 to St. Thome, by Trevembore, by daylight on the 1 2th. On the 
 same morning a force of 400 Europeans and 1,000 sepoys with 
 a troop of horse were to march, attack St. Thome, and join 
 Preston. By this means it was hoped that the country to the 
 south might be kept open. 
 
 Up to 8th January the number of deserters from the French 
 amounted to fifty. 
 
 On the 9th, a smart fire kept up on both sides all day, 
 and there were two explosions in French batteries. Our 
 parapets much damaged. A sentinel (lately deserted from the 
 French) was tried for quitting his post and plundering ; he was 
 hanged. 
 
 10th. — The enemy carried a trench from Lally's battery 150 
 feet west, and thence a zigzag south-east towards the sea; 
 thev also began a trench from near the new hospital towards 
 Pettah bridge Orders given to the engineers to set up a 
 palisadoe within the lunette to the north round demi-bastion ; 
 to keep 1,000 sand-bags filled on each battery of front attacked ; 
 to keep water- tubs in each battery to wet sand-bags; to fill 
 sand-bags with earth that falls from bastions into the dry 
 
 3
 
 34 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759. 
 
 ditch ; to erect a strong high traverse over steps leading up to 
 Choultry Gate to prevent street being enfiladed ; to erect 
 another traverse to secure the sick in hospital, and to make a 
 report to the Governor every evening before sunset of damage 
 works have received, and number of men required for working 
 party. 
 
 Owing to the misconduct of the cavalry with Captain Preston, 
 he was unable to effect the proposed junction to south of Madras 
 with a part of the garrison, and marched to Arcot to try to 
 collect a better body of cavalry. The Governor, Mr. Pigot, 
 heard of this movement on the 16th, but concealed it for fear of 
 dispiriting the garrison. 
 
 The French continued to carry on the approaches. 
 
 On the 1 2th a sortie was made (as already arranged) to the 
 south under Major Brereton ; it was successful as far as it went 
 and two guns were taken, but of course no junction was eiFected 
 with Preston. 
 
 14th. — Enemy opened a battery of three mortars behind 
 burying-ground Three explosions took place in rear of Lally's 
 battery. 
 
 18th. — Enemy fired from Lally's battery with fifteen guns, and 
 from a work near the bar with two small guns. 
 
 19th. — Enemy by this time were advanced on our glacis, and 
 beyond north-east salient angle by the seaside. 
 
 The Governor called a Council of War. At first it was deter- 
 mined to sally, but this was abandoned, as it appeared the enemy 
 designed to attack. 
 
 20th. — Enemy advanced third zig-zag quite down to the sea. 
 To the south a barbette battery was being constructed, and two 
 large guns or mortars placed behind it. 
 
 Commissions were issued to the engineers as follows : — 
 
 John Call, sub-director — Captain, 1st January 1759. 
 
 Alex. Leigh, engineer-in*ordinary — Captain-Lieutenant, 16th 
 January 1759.
 
 1759] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 35 
 
 Wm. Stevenson, sub-engineer — Lieutenant, 1st December 
 1768. 
 
 Ed. Cotsford, practitioner engineer — Ensign, Jst January 1759. 
 
 On the 21st a sally was made on the enemy's trenches by one 
 officer and thirty men, and one officer and thirty pioneers. 
 They entered the works, destroyed some of them, and returned 
 with the loss of four men. 
 
 By this time the enemy had advanced their sap very near the 
 salient angle, and had also opened a battery of three guns in 
 their zig-zag to fire on right face of north ravelin, but this latter 
 was badly constructed. One morning the besieged found a pole 
 stuck in the ground at the foot of the glacis, at the head of 
 which was a large board with the following notice pasted on 
 it:— 
 
 " Grace aux deserteurs Francois qui rejoinderont leurs 
 drapeaux, et part au butin." 
 
 Translation. — " Pardon and part of the plunder to the 
 deserters from the French who will rejoin their colours." 
 
 This was taken down and the following put up in its stead : — 
 
 " Un tien vant mieux que deux tu I'aura. 
 
 " Les deserteurs Francois trouvent I'argent Anglais plus 
 comptant et leur traitement plus doux que les proraesses vaines 
 des Fran9ois de leur part du butin sans paye, et conseillent 
 leurs camerades de venir a Madras participer d'une meilleure 
 fortune." 
 
 Translation, — "A bird in the hand is worth two in the 
 bush." 
 
 " The deserters from the French find English money and 
 English treatment of greater value than French promises of 
 plunder without pay, and invite their comrades to come and 
 better their fortunes." 
 
 The enemy on 2-4th January attempted to push their gabions 
 close to covered way, but many were overset by our men ; they, 
 however, carried on their approaches from ridge of the glacis on 
 
 3 *
 
 3f) MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759. 
 
 north-east salient angle, almost parallel to north face of covered 
 way. On the 30th but little advance had been made by the 
 enemy, and it was supposed that they were erecting a battery on 
 east or north face of covered way. The Shaftesbury arrived at 
 Madras, and the Captain informed the Governor that he left 
 Bombay on 18th December in company with six vessels con- 
 taining six companies of Colonel Draper's regiment, and that 
 they might be expected at any time. 
 
 On the next day a constant fire was kept up, and every half- 
 hour hand-grenades were thrown into the enemy's trenches. 
 Enemy opened four embrasures in the battery on crest of glacis 
 before the face of the demi-bastion. The French frigate attacked 
 the Shaftesbury and did her much harm. 
 
 Our fire from the fort still appears to have been superior to 
 that of the French. 
 
 On 4th February, a gallery under west counterscarp having 
 been advanced, about eighty feet fell in at the end, and light 
 came through, but the miners stopped the hole so soon that it is 
 believed the enemy did not discover it. 
 
 The engineers directed the gallery to be filled five or six feet 
 back, and the return for the chamber to be made at once. 
 
 5th. — No apparent alteration in enemy's works. UsofF Cawn 
 arrived at the Mount. Captain Vasserot sent out to join him 
 with a few troops and money, also a gold watch for Abdul 
 Wahab, and an amethyst ring set with diamonds for Usoif 
 Cawn. 
 
 From the 6th to 12th the enemy continued to fire from about 
 ten guns and two mortars, but they do not appear to have 
 worked either at the batteries or approaches. 
 
 On the 9th an action took place at the Mount between the 
 English, under Major Caillaud, and the French. The French 
 attacked with 600 Europeans, all their cavalry, and a large body 
 of sepoys with seven or eight pieces of cannon. After twelve 
 hours' efi'orts to dislodge the English, they retreated about
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 37 
 
 sunset, while the English had to move to Vandalore for ammu- 
 nition. 
 
 On the 13th the enemy made an attempt to seize our fascine 
 battery, hut they were repulsed. The same night they advanced 
 a gabionade thirty feet in front of stockade under cover of the 
 bank of the glacis, and formed a traverse with a direct com- 
 munication behind it to the stockade. This work was discovered 
 about 9 P.M., and a fire of musketry, round and grape-shot kept 
 on it all night. In the morning the guards of the demi-place 
 of arms and the fascine battery sallied out and destroyed it. 
 
 The enemy fired Chepauk this day. 
 
 15th, — The enemy attempted last night to replace the work 
 destroyed, but were prevented by a brisk fire which was kept up 
 all night. 
 
 16th. — Enemy were very silent last night, hut we kept up a 
 smart fire on the head of their sap from the fascine battery. 
 
 The engineers laid a platform for a I2-pounder very close to 
 the surf, and a gun was put ready for service. Crows' feet were 
 strewed on top of glacis near fascine battery, and several planks 
 with nails driven through, laid on the sand to prevent 
 approach. 
 
 Six sail approached Madras, and were found to be our long- 
 expected succours. About 8 p.m. they anchored in tlie roads 
 and were found to be Queenshoroiiyh, 20 ; Revenge, 20 ; Win- 
 chelsea ; Prince of Wales ; and Britannia, with six companies 
 of Colonel Draper's regiment, Major Monson in command. As 
 many troops as possible were landed at once. 
 
 We learned that the French had abandoned St. Thome, and 
 that they intended to raise the siege and march ofiF before day- 
 break. Major Caillaud had already received directions to harass 
 the French during their march. 
 
 On the 17th, at daybreak, found that the enemy had abandoned 
 their works, and were retreating ; at 9 they blew up Egmore 
 Powder Mills,
 
 38 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1759. 
 
 The following is the account given by the chief engineer of 
 the enemy's works : — 
 
 " The construction and position of the battery on crest of glacis 
 ill-contrived. Seven guns found on it ; carriages all disabled." 
 
 " Lally's battery had fifteen embrasures, three firing on ravelin, 
 and twelve on demi- and north-east bastions ; six guns on 
 carriages, of which all but one considerably damaged i five guns 
 with carriages, dismounted. Six mortars behind this battery _ 
 had been fired for some time." 
 
 " The battery to the left of burying-ground had four embrasures 
 to enfilade right face of north ravelin and covered-way before it ; 
 three guns on carriages, muzzles damaged ; six guns dismounted, 
 and three carriages ruined." 
 
 "No guns were found in Lorraine battery; the good guns had 
 been drawn off", and remainder buried. 
 
 " In all the batteries the platforms were very bad ; instead of 
 having sleepers and planks, they had merely a few pieces of 
 wood taken from the roofs of houses. Their gabions were bad, 
 and their fascines not much better." 
 
 The number of guns found in the enemy's works were fifty- 
 two : — 
 
 33 18 and 24-pounders and 
 19 9-pounders. 
 
 Many thousand shot and 150 barrels of powder at St. Thome; 
 also forty-four sick and wounded soldiers. 
 
 The French retreated so precipitately that they had no time to 
 burn Black Town. 
 
 The Company's garden houses and houses belonging to 
 European inhabitants suffered severely, the walls of some alone 
 being left. 
 
 Our loss in the siege was : — 
 Commissioned officers : 
 
 Killed 15 
 
 Wounded ... ... .. 14 
 
 — 29
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 39 
 
 Non-commissioned officers and soldiers : 
 
 Killed 
 
 Wounded 
 
 ., 257 
 .. 182 
 
 Taken prisoners... 
 Deserted... 
 
 .. 122 
 .. 20 
 
 581 
 
 Europeans, total ... 
 
 ... 610 
 
 Sepoy officers and privates : 
 
 Killed 
 
 Wounded 
 Deserted... 
 
 .. 105 
 .. 217 
 .. 440 
 
 762 
 
 Grand total ... 
 
 ... 1,372 
 
 Totals : 
 
 Killed 
 
 Wounded 
 
 . 377 
 . 413 
 
 Taken prisoners... 
 Deserted 
 
 . 122 
 
 912 
 
 ... 460 
 
 
 1,372 
 
 Enemy's Loss. 
 
 Europeans killed and wounded, 90 officers and 1,410 men. 
 The ammunition expended by the garrison during the siege 
 
 was very large, 
 
 18,309 round shot. 
 1,366 grape shot. 
 
 6,702 shells. 
 
 1,990 hand grenades. 
 
 522 match chains. 
 
 330 fire balls. 
 
 29,219 
 
 and 176,798 lbs. of powder ; the quantity remaining being only 
 66.802 lbs.
 
 40 MILITARY HISTORY OF THK [1759. 
 
 " Thus terminated the siege of Fort St. George after the 
 garrison had been shut up sixty-seven days, and the enemy's 
 batteries had been open forty-six." 
 
 " To the credit of our artillery let it be remarked that two 
 12-pounders from the north ravelin dismounted four 24-pounders 
 opposite to them, and that of fifty-two pieces of cannon found on 
 the enemy's batteries, thirty- one were disabled by our shot, which 
 are many more than we had hurt by the enemy, notwithstanding 
 our works were enfiladed, plunged into and taken in reverse. 
 I must also mention that the works by the exertions of a few 
 men were kept in extraordinary good repair, and three guns with 
 stout parapet were maintained on the north-east bastion from 
 the first to the last day of the siege. An addition was also 
 made of a battery by the seaside, and two pieces more were 
 fired on the 16th February than on the 14th December. Nor 
 must I forget to observe that a few raw men taken from the 
 Pioneer Company greatly outdid the boasted miners of ihe 
 French, who were to blow whole bastions into the air ; for after 
 the breaching battery was erected, those men, without having 
 seen anything of the kind before, and without any previous 
 preparations of stantions or tools, were set to open the counter- 
 scarp, and by continued hard labour carried a gallery ninety-five 
 feet in length under the enemy's battery, where two chambers 
 
 were made and loaded with 250 lbs of powder each." 
 
 " This work was executed within a few feet of the enemy, and in 
 
 sight of their lodgment on the glacis." 
 
 " They saw and dreaded, but could not interrupt it, though we 
 
 lost many men." 
 
 " Whoever considers the nature of the soil, and that the gallery 
 
 was carried on under the explosions of the enemy's guns, which 
 
 every day made the earth to fall in, must allow this to have been 
 
 a most laborious and hazardous undertaking." 
 
 The above remarks have been extracted from the journal of 
 
 the chief engineer, Captain John Call.
 
 References to the Plan of the Siege. 
 
 C Six VA-inch mortars, which played on 
 the bth of January 1759, in the 
 morning. 
 D A battery of 3 guns, opened on the 2nd 
 
 of January. 
 E A battery of 4 gum and 2 howitzere, 
 opened on the 6th of January, in 
 the morning. 
 F A battery of 4 guns, opened on the 7th. 
 G A battery of 4 guns, which played " en 
 ricochet," opened on the 11th of 
 January. 
 H A battery of 4 guns, opened on the 
 2Zrd of Janiiary against the north 
 ravelin. 
 I A battery of 5 guns, intended to breach 
 the demi-bastion and destroy the 
 blind and north-east^ opened on the 
 dlst of January, in the morning. 
 K Mortar batteries of the enemy. 
 L Betre7ichments, or barricadoes. 
 M A fougasse, sprung by the enemy on 
 the Srd of February, in the morning. 
 N The last attempt of the enemy to ad- 
 vance by traverees, 14-th of February. 
 A battei-y of 2 guns, which fired into 
 the town on the south side and at 
 the Shatfekury. 
 P Tlte royal bastion. 
 Q The north-east bastion. 
 R The north ravelin. 
 8 The demi-bastio7i. 
 T The fascine battery. 
 V The blind before the north-east baetivn.
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 41 
 
 Directly the siege was over, the chief engineer turned his 
 attention to the state of Fort St. George. 
 
 The enemy's works were first destroyed, and then the necessary 
 repairs to the fort were undertaken. The chief engineer, besides 
 this, sent in a project for strengthening the sea-face. 
 
 The levelling of the enemy's works was undertaken by the 
 remains of the Pioneer Company, and in a fortnight the work 
 was done. As the English had suffered great inconvenience 
 from the tombs at the burying-ground during the siege, the 
 chief engineer recommended their removal, and this was at once 
 done. Colonel Lawrence and Major Brereton each applied for 
 a plan of the fort and the French attack, that they might explain 
 to the Ministry and the Captain General the nature of our 
 defence. 
 
 It was found impracticable to take the field till the beginning 
 of March. Colonel Lawrence, after taking Poonamellee and 
 Tripassore, marched towards Conjeveram, but he could not get 
 the enemy to stir, and as he was in a bad state of health, 
 he quitted Madras and returned to England, leaving the 
 command to Major Brerton, Colonel Draper having been com- 
 pelled to leave the country on account of his health. 
 
 Major Brereton marched to Wandewash, and opened ground 
 before it. The French marched to relieve it, and came within 
 eight or nine miles of our army. Major Brereton thinking 
 their position too strong, did not attack, but made a forced 
 march, and entered Conjeveram. 
 
 It was garrisoned by 600 black troops, under Mustapha Beg. 
 He fought well, but was killed with the greatest part of his 
 followers. The English suffered severely, and lost four officers. 
 
 Major Monson, as he was reconnoitring, received a wound from 
 a ball, which entered near his ear, passed through his cheek, and 
 came out near his nose. The narrator of this incident quaintly 
 remarks, " but he never found any great inconvenience from it." 
 Majors Brereton and Caillaud were also wounded.
 
 42 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1759. 
 
 We remained at Conjeveram for a month, while Mr. Lally 
 was at Cauverypauk. On 6th May the French marched 
 towards Conjeveram ; at the same time Brereton advanced, but 
 the latter, finding that his Europeans were suffering heavily from 
 the excessive heat, resolved to return to Conjeveram. In a 
 march of eight miles, six Europeans fell dead, and ninety were 
 taken ill. 
 
 The French advanced within three miles of Conjeveram. 
 Major Brereton being ill. Major Monson took command ; he 
 avoided a general action, but was successful in several 
 skirmishes. Finally, Mr. Lally marched to Trivatore,* sent 
 his army into cantonments, and went himself to Pondicherry. 
 
 On 29th August, Major Brereton, commanding the army, held 
 a Council of War (Majors Monson and Caillaud), and it was 
 agreed that the army was in a position to take the field. 
 
 Up to this time the chief engineer had remained at Madras, 
 superintending the repairs and improvements to Fort St. George. 
 Messrs. Leigh, Stevenson, and Cotsford, were with the army. 
 Major Brereton proposed to take Wandewash, and asked for 
 Call's services. 
 
 Call was directed accordingly to join the army, but about the 
 middle of September he was ordered to return to Madras, as his 
 presence was not immediately wanted with the army, owing to 
 the arrival of the French fleet. 
 
 On 25th September, Major Brereton determined to attack 
 Wandewash, and in a letter to ^the Council (apparently in 
 answer to one of theirs, counselling prudence) he says : — 
 "Nothing but the being convinced that now is the time for 
 action, or never, could carry me on after the receipt of your 
 letter ; if we succeed 'tis well, if not, I shall hang myself" 
 
 The army moved on 26th September, and took Trivatore. On 
 the 30th, Brereton made an assault on Wandewash. The 
 
 * On Cheear river, ten miles north-west of Wandewash.
 
 1759.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 43 
 
 English -were repulsed with a loss of twelve officers and 195 
 men killed and wounded. The French lost ahout 200 also. 
 
 The English again returned to Conjeveram. 
 
 On 30th October, Colonel Coote took command, but did 
 not arrive at Conjeveram till 20th November, when he 
 appointed — 
 
 Major Monson ... Quartermaster-General. 
 
 Captain T. Adams ) 
 
 n 4. • \TiT-u- T 1 Aides-de-Camp. 
 
 Captain William Ingram J ^ 
 
 Lieutenant Eiser, acting ^ 
 
 engineer at Fort St. [ Brigade Major. 
 
 George ... J 
 
 Lieutenant Rowland ... Secretary. 
 
 Immediately after Coote took command, he ordered Captain 
 Call to camp, but the Council objected, and stated that Messrs. 
 Leigh, Stevenson and Cotsford were with the army. The army 
 marched from Conjeveram on 25th November, and on the 26th 
 a detachment, under Major Brereton, invested Wandewash. 
 Two batteries were erected as soon as possible, and opened fire 
 on the 29th. On the 30th a breach was made, and the place 
 was surrendered. A garrison was placed in Wandewash, the 
 engineer being Lieutenant Cotsford. From Wandewash, Coote 
 marched to Carangooly ; this was taken on 8th December. 
 
 Coote left Lieutenant Fletcher and two companies of sepoys at 
 Carangooly, with an engineer (Lieutenant Stevenson) and fifty 
 pioneers to repair the fort. 
 
 A few days after the capture of Carangooly, the chief engineer 
 was ordered to proceed to Wandewash and Carangooly, to 
 survey them, and give his opinion on placing them in a state of 
 defence by the end of December. Captain Call finished 
 his work there, and on the 3rd January 1760 sent in his 
 report. 
 
 He examined Cbingleput as well as the two posts mentioned, 
 and reported that " the south face of that fort had been so
 
 44 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri759. 
 
 judiciously altered as to have become very strong." He offered 
 some proposals for making the north face equally so, and stated 
 his opinion that " Chingleput was of the utmost consequence to 
 Madras, as protecting thirty-five miles of intermediate country, 
 and being almost an invincible obstacle to the French in any 
 designs they might have on Madras." 
 
 As regards Carangooly, he pronounced the fortifications 
 defective; he thought it better to hold it in its present state as 
 long as we held Wandewash, but hardly thought it necessary to 
 hold it if we were to lose Wandewash. In that case it should be 
 destroyed, and preparations were made accordingly. He did 
 not think Wandewash strong, but was of opinion that it was 
 of the utmost consequence to us, on account of its situation, 
 which is only twenty-five miles from Ginjee, and about the same 
 distance from Chingleput ; also useful as contributing to make 
 easy an attempt on Chettipet, the capture of which place would 
 cut communication between Arcot and Pondicherry, and render 
 the siege of the latter place much easier. 
 
 By means of Wandewash and Chettipet it would not be 
 difficult to open a communication with Trichinopoly, aud our 
 possessions round Madras would take a very compact form. 
 
 He considered the defects of Wandewash to be the want of a 
 wet ditch, insufficient cover to walls against distant batteries, and 
 inefficient flank fire. He made a number of proposals for 
 improving the strength of the fort. Amongst others, improve- 
 ments to ditch, a glacis, a counter-guard before the south-east 
 tower, a ravelin on the east front, and the projection on the west 
 front to be turned into a bastion, removal of two cavaliei's; on 
 the north he reported the ditch good and the country open. 
 Ramparts to be raised. Magazines, &c., good. 
 
 If these proposals were carried out, Wandewash might be 
 reckoned a strong place. 
 
 Mr. Cotsford, the engineer at Wandewash, was ordered to 
 increase the flank fire.
 
 1760.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 45 
 
 Captain Sherlock, the officer commanding, received from 
 Captain Call instructions as to the defence he should make in 
 case the French attempted to re-capture the place. 
 
 Captain Call, owing to the late successes, thought it a desirable 
 time to improve Fort St. George, and recommended a redoubt on 
 north-east salient angle of covered- way, and the east face (sea-face) 
 to be strengthened. 
 
 The works of the fort had chiefly up to this time been of 
 earth. Captain Call considered that, owing to the defenceless 
 state of Madras at the time, it was necessary to form them of 
 earth, but hoped never to be under the necessity of raising 
 earthworks again. He mentioned that, since 1752, 2,87,570 
 pagodas* had been spent on works of Fort St. George, and filling 
 up the river ; and all other charges bring the whole to 5,09,030 
 pagodas. He thought before it was properly finished the cost 
 would be doubled. 
 
 The Council ordered that 200 bricklayers and 150 carpenters 
 should be employed on the works at once. 
 
 In January 1760, Lieutenant Stevenson was at Carangooly, 
 Ensign Cotsford at Wandewash, and Captain Lieutenant Leigh 
 with the army. Captain Call being in Madras. 
 
 After the Capture of Carangooly, Coote posted his army in a 
 strong position between Cauverypauk and Arcot. He had 
 2,100 Europeans, 4,000 sepoys, and 1,500 horse. The French 
 under Lally moved from Arcot by the road of Wandewash, and 
 sent a party to Conjeveram, who ransacked the town, but could 
 not get possession of the fort. Coote marched to Conjeveram ; 
 upon this, the enemy retired and joined their main body at 
 Patangel on the road from Conjeveram to Wandewash. 
 
 On 16th January the French attacked the pettah, and after a 
 stout resistance lodged themselves, and commenced to erect a 
 battery. 
 
 * Throe and a half rupecB,
 
 46 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1760. 
 
 On the 20th they commenced to fire (Captain Sherlock com- 
 manded; engineer, Lieutenant Cotsford) from one 24-pounder 
 and three 18-pounders. 
 
 Coote now determined to relieve Wandewash, and took post 
 at Ootumaloor on the 17th, and hearing from Captain Sher- 
 lock that the breach might be practicable on the 22nd, resolved 
 to made an efi'ort to raise the siege that morning. The army 
 marched at 6 a.m. on 22nd January, engaged the enemy, and 
 utterly defeated them. The English were left entire masters 
 of the field, together with all the French artillery, except three 
 small pieces ; twenty pieces of cannon were taken. Three 
 20-pounders, one 24-pounder, and one 32-pounder. Captain 
 Lieutenant Leigh was the only engineer with Coote's army. 
 
 The French had 200 killed and 600 wounded. 
 
 We took 240 prisoners, of whom 200 were wounded. 
 
 Our loss was 52 Europeans killed and 140 wounded, some of 
 whom afterwards died of their wounds ; among them Major 
 Brereton. 
 
 The French retreated as fast as possible to Chettipet, eighteen 
 miles distant, and next day assembled the remains of their 
 broken army at Ginjee. 
 
 On 28th January Coote marched to Chettipet and began to 
 erect batteries. Next day a breach was made and the place was 
 surrendered. 
 
 Captain Wood, by order of Coote, invested Arcot soon after 
 the battle of Wandewash. 
 
 On 2nd February he was joined by Coote, who at once erected 
 batteries against the fort. Two of 18-pounders against the cur- 
 tain between the north-west corner tower and gateway; one, of two 
 18-pounders and one 24-pounder, against tower and curtain west 
 of south-west corner tower ; and one of l2-pounders against north 
 gate and to enfilade west front. Batteries opened on 5th Feb- 
 ruary. On the 8th, Coote had carried his approaches to the south- 
 west within 260 yards of crest of glacis, those to west within 250,
 
 1760.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 47 
 
 and summoned the garrison. The commandant said if he was not 
 relieved in six days he would deliver up the fort on being allowed 
 honours of war. Hostilities recommenced; and the approaches 
 were carried on to within sixty yards of crest of glacis when the 
 garrison surrendered on 10th February, and Coote took possession 
 of Nabob's capital, and captured eleven European officers and 
 236 European soldiers. Eear-Admiral Cornish arrived at Madras 
 with six ships on 28th February, and as the French had no 
 fleet, he at once co-operated with the land forces. 
 
 The garrisons of Permacoil and Alumparva* having sur- 
 rendered prisoners of war, Coote proceeded with the army to 
 attack Waldour and blockade Pondicherry by land. At the 
 same time Major Monson, with the chief engineer (Call), seven 
 gunners and fifty pioneers, embarked on board the fleet to begin 
 the siege of Karical with the assistance of the Marines. They 
 were joined by 40 Artillery, 100 Europeans, and 200 sepoys 
 from Trichinopoly. The fleet arrived in the Karical roads on 
 28th March, and at 5 p.m. Major Monson landed, with the 
 pioneers and 300 Marines, four miles north of Karical. Next 
 morning they seized the town. Captain Call, with the pioneers, 
 took possession of a saluting battery near the mouth of the river; 
 while doing so they were fired on fiercely from the fort. In the 
 night the pioneers made a battery near the river on esplanade. 
 Next evening a 10-inch mortar was landed, and at 10 p.m. 
 began to bombard Fort Dauphin. 
 
 The enemy abandoned Fort Dauphin and retired to Fort 
 St. Louis. By Jst April the English had finished a battery 
 of four 18-pounders. On the 3rd they fully invested the 
 place ; by the 5th they had erected several batteries, breached 
 one bastion, and dismounted several guns. Major Monson now 
 learnt that Lally had sent troops within twenty miles, so he 
 summoned the garrison, and the place was given up. 206 Euro- 
 
 • Seventeen miles north by -west and twenty-five north by east of Pondicherry.
 
 48 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1760. 
 
 peans, including officers, were taken prisoners, and 200 sepoys. 
 Major Monson next marched to Chillumbrura, and summoned 
 the garrison, who seemed determined to hold out. In the night 
 a party of pioneers were carrying fascines to a battery, mistook 
 their way, and marched right up to the fort. The French thought 
 they were coming to escalade the place, and cried out that they 
 surrendered at discretion. Prisoners taken were forty Europeans 
 with six officers, and 300 sepoys. 
 
 Verdachellum surrendered soon after, and Major Monson in 
 the beginning of May joined Coote. 
 
 Towards the end of April the chief engineer w^as directed to 
 return to Madras; and Captain Leigh received orders to remain 
 at Karical, to construct the mines and to destroy the fort as 
 soon as it was resolved on. In March, the engineer at Wande- 
 wash was told to proceed with the strengthening of the fort in 
 accordance with Captain Call's suggestions. In this month 
 mention is made of another engineer, a Mr. MacMahon, doing 
 duty with Colonel Coote's army. 
 
 Lieutenant Stevenson was appointed engineer at Allumparva, 
 and in June requested to be allowed to leave the engineers and 
 enter the military ; but permission was refused, as his services 
 were urgently required as an engineer. 
 
 He was employed by Coote in the destruction of Allumparva, 
 as also in preparing plans of Wandewash, Karical, Chellum- 
 brum and Verdachellum. 
 
 Captain Leigh was employed at Karical, but on 18tli August 
 was ordered to Trichinopoly, to report on the works neces- 
 sary at that place. On 5th October he left Karical, reached 
 Trichinopoly on the 8th, and sent in a lengthy report on the 
 fort with extensive proposals for strengthening it. 
 
 The Board, however, did not think it expedient at the 
 present juncture to make any additions and alterations to 
 the fort, especially as an engineer could not be spared to super- 
 intend the works, and Captain Leigh was told simply to repair the
 
 1760.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS- 49 
 
 breach made by late rains, return to Karical to comply with 
 previous instructions regarding that fort. 
 
 On 7th November, Leigh was ordered to destroy Fort Dauphin, 
 and after that was effected, he, with the pioneers, European 
 artificers, and pioneer lascars, were to repair to camp. 
 
 On 8th September, John Call, the chief engineer, attended the 
 Board in Madras, and the oath of secrecy being administered 
 to him, tdok his seat at the Board * 
 
 Meanwhile, Coote having taken Villenoure and Waldour 
 encamped in front of Villenoure, with his left on descent of Red 
 Hills, four miles from Pondicherry and one mile and a half 
 from Oullagerry where the enemy were still posted. He threw 
 up redoubts in the different avenues, as also did the enemy, and 
 the advanced parties were within musket-shot of each other. 
 
 During this time the French made three attempts on Cudda- 
 lore. In the first they carried off seventy Marines, but the two 
 last were repulsed with loss. The rainy season approaching, 
 Colonel Coote requested the Admiral to land Marines to take 
 Arianoopang. They landed at Cuddalore on 5i9th August, and 
 800 men, under Major Monson, were disposed for the attack of 
 Ariancopang, while Coote with the main army marched on 
 Oulagerry. Monson, however, did not approve of the operation, 
 so Coote countermanded it. 
 
 M. lially, at 4 a.m. on 3rd September, made four attacks at 
 once on our advanced redoubts. 
 
 One on the Tamarind redoubt, erected on 29th August on the 
 Red Hill, about 4000 yards north west of Pondicherry ; the second 
 on the redoubt at the end of the Waldour avenue from the fort ; 
 the third on the redoubts on the Villenoure and Oulagerry 
 avenues. 
 
 * A few days after, orders were given that, as the duty of the engineers in 
 camp were very fatiguing, and not to be performed without horses, they were to 
 receive allowance for a horse as an adjutant.
 
 50 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1760. 
 
 The fourth was to cross the river from Ariancopang and advance 
 to the villages near the Villenoure Fort. All failed except that 
 on the Waldour avenue redoubt. 
 
 The next night an attack was made again on Tamarind 
 redoubt, but the enemy was repulsed with loss. 
 
 After this, Coote was superseded by Monson ; the former went 
 to Madras and Monson took command. 
 
 On the 9th, Monson ordered the whole army to attack the 
 French posts at Oulagerry Church and redoubts in the bound 
 hedge. The attack was successful, and the enemy abandoned three 
 redoubts and left behind them fifteen pieces of cannon ; but the 
 great advantages proposed by this success were unfortunately 
 lost, for Colonel Monson in the attack received a shot which 
 broke his leg, and the Commander-in-Chief being disabled, the 
 troops contented themselves with taking post in the bound hedge. 
 
 The next day the whole army encamped at Oullagerry and 
 proceeded to fortify the redoubts they had taken ; a detachment 
 was sent to invest Ariancopang, the French withdrew the 
 garrison and blew up part of the fort, which the English soon 
 repaired, and established a post there. 
 
 Colonel Coote was now requested to re-assume the command, 
 and he reached the camp on 20th September 1760. 
 
 In the beginning of October, finding the French were 
 strengthening the works to the north, he attacked them and 
 got possession of a redoubt they were fortifying ; a party of 
 pioneers at once set to work to close the gorge and make it 
 tenable. 
 
 Ensign MacMahon commanded the pioneers on this occasion. 
 
 He had been ordered to call at Major Smith's post for a 
 detachment of Europeans, but mistaking his orders neglected 
 to do so ; at midnight the pioneers were suddenly attacked 
 by 400 Europeans and 600 sepoys. The Ensign (a Dane) who 
 commanded the sepoys in the redoubt abandoned it on the first 
 onset. Ensign MacMahon was killed, and the pioneers, sur-
 
 17C0.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 51 
 
 prised and defenceless, escaped as they could. The sepoys were 
 encouraged by a Subahdar named Cowen Naig ; he formed them 
 in the plain and returned to recover the post, in which he eflfec- 
 tually succeeded. 
 
 On 6th October, the monsoon approaching, the whole line 
 struck their tents, and encamped a mile and a half from their 
 old ground on the hills. 
 
 While the monsoon continued, Coote, knowing that the works 
 he might make would be destroyed by the rains, confined 
 himself to cutting off all communications between the garrison 
 and the country. Meantime, Major Preston was engaged in 
 blockading Ginjee and intercepting convoys which they con- 
 tinually attempted to send for the relief of Pondicherry. 
 
 On 11th November, the chief engineer suggested that, as it 
 would soon be necessary to begin the siege of Pondicherry, he 
 should go to the camp in order to determine against which 
 front the attack should be made. A week after he arrived at 
 camp. 
 
 On the 27th, M. Lally turned the natives out of the town 
 (except those absolutely necessary), to the number of 1,400 of 
 both sexes and every age. 
 
 They were not allowed to pass through the English lines for 
 a week, but at last Coote, finding Lally inflexible, allowed them 
 to go — their only sustenance, in addition to what they had 
 brought out, had been for eight days the roots of grass picked 
 up in the fields. 
 
 Four ricochet batteries were finished on the 8th : one was 
 
 near the beach with four 18-pounders, and enfiladed the sea face; 
 
 the second, of two 24-pounders, two 18-pounders, with three 
 
 mortars of 13-inch, 10-inch, and 8-inch, was on the other side 
 
 of the swamp, 14U yards from the walls, and bore on the west 
 
 flank of the north-west bastion, which mounted ten guns, 
 
 and had a strong counter-guard in front with twenty-five guns. 
 
 The third and fourth batteries were to the south : the third on 
 
 4 *
 
 52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761. 
 
 the edge of a large island, called Cocoanut Island (formed by 
 the river), and mounted two guns ; the fourth was raised on a 
 smaller one, called Sand Island, and bore on St Thomas' 
 redoubt, and on curtain between the two bastions nearest to the 
 sea. 
 
 These four batteries were only intended to harass the 
 enemy. 
 
 They opened at midnight on 8th December, and the firing 
 continued for six days, but diminished after that for want of 
 powder. 
 
 On the 20th, more powder arrived, and the enfilade and 
 bombardment recommenced from all the batteries. 
 
 On the first day of the year 1701 a sudden storm of wind 
 put the whole English fleet into extreme danger and destroyed 
 several vessels. 
 
 The Newcastle, Queenshorougli, and Protector fire-ships were 
 driven ashore two miles south of Pondicherry, and the Duke of 
 Aguitaitie, Sunderland, and Duke, store-ships, went to the 
 bottom. 1,100 Europeans perished in these vessels. Several 
 of the other ships suff'ered heavily, but the Norfolk, Admiral 
 Steven's flag-ship, received little damage, and the Admiral soon 
 returned to his station. 
 
 After the storm, every exertion was made to restore our works. 
 The two batteries of Cocoanut and Sand Islands were ruined. 
 As these could not readily be restored, owing to river flood, 
 Coote determined to surprise St. Thomas' redoubt. 
 
 On 5th January the river had sufficiently fallen, and the 
 detachment for attack nssembled at the Ariancopang redoubt 
 north of Cocoanut Island, and the other side of the river. 
 
 The English got possession of the redoubt by stratagem, and 
 immediately after, Captain Call, the chief engineer, followed by 
 the Pioneer Company, of fifty men (European), and 100 lascars, 
 carrying gabions, fascines, and tools, set to work to close and 
 retrench the gorge. By 4 a.m. the work was finished, and the
 
 1761J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 63 
 
 workmen withdrawn at 5. The redoubt was attacked by the 
 garrison and retaken. A redoubt was commenced on the spit of 
 land 300 yards in rear of the former. 
 
 By the morning of 10th January, the Hanover Battery was 
 completed, and opened fire from ten guns, six 24-pounders and 
 four IR-pounders, with three mortars. 
 
 The guns on the left fired on the west face of the north-west 
 bastion, and the counter-guard before it. Two guns on the next 
 bastion on the left, and two guns on the projecting towers on 
 each side of Waldour gate. The redoubt on the spit of land to 
 the south was finished on tlie ] 2th, and on the night of the 
 13th the trenches were commenced. Working parties, 700 
 Europeans, rank and file, 400 lascars, the Pioneer Company of 
 70 Europeans and 200 coolies. 
 
 Ground was opened near the bleaching ground, and the 
 trench was carried on obliquely for 4(S0 yards, passing the high 
 road leading from Madras gate, and then continued 280 yards 
 parallel to walls of town. Two short trenches from each end 
 of this parallel were dug, and fell in with two ends of the 
 intended battery, which was forty yards in front. All this work, 
 800 yards long, sheltered by gabions, fascines, and sand-bags, 
 was executed by the European soldiers. The lascars and 
 coolies were employed in bringing materials, and the pioneers 
 were employed in the battery. 
 
 Before morning six embrasures were finished, and the cannon 
 had been brought from the Artillery Park to the battery. The 
 battery was 450 yards from the walls. 
 
 There was no time to lay the platforms, and it was expected 
 the garrison would fire hotly on the work in the daytime. 
 
 They, however, only fired now and then, and the chief 
 engineer, John Call, observing this, sent carpenters to lay the 
 platforms. 
 
 The Hanover battery fired all day with great vivacity, and 
 silenced all the guns opposed to it.
 
 54 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1761. 
 
 On the ]4th night the pioneers, with 300 lascars, went again 
 to work in the Royal battery, and the garrison having kept up a 
 smart fire, wounded twelve men. Before daylight, however, the 
 battery was finished. 
 
 It contained eleven 24 -pounders and three heavy mortars. 
 It opened fire on the 15th morning, and supported by the 
 Hanover battery with ten guns and three mortars, soon silenced 
 all the defences which bore on it, except a gun or two on the 
 bastion near the sea. On the night of the 15th another battery 
 of six guns was about 'to be commenced, 300 yards nearer the 
 beach, and 150 nearer to the walls, to destroy the flanks of the 
 various bastions. At sun-set, however, a flag of truce was seen 
 advancing in the Villenoure avenue to offer capitulation. 
 
 The next morning, the 16th January, Villenoure gate was 
 taken possession of. The French, amounting to 1,100, all wore 
 the face of famine, fatigue, or disease. 
 
 On the 17th, the English flag was hoisted, and a salute of 
 1,000 guns fired. 
 
 °^ Five hundred pieces of cannon and 110 mortars and howitzers 
 were taken, and ammunition, arms, and stores, in great 
 abundance. 
 
 Colonel Coote detached eight companies of sepoys under 
 Captain Smith to invest Ginjee, and the blockade of Thiagar was 
 continued by Major Preston. 
 
 The engineers present at the siege of Pondicherry were : — 
 John Call, chief engineer ; Alexander Leigh (having completed 
 the demolition of Fort Dauphin at Karical went to Pondicherry 
 on the 5th December). William Stevenson and Edward 
 Cotsford, although not mentioned in the records, must have 
 been present, as on the 23rd February they sailed with Admiral 
 Stevens to assist in the attack on Mahe. 
 
 Captain John Brohier, who was the Engineer-in- Chief, 
 appears all this time to have remained at Fort William. 
 
 He was dismissed about July 1760. I have been unable
 
 1761.1 MADRAS ENGINEEES. 55 
 
 to ascertain the reason of his dismissal,"*^ hut the result was 
 that John Call was appointed engineer-in-chief and Major, 
 3Ist July 1760; Alexander Leigh, suh-director and Captain, 
 18th November 17G0; William Stevenson, engineer ordinary 
 and Captain-Lieutenant, 18th November 1760; Edward 
 Cotsford, sub-engineer and Lieutenant, 18th November 1760. 
 
 Major John Call was directed, a few days after the surrender, 
 to destroy the fortifications of Pondicherry. He remained there 
 engaged upon this work with his three assistants till the 
 departure of the expedition to Mahe. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Stevenson and Lieutenant Cotsford 
 accompanied the expedition to Mahe, while Captain Leigh was 
 left at Pondicherry to complete the work commenced by Major 
 Call. 
 
 In the five or six weeks which elapsed between the surrender 
 of Pondicherry and the departure of the expedition, the west 
 front was blown up, as also parts of the north and south fronts ; 
 the mines in the town wall were nearly completed, except those 
 on sea-face. The mines under the citadel had also been com- 
 menced. The circumference of the fort, exclusive of the citadel, 
 was four miles in brickwork, yet Major Call hoped all would 
 be finished in three months. 
 
 Admiral Stevens sailed on the 23rd February with eleven 
 ships of the line and two frigates. 
 
 Major Moore, of H.M.'s 79th Regiment, commanded the 
 military expedition, and, in addition to Stevenson and Cotsford 
 of the Engineers, Ensign Ware, of the Pioneers, went with two 
 sergeants, four corporals, thirty pioneers, three artificers, and 
 forty lascars. Their services were, however, not required at 
 Mahe, as, on the 13th February, it capitulated to Major Hector 
 Munro. 
 
 Early in February 17G1, Captain Smith took the mountain of 
 
 • Probably due to the badness of the masonry constructed at Fort William 
 which had (as already noticed) to be for the most part rebuilt.
 
 56 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1761. 
 
 St. George at Ginjee, and the same day Thiagar capitulated to 
 Major Preston, after a blockade and bombardment of sixty-five 
 days. 
 
 On 5th April the Commandant of the Great Mountain of 
 Ginjee capitulated, and thus the hostilities between the French and 
 English terminated, with the result that the French had not a 
 single " place " in India — their factories at Surat and Calicut 
 being mere trading settlements. 
 
 Colonel Coote embarked on the 13th March for Bengal, 
 leaving his regiment to follow. 
 
 Major John Call, on his return to Madras, was engaged on the 
 fortifications of Fort St. George, which it was considered 
 desirable should be made permanent as soon as possible 
 
 Captain Leigh was directed to demolish the Fort of Waldour, 
 as soon as he had finished with Pondioherry.
 
 lifil.l MADRAS ENGINEERS. 57 
 
 CHAPTEK III. 
 
 Siege of Yellore. — Pioneer company raised under Captain Bonjour. — Expedition 
 against Manilla. — Captain Stevenson. — Murder of Lieutenant Fryer. — Cap- 
 ture of Manilla. — Passes leading into the Camatic. 
 
 In 1761 it was found that the Nabob of the Caruatic was 
 unable to recover his dues from his tributaries, and the Council 
 at Madras resolved on 21th August to assist him. This they 
 proposed to do first by attacking Vellore. 
 
 Colonel John CaiHaud was appointed to command the Army, 
 while Messrs. Bourchier and Du Pre were to accompany it as 
 Field Deputies. 
 
 Messrs. Stevenson and Cotsford of the Engineers, who were 
 now at Tellicherry, were ordered to return, with the view of being 
 present at the proposed siege. After the capture of Pondicherry, 
 it will be remembered, they accompanied the expedition to Mahe, 
 a few miles south of Tellicherry. 
 
 On 2Hth September, Caillaud encamped before Vellore, and 
 waited for stores. Lengthy negotiations with the Killadar 
 followed. Mortiz-Ali-Khan (the Killadar) offered his only 
 daughter in marriage with the Nabob's eldest son, but no settle- 
 ment was effected, and, after considerable delay, the Killadar 
 returned to bis fort on 12th October, having refused the terms
 
 58 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761, 
 
 offered by the Nabob ; and next day our batteries opened fire at 
 a distance of 400 yards. 
 
 On the night of the 1 1th we had begun to erect our batteries. 
 One of four guns and a howitzer, to enfilade the front, attacked 
 (south face) ; one of four 24-pounders, to batter in breach ; and 
 a third, a little to the right of that, of two 24-pounders, to ruin 
 defences. Besides these, there was a battery of three mortars. 
 
 On the 13th night we broke ground, carried on trenches for 
 150 toises, and constructed two parallels; the next day we 
 pushed our trenches by sap close to the edge of the counter- 
 scarp. 
 
 Finding we were battering a stone cavalier, it was determined 
 to construct a battery of two 24-pounders on the edge of the 
 counter-scarp, and to batter a little more to the right. 
 
 This battery was opened on the 16th morning with great 
 success, and we succeeded in breaching a hole " through and 
 through.'' On the 16th night we repaired embrasures, and 
 made a sap to the ditch in order to fill it. 
 
 On this night we had two officers and twenty men wounded, 
 besides some " blacks." The Killadar's family, trying to escape 
 from the fort, were captured. 
 
 From the 17th to the 20th we were engaged in carrying a 
 descent into the ditch, extending parallels to the left, and making 
 a breach so low as to perceive another wall, an old gateway 
 having formerly existed there. 
 
 On the 22nd the pettah was stormed and captured, after a 
 little resistance. The great obstacle to the capture of the fort 
 was found to be the breadth and depth of the ditch. A success- 
 ful attempt was made to partially drain it. On l7th November 
 the water in it had been lowered one foot, and water continued 
 to run off. 
 
 On 16th November, Caillaud " had the misfortune to lose that 
 valuable man. Captain Leigh, of the Engineers, who was killed 
 by a musket shot." At this time Leigh was the only engineer
 
 1761.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 59 
 
 officer present, and Major Barker offered his services to carry 
 on the works. It was now, more than ever, necessary that 
 Stevenson and Cotsford should he present, and the Chief and 
 Council of Tellicherry were asked to send them overland. They 
 arrived in camp ahout lOth December, but by what route they 
 came is not known. 
 
 Meantime, the gallery over the ditch, having been formed by 
 us, was destroyed by the enemy, and our army was greatly in 
 want of stores. Call was, in the absence of other engineers, 
 sent to Vellore on 4th December, and on the same day the 
 Killadar expressed his anxiety to treat for peace, but the attack 
 was in no w^ay relaxed. On the 11th the Killadar determined to 
 give up the fort to the Nabob. Vakeels were accordingly sent 
 from the Killadar to the Nabob at Arcot. The attack was dis- 
 continued on this account, but the gallery across the ditch was 
 still pushed on. 
 
 The Council at Madras, in allowing Call to go to the siege, 
 say that "as he had the rank of Captain since 1757, when he 
 was second engineer, he was now to have the rank of Major, 
 from date of his commission as chief engineer." 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Stevenson was appointed sub-director and 
 captain from 16th November 1761 (date of death of Leigh); 
 Lieutenant Cotsford, engineer-in-ordinary, Captain-Lieutenant; 
 and Barnard appointed practitioner engineer, and Ensign. 
 
 Directly the Council learnt that Stevenson and Cotsford had 
 arrived, they told Call that as soon as Vellore was taken he was 
 to proceed to Timery and Cauverypauk, remove stores thence to 
 Arcot, and destroy the two forts. Having done this, he was to 
 go to Chettipet and Carangooly, send the stores to Wandewash, 
 and destroy those two also. 
 
 IMajor Call had represented to Caillaud the necessity of 
 forming a Pioneer Company of sixty men, with officers, and 
 recommended Captain Bonjour for the commandant, with the 
 rank of Captain.
 
 60 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1761 
 
 Caillaud was accordingly authorised to raise this body of 
 pioneers. Captain Bonjour was appointed Commandant, and 
 Mr. Canmore Lieutenant. The Pioneers were allowed double 
 pay during the siege of Vellore, and in future were to have 
 this ■whenever they were employed on active service in the 
 field. 
 
 Nothing very much more of interest occurred during the 
 remainder of the siege; but on the 1 8th December Captain 
 Stevenson was w^ounded in the head, while a Mr. Lloyd was 
 killed in the trenches. The gallery was well advanced, but as it 
 went on slowly Call proposed to fill up the ditch uncovered. 
 On the 23rd fifteen feet was done without loss, on the 24th 
 forty-five feet more, and a level passage made, above water, to 
 the foot of the breach, with small loss. On the 2nth Vellore 
 Fort surrendered at discretion, and j\Tajnr Campbell took pos- 
 session. The hill forts of Sazarow, Gazarow, and Mortazagur 
 were surrendered at the same time. Major Call, in his report, 
 says that the passage across the ditch being effected, nothing 
 could have prevented our opening the whole fire of fourteen guns 
 and nine mortars on the 20th, when the Killadar, seeing it 
 was hopeless, agreed to surrender. Call immediately visited the 
 front attacked, and examined the preparations made for the 
 defence. He found them to be such as might have cost many 
 lives to get over, and considering the number and hard duty of 
 the garrison, he thought it was astonishing how they were 
 efiected. 
 
 Behind the second intended breach he found a ditch within 
 the rampart, and five mines loaded under it. Behind that ditch 
 was a breastwork with a ditch in front of it. 
 
 Six guns were planted on the breastwork, with places for two 
 tiers of musketry. He thought the Killadar w^as indefatigable 
 in searching for obstacles, and had proved himself not unskilled 
 in the art of defence. 
 
 Three days must, however, have made us masters of Vellore,
 
 1762.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 61 
 
 although Major Call was persuaded that many must have fallen 
 in the assault, and much ammunition been expended. 
 
 Besides this, the hill forts might have held out, and given 
 much trouble. They were extremely difficult of access by the 
 common road, and might be considered impregnable, especially 
 the middle one called Gazarow. The pettah was greatly pro- 
 tected by them, and the attack of Vellore on north-east and 
 south might be rendered very dangerous were the forts furnished 
 with heavy cannon and ammunition. 
 
 The south front of Vellore was much battered, and required 
 immediate repair. The engineers at once commenced to carry 
 out these, as well as to remove the gallery from the ditch, fill in 
 the trenches, and level the batteries. Major Call estimated the 
 cost of repairs, &c at 1,00,000 rupees, and was of opinion that 
 when that had been properly laid out, and proper supplies of 
 artillery and stores put in, no force could be collected to take 
 them from 150 Europeans and 1,000 sepoys. He considered 
 that Vellore, with the three hill forts, formed the strongest 
 fortifications he had seen in India. 
 
 Towards the close of 1762 Major John Call submitted five 
 alternative plans for strengthening the south front of Fort 
 St. George. The Council selected No. 4 as by far the most 
 preferable in point of size and small number of troops 
 for its defence, and ordered the chief engineer to at once set 
 to work. 
 
 Call thus describes the selected project: "No. 4 is a project 
 calculated to remedy defects, and really would render the south 
 front superior to any other, but it would prove a very expensive 
 undertaking. 
 
 "The old bastion in this remains as a kind of retrenchment, 
 and is enveloped by another of a good size, and the curtain is 
 enlarged. Instead of a little ravelin with flanks, the faces of the 
 two lunettes are continued till they join the faces of the ravelin, 
 and the whole is formed into one work, which mav be called a
 
 62 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [17C2. 
 
 double tenaillon, the exterior faces of "which defend each other 
 reciprocally, and the wings are well flanked by the collateral 
 bastions ; so that here is one capacious extensive work which 
 covers the whole work instead of three." 
 
 " Before the salient angle of the bastion is a good counter- 
 guard, well flanked, which stops all approach by the sea side." 
 
 " In short, there could not be designed a stronger project, but 
 the expense will be very great." 
 
 "In the previous February two objects had been proposed ; 
 either to fortify the south front, or to face the western bastions 
 and curtains. The latter of these was justly preferred, and is 
 now almost complete." 
 
 The Board resolved also that the north-west curtain should 
 be continued till it joined the north curtain, and that the 
 enclosure of the town on that side be completed, and the old 
 town wall, as well as part of the sheds belonging to the Mint, 
 be removed, and the old Mint bastion destroyed, to open a 
 communication between the north part of the town and the 
 western rampart. 
 
 The bank and hedge, composed of bamboos, milk-hedge, 
 palmyras, and all kinds of thorny shrubs, was also approved of. 
 The blind on north-east was in a very ruinous state, and was 
 to be made into a more useful and very defensible work, by 
 cutting it oft' from the covered-way, and carrying a ditch quite 
 round it next to the sea. 
 
 In this report it is remarked : " The nabob stone pillars, 
 which formerly composed a useful colonnade between the sea 
 gate and the inner fort, having been brought back from Pondi- 
 cherry (the French must have removed them from Madras 
 between 1746 and 1749) have been set up in the position they 
 formerly stood. There were also many of the timbers brought 
 with them, so that if the Honourable Board think proper they 
 may be replaced, and the terrace completed, as opportunity will 
 admit."
 
 1762.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 63 
 
 These pillars, it is supposed, are the fine black stone ones 
 which now form a portion of the building containing the old 
 Government records. 
 
 On the 28th June 1762 an expedition was proposed against 
 Manilla. General Lawrence, Mr. Bourchier, and Major John 
 Call dissented, but it was nevertheless despatched. General 
 Draper commanded the army, the command of the fleet being 
 with Admiral Cornish. Below I give the report of the engineer 
 commanding on the expedition, Captain Stevenson. 
 
 " The President and Council not thinking proper to spare 
 Major Call, did me the honour of appointing me engineer on 
 this expedition, with the assistance of Messrs. Cotsford and 
 Barnard; as which I think it incumbent on me to give an 
 account of our military transactions from our arrival before the 
 place till we became masters of it ; but as these matters cannot 
 so properly be introduced in a letter, I have collected them in 
 the form of a journal apart, and shall make the description of 
 the fortifications the subject of this : — 
 
 " The city of Manilla lies in a large bay in the Island of 
 Luconia, of near thirty leagues in circumference, in 14° 40' N. 
 latitude, and 3^ 30' to the west of St. Bernardino. It is about 
 two miles and a half in circumference, and the buildings pretty 
 regular, crossing each other at right angles. 
 
 "The lower stories of the houses are of stone, and the upper 
 of wood, on account of the frequency of earthquakes in these 
 parts. Some of the churches and convents are entirely of stone, 
 but then the walls are of a surprising thickness. Many of the 
 buildings are very large, but few worthy of particular notice on 
 account of their architecture. 
 
 " The foot of the walls to north-west is washed by a fine 
 broad river, navigable for small vessels a great way up the 
 country. There is, I am told, eight feet on the bar at high 
 water during the driest season of the year." " The entrance is 
 preserved by two piers, which run 500 or 600 yards into the
 
 64 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1762. 
 
 bay, which would otherwise be choked up by a bank of sand." 
 " The north-west end of the city is cut off from the rest by a 
 regular front, with its ditch and drawbridge, and forms the 
 citadel called St. Jago, which is triangular, and commands the 
 city, bay, and river." " The walls of the city are of stone, and 
 the fortifications tolerably regular. Between the bastions of 
 St. Michael of the citadel and the Royal bastion St. Diego, 
 which comprehends the sea front, are the small low bastions 
 of St. Francisco, St. John, St. Isabel, St. Joseph, and St. 
 Eugenio, with long low curtains between them, without 
 either ditch or palisade before them," " The walls are from 
 twelve to fourteen feet high, and the ramparts about eight 
 feet broad. There is in this front a sally-port and the gate of 
 St Lucia." 
 
 " The Royal bastions of St. Diego and St. Andrew, with the 
 intermediate curtain, make a very formidable front, the bastions 
 mounting twelve guns in face, four in flank, and the curtain 
 sixteen, with a wet ditch, low covered-way, and low glacis before 
 the whole. In tliis front is one of the principal gates of the 
 city, called Porta Real, with its drawbridge, and a small ravelin 
 before it. Next to the bastion of St. Andrew, is the Royal 
 bastion of St. Lorenzo, which is a very spacious one, but mounts 
 all its cannon en barbette ; the curtain between it and St. 
 Andrew's is not above eight feet broad, and continues about the 
 same breadth from St. Lorenzo to St. Gabriel. Between these 
 two bastions is the Parian Gate, which leads to the Chinese 
 town and suburbs of Santa Cruz and Minuuda. The projecting 
 part of this gate forms a small flat bastion, the gateway opening 
 through the flank." 
 
 " There is a kind of double tenail before this gate, but it is a 
 very low, defenceless work. The bastion St. Gabriel mounts 
 seven guns in face and two in flank, but they are so crowded 
 that half of them would be useless on service." 
 
 " Before the two last-mentioned fronts runs a broad morass
 
 1762.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 65 
 
 which serves for a ditch, and is a very good defence at high 
 water, but almost dry when the tide is out." 
 
 " From the bastion of St. Gabriel to St. Francisco of the 
 citadel, runs a low narrow curtain, only broad enough for 
 musketry, having no cannon for its defence, but from the flanks 
 of St. Domingo and St. Gabriel. But this front is very well 
 secured by the river."' 
 
 " It has in it two gates, one called St. Domingo, and the 
 other the Magazine Gate. At the extreme front of the citadel, 
 under the bastion St, Barbera, are two semi-circular batteries 
 that command the entrance of the river, and communicate with 
 the bastion by a swamp." " The natural situation of Manilla is 
 such that, should it ever be thought necessary, it is capable of 
 being made a very formidable place ; but not at a small expense, 
 being so extensive." 
 
 The vicinity of the suburbs is one of the greatest obstacles at 
 present to its making a good defence against an European force, 
 as we experienced in attacking it, by taking possession of the 
 churches of St. Jago and Bagombaya (that are not 300 yards 
 from the walls) the day after our landing, behind which our 
 troops were lodged in the greatest security, and all the necessaries 
 for carrying on the attack collected with great facility ; whereas 
 had there been an esplanade of 700 or 800 yards, we should 
 have been obliged to open our trenches at that distance — the 
 fatigues of carrying on which, and relieving the guards of them, 
 would have been more than our handful of men could have got 
 through with, for we were obliged to employ our soldiers in 
 bringing up our shot and shell, cannon, &c. from the landing- 
 place, the natives, instead of assisting us, being in arms 
 against us." 
 
 " Another great fault is, the parapets of all the works are of 
 stone, which, instead of being a protection to the troops placed 
 behind for their defence, make a greater destruction among them 
 (owing to their splinters) than the enemv's shot ; which we had a 
 
 6
 
 G6 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [17C3. 
 
 convincing proof of on opening our battery, for, notwithstanding 
 they could oppose twice the quantity of cannon against our 
 battery that we had in it, yet they were obliged to abandon them 
 all in a few hours, not being able to stand on their works for 
 the splinters of the parapets. 
 
 " The speediest and least expensive way of making it more 
 respectable to an European enemy would be to make good 
 parapets of earth on all the works that are spacious enough to 
 allow of it; to deepen the ditch considerably on the east and 
 south-east fronts ; to build batardeaux with sluices where the 
 ditch communicates with the river, that the water may be kept 
 up at spring tides in the ditch and inundations, and not suffered 
 to ebb and flow with tlie river as at present, by which it happens 
 frequently that the water in the ditches is not knee-deep when 
 the tide is out." " The ditch should be continued round the 
 west face of the bastion St. Diego, and a stout work built to 
 defend it, as well as to shut up entirely the sea front, which is 
 very weak and defenceless. The glacis before the south-east 
 front should likewise be considerably raised, and the buildings 
 cleared away within at least (iOO yards of the walls all round. 
 The north front would require nothing further than to be well 
 palisadoed, the river being a sufficient security to that side. 
 Should it be ever found necessary to go to the expense of 
 putting it in the above-mentioned state, I look upon it that, 
 properly garrisoned, with an experienced officer to command it, 
 it would be capable of making a very good defence against the 
 most formidable European force that may be expected in this 
 part of the world ; but should it only be thought necessary to 
 secure it against all attempts of the natives, palisadoes set up in 
 those parts where the walls are low, and the water kept up in the 
 ditch by a batardeau, will secure it from anything that can be 
 feared from them. 1 hope the above description of the place, 
 with the assistance of the enclosed plan, will sufficiently explain 
 anything relating to fortifications. I have been so employed
 
 1762.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 67 
 
 since the capture of the phice, that I am ohliged to defer 
 sending a particular phin of the town and harbour of Cavite till 
 another opportunity. 
 
 " I am, with the utmost respect, &c. &c. 
 
 " Wm. Stevenson. 
 
 " Manilla, November 10th, 1762." 
 
 The fleet, consisting of eight ships of the line, three frigates, 
 and two Indiamen, anchored in Manilla bay on 23rd September, 
 after a passage of eight weeks. The same evening, boats 
 sounded the entrance to Cavite harbour, and left a buoy 450 
 yards from Rivera Point in four and a half fathoms. The next 
 day an officer with a Spanish flag, came on board to know why 
 we had entered the bay (they had not heard of the declaration 
 of war). 
 
 The English determined to attack Manilla, and not Cavite. 
 Officers were sent to demand surrender. 
 
 The bay was then reconnoitred, with a view to select a proper 
 spot for landing the troops ; and in the evening the troops 
 lauded one and a quarter miles south of the fort. There was a 
 good surf on, and several of the boats were stove in ; but no 
 lives were lost. 
 
 The troops took post at Malatta Church, a quarter of a mile 
 beyond the landing-place. 
 
 On the 2r)th, early, Colonel Monsou advanced with a company 
 of 7'Jth, and took post at the Hermitage, 000 or 700 yards from 
 the walls, and in the afternoon a party was advanced to the 
 church of St. Jago, 300 yards from the walls. 
 
 On the 2Gth the enemy were driven from Bagombaya Church. 
 We were in great distress for want of fascines and tools, the 
 store-ships not having arrived. A party of 400 men were 
 employed in making fascines and gabions. Two mortars were 
 brought up, and some shells thrown into the city. Some 
 straggling seamen were murdered by the natives. 
 
 5 *
 
 (jS military history of the [1762. 
 
 On the 27th we continued to make gabions, &c., and opened 
 fire at night from two more mortars from behind the church, 
 and threw up a breast-work to the left of St. Jago. 
 
 On the 28th, Lieutenant Fryer, the General's secretary, 
 going into garrison this morning with a flag of truce, to 
 conduct a relative of the Governor, was murdered. 
 
 The Governor expressed the utmost horror of the act. 
 
 On the 29th we broke ground, and commenced a battery of 
 eight 24 -pounders, 300 yards from the walls, to breach the face 
 of the bastion of St. Diego, near the angle, the ditch terminating 
 to the right of it. 
 
 Two ships came in {Elizabeth 60, and Falmouth 50 guns), 
 moored on the capital of the bastion of St. Diego, one mile 
 distant, and fired into the town. 
 
 October 1st. — We began a battery this afternoon for two 
 13-inch and two 10-inch mortars, and at night a strong 
 working-party was employed in completing an eight-gun battery. 
 
 There was a severe gale of wind this night, and the store- 
 ships were driven on shore ; but our stores were landed. The 
 next day, the wind continuing to blow very fresh, a boat from 
 the wrecks was overset, and most of the people in her perished ; 
 amongst them an officer, Lieutenant Hardwick. 
 
 The platforms were laid this day, and all the guns brought 
 into our battery. 
 
 The battery was completed at night, and the mortar-battery 
 was also nearly ready. 
 
 On the 3rd, at daybreak, we opened fire from eight 
 24-pounders and five mortars. Our fire was at first answered 
 briskly, but the enemy were silenced in two hours, and before 
 night our artillery had nearly ruined the defences on the bastion 
 of St. Diego. During the night another battery of three 
 2J:-pounders was formed, to destroy the defences of the Eavelin, 
 and the flank of St. Andrew's, which defended the breach ; also 
 the flank of the small bastion of St. Joseph.
 
 1762.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 69 
 
 All night a constant fire of grape and musketry was kept up 
 on the breach, and all our mortars were directed to that 
 part. 
 
 ■ith. — A party of enemy's irregulars surprised the seamen's 
 quarters at 3 a.m., and killed and wounded a good many ; thev 
 were, however, finally repulsed, and lost 200 in their retreat. 
 A Mr. Porter, of the fleet, was wounded — a very active, brave 
 young fellow. Another party got possession of Bagombava 
 Church, and killed and wounded sixteen or seventeen of our 
 men ; but in their retreat they suffered very much. Among the 
 killed was Captain Strahan, who commanded our partv at the 
 church. 
 
 This night the three-gun battery was finished. 
 
 The face of the bastion of St. Diego was in a very ruinous 
 condition, and we prevented them repairing it by a constant fire 
 of grape, &c. 
 
 .5th. — The platforms were laid in three-gun battery, and we 
 then opened our fire on St. Andrew's Bastion, which was shortly 
 after abandoned by the enemy. They brought three guns on 
 the curtain to bear on ours, but they were shortly dismantled. 
 
 A man was sent to the counterscarp to examine the breach. 
 He reported it practicable, on which the General determined to 
 attack next morning, as our little army commenced to complain 
 of fatigue — being no sooner relieved of a guard than sent on a 
 working-party, and that in heavy rain, which we were seldom 
 without during the whole siege. 
 
 6th. — An hour before daybreak the whole army was under 
 arms. The disposition for attack was as follows : — 
 
 Twenty volunteers and an officer from each corps made first 
 attack ; these were followed by grenadiers ; after these the 
 pioneers, with everything necessary for making a lodgment ; 
 after them the whole army. Parties were posted all along the 
 front, with musketry and field-pieces, to keep the enemy from 
 their parapets whilst our troops advanced.
 
 70 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [176-2. 
 
 An officer and thirty men were posted in the steeple of 
 Bagombaya Church, to prevent them firing from St. Andrew's 
 Bastion. Signal being given, our troops marched on briskly, 
 and were in possession of the breached bastion before the enemy 
 were alarmed ; and we did not meet with much opposition in 
 getting possession of the sea-line and St. Andrew's ; but 
 in attempting to open the Royal Gate we lost some men, and 
 Major Moore, 79th. A number of men got inside the guard- 
 house, and refused to lay down their arms ; they were all put to 
 the sword, to the number of sixty or seventy. About thirty 
 more shared the same fate at the Parian Gate. As our troops 
 marched up the street they were fired at from houses. Even 
 after our troops had given quarter, and while a flag of truce from 
 the citadel was with us, several of our people were killed and 
 wounded; but on the General sending an officer into the citadel, 
 all hostilities ceased. 
 
 The Governor came out about ft, and our troops took possession 
 at 9. 
 
 During the siege three officers were killed — 
 
 Lieutenant Porter .. Sea Battalion. 
 
 Captain Strahan ... 79th. 
 
 Lieutenant Fryer ... (With flag of truce). 
 
 Lieutenant Spearing, of the Marines, was wounded. 
 
 The day of the storm — 
 Killed— 
 
 Major Moore ... ... 79th. 
 
 Wounded — 
 
 Captain Sleigh ... Grenadiers. 
 
 Lieutenant Garnons . 79th. 
 
 Lieutenant Hazlewood ... 79th. 
 
 Lieutenant Hogg ... 79th. 
 
 Ensign ... Sea Battalion.
 
 Siege of Manilla 
 1762.
 
 1763-63.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 71 
 
 Drowned — 
 
 Lieutenant Hardwick. 
 
 Total — 5 Officers killed and 6 wounded. 
 
 We had Europeans killed ... 21 + 69 wounded. 
 Sepoys „ ... 5 + 23 
 
 26 + 92 = 118. 
 
 The reason for the small loss in assault was owing to the 
 enemy's bad look-out ; for we were in possession of the breach 
 before they were fairly alarmed. 
 
 The Spaniards had three officers, two sergeants, fifty troops 
 of the Line, and thirty militia killed, without reckoning the 
 wounded. The Indians had 300 killed and 400 wounded. 
 
 Money and plate distributed to the victors amounted to 
 4,9n,000 dollars, of which one-third was allotted to the East 
 India Company. 
 
 The English remained in possession of Manilla till 31st 
 March 1704, when news arrived of the Treaty of Peace, and 
 the English evacuated Manilla, Spanish authority being 
 re-established. 
 
 On l")th April 1768, the governor of Fort St. George con- 
 sidered tlie pass of Santgad of so much consequence for the 
 security of the Carnatic, that Major Campbell was directed to 
 order a captain to take command of the forts, and Major Call, 
 the chief engineer, was told to take a survey of the forts and 
 pass, give directions for strengthening them, and also inspe'»t the 
 works at Vellore itself. 
 
 Major Call carried out his orders, and returned to Madras on 
 the 2nd May. 
 
 The forts of Santgad lie rather more than thirty miles west 
 of Vellore. Major Call considered the place exceedingly strong 
 by nature. 
 
 He left Mr. John McLean there to make a survey of the
 
 72 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [17C3. 
 
 pettah and hills. Meantime he stated that " he thought we 
 should only hold the hills, and that a small force would sufi&ce 
 for this purpose." 
 
 Call reported : " It appears that the first pass from the Deccan, 
 through the chain of mountains which divide the Peninsula, into 
 the Carnatic, is at Damalcherry, which lays directly west of 
 Madras, and is in the possession of a polygar, supposed to be a 
 friend ; the next is about thirty miles further south, and is called 
 Cuddapahnuttam, now in our hands. The third is called 
 Gejadavy, about forty miles south of the second. The fourth 
 is called Metteepettah, or Ahtur Pass, directly inland of Thiagur, 
 and about thirty miles from it. The fifth, and last, is near 
 Tureyore, and has been seldom, or never, used for incursions. The 
 three first, are those through which the Mahrattas or the Subah's 
 troops have commonly entered the Carnatic, and the other two 
 are only open to the Mysoreans ; but the possession of Thiagur 
 will render that at Ahtur very hazardous to an enemy. Through 
 the Damalcherry no enemy can enter if the Polygars oppose 
 him, and they are all well affected to the Nabob. While 
 the Nabob is master of Tripety, Chundergerry, and all the 
 neighbouring country, Cuddapahnattum is secured ; and though 
 Vaniembaddy is in the hands of Hyder Naigue, or the Mah- 
 rattas, and Gejadavy open to them, an enemy entering that way 
 must pass near Amboor (held by a friend of the Nabob), and in 
 sight of Sautgur ; and they must also pass near Vellore before 
 they can come into the Carnatic, to do any mischief — so that, 
 being possessed of Sautgur and Vellore, the three most dangerous 
 passes are either shut up or rendered very hazardous to pass 
 through or retreat by." 
 
 "From Santgur to Cuddapahnuttam Pass the distance is 
 fifteen miles, and the road, for the latter half of the way, is 
 flanked by hills on each side, within the reach of musketry, 
 which hills at last join together, and a very narrow passage (not 
 more than six feet wide, with very high banks on the sides) is
 
 I7n.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 73 
 
 cut through one of them for 100 yards, where a gate closes the 
 entrance from the west, and to the right and left is carried on a 
 wall to defend the passage. After passing through the gate the 
 road is quite environed with hills, which continue very close to 
 each other as far as Cuddapahnattum, which is also in the 
 Nabob's possession, and about eight miles beyond the pass. 
 That any body of men, large or small, should pass through this 
 defile when opposed by a few men with musketry, I am persuaded 
 is impossible, and no artillery, or any other large carriages, can 
 pass, even without opposition, unless they are dismounted." 
 
 Call also visited Vellore, and states : — 
 
 '' I shall always think that Vellore, finished as it is begun, and, 
 as proposed, furnished with provisions and ammunition sufficient 
 to serve a moderate garrison for a long time, would be an under- 
 taking no country power in India could think of attempting; and 
 no European power that had not been long established on the 
 coast, with plenty of all necessaries and stores, while unassisted 
 by the Carnatic Government, could possibly accomplish it in 
 many months."
 
 74 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE fiTfls 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Siege of Madura. — Lawrence's proclamation. — Tanjore Rajah agrees to co- 
 operate. — Council of war. — Siege raised. — Preston left in command. — 
 Charles Campbell appointed to command the army. — French officer offers 
 to desert. — Rebels completely invested. — Preston marches towards Palam- 
 cottah. — Siege undertaken in earnest. — Hamilton of the Engineers killed. — 
 Assault made. — Preston badly womioled. — Pioneers from Manilla arrive in 
 camp. — Engineers at the siege. — Madura taken. — Palamcottah taken. — 
 Survey of passage between Ceylon and mainland. — Death of Stevenson. — 
 Madras Government entertain fears of Hyder Ali. — Survey of the passes. — 
 Caillaud's treaty with Nizam Ali. — Colonel Joseph Smith an'ives in India. — 
 Colonel Wood commands in Carnatic. — Call inspects forts and passes. — 
 Bonjour takes Vaniembaddy.- — Nizam moves towards Bangalore and Colonel 
 Smith marches to join him. — Nizam Ali commences hostilities against us. — 
 Colonel Smith takes command in the Baramahl. — Battle of Changama. — 
 Battle of Trinomally. — Confederates defeated. — Hyder moves to Amboor. 
 — Relief of Amboor. — Hyder attacks a convoy, and is repulsed. — Nizam 
 treats with Smith. — Ignominious peace with the Nizam. — Hyder goes to 
 west coast. 
 
 In 1759 the Nabob's Government, finding that the districts of 
 Madura and Tinnevelly were in great disorder, and that they 
 were unable to get any revenue from them, sent Mahomed Yusuf 
 with a strong force to take charge of the districts. He agreed 
 to rent the districts for an annual sum of seven lacs of rupees. 
 He had some considerable trouble in restoring order, but being 
 a good soldier, he eventually succeeded, and introduced a good 
 government. He was, however, unable or unwilling to pay the
 
 I7r.a-| MADEAS ENGINEERS. 75 
 
 rent required of him. He probably contemplated independence ; 
 whether he was unfaithful or not does not seem to be quite clear. 
 At any rate, the Nabob and the English Government resolved to 
 coerce him, and in 1763 an army was sent against him. He 
 tried by negotiation, and by his influence with some of the 
 English, to clear himself ; but finding this of no avail, deter- 
 mined to fight. 
 
 His lengthy and gallant defence show that he had much money 
 at his disposal : hence it would seem that he really did intend to 
 found an independent kingdom. Orme says : " He first enlisted 
 under Captain Clive, a little before the battle of Covrepank 
 (February 1752); he was a brave and resolute man, but cool 
 and wary in action, and capable of stratagem ; he constantlv 
 procui'ed intelligence of the enemy's motions, and having a 
 perfect knowledge of the country, planned the marches of the 
 convoys so well, that by constantly changing the roads, and the 
 lines of bringing the provisions out of the woods, not one of 
 them was intercepted for three months." And again : "Mahomed 
 Isoof, an excellent partisan, whose merit had raised him from a 
 captain of a company to be commander-in-chief of all the sepovs 
 in the English service." * 
 
 It was in June 1763 that Major- General Lawrence recom- 
 mended that the expedition against Yusuf Khan (Usoff Cawn in 
 old records), should be no longer delayed. Colonel Monson 
 was to command, and Admiral Cornish was desired to land the 
 troops sent from Madras, as far as possible to the south. 
 Lawrence himself went to Cuddalore, and thence to Trichin- 
 opoly. On 8th July he caused a public notice to be affixed to 
 the gates of Trichinopoly to the following effect: — 
 
 " I, Major-General Lawrence, do hereby give notice that I 
 have joined the Nabob against the rebel Usoff Cawn ; whoever is 
 
 • On 5th Fehniary I7i"i9, it will be remembered, this man was presented with 
 an amethyst ring set with diamonds.
 
 76 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri7a3. 
 
 taken with him will be deemed a rebel, and treated accordingly ; 
 but those who leave him in due time, or before his troops come 
 to any action, will be favourably received by the Nabob. As 
 the English are in peace with all nations, Europeans who are 
 found with him will be treated as rebels likewise, except they 
 leave him before his forces act against the English, in which 
 case they may be assured of a favourable reception." 
 
 A few days after, Monson reached Trichinopoly, and having 
 heard that UsofF Cawn had attacked a fort belonging to the 
 " Nalcottah man," ^lajor Preston, the second in command, was 
 ordered on the iJth to march against him. General Lawrence 
 requested that Major Call, the chief engineer, should join the 
 army at once, and accordingly he, with all the engineers, set out 
 on the 25th, and arrived at Trichinopoly on 2nd August. On 
 2 1 St July an interview took place between the Nabob and the 
 King of Tanjare, half-way between Trichinopoly and Tanjare, 
 when tlie latter promised to assist with troops and grain. 
 
 The artillery and stores were now sent forward in three 
 divisions well covered by Major Preston. Some correspondence 
 took place between Lawrence and the Council, regarding the 
 disposal of UsofF Cawn when he should be captured. 
 
 Lawrence thought that when taken he should not be sent to 
 Madras, but delivered to those who were to receive the 
 management of the countries he had usurped. Mr. Pigot and 
 Council, however, considered that UsofF Cawn would be a 
 dangerous man to be entrusted in the hands of the Nabob if his 
 intentions were to make him a State prisoner, "but if it be 
 agreeable to you to order the commanding officer to execute 
 him upon the first tree, in sight of the army, it will be quite 
 satisfactory to us." 
 
 On 2nd August, Monson marched from Trichinopoly, while 
 on the 6th, Preston strongly encamped some fifteen miles from 
 Madura. On the 11th, a reconnoitring party on our side was 
 attacked by a greatly superior force and obliged to retreat. We
 
 1763.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 77 
 
 lost over 200 stand of arms, and 150 sepoys killed and wounded, 
 and forty missing. 
 
 The enemy also suflfered heavily. 
 
 In spite of this reverse, on the 20th we captured one of the 
 out forts, and three days after the rebels made their escape out 
 of Tirumboor, and abandoned Vallichinattum and Omnasatrum 
 forts. 
 
 Monson commended Preston greatly for the capture of 
 Trivandore and Tirumboor. 
 
 Monson began his march from the latter place on 28th 
 August, and found Usoff Cawn encamped under the walls of 
 Madura. The Nattum Pass had been taken possession of by 
 Mr. West with 2,000 of the Nabob's troops. 
 
 Madura was now partly invested, and Monson encamped 
 at Teppacolum (by this, it is presumed, is meant the fine 
 Teppacolum* south of the river, two or three miles east of the 
 town and fort). 
 
 '' On 2nd September, Monson went out with the European 
 cavalry, 200 or 300 Black Horse, a battalion of sepoys, a 
 European picket, and two guns on the west of the fort. He 
 fired a few shots from the guns, advanced the cavalry, and these 
 charged ; they were, however, deserted by the * Black Horse,' 
 and had to retire with considerable loss. Captain Donald 
 Campbell and Lieutenant Stevenson missing. Campbell was 
 wounded and taken prisoner, while Stevenson was badly wounded, 
 and died a short time after. Our loss was seventeen European 
 cavalry killed and wounded. Usofl" Cawn was out to see the 
 fight, met Campbell, and expressing his great regret at seeing 
 him wounded, treated him most civilly." 
 
 Monson and Call now reconnoitred the north side of the fort. 
 Call was of opinion that Madura could not be attacked with less 
 than fourteen guns and ammunition for ten days' firing. He 
 
 • A large tank built of Ashlar masonry.
 
 78 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [I76a. 
 
 considered the best point of attack would be the north-east 
 corner, or near it, on the east face. 
 
 " It would be necessary to have an enfilading battery on the 
 other side of the river, on line of the east front of the fort 
 produced, and a post must there be established." " The 
 extensive esplanade made round the fort made it necessary to 
 break ground some 1,200 or 1,500 yards distant, and it was 
 clear that the works would be greatly interrupted by sallies." 
 Artillery required was stated to be ten 18-pounders or 24-pounders, 
 besides four 12-pounders for enfilading, ninety rounds per day 
 for each gun. Call also gave a list of gabions, fascines, &c,, 
 required. 
 
 On 7th September, a council of war was called, at which 
 were present Majors Piers, Chapman, Preston, and Call. The 
 question put was: " Shall attack be undertaken with the present 
 quantity of cannon, shot, and powder ? " The answer was : 
 " Guns and ammunition insufficient to undertake the siege with 
 any prospect of success, unless they can be supported with 
 2,400 24-pounder shot, 2,U00 18-pounder shot, 1,100 
 12-pounder shot, and 937 60-lb. barrels of powder. This would 
 suffice for thirteen days' firing." 
 
 The reduction of Madura could not be laid on one side ; 
 although Monson thought success very precarious, as he could 
 not camp within two and a half to three miles of the fort, while 
 Call stated that he could not break ground at less than 2,000 
 yards. To add to these difficulties, the country was greatly 
 flooded. 
 
 The Council in Madras, in replying to this report, thinking it 
 possible that the siege might have to be abandoned, directed 
 Monson in the following amusing manner : — 
 
 " If expedition has to be abandoned, a declaration is to be 
 sent to Mons. Flamecourt (in command of the French), setting 
 forth that we do so to avoid acts of hostility against the 
 French " ! !
 
 1763.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 79 
 
 During the month of September the work was much retarded 
 by rains. 
 
 We opened fire on the fort on the 24:th September, and after 
 five days' firing it was reported that very little success had been 
 attained. There was a two-gun battery within 200 yards of 
 north-east angle, to ruin the face of it; two guns more at 500 
 yards to ruin the shoulder and re-entering angle ; four more 
 playing on a large bastion on the east front ; but little or no 
 impression was made. 
 
 On the 28th Call pushed on by night as far as possible, and 
 gained the glacis by a double sap. It now appeared that unless 
 we could keep up a constant heavy fire, we should have no 
 alternative but to retire to Tirumboor and Nattum, and wait till 
 the monsoon was over. Gaining the glacis by a direct double 
 sap was ineffectual, as the rebels opened three guns on our 
 fiauk. 
 
 On 2nd October we began a battery to ruin the flank. It 
 was hoped that this battery would be finished on the 5th, and 
 Monson reported that if he judged he had sufficient powder and 
 shot to destroy the flank and make a breach, he would commence 
 firing ; but if he could get none from Trichinopoly, he would 
 call a council of war. 
 
 On 27th October he stated that "it was unadvisable to con- 
 tinue the siege, as there is no likelihood of their being able to 
 get possession " ; so he purposed to take post on arising ground, 
 three miles north-east of Tirumboor, where he would cover 
 Marrawar and Nallacottahman's countries, and keep open com- 
 munications with Trichinopoly by Nattam Road and Tondi." 
 Preston proposed that " the army should be cantoned at 
 Tirumboor, Trivadare, Omastrum, Nattum, and Towarancuritchy. 
 Heavy artillery to be taken beyond Nattum, and hospitals 
 removed to Trichinopoly." Want of success owing partly to 
 insufficient supply of military stores, and partly to very bad 
 weather.
 
 80 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1763. 
 
 On 3rd November, Monson reconnoitred the ditch (it was 
 unfordable, and twenty-eight yards broad) before the great work 
 on left of attack. " It was clearly too formidable to think of 
 filling it up at this season." 
 
 He thereupon entered into a correspondence with Usoff Cawn, 
 but iinding he meant nothing by his letters, broke off the 
 correspondence, and from the 5th began to take measures for 
 raising the siege. The pass of Nattum had to be secured, while 
 a part of the army took possession of the rebels' country before 
 the harvest was gathered. Military stores and guns were to be 
 collected at Towarancuritchy and Nattum, and when everything 
 was properly prepared, the fort was to be reinvested. Our losses 
 in this unsuccessful attack were somewhat heavy. On 24th 
 October alone eighty-four wounded sepoys arrived at Trichi- 
 nopoly. It was now settled that what was required was — 
 
 Four 24-pounders, 
 Four 18-pounders, 
 One 12-pounder, 
 
 in addition to previous armament ; and shot for twenty days' 
 firing, at ninety rounds a day for twelve guns. 
 
 On 18th November 1763, Colonel Monson set out for 
 Trichinopoly, leaviug Major Preston at Tirumboor in command 
 of the army. 
 
 The intentions of the latter were to march shortly to the south, 
 to deprive the rebel of any advantage he might derive from the 
 country. On the 25th, accordingly, he made up his mind to 
 march back to within sight of Madura ; but the men of the 
 96th Regiment refused to march. The officers of the regiment 
 • did all they could to assist Major Preston by influencing their 
 men, but without avail. The result of this was that the 
 President and Council of Madras resolved to receive non-com- 
 missioned officers and men of Her Majesty's regiments and 
 artillery into the service of the Company for periods of one, two,
 
 1763-64.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 81 
 
 three, four, and five years, giving a bounty of five pagodas (17^ 
 rupees) for each year, and they further proposed to withdraw 
 all His Majesty's troops, and reinforce the army with the troops 
 of the Company. 
 
 Owing to the refusal of the men of the 96th Eegiment to 
 march, Preston was compelled to remain at Tirumboor through- 
 out the month of December. This inaction was not altogether 
 unfortunate, as during December the rains were very heavy, 
 and it is probable the loss of men by disease would have been 
 great. 
 
 UsofF Cawn, during this time, received a reinforcement of 200 
 men from Dindigul ; but the Poligars (chiefs) of the country 
 generally were in our interest. At last Preston was enabled to 
 move, and on 29th December 1763 marched to Audacotavum 
 (about one mile from Teppacolum). 
 
 The enemy showed themselves at Teppacolum, but not long 
 enough to receive any harm from us. 
 
 During the time we remained inactive, Usofi" Cawn wrote, 
 representing his concern for his past behaviour, promising 
 obedience, and asked to be permitted to rent Madura and 
 Tinnevelly for seven lacs. The Governor replied that the only 
 means UsofT Cawn had for securing his life and effects, was to 
 surrender all the places in his possession, and rely entirely on 
 the mercy of the Governor and Council. 
 
 The position taken up by Preston had a fine command of 
 the different roads from Madura to all our other posts. As 
 soon as his position was strengthened, Preston proposed to 
 move six miles to the south, and establish a strong fort at a 
 remarkably high rock, with a mosque on it, on the high road to 
 Tinnevelly. This was called Secundra Mullai. 
 
 Usoff Cawn was in no way idle. By the 15th January 176i 
 the east face of Madura was entirely repaired, and above 
 3,000 workmen were constantly employed on other parts of the 
 fort. 
 
 6
 
 82 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1764. 
 
 Major Charles Campbell (as senior officer) now applied for 
 command of the army. The Council considered that his 
 appointment was unavoidable ; but they regretted the necessity, 
 as they were so well pleased with Preston. Accordingly, on 
 26th January 1764, Campbell was appointed to command the 
 army, but Preston did not deliver it over till 13th February. 
 Preston learning that Usoff Cawn was receiving reinforcements 
 from Mysore, moved the army to the west of Madura, so as to 
 cut off communications between Madura and Dindigul. 
 
 The day after Campbell assumed command, Major Call, chief 
 engineer, arrived in camp, on the south bank of the river, north- 
 west of Madura. A new post was made out of a ruined pagoda 
 on the north side of the river, opposite the camp. We now had 
 four posts besides the camp, and it was proposed to form two 
 more. Usoff Cawn had several posts out of the fort, at 
 distances of 500 to 800 yards, and by means of them kept us at 
 a distance. Preston, at this time, was commanding at Secundra 
 Mullai. Call reported that no gabions, fascines, or pickets, had 
 been made, and that he required more carpenters, smiths, and 
 fascine makers. He further stated that " Usoff Cawn had 2,000 
 men at work, and expressed his astonishment how he got the 
 people to stay, or found money to pay them," and finally 
 remarked that " we should want all the troops we could assemble, 
 although we had the whole of the Manilla garrison." We had 
 400 Europeans and 1,200 sepoys, whereas it was considered that 
 we must have 800 Europeans. Usoff Cawn had made great 
 additions to the fort, and had got out-posts on three sides. It 
 was necessary that we should take all these, as well as all forts 
 within fifty miles of Madura. More sepoys, and more cavalry 
 were required, to enable us to cut off all communication for ten 
 miles round. 
 
 Call hoped to hear daily of the troops from Manilla or from 
 Bengal. 
 
 Monsieur Marchaud (who commanded the French in
 
 1764.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 83 
 
 Madura) protested against the attack of the place. The result 
 of the protest was that Campbell was directed by the Council 
 to endeavour to seize Marchaud, if he was the same man 
 taken by Kichard Smith, near Devicottah, in March 1760 
 who was permitted to go on parole, and had never been 
 exchanged. 
 
 In February, Preston received an anonymous letter, apparently 
 from the officer commanding French Hussars, offering to desert 
 for 15,000 pagodas. He proposed to effect this by feigning a 
 a sally. Preston offered 8,000 pagodas. As no dependence 
 could be placed on the promise, Campbell posted 200 Grena- 
 diers and 150 rank and file. All the European cavalry, 
 1,700 sepoys, and six field-pieces, with 800 horse, were to lie 
 concealed, Campbell himself being near at hand with the rest of 
 the army. 
 
 On the 20th, three officers and forty-one hussars came out to 
 us, as proposed. Fourteen of the best men were taken into our 
 service, and the remainder sent away. Mons. Riquet was the 
 commanding officer. He was paid 1,500 pagodas in cash, 2,500 
 by a bill on Mr. Floyer, and 4,000 by a bill on the Honourable 
 Board at Madras. Two days after this the enemy abandoned 
 the advanced redoubt on the south face of the fort; we took 
 possession, and encamped the army on the same face. 
 
 Preston now took charge of the Teppacolum, and on the 2nd 
 March the rebels were completely invested. Each of our posts 
 was within gun-shot range of those on either side. 
 
 The Black Horse of the enemy, which up to this time had 
 been encamped on the glacis, was cannonaded and forced to enter 
 the fort. About this time. Major Call had a fall from his horse, 
 and broke his arm, but in spite of this he remained in camp, 
 surrounded by his work-people, employed in making fascines, 
 gabions, &c. 
 
 A fort, Putta Kotta, about fifteen miles south of Madura, was 
 captured at this time. 
 
 6 *
 
 84 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1764. 
 
 The following were the different forts and posts depending on 
 the army : — 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Nuttum 
 
 Sattrum and Walshy 
 nattum 
 
 Trivadore 
 
 Trivambore 
 
 Tondy 
 
 Tondy Redoubt 
 
 Fort Defiance 
 
 Nattum Redoubt 
 
 Exegon 
 
 Damoodra Pillay Re 
 doubt 
 
 Tumanly Redoubt .. 
 
 Nemellie 
 
 Putta Kotta, 1 5 miles 
 on Tinnevelly Road 
 
 Sholavandan, 12 miles 
 on Dindigul Road 
 
 Total ... 
 
 1 — 
 
 Subal- 
 terns. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Companies 
 of Sepoys. 
 
 Euro- 
 peans 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 55 
 
 85 
 
 Twenty of the companies of sepoys belonged to the Nabob. 
 
 In addition to the above it was proposed to erect two other 
 redoubts — one to the left of the Teppacolum, and the other in 
 front. This was the state of affairs on the 4th March 17C4. 
 
 Captain Hart now took Chinampettah by storm, our loss being 
 Ensign Carty killed, and fifteen wounded ; 300 of the enemy 
 ■were killed and wounded. 
 
 Another detachment was on the march to attack a mud fort 
 south-west of Madura. 
 
 On 15th March we caught a hircarrah, who had been in Usoff 
 Cawn's employ for seven years. He said he would tell us all 
 about Madura.
 
 1764.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 85 
 
 On the 16th, Preston marched towards Palamcottah. Camp- 
 bell expected him to he absent twenty days, and that on his 
 return they would be in a position to break ground. Since the 
 beginning of March the army had been without arrack, and the 
 sick list was 100 more than during February. This increase of 
 sickness was attributed solely to the want of arrack. 
 
 At this period, several lieutenants misbehaved themselves. 
 They were aggrieved at some promotions which had been made, 
 and asked leave to go to Madras. They were permitted to go, 
 although their conduct was characterised by Campbell as un- 
 reasonable and unmilitary. The result was that they were dis- 
 missed the service. Their names were Hunterman, Ward, and 
 Philips. 
 
 On the 27th Captain Fitzgerald, with his troop and 120 Tan- 
 jore Horse, while observing the enemy on the Teppacolum side, 
 near Fort Defiance, was charged by " Cawn Sahib's " horse, but 
 repulsed them with great loss. Our loss was five troopers, and 
 ten " blacks," and thirteen horses killed and wounded. The 
 enemy's horse would have been cut to pieces had they not 
 galloped under the guns of the fort. 
 
 Preston meanwhile had taken Soondavandy, after he had 
 nearly breached one of its towers. 
 
 He reported that the garrison of Shevalapoothoor had taken 
 refuge in the Poligar country of Stractoor, eighteen miles south 
 of Shevalapoothoor. 
 
 On 5th April, Preston was at Gaingoondain, and reported a 
 skirmish between cavalry near Palamcottah. He was now 
 ordered to return to Madura by 20 th April, but to leave a 
 detachment before Palamcottah. This Preston did, establishing 
 a strong post 2,000 yards from that place. Soon after Preston's 
 arrival Campbell attacked one of the enemy's redoubts, carried 
 it, killed fifteen sepoys and two gunners, and wounded many. 
 Our troops also brought off a lieutenant of artillery prisoner. 
 The redoubt had to be abandoned, as it was too near the fort
 
 86 MILITARY HISTOEY OP THE [1764. 
 
 to admit of occupation. Our loss was trifling. Bad weather 
 and rain prevented any further attack for some days. 
 
 On 29th April, at 7 a.m., we opened with five batteries on 
 five redoubts ; and at noon Preston on one side, and Campbell on 
 the other, carried them with a loss of twenty Europeans and 
 many sepoys on our side. We took five guns and ten Europeans; 
 while Captain Kirkpatrick, with his troop of Hussars and Black 
 Horse, cut up numbers of the enemy, and pursued them to the 
 gates of the fort. Our troops behaved well, while the enemy, 
 although they fought under round and grape shot of the fort, 
 showed but little resolution. 
 
 We lost 7 Europeans killed 
 
 17 ,, wounded, and 
 
 30 sepoys killed and wounded, besides 7 horses. 
 
 Total 54 
 
 Enemy lost 400 sepoys, 18 Europeans, 20 topasses, killed 
 and wounded, and we took 16 Europeans and topasses prisoners. 
 
 At this time it was reported that the force in Madura con- 
 sisted of 150 Europeans, and 4,000 natives. The siege of 
 Madura was now undertaken in earnest. On 10th June we 
 were ready to open on the fort with nearly forty pieces of 
 cannon and mortars. 
 
 On the 14th, the enemy made a vigorous sally and upset a few 
 empty gabions, but were repulsed with a loss of fifty. We lost 
 Captain Smith and Lieutenant Maitland, and four Europeans 
 killed, and ten wounded. On the 16th, we lost Lieutenant 
 Whithear and two Europeans killed, and five wounded. By the 
 15th, the batteries on the crest of the glacis were nearly 
 finished, and on the 20th the mines for blowing in the counter- 
 scarp of the ditch were sprung. 
 
 The batteries for breaching the fausse brave were also 
 ready. The batteries had the desired eflFect, and it was expected 
 that the place would be stormed on the 22nd.
 
 1764.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 87 
 
 On the 20Lb, Mr. Hamilton of the Engineers was killed, and 
 Ensign Bowman wounded. Owing to some intelligence received 
 from the fort through deserters, it was thought prudent to defer 
 attack till the 23rd. Our loss from the 22nd to the 24th 
 inclusive, was eight Europeans killed, and two officers and 
 thirteen wounded. 
 
 Major Campbell considered that the place ought to he stormed 
 at once. " There were six practicable breaches in the fausse 
 braye, good passages in the ditch, at least 500 yards of rampart 
 ruined, and the storming party could consist of 800 Europeans 
 and 3,000 or 4,000 sepoys." 
 
 Call considered " the walls of Madura were now assaultable ; 
 but thought assault should not take place at night as a mis- 
 carriage was possible, and would be most fatal. A lodgment 
 should be made on the north-west bastion, and a passage, covered 
 on the right against the flank of the west gate, should be made 
 across the ditch." Preston and Wood (Brevet-Major) agreed with 
 Call. 
 
 Campbell thought " assault might be immediately made with 
 success, but deferred to opinion of the others.'' 
 
 On the 23rd, we failed in making an epaulement across the 
 ditch to the breach in the fausse braye. Opinion then became 
 unanimous, that the guns should play briskly on the 24th and 
 25th ; also at night on the west angle, two curtains and towers 
 adjacent ; and that an assault should be made on the 2Gth morning. 
 Meantime, passage of ditch was again to be attempted, and a 
 trench, by way of deception, was to be pushed nearer the north- 
 west gateway. 
 
 Accordingly early in the morning, the assault was made. We 
 were repulsed with great loss. The mud in the ditch was so 
 soft, that the troops had their arms, and most of their ammuni- 
 tion rendered useless, but they still went on. Preston was 
 gallantly leading on the right, when he was struck down badly 
 wounded. The troops, however, got up to the top of the tower
 
 88 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 11764. 
 
 in several places ; but the enemy had under cover so many men 
 with long pikes, and threw such quantities of large stones, hand 
 grenades, and shells down the breach, that it was found 
 impossible (in spite of great gallantry) to gain the tops of any 
 of the breaches, we were, therefore, forced to draw off our 
 troops. 
 
 Our loss was very heavy. Captain Bullock, and Ensign 
 Vashan killed; and Major Preston, Coptains Kirkpatrick and 
 Fitzgerald, and Lieutenants Wear, Owen, McDonald, and Bruce, 
 wounded. 
 
 One hundred and twenty Europeans killed and wounded, and 
 fifty sepoys, besides many others bruised with stones. 
 
 A second assault was proposed at once by Campbell, Call, 
 and Wood ; but the heavy rain (country flooded), and a great 
 deal of ammunition spoilt, prevented this being carried out. It 
 was now considered desirable not to assault Madura, but merely 
 to blockade it very closely. 
 
 On 1 2th July the pioneers who had arrived from Manilla 
 came to camp, and were busily engaged in making redoubts and 
 a deep ditch all round the fort. The following were the 
 engineers at the siege : — 
 
 John Call, Major. 
 
 Abram Bonjour, Director, Captain (belonging to battalion). 
 
 Edward Cotsford, Captain. 
 
 John Adams, Sub-Lieutenant. 
 
 John McLean, Sub-Lieutenant. 
 
 William Stevens, Practitioner-Engineer, and Ensign. 
 
 Charles Delavaux, Practitioner-Engineer, and Ensign. 
 
 Hamilton, Practitioner, Engineer, and Ensign (lulled on 
 
 20th June). 
 William Toplady and W. Delafield, Extra Ensigns 
 
 (belonging to battalion). 
 
 On 19th July, Verdagerry, which commanded several passes 
 into Travancore, surrendered to Lieutenant Robert Kelly.
 
 1764.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 89 
 
 The blockade of Madura was strictly enforced, and by 
 the 5th August the garrison was getting straitened for supplies, 
 and their horses were dying, while our people were engaged in 
 building "pandals" (huts are doubtless meant) for our army. 
 The garrison were under these circumstances naturally extremely 
 unhappy, especially as they had to eat their horses. UsofF Cawn 
 became very melancholy, but still determined to hold out. 
 
 On loth September Mr. Marchaud wished to have an inter- 
 view with Majors Campbell and Call. He offered to deliver up 
 Madura and Palamcottah, on condition that we should allow Usoff 
 Cawn, with troops and some pieces of artillery, to retire to 
 Dindigul. There terms were, of course, refused, and he was 
 told that nothing but surrender at discretion would be of avail. 
 Marchaud then asked if Usoff Cawn and a few of his troops 
 would be allowed to pass. This was again answered in the 
 negative. 
 
 Cotsford, of Engineers, was compelled by ill-health to leave 
 about end of August 
 
 On l7th September a letter was received from Usoff Cawn 
 himself, asking to be allowed to pass. The terms were again 
 rejected, and hostilities recommenced — fire being opened from 
 our batteries. The blockade still continued very close till J 3th 
 October; on that date, about 11 p.m., Mons Perigny (formerly 
 engineer at St. David's) came out with a flag of truce, and a note 
 from Mr. Marchaud, to say that he had made Usoff Cawn a 
 prisoner, and offered to deliver up the fort. jMadura was 
 accordingly taken possession of at 6 p.m. on 14th October. 
 Usoff Cawn and his family were taken prisoners, and the next 
 day Usoff Cawn was hanged. Although, being a rebel, he had 
 rendered himself liable to this fate, still, considering the gallantry 
 displayed by him, his life might well have been spared. The 
 incident was, it is thought, by no means creditable to us. 
 
 On the 18th, Campbell and Call set out for Palamcottah, 
 leaving Wood to command the army.
 
 90 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1764-65. 
 
 They arrived at Palamcottah on 22nd October, and sent a 
 summons. The Commandant immediately offered to give up the 
 fort, and the next day it was taken possession of in good order. 
 Call settled with the King of Travancore, who claimed certain 
 parts of the country ; but as he had given no assistance he got 
 very little satisfaction. 
 
 Campbell and Call returned to Madura, and the campaign 
 came to a close. 
 
 When the expedition left for Manilla in 1762, Major Call was 
 the only engineer left in Madras. About this time John Adams 
 and John McLean were appointed, and in 1763, William 
 Stevens, Paul Benfield, Charles Delavaux, and Hamilton were 
 appointed to the Engineers ; so that after the return of the 
 troops from Manilla, and the capture of Madura, the corps 
 consisted of the following : — 
 
 Majjor Call. 
 Capt. Stevenson. 
 Capt. Cotsford. 
 
 Barnard. 
 
 Adams, about 1762. 
 
 McLean, appointed March 1762. 
 
 Stevens, appointed January 1764. 
 
 Benfield, appointed January 1 764. 
 
 Delavaux, appointed January 1764. 
 
 Hamilton having been killed at siege of Madura. 
 
 Early in 1765 it was resolved to survey the passage between 
 Ceylon and the mainland, and Mr. Stevens, one of the assistant 
 engineers, was deputed for the work. About the same time Mr. 
 Delavaux, assistant engineer, was ordered to fortify the palace, 
 &c., at Arialore — a place about twenty-five miles north of 
 Tanjore. 
 
 The object of surveying the passage between Ceylon, and the 
 mainland was to enable troops to pass by a shorter cut than 
 going round Ceylon.
 
 1765.] 
 
 MADEAS ENGINEEES. 91 
 
 The instructions given to Mr. Stevens are somewhat curious. 
 
 "You must be careful not to give offence to anyone at 
 Ramisseram, and be guarded not to give cause of complaint to 
 the Dutch, Should they want to know your business, state that 
 you are examining the Nabob's country, and you will be furnished 
 with passports to that effect." 
 
 Mr. Delavaux, after completing his work at Arialore, left 
 Woodiarpolliem, on the 20th April 1765, to join Colonel Camp- 
 bell's army, and reached it on 2nd May. Mr. Stevens sent in 
 his report regarding the channel on 22nd February. He was 
 of opinion that no vessel above twenty tons could pass through 
 the channel. None of the channels ever had more than four 
 feet of water at the highest floods. 
 
 Colonel Campbell was apparently about to attack Ongole, and 
 on 24:th May an account of the fortifications was sent to him. 
 
 In June, Major Call had to examine the several Poligar works 
 that were to be destroyed, and having done so, directed Mr. 
 Stevens to destroy all barriers, &c. 
 
 Mr. Pybus, the resident at Masulipatam, reports on labour 
 and material for fortifying Masulipatam, and notes that the 
 rates for coolies are : — 
 
 A. p. 
 
 Men ... ... 5 dubs = ] 8 
 
 Women ... ... 3 dubs == 1 
 
 Boys ... ... 4 dubs = 1 4 
 
 48 dubs = 1 rupee. 
 
 ^Major Call was in June called upon to proceed to Masulipatam 
 and report fully regarding the better fortifying of the place.* 
 
 All this time Mr. McLean appears to have remained as 
 engineer at Madura. On the 21st August 1765, we learn that 
 Captain William Stevenson, who was commanding engineer on 
 expedition to Manilla, died, and this occasioning a vacancy of 
 
 * On loth July, James Call waB appointed an engineer.
 
 92 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1765-66. 
 
 engineer in ordinary, Mr. McLean was appointed in his place 
 with the rank of Captain-Lieutenant, for which he is to receive 
 twenty-four pagodas per month suhsistence." 
 
 Mr. Stevens, in August, is directed to destroy the Poligar 
 strongholds around Trivalore; and in September Major John 
 Call is finally ordered to Masulipatam with reference to the 
 fortifications. 
 
 Next month the Madras Government received a letter from 
 Fort William, which stated that for some time the river had 
 very dangerously encroached on the new fort, which induced the 
 authorities there to ask for Major Call's services, as they enter- 
 tained a high opinion of his abilities. Major Call reported on 
 Masulipatam, but did not receive the letter ordering him to 
 Calcutta till the day after he left Masulipatam on his return, 
 and not seeing any prospect at that time of obtaining a sea 
 conveyance he proposed to go in January, returning to Madras 
 in April. 
 
 Early in 1766 the Madras Government would appear to 
 have had great fear of Hyder Ali, who had taken in hand 
 Mauphuz Khan, the brother of Mahomed Ali, the Nabob of the 
 Carnatic. 
 
 Major Bonjour, on 3rd February 1766, was ordered to make 
 a survey of the passes of Sautgadda, Damalcherry, Vencata- 
 gerry, Rampoor, Chingajedevy, Ryacotta, Cauverypatam, Hooly 
 Durg, Cauverypoor, Suttamungalum, and nine others." 
 
 He proposed " to close those which are not essential for 
 communication, and to make the rest redoubts and forts pro- 
 vided with all sorts of magazines." He considered " Rampoor 
 important, being about size of Arcot ; but of all the passes those 
 of Damalcherry require the most attention, not only as being 
 dangerous by their extensive roads, but by their situation." " An 
 enemy might be in centre of the province before we would be 
 aware of their designs." 
 
 Captain Lieutenant John McLean was engaged at Madura on
 
 176G-67.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 93 
 
 tlie repairs of the works, and building new barracks for the 
 troops up to the month of August or September, and then pro- 
 ceeded to Madras. 
 
 Before the close of the year he asked the Board to give him 
 his rank on the military establishment, and on 30th December 
 they agreed to give him a brevet of Captain, and ordered him to 
 proceed with the army as engineer. 
 
 On 12th November 176R, General Caillaud concluded a treaty 
 with Nizam Ali, by which we were to have the Northern Circars 
 (except Guntoor, which we were not to possess till the death of 
 Basalut Jung). "It was also agreed that an English auxiliary 
 force should be at the disposal of Nizam Ali," to settle the 
 affairs of his government in everything that is right and proper ; 
 " and as he was at that time concerting with the Mahrattas a 
 a plan for the conquest or plunder of Mysore, it was distinctly 
 understood that this was to be the first service on which the 
 auxiliary troops were to be employed." 
 
 Colonel Joseph Smith arrived in India in September 1766, 
 and was selected to proceed to Hydrabad for the purpose of 
 concerting the details of this co-operation, and commanding the 
 troops. 
 
 Early in 1767 Lieutenant- Colonel Wood was in command of 
 the English army in the Carnatic, and in February he instructed 
 Captain McLean of Engineers to reconnoitre the passes with 
 two companies of sepoys, lascars, &c. Not content, however, 
 with this, the Board directed Major Call to go to Cuddapah- 
 nuttam to examine all the passes that may be useful for the 
 expedition against Hyder. 
 
 He was also to communicate with " Mahade Row "* if pos- 
 sible. Mahade Row had, however, not the slightest intention of 
 assisting the Nizam and the English, against Hyder. The 
 Peishwa was first in the field, and having taken Sera, Hyder 
 
 * The Peishwa.
 
 94 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1767. 
 
 purchased his retreat for thirty-five lacs of rupees in the month 
 of March. The Peishwa was now encamped near Colar, and 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Tod and another person, on behalf of the 
 Nizam., were sent to the Peishwa to prevail on him to persevere 
 in the war. They were received in the Mahratta camp with 
 ridicule, and got no satisfaction whatever. 
 
 The Mahrattas moved north on the 11th May. Meantime 
 Major Call was inspecting the forts and passes at Palmanair, 
 Cuddapahnattum, Vaniambaddy, and Amboor. He recommended 
 the occupation of all the passes, and the Board ordered him to 
 remain and instruct Major Bonjour, who was in command of a 
 detachment of the army, how he was to act. They also sent 
 Sergeant Hawkins with the lascars, and a lieutenant fireworker's 
 commission for Sergeant McHuge. 
 
 Major Bonjour took Vaniambaddy at the end of April. 
 
 Major Call appears to have exerted himself greatly at this 
 juncture, and received the thanks of the Board. 
 
 In the month of May Major Call informs " that Major 
 Bonjour will be unable to take Gejadary and Kistnagerry, the 
 former being very difficult of access, while the latter is well 
 garrisoned." 
 
 At this time the engineers appear to have consisted of the 
 following : — 
 
 Major Call, chief engineer. 
 Captain Cotsford, 
 Captain McLean, 
 Lieutenant Stevens, 
 Lieutenant Paul Benfield, 
 Ensign Thomas Barnard, and 
 Ensign McLeod. 
 
 Adams, Delavaux, and James Call appear to have died 
 between 1765 and 1767. Of these only four appear to have 
 been engaged on active service in the Carnatic in 1767, viz.
 
 1767.) MADRAS ENGINEEES. 95 
 
 Major Call, Captain McLean, and Messieurs Barnard and 
 McLeod. Captain Cotsford and Lieutenant Stevens were 
 engaged in the Northern Circars, and Lieutenant Benfield was 
 at Cuddalore. 
 
 The Nizam, on J 1th May, moved towards Bangalore, and the 
 English, under Colonel Joseph Smith, marched to join him, but 
 found the Nizam's troops departing to a distance of twelve miles, 
 and Smith discovered that the Nizam was in correspondence 
 with Hyder ; so in spite of the Nizam's protestations, Colonel 
 Smith moved towards his frontier, but left three battalions with 
 field-pieces at the Nizam's request. This brigade remained with 
 the Nizam for some little time, but was at length allowed to 
 depart, leaving five companies. Finally these companies also, 
 were allowed to go, three days before Nizam Ali commenced 
 hostilities against us. 
 
 Meantime, the English moved a force into the Baramahl, from 
 Madras, and on 25th May Major Call reported the arrival of this 
 force at Cuddapahnuttam. 
 
 On 1st June, Major Bonjour retreated from Gegadavy to 
 Tripatore,but on receiving reinforcements, attacked Kistnagherry, 
 and McLean was sent to assist him. 
 
 Major Call was now re-called to settle with the Nabob 
 regarding the Madura country, and sent Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Tod to join Major Bonjour. 
 
 An attempt was made on the 3rd June to capture Kistnagherry 
 by surprise. The town at the foot of the fort was occupied 
 without any serious opposition ; a petard was prepared for 
 forcing gate of upper fort, but the men who carried it, as well as 
 the forlorn hope, being all killed by showers of rocks, the 
 party retired with the loss of nearly the whole of the Granadier 
 Company. 
 
 Colonel Smith now took command of the troops in the 
 Baramahl. Nizam Ali was on crest of hills which overlooked 
 Baramahl, and Hyder was two days march behind.
 
 96 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1767. 
 
 Forces. 
 Nizam's 
 Hycler 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 30,000 . 
 12,860 ., 
 
 Infantry. 
 
 .. 10,000 . 
 .. 18,000 . 
 
 Guns. 
 ... 60 
 .. 49 
 
 
 42,860 ., 
 
 .. 28,000 . 
 
 .. 109 
 
 English Force : — 
 Europeans ... 
 Natives 
 Mahomed Ali 
 
 30 . 
 
 1,000 ., 
 
 800 . 
 5,000 . 
 
 .. 16 
 
 
 1,030 . 
 
 5,800 . 
 
 .. lis 
 
 On the 25th August the enemy, Ly surprise, took a number 
 of cattle, &c., and on the 28th, Hyder took Cauverypatam on 
 second day of siege. 
 
 On the 28th the English army moved towards Singarapet. 
 Colonel Wood, with a corps of British troops, had been ordered 
 from Trichinopolee to join Smith, by making for Trinomallee. 
 Hyder took up a position at Cauverypooram, apparently thinking 
 that Smith would be rash enough to attack him. Colonel Smith 
 reached Singarepet on the 30th. Hyder followed, and harassed 
 the British on their march towards the pass to Changama. 
 
 On 3rd September, Colonel Smith attempted the pass of 
 Changama ; he was attacked, but defeated Hyder with great 
 loss. 
 
 Colonel Smith was, however, compelled from want of pro- 
 visions to push on to Trinomallee after a short halt, which 
 place he reached on the 4th, the troops having been twenty- 
 seven hours without rest or food. He found no rice, and only a 
 little "paddy." 
 
 Colonel Wood joined him on 8th September without 
 molestation. Smith had to go out in quest of food, but 
 returned on the 14th. He now determined to attack, but found 
 the enemy very secure, from the interposition of a swamp.
 
 1767.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 97 
 
 On the 16th he moved east for food. Owiug to these diffi- 
 culties he called a Council of War, who agreed unanimously that 
 Trinomally must he evacuated, the wounded and stores placed 
 in Chettipet, two marches to north-east, and that llie troops 
 should march into cantonments at Arcot or Vellore. The 
 Government objected to this, and Colonel Smith manoeuvred 
 about Trinomally. 
 
 Smith's army now amounted to 10.430 infantry, &c., and 1,500 
 very indifferent " horse." About noon on 26th September, the 
 confederates moved a column to Colonel Smith's left, and 
 commenced a distant cannonade. 
 
 A morass intervened, and beyond the morass a line of 
 redoubts. 
 
 This swamp extended from a long way beyond Smith's left, to 
 a hill beyond his right. He determined to move round this hill 
 to the right. The enemy thought he was retreating, and they 
 determined to cut him off. The confederates were thus march- 
 ing from south-west and the English from south-east, and their 
 advanced guards were almost in contact on their rounding the 
 hill. The confederates tried to occupy the hill, but were 
 repulsed by Captain Cooke. 
 
 The enemy formed, Hyder could only bring tliirty pieces 
 into battle. The English line cautiously advanced from one 
 strong post to another, and rapidly defeated the enemy. Hyder 
 drew off his guns in the redoubts, and asked Nizam Ali to do the 
 same; but he refused. The British advanced in line, and the 
 guns were then ordered to retreat, covered by Hyder's infantry. 
 Night closed in as the English reached the last ground aban- 
 doned by the enemy, within a mile of the redoubts; having taken 
 nine guns. Nizam Ali fled in a westerly direction through 
 Chaugama Pass, and left his commander-in-chief, Raccum-ud- 
 Dowla, to care for the retreat ; while Hyder provided for the 
 safety of his own army. During the night, an attempt was 
 made on the enemy, under Major Fitzgerald, but it failed 
 
 7
 
 98 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1767. 
 
 through swampy nature of ground. At day-break the army 
 was in motion, and soon passed the redoubts, which had been 
 abandoned. 
 
 They found the road covered with the armies, and a train of 
 artillery wms still visible. 
 
 In the course of the day forty-one pieces were taken, belonging 
 to Nizam, and fourteen more were afterwards discovered in the 
 woods ; total taken, sixty-four guns. 
 
 Loss of the English was only 150 killed and wounded, while 
 the loss of confederates amounted to 4,000, and a large quantity 
 of stores 
 
 Tippoo, who was plundering near Madras, joined his father 
 at once; and Colonel Smith, having put his army under cover, 
 went to Madras to arrange about future supplies. English 
 army was cantoned at Conjeverara, Wandewash, and Trichi- 
 nopoly. 
 
 On 12th October, Mr. Marsden, a third lieutenant in the 
 Marine Service, was allowed to exchange from the Navy to the 
 Engineers, being appointed practitioner engineer and ensign from 
 12th November. 
 
 On the 27th of the same month, Mr. Montresor arrived from 
 England, with the rank of sub-engineer and lieutenant, and was 
 ordered at once to proceed on service. 
 
 On 5th November, Hyder captured Tripatoor, and Vaniem- 
 baddy on the 7th, and thence moved to Amboor. 
 
 Up to the latter part of October, Captain McLean, engineer, 
 was in charge of the garrison ; but as his services were urgently 
 required at Vellore, he was directed on the arrival of Captain 
 Cnlvert's battalion to deliver over charge to tliat officer. 
 
 Hyder arrived before Amboor on 10th November. On the 
 1 5th, the lower fort was dismantled, and Calvert retired to 
 summit of the hill with 500 sepoys, 1 officer, 1 sergeant, and 15 
 Europeans. 
 
 Finding the Killarlnr in correspondence with Hyder, Calvert
 
 1767-68.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 99 
 
 imprisoned him, and protracted the defence for twenty-six days 
 He was relieved on the 6th December by the approach of the 
 English army. 
 
 The division of Colonel Wood was ordered to move from 
 Trichinopoly on Trinomally, and thence to enter the Baramahl 
 by the Changama Pass ; and Smith pursued Hyder, finding him 
 at Vaniembaddy on 8th December. Hyder retreated to 
 Tripatore, and thence towards Cauverypatam. Colonel Smith 
 was again reinforced by Colonel Wood. He now reconnoitred 
 Cauverypatam, but found it was too strong — having been 
 strengthened by redoubts during the year. 
 
 Hyder sent off his heavy guns on the 14th, and on the 1 8th 
 the Nizam, with the main body of his army, reascended the 
 Ghauts, and moved north. Hyder employed his light troops on 
 Colonel Smith's line of supplies, and attempted in person to cut 
 off a convoy under Captain Fitzgerald. He took with him 4,000 
 horse, 2,000 infantry, and eight guns; but Colonel Smith detached 
 reinforcements, and Hyder was repulsed, having his horse shot 
 under him. Hyder then ascended the Ghauts, and the English 
 had again to move in opposite directions for food. 
 
 Colonel Peach meantime (sent from Bengal), had landed in 
 the northern Circars, and had penetrated to Cummumet and 
 Warungol, and alarmed Nizam Ali. The Nizam opened com- 
 munications with Colonel Smith. Hyder discovered this, and, 
 assuming acquiescence, they parted — the Nizam going to the 
 north. Hyder also made pacific overtures, but being referred to 
 Madras, thought that his advances were rejected. Negotiations 
 with the Nizam terminated on 23rd February 1768 in a peace, 
 and a very ignominious treaty. 
 
 Hyder now found the Moplah chiefs were rising in rebellion, 
 so by the 20th January he re-fitted at Bangalore, and then 
 proceeded by long marches to the west coast, took Mangalore, 
 llonore, and Buswaing-droog, which had previously been taken 
 by the English from Bombay ; he then went to Bednore, hearing 
 
 7 •
 
 100 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1768. 
 
 of discontent. He levied heavy fines, and by promises to the 
 Malabar chiefs, he received large sums of money, and withdrew 
 his garrisons; but carefully kept Palghaut. 
 
 Hyder did not re-commence his operations from Bangalore 
 before August. 
 
 On 25th March I76H, field deputies were appointed to attend 
 the army with the Nabob. They were Messrs. Call and Mackey. 
 Mr. Holland was also appointed as an assistant. A month after 
 this, we find the field deputies were at Arcot. 
 
 The English army had been formed into two divisions ; one 
 under Colonel Smith moved north as far as Paliconda, in the 
 valley of Vellore, to approach the Nizam's army at Punganoor, 
 to hasten the negotiations, and then returned to blockade 
 Kistnagherry. The second, under Colonel Wood, reduced forti- 
 fied places in Baramahl, Salem, Erode, and Coimbatore. Wood 
 captured fifteen forts. The order of their capture was as 
 follows : — 
 
 Capitulated February 1 768. 
 Taken by assault. 
 
 Surrendered 
 
 Taken by assault. 
 
 Tengricotta 
 Darampoory 
 Salem ... 
 Ahtoor 
 Namcul 
 Erode ... 
 Suttiamungalum 
 Denaikencotta ... 
 Pass of Guzzlehutty 
 do. Cauverypoor 
 Coimbatore 
 Palghaut 
 Darapooram 
 Aravacoorchy ... 
 Dindigul 
 
 On the 2nd May, Kistnagherry surrendered, and it was then 
 published to the army that two Field Deputies were to be sent to 
 aid ( ! ) Colonel Smith, and Mahonied AH ( ! ! ) was to accompany 
 
 Surrendered.
 
 1736.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 101 
 
 them ; and " one of the deputies was appointed Commissary- 
 General: thus becoming, as a member of the Government, 
 Colonel Smith's superior; as Field Deputy, his colleague; and 
 as Commissary-General, his inferior." 
 
 On 14th Alay, Colonel Smith appointed Mr. Geils (Artillery) 
 to act as field engineer with the army. 
 
 On 8th June, Colonel Donald Campbell ascended the pass of 
 Boodicota. 
 
 On the 16th he reduced Vencatagherry, three marches north, 
 and sent a detachment back to reduce Peddanaik Durgum. He 
 then went against Mulwaggle, took the lower fort, but found the 
 upper one too strong. 
 
 Colonel Campbell opened a secret negotiation with the 
 Killadar, who agreed to deliver it up 
 
 Colonel Campbell moved off to Colar to facilitate matters, 
 leaving a force in the lower fort. A stratagem was adopted. 
 The Killadar had been told by Hyder to recruit, and he, 
 pretending that they were deserters from the English force, let 
 in a party of sepoys under Captain Matthews (dressed and 
 painted like a subadar), at 4 a.m. on 23rd June, and the place 
 was taken without loss. 
 
 On the 23rd Colonel Campbell arrived before Colar. Regular 
 approaclies w^ere carried on to the crest of the glacis, when the 
 fort surrendered at discretion. Lieutenant Henry Moutresor, 
 engineer, was here " shot in the arm, but the ball was extracted." 
 Lieutenant McLeod, also of engineers, was " wounded, ball not 
 extracted.'' 
 
 Meanwhile the Field Deputies and army under Smith 
 reached Arlier, and Colonel Campbell was told to join head- 
 quarters. 
 
 Captain Cosby was sent on 28th June to beat up Muckhdoom 
 Sahib at Bauglore, eighteen miles south-west; but the day 
 dawned before he came in presence of the enemy. 
 
 On 3rd July, the whole army moved by Bauglore to Oossoor,
 
 102 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1768. 
 
 which fell on the 1 1th, and a detachment under Cosby took 
 Anikul and Denaikencottah. 
 
 Colonel Lang was now sent to form a chain of posts, to form 
 connection with those conquered by Colonel Wood, south of 
 the Cauvery. 
 
 On 26th July, Mr. Lewis Smith was appointed a cadet in the 
 Engineer corps, and was directed to proceed with Lieutenant 
 Davis' detachment to join Colonel Smith's army. 
 
 Colonel Smith had recommended the Government to obtain 
 tlie services of Morari Row, and on 4th August, at Ooscotta, 
 Morari Row joined with 3,000 horse and 2,000 irregular infantry. 
 Colonel Wood was also now on his way to rejoin the main army 
 by the Tapoor Pass. . 
 
 On 4th August, Hyder had entered Bangalore. 
 
 On the 9th the enemy made their first appearance to reconnoitre, 
 and on the 22nd, Hyder attacked Morari Row's camp, but was 
 not successful, as he lost 300 men killed and wounded, and 
 eighty good horses, besides those hurt. Morari Row only lost 
 eighteen men and thirty horses. 
 
 Colonel Smith's aide de- camp. Captain Gee, was sent to 
 inquire the reason of the disturbance, and was cut down in the 
 dark by some of the Mahrattas. This was due to instructions 
 of Morari Row to his men ; they were ordered not to mount, but 
 to stand at their horses' heads, and cut down any mounted man. 
 Captain Gee was, of course, mounted, and in the dark he was 
 taken for one of Hyder's force. 
 
 On 3rd September, Hyder attempted to cut off' Colonel Wood. 
 Mahomed Ali, with the two Field Deputies, with escort, were 
 sent to Colar, and Colonel Smith moved to Maloor. 
 
 On the oth it was expected Colonel Wood would be at 
 13oodi(!Otta, fifteen miles distant from Maloor; so Colonel Smith 
 placed his baggage in Maloor on the 5th, and early on the Gth 
 was on march to Boodicotta. Hyder, calculating on Colonel 
 Smith remaining Maloor, tried to attack Wood in a defile.
 
 1768.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 103 
 
 The hills were between Hyder and Colonel Smith, as well as 
 between Colonel Smith and Colonel Wood. 
 
 Colonel Smith sent persons to top of hills for intelligence, and 
 learnt that Colonel Wood was in sight. He saw that he could 
 reach and clear angle of defile sooner than Hyder. He quickened 
 his pace, and sent word across the hills to Colonel Wood. The 
 latter very foolishly fired a salute, and Hyder immediately 
 counter-marched. 
 
 Colonel Smith attempted a pursuit, but it was of no avail. 
 Colonel Wood, owing to Colonel Smith's displeasure, resigned 
 his command, and Colonel Lang took charge of his division, 
 which was ordered to pursue Hyder in direction of Bate- 
 mungalum, half-way between Vencatagherry and Colar ; while 
 Colonel Smith moved by Colar. 
 
 Pursuit was of no use, and they both returned to Colar, a post 
 being established at Miigomally, two marches north. 
 
 Hyder marched to Goorumcouda, arranged matters with Meer 
 Sahib, his brother-in-law, and then returned respectably reinforced 
 to Colar, where the battering train of the English was drawn out. 
 
 Hyder now made advances for peace, and was ready to cede 
 the Baramahl to the English, and pay ten lacs of rupees. 
 
 The English Government was unreasonable, and the negotia- 
 tions failed. 
 
 Colonel Smith had previously occupied Mulwaggle with his 
 own troops, but the Field Deputies had relieved the garrison 
 with a company of Mahomed All's troops, and Hyder at once 
 took the place. 
 
 Colonel Wood attempted to recover it, took the lower fort, but 
 was beaten ofi" in his attempt to escalade the rock. 
 
 On 4th October a convoy appeared to be approaching. Colonel 
 Wood moved out with a small force to reconnoitre, was attacked 
 by Hyder, and nearly cut oft". Captain Brookes recovered the 
 day by advancing by a circuitous route on the left flank of 
 enemy, and then attacked, shouting, " Smith, Smith."
 
 104 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti768. 
 
 The belligerents both thought that Smith's division had 
 
 arrived, and Hyder was as much dismayed as the English were 
 
 elated. Colonel Wood's force was saved, and, in spite of some 
 
 Jl^perate attacks of Hyder, remained in possession of the 
 
 nlld 
 
 Hyder lost 1,000, while that of the English was eight officers 
 and 220 men, with two guns. 
 
 Both forces had expended nearly all their ammunition. 
 
 Colonel Smith was at Colar when he heard of this on the 6th, 
 and early on the 7th encamped at Mulwnggle. 
 
 On the 14th both divisions were in motion to the north, and 
 tried to bring Hyder to a general action. Hyder harassed each 
 division with his light troops, made a circuitous movement, and 
 on 5th November alarmed the Field Deputies, and Mahomed Ali 
 at Colar. Colonel Ctimpbell was in command, and Hyder, 
 finding his arrangements for defence judicious, retired on 
 the 7th. 
 
 Colonel Smith returned on the 8th, under heavy rain. He 
 was then directed to proceed to Madras to give his advice (it was 
 thought by many that he was recalled, so that Wood might 
 command the army), and on the 1 4th November tbe Nabob, 
 the Field Deputies, and Colonel Smith left under escort, 
 accompanied by Morari Row. 
 
 During this period, in addition to Colonel Call,* who was 
 one of the Field Deputies, the engineers with the army were 
 Lieutenant Geils, Lieutenant Montresor, and Ensign Marsden. 
 
 Captain McLean was shot through the head at Tingricottah, 
 on 12th February 17C8; and Lieutenant JNIcLeod, it is 
 presumed, died from effects of wound received on 2nd July the 
 same year, as no further mention of him can be found. 
 
 Cotsfurd and Stevens were in the north, the forming acting 
 as Resident of Ganjam, and as such, assisting Colonel Peach in 
 command of Bengal troops ; while the latter was employed in 
 * Date of colonelcy by brevet, 10th April 17G5.
 
 1768.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 105 
 
 Strengthening forts at Ellore, Masulipatam, Bezwada, Rajah- 
 mundry, and Samulcottah. Mr. Paul Benfield is not mentioned, 
 but it is likely he also was with the army. 
 
 Colonel Smith's division moved east of Colar, and hearing 
 that Hyder was besieging Oossoor, Colonel Wood's division was 
 reinforced by 2nd Regiment of Europeans, and Captain Cosby's 
 sepoys, with a view to relieve the place. Colonel Smith's 
 division, under Major Fitzgerald, remained at Vencatagherry to 
 cover the movement of the Nabob. Colonel Wood marched to 
 relieve Oossoor on the ICtli, reached Bauglore on the 17th, left 
 his baggage, &c. in the pettah, and at 10 p.m. moved towards 
 Oossoor arriving 7 a.m. on the I8ih. He intended to have made 
 a night attack, but was thus foiled. 
 
 Hyder remained north west of fort till Wood's advance was 
 entering Oossoor. Meantime Hyder's infantry got between 
 them, and Bauglore. About 2 P M. repeated discharges of 
 cannon were heard, which obliged Colonel Wood to retrace his 
 steps. Bauglore was garrisoned by one of the best of Mahomed 
 All's corps, commanded by Captain Alexander. Hyder 
 approached in several columns. Captain Alexander attempted 
 to preserve two 18-pounders which had been left by Colonel 
 Wood, but was obliged to retreat into the small fort. The 
 enemy entered the pettah, and the camp-followers and inhabitants 
 tried to get into the fort ; but the gate was shut, and then 
 followed a dreadful scene, people and cattle crushed to death in 
 hundreds. Hyder made no attempt on the fort, but took the 
 18 pounders, and all the baggage, and sent them to Bangalore. 
 When Wood returned, Hyder was nearly out of sight. 
 
 The loss sustained was 2,000 people, 2,000 cattle, two 
 iH-pounders, and nearly all the stores, baggage, and camp 
 equipage. On the 20th, Wood returned to Oossoor, and on the 
 21st again to Bauglore, and same evening to Arlier. Hyder 
 re-appeared on the 22nd, and opened a cannonade, which Wood 
 attempted to return. Hyder made a show of retiring, and at
 
 106 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1768. 
 
 10 P.M. Wood resumed his march, when Hyder attacked, and 
 continued to do so throughout the night, and next morning. 
 
 Colonel Wood's ammunition began to fail when, about noon, 
 Hyder drew off, and retreated south-east. This was caused by 
 approach of Major Fitzgerald, who had made a forced march 
 from Vencatagherry. 
 
 Fitzgerald wanted to follow Hyder to Bangalore ; but Wood 
 objected, the troops being insufficient. Fitzgerald addressed a 
 public representation to Colonel Smith that Wood ought to be 
 removed. The Government ordered Wood to proceed in arrest 
 to Madras, and Colonel Lang took command early in 
 December. 
 
 Fuzzul-ulla-Khan, commandant of Bangalore, had been sent 
 by Hyder to Seringapatam. With 7,000 men, and ten guns he 
 took all the English posts on the Coimbatore side, and com- 
 pleted his descent by 4th December. 
 
 On the 6th Hyder descended east into the Baramahl by 
 pass of Palicode, and thence south through pass of Ta- 
 poor. Colonel Lang sent a division under Major Fitzgerald on 
 10th in same direction (£,000 men), and Colonel Lang found 
 himself under the wall of Vencatagherry with 370 Europeans 
 and 900 sepoys, two 6-pounders, one 3-pounder, and two 
 howitzers. 
 
 Colonel Lang was now directed to withdraw the battering 
 train from Colar, but a garrison was left there under Captain 
 Kelly. 
 
 The posts in Salem and Baramahl fell without difficulty to 
 Hyder, and Fitzgerald was not in time to relieve any of them. 
 
 As Fitzgerald approached the Cauvery, he learnt that Hyder 
 was about to cross near Caroor, and was going to Trichinopoly 
 and Tanjore. Fitzgerald resolved to cover Trichinopoly, and 
 inclined to the east. Hyder then went in the opposite direc- 
 tion, took Caroor and Erode, and then marched against 
 Cauverypatam,
 
 1768-C9.J MADEAS ENGINEEES. 107 
 
 It was commanded by Captain Faisan. 
 
 He had been besieged for a month by Fuzzel-ulla-Khan ; 
 after a protracted defence he capituhited, being reduced to the 
 last extremity for want of provisions. 
 
 Thus closed the year 1768. Hyder had recovered, in three 
 weeks after his descent, the whole of the possessions which had 
 been wrested from him in two campaigns, except Colar, Vencata- 
 gherry, and Kistnagherry. 
 
 Fuzzel-ulla-Khan was now sent to operate from Dindigul 
 upon Madura and Tinnevelly ; while Hyder recrossed the 
 Cauvery, and marched to east along the north bank. 
 
 Fitzgerald was at Munsoorpett opposite Trichinopoly. He 
 marched farther north to place himself between Hyder and 
 Madras. Hyder crossed to south-east in rear of Fitzgerald, and 
 levied four lacs of rupees from Tanjore. 
 
 The Government now made advances for peace. Hyder 
 returned a suitable answer, and Captain Brooke was sent to him. 
 Captain Brooke reported the result, and the Madras Govern- 
 ment sent him again with an outline of the terms. These, 
 however, were positively rejected; but Hyder said he was still 
 ready to receive a man of rank, with reasonable proposals, and 
 full powers. The Government accordingly sent Mr. Andrews, 
 and Colonel Smith once more assumed command of the army, 
 which was directed to re-unite on Chettapet. Colonel Smith 
 assumed command on 1st February, and Mr. Andrews passed 
 to Hyder's camp on the l4th. 
 
 On the 22nd, Mr. Andrews agreed to a cessation of arms for 
 twelve days, and proceeded to Madras to report Hyder's 
 ultimatum. 
 
 Before tlie campaign proceeds further, notice may be taken of 
 the proposed changes in the Engineers. 
 
 It was shortly intended to thoroughly re-organise the corps, 
 by obtaining some officers from England, and place it entirely on 
 a military footing.
 
 108 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U7M. 
 
 Accordingly all the engineers were called upon to make their 
 choice regarding their resigning, or remaining in the corps. 
 
 Colonel Call sent in the answers of the engineers as follows: — 
 
 Call himself, intended to quit India on account of his health. 
 He was requested to continue as Chief Engineer as long as he 
 remained. 
 
 Cot&ford chose the Civil Service, and was appointed Resident 
 at Ganjam. 
 
 Paul Beufield, the Civil List. 
 
 William Stevens, to remain in the Engineer Corps. 
 
 Henry Montresor requested to he continued in the Military 
 Line. 
 
 Barnard, to be retained on Civil List. 
 
 Thomas Marsden wished to continue on the Engineering List. 
 
 Mr. William Stevens was appointed Sub-Director, and 
 Captain, from 26th January, and 
 
 Mr. Thomas Marsden, Sub-Engineer, and liieutenant, from the 
 same date. 
 
 To resume. Hyder's proposals were rejected, and hostilities 
 were resumed on the 6th March. 
 
 Colonel Smith manoeuvred very skilfully, and more than once, 
 in his manoeuvres between Giujee, and Madras involved Hyder 
 in perplexity, and repeatedly out-manoeuvred him. 
 
 These movements had brought the armies 141) miles south 
 of Madras. Hyder sent off all his army, except 6,000 chosen 
 horse, and 200 infantry, to retire through pass of Ahtoor, while 
 he himself with his chosen body marched IbO miles in three and 
 a half days, and on 29th March appeared within five miles of 
 Madras, to the consternation of the English Government. 
 
 On the 23rd, Smith reinforced Lang's division, and sent him 
 in direction of 1 hiagur, and Trinomallee, with orders to take 
 post at either, and to act on the communications of the enemy 
 with the passes of Ahtoor, and Changama.
 
 1769] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 109 
 
 When Smith heard of Hyder's movement, he ordered Lang to 
 attack, while they were in the pass ; but Lang found his force 
 quite insufficient for an attack on Hyder's main army. 
 
 Colonel Smith followed with celerity, and early on 31st was 
 met ten miles from his camp with an order to halt whenever 
 the letter mi^lit reach him. Hyder, finding Smith was so close, 
 said he could not negotiate with his army so near; so Smith, on 
 1st April, was ordered to retire. He sent word he would move 
 on 2nd. Hyder finding he did not move on 1st, moved to the 
 north earlv on 2nd ; and Government, alarmed for Black Town, 
 ordered Smith to march north, or to Madras, whichever he might 
 deem expedient. Smith obeyed with alacrity, but had not 
 moved half way, when he was ordered again to halt. 
 
 The treatv with Hyder was concluded the same evening, and 
 executed the following day.
 
 110 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mo. 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 Black Town fortified. — Army sent against Tanjore. — Capture of Vellum. — 
 Vellum occupied. — Siege of Tanjore. — Engineers suffer heavily. — Montresor 
 wounded. — Colonel Ross wounded. — Dispute as to right of engineers to take 
 rank in the army. — Force sent to reduce Ramnad. — Ramnad stormed. — 
 The Poligar killed. — Montresor appointed to the infantry. — Campbell killed. 
 — Montresor dies. — Tanjore assaulted and captured. — Magore taken. — 
 Survey of Northern Circars. — Coi-ps of Guides raised. — Dispute about rank 
 of engineers. — Artillery located at St. Thomas' Mount. — Chief Entrinper 
 complains against Captain Dugood. — Bound hedge for Madras — Memorial 
 of Engineers to Commander-in-Chief. — Tanjore restored to the Raja. — Paul 
 Benfield. — Lieutenant Robert Schoular appointed surveyor. — Vellum 
 destroyed. — Complaint of Chief Engineer. — Lieut. -Colonel Cosby commands 
 a force against Rajah of Carvetnuggur. — War with France. — Siege of Pondi- 
 cherry. — Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed. — Pondicherry delivered up, 
 19th October 1778. — Captain Maule remarks on Major Stevens. — Siege of 
 Mahe. — Mahe captured. — Forts destroyed. — Geils distinguished at Pondi- 
 cherry. — Sea-face of Fort St. George. — Full batta. 
 
 Colonel Call, on 13th March 1769, had represented the 
 necessity of fortifying Black Town. 
 
 He proposed a simple enclosure, composed of hastions and 
 curtains, varying in their size and length according to the 
 nature of the ground. The angles made by the prolongations of 
 the curtain to he very ol'tnse He went into consirlerahle 
 detail as regards method of carrying out the work, &c. &c 
 
 Early in the year the Chief Engineer was called upon to 
 survey the country round Madras, and during the whole of this
 
 1770.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. Ill 
 
 year all the engineers appear to have been employed in aimilar 
 duties, as no military expeditions were undertaken 
 
 John Call * left Madras for England in early part of the year, 
 and Henry Montresor f took charge of the works at Madras in 
 his place. While so engaged he sent in a chart of India, and 
 the Board complimented him on his great merit and abilities, 
 and gave him a commission as Sub-Director and Captain of 
 Engineers, to rank from June 17 70. 
 
 In July, Montresor recommended that Pigot's and Lawrence's 
 bastions, Fort St. George, should be rebuilt, and St. George's 
 ravelin erected. The two bastions were in a very ruinous state. 
 He estimated th • cost at 143,500 pagodas. Mr. Benfield was 
 rec^^mniended as conti'nctor. 
 
 The Board agreed to Montresor's proposal, ond blamed John 
 Brohierfor weakening the works by deepening the ditch. 
 
 On 23rd March 1770, the Court of Directors ordered that the 
 establishment of engineers sliould consist of: — 
 
 1 Chief Engineer, with rank of Eieutenant-Colonel 
 
 1 Director, with rank of Major. 
 
 3 Sub Directors, with rank of Captain. 
 
 2 Sub-Engineers, with rank of Lieutenant. 
 
 2 Practitioner Lngineers, with rnnk of Ensigns. 
 
 Thev applied to the Board of Ordnance for an officer of Royal 
 Engineers, and Patrick Ross|, then a captain-lieutenant of 
 
 * He was eldest son of John Call, Esq., of Launcels, county of Cornwall. After 
 retirement from the Company's service he entered Parliament — being subse- 
 quently appointed one of the Commissioners to inquire into the state and 
 manaf^ement of Crown lands. He was created a baronet on 28th July 1791. He 
 married 28th March 1772, Philadelphia, third daughter and co-heir of William 
 Batty, M.D., by whom he had a family. He died 1st March 1801. 
 
 t On 10th June 17(10, Mr. Henry Montresor reported himself fit for duty, and 
 he was appointed to superintend the works at Madras. 
 
 I He appears to have joined the Royal Engineers in 1751 as sub-engineer and 
 lieutenant. In 17G1-G2 he was .stationed at Guadaloupe and Martinique. Guada- 
 loupo was taken from the French in January 17G0, but the complete conquest 
 of the island was not effected till May. On 4th January 17G2, when Ross was
 
 112 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mo. 
 
 nineteen years' standing, was placed at their disposal as Chief 
 Engineer. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross arrived at Madras on, or about, the 
 loth September, and the Corps of Enf^ineers consisted of the 
 following officers : — 
 
 Patrick Ross, Principal, and Lieutenant-Colonel, 1 5th 
 
 September 1770. 
 Archibald Mitchell, Director, and Major, loth September 
 
 1770. 
 William Stevens, Sub-Director, and Captain, 26th January 
 
 1769. 
 Henry Montresor, Sub -Director, and Captain, 25th June 
 
 1770. 
 Philip Pittman, Sub-Director, and Captain, 15th September 
 
 1770. 
 William Campbell, Sub-Director, and Captain, 15th 
 
 September 1770. 
 Thomas Marsden, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant, 26th 
 
 January 1769. 
 
 at Guadaloupe, war was declared between Great Britain and Spain. On 
 6th June 17G2 our fleet under Admiral Pocock,K.C.B., appeared before Havana. 
 The castle of El Moro (which commanded the harbour) was built on a rock 
 of great height, and fortified with batteries of heaviest artillery then known. 
 It was stormed on 30th July. On 11th August the Governor hung out a flag 
 of truce, and on the 14th we took possession. 
 
 The army consisted of 14,000 men under the Earl of Albemarle. Our losses 
 were very heavy. The army alone lost 1,800, and the losses in the fleet, though 
 less, were yet very considerable. This capture of the Havana was effected less 
 than two months before Manilla was captured by us under General Drainer. 
 
 In 1763 Ross was still a sub-engineer, and next year we find him named as 
 extraordinary engineer with, it is presumed, the rank of Captain-Lieutenant. 
 
 It is likely that Ross was engaged on active service in this war, which came 
 to an end on 10th February 1763, the date of the Treaty of Paris. This was 
 the era of England's greatest prosperity. We conquered Canada, Cape Breton, 
 and St. John, as well as Cuba ; at the Peace, Martinique, Guadaloupe, 
 Marie Galante Desuada and St. Lucia were given back to France. England 
 retaining Grenada, Grenadines, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago. 
 
 Martinique was captured on 3rd February 1762.
 
 1770.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. Il3 
 
 George Lewis Wittever, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant, 
 
 loth September 1770. 
 George Maule, Practitioner Engineer and Ensign, 31st 
 
 August 1770. 
 
 Witli the exception of Stevens, Montresor, and Marsden, all 
 these came from England. 
 
 Montresor, having been appointed Captain before the orders 
 for forming the establishment were received, was made a 
 supernumerary. 
 
 Stevens had joined as Ensign on 7th January 1764, 
 Montresor as Lieutenant on 8th September 1767, and 
 Marsden as Ensign on 1 2th November 1767.* 
 
 The establishment allowed for two ensigns, but only one 
 was appointed.! 
 
 The Chief Engineer was directed to remain at the Presidency 
 with two captains, one lieutenant, and one ensign ; while the 
 Director or Major was ordered to the Northern Circars, with 
 two captains, one lieutenant, and one ensign to assist him. 
 
 The Chief Engineer was made a member of the Board, and 
 Captain Montresor, who had previously been appointed, was also 
 to remain as a member. 
 
 Before the close of November, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross sent 
 in a plan for an arsenal. The estimate amounted to the modest 
 sum of 9,327 pagodas, or about 37,000 rupees. 
 
 Engineers with the army at this time were Captain Montresor 
 and two subalterns. 
 
 In 1770-71 Hyder was engaged in war with the Mahrattas. 
 The Rajah of Tanjore had previously paid tribute to the Nabob 
 of the Carnatic. Encouraged by the vicinity of the Mahrattas 
 
 • Alexander Mitchell (Major Mitchell's brother) was appointed, 25th January 
 1771, Practitioner-Engineer and Ensign, to make up the establishment. 
 
 t Thomas Marsden died at Tripassoor on IDth March 1771, and George Maule 
 was appointed Lieutenant in his place ; Alexander Dugood, who came out in the 
 military line in 17G8, was appointed to fill up the vacancy in ensigns. 
 
 8
 
 114 MiLltARY HiSTORt OP THE 
 
 (his own countrymen), the Rajah resisted the demand. The 
 Nabob required from the British Government an army to 
 enforce it. After some hesitation, which arose from doubts as 
 to who was to meet the expenses, his request was granted. 
 The Raja paid the Mahratta commander five lacs of rupees, 
 obtaining in consideration a promise of assistance. 
 
 Trimbuck Row, the Mahratta cliief, threatened with a con- 
 siderable force to descend into the province of Arcot ; but a 
 payment of four lacs by Mahomed Ali to Trimbuck Row put a 
 stop to this movement. 
 
 It was not till September 1771, that an army was sent against 
 Tanjore, under Colonel Joseph Smith. The army assembled at 
 Trichinopoly, arrived at Vellum at 10 a.m. on 16th September, 
 and was soon visited by the Tanjore cavalry. Rain fell for two 
 hours. As soon as weather cleared, w^e advanced with 
 Matthews' cavalry, and Corps of Grenadiers. " The instant we 
 began to speak from the mouths of our sixes, they (Tanjore 
 Cavalry) set out for Tanjore." 
 
 We moved down and occupied the pettah. The fort was 
 regular, compact, stroni:, and garrisoned by 1,000 sepoys, '-iOO 
 topasses, &c. A battery of six LS-pounders was erected, and 
 opened against Vellum on 20th September. By night a breach 
 was made, but it was not deemed practicable by the engi- 
 neers. On this day Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Captain 
 Campbell, and Mr. Maule, all of the Engineers, joined the army. 
 At midnight on the 20th, Colonel Bonjour was ordered to 
 advance to the breach with some Europeans, and a battalion of 
 sepoys. 
 
 He found the fort deserted, and opened one of the gates. 
 
 On 23rd September the army marched and encamped before 
 Tanjore, three miles E. by S. On the fall of Vellum the Rajah 
 ordered the pettah to be evacuated, broke up his camp, and 
 marched into the fort, leaving only his cavalry in the field. 
 
 Colonel Flint was posted with Europeans and grenadier
 
 im.J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 115 
 
 sepoys at a mosque in the pettah, 800 yards from the fort, and 
 a company of sepoys at a village in their front. 
 
 On the 23rd and 24th, the engineers reconnoitred, and their 
 people prepared fascines and gabions. 
 
 It was determined to attack the south-west angle, and the army 
 moved nearer to the fort. 
 
 We broke ground on 29th September, and a battery was 
 raised for six heavy guns, and two l2-pounders, also one 10-inch, 
 and two 8 inch mortars, to ruin the defences of the front 
 attacked. 
 
 This battery was opened on 2nd October, but was not 
 found to have the desired effect, and Colonel Ross then advanced 
 a trench to a water-course 250 yards in front of it ; and on the 
 side of it nearest to the fort erected another battery of ten 
 guns, 370 yards from the walls. 
 
 This opened fire on the 11 th. The enemy kept up a brisk fire, 
 which killed and wounded many of our men. 
 
 On 7th October, at night, Colonel Ross was wounded on the 
 cheek-bone by a musket-ball, and Captain Montresor look 
 command of the engineers for a short time ; but befon the 
 20th, Colonel Ross was again on the works. 
 
 From the advanced battery, a sap was carried on to the < rest 
 of the glacis. 
 
 It was commenced on the 1 3th. The weather was vary 
 unfavourable for the besiegers — heavy rain every afternoon, and 
 the greater part of the night. 
 
 On the 14th night, Captain Campbell was wounded through 
 both thighs, but the bones were not hurt. The fort kept up 
 as heavy a fire as we did, and it was considered by Colonel 
 Smith that " whoever had the direction of their works, and 
 defending them, was neither deficient in knowledge nor 
 activity." 
 
 On the 15th, our approaches were carried within twenty paces 
 of the covered way, and on the 17th they had reached the crest, 
 
 8 •
 
 116 MILITAKT HISTORY OF THTC [1771. 
 
 and the Engineers were busied in forming a battery to breach 
 the outer wall, which was of stone, very high, and the ditch 
 more than twenty-four feet deep. 
 
 On the 20th (Colonel Ross wrote) : — 
 
 " We have now sunk a shaft within a few feet of the crest of 
 the glacis, and are carrying on our galleries in order to place 
 our mines, so as to blow in enough of the counterscarp to make 
 the descent into the ditch easy ; and we are at the same time 
 sinking a four gun battery in the glacis, whose embrasures are 
 to be cut out of it, in order to batter the fausse-braye wall as 
 low as possible — the wall of the body of the place being 
 already destroyed." 
 
 On same date Colonel Smith says in a letter : " The soil is 
 very hard, and it will take time ; our engineers are too sanguine. 
 Colonel Ross is again abroad ; and Montresor, from a musket- 
 ball that went through his hat and grazed his head, but did not 
 brrak the skin, is much indisposed. Captain Campbell is 
 wounded through both thighs. Lieutenant Geils, a very active 
 young gentleman, is shot in the head, and Lieutenant Bonne- 
 veaux in the arm. In short, scarce one in that corps has 
 escaped. Lieutenant Wittever is sick, and only Mr Maule 
 remains." 
 
 On the 24th, the engineers reported that the mine for making 
 descent into the ditch, would be ready next day. 
 
 " The 10-gun battery began to play this morning to the right 
 of breach. It rained a great part of the day. The 4-gun 
 battery in covered way is to open on fausse-braye wall at mid- 
 night, as the engineers report that the mine by tliat time will be 
 loaded and secured, so as to receive no damage from shock of 
 firing." 
 
 "The 10-gun battery will continue to enlarge the breach. 
 It is believed the enemy have made a retrenchment behind the 
 breach." 
 
 " 25th. — The 4-gun battery could not be opened till
 
 1771.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 117 
 
 i I A.M., as the mine was not secured till that time, on account of 
 a spring whicli interrupted the miners ; however, a brisk fire 
 has been kept up from the 10 and 4-gun batteries, and will be 
 continued till the breach is practicable." 
 
 " 26th. — The guns from both batteries firing night and 
 day, and the 4-gun battery has not made the impression on 
 fausse-braye wall that was expected. The garrison keep up a 
 very hot fire, and we lose both Europeans and sepoys every day." 
 
 On the 27th, General Smith received a letter from the Nabob, 
 informing that he had signed articles of peace in consequence 
 of the Raja accepting terms ofi'ered ; and hostilities at once 
 ceased. 
 
 On the 27th, the engineers had reported that the breach would 
 be practicable by next morning, both in the fort and fausse- 
 braye, and it was resolved to spring the mine to open a passage 
 into the ditch ; but before this could be done, Colonel Smith 
 received the letter before mentioned. 
 
 "During the siege there were frequent sallies; they were 
 always repulsed, but not without some loss."* 
 
 " The besieged kept up an incessant fire from the fort ever 
 since we came before it (till the peace was made), both from 
 musketry and artillery — particularly with the 18 and 24-pounders 
 taken from General Lally, and it is my (Colonel Smith's) 
 astonishment how their magazines held out." 
 
 " I was under the necessity of forming a pioneer company of 
 Europeans from the different corps, which was commanded by 
 Captain Wolf during the siege. A body of miners was also 
 formed under Lieutenant Barrow. Both these small corps were 
 indefatigable in their duty, and showed the utmost spirit and 
 activity on every occasion." " Two breaches were nearly practic- 
 able at the time the Nabob settled matters with the Rajah. The 
 
 * On 1st October enemy made a very spirited sally on our works, but it failed 
 although very resolutely pushed from half past 10 to 3. Enemy lost sevaa 
 i emadars and 100 horsemen killed, 200 horses killed and 200 wounded.
 
 118 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE &771. 
 
 officers, &c., think that circumstances alone will be sufficient * 
 to plead for them, as it was in consequence of the dread of our 
 arms, and being on the crest of the glacis, that obliged the 
 Rajah to comply with the young Nabob's demands." " Captain 
 Montresor, who carries this packet to the Honourable Board, 
 will also deliver to you a plan of Vellum ; and I cannot, in justice 
 to this gentleman's character, avoid assuring your Honour, &c., 
 that he has behaved during this siege with great activity, zeal 
 and spirit, and as a good and deserving officer. Colonel Ross 
 received a bad wound in his cheek, but was so fortunate as to 
 be able to go soon abroad again, and attend to his duty. 
 
 " He has been extremely active and diligent since his 
 arrival in camp, so indeed have all the gentlemen acting under 
 the Engineer." 
 
 Return of killed and wounded from date of leaving Trichino- 
 poly to 28th October 1771 :— 
 
 
 KiUed. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 European Cavalry 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 Artillery 
 
 8 
 
 ... 31 
 
 Infantry 
 
 .. 31 
 
 94 
 
 Sepoys 
 
 .. 86 
 
 ... 195 
 
 127 320 
 
 Besides 2 officers killed and 16 wounded ; also of Nabob's 
 troops killed, and 30 wounded, with 8 lascfirs killed and 37 
 wouuded. 
 
 Grand Total— Killed 143 
 
 Wounded . ... 403 
 
 546 
 
 ♦ The Nabob had promised to present the army -with seven lacs of rupees, if 
 it succeeded against Tanjore.
 
 1771.11 
 
 MADKAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 119 
 
 Engineer Officers : — 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Ross 
 
 Captain Campbell 
 
 Lieutenant Geils (Artillery) acting as 
 Engineer ... 
 
 Lieutenants Bonneveaux, (2nd Regi- 
 ment), acting as Engineer 
 
 Infantry Officers : — 
 
 Lieutenants Weld (2nd Regiment) and 
 Nicol (Sepoy Regiment) ... 
 
 Artillery: — 
 
 Wounded, 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Captain Alathew Home 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Lieutenant McHugo 
 
 do. 
 
 „ Clawson 
 
 do. 
 
 „ Judson ... 
 
 do. 
 
 ,, Douglas... 
 
 do. 
 
 Darrell (2nd Regiment) 
 
 do. 
 
 Sepoy Regiments : — 
 
 
 Lieutenant Barton ... 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 „ Campbell 
 
 do. 
 
 „ Davis 
 
 do. 
 
 „ Huckey ... 
 
 do. 
 
 Captain McKenzie ... 
 
 do. 
 
 Ensign Dixon 
 
 do. 
 
 In tins year, a great dispute arose as to the right of the 
 engineers to take rank and command in the army. 
 
 The engineers, nine in number, sent in a lengthy joint 
 remonstrance, and requested that their representation of the 
 state of the corps might be transmitted to the Court of Direc- 
 tors. The Board decided that, by the express words of the 
 commissions granted to the engineers, they had a right of 
 commanding in the field or garrison according to their 
 respective ranks. 
 
 Towards the end of November 1771, Lieutenant Colonel Ross
 
 120 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1772. 
 
 was sent to Vellum to report on necessary works to put the fort 
 in proper order ; and he was directed not to interfere with the 
 garrison, but to confine his attention solely to the service on 
 which he was employed. 
 
 Major Mitchell and Captain Stevens, with Mr. Mitchell, were 
 engaged in the Northern Circars during this year. 
 
 In March 1772, a force was assembled nearTrichinopoly, under 
 Colonel Smith, to reduce Ramnad. 
 
 The Ramnad country was entered in the month of May. 
 On 20th April, Captain Pittman was appointed to proceed 
 with the troops as engineer. Lieutenants Geils and Maule were 
 also with the army. 
 
 Although a monthly journal of the operations was sent in, 
 as well as a sketch of the country through which the army 
 marched, they could not be found, and so details of the move- 
 ments are wanting. The army appears to have marched from 
 Trichinopoly by Sathrum. Veeramalai and Nathum, to Madura, 
 and then, it is presumed, down the valley of the Vygah to 
 Ramnad, a distance of about 150 miles. 
 
 Towards the end of May, the army appeared before Ramnad, 
 and the engineers at once commenced to make preparations for 
 the siege. 
 
 On 1st June, a battery for two 12-pounders was finished, for 
 enfilading the face attacked, and on the 2nd another for four 
 18-pounders was completed to form a breach ; a few days after, 
 Ramnad was stormed. 
 
 After the capture of Ramnad, the force marched into the little 
 Marawar country, and encamped before the barrier leading to 
 Calliacoil,* the Rajah's stronghold. A detour was made with a 
 strong force to the enemy's rear, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Bonjour; the enemy were completely surprised, and Calliacoil 
 was entered. 
 
 * Calliacoil is about ten pajles eaetrof Shevagunga,
 
 1772-73.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 121 
 
 The enemy were dispersed with severe loss, the Poligar being 
 killed, and the campaign was brought to a close. 
 
 On 9th November 1772, Captain Montresor was appointed to 
 the infantry at his own request, after having surveyed the road 
 from Suthram, Nathum, Trichinopoly and Veeramalai, which 
 was required to complete the chart of routes of the army on the 
 Marawar expedition, drawn by Captain Pittraan. 
 
 "The intestine commotions of the Mahratta State in 1773 
 suggested to Mahomed Ali the present moment as the most 
 favourable for realising his long-projected design of p-^ssessing 
 the government and territory of Tanjore." 
 
 In July 1773, a force was assembled at Trichinopoly for the 
 reduction of Tanjore. General Smith again commanded. 
 
 The army marched on 3 1st July, and encamped on left of 
 Sugar-loaf Rock ; left again on 2nd August, reached Gingar- 
 putty on the 4th, and Vellum on the 5th; Tanjore in front six 
 miles east-north-east. 
 
 The Tanjoreans were encamped north of the fort. On the 
 6th, at 3 AM, General Smith marched with a detachment of 
 the army, accompanied by the chief engineer, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Ross, to reconnoitre ground round Tanjore At daylight they 
 discovered enemy's tents, and part of their cavalry encamped 
 close under the walls. Reconnoitred till noon, and returned to 
 Monajee's tope 
 
 The Tanjore cavalry, 1,500 to 2,0U0 strong, moved out two 
 and a half miles from fort. Captain Rumley with the cavalry 
 was ordered to charge He routed and pursued them, inflicting 
 a loss of fully 100 killed and wounded. 
 
 In the afternoon of the same day, we marched to Queen's 
 Choultry 
 
 By 20th August we had broken ground, and had advanced 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Vaughan to a commanding spot on west 
 side, where there were two pagodas, 350 yards apart ; and our 
 working parties were running a parallel from one to the other
 
 122 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [177H 
 
 about 700 yards from the walls. Our loss in this transaction 
 was inconsiderable. Major Fletcher marched at 9 p.m. to attack 
 the enemy on east side of the fort. 
 
 21st, — The engineers continued their parallel north along the 
 west face, for a distance of 400 yards, and on the 22nd it was 
 lengthened by 220 yards. 
 
 On 23rd August it was carried still further, and it was intended 
 to erect a redoubt on the left, but that night there was not 
 sufficient time. The enemy made an attack on the trenches, but 
 were repulsed. 
 
 On this day we got possession of two pagodas about 500 
 yards north of the North Gate. 
 
 Captain W. Campbell, of the Engiueers, was killed on the 24th. 
 
 *' Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Captain Campbell, his brother, and 
 Lieutenant Fletcher, with the Pioneer Company, left our post at 
 the pagodas, and were on their way to the trenches which had 
 been attacked in the morning, when Captain Campbell was shot 
 through the head, and one of the pioneers killed." General 
 Smith in his despatch remarked, " I am much concerned for poor 
 Campbell ; he was a very good man.""^ 
 
 " By the 26th, our guns, mortars and howitzers were sent to 
 the batteries. All this time, an incessant fire was kept up by the 
 enemy, without our returning a shot from our batteries." 
 
 "Colonel Bonjour and Major Home offered their services to 
 assist the engineers. Lieutenant Barrow, while engaged assisting 
 the former, was killed by a cannon-shot." 
 
 "At 6 A.M. on the 27th, our batteries opened fire from seven 
 18 pounders, seven 12-pounders, and eight mortars and 
 howitzers." 
 
 " By 1 1 A.M. we had silenced the enemy's guns, except an 
 18 and a 24-pounder on south-west angle. A battery was 
 constructed to dismount these " 
 
 * Promotions in consequence of Campbell's death : George Maiile to be Captain, 
 Alexander Dugood to be Lieutenant.
 
 1773.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 123 
 
 " A secure post was established at Mnnnarcoil Pagoda on 
 Negapatam Road, three miles in front of the East Gate." 
 
 " On the 31st, a trench was run from onr iipproaches, 120 yards, 
 nearly parallel, to the covered way, and about 250 yards from 
 the walls to a rising ground on the left, where a battery for four 
 guns was begun." 
 
 "On 1st September, the battery was finished with exception 
 of platforms ; and on the 2nd, another battery for guns was 
 commenced, with a trench of communication; enemy still keeping 
 up a fire from ten or twelve guns." 
 
 " By .5th September, the approaches had been carried to 
 the crest of the glacis." 
 
 " On the 7th, our line of communications extended ahmg 
 the glacis as far as was necessary, and a return was made to 
 secure our left." 
 
 " The ditch was ascertained to be 150 feet wide, and three and 
 a half feet deep." 
 
 " Covered way six feet high, and fifteen feet broad. Half the 
 ditch next to us was dry, and the water, mud, and weeds six 
 feet deep." 
 
 " From the 7th to the I2th, the engineers were going on with 
 their batteries, and the descent into the ditch ; the latter by a 
 gallery under the glacis." 
 
 "On the 11th, the Tanjoreans marched out to attack the post 
 on the east, but they were repulsed." 
 
 ''On the 10th, the sap battery was being constructed; it was 
 not to be opened out, till everything was ready to fill up the 
 ditch. Three Europeans were this day killed by one of our 
 own shells; one had about two pounds of iron taken out of his 
 hip." 
 
 ■'11th. — Miners going on with descent into the ditch. 
 Materials for filling up the ditch in great forwardness." 
 
 " 18th.— Sap battery of eight guns finished this night " 
 
 Captain Montresor had been dangerously ill for a few days.
 
 124 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1773. 
 
 and died at I p m. He was stated to have been " a good officer, 
 and a loss to the service." 
 
 He had been lately transferred to the infantry at his own wish. 
 He came out with rank of lieutenant, and was an engineer officer 
 for five years. 
 
 " Nth. — Began to breach this morning at daylight from two 
 4-gun batteries, in front of the parallel. Sap battery of eight 
 guns opened in the afternoon." 
 
 "On the 1 6th, a passage twelve feet wide was completed across 
 the ditch." 
 
 " On the 17th, the Chief Engineer having reported the breach 
 practicable, the storming party made the assault, and by 1 p.m. 
 union flags were flying on the enemy's cavaliers, and four 
 companies of British Grenadiers, and six battalions of sepoys 
 were in possession of the town." 
 
 The attacking party was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Vaughan. 
 
 Our losses during the siege were 6 officers killed, besides 
 4 who died, and 14 wounded ; IG Europeans killed, DO wounded ; 
 native troops, 29 killed and 74 wounded. Total 193. 
 
 Extract from General Smith's letter : — 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, our chief engineer, has great merit. 
 Our works were carried on with spirit, security and judgment, 
 and the officers of the highest rank in this army say they were 
 the best they had ever seen in this country ; and I have also the 
 pleasure to say, with justice to all the officers and men on this 
 expedition, that they have exerted themselves in the discharge of 
 their duty with the utmost spirit and alacrity, so as to recommend 
 them to the favour of the Honourable Board." 
 
 From the 17th to the 2Tth, the engineers were employed in sur- 
 veying and levelling the trenches, and clearing away the passage 
 over the ditch ; and on the latter date Lieu tenant- Colonel Ross 
 sent in a letter with survey of attack of Tanjore. 
 
 Engineer officers p:esent at Tanjore 1778: — Lieutenant-
 
 1773-74.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. l25 
 
 Colonel Ross, Captains Campbell and Maule, Lieutenants 
 Mitchell and Dugood, and Assistant-Engineer Lieutenant 
 Geils. 
 
 Lieutenant G. L. Wittever, Engineers, died 1 1th June 1773. 
 
 By 11th October, army had reached Trivellore, fourteen 
 miles from Negapatam, and about 21st October they took 
 possession of Nagore, and the troops cantoned there on 27th. 
 
 On 12th November, General Smith returned from the army, 
 and took his seat at the Board. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross 
 accompanied the army to Nagore, and made a survey of the place. 
 
 While 'I'anjore was being besieged, the Dutch at Negapatam 
 took possession of Nagore, a seaport of Tanjore. 
 
 The Nabob asked for assistance to expel the Dutch. The 
 Presidency were unwilling at first to give it, as it might be con- 
 sidered a violation of treaties between English and Dutch. 
 However, Sir Robert Harland, H.M.'s plenipotentiary, approved 
 of assistance being given, and our troops at length marched. The 
 Nabob's troops were placed in front, and those of the Company's 
 were only to assist in case of necessity, so as to seem not to have 
 acted against the Dutch. The Dutch, however, relinquished the 
 territory and town of Nagore, upon the Nabob replacing the 
 money paid by them to the Raja. 
 
 Captains Pittman and Stevens were during this year employed 
 on the survey of the Northern Circars ; Captain Pittman 
 working from Vizagapatam south, and Captain Stevens north 
 from Masulipatam. 
 
 In March 1774, Major Mitchell resigned; Captain Stevens 
 was promoted to Major, Lieutenant Alexander Mitchell to 
 Captain, John Theobald to Lieutenant, and James Johnson and 
 George Banks to Ensigns. 
 
 In October, Ensign John Munro was appointed to act as 
 engineer at Ganjam. 
 
 Up to this time it appears that the Chief engineer had the 
 privilege of corresponding with the Court of Directors, but on
 
 126 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1775. 
 
 the 13th September he was ordered only to do so through the 
 President and Council. 
 
 General Smith, in April recommended that a corps of guides 
 should be raised to survey roads and passes in the Carnatic, 
 and Lieutenant Geils was appointed to command it. 
 
 The dispute about the rank of the engineers still continued. 
 The Board said — " We are ordered to give rank in the army to 
 the Corps of Engineers, agreeably to the dates of tlieir com- 
 missions, in the same manner as the Corps of Engineers in 
 H.M.'s army, but that they shall rise only in their ranks in their 
 own corps." 
 
 Lieutenant- General Clavering, of Bengal, was asked for his 
 opinion. 
 
 On 18th February 1 775, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross received a 
 letter from Lieutenant Colonel Lillyman, of Corps of Engineers 
 at Calcutta, saying that General Clavering had issued orders for 
 the Engineers to take rank with the array generally, according 
 to the dates of their commissions. 
 
 On 28th March 17 75, St. Thomas' Mount was first fixed on 
 as a station for the Artillery. " The Board are concerned to 
 learn that the Company's Artillery cannot be located at 
 Tripamadore. General Smith to consult with Colonel James 
 (Principal Artillery OiEcer) on the properest place at the Mount 
 for erecting sheds for them." The Chief Engineer, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Ross, with the officers of Artillery, selected the spot for the 
 Artillery bungalows, and on 25th April the former sent in a plan. 
 
 In August, the Chief Engineer made a complaint against 
 Captain Dugood, of the Engineers*; a Board assembled to 
 enquire into it, and the result was that Captain Dugood was 
 placed under arrest and brought before a general court-martial 
 on the following charges : — 
 ]st. Neglect of duty. 
 
 * Dugood was appointed Captain ; James Johnson Lieutenant ; and W. Gent 
 Enaign in room of Captain Pittman, who died March 1775.
 
 Sea 7c JPOftf to J /r,ch
 
 177S. MADBAS ENGINEERS. 127 
 
 2nd. For having observed a conduut aud couversation 
 tending to the prejudice of good order and military 
 discipline. 
 3rd. For having attempted, by means unbecoming the 
 character of an officer and gentleman, to injure the 
 character of Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, particularly 
 in a representation to the Honourable the Governor in 
 Council. 
 We learn later on that Captain Dugood was found " Not 
 guilty " of any of the instances of the charge. 
 
 The Chief Engineer recommended that a bound hedge should 
 be made round Madras, from St. Thome to the north of Black 
 Town, composed of palmirahs, bamboos, calderas, milk hedge, 
 prickly thorn, &c., and he was directed to mark it out at once. 
 
 Ihis year a great deal of work appears to have been done 
 to the fort. In fact, it was about this period that Fort St. 
 George took its present form. The works seem to have been 
 pushed forward with considerable vigour. In April, the average 
 number of people employed on the works was 2,700, and by the 
 middle of June the number had risen to nearly 3,200. The 
 works were continued tliroughout the year, but the numbers of 
 those employed gradually diminished, so that in December only 
 1,800 were engaged on it. 
 
 In July of this year it is mentioned in the records that the 
 Chief Engineer inspected Captain Baker's wells north of Black 
 Town. The wells here alluded to are those now named " Seven 
 Wells " and used for supply of fort. 
 
 In October, memorials of held officers of Artillery, and 
 Engineers were sent to the Commander in- Chief, and forwarded 
 to the Board, also a letter from Colonel Ross, and Major Stevens, 
 stating — 
 
 " That, owing to insufficiency of establishment, it is not 
 possible to conduct their business, particularly in time 
 of war, therefore they state that sixteen assistant
 
 128 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE [1775 
 
 engineers are necessary for the requirements of the 
 service." 
 
 On 1 1 th April this year, Lord Pigot, the Governor, 
 restored Tanjore to the Rajah, in accordance with the orders of 
 the Court of Directors, in spite of the intrigues of the Nabob and 
 others to prevent it. 
 
 The Mr. Paul Benfield, wlio was so notorious in connection 
 with the affairs of Tanjore, was the same man who was on the 
 engineer establishment when Colonel Call was Chief Engineer, 
 After the appointment of Lieutenant- Colonel Ross and the 
 military establishment, he undertook a large quantity of work on 
 contract. Mr. Burke, in February 1875, in his celebrated speech, 
 consigned Benfield and others to everlasting infamy, but in spite 
 of this, the result was that sixty lacs of rupees were secured to 
 Benfield. 
 
 Marshman, in his History of India, states that Benfield 
 " occupied an inferior post not worth more than 200 or 300 
 rupees a month." The case is not so. Benfield was apparently 
 allowed to contract on a large scale, and he undertook the works 
 of Furt St. George in 1775, 1770, and 1777. The Chief 
 Engineer gives the amount of work done by Mr. Benfield under 
 his contracts in those years as 603,857 pagodas; equal to twenty- 
 one lacs of rupees. 
 
 In January this year, the Chief Engineer remonstrated against 
 the appointment of a junior oflBcer to command the garrison of 
 Fort St. George. The Board informed him that " he would 
 have been appointed to command, but his services would have 
 been wanted shortly elsewhere, and Major Burghall ' (apparently 
 of Bengal Engineers, doing duty at Madras), " next in rank, was 
 wanted at Trichinopoly, to which place he had been ordered to 
 proceed." 
 
 This year, the fortifications of Vellum were destroyed by 
 mining. The mines were sprung, and the work concluded, on 
 28th April.
 
 1777-78.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 129 
 
 In July the Chief Engineer complained to the Board of the 
 hardship of serving under Colonel Braithwaite. The Board 
 replied that " the engineers are not under the immediate 
 command of officers of the garrison." 
 
 On 22nd August, Lieutenant- Colonel Cosby was appointed 
 to command three battalions at Sholingur, eight coss north of 
 Arcot. Captain Miinle accompanied him as engineer, and 
 Lieutenant Priugle, as captain of Guides. 
 
 Ensign Digby Brooke was also ordered on this service, but his 
 appointment was cancelled at the request of the Chief Engineer. 
 
 Tins force was intended, in conjunction with the troops of the 
 Calastry and Vencatagherry Rajahs, to take the field against 
 Bom Rauze, a Rajah of the first consideration. 
 
 " This extensive tract of country had never yet been pene- 
 trated with tlie least success by an enemy, and from its peculiar 
 advantages (its capital being in the midst of hills and ravines) 
 had deterred any serious hostile attacks even from Hyder, or the 
 Mahrattas ; nor were batteries mounted with cannon wanting to 
 complete its defence, or a large force well disposed to avail 
 themselves of these advantages ; yet such was the superiority of 
 the English, and the art of tactics brought into use, that, by 
 diverting their attention, and turning their flanks, while other 
 forces were making more serious attacks on their prijicipal 
 barriers, they were driven from one to the other, till the English 
 gained such a footing in the country as to thoroughly alarm the 
 chiefs. The Rajah was induced to capitulate, and allowed 
 Cosby to take possession of his capital, till everything was 
 finally adjusted, and military roads cut through the country. 
 The whole afi'air only took six weeks, and our loss was small. 
 Colonel Cosby received the thanks of Government for the 
 celerity with which the work was done — which far exceeded 
 their expectations." 
 
 In J 7 78, the works of Fort St. George were still carried 
 on, ab lUt 1,500 people being employed ; and it was resolved to
 
 180 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [me. 
 
 expend a monthly sum of half a lac of rupees on the 
 works, 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Koss, on 6th March, wrote that " when 
 the works now in hand are complete, Fort St. George will be an 
 entirely new place — except the finished part of the north front, 
 chiefly executed under Colonel John Call." 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross now went on leave to England, and 
 Major Stevens took up his duties.* 
 
 In June 1778, news was received of war with France. 
 
 On 80th July, Colonel Braithwaite was ordered to march 
 from VVandiwash towards Pondicherry, and halt one day's march 
 distant for orders. 
 
 On 3rd August, Major-General Hector Munro was to take 
 command of the army, march to Pondicherry, and summon the 
 place. t 
 
 On the 8th, Munro was at the Red Hills, near Pondicherry 
 (four miles j. 
 
 By the 20th, the force on the Red Hills was reinforced; and 
 on the 21st, possession was taken of the Bound Hedge. 
 Redoubts were raised, and every preparation made to open the 
 trenches as soon as possible. 
 
 On 31st August, a close reconnaissance was made, and it was 
 resolved to carry on two attacks ; one to the north, against the 
 North-west bastion ; the other to the south, against the Dauphin 
 bastion, and a battery was commenced on the south-west to 
 enfilade the works with four 24-pounders, and some mortars. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the enemy fired continually on this 
 work, the battery was completed on 4th September. 
 
 * Simon Stuart and Charles Salmon appointed Practitioner-Engineers ; Salmon 
 to rank below Ensign Bellasis. 
 
 t Major George Burghall, Director of Engineers, set off with the anny. On 
 17th August Major Stevens (amved with three captains of engineers and other 
 officers of the corps) took charge of the operations, and Major Burghall was 
 allowed to go, and resign the service
 
 1778.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 131 
 
 On the 6th, ground was broken to the north, and in the night 
 a parallel was made within 600 yards of the town. 
 
 On the 7th, an enfilading battery was erected to the north west, 
 containing four lii-pounders. 
 
 On the 8th, an approach was made from Ariancopang river, 
 and carried within 400 yards, where a parallel was formed. 
 
 On the 11th, a battery of ten 24 -pounders was begun to the 
 southward; and on the 14th, another, for ten 18-pounders, was 
 commenced to tlie north, several mortars were also placed in both 
 attacks; and on the morning of the 18th all the batteries* 
 opened. 
 
 The fire from the fort was very heavy, but towards evening 
 our batteries had apparently the advantage. 
 
 On the 24th, a magazine in one of our batteries blew up. 
 Meantime our other batteries kept up a heavy fire, and a breach 
 was beginning to be made in the angle of one of the bastions. 
 The approaches both on north and south attacks were carried 
 forward as quickly as possible, new batteries were erected as the 
 approaches advanced, and by (jth October the state of our 
 attack was as follows : — 
 
 " On south attack, our lodgments were extended between 
 the two djtches, and a passage to the counterscarp of the inner 
 ditch was about to be commenced." 
 
 " On north attack, we had formed a lodgment on the crest 
 of the glacis, embracing the angle opposite the bastion 
 attacked, and batteries had been erected to take off the defences 
 of those works that flank the said bastion." 
 
 Heavy rain and want of tools retarded the operations very 
 much, for General Munro writes : — " Though the rains retarded 
 our operations, yet the reduction of Pondicherry would have 
 taken place much sooner had we been provided with cannon, 
 stores, (fcc, sooner than we were ; for though the army began to 
 
 * Twenty-eight guns aud twenty-five mortar«.
 
 132 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1778. 
 
 assemble near tlie fortress on 8th August, it was not till 
 6th September that the engineer would give directions for 
 breaking ground, for want of proper tools to carry on the 
 approaches." 
 
 "Powder shamefully bad, part of it condemned four years 
 ago." 
 
 " On 7th and 8th October, the works, both on north and east 
 attacks, were advanced." 
 
 " 9 th. — A new approach was carried on to the north, towards 
 the salient angle of the ravelin, near the bastion attacked, in 
 the south attack, the gallery was much retarded by the violent 
 rains, which did damage to the trenches." 
 
 "On the 1 1th, the sap battery to the north was so damaged 
 by rain, and by the enemy's fire from St. Joseph's bastion, 
 that we were obliged to mask it. The gallery to the south was 
 advanced very near the ditch." 
 
 " 12th and 13th. — Thebatteriesin the north attack were repaired, 
 and the gallery to the south advanced to the ditch ; but the 
 violent rain so sw^elled the water in the ditch, that it ran 
 into the gallery with such force that it seemed likely to 
 destroy it." 
 
 " 14th. — The bridge of boats that was intended to be used for 
 the passage of the ditch on the south attack being completed, 
 and a float being prepared for the same purpose to the north, it 
 was intended to assault the place about 3 a.m., 15th ; but about 
 11 A.M. on the 14th the water forced itself into the gallery with 
 such violence, that it broke it down, and damaged some of the 
 boats. The face of the bastion attached to the south, was 
 entirely destroyed, and the faces of the adjacent bastions almost 
 as bad. The face of the North-west bastion was also in ruins." 
 
 " Major Stevens, the Chief Engineer, went immediately to give 
 directions to repair the gallery, and on his return to the south- 
 west enfilading battery, he was unfortunately wounded by a 
 cannon-ball, and died the same evening." General Munro
 
 1778.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 133 
 
 wrote : — " In him society has lost an honest man, and the Com- 
 pany a most vahiable and gallant soldier." 
 
 "Though the assault could not take place, an attack was 
 made on ravelin to the north about 2 a.m. The ravelin was 
 surprised, and the enemy's party of twenty-two Europeans mostly 
 killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, and we spiked four cannons 
 and four mortars, and destroyed a good many arms, and a 
 quantity of ammunition." 
 
 " By the 16th, the gallery was repaired, and it was resolved to 
 assault the place next morning, and the necessary orders were 
 to have been given to the troops in the evening ; but about 
 II A.M. Monsieur de Velette, Aide-de-Camp to General Belle- 
 combe, come with a flag of truce from the Fort, with a letter for 
 General Munro, to treat regarding capitulation. General Belle- 
 corabe agreed to deliver up Pondicherry at noon on the 19th. 
 
 " The French made a most gallant defence ; indeed, the 
 greatest gallantry has been displayed on both sides." 
 
 " The garrison became prisoners of war, but the colours of the 
 Battalion de ITnde were restored to it, in compliment to the 
 gallant conduct of that Corps. The colours of the Fort were 
 sent home with the despatches to the King." 
 
 General Munro in his final despatch says : — 
 
 " In justice to the troops, I inform you that officers and men 
 paid the greatest attention to their duty, and on every occasion 
 showed a spirit and resolution that will always do them the 
 greatest honour." 
 
 Return of killed and wounded since commencement of the 
 siege : — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. 
 Artillery and Engineers ... 19 73 
 
 European Infantry ... ... 48 120 
 
 Sepovs 155 491 
 
 22^ + (;cS.l = 906 
 
 Also 10 of the Nabob's troops.
 
 134 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [8771. 
 
 Eight ofl&cers were killed and 26 wounded. 
 
 Of the Engineers : — 
 
 Major Stevens, Chief Engineer, killed. 
 Captain James Johnstone, wounded. 
 
 Of the Artillery : — 
 
 Captain Augustus de Morgan, killed. 
 Lieutenant- Fireworker John Baillie, wounded. 
 „ „ Hugh Mallet, „ 
 
 ,, ,, George Saxon, ,, 
 
 Of European Infantry: — 
 1 Captain killed. 
 
 1 ,, wounded. 
 
 5 Lieutenants wounded. 
 
 2 Ensigns wounded. 
 
 Of Sepoy Officers : — 
 
 2 Lieutenants killed 
 
 3 Ensigns killed. 
 
 3 Captains wounded. 
 
 5 Lieutenants wounded. 
 
 6 Ensigns wounded. 
 
 The garrison of Pondicherry lost 680 killed and wounded. 
 
 European Officers 
 „ Infantry 
 „ Artillery 
 
 Citizens 
 
 Sepoys ... 
 
 Native Workmen 
 
 The Engineer officers present were — 
 
 Major Stevens ; Captains Maule, Theohald, Johnstone ; 
 Ensigns Gent, Digby Brooke, Thomas Bellasis, and Salmon. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 46 
 
 143 
 
 29 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 
 94 
 
 64 
 
 148 
 
 200 
 
 -f 480=680
 
 PLAN Ol-' THE 
 
 FOET OF PONDICHEEY, 
 
 MAJOK-GENEEAL HECTOE MDNEO, 
 
 Is 8EITEMBER ASP OCTOBER. 177ft. 
 
 REFEBENCER. 
 
 A. St. Laoi-ent Bastion. 
 
 
 B. Little Ba,tter\'. 
 
 
 C. Goudelom- Bastion. 
 
 
 D. Hospital IJustiou. 
 
 \:rllifrii Art/irl; 
 
 E. La Reine Bastion. 
 
 
 F. ViUenour Bastion. 
 
 
 G. Sauspem- Bastion. 
 
 ■i. Four Gnus Batterv. 
 
 H. Valdaour Bastion. 
 
 
 I. St. Joseph Baatiou. 
 
 •1. Siip BattLTv of Eiijlit Guns. 
 
 K. Noi-th-west Bastion. 
 
 .".. Twi. Guns Battery for tiring 
 
 L. Miirlras Bastion. 
 
 upon the Jlrill'im, French 
 
 M. IJi-1l-!iiis Bastion. 
 
 ship, in tlie Roads. 
 
 N. \u]:'U Bastion. 
 
 li. Redoubt. 
 
 1 ). Mockades. 
 
 7. Entiladiug Battery, four 12-pra. 
 
 
 H. Comera Battery of Four Guns. 
 
 Q. Madras Gate. 
 
 '.1. Battery of one Gun in the 
 
 R. \aWaoui- Gate. 
 
 
 S. Villc-uourGate. 
 
 
 T. Goudelour Gate. 
 
 
 \ . Government House. 
 
 
 TI. Bu,naeks. 
 
 
 W. PriHOu. 
 
 
 X. Masaziuo, 
 
 10. Fletcher Battery. 
 
 Y. Arsenal and Artillery Bar- 
 
 11. Mortar Batterv. 
 
 
 12. Eight Guns Battery. 
 
 
 13. Four Guns Battery. 
 
 A. Engineers' Houae. 
 
 
 AA. Hospital. 
 
 
 BB- Powder Magazine. 
 
 
 CC. Betel Go.loivu. 
 
 
 DD. Bazar. 
 
 
 Scale- €/-' Ycbrd'S- -
 
 m8-79.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 135 
 
 Captain Geils also served as engineer, and distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 On 7th December, Captain George Maule forwarded to General 
 Munro a return of engineers as " Commandant, which had 
 devolved on him by recent loss of a member of the corps whose 
 zeal for the Company's interest and ability in conducting his 
 duties will find, I am convinced, testimony in your remem- 
 brances." 
 
 Major Stevens' executor wrote to ask some assistance for 
 Major Stevens' family, who were in narrow circumstances, and 
 received the following reply : — " The Committee have a thorough 
 sense of the great merit possessed by the late Major Stevens, 
 and will most cheerfully recommend the situation of his family 
 to the Company, in hopes that they will confer on them some 
 mark of their favour" 
 
 Captain Maule recommended " Mr. Wickens for the Engi- 
 neers, as also Ensigns Brunton, Marishall, and Gordon, who 
 served as engineers at the siege ; likewise Mr. Galway, who draws 
 well and otherwise qualified." 
 
 On 1 0th December 1778, Ensign Alexander Beatson was 
 appointed Acting Engineer at Masulipatam ; and Ensigns Mari- 
 shall, Brunton, Galway, and Wickens, Assistant Engineers 
 
 Pondicherry having been taken, it was resolved to send an 
 expedition against Mahe, a settlement of the French a few miles 
 south of Tellicherry on western coast. 
 
 The force was under the command of Colonel Braithwaite, 
 and consisted of two European battalions, three Native 
 regiments, three companies of Artillery, besides engineers and 
 pioneers. 
 
 On 28th February 1779, the last division of the army reached 
 Anjengo in Travancore, having marched, it is presumed, from 
 Trichinopoly to Madura, and thence through the Arriangow 
 pass into Travancore. The embarkation was completed on 2nd 
 March.
 
 136 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [m9. 
 
 Our fleet oonsisted of the 
 
 Sea Horse, Commodore Parton. 
 
 Cocentry. 
 
 Revenge. 
 
 Resolution. 
 
 Royal Charlotte. 
 
 With a prize sloop of the navy as a hospital ship, and trans- 
 ports. 
 
 On the march to Anjenjo we lost five Europeans by death, 
 and about fifty sepoys by death and desertion, 
 
 Colonel Braithwaite arrived at Mahe on 14th March and 
 found thai Major Kelly, who was Acting Chief Engineer (he 
 belonged to Artillery), had occupied two hills in our bounds 
 and was advancing into the French bounds. 
 
 " loth. — A site was selected for a battery to reduce the 
 Fort of Comachy, a new work formed by the scarping of a high 
 chalk-hill, and only accessible, either as to the lower or upper 
 fort, by rope ladders which were very long, and which the 
 enemy drew up after them 
 
 " M. Picot, the Governor, was summoned, who answered that 
 he would defend the place ; so the bnttery was pushed on with 
 alacrity. It was within 500 yards of the enemy's guns. The 
 French fired a few guns from Fort St. George, and Chimbun, 
 but without effect Our battery would have opened on the 
 20th with four 18-pounders, but on the 19th M Picot sent out 
 proposals to surrender, which very much astonished Colonel 
 Braithwaite." " He informed M. Picot that Fort Comachy 
 should be immediately surrendered, and our colours hoisted as a 
 signal; this was done, and at 2 p.m. on the 19th, Captain 
 McLeod with sepoy grenadiers took possession of it, and next 
 day Fort St. George, and (Jhimbun were occupied, and the same 
 evening Forts Mahe, Daupbine, &c 
 
 " The cause of this sudden surrender was want of men,
 
 1779.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 137 
 
 money, communications, and provisions ; otherwise the place 
 was deemed almost impregnable, consisting of a number of 
 forts on almost inaccessible heights, strongly fortified in them- 
 selves, and protecting each other." 
 
 "We thus obtained Mahe without firing a single shot, not 
 even a musket, and the French themselves only fired about 
 forty shots." "Our battery of four I8-pounders was nearly 
 finished for attack of Fort Comachy ; but if Mahe with its 
 forts had been defended, it would have been a difficult task to 
 capture it. The discontent of the surrounding Nairs with 
 Hvder's government was the cause of its surrender." 
 
 The engineers employed on this expedition were — 
 
 Major Kellv (Artilh;ry), Acting Chief Engineer. 
 Ensign Digby Brooke, Engineer. 
 
 ,, Bellasis, „ 
 
 „ Dundas 
 
 „ Machlin 
 
 „ McFarrand 
 
 „ Marishall 
 
 „ Hay 
 Gordon 
 
 Assistant Engineers. 
 
 Pioneer Officers : — 
 Lieutenant Abbott. 
 
 ,, Johnson. 
 
 Ensign Francis Baillie. 
 ,, Bannerman. 
 ,, Mullock. 
 
 It was determined to destroy all the forts; and for this pur- 
 pose Ensign Digby Brooke, two pioneer ofiBcers, and one 
 hundred pioneers, were retained to do the work. Major Kelly 
 with the other engineers and pioneers were sent back. Every- 
 thing had been done that art could do to add to the natural 
 strength of the environs of Mahe, and had reinforcements 
 arrived, Mahe would have required a very large force to reduce
 
 138 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1779. 
 
 it; but the French could place no faith in their allies. Mahe 
 was extremely well-found in artillery and stores, for there were 
 more than 100 pieces of cannon all in excellent condition. 
 
 Hyder was furious at its capture, as through the place Hyder 
 was enabled to get a large quantity of European stores, and 
 reinforcements of Frenchmen. To this is partially attributed 
 his onslaught on the Carnatic iu 1780. Colonel Braithwaite 
 speaks highly of Major Kelly, and expresses his "approbation 
 of Major Kelly's merits, I found he had been very active before 
 my arrival, and his exertions have since been unremitted." The 
 mines for the destruction of the forts were carried on under 
 Lieutenant Brooke, and the first explosion took place on His 
 Majesty's birthday, when the whole sea- face of ^lahe was blown 
 up ; and by September the several forts and works of this colony, 
 which had lately been put in order by the French, were in ruins. 
 Towards the close of the work, Lieutenant Digby Brooke of the 
 Engineers was killed by the explosion of one of the mines. At 
 this time, Captain Geils was engaged in destroying the works at 
 Pondicherrv, and by the end of October the work of destruction 
 was complete. 
 
 Sir Hector Munro, early in 1779, recommended Captain 
 Geils very strongly for his conduct at the siege of Pondicherry, 
 and asks that he should be appointed Field Engineer with the 
 rank of Major. 
 
 The Board accordingly appointed him Field Engineer on the 
 coast with the allowances of Major, but did not see their way 
 to give him the rank. Colonel Baillie (so unfortunate in 1780) 
 was commanding at Pondicherry during the progress of demoli- 
 tion. 
 
 In March 1779, the works planned for the defence of the sea- 
 face of Fort St. George, Madras, were constructed in accordance 
 with Major Maule's proposals of the previous December, with a 
 line of cisterns along the east curtain. 
 
 In consequence of an order passed by the Board regarding
 
 1779.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 139 
 
 allowances drawn by the engineers, Major Maule ( Acting Chief 
 Engineer) addressed a remonstrance to the Board : — 
 
 " The Corps of Engineers being on an inferior footing as to 
 emoluments, with all others in the array, not enjoying alike with 
 them off reckonings, &c., the indulgence of full batta to all 
 engineers doing duty out of Madras, Masulipatam, Cuddalore, 
 and other chiefships, has been for several years past granted to 
 them in consideration of such deficiency. The cause for this 
 indulgence still remaining, I hope you will be pleased to see the 
 matter in the same point of view, and continue the only allow- 
 ance that can bring the Corps of Engineers nearly upon a 
 footing with the other officers of your army." 
 
 Full batta appears first to have been granted to tlie engineers 
 in 1771, at the first siege of Tanjore.
 
 140 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Banks and Bonneveaux taken prisoners by the Mahi-attas. — Movements of the 
 EngUsh fleet under Rodney in 1780. — Combined French and Spanish fleets. 
 — Rodney reinforced, but combined fleets had left for Europe. — Simon 
 Stewart and Mr. W. Rylands, of Engineers, made prisoners. — Colonel Baillie. 
 — Corps of Engineers in 1780. — Hyder All descends hito the Camatic. — 
 Baillie's defeat. — Munro retreats to Marmelong. 
 
 It was in 1778, that we declared war against France to show our 
 resentment for their having acknowledged the independence of 
 the colonies under the title of United States, hut it was not till 
 the spring of 1779, that Spain united her forces with France 
 against us. 
 
 The Spaniards declared war on 18th June 1779. Captain 
 Bonneveaux, Infantry, and Lieutenant Banks, Engineers, were 
 entrusted with a packet of papers, the chief purport of which 
 was to inform the authorities at Bomhay, Madras, and Calcutta 
 of the Spanish declaration of war. They were ordered to travel 
 across the Arabian Desert, and so to India. On the 10th July, 
 they left London for Harwich. Across the Continent they 
 travelled in Bonneveaux's " own town chariot turned into a post- 
 chaise " as far as Venice, where they embarked. They narrowly 
 escaped a cruiser in the Mediterranean, and arrived at Aleppo 
 on 24th August. Twelve days' march from Aleppo, they were
 
 1779.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. Ill 
 
 attacked iu the desert by a party of robbers, three times their 
 number. They had the good fortune to beat off their assailants ; 
 but lost twenty-two camels, and fourteen of their men were 
 wounded, including Bunneveaux himself (in two places, with 
 a fracture of the skull). Bussora was reached on 4th October, 
 Bonaeveaux arriving in a very bad state of health owing to his 
 wounds. After a stay of a week, at this place, they engaged a 
 " dongee boat " to take them from the Persian Gulf to Muscat. 
 At the latter town, they changed into another boat, the owner of 
 which engaged to take them to Bombay for 1,100 rupees. 
 Unfortunately on 2ud December 1779, when about two days' 
 sail from Bombay, they were captured by a Mahratta fleet. 
 This fleet consisted of two " grabs," each mounting twenty 
 12 and 18 pounders, and three armed boats with 300 or 400 men 
 on board them. Kesistauce was out of the question, as their 
 boat was merely armed with four 3-pounders without the imple- 
 ments necessary to work them. 
 
 The Mahratta chief promised to send them in one of his boats 
 to Bombay without baggage for 2,000 rupees, to be paid on 
 arrival ; but after he had got them in his possession, he thought 
 no more of his promise. Thus it happened, that the papers 
 entrusted to them were not thrown overboard at the time, and 
 after capture they were too closely watched to do it. They 
 were taken otf Bancoote (Fort Victoria), some seventy or eighty 
 miles south of Bombay, and carried into Viziadroog three days 
 after, where they were stripped of everything and very badly 
 treated. This, it appears, was greatly due to the villainy of an 
 English deserter named Charles Constantino, living there, who, 
 pretending to offer assistance, was, by his intrigues with Abba 
 Saib, the Mahratta chief, the cause of their detention. He 
 broke open all the letters, and by false translation insinuated 
 that their business was of the greatest importance, and detri- 
 mental to the interests of the Mahrattas, Finding also, that 
 Bonneveaux iiad bonds upon the Mabob ^Carnaiic) to a large
 
 142 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [177^60. 
 
 amount, he secured them with their seals, and got them sent out 
 of the way to a fort called Russaulghur, in hopes of carrying 
 some plan into execution to his interest by " countersigning our 
 signatures." Russaulghur is a fortress in the Concan close to 
 the Western Ghauts, latitude 17° 45' N., longtitude 73° 40' E., 
 thirty-four miles south-east of Fort Victoria. They were 
 detained at Russaulghur for about three months, when they were 
 sent to Pouna. During their detention at the fort, they 
 were treated very badly, and had often reason to believe that 
 the Alahrattas intended to destroy them. It was only after 
 reaching Poona, and " owing to another deserter named Thomas 
 Barnes (a man very different to Constantine, and worthy every 
 mark of our attention from his assiduity in serving us), that 
 we have been acquainted with this wretched villainy" {i.e. 
 Constantine's). 
 
 They reached Poona on 11th April 1780. Hei'e two men 
 rendered them a great deal of assistance in their troubles. A 
 Captain Beadle in the service of Nizam Ali, at Poona, on 
 business, and Monsieur Warnett from France. The former did 
 everything he could, and advanced them money to the amount 
 of loo rupees, while the latter supplied them with necessaries to 
 make their situation a little comfortable, and did his utmost with 
 the Government for " our bettei'raeut," but without effect, and 
 he was finally forbidden to see them. When it was represented 
 that Bonneveaux required his medical assistance, their answer 
 was, " If we died it was our fate." 
 
 On the 20th July 1780, the Governor at Madras wrote a 
 letter to the Mahratta Regent, Nana Farnavis, asking him to 
 release the prisoners, who consisted now of six besides Banks 
 and Bonneveaux. This letter was sent by some means to Banks, 
 and It was delivered to the Regent as though it had been sent 
 direct without his knowledge. This occurred towards the end of 
 October 1780. It did not produce any immediate effect, but 
 they formed "great liopes upou it from this small circuuisLance
 
 1780.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 143 
 
 our provisions, which used to be served out all in a lump the 1st 
 of each month, have not yet been delivered (12th November) ^ 
 and yesterday our guardian, on delivering me the third rupee we 
 have had this month in lieu of it, told me that Nana Farnavis 
 was about doing something regarding us. I hoped it was our 
 release." Nothing was, however, done till 12th June 1781, 
 when, with the exception of Bonneveaux, all were released. 
 Unfortunately for Banks, the order was countermanded on the 
 I4th. He was re-captured twenty-five miles from Poona, and on 
 the 15th Bonneveaux " had the mortification to see him once more 
 partaker of my misery." All the rest got away to Goa. Finding 
 Nana Farnavis was so obstinate as to giving him his liberty, 
 Bonneveaux thought seriously of making his escape, and to 
 enable him the easier to efi'ect this, he went to a separate house, 
 and led a retired life. On 2oth August " trusting to Providence, 
 a pair of pistols and two servants, one an Italian and the other 
 a Rajpoot, I left Poona on horseback in an Arabian dress. I 
 steered various points in the compass till I arrived at Beer in 
 the Nizam's country, from which place I sent back my European 
 with a horse to bring Captaiu Banks." Beer, or rather Bheer, is 
 the principal town of a soiall hilly district in the Nizam's 
 dominions, seventy miles east from Ahmednuggur. 
 
 On 19th October I7til we find Bonneveaux at Fort St. George. 
 He wrote a long account of his trials to Lord Macartney, the 
 Governor, and asked for " 2,000 pagodas to pay the sums I bor- 
 rowed at Poona, and on my road, and to aff'ord me clothes and other 
 indispensable necessaries." The Council in reply granted him the 
 2,000 pagodas, and " are satisfied that he had done everything in 
 his power to save the Honourable Company's packet entrusted to 
 his care, and that his destroying them was an act of necessity." 
 On 16th February 1780, he had been put under charge of Mr. 
 Norwing, a Portuguese gentleman, who had the civility to remove 
 the guard ; Bonneveaux took advantage of this to redeem the 
 piiviile Ictieis, wiiiuh were recovered all broken open. The public
 
 144 MILITAKY HISTOKY OF THE 
 
 [1780. 
 
 packet was also recovered at Russaulghur about the same time, 
 and burnt. Banks does not appear to have got away till the 
 early part of 1782, for it is not till May 1782 that he addressed 
 Lord Macartney regarding his sufferings and the expenses he 
 had incurred. In this letter he states, " You are well acquainted 
 with the natives of India, and able to form an opinion how 
 the unfortunate European is treated. I therefore need only say 
 that I have experienced every ill from a cruel and revengeful 
 people, in stripping me of all my things, giving me food unfit to 
 eat, and from the rigidness of my prison during the greatest 
 part of my captivity my constitution gave way to a malady (the 
 bloody flux), the effect of which, foi' want of wholesome neces- 
 saries, I feel even at this time." He asked for 2,000 pagodas 
 and his pay up to 1st June 1782, and mentioned that he had 
 drawn upon the Government for 4,000 rupees advanced to him 
 by General Goddard. 
 
 The Government granted him the 2,000 pagodas, as also his 
 bill for pay and batta, amounting to pagodas 3,400.34.50, 
 deducting 4,000 rupees advanced him by General Goddard. He 
 was promoted to Captain from l4tli December 1778, the date on 
 which Stevens was killed at siege of Pondicherry. 
 
 In the early part of 1780, Rodney crossed the Atlantic, and 
 reached Barbadoes in middle of March ; learnt that the Comte 
 de Guichen was off St. Lucie, blocking up a British squadron in 
 Gros Islet bay, and at once set off from St. Lucie with an 
 inferior force. De Guichen, however, made off, and sought 
 refuge at Martinique, anchoring in Port Eoyal bay. However, 
 in April, Rodney had a battle with De Guichen. It was 
 indecisive, owing to misconduct of some of Rodney's captains. 
 
 Reinforcements now came from Spain for the enemy s fleet, 
 got safe into Guadaloupe, and there De Guichen joined 
 them. 
 
 The combined fleets had now thirty-six sail-of-the-liue, and 
 proceeded to Martinique. Rodney had only seventeen sail, and
 
 1T80.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 145 
 
 fully expected them to attack him He took up a strong position 
 in Gros Islet bay, and waited for them, occupying himself in 
 assisting the Governor of St, Lucie in putting the isle in a state 
 of defence. He expected reinforcements from Europe, and 
 intended to attack when they arrived. The enemy unaccountably 
 remained idle at Martinique for a month. 
 
 When Kodney's reinforcements arrived, he found that the 
 enemy had gone. De Guichen had left for Europe. In August 
 he reached Cadiz, where he united his fleet to another, under 
 D'Estaing, which was lying there. It was at this time that 
 Lieutenant Simon Stewart and Ensign William Wynne Ryland, 
 of Madras Engineers, were on their way out to India, on board 
 the Mount Stuart Indiaman, which, with other vessels, was 
 captured by the combined Spanish and French fleets on 9th 
 August 1780, somewhere near the coast of Spain. Stewart was 
 detained some months a prisoner in Spain, sustaining the loss of 
 his baggage. Stewart pursued his voyage " on parole," from 
 Lisbon, in a Portuguese ship bound to Bombay, " which was 
 the most direct and eligible mode I could adopt, in order to 
 avoid the risk of being again captured." Stewart was 
 allowed by the Government a gratuity of 300 pagodas (about 
 1,000 rupees). 
 
 Hyland returned to England, and procured his exchange. He 
 did not arrive in Madras till August or September 1782, when 
 he was appointed ensign from 14th October 1780. 
 
 On 3rd November 1779, Colonel BaiUie was appointed to 
 command the force for Adoni, and on the 20th he took command 
 at Epperla. 
 
 On the 2Gth it was at Ariacopalah. 
 
 Captain Theobald, of Engineers, was appointed engineer to 
 Colonel Baillie's detachment; and Ensigns Bruce and Wickens, 
 assistant engineers. 
 
 On 5th December, Baillie was at Innaconda, and on the 24th 
 we still find him at that plucc. 
 
 10
 
 146 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti78d. 
 
 At this time the Corps of Engineers consisted of the 
 following : — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Ross. 
 
 Major George Maule ... ... 14th December 1778. 
 
 Captain John Theobald ... 14th July 1778. 
 
 „ James Johnstone ... 15th August 1778. 
 
 „ George Banks ... 14th December 1778. 
 
 Lieutenant William Gent ... 14th December 1778. 
 
 Ensign Simon Stewart .. 4th January 1778. 
 
 „ Thomas Bellasis ... 8th February 1778. 
 
 „ Charles Salmon ... 4th May 1778. 
 
 „ John Wickens ... 19th August 1778. 
 
 „ Francis Antony Marteili 18th January 1780. 
 
 „ Richard Baker 21st February 1780. 
 
 „ Bruce.* 
 
 „ Brunton was appointed in 1778. 
 
 It was in July 1780, that Hyder Ali descended into the 
 Carnatic, through the Changama Pass. 
 
 The forts at Trinomally, Chittapet, Amee, Ginjee, Chillum- 
 brum, Cauverypank, and Carangooly, were all given up to him ; 
 and, in less than a fortnight, he possessed a chain of our frontier 
 garrisons that completely secured his convoys from the Mysore 
 country. 
 
 His cavalry penetrated to the environs of Madras, while he 
 himself commenced the siege of Arcot. 
 
 The English formed a camp at Poonamallee, under Lord 
 McLeod. 
 
 The Council wished our army to assemble at Conjeveram, but 
 Lord McLeod represented how inadvisable this was ; and as the 
 Council insisted upon Conjeveram as the place of rendezvous, 
 Lord McLeod resigned the command, and Sir Hector Munro, 
 
 * In April 1780 Ensign Bruce was appointed to take sections of ground about 
 Pondicherry.
 
 1T80.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 147 
 
 acquiescing in marching to Conjeveram, took the command. 
 Colonel Baillie, who was with a small force at Gomerabunder, 
 in Gunt )or, was ordered to join Munro at Conjeveram, and 
 Colonel Braithwaite's detachment in the south was also directed 
 to hasten thither. 
 
 Colonel Baillie had upwards of 200 miles to march, while 
 Braithwaite was distant about seventy ; the latter joined in the 
 course of ten days. 
 
 On the 26th August, Munro began his march, and reached 
 Conjeveram in three days. 
 
 On 24:th August, Colonel Baillie reported his arrival at 
 Arnee.* 
 
 On the 27th, it began to rain most violently, and continued to 
 do so till 6th September, so that the roads were in very bad 
 order, and the country covered with water. 
 
 On the 31st, Munro learnt that Hyder had left Arcot, and was 
 crossing the Palar. 
 
 Baillie was stopped about five miles to north of Tripassoor 
 by a small river that was so deep (owing to the heavy rains 
 which still continued) that he could not pass it. 
 
 3rd September. — " The rains still continuing most violently, 
 Munro learnt t that Hyder had quitted Arcot on the 29th, and 
 that he was now encamped at Bala Chetty's Choultry, five 
 miles in our front, Baillie crossed the river on the 3rd. 
 
 On the 6th, the enemy moved their camp to the north-east ; 
 Munro also moved two miles on road to Tripassore. Tippoo, 
 with part of Hyder's army, attacked Baillie at Perambankum, 
 but he succeeded in repulsing him, although not without con- 
 siderable loss. After the action, Baillie sent a message to 
 Munro, that, owing to his losses, he was unable to advance, 
 and hoped to see Munro at Perambankum. Munro, however, 
 
 * Arnoo is about twenty miles north-west of Madras on road to Nellore, and 
 about sixteen miles from the coast between Pulicat and Ennore. 
 t By letter from Captain Prcndergast. 
 
 10 *
 
 148 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1780 
 
 feared to leave Conjeveram uncovered, as he had all his stores 
 there ; so, with the concurrence of the principal officers, he 
 resolved to send a strong detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Fletcher to reinforce Baillie, who was now fourteen miles 
 distant. 
 
 At 9 P.M. on the 8th, Colonel Fletcher left, and joined Baillie 
 at Peramhankum at 6 a.m. on the 9th. Colonel Baillie now 
 advanced from Peramhankum on evening of the 9th, keeping his 
 baggage on the right flank, and his left towards the enemy. He 
 was much harassed in his march by Tippoo's division, and was 
 so much retarded, that during the night he only advanced four 
 miles, and then unfortunately took post. Hyder meantime 
 decamped about midnight, leaving his camp-fires blazing, and a 
 few thousand horse to hover round Munro's camp to conceal his 
 enterprise. Early in the morning, he laid his whole force in 
 ambush, behind the woods and village of Polilore. 
 
 At sun-rise Munro, found that Hyder had gone, and he at once 
 marched towards Polilore. At day-break, Baillie continued his 
 march ; at first, no material damage was sustained, but when the 
 advanced guard turned off on the left, to the road leading to 
 Conjeveram, through Polilore, Tippoo opened some guns upon 
 them from embrasures cut in the bank of some water-courses. 
 A halt was made, and these guns were seized, but a larger force 
 appearing, they were compelled to abandon them. 
 
 Baillie then disposed his army in an oblong square, with field- 
 pieces at proper intervals, and the baggage, &c. in the centre. 
 Unfortunately the ground was commanded almost on all sides. 
 Soon after this, they were beset by the whole of Hyder's army, 
 as well as Tippoo's division, which completely surrounded 
 them. 
 
 The small force gallantly supported a very unequal fire, until 
 two tumbrils of ammunition blew up, which, of course, silenced 
 the British artillery. Hyder's guns drew nearer and nearer at 
 every discharge. Colonel Baillie's detachment, seeing their
 
 1780.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 149 
 
 artillery silenced, naturally became dismayed. The enemy made 
 a movement for a general charge, and advanced on all quarters to 
 close attack. All the camp-followers rushed in confusion through 
 the ranks, and threw the whole into disorder. The sepoys 
 relinquished every hope of success, and, notwithstanding the 
 extraordinary exertions of their European officers, were not to be 
 rallied. The Europeans quickly united again in compact order, 
 headed by their gallant commander, and, being joined by all 
 the sepoy officers, placed themselves on a rising bank of 
 sand in their vicinity, and resolved to defend themselves to the 
 last. 
 
 " History cannot produce an instance for fortitude, cool 
 intrepidity, and desperate resolution to equal the exploits of this 
 heroic band. In number now reduced to 500, they were 
 opposed by 100,000 barbarians, who seldom or never grant 
 quarter. Distinct bodies of horse came on successively to the 
 charge, with strong parties of infantry placed in the intervals. 
 Several of these attacks were repulsed. Fresh columns 
 incessantly poured in upon them with redoubled fury, and at 
 last so many were brought to the ground, and their fire was 
 consequently so weakened, that they were unable to withstand 
 any longer the tremendous shock, and the field soon presented a 
 picture of the most inhuman cruelties, and unexampled carnage. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher, and twenty-nine European officers, 
 with 155 European soldiers, were killed, and Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Baillie, with thirty-four officers, and almost all the European 
 privates, were wounded. Only sixteen men and officers remained 
 unhurt — these, with the wounded, were made prisoners." 
 
 The whole of the sepoys were either killed, taken, or dispersed. 
 Captain Theobald was the Commanding Engineer with the force, 
 and, as I cannot trace his name among Hyder's prisoners, he 
 must have been killed on the field of battle. Ensign Brunton, 
 uf Engineers, was taken prisoner and carried to Seringapatam, 
 where he died,
 
 150 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1780. 
 
 Munro returned to Conjeveram, and resolved to fall back on 
 Chingleput. 
 
 He threw the heavy guns and stores, which could not be 
 moved, into the large tank, and at 3 a.m. on the 11 th left Con- 
 jeveram. 
 
 He marched all day, and at 11 p.m. reached a river, one and a 
 half miles from Chingleput, so deep, that the rear of the army 
 had not crossed till 9 a.m. on the ]2th. He found no provi- 
 sions at Chingleput, so at 6 p m he marched towards the Mount, 
 and arrived on the 14th at 12 p.m. 
 
 On the 15th, the army marched to Marmelong, where they 
 encamped. The primary cause of the disaster at Perambankum 
 was the unexpected and unprecedented fall of rain, which fell 
 almost uninteruptedly from the 26th August to 6th September. 
 This rain caused a small river to rise so high, that Baillie's 
 detachment was prevented from passing from the 27th August 
 to 3rd September. 
 
 The secondary cause of the defeat was the blowing up of the 
 tumbrils. Had it not been for that, Baillie's force could have 
 held out till the arrival of Munro, who was at the close of the 
 a£fair only two or three miles distant, and would have attacked 
 Hyder in the rear. 
 
 I have been unable to ascertain the names of the engineer 
 officers with General Munro's force, but Captain Pringle was 
 the Captain of the Guides, and Munro speaks very highly of his 
 services. 
 
 In 1779, a Civil Architect was appointed from home. His 
 name was Philip Slowey. The Chief Engineer was much 
 opposed to this appointment. 
 
 Towards the close of this year, Ensign Martelli asks to be 
 appointed to the Artillery. This change was allowed, and a Mr. 
 George Bong, who had served as an engineer in the Swedish 
 service for several years, was appointed Ensign and Practitioner- 
 Engineer in his room.
 
 1T80.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 151 
 
 Up to this time, companies of pioneers and miners were 
 formed, when required, by volunteers from European and 
 Native Infantry, and when no longer immediately required they 
 were broken up. 
 
 In September 1780, orders were, however, issued for the for- 
 mation of two companies of pioneers, each to consist of two 
 sergeants, three corporals, five havildars, five naiques, and 100 
 privates. 
 
 Fifty of the privates were armed with pistols, and remainder 
 with pikes six feet long.
 
 162 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781 
 
 CHAPTEK VII. 
 
 Sir Eyre Coote'a campaign. — Battle of Porto Novo. — Battle of Polilore. 
 — Coote's Despatch. — Battle of Sholinghur. — Hyder attacks our advance 
 force at Veracundalore. — Vellore relieved. — Chittor captured. — Southern 
 campaign. — Braithvpaite attempts Patacottah. — He is wounded. — Nixon 
 takes command. — Siege of Negapatam. — Negapatam capitulates. — Sir 
 E. Hughes goes to Trincomalee. — Capture of Trincomalee. — Vellore 
 relieved. — Hyder lays a snare for us. — Defeat of Braithwaite. — Cudda- 
 lore capitulates. 
 
 On the 5th November, Sir Eyre Coote arrived from Bengal, and 
 on the 1 3th the army marched into cantonments, formed into 
 three divisions, and every preparation was made for the ensuing 
 campaign. 
 
 By the 14th December all was ready, and on that day the 
 army encamped at the Mount. 
 
 On l7th January 1781, the army took the field. 
 
 On the 19th, Coote encamped south of the Palar nearChingle- 
 put. Two days afterwards, the fort of Carangooly was taken by 
 a detachment of Europeans, sepoys, and lascars, under Captain 
 Davis, by Coote's orders. 
 
 On the 24th, Coote relieved Wandiwash, and recommended 
 Lieutenant Flint and Ensign Moore for promotion on account 
 of their eminent sei vices in defence of Wandiwash. They 
 defended it from 12th August 1780 to 24th January 1781.
 
 1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 153 
 
 Flint rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the 
 Company's service, retired 27th June 1798, and died in 
 London in 1820. For this gallant defence Flint obtained no 
 recognition. 
 
 Hyder was engaged in the siege or investment of five diffe- 
 rent posts commanded by English officers, Amboor, Vellore, 
 Wandiwash, Permacoil, and Chingleput. Amboor surrendered 
 on 13th January, but the others held out. 
 
 Hyder raised the sieges of Permacoil and Vellore. 
 On 1st February, Coote having heard of the arrival of the 
 French fleet, relieved Permacoil, and then marched to Pondi 
 cherry, to impede communication with the shore.^ 
 
 On the oth, the army encamped on the Red Hills, when 
 Hyder's army appeared in great force. Hyder declined battle, 
 and on the 8th the French fleet left the coast 
 Coote's army consisted of — 
 
 1,200 European Infantry. 
 400 European Artillery. 
 5,000 Sepoys. 
 800 Native Dragoons, and 
 62 pieces of ordnance. 
 
 It seemed as if Hyder wished to cut us off from Cuddalore, 
 so Coote at once marched for that place. 
 
 On the 10th, Coote reconnoitred the enemy and offered battle, 
 but it was refused. The army accordingly remained at Cudda- 
 lore in a state of inactivity from the middle of February till the 
 end of June. t 
 
 Major- General Stuart joined the army by sea in May. 
 
 The army having become discouraged by this inactivity, Coote 
 
 * In June, Ensign Wickens, Engineers, was in the Fort of Carangooly. 
 
 t Captain Thomas Geils obtained his commission as Major of Engineers by 
 brevet ; it was granted to him by the Court of Directors in their letter of 
 2nd February 1781, and the commission was made out accordingly on 17th 
 July.
 
 154 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1781. 
 
 determined to attempt some enterprise. At this time Hyder 
 was in Tanjore, and had laid siege to Thiagur — a hill-fort fifty 
 miles west of Cuddalore Coote attempted to relieve it, hut was 
 ohliged to return to Cuddalore. 
 
 The next attempt made was against Chillumhrum. The 
 place was assaulted; hut after severe fighting Coote was ohliged 
 to draw oflF his troops with the loss of a hrass 12-pounder, eight 
 officers and 250 men killed and wounded. 
 
 Coote, however, determined to make another attempt on Chil- 
 lumhrum, and, to make sure this time, he marched to Porto Novo 
 to procure hattering cannon from Sir Edward Hughes' squadron, 
 which had arrived there. 
 
 Coote had no sooner arrived at Porto Novo, when he found 
 himself surrounded hy the Mysore army under Hyder himself. 
 
 Hyder had made a forced march from Shamaram in Tanjore, 
 advancing with his cavalry ninety miles in one day. Coote 
 sent his heavy baggage and encumbrances on hoard the fleet, 
 and at 4 a.m. on 1st July our line was put in motion. 
 
 Hyder's army consisted of 50,000 horse, 30,000 regular 
 infantry, forty-seven field-pieces, in addition to the guns of 
 their batteries, two troops of French hussars, and a battalion of 
 Europeans, forming altogether an army of over 80,000 fighting 
 men. 
 
 Coote's army, consisting of 8,000, advanced about a mile into 
 a large plain, and was formed in two lines. Our troops were 
 first menaced by Hyder's cavalry, who, as we advanced, retired, 
 and at length disappeared behind the woods and sand-banks in 
 their rear, unveiling six masked batteries of six to ten guns 
 each. On this being discovered, a halt was made to reconnoitre 
 the guns. 
 
 Our line was then ordered to file ofi" to the right, when the 
 enemy at once opened fire furiously. 
 
 Having cleared the range of these batteries, we kept along a 
 sand-hill between us and the enemy's line, moved through a
 
 1781.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 155 
 
 narrow pass in the centre of the sand-hill, and formed on a plain 
 the other side. 
 
 By this time, there was a severe contest going on hetween 
 enemy's grenadiers and horse under Monsieur Lally, and our 
 second line, under General Stuart, for the possession of a hill 
 on our left flank, which was at length gained at the point of the 
 hayonet. Captain Moorhouse of the Artillery here greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself. 
 
 The first line, meanwhile, having formed up ahout 10 o'clock, 
 a dreadful cannonade commenced from all quarters, and continued 
 till 3 P.M. It was then that the army suffered its greatest 
 losses. 
 
 At this crisis, Munro recommended Coote to make a brisk and 
 immediate attack, and Coote soon after gave the order to 
 advance By this time, the steadiness of our troops, and the 
 excellence of our artillery had visibly slackened the enemv's 
 fire, and thrown their ranks into disorder. In order to facilitate 
 the removal of their guns, they had posted a line of infantry far 
 outflanking ours in a deep furrow fronting us, which stood till 
 we came within JiOO yards, but then became panic struck and 
 gave way. Our guns poured in grape-shot amongst the fugi- 
 tives, and as they had to ascend the sand-hills before they were 
 screened from our fire, great numbers of them fell. 
 
 Continuing the pursuit, we reached the top of the sand-hills, 
 where, being stopped by a deep nullah, a few more shots put an 
 end to the carnage and fatigues of the day. 
 
 We lost seventeen European officers and fifty Europeans, 
 besides twenty native officers and 500 sepoys killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Many of Hyder's principal officers were among the killed 
 and wounded, amongst them Meer Saib, one of his bravest 
 partisans. 
 
 About 4,000 Mysoreans fell at the battle of Porto Novo, but 
 it was difficult to ascertain the exact numbers. Monsieur Lally
 
 156 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781. 
 
 was wounded. Hyder and his army reached Chillumhrum 
 before they thought of rallying 
 
 Tippoo was now besieging Wandiwash. On 18th July, Tippoo, 
 after being repulsed in storming the place, had to raise the siege on 
 the approach of Coote, and the British army arrived on the 20th. 
 This was the third time Wandiwash had been relieved by 
 Coote. 
 
 Coote now determined to effect a junction with Colonel 
 Pearse, who was marching from Bengal with a strong reinforce- 
 ment. On 2nd August, Coote ej0Fected a junction with Pearse, 
 who had with him ten battalions of Bengal sepoys, and twenty 
 pieces of cannon. 
 
 This union increased our force to 12,000 men. After return- 
 ing to the Mount, the army was formed into five brigades of 
 infantry, and one of cavalry. General Munro commanded the 
 right wing, and Colonel Pearse the left. The cavalry were led 
 by Colonel Cosby, and the infantry brigades by Lieutenant- 
 Colonels Elphinstone, Owen, Edmonston, and Blair. The 
 Bengal Artillery were on the right under Colonel Elliot, and the 
 Madras Artillery on the left under Major Mackay. Captain 
 Dugood commanded the engineers. 
 
 All the detachments in the Tanjore country were ordered to 
 draw themselves together, and Colonel Braithwaite was sent to 
 command them. The southern arniy amounted to 5,000 men. 
 
 The main army made every preparation for a march to the 
 siege of Arcot and relief of Vellore, and began the march on 
 the 16th August; on the 20th they took Tripassore. 
 
 Hyder was then encamped at Conjeveram. As the British 
 army advacced, his irregulars obstructed its march, and on the 
 27th August, he appeared in full force behind the woods and 
 village of Polilore (the same place where Baillie had been 
 defeated). Hyder superstitiously thought that this was a lucky 
 spot for him, and determined to hazard a second general engage- 
 ment.
 
 irsi.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 167 
 
 The enemy's position was first announced by some guns 
 opening on our advanced guard Our line was irregularly 
 formed on broken ground. A front had no sooner been pre- 
 sented, than fresh batteries were opened from other quarters. 
 Colonel Pearse's brigade was formed in a position to oppose the 
 fire on our left flank ; while the remainder of the line under 
 Munro changed front to the right, and then to the left. The 
 second brigade, under Colonel Edmonston, was ordered to 
 attack Polilore. Munro* was ordered to make a movement 
 to the right, but shortly after, the order having been 
 countermanded, he was directed to make an advance on the 
 village. 
 
 The enemy were at length dislodged from every strong posi- 
 tion on their left. Colonel Owen then got orders to move from 
 our right to assist our left in throwing the enemy's right flank 
 into confusion, and soon the enemy were put to flight, and the 
 action finished at sunset Hyder claimed the battle as drawn, 
 and as Coote after the battle retreated to Tripassore for pro- 
 visions, it certainly must have looked like one, but there is still 
 the fact that Hyder was driven from his position at Polilore, and 
 it was merely want of provisions which forced Coote to retire.f 
 
 Our losses in this battle were;}:: — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. 
 
 Europeans... ... 28 ... ... 25 
 
 Natives 105 207 
 
 133 232 
 
 besides fifty-eight natives missing. 
 
 * The newly-formed pioneers were with Coote's army throughout his 
 campaign in 1781. One of the companies was commanded by Lieutenant Innes. 
 
 t Major Stubbs says that Sir Hector Munro, on the right, sat sulkily under 
 a solitary tree, dechning to give any orders on account of an affront ho had 
 received from Cooto. lie had made a suggestion to Coote, and the General had 
 told him he was giving advice when he ought to be doing his duty. 
 
 { Coote's Despatch.
 
 158 MILITABT HISTORY OF THE [1781. 
 
 Hyder was supposed to have lost 2,000 killed and wounded. 
 Major-General Stuart lost his leg hy a cannon-shot, in the 
 beginning of the action. 
 
 After the battle, Sir Hector Munro received permission to 
 leave for Europe, the state of his health being bad.* 
 
 On 19th September, the army again marched towards Vellore, 
 close to Pulicat and Sholinghur mountains, which protected our 
 right flank. 
 
 Hyder's camp was pitched on a gentle declivity, with strong 
 ground, and a tank in his front — his left flank being under the 
 Sholinghur hills. The British army advanced, and encamped 
 with its right flank covered by the same hills, and parallel with 
 enemy's line ; while between the two lines was a long range of 
 low rocks. 
 
 Early on 27th September, Coote advanced to these rocks, and 
 reconnoitred, and then ordered the army to advance in 
 front. 
 
 This was done ; and when they came in view of the enemy, 
 they marched to the right, till they were covered on that flank 
 by a large tank. A cannonade began on both sides. The 2nd 
 Brigade, under Colonel Edmonston, with all the cavalry, moved 
 round the tank without being seen, and fell suddenly on camp 
 and left flank of the enemy. At the same time, the rest of the 
 army advanced, which threw Hyder's right wing into confusion 
 Hyder ordered Tippoo to rally the cavalry, and charge the left 
 of our line. He attempted to do so, but they were so warmly 
 received by the Artillery, that the army was thrown into general 
 disorder, and Hyder thought it time to draw off" his guns. As a 
 last effort, he sent a desperate body of 1,000 cavalry, who had 
 vowed to break the English line. 
 
 They advanced on 13th Bengal, and 17th, 18th, and 2 1st 
 Madras, on our left, but these troops reserved their fire till they 
 
 * Departure said to have been influenced by Coote's harsh reply to him 
 during battle of Polilore.
 
 ;IT81.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. l69 
 
 were within fifty yards, when a volley was delivered with great 
 execution. The cavalry forced their way, however, through the 
 intervals, but the sepoys went to the right-about, and gave them 
 another volley in their rear. 
 
 By this time, all the enemy's guns, except one, had been drawn 
 off, and his line completely routed. 
 
 The cavalry and 2nd Brigade, continued the pursuit till sunset, 
 and the action came to an end. The enemy lost upwards of 
 2,000 killed and wounded. 
 
 Our loss, including officers and men, did not exceed 100 killed 
 and wounded. As usual, owing to the want of provisions, Coote 
 was not able to take advantage of his victory, and would again 
 have had to retire, had he not become friendly with Bom Rauze, 
 the Carvetnuggur chief. 
 
 Coote determined to wander through his territory in quest of 
 a daily subsistence. The army, guided by Bom Rauze, began its 
 march on 1st October through the Sholinghur Pass, the 2nd 
 Brigade being posted there as a guard. 
 
 After a fatiguing march of two days amongst the hills, they 
 reached Atamcherry (about fifteen miles north of Sholinghur). 
 
 Here the army subsisted well for several days. 
 
 On the 12th, however, Coote learnt that a large body of the 
 enemy's cavalry and infantry had entered the territory, and were 
 plundering; he instantly marched with the cavalry, and three 
 battalions of infantry, and, after supporting a share of fatigue,* 
 which, at his years, entitles him to admiration, completely 
 surprised the whole of their party in their camp, and took all 
 their provisions, saddles, swords, and forty horses. As soon as 
 rice could be collected for the relief of Vellore, Colonel Owen was 
 ordered to advance, and take post at the pass of Veracundalore, 
 with 100 Europeans, five battalions of sepoys, a regiment of 
 cavalry, with two 6-pounders and eight cavalry guns, besides a 
 
 * During this expedition Coote was on horseback for thirty-two hours.
 
 160 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781. 
 
 detachment of pioneers, under Lieutenant Innes — (Veracun- 
 dalore, twenty miles in front of us), — to distress Hyder by block- 
 ing up his supplies of provisions, which came from Chittoor to 
 his camp on Timery Plains, thirty miles distant. Hyder soon 
 began to feel great inconvenience from his situation, and having 
 made a forced march, and reached Owen's camp on 2ord October, 
 surprised him. Our troops formed line with difficulty, and were 
 at once beset on all sides. The tents and baggage were 
 designedly set on fire, owing to want of time, and the chief object 
 became the possession of the pass between Owen and the main 
 army. Detachments were sent from both armies for this pur- 
 pose, but ours succeeded, and, though pressed upon both flanks, 
 our troops stood until one attack took off one of our guns, and 
 dispersed the battalion that had charge of it, Captain Moore 
 no sooner heard of this, than he, with the European Grenadiers 
 and 21st Sepoys made a dash to the rear, recovered the gun,* 
 and left 150 of the enemy dead. By this, the sepoys were much 
 encouraged, and had now got within the defile close to the main 
 army, which had moved to Owen's support. 
 
 Hyder now thought it useless to pursue, and drew ofi* his 
 troops. Colonel Owen soon after joined the main army, which 
 encamped at Madowaddy. We lost in this affair, seventeen 
 European and Native officers, and 300 rank and file killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 On 26th October, Coote moved to Polipet, while a detachment 
 was sent to Tripassore with sick and wounded. 
 
 At Polipet a fortunate discovery was made of an immense 
 quantity of rice hidden under ground, which at last enabled 
 Coote to relieve the distress at Vellore — that place having been 
 supplied on November 8rd with provisions for three months. 
 
 Colonel Lang, with part of the garrison, was withdrawn, and 
 Captain Cuppage left in command. 
 
 * Captain Moorhonse, Madras Artillery, aeeisted at this.
 
 1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 161 
 
 The ariuy now proceeded to the attack of Chittoor. The 
 garrison made a gallant defence for some days, but capitulated 
 on a breach being made in the rampart. A garrison was left in 
 the place. 
 
 " Captain Dugood, of the Engineers, a valuable and experienced 
 officer, was killed by a random shot at this siege, and Coote 
 received a contusion in the neck from the splinter of a stone 
 which the shot had raised as they were reconnoitring." 
 
 From a careful examination of the information available, I am 
 led to believe that the following Madras Engineers were present 
 with Coote : — 
 
 Captain Dugood. 
 Captain Johnstone. 
 Captain Gent. 
 
 Lieutenant Wickens, in September sent to Negapatam. 
 Ensign Baker. 
 Ensign Ogg. 
 
 Ensign Bong, in December sent to mine fort at Pulicat, and 
 make arrangements for destroying it. 
 
 The monsoon having now set in, the army broke up on 2nd 
 December on the Cocolore plain, and marched to cantonments in 
 the environs of Madras, and the campaign of 1781 was brought 
 to a conclusion. 
 
 In the month of August, Colonel Braithwaite was commanding 
 tiie Southern Army in Tanjore, and was encamped south of 
 the Yenaur. Hyder held many forts in the country, and 
 seemed determined to retain them. Braithwaite attempted to 
 storm Tricatapully, but was beaten off. He reported that Hyder 
 had formed an alliance with the Dutch at Negapatam. 
 
 Braithwaite determined to reduce Patacottah, the southern 
 extremity of the kingdom, with the hope of obtaining provisions, 
 and opening communications with Admiral Hughes by way of 
 Adriapatam. He appeared before it on 28th August, made a 
 practicable breach by the 30th, and ussuulied it. His force was, 
 
 11
 
 162 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1781. 
 
 however, repulsed, and Braithwaite himself received a musket- 
 ball in the fore part of his right shoulder. Colonel Braithwaite 
 being thus hors-de-combat, sent a message to Colonel Eccles 
 Nixon at Trichinopoly to come at once, and take command. 
 
 Colonel Nixon arrived on 4th September. In a few days he 
 took Manarcoil, after a siege of two days. By the I7th 
 September he had taken Mahadapatam. The garrison repulsed 
 our utmost efforts in the breach, but quarrelled among them- 
 selves, which made us easily masters of the fort. 
 
 Major Geils was the chief engineer with this force, and ou 
 24th September Lieutenant Wickens was sent to join Colonel 
 Nixon's army to assist at the reduction of Negapatam.* 
 
 It was the Governor, Lord Macartney, who decided upon the 
 capture of the Dutch settlements, especially Negapatam and 
 Trincomalee. 
 
 Sir Eyre Coote was opposed to the measure, but in spite of 
 this Lord Macartney persisted, and asked Sir Hector Munro 
 (who was at this time at Madras waiting for a passage to 
 England) to take the command. This he at once agreed to do, 
 and on the 2 1st October Sir Hector Munro took command of the 
 Southern Army, and sat down before the place. 
 
 On the 27th, he made a disposition for the attack of the 
 enemy's redoubts and lines to the westward. The attacking 
 party was — commanded by Colonel Nixon — 100 marines, 100 
 seamen from the fleet, and two battalions of sepoys. 
 
 To favour the attack, another party, consisting of twenty-eight 
 seamen, the Madras detachments, and Captain Scott's sepoys, 
 under Captain Scott, were ordered to force the redoubt on sand- 
 hill to the eastward. The party marched, but the attack failed. 
 
 The next day another attempt was made, but again without 
 success. On the 29th, Munro requested the Admiral to send 
 
 * A detachment of pioneers, under Lieutenant Abbott, was serving under 
 Colonel Braithwaite, and was present at siege of Negapatam.
 
 1781.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 163 
 
 some intelligeut person in a boat to look at the enemy's lines 
 and redoubts to the east, having resolved to make the third 
 attempt from that quarter. 
 
 The Admiral sent Lieutenant Hughes in a boat, but his report 
 having differed from previous ones, Munro sent Major Geils, 
 the chief engineer, to the Admiral on board the Superhe, who 
 sent Lieutenant Hughes with him to examine the enemy's works. 
 They reconnoitred the works, and having given in their report, 
 Munro ordered attacks to be made at 2 a.m. on the 30th, and 
 these happily succeeded, with small loss. 
 
 From the 22nd to the 30th materials had been got ready 
 for our batteries ; orders were now given to break ground 
 before the north face of the fort. 
 
 On 1st and 2nd November, an approach was carried forward 
 120 yards, under cover of some trees, to the left of the 
 parallel. 
 
 " 3rd. — Finished from 500 to 600 yards communicating with 
 it through a dry tank to the enemy's works. 
 
 "4th. — Employed in rendering the above still more com- 
 plete. 
 
 " 5th. —Began the 10-gun battery, but the enemy, making a 
 sally early in tlie night, so far impeded the work, tliat only 
 embrasures for six of the guns were finished. This was called 
 Seamen's battery. 
 
 " 6th. — Laid the platforms, and completed the battery in the 
 night, consisting of four 18-pounders and four 12-pounders 
 of ours, and two 12-pounders taken from the enemy. Ad- 
 vanced an approach to a mortar battery from centre of the 
 parallel. 
 
 " 7th. — Opened the batteries, which did considerable damage in 
 the course of the day, five guns on right taking left face of the 
 bastion to right of gateway, and enfilading those of its right 
 face ; the other five guns, being inclined, did the same to bastion 
 on left of gateway. 
 
 11 *
 
 164 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1781-82. 
 
 "8th. — 12-gun battery commenced to-day, called Marine 
 battery. 
 
 " 10th. — Opened from four guns of Marine battery, which did 
 great execution against circular bastion on north-east angle and 
 breached bastion to left of gateway. Enemy made a sortie about 
 4 P.M., but were repulsed with great loss. 
 
 " 1 1th. — Opened both batteries. This would soon have made 
 breach practicable, but a flag of truce was then sent out. A 
 large battery of ten 18-pounders was completed within 300 yards 
 of the rampart, and a formidable breaching battery also con- 
 structed in another convenient situation." 
 
 The garrison was then summoned to surrender ; but the 
 Governor resolved to stand the siege, and soon after his troops 
 made two brisk sallies from the fort, which were both repulsed. 
 Meanwhile, the batteries opened fire furiously, which soon 
 demolishing the nearest bastion, the commandant was induced 
 to ask for a parley, and a capitulation was agreed to, and signed 
 on 1 1th November. 
 
 The Southern Army then returned to Tanjore, and the com- 
 mand again devolved on Colonel Braithwaite. A short time 
 after, the fortifications of Negapatam, the citadel excepted, were 
 entirely demolished. 
 
 During the siege about 250 Europeans and 300 Natives were 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 During the operations at Negapatam, Sir Edward Hughes 
 had stationed a 64-gun ship to blockade Trincomalee. 
 
 On 2nd January 1782, the Admiral left Negapatam with his 
 squadron, having re-embarked his seamen and marines, with 
 some Company's artillery, 500 volunteer sepoys, and a detach- 
 ment of pioneers under Lieutenant Abbott. 
 
 Major Geils was chief engineer. 
 
 On 4th January, the squadron anchored in Trincomalee 
 Bay. The next day the Marines, with two 16-pounders, and 
 Artillery were landed about three miles to the north of Trin-
 
 aj MADRAS ENGINEERS. 165 
 
 comalee Fort, and by evening the whole force had landed, under 
 command of Captain Gell, of the Minorca. Trincomalee Fort 
 was taken by surprise the same night. The principal part of 
 the garrison retired to Fort Ostenburg, on the top of a high 
 hill, which commands the entrance to the harbour. 
 
 On the 7th, Major Geils, the chief engineer, with the field 
 oflBcer, reconnoitred the heights near Ostenburg Fort, endeavour- 
 ing to find a passage for the troops and field-pieces ; and on the 
 8th the whole moved off towards the fort, and with great labour 
 and fatigue on the 9th, got possession of a hill not more than 
 300 paces from it, but found it impracticable to get heavy guns 
 up. Under these circumstances, the Admiral summoned the 
 Governor to surrender, and that he might get as exact informa- 
 tion as possible of the real state of the place, he ordered Major 
 Geils t« carry the summons. This he did, and reported on his 
 return that it might be taken by assault, but desired, at the 
 same time, that a second summons might be sent by him, in 
 order that he might be more exact in his observations on the 
 defence of the place. It seems strange that Geils was allowed 
 in without being blindfolded. This was done on the 10th, but the 
 Governor still persisting in his resolution to defend his post to the 
 last, it was determined to assault it. Accordingly, at gun-fire on 
 the 11th, it was assaulted with bravery, and the enemy driven 
 from their guns and posts in a very short time, but not without 
 considerable loss on our part — one officer and twenty men being 
 killed, and two officers and forty men wounded. The enemy 
 lost only thirteen men killed, including two officers. 
 
 The Governor, 9 officers, 250 infantry, 50 artillery, 55 Euro- 
 pean seamen, 60 Chinese and Malays, and 10 artificers were 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 Two of the enemy's ships were found in the harbour richly 
 laden. 
 
 Sir Edward Hughes resolved to remain with his squadron, 
 having garrisoned the two forts with the detachment of
 
 166 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri782. 
 
 volunteer sepoys and artillery, under the command of Captain 
 Bonneveaux. 
 
 On 30th July, Captain George Banks and Mr. Eobert Watson, 
 and Mr. Crawford Lennox, of the Engineers, were ordered to 
 proceed to 'Jrincomalee, while Mr. Collins Tyson was to relieve 
 Mr. Watson at Negapatam. 
 
 While Coote's army was in winter quarters, it had chiefly been 
 employed in escorting grain to Poonamalee and Tripassore, for 
 the relief of Vellore. 
 
 Early in January, Coote marched by the Sholinghur Road 
 with the right flank of the army, on the Pollam Hills. Hyder 
 tried his utmost to clog oar eff"orts, and cut ofi" the escort ; but 
 all his endeavours proved inefi'ectual, and we relieved Vellore on 
 Ilth January, with six iDonths' rice. 
 
 During the skirmishes on the march, we lost three subalterns, 
 and seventy men killed and wounded. 
 
 Hyder then resolved to lay a snare for us on our return to the 
 Presidency. Our route lay alongside a tank, and Hyder gave 
 orders for the sluices to be opened, and caused the ground below 
 it to be swamped for a breadth of about 500 yards. This 
 ground he caused to be trampled down till it became almost 
 impassable for infantry ; opposite to this ground was a semi- 
 circle of rising ground, about a mile in length. 
 
 Upon this, Hyder placed large batteries of 24-pounders and 
 field artillery, cautiously masked by brushwood. 
 
 On the J 3th, we left Vellore, and returning the same road 
 without the least suspicion of these hostile preparations, our 
 line entered the slough, which it was permitted to pass, till the 
 European Brigade, then nearly in the centre, had got quite 
 entangled in the mud ; upon this, upwards of fifty guns opened 
 furiously on us. Our troops, however, showed great firmness, 
 and with great regularity and briskness pushed forward, and 
 formed the other side. Hyder being thus frustrated, drew off" 
 his guns, and retreated under the walls of Arcot, leaving us to
 
 1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 167 
 
 continue our march to Poonamalee, where we arrived on the 
 20th January 1782, having lost on this expedition six ofiBcers, 
 thirty Europeans, and 100 sepoys killed and wounded. 
 
 While Coote was engaged in foiling Hyder, Tippoo, with an 
 army of 20,000 horse and foot, and twenty guns, accompanied 
 by M. Lally and 400 French soldiers, entered the Tanjore 
 country, and unexpectedly surrounded a detachment of the 
 southern army, commanded by Colonel Braithwaite (consisting 
 of 1,400 infantry, 200 horse, and eight guns and one howitzer), 
 which was encamped near Combaconum. 
 
 Braithwaite's force consisted of : — 
 
 Cavalry 200 
 
 Infantry attached ... ... ... 150 
 
 European infantry ... ... ... 50 
 
 European and Native Artillery ... ... 80 
 
 Sepoys 1,200 
 
 1,680 
 
 And 21 officers, including the General. 
 Six 6-pounders, 
 Two 3-pounders (gallopers). 
 One howitzer. 
 
 On 13th February, Colonel Braithwaite (having lost his 
 aide-de-camp by death on the 7th), nominated Lieutenant 
 Charles Salmon, of the Engineers, to that duty. He was not 
 present at Braithwaite's defeat, but on the 17th, was on his way 
 to join him, when the disaster occurred. 
 
 On the 19th, he wrote a minute account of the defeat, h\m 
 which the following particulars have been extracted. 
 
 The army surrendered on 18th February, at 12 o'clock, at 
 Ariangoody, four miles from Pandanalore. 
 
 " I (Lieutenant Salmon) was proceeding to join Colonel 
 Braithwaite, as his aide-de-camp, and had got as far as Shola- 
 veram, halfway between, at 9 a.m., when I heard a very heavy
 
 168 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782. 
 
 cannonade, and, soon after, quick plaioon-firing. As I had 
 2,000 pagodas with me, besides a very slender escort, and no 
 intelligence, I thought it prudent to return to the fortified pagoda 
 at Combaconum, where we had two companies of sepoys, inform- 
 ing Colonel Briiithwaite, at the same time, of the steps I had 
 taken. The next morning I had a ' chit ' * from him. 
 
 " ' We have had a very hard day of it ; have kept our ground, 
 but are surrounded. Do what the bearer tells you.' On 
 questioning the bearer, he assured me he had no instructions 
 except to deliver the ' chit.' He left the camp at 10 p.m., and 
 said they seemed in great confusion, and were preparing to move, 
 and that he beard a great deal of firing two hours after. It 
 appears the Colonel attempted to retire in the night, but it was 
 then too late, being surrounded and closely watched by the 
 enemy. He marched about 10, with two battalions of sepoys, 
 leaving the cavalry and 13th Battalion on the ground, who were 
 ordered to make a show of entrenching, and two hours after to 
 follow him. 
 
 " His intention was, I believe, to retreat to Negapatam, as he 
 advanced to Mayaveram ; but he soon found that the enemy had 
 got between him, and the 13th Battalion ; he therefore returned, 
 and re-joined them with great difficulty, being obliged to fight 
 all the way back. 
 
 " It was day-break when the Colonel re-joined, when guns 
 were opened from every quarter on them. They sustained this 
 cannonade, and were also engaged with the infantry, till 1 1 
 o'clock, when the Colonel, finding if he remained any longer on 
 that ground his destruction would be inevitable, marched oflF, 
 and pushed for Manargoody, about a mile from camp, and he 
 had nearly gained it, when one of the battalions of Tanjore 
 Grenadiers, seeing a large body of the enemy advancing to 
 charge them, made a run for the pagoda, leaving their guns 
 
 * A note.
 
 1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 169 
 
 behind them. This occasioned great confusion, when the 
 enemy cut in amongst them, and did great execution. Colonel 
 Braithwaite, at this time, received a sabre-wound across the 
 back from a horseman. The 18th Battalion in the rear did 
 extremely well, and made their way good to the pagoda. The 
 sepoys, who had been two days without provisions, and fighting 
 almost the whole time against such a superior force, were so 
 disheartened, that they called out for " cowl " (quarter). There 
 was a consultation of the officers, and the result was that they 
 offered to surrender at discretion. All the officers, except Lend, 
 are wounded. Mr. Stuart's ' boy ' * is come in, who says he 
 saw his master killed. Some sepoys of the 1 0th say he is only 
 wounded." 
 
 This action lasted twenty-six hours, before the troops were 
 vanquished. Of twenty-one officers, twelve were killed and seven 
 wounded. 
 
 The Southern Army was so weakened by this disaster, as 
 to be incapable, for some time, of appearing openly in the 
 field. 
 
 Lieutenant Salmon, having written to Captain Alcock, com- 
 manding at Tanjore, and to Mr. Sullivan, the Civil officer, and 
 having sent all the money to Tanjore, was ordered by Alcock to 
 retreat on Tanjore. This he at once did, and succeeded in 
 bringing into the fort the two companies of sepoys, from the 
 fortified pagoda at Combaconum, as well as the three which 
 Ensign Salmon had at Triviar. 
 
 Tippoo marched at once to Porto Nov(;, where most of the 
 French fleet had put in after the last action, in a very shattered 
 condition. All the infantry, and marines of the fleet, were dis- 
 embarked, and joined Tippco on 10th March, who with this 
 reinforcement marched against Cuddalore, which capitulated, by 
 orders from the Presidency, without a shot being fired. 
 
 * Servant.
 
 170 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1781. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 Expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. — Suffrein proceeds to India. 
 — Captain Byres made prisoner in the Hannibal. — Admiral Hughes at 
 Madras. — Naval action off Sadras. — Byres writes to Coote regarding 
 exchange.— He appeals to the Governor. — Coote's army. — Naval battle at 
 Battacolo.— Boss rejoins as Chief Engineer. — Coote's campaign. — Battle 
 of Arnee. — Our Grand Guard cut to pieces.— Naval action near Nega- 
 patam. — Eeinforcement forTrincomalee. — Suffrein attacks Trincomalee, 
 which capitulates. — Court-martial thereon. — Banks honourably 
 acquitted. — Naval action near Trincomalee. —Peace with Mahrattas 
 and negotiations with Hyder. — Yellore relieved. — Colonel Lang sent to 
 command Southern Army. — Expedition against Cuddalore. — Coote 
 taken ill. — Expedition abandoned. — Tippoo defeated at Ponnany and 
 wounded. — Expedition to destroy Wandiwash and Carangooly. — Nega- 
 patam destroyed. — Movements from Bombay. — Force under Colonel 
 Lang. — Siege of Caroor. — Aravacoorchy captured. — Taking of Dindigul. 
 — Colonel Fullarton takes command of the Southern Army. — Death of 
 Coote. — Darapooram captured. — Stuart takes up position before Cudda- 
 lore. — Assault on enemy's works. — General Stuart's after-orders. — 
 Council of War. — Naval engagement between Suffrein and Hughes. — 
 Governor complains of Stuart's dilatoriness. — General Stuart resigns 
 command of Company's troops. — General Stuart arrested by the 
 Governor. — Arrest of General Burgoyne. — General Stuart sent prisoner 
 to England. — Armies march to winter quarters. — Pandalumcoorchy 
 attacked. — Assault repulsed, and the place abandoned. — "Comby" 
 taken possession of. — Fullarton resolves to take Pulghaut. — Pettah 
 occupied. — Palghaut captured. — Coimbatore surrenders. — Colonel 
 Campbell surrenders Mangalore. — Losses of Engineers. 
 
 At the beginning of 1781, the British Government projected 
 an attack on the Dutch possessions at the Cape. The expedition
 
 1781.] MADBAS ENGINEEES. 171 
 
 was committed to the charge of Commodore Johnstone, with ten 
 sail-of-the-line, three 50-gun ships, and three frigates, with a 
 small land-force under general Medows. Colonel Patrick Ross, 
 Chief Engineer of Madras, being in England, went with the 
 expedition, as well as Ensign William Collins Tyson, also of 
 Madras Engineers. It was intended that the proposed expedition 
 should be kept secret, but the French heard of it through a verv 
 skilful spy of theirs called Delamotte* (afterwards detected and 
 hanged). They accordingly prepared a more powerful squadron 
 at Brest. Johnstone left Spithead on 13th March 1781, and 
 on the 22nd, Admiral SufFrein started from Brest in pursuit. 
 
 The British Commodore had, according to orders, put into 
 Porto Praya, Cape Verde islands, for provisions, and was lying 
 there unsuspicious of danger. On 10th April, the French 
 squadron was seen in the distance. When this was discovered, 
 the Commodore and 1^500 of his men were on shore; but before 
 the French could come near enough, all these were on board, 
 and the English ships ranged in the best possible manner. At 
 11 o'clock, Suffrein led into the bay, and attacked with great 
 vigour, but was met by a gallantry equal to his own. 
 
 After two hours of fierce fighting, the French withdrew with 
 the loss three times as great as ours, owing to the rapidity and 
 precision of our fire. They, however, managed to capture the 
 Hinchenbrooke, East Indiaman, but she was retaken by the 
 English next day. Johnstone prepared to pursue, but found 
 that the I^is, 50, Captain Sutton, wa'^ so crippled, in rigging 
 and masts, as to be unable to obey. While he was waiting, the 
 precious moments slipped by, and he determined to advance only 
 at the a similar speed as the merchantmen. Suffrcin's pace was 
 delayed by a similar cause. Johnstone was so annoyed at 
 having been forced to let the enemy escape, that he brought 
 Captain Sutton to a court-martial ; he was honourably acquitted. 
 
 * Thi.s man i.s a principal character in Thackeray'.s last and unfinished novel. 
 Denis Duval.
 
 172 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE FlTSl- t 
 
 Johnstone, on his way to the Cape after this, captured a Dutch 
 East Indiaman, and heard that Suffrein had reached the Cape ; 
 hut at the same time he learnt that a squadron of five large 
 Dutch vessels, laden with the richest produce of India and 
 China, were lying in Saldanha Bay, about 100 miles north of 
 the Cape ; he at once made sail for them. The enemy were 
 well armed with twenty to twenty-four guns each, although of 
 course not strong enough to engage with Johnstone. They were 
 unable to escape, or to unload their cargoes, so they ran their 
 ships ashore, and set fire to them. Our men boarded them, 
 put out the fires on all hut one, and as high water floated 
 them, towed them off in triumph. 
 
 As it was now impossible to attack the Cape with any chance 
 of success, Johnstone divided his squadron, sending part to 
 reinforce Sir E. Hughes, under Commodore Alves, returning 
 himself to England with the remainder. After the engagement 
 at Porto Praya, Tyson returned to England in the HastingH, so 
 I presume he was wounded in the engagement. 
 
 The fleet having met with severe weather while steering for 
 Bombay, Commodore Alves selected four men-of-war, and his 
 best sailing transports, with 700 of 98th Regiment under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Fullarton, and, accompanied by General 
 Medows, pushed for Trincomalee, where they joined Hughes in 
 the beginning of February 1782, about a month after he had 
 captured the place. 
 
 Colonel Eoss,* however, went on to Bombay with the re- 
 mainder of the squadron. 
 
 The fleet, after passing the Cape, had proceeded by the 
 Mozambique channel, touching at Johanna, one of the Comoso 
 islands between Mozambique and the north of Madagascar. 
 
 Meantime Suffrein proceeded to the Mauritius, and having 
 been strengthened by a powerful reinforcement from that place 
 
 * He did not reach Madras till the middle of May 1782, fourteen months after 
 leaving England,
 
 1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 173 
 
 went on to India. His fleet consisted of twelve line-of-battle ships, 
 four frigates (including a captured one of ours, the Hannibal) , 
 one bomb, one cutter, five captured vessels, and eight large armed 
 transports with 3,000 troops under Monsieur Duchemin. 
 
 While on his way from the Mauritius he effected the capture 
 of the Hannibal, 50, Captain John Byres of Madras Engineers, 
 with some other officers being on board, were made prisoners. 
 It appears that having been appointed a Sub-Director and 
 Captain of Engineers in June l78l, he embarked on the 
 Deptford, and arriving at St. Helena found H.M.'s frigate 
 Han7iibal, Captain A. Christie, about to sail singly and 
 immediately to Madras. Captain Christie ofiered him a passage. 
 They left St. Helena on 22nd November, and on 22nd January 
 1782 were surrounded, and taken by the Fi'ench fleet under 
 Suifrein, fifteen or sixteen days before the latter appeared 
 before Pulicat. 
 
 Suflreins object was to blockade Madras by sea, while Hyder 
 Ali attacked it by land. On 8th February, however. Sir 
 Edward Hughes appeared with nine line-of-battle ships, one 
 frigate, and one fire-ship, and anchored abreast of Madras, taking 
 on board as marines, 300 officers and men of the 98th. 
 
 On 15th February, the French steered towards Madras Roads. 
 When they saw Hughes' fleet and his firm attitude they declined 
 an engagement, and stood lor the south. Sir E. Hughes 
 pursued. On the 16th, he found the enemy had separated during 
 the night. He captured six vessels, five of which had been 
 taken north of Madras; the sixth was the Laurision, captured 
 by the Isis (so much damaged at Port Praya). Many French 
 officers, and 300 men of the Regiment of Lausanne, and a 
 valuable cargo of military stores were captured. On the 17th a 
 hot action took place between the two fleets off Sadras. It was 
 not decisive, but was well fought on both sides. Our squadron 
 vrent to Trincomalee, and thence soon returned to Madras. In 
 our fleet 127 men were killed and wuunded.
 
 174 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1782. 
 
 The French fleet put into Porto Novo. Tippoo Sahib, after 
 his signal victory over Braithwaite, marched at once to Porto 
 Novo, and on the 10th March 1782 all the infantry and marines 
 of the French fleet joined him, when he immediately marched 
 against Cuddalore, which capitulated, as already mentioned in 
 the previous chapter. 
 
 Captain Byres, with two other officers. Major Russell and 
 Captain Young, having remained prisoners on board a French 
 man-of-war till 22nd March, must have been present at the 
 naval action ofl" Sadras. Byres (in a high fever) was then sent 
 on shore by the French Admiral on his parole at Porto Novo, 
 with the other two officers to go to Tranquebar, but not beyond 
 its limits. He was in hopes of being exchanged with an officer 
 taken in the Lauristo7i, and wrote accordingly to the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, Sir Eyre Coote. 
 
 The French, finding that some of their men had been sent to 
 Bengal, threatened to send the officers to Batavia, or the Isle of 
 France. However, after a time, Byres was allowed to go to Madras 
 on parole, on account of his illness, on 29th May, and again 
 addressed Sir Eyre Coote on 1st June, asking to be exchanged for 
 the Chevalier de Roncour, a captain in Legion of Lauzun, who was 
 captured prior to the landing of the French troops on the coast. 
 On the I8th June, he received a reply that Sir Eyre Coote was 
 sorry " for his irksome situation, but that the officers and 
 soldiers captured in the beginning of the war, and even now in 
 chains, experiencing the most unheard-of cruelties, claim my 
 prior attention whensoever a cartel may be finally settled." 
 
 On Sir Eyre Coote returning to Madras, Byres waited on him, 
 and said, " He hoped the cartel settled in Europe would be 
 adopted in all its parts as it had been in part, a number of 
 French surgeons having been permitted to go." The Commander- 
 in-Chief said, "Were you my brother I would not exchange 
 vou, nor will I exchange any prisoners with the French till all 
 those taken in the beginning of the war by Hyder Ali are first
 
 1782.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 175 
 
 exchanged." Byres then asked to be allowed to serve in the 
 north, where there were no French ; but Coote replied, that he 
 could not allow him to serve, as we were liable to be attacked by 
 the French anywhere. On oth October 1782, Byres appealed to 
 the Governor, Lord Macartney, but was not, I believe, released 
 from his parole till the end of the war. 
 
 Meantime, Coote's army had been kept by the Counci] for 
 three months at St. Thomas' Mount, when, by a march to Porto 
 Novo, it might have opposed the junction of the French and 
 Tippoo ; or at any rate prevented the fall of Cuddalore.* 
 
 At last Coote, after being joined in end of April 1782 by 
 78th Highlanders, 800 strong, marched south by Carangooly and 
 Wandiwash towards the confederates, then encamped on Red 
 Hills of Pondicherry. 
 
 After the junction had been efifected between Tippoo and the 
 French, Monsieur Suffrein sailed to Battacolo, a port in Ceylon, 
 about seventy miles south of Trincomalee. 
 
 The British squadron was reinforced by two ships of the line 
 and some Indiamen. 
 
 Sir E. Hughes, having equipped his fleet, and taken on board 
 remainder of 98th to complete his marines, sallied forth in 
 search of the enemy. General Medows accompanied the 
 Admiral as a volunteer. The British Admiral fell in with the fleet 
 (French) just as they had set sail from Battacolo, on 9th April, 
 and on the l2th a memorable and bloody battle ensued. 
 
 This action was perhaps the hottest in which the navies of 
 either country were ever engaged. The battle continued till the 
 close of day put an end to it. 
 
 In the British fleet 137 were killed, and 
 430 wounded ; 
 
 Total 567 
 
 • Wickens was present with Coote's army ; Johnstone was at Negapatam, 
 and Salmon at Tanjore, Banks being at Trichinopoly.
 
 176 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11782. 
 
 Both squadrons remained where the action had been fought, 
 but neither were in a position to renew the battle. 
 
 Their ships were greatly shattered, and the men overpowered 
 with fatigue. 
 
 In this manner both fleets lay till the 19th, when the enemy 
 stood off towards Battacolo to refit, and Hughes, a few days after, 
 entered Trincomalee. Great sickness prevailed in the English 
 squadron, and Hughes was obliged to remaiu at Trincomalee till 
 June. 
 
 About the middle of May, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross took up 
 his post as Chief Engineer, and shortly after requested that 
 he might be allowed pay from the time the squadron 
 entered Saldanha Bay. The Governor in reply expressed his 
 approval of Lieutenant- Colonel Ross's conduct during the 
 voyage from England, but said that his request must be referred 
 home. 
 
 To return to Coote. After two days' march from Wandiwash 
 we got a full view of the enemy, and in order to separate the 
 confederates, Coote suddenly changed his route to the west, and 
 encamped before Chittapet. This had the desired effect, for 
 Hyder hastened to its relief, leaving his French allies behind 
 him. Coote then struck off for Arnee. This caused Hyder to 
 redouble his expedition in pursuit, and on 2nd June, when 
 we were about three miles from that fort, his advanced 
 parties came up with our rear-guard, and opened upon it 
 with twenty guns. Colonel Elphinstone maintained his 
 ground, and Coote formed the army into a single line by 
 causing the troops to face about and file off to the left of 
 the rear battalion, having posted a brigade of infantry and 
 the cavalry under Colonel Owen to protect the baggage in 
 the rear. 
 
 As soon as the line was formed, it made a rapid advance upon 
 the enemy's guns. 
 
 The Mysoreans soon retreated, but renewed the cannonade,
 
 1782.1 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 177 
 
 whilst the British were obliged to halt till Owen came up with the 
 baggage. This being done, we again advanced on the enemy, 
 who retreated across the River Cheear ; but they were so closely 
 pursued, that seven tumbrils were taken by the 73rd. A 
 battalion of the Bengal sepoys on the left advanced likewise, 
 and captured a gun. Coote, seeing both these regiments in 
 pursuit, ordered the European Grenadiers to their support, with 
 the light infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and some guns, which 
 pursued the enemy a little further, and then returned to the 
 line. 
 
 About 150 officers and men were killed and wounded in this 
 affair. The British army encamped that night on the field of 
 battle, and next day sat down before Arnee to besiege it; but 
 the scarcity of grain again forced Coote expeditiously to 
 Madras. 
 
 On our return from Arnee at Niddingul, we lost our grand 
 guard, consisting of one regiment black cavalry, two guns, and 
 1 00 infantry. 
 
 Hyder sent in sight a few loaded elephants and camels to 
 attract their attention, keeping his main body of cavalry con- 
 cealed in the woods. The bait induced the officer in command 
 to quit his post. Hyder's cavalry immediately rushed out on 
 them, and, notwithstanding a gallant defence, the whole were cut 
 to pieces 
 
 The army proceeded to Wandewash, and on the 20th June 
 reached the Mount. 
 
 The casualties on this expedition, were at — 
 
 Arnee . . . . .150 
 
 Seaforth's corps, from heat and fatigue . 160 
 
 And the Grand Guard . . . 300 
 
 Total . 600 
 Admiral Suffrein now determined to lay siege to Negapatnra. 
 
 12
 
 178 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782. 
 
 Sir Edward Hughes apprehended his design, and towards the 
 end of June moved his squadron to Negapatam. 
 
 On 5th July, the French fleet, of twelve ships of the line, 
 besides frigates, came in sight ; on the Gth, a very warm engage- 
 ment took place. 
 
 The French Admiral, from the misconduct of some of his 
 captains, had to withdraw, and pushed for Cuddalore. Our fleet 
 returned to Negapatam, and then to Madras, where Hughes 
 remained refitting till the 20th August. In the meantime, he 
 despatched two of his best sailing ships, with 200 men from 
 the 42nd and 78th, commanded by Captain Hay MacDowell, to 
 reinforce Trincomalee, 
 
 This ofiBcer superseded Captain Bonneveaux. 
 
 The detachment arrived in safety, and the ships rejoined 
 Hughes on 12th August. 
 
 With this detachment Captain Banks was sent ; also Mr. 
 Robert Watson, and Mr. Crawford Lennox, all of the Engineers. 
 
 On Captain ^MacDowell's arrival, he found the two forts, but 
 particularly the lower one, in a very weak state of defence, and 
 the stores and ammunition so injudiciously distributed, that the 
 greatest part of the powder lay in one of the forts, while the 
 balls were lodged in the other. Captain MacDowell had scarcely 
 begun to remedy this evil, when he found himself besieged by 
 Suffrein,who had sailed from Cuddalore toBattacolo, and thence, 
 having received reinforcements, quickly laid siege to Trincoma- 
 lee. MacDowell made as good a stand as he could, and then 
 capitulated on 30th August. 
 
 A court of inquiry was held to examine the conduct of oflBcers 
 lately at Trincomalee and Fort Ostenburg. The following officers 
 attended : Captains MacDowell, Bonneveaux, and Banks (Madras 
 Engineers), Captain-Lieutenants Sutcliffe and Saxon (Artillery). 
 
 The Court reported that there were grounds for a court-martial 
 respecting surrender of Trincomalee. 
 
 Captain Bonneveaux, Commanding and Acting Chief Engineer
 
 1782.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 179 
 
 (before arrival of Captain Banks), tried for neglect of duty in 
 not putting forts into a proper state, considering the number of 
 people employed and money charged. Acquitted. 
 
 Captain AlacDowell, tried for surrendering Fort Trincomalee 
 to the French under Monsieur Suffrein on oOth August 1782. 
 Acquitted. 
 
 Captain Banks, Sub-Director of Engineers and Chief Engineer, 
 tried for not taking measures in time to defend Trincomalee. 
 Honourably acquitted. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Saxon, for not availing himself of guns, 
 shots, &c. Guilty ; suspended for six months. 
 
 Three days after Trincomalee had capitulated, Sir E, Hughes 
 appeared off the place, and another action took place between 
 the fleets on 3rd September. 
 
 The French lost 1,100 men killed and wounded, while we 
 only lost 348. 
 
 Suffrein publicly disgraced seven of his captains for mis- 
 conduct, and his fleet, in a very unmanageable condition, set 
 sail for Trincomalee. That night the L'Orient sank, and two 
 others stuck upon the rocks, but were got oft' again, after 
 sustaining considerable damage. 
 
 The British fleet v?as too disabled to pursue. 
 
 Peace had now been made with the Mahrattas, it having 
 been ratified at Poona in the middle of May. It was stipulated 
 that Hyder should at once evacuate the Carnatic. If he should 
 decline to do so, both parties to the treaty were to unite, and 
 eflect his expulsion. An expedition was accordingly taken to 
 Wandewash for the purpose; of negotiating with him. Hyder 
 found himself so well supported by the French, that he rejected 
 our proposals, and, after a month's fruitless negotiations, we 
 returned to Madras. 
 
 Another excursion to the relief of Vellore succeeded, and 
 seven month's rice was thrown in on .")th August, and on the 
 ^Oth, the army again retired to the Presidency. 
 
 12 ♦
 
 180 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782. 
 
 Colonel Lang was now sent to command the Southern Army, 
 with a detachment of 600 of 78th, and the Madras Europeans. 
 These went to Negapatam by sea, and joined the Southern Army, 
 which now again began to appear outside Tanjore. 
 
 Hyder, meantime, lay encamped at Cuddalore, until his army 
 had consumed all the forage in the neighbourhood, and then he 
 was forced to retire nearer to Trinomally. 
 
 Lord Macartney now resolved on the reduction of Cuddalore, 
 and collected vessels to carry rice, &c., for the siege. Hughes 
 engaged to occupy SuflFrein. 
 
 Coote began his march south on 26th August, with ten days' 
 rice for the army, and arrived at Pondicherry Red Hills on 4th 
 September, where he was to wait for supplies from the rice ships. 
 On the day on which (]oote distributed his last ration of grain 
 to the troops. Lord Macartney's rice ships, which ought to have 
 been at Pondicherry on the 10th, had not then passed Madras, 
 and Coote, with great reluctance, had to abandon the expe- 
 dition. 
 
 Coote was suddenly taken ill, and was not only obliged to 
 quit the army, but to retire to Bengal for the recovery of his 
 health. The command devolved on General Stuart, who began 
 his retreat to Madras on evening of 10th September. 
 
 On 15th October, a violent monsoon storm came on, and 
 flooded the camp. At this time the British fleet was in Madras 
 Roads, and, the gale increasing, put to sea. The admiral, 
 who was at the time giving an entertainment on board the 
 Superb, was under the necessity of carrying his guests to sea 
 with him. 
 
 After the storm abated, the army broke up, and marched into 
 cantonments on Choultry Plain, and St. Thom6, and Hyder 
 retired to Arcot and its environs. 
 
 Sir Eichard Bickerton now made his appearance in the Madras 
 Roads with a reinforcement of five line-of-battle ships and ten 
 Indiamen, with 23rd Light Dragoous, 101st and 102nd
 
 1782.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 181 
 
 Regiments ; and 18th Hanoverians, also 200 recruits for 73rd 
 and 78tb, and 500 newly-raised men for the Company's service. 
 These joined the army, and Bickerton sailed for Bombay, where 
 he arrived as soon as Sir Edward Hughes' squadron. 
 
 At this time, owing to a very severe famine, provisions were 
 very scarce, and the allowances to the army, after the arrival of 
 these reinforcements, had to be reduced while the main army 
 was in cantonments at Madras 
 
 Colonel Humberston Mackenzie endeavoured to draw Hyder 
 from the Carnatic, by operations on the Western Coast. 
 
 Colonel H. Mackenzie overthrew 1,500 of the enemy in battle, 
 took Trincolore, and then marched to Calicut. His force, having 
 been increased to 900 Europeans and 2,000 Bombay sepoys, 
 joined by 1,000 irregulars sent by the King of Travaucore, 
 besides eighteen guns, made an attempt to penetrate into 
 Mysore. 
 
 He proceeded to Palghant with great expedition, but there 
 learnt that he would be opposed by a superior force under 
 Tippoo, accompanied by M. Lally. He resolved on a retreat; 
 but it had no sooner commenced, than furious attacks were made 
 by matchlock infantry, and cavalry, who hung upon his rear, 
 and took baggage and cattle. At Ponauy, Colonel Mackenzie 
 tood post, and threw up entrenchments. Twenty-four hours 
 after, Tippoo arrived, and made a general attack on 28th 
 November. Colonel McLeod at this instant arrived with two 
 battalions of the 42ud, and took command. Tippoo was 
 completely defeated, and he himself wounded in the thigh. 
 His troops dispersed Tippoo hastened back to the main 
 army, but before he reached Vellore, Hyder's death was announced 
 to him. 
 
 Hyder had been for some time in declining health, and upon 
 7th December 1782, Tippoo was proclaimed Nabob of Mysore. 
 
 Hyder had lately made overtures of peace to us ; but Tippoo 
 no sooner found himself at the head of the Mysore army, than
 
 182 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1782. 
 
 he dropped the negotiation, gave every assurance to tlie French 
 of his attachment to them, and of his determination of prosecute 
 a vigorous war against the English. 
 
 At end of July 1782, the Corps of Engineers was composed of 
 the following Officers : — 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Patrick Ross, lately returned from 
 
 Europe. 
 Major George Maule, doing duty at Madras. 
 
 ,, Thomas Geils, at home, supernumerary. 
 Captain James Johnstone, Negapatam. 
 ,, George Banks, Trincomalee. 
 „ John Byres, prisoner on parole. 
 ,, William Gent, Ganjam. 
 ,, William Prescott, Masulipatam. 
 Lieutenant Charles Salmon, Tanjore. 
 
 ,, Simon Stuart, prisoner on parole. 
 
 „ John Wickens, with the army under Coote. 
 
 Ensign Elisha Trapand, Bencoolin. 
 ,, John Adam Kissleback, Nellore. 
 „ George Bong, Pulicat. 
 ,, Charles Parsons Ogg, sick at Madras. 
 „ Jacob Hemming, sick at Madras. 
 ,, William Collins Tyson, Negapatam. 
 „ John Guthrie, Pulicat. 
 „ Daniel lennings, Madras. 
 „ Robert Watson, Trincomalee. 
 ,, Crawford Lennox, Trincomalee. 
 
 At this time Lieutenant Beatson was assistant engineer at 
 Masulipatam, although not an officer of Engineers. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Ross, after his return,* asked for a brevet 
 of colonel, to place him in his proper position in the army, just 
 before Colonel James, of the Artillery, who had meantime 
 
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Ross at this time recommended that Robert Prescott 
 and John Xorris should be removed from Infantry to Engineers, they having 
 applied for the transfer and being well qualified.
 
 1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 1S3 
 
 received the brevet rank. He instances precedents to justify his 
 demands. 
 
 The Committee state that they are unable to grant his request, 
 but that it will be referred to the Court of Directors. 
 
 On 27th December 1782, Lieutenant- Colonel Ross was 
 ordered to proceed with the army, with such a number of 
 engineers as he might think necessary.* 
 
 This order does not appear to have been acted on till 
 January 1783. 
 
 The army marched from Vellont on 25th January, and took 
 up their ground at Tannaveram on the 26th. 
 
 On 6th February, the army arrived at Carangooly. Lieutenant 
 Wickens, of the Engineers, sank several mines at Carangooly, 
 to complete the demolition of the place. 
 
 On the 9th, the army arrived at Wandewash. 
 
 On the 18th, General Stuart writes: — "This evening our 
 mines were sprung in the fort, three of which took place com- 
 pletely, all the iron guns were broken, or rendered unservicable , 
 and the small brass guns brought away. About the time of 
 springing the first mine, by some accident the powder magazine 
 blew up, and five or six people were killed and sixty wounded. 
 Lieutenant Wickens was bruised by a fall he got at tlie time of 
 the explosion." 
 
 The whole force of Tippoo was at this time close at hand, 
 and Stuart's army was much harassed by rocket boys. 
 
 On the 4th, he writes : — 
 
 " I did everything but hang one of the rocket boys, he went 
 through the gallow's ceremony, and was pardoned only at the 
 last." 
 
 On the 15th, the outworks at Wandewash were blown up, and 
 all the gates were burnt ; the fire continued burning all night. 
 
 The place was now a perfect ruin. 
 
 • On 8th November 1782, Messrs. Samuel Saunter and Michael Russell were 
 appointed practitioner engineers.
 
 184 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 On the 17th, the army encamped at Carangooly, where eleven 
 mines were now ready. 
 
 By the 19th, Carangooly was effectually ruined, and every- 
 thing within the walls thrown down. The place was in flames 
 for fourteen hours. 
 
 On 20th February, the army was at Chingleput, and on the 3rd 
 it encamped at Poonamalee. 
 
 In this expedition we sustained some considerable loss 
 
 Negapatam Fort, at the close of 1.782, was being briskly 
 destroyed — Captain Johnstone, of the Engineers, being engaged 
 on the work By March 1788, the demolition was complete. The 
 communication between Madras and Negapatam being inter- 
 rupted by the enemy's troops, Johnstone, together with Captain 
 Donald Campbell (son of Colonel Charles Campbell), embarked in 
 a vessel, and proceeded by sea. As they approached Madras, they 
 were chased by a French frigate, and taken near Fort St. George. 
 The captain of the frigate ordered them to follow, and steered to 
 the north The order was for some time obeyed ; but at length 
 night fell, and a fresh and favourable breeze aiding the attempt, 
 they put about, and ran for Madras, and dropped anchor safely 
 in the roads. 
 
 Since the conclusion of peace with the Mahrattas, the Bombay 
 Presidency found themselves able to make more strenuous exer- 
 tions in favour of Madras than they had hitherto done. On i2th 
 December 1782, General Mathews sailed from Bombay; on 
 the 18th, he landed on the Malabar coast, and took the fort of 
 Kajanumdroog by storm, and from thence marched and laid siege 
 to Onore. The breach was deemed practicable on 5th January, 
 and it was assaulted at noon, with success. 
 
 On 27th January, he tookBednore, a fort well built and strong, 
 containing seventy pieces of cannon, and immense quantities of 
 powder and ball, with 8,000 stand of arms. 
 
 Mangalore was his next object. Tippoo, on hearing this, at 
 once left the Carnatic, and, previous to his departure, blew up
 
 1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 186 
 
 all the forts he possessed in the Carnatic, except Arnee, which 
 was left in charge of Sid Sahib, who had orders to attend the 
 French at Cuddalore with 2,000 cavalry. In returo for this, the 
 French sent a corps of 000 men with Tippoo's army, under 
 Monsieur Consigny. 
 
 Meanwhile, Mathews reduced Mangalore, Anantpore &c. 
 leaving Major Campbell with the 42nd Highlanders to garrison 
 Mangalore. He, also, occupied all the other forts he captured. 
 
 Thus, instead of destroying the forts he took, and concentrating 
 his force, he frittered away his army in garrisoning a number of 
 places, so that in Bednore, where was Iiis principal division, he 
 had but 400 Europeans and 1,200 sepoys. Tippoo's whole force 
 surrounded Bednore, and the French troops, with Tippoo's 
 Engineers, began their approaches towards Bednore. Thev met 
 with every opposition that could be suggested by men of 
 experience and valour ; but after a Council of War, it was agreed 
 that they should capitulate on honourable terms. The garrison 
 accordingly surrendered on 2nd May, but the terms of 
 capitulation were disregarded. After the fall of Bednore, every 
 other place gave way in succession to Tippoo, until he arrived 
 at Mangalore, which, owing to the gallant defence by Campbell, 
 put a stop to his victorious career. 
 
 About the time General Mathews landed on the western coast, 
 Colonel Lang, with a force of about 6,000 men, was in camp at 
 Manserpett, in an inactive state It was not until 22nd 
 February, that he was instructed to act on the offensive. At that 
 time he was at Coiladdy. 
 
 On 9th March he was directed to cooperate with Mathews. 
 It was at this time that Colonel Fullarton arrived at Negapatam 
 from Tranquebar, to join Colonel Lang. The news at this time 
 received from Mathews, was to the effect, that the enemy had 
 advanced within thirty miles of Bednore, and that he was obliged 
 to act on the defensive, but intended to maintain Bednore. 
 
 General Stuart recommended the attack of Cuddalore, and
 
 186 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE IH783. 
 
 annihilation of French on this side, as the best means of drawing 
 Tippoo away from the west coast, and thought that Colonel 
 Lang should be ordered to take possession of Chillumbrum and 
 Palamcottah, and engage the Warriorepolliem Poligars to our 
 interest. 
 
 On 4th April, General Stuart was urged by the Council to 
 march shortly to Chingleput, and thence against the enemy. 
 General Stuart agreed to obey the orders of Government to 
 march, but threw on them the responsibility of fixing a date, 
 and considered that the time had not yet arrived, as supplies were 
 not sufficiently ready. General Mathews, at this time, called 
 urgently for reinforcements ; and on 13th April, the Council 
 asked the opinions of General Stuart and Colonel Pearse. 
 General Stuart protested against reinforcements being sent to 
 West Coast, gave in his plan, and requested that it might be con- 
 sidered. Sir Edward Hughes now arrived with sixteen ships-of- 
 the-line, two frigates, a cutter, and a fire-ship, and it was determined 
 that the army was to march towards Cuddalore on the 20th or 2 1 st. 
 General Stuart insisted that Colonel Lang should join him, and 
 that together, they should attack Cuddalore. The Council at first 
 objected to this proposal, but finally agreed, with the proviso that 
 garrisons were left sufficient to maintain our footing to the south. 
 
 The engineers with General Stuart's army were : — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer. 
 Captain Johnstone. 
 
 ,, George Banks. 
 Ensign Hemming. 
 
 ,, Norris. 
 
 „ Dyce. 
 
 „ Saunter. 
 
 „ .fennings. 
 Lieutenant Wickens was aide-de-camp to Chief Engineer. 
 Colonel Lang, meantime, had marched against Caroor. He
 
 1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 187 
 
 sat down before the place on 20th March, and was under the 
 necessity of carrying on regular approaches. The place had a 
 good glacis, covered-way, deep dry ditch with revetment, and 
 very high wall. Lieutenant Charles Salmon was the engineer. 
 Every inch of the ground was disputed, until at last we gained 
 the crest of the glacis, and made a lodgment The enemy 
 suffered severely in attempting to prevent this. 
 
 Our losses were as follows : — 
 
 1 Lieutenant and 6 Europeans killed. 
 
 15 Sepoys ,, 
 
 I Lieutenant and 35 Europeans wounded. 
 
 48 Sepoys „ 
 
 Total killed and wounded, 106. 
 
 Caroor was taken on 2nd April. 
 
 Lang next marched to Aravaooorchy. On the 16th, a battery 
 of three 18-pounders was opened against the fort ; by noon 
 there was a tolerable breach, which was instantly stormed by 
 Captain Maitland, at the head of 100 Europeans, and four com- 
 panies of sepoys. Enemy lost 400, while ours was trifling — 
 only six killed and wounded. 
 
 On 4th May, Colonel Lang, still commanding, took the lower 
 fort of Dindigul by storm, at 4 a.m. After we had made a breach 
 in the upper fort, they asked for " Cowle,"* and the Colonel was 
 in possession of the whole fort, which is very strong, bv 10 a.m. 
 
 Colonels Ross, Lang, and Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Owen, 
 were in April appointed colonels, but they w. re to rank under 
 His Majesty's colonels ; consequently Colonels Fullarton and 
 Forbes became senior. Colonel Fullarton was ordered to take 
 command of the Southern army, and Colonel Lang to join the 
 Main army. 
 
 By this time, General Stuart's army had proceeded south, and 
 on 2nth April took possession of Permacoil. 
 
 * This means they asked "for quarter."
 
 188 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 Here the rest of the army joined him on 2nd May. While 
 encamped on the banks of the Palar, they heard of the death of 
 Coote (who had come from Bengal to take command), in the 
 Madras Roads. The vessel in which he came was chased by a 
 French cruiser for the greater part of the voyage, and this 
 operated so strongly upon the anxious mind of Coote, as to 
 bring on a stroke of palsy, of which he died on 26th April, and 
 Major-General Stuart now became Commander-in-Chief over all 
 the British forces in India. From Permaeoil the army advanced 
 to Killinore, and received a supply of rice from Condamoor, after 
 which it proceeded to the Red Hills, Pondicherry, where an 
 advanced party of the French were surprised. A very long time 
 had been wasted near Permaeoil, waiting for the sailing- 
 squadron, and arrival of our store-ships and reinforcements^ under 
 Major-Generals Bruce and Waugenheim. It was the beginning 
 of June before General Stuart was able to proceed ; but at 
 length, on 4th June, the British camp was pitched on the banks 
 of the Poniar, five miles west of Cuddalore bound hedge. 
 
 The Chief Engineer was employed in making a post at 
 Kilanore Pagoda tenable. It was intended for the storage of 
 rice. On 23rd May, General Stuart wanted to know what orders 
 had been sent to Colonel Fullarton — again insisting on his 
 junction; and on the 31st, sent positive orders to Colonel 
 Fullarton, by Trichinopoly, to move towards the Culeroon. 
 Shortly after, the President disapproved of Colonel Fullarton 
 being ordered to join the main army,* and reminded General 
 Stuart of the reinforcements he had had. (At the end of April 
 600 Europeans had been sent by sea to reinforce him ) 
 
 The President complained of his inaction, and recommended 
 him to advance on Cuddalore. 
 
 Colonel Fullarton, on taking command, proceeded to Dara- 
 
 * On 21st April, Colonel Fullarton had been ordered to send a detachment 
 to main army if General Stuart should require it
 
 1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 189 
 
 pooram, and encamped before it on 23rd ^May, after a march of 
 twelve hours. At 3 a.m., Colonel Fullarton proceeded with some 
 Europeans and two battalions of sepoys to take possession of a 
 very strong post on the west side of the river, within 300 yards of 
 the fort ; had his men under cover before daylight ; at 8 a.m. 
 opened a small mortar-battery, and before 3 p.m. a three-gun 
 battery. A breach was effected about 6 p.m., and the place was 
 taken at day-break on 1st June. Colonel Fullarton had put 
 Caroor into a state to be readily destroyed, but finding it useful, 
 deprecated its destruction. 
 
 On 17th June, Colonel Fullarton was ordered by Lord 
 Macartney, the Governor, not to obey in future any orders of 
 General Stuart, unless confirmed by the Council. 
 
 General Stuart, with his army, made a judicious diversion, 
 and passed the Poniur river in view of the whole French line, 
 who did not venture to oppose our passage. Our army passed 
 the Bandapollam Hills on 6th June, and took up a strong camp 
 not two miles from the south face of Cuddalore, situated on a sandy 
 desert, with its right flank resting on the sea, and its left posted 
 against the Bandapollam hills, its front being screened from the 
 fort by plantations of palmira trees, and the brushwood of the 
 bound hedge. 
 
 Stuart omitted, however, to take possession of the bound 
 hedge ; and during the night of the 7th, Monsieur de Bussy 
 quitted the north side of Cuddalore, and fixed himself in the 
 southern hedge, where he immedialely began with the utmost 
 assiduity to throw up strong redoubts and lines of entrench- 
 ments, at the same time advancing his guards and pickets close 
 to our sentries. 
 
 Six days elapsed, during which the armies remained watch- 
 ful of each other — the French busily engaged in fortifying 
 themselves, and the British employed in debarkation of some 
 troops, and landing stores and ammunition. 
 
 'I he Pionet'is, &c., under the orders of the Engineers, were
 
 190 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 engaged in making fascines, gabions, charcoal, mallets, tool- 
 handles, &c. 
 
 On the 11th June, the engineers were employed in carrying 
 down materials and tools to a bank and choultry in front of the 
 left-hand picquet, close under Bandapollam Hills. 
 
 During this interval, the Chief Engineer and other field 
 officers were engaged in recounoiteriug. Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Kelly passed secretly over the Bandapollam Hills, through 
 almost impenetrable. thickets, where he saw the whole dispo- 
 sitions on the enemy's right, and the construction of a new 
 battery on a commanding hill to cover that flank. 
 
 On the 7th, the Chief Engineer and the Quartermaster- 
 General had a narrow escape from being shot. They were 
 pushing forward to reconnoitre, when Colonel Ross's horse- 
 keeper was wounded by a cannon-ball, and one of the troopers 
 of the escort was shot. 
 
 General Stuart called a Council of War, composed of General 
 Bruce and Colonel Stuart, also tlie Chief Engineer, and the 
 officers commanding the Bengal and Coast Artillery, to know if 
 everything was ready for an attack. Finding everything prepared, 
 the capture of the outposts and redoubts was resolved on. The 
 General's orders were as follows: — " Major-General Bruce and 
 Colonel Edmonston to command the picket on the right.* 
 Colonels Stuart, Cathcart, and Blane to lead the picket on the 
 leftjt and the centre picket,^ or grand guard, to be led by 
 Colonels Elphinstone and VVaugenheim, joined by J 01st Hano- 
 verians, two battalions sepoys, Madras European regiment with 
 a party of Madras pioneers, under Colonel Kelly. Colonel 
 Gordon to command troops off duty, and the reserves, who 
 were to form in front of our camp. The rest of cavalry to be 
 under Colonel Campbell, and wait on the General. 
 
 * With the 78th and one battalion sepoys. 
 
 f Grenadiers, 73rd, and two battalions sepoys. 
 
 I One regiment cavalry and one battalion sepoys.
 
 ymm^^^"^ 
 
 it before the Attack of the Enemy's lines. C C C. — Route of 
 
 'lliot's Battery of Six 18-prs. F. — Major Mackay^s Battery 
 advanced. I. — Position of Kelly's Brigade after dispersing 
 'ol. Eljihinston. M. — Rally of the Centre Division after they 
 
 'araUel of the British. P. — Sally by the Enemy on the 25thi 
 
 tluded.
 
 v^ 
 
 BATTLE OF CUDDALORE. 
 
 Gained by 11,000 British Troops, under Major-General Stuart, over 11,000 French and Mysorians, under Mons. Bussy, on the IZth June, 1783. 
 
 KEi'KJKENUES. 
 
 Cot K^,7^'" ^"fu"'"' T- ^""'^^ "^ "^^ ^°°P' '"'^'^" '** ^"^'- ^ ^ S.-Di3po.ition 0/ the BrUM Troop, the Night before the Attack of the Enemy', tine.. C C C.-RouU of 
 of Four 12^.. a.-clpt'ZlZl^- iTjy.yjI^i^'!'! ""t *t:^"f * ofJh^Fr^h Battery li. upono. hill. E.-Col. Elliofe Battery of Six 18-prs. F.-Major Mackafj Battery 
 
 Battery of Sxx 18-pr,. ^.~The large French Bedout, to which the lOlet and Hanoverians advanced. l.—Po,ition of Kelly e Brigade afUr dieperaing 
 „-_„ . ■«""';/'"' -f^"' Pontxon of the Orenadiere and 73rd Begiimnt. J^.-Advan^e of the Centre Divieion under Col. Elphimton. H.-Mally of the Centre Divinon after they 
 •■L ^^r..1 .. ."TT.f the grenadier, and Bighlandere, eupported by the Sepoy, and EeUy'. BHgade. 0.~Fir.t ParaUel of the BritUh. F.-Sally by the Enemy on the 2&th. 
 ' " ' resorted m the Evening,, for Convertaiion, after Peace vxu coneluded. 
 
 Tippoo'. Troop,. 
 
 retreated. 
 
 Q.~Choultry and Tree, to which the British and French
 
 1783.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 191 
 
 "The artillery attached to right wing, and 6-gun hattery on the 
 right to be directed by Captain Montague. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot to command battery of six 
 18-pounders on our left, \Yithin 800 yards of French redoubt. 
 
 " Another battery of four 12-pounders, placed still further to 
 the left, to be commanded by Major Mackay." 
 
 The General took post in Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot's battery. 
 The attack began at 4 a.m. on 13th June. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Kelly followed the circuit he had made the preceding day over 
 the Bandapollam Hills (a party of Madras Pioneers were under 
 his command), and gave the first alarm by a brisk attack upon 
 the battery on high ground to west of French redoubt, and 
 succeeded in taking it. 
 
 The British flag was instantly hoisted as a signal, and Colonel 
 Elliot and Major Mackay at once opened a furious cannonade 
 on the large redoubt in the centre of the enemy's camp. Colonel 
 Kelly now turned their own guns upon them from the height of 
 which he had taken possession, completely enfiladed the whole 
 line, and threw them into such confusion that Tippoo's sepoys 
 were dispersed, and left an opening for the Grenadiers and 
 Highlanders to fall on the right flank of their European line; 
 while the centre division, under Colonel Elphinstone, attacked 
 the large redoubt in front ; and the right wing, under General 
 Bruce, made a corresponding movement from their position. 
 Our left wing had moved round a part of Bandapollam Hills 
 under a very severe cannonade, and lay behind a small hedge 
 (on the ground from which Tippoo's sepoys had fled) until the 
 10 1st Hanoverians had advanced to attack redoubt in front, 
 which kept up such a furious discharge of round shot, grape 
 and musketry, that these two corps were forced to give way, 
 after some of them had mounted the breastwork. The enemy 
 rushed from their works in pursuit, when the Grenadiers and 
 73rd, who were by this time advancing, availed themselves of 
 this mistake, enltred the redoubt from which the French had
 
 192 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 sallied, and commenced a heavy fire on their rear. The French, 
 aware now of their error, moved confusedly ofif to the next 
 hattery on their left. 
 
 Thus the brunt of this obstinate battle was sustained by the 
 Grenadiers and Highlanders, supported by Colonel Blaue with 
 rest of left wins:, and Kelly's brigade, who with undaunted 
 courage advanced towards the enemy's left flank, carrying every 
 thing before them as they proceeded, though with dreadful loss, 
 as flanking batteries had been placed by the enemy at every 
 convenient spot, behind which they might retire, and which 
 incessantly poured out grape shot and langredge, accompanied 
 by musketry and grenades. 
 
 Four more of these batteries and guns were carried by this 
 valiant body before they halted; but at last, finding themselves 
 under the guns of Cuddalore, they desisted, and fell back on 
 the large French redoubt, wliich, being situated on an eminence, 
 commanded all the rest. 
 
 This contest did not end till 5 p.m., when a cessation of 
 firing took place, and both lines lay on their arms to be ready 
 for a renewal of the fight next day. 
 
 Eighteen pieces of artillery were taken. The loss on both 
 sides was very heavy. We lost — 
 
 14 European officers .. killed. 
 
 40 ,, ... wounded. 
 
 6 Native oflBcers ... ... killed. 
 
 14 ,, ... ... wounded. 
 
 161 Europeans ... ... killed. 
 
 387 ,, ... ... wounded. 
 
 17 ,, ... ... taken prisoners. 
 
 62 Native Infantry ... killed. 
 
 277 ,, ... wounded. 
 
 1 „ ... ... taken prisoner. 
 
 18 Native Artillery ... killed. 
 42 ,, ... wounded. 
 
 Total 1,020, of whom 251 were killed.
 
 1783.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 193 
 
 The French lost — 
 
 14 officers killed. 
 
 25 „ wounded. 
 
 116 Europeans killed. 
 259 „ wounded. 
 
 361 of Tippoo's Natives killed and wounded. 
 
 Total 775, besides 6 officers and 35 Europeans taken prisoners. 
 
 This last statement is the French account, and probably under 
 the mark. 
 
 The following order was issued by General Stuart: — "The 
 Commander-in-Chief having taken minutely to investigate 
 the conduct and execution of the orders and plans in 
 attacking the enemy's outposts, lines and redoubts on the 13th, 
 with the comparative strength, numbers and position of the 
 enemy, composed almost entirely of the best regular troops of 
 France, takes this occasion to give it as his opinion to this 
 brave army in general, that it is not to be equalled by anything 
 he knows or has heard of in modern history, whetlier we look 
 to extent and entire success, or to the national importance of 
 that day's complete victory. He takes this opportunity to 
 return his thanks to Major-General Bruce, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Cathcart, ^Major Moore, and Corps of Grenadiers, and to Colonel 
 Stuart, who supported them with pickets of the left, and under 
 whose command the French redoubt was successfully entered and 
 carried ; to Colonel Gordon, who commanded the reserve ; to 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, to whose abilities he 
 is so much indebted ; to Lieutenant- Colonel Kelly ; to Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Elliot and Major Mackay, under whom the artillery 
 was so well directed that day. To Captain Lamont and the 
 precious remains of 73rd, and in general to the officers and corps 
 of H.M.'s, and of the Company's troops," &c. 
 
 After the business of the 13th our army lay on its arms for 
 
 13
 
 194 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1783. 
 
 thirty hours, and then steps were taken to fortify the position 
 acquired, the right of which was within a mile of Cuddalore. 
 The Corps of Engineers was now formed into the foHowing 
 
 brigades : — 
 
 /■Captain Banks. 
 1 St Brigade \ Ensign Hemming. 
 
 2nd Brigade 
 
 ^Ensign Norris. 
 Captain Johnstone. 
 Ensign Dyce. 
 Ensign Saunter. 
 Ensign Ogg. 
 
 (li,nsign Ugg. 
 ^^d^"^^d^ lEnsign Jennings. 
 
 The Engineer of the trenches was ordered, in future, to make 
 out a report of working parties employed by him. 
 
 In the parallel there were Bengal and coast sepoys. 
 
 In the redoubt. Pioneers and Lascars. 
 
 As an encouragement to followers to assist in providing 
 materials, the following rates were paid : — 
 
 For gabions, 4 J feet by 3 J diameter ... 5 fanams. 
 
 3J feet by 2^ „ ... 4 
 
 Fascines, 12 feet long ... ... ... 2 ,, 
 
 „ 9 ,, ... ... ... I2 " 
 
 „ 6 „ 1 
 
 Bamboos, 12 feet long by 3 inches to 
 
 4 inches diameter ... ... ... 1 ., 
 
 Bamboos, 12 feet long by 2 inches to 
 
 3 inches diameter ... .. ... ^ ,, 
 
 By the 24th June, our first parallel, and supporting redoubts 
 were finished. The French having landed some men from their 
 fleet; made an attack on our first parallel. At first our troops 
 fell back a little ; but getting in their rear afterwards, made great 
 slaughter among them,and put them completely to the rout, leaving 
 200 dead, and 30 wounded behind them, besides one colonel, one 
 major, one captain, two drummers, and thirty privates prisoners.
 
 T83.1 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 195 
 
 The French in this assault attacked our parallel on the right 
 flank. Their principal attack seems to have been directed to the 
 right of our parallel, but they had no idea we had completed a 
 redoubt there, the fire from which galled them very severely. 
 Our people behaved wonderfully well, and the sepoys mixed 
 their bayonets with those of the French. Nothing could exceed 
 their steadiness. 
 
 We had only fifty- three officers and men, killed and wounded. 
 
 Killed — Two officers and two Europeans. 
 
 „ One Native officer and nine Natives. 
 Wounded — Two officers and three Europeans. 
 
 ,, Four Native officers and thirty Natives. 
 
 On the same day General Stuart called a meeting, composed 
 of— 
 
 Chief Engineer, Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, 
 Second Engineer, Captain Johnstone, 
 with Commanding Officer of the Artillery ; also the two next in 
 command, — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Elliot and Major Mackay, 
 and Captain Montague. 
 
 A statement was received from the Chief Engineer, showing 
 the means we had for duty at arms, and for working parties, and 
 the small quantity of materials ready for carrying on approaches 
 Considering the enemy's power by laud and sea, it was resolved 
 unanimously to abide by strengthening the parallel and redoubt for 
 the present, without making our approaches, so that the enemy 
 might not discover where we meant to erect our batteries, until 
 we had the stock of materials completed sufficient in one day 
 to erect them ; and meanwhile we proposed to annoy the enemy's 
 working parties by our field-pieces. 
 
 Meantime Tippoo had recovered Bednore, taken General 
 Matthews prisoner, and invested Mangalore. Colonel FuUarton 
 had taken Darapooram on 2nd June. General Stuart still 
 
 13 *
 
 196 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 insisted on Colonel Fullarton joining him before Cuddalore, and 
 sent him positive orders to do so. The Council ordered Colonel 
 Fullarton to recross the river, and continue to the south. 
 Colonel Fullarton was thus placed in a very embarrassing posi- 
 tion ; but as he had heard of French reinforcements by 
 Suffrein's squadron, he determined on marching towards General 
 Stuart, leaving Colonel Forbes in command of the Southern 
 Provinces. It should have been mentioned before, that Monsieur 
 SufFrein, with fifteen sail, appeared on 14 th June. Sir Edward 
 Hughes, then at Porto Novo, dropped down to Cuddalore, and 
 on the 17th, about 4 p.m., a sharp action commenced Hughes 
 had eighteen sail, and so had the advantage in ships, but the 
 enemy were far superior in men. Our fleet Avas half manned by 
 natives of India, and sickness prevailed amongst our seamen. 
 Sir Edward maintained the fight till night came on, when he 
 was obliged to steer for Madras. This occasioned great dis- 
 appointment to General Stuart and the army. Next morning 
 Suffrein's squadron came to anchor in Cuddalore roads, and 
 landed a strong detachm.ent. This naval engagement took place 
 in view of the army. 
 
 On .SOth June, General Stuart heard from Colonel Fullarton 
 that he might expect him on 5th July. 
 
 On 25th June, the President wrote a minute complaining of 
 General Stuart's dilatoriness in not having the army in readiness 
 to march to take advantage of Hyder's death ; of the slow pro- 
 gress he made on his march to Cuddalore ; of his conduct in 
 ordering Colonel Fullarton to join him; of his procrastination 
 in attacking the enemy's redoubts on the 13th, &c. ; and proposed 
 that a flag of truce be sent to M. Bussy of the peace, and that 
 the army should cease hostilities. 
 
 The two fleets were preparing for a sixth battle, when 
 in June 1783, news reached India that the preliminaries 
 of peace had been agreed on between all the belligerent 
 Powers,
 
 1783.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 197 
 
 The southern army was to be reinforced, and General Stuart 
 to be recalled to the Presidency 
 
 Messrs. Sadleir and Staunton were accordingly sent in an 
 English frigate to Cuddalore, to treat with M. Bussy; but no 
 intimation of this was sent to General Stuart, and the Commis- 
 sioners held no communication with him. 
 
 On 1st July he wrote as follows, and complained that "the 
 English frigate had her cartel flag up the whole night; she is 
 anchored in the midst of the French. They continue their 
 working parties, we fire upon them, and they return the compli- 
 ment, as usual. No message of any sort has been sent us, and 
 though I am Commander-in-Chief, and a member of your Govern- 
 ment, I neither have any communication, nor have I any letter 
 later than 17th June, and yet there are twenty letters in this 
 army as late as the 2.'5th." The two English Commissioners 
 had arrived on 30th June, wrote their report of negotiations on 
 2nd July, and left in Medea for Fort St. George on 3rd July, 
 returning to Madras on the 4th. Copies of their letter were 
 sent to the Chief of Tellicherry, Colonel Jones (commanding in 
 the north), Colonel Fullarton, Mr. Sullivan (civil officer in the 
 south), and Major Campbell (commanding at Mangalore), but 
 none was sent to General Stuart. 
 
 The Council approved of conduct of the Commissioners 
 General Stuart was directed to return to Presidency. He declined 
 immediately delivering charge, but knowiug of orders sent by 
 the Council to General Bruce regarding cessation of arms, he 
 caused a general order to be published. 
 
 On 3rd July, General Stuart resigned to General Bruce the 
 command of the Company's troops, reserving to himself the 
 command of the King's forces. General Stuart wrote to Lord 
 Macartney that " it was an unparalleled injustice and intended 
 affront." 
 
 On 4th July, General Bruce ordered Colonel Fullarton to 
 return to Trichinopoly. At this time Captain John Byres
 
 198 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1788. 
 
 prisoner on parole being released) was appointed engineer 
 at Tanjore, and shortly after joined Colonel Fullarton's force as 
 Chief Engineer. By 24th July the parallels, &c. at Cuddalore 
 were destroyed, and the ofiBcers for that duty discoutiuued. The 
 workmen employed, the pioneers* (under Lieutenant Mitchell) 
 excepted, were to carry down the materials from the park to the 
 river-side on the 25th. 
 
 The army marched, Colonel Gordon in command (General 
 Bruce having gone to the Presidency, and Colonel Stuart having 
 command of a detachment from the main army, which left Cud- 
 dalore on 25th July to join Colonel Fullarton), the beginning 
 of August by route of Bahore, Red Hills, Killinore, Tindevanum, 
 Acherawauk, and Madranticum, which last place it reached on 
 9th August, and shortly after returned to Madras, 1 6th August. 
 
 The following arrangements were ordered to take place with 
 regard to the engineers who were present at the siege of 
 Cuddalore. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Eoss, to Madras ; 
 Major Johnstone, on leave; 
 Captain Banks, to Madras ; 
 
 Lieutenant Wickens) 
 
 i:, • , • f Carnatic Army : 
 
 Lnsign Jennings ) ^ ' 
 
 o . I Madras : 
 „ baunter) ' 
 
 ,, Hemming, to Bombay for his health ; and 
 
 Assistant-Engineer Dyce, to rejoin his corps. 
 
 On 27th July, Colonel Fullarton had marched for Dindigul. 
 Colonel Stuart was marching to join him, and on 8th August 
 another powerful reinforcement, of 500 Europeans, and two 
 battalions of sepoys, with artillery, was sent under Colonel 
 Elphinstone. 
 
 * Force of j^ioneers with the main army, (J non-commissioned oiEccrs and 
 278 men.
 
 1783.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 199 
 
 While this was taking place, there was much dissension going 
 on in Madras. Lord Macartney behaved very despotically, and 
 General Stuart was seized by a party of sepoys at his own house, 
 and carried a prisoner to Fort St. George. At the same time, 
 Colonel Lang, of the Company's service, was raised to the rank, 
 of Lieuteuant-General, that he might command over Major- 
 Generals Burgoyne, Campbell, and Ogilvie, of His Majesty's 
 service. General Burgoyne was next arrested and accused of 
 all the heinous crimes that could be suggested (he was after- 
 wards tried, and most honourably acquitted of every charge), 
 while General Stuart was conducted by a guard of sepoys to the 
 shore in a manner very unbecoming the rank of a Commander- 
 in-Chief, put on board the Fortitude on 14th October, and sent 
 a prisoner to England. 
 
 Such was the unhappy condition of the Presidency at Fort 
 St. George, and the ill-regulated state of the army, when Tippoo's 
 ambassador arrived to treat about peace. The main army 
 marched into winter quarters near Madras, as did the southern 
 forces at Trichinopoly, The northern detachment, which had 
 been for some time (under General Jones) surrounded in their 
 camp, was permitted to retire to Ellore. And thus the operations 
 of 1783 ended. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Ross recommended Lieutenant Wickens, 
 for his abilities and merit during the war, to be promoted to 
 Captain. "He was constantly in the field during the war, and 
 was charged with the demolition of Sadras, Wandiwash, and 
 Caraugooly. He is the oldest lieutenant in the corps." 
 
 The Council were sensible of his merit, but could not promote 
 him, as there was no vacancy. 
 
 Culonel Fullarion was now proceeding against the Poligars in 
 tiie south. He first marched to Mellore, left a strong detach- 
 ment, and went on 4th August to Shevagunga, twenty miles east 
 trom thence. The Kajah paid 40,000 rupees, and gave security 
 for reinaiuiug debt — 50,000 rupees.
 
 200 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 The engineers with Colonel Fullarton's force were Captain 
 Byres and Lieutenant Salmon. 
 
 The most powerful of the Poligars in confederacy against our 
 Government, and in alliance with the Dutch, had assembled 
 12,000 to 14,000 men, and were besieging the fort of Chocum- 
 putty. The most important, next to Shevagherry was Catabo- 
 manaig, and he was at Chocumputty, from whence his fort of 
 Pandalumcoorchy, on the soutli-east of Tinnevelly district, was 
 distant more than seventy miles. Colonel Fullarton moved oflf 
 from Shevagunga on (Sth August to Tropichetty, twenty miles 
 distant, and proceeded to Pandalamcoorchy, which he reached 
 on the 1 2th — 100 miles in four days. 
 
 He then sent a flag to ask capitulation, but it was refused. 
 The 18-pounders were halted in rear of embankment facing 
 north-east angle. 
 
 A battery was hastily constructed, and in three hours we 
 were ready to open on the bastion. The works were manned 
 with several thousand people. We opened lire on the bastion, 
 but finding delay, owing to its thickness, resolved to breach the 
 adjoining curtain. The enemy kept up a constant fire. It was 
 dark before a practicable breach was effected. The attack was 
 deferred till the rise of the moon. The storming party consisted 
 of two companies of Europeans, supported by 13th and 14th 
 Carnatic Battalions, and remained in rear of the battery. The 
 cavalry, the 1st and Light Infantry Battalions posted at right 
 angles with the other three salient angles, together with a detach- 
 ment fronting each gateway, to prevent supplies or escape. A 
 strong hedge fronting the breach was now removed ; this 
 dangerous service was eff'ected with unusual skill by Ensign 
 Cunningham, commanding the Pioneers, and about 10 p.m. the 
 attack commenced. The defenders opposed us vigorously with 
 pikes and musketry, so that we were obliged to retire, and 
 reached the battery with considerable slaughter <>u both sides. 
 Steps were taken to renew the assault ; but the Poligars, dis-
 
 17830 MADEAS ENGINEEES. 201 
 
 heartened with their loss, ahandoned the place, and sallied hy the 
 east gate. Some of tlie fugitives were taken prisoners, hut 
 many escaped. The hreach was covered with dead bodies. 
 
 The place contained a large quantity of guns, powder, &c., 
 also 40,000 star pagodas, which were immediately distributed lo 
 the troops Five companies of the 25t]i Battalion were left to 
 garrison the place. 
 
 Colonel Fullarton proceeded to Palamcottah, and thence by 
 Shankarnacoil to Shevagherry. On our arrival, the Poligar 
 retired to his woods, four miles deep, in front of bis "comby,'' 
 or stronghold. 
 
 He was joined by Catabomanaig, and mustered 8,000 or 9,000 
 men. Colonel Fullarton had an interview with the Shevagherry 
 chief, Catabomanaig, and the deposed Poligar of Chocumputty; but 
 it was not satisfactory, so Colonel Fullarton made dispositions for 
 attack. The contest proved desperate. The attack commenced 
 by Europeans and four battalions of sepoys moving against the 
 embankment which covered the wood. Tiie Poligars opposed us 
 in full force. We, however, got possession of the summit. The 
 Poligars took post on the verge of the adjoining wood, and dis- 
 puted every step with great loss on both sides " Finding the 
 comby could not be approached in front, we proceeded to cut a 
 road through dense thickets for three miles to the base of the 
 hill that bounds the " comby " on the west. The Pioneers under 
 Ensign Cunningham laboured with indefatigable industry. 
 Captain Gardner, of 102nd, supported them; and Captain Blacker, 
 with .'jrd and 24th Carnatic Battalions, advanced their field-pieces 
 as fast as the road was cleared. We continued to cut our way 
 under an unabating fire from H,000 Poligars. By sun-set, we had 
 opened a passage to the mountain, which is extremely high, 
 rocky, and in many places almost perpendicular. We attacked, 
 and the troops attained the summit. The Poligar parties posted 
 to guard the eminence being routed, after much firing, we 
 descended the otliei' side, and flanked the " comby.'" The enemy,
 
 202 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1783. 
 
 seeing us masters of the mouutaiu, retreated during the night by 
 paths inaccessible to regular troops, and we took possession of 
 this wonderful recess. Two battalions were left to secure 
 magazines, and the army moved to JShevelpatore, within four 
 marches of Madura, a little more than a month after it had left 
 Trichinopoly. Colonel Fullarton informed the principal i^oligars 
 "that he would leave on ;ilst [September, but that if they did 
 not return to their allegiance, he would make a vow to ' biva,' 
 the Gentoo god, whose attribute is vengeance, to march buck 
 and spread destruction through every possession of defaulting 
 PoJigars." 
 
 Vakeels waited on Colonel fullarton at Trichungalum, aud 
 stipulated to pay a sum in lieu of all preceding claims. They 
 also gave bonds for 15,000 pagodas, in consideration of 
 restitution of their forts. Pandalumcoorchy was to be destroyed, 
 guns, &c. removed to Talamcottah, and the road cleared to 
 the comby of IShivagherry to continue open ; means of defence to 
 be removed, and our troops always to have access to forts and 
 barriers. Colonel Jb'uUarton then proceeded to Dindigul, via 
 Madura. On arrival at JDindigul, the order of encampment was 
 in two lines. One European and three sepoy brigades, besides 
 four flank battalions. His artillery consisted of sixty-live pieces 
 of cannon, with held ammunition, and 10,000 battering shot. The 
 Engineer department was stored with Desieging tools and other 
 implements. The Pioneer Corps was strengthened. Our cavalry 
 was J, 000; altogether 14,000 hghting men. 
 
 The army moved to re-occupy Darapooram, and in October 
 marched towards Pulney, thirty miles south of Darapooram. 
 
 On loth October, Colonel Eullarton received news of recom- 
 mencement of hostilities on part of Tippoo against Mangalore, 
 and on the Ibth he determined to move west to relieve that place. 
 To do this, he thought it best to take Palghaut, and marched 
 from Pulney, reduced the forts of Gumalum, Chucklygherry, 
 and Annamallay, passing through a rich country abounding with
 
 1T83.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 203 
 
 grain, cattle, wood, and rice. At PuUachy the country attains 
 its greatest elevation, and the streams run east and west to 
 Coromandel and Malabar. 
 
 From Annamallay our progress was most laborious. We had 
 to force our way through a forest twenty miles in depth, and 
 extending thirty miles across the pass of Palghaut. Our object 
 was to reach Colingoody, west side of the forest, fifteen miles 
 from Palghaut. The brigades were distributed to succeed each 
 other at intervals preceded by pioneers, in order to clear what 
 the advanced body had opened for the guns and stores. Heavy 
 rain fell for fourteen days without intermission, and the troops 
 were exposed without tents. 
 
 The advanced corps moved to the bank of the Poniany river, 
 within random shot of the works of Palghaut. 
 
 There we took a secure position, and prepared to attack the 
 place 
 
 By 5th November, the main body of the troops arrived ; we 
 crossed the river on the Gth, and encamped two miles from the 
 fort, across the great road that leads from Coimbatore. 
 
 The Engineers' stores arrived, and a post was established for 
 them, where all the preparations for a siege were collected. 
 Our next object was to circumscribe the besieged. With this 
 view, the pettah on east and north faces of fort was occupied. 
 On each of these faces we carried on an attack. During the 
 whole period of our approaches, and construction of our 
 trenches, parallels, and batteries, the besieged kept up a con- 
 tinuous fire on our covering and working parties. The batter- 
 ing train reached our camp on the Oth, after an immensity of 
 toil. Apprehending much delay from strength of defences and 
 obstinacy of defenders, Colonel Fullarton resolved to attempt 
 the gateway. 
 
 It was so strongly flanked and fortified that it appeared 
 secure from any attacks ; however, it had no draw-bridge, and on 
 this he founded his hopes of accelerating the siege. The fort
 
 20 i 
 
 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1783. 
 
 was quadrangular. 528 x 432 feet, each angle defended by a 
 capacious bastion, mounting seven or nine guns, and contained a 
 garrison of 4,000 men 
 
 On the l'3th, we opened fire with twelve guns and four 
 howitzers, from two batteries, at 400 yards from east and north 
 faces. Before sunset the defences were much damaged, and the 
 fire of the besieged considerably abated. 
 
 At night, Captain Alaitland took advantage of heavy rain, 
 drove the enemy from the covertway, and pursued them as far as 
 the second gate. There he was stopped, but maintained his 
 ground. The enemy were so much alarmed that they called out 
 for " cowle," and this x)ut us in possession of a fort capable of 
 making a long and desperate resistance. 
 
 Our loss was inconsiderable. 
 
 Colonel Fullarton garrisoned Palghaut, and re-instated the 
 Zamorin,* in the territory of Palghaut. He, in his report, says : — 
 " Captain Byres, the Chief Engineer, is entitled to my best 
 thanks for his labours and ability." 
 
 Palghaut was garrisoned by 19th Battalion, with a few 
 Europeans and irregulars, under Captain Dewar. 
 
 " It was found to command a fertile and extensive district, 
 the adjacent iorests abounding with the finest teak timber in 
 India. There is likewise a great quantity of sandal-wood in the 
 neighbourhood." 
 
 Colonel Fullarton's route from Dindigul to Palghaut was : — 
 
 IVIiles. 
 
 1st Se 
 
 ;ptember 
 
 ... 
 
 Dindigul 
 
 — 
 
 5 th 
 
 >> 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Darapooram .. 
 
 — 
 
 10 th 
 
 )» 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Allingum 
 
 — 
 
 17 th 
 
 J) 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Manoor 
 
 8 
 
 J 8th 
 
 J' 
 
 
 
 Pulney 
 
 10 
 
 22ud 
 
 )j 
 
 
 
 Cumbalum 
 
 10 
 
 23rd 
 
 )j 
 
 
 • .. 
 
 Chinnamabettal 
 
 1 10 
 
 24th 
 
 >> 
 
 
 .^^ 
 
 Sonumatore .. 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 * Xutive 
 
 Prince 
 
 of Palghaut country 

 
 1783-84.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 205 
 
 Miles. 
 25th September ... PuUachy ... 10 
 
 26th ,, ... near Annamally 10 
 
 27th ,, ... Annamallay ... 3 
 
 28th „ ... Pondapollam ... 5 
 
 29th „ ... Colangoody ... 3 
 
 Palghaut ... i5 
 
 On 26th November, the army arrived before Coimbatore, and 
 proceeded immediately to erect a battery ; but before we liad 
 effected a breach the Killadar* surrendered. 
 
 Now arrived the most interesting moment of the war. The 
 garrison of Mangalore, under the inestimable commandant, 
 Colonel Campbell, had made a defence seldom equalled and never 
 surpassed. Tippoo had suffered in persevering- with the siege 
 during the whole rainy season. At this time Colonel Fullarton 
 intended to go against Sattimangalum and Ardenelli, and 
 thence to Seringapatam ; but the Board had unwisely delegated 
 powers of negotiation to commissioners to treat for peace, and 
 he was directed to restore all posts, forts, countries, v^c, 
 recently reduced, and retire within limits possessed by us on 
 26th July. He received these orders on 28th November, two 
 days before lie intended to commence his march towards 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 He remained for some time at Coimbatore, but receiving fresh 
 instructions to fall back, returned to Palghaut, and in December 
 the army retired towards the southern country, having detached 
 Captain Wheeler and three battalions to e^cort the stores from 
 Cochin with instructions to evacuate Palghaut, and join 
 Colonel Fullarton by Annamallay and Pulney close to the 
 mountains. 
 
 Early in January 1784, the army arrived at Ayryacottah, and 
 Colonel Stuart, with the main division, proceeded to Caroor. 
 Colonel Forbes remained in the districts of Darapooram and 
 
 • Military officer in charge of a fort.
 
 206 MILITAEY HISTOBY OF THE 
 
 [1784. 
 
 Dindigul, while Colonel Kelly advanced to Covanore on the bor- 
 ders of Madura. Colonel Fullarton proceeded with the Covanore 
 division, as most central, to the south on 24th January 1784, 
 
 These arrangements had hardly been finished, when he 
 received orders to recommence hostilities. The Zamorin had 
 occupied Palghaut after it was abandoned by Captain Wheeler. 
 Captain Agnew was sent with a battalion ofTravancore troops to 
 assist him ; but before he arrived, the Zamorin in despair had 
 abandoned it. On north-east border of Tinnevelly, Colonel 
 Fullarton received a letter * from the Commissioners that fully 
 marked the enmity of Tippoo, and convinced him that a rupture 
 was unavoidable ; he therefore ordered stores to join Colonel 
 Stuart at Caroor, and marched the same night to Madura. He 
 then went to Tanjore to concert measures with Mr. Sullivan 
 (Chief Civil Officer) for safety of the southern countries, while the 
 army should, for the third time, advance into the enemy's country. 
 Colonel Fullarton rejoined his army at Caroor. f 
 Tippoo, finding that the southern army had been ordered to 
 abandon his country, naturally persisted in his investment of 
 Mangalore, and the garrison was at last obliged to yield to the 
 necessity of famine, and surrender the place after a most 
 glorious defence. Colonel Campbell marched off with his few 
 remaining troops to Tellicherry, and died soon after, worn out 
 with fatigue. Notwithstanding the flragrant treachery by which 
 Mangalore was lost, and the deliberate massacre of General 
 Mathews, with many other captured English officers, peace was 
 concluded at Mangalore on the 11th March 1784. During the 
 progress of the negotiations, Tippoo treated the English com- 
 missioners with most marked indignitv. Had Colonel Fullarton 
 
 * Dated 11th February near Mangalore. 
 
 •(• On 4th February, Colonel Fullarton directed Captain Byres (as it was likely 
 the war would be resumed) to raise 200 or 300 pioneers with all expedition, 
 independent of those under the command of Lieutenant Cunningham. He 
 succeeded in raising a body of 160.
 
 1784.1 MADKAS ENGINEERS. 207 
 
 been allowed to advance on Seringapatam with a force flushed 
 with victory, Tippoo must have left Mangalore for the defence 
 of his capital, and the English would have been in a position to 
 enforce their own terms. 
 
 The southern army, during its operations, took 10,000 
 prisoners. 
 
 Colonel Fullarton was ordered to restore Caroor and Dara- 
 pooram, but to keep Dindigul. 
 
 Tn April 1784, he moved with Colonel Forbes' division to 
 Dindigul, while Colonel Stuart fell back from Caroor on 
 Trichinopoly. While at Dindigul, the troops suffered a continua- 
 tion of fatigue, as they had to march seventy miles to the head 
 of Ootampollium Valley to get grain for subsistence. By the 
 end of May it became impracticable to subsist so large a foi'ce 
 in Dindigul, and Colonel Fullarton withdrew towards Madura, 
 after leaving a strong garrison. Afterwards three battalions 
 were detached under Captain Wheeler to Tinnevelly, and Colonel 
 Fullarton went there himself. From Tinnevelly he returned by 
 Negapatam and Tanjore to Trichinopoly, and thence went to 
 Fort St. George to give an account of affairs, to report the 
 meritorious conduct of the troops, and the eminent exertions 
 of Messrs. Sullivan and Irwin. 
 
 In his report he makes the following remarks regarding 
 pioneers and engineers: — 
 
 " It is further extremely requisite that your establishment of 
 pioneers should be increased, not only for expertness and 
 despatch in the preparation of a siege, but to facilitate the rapid 
 movement of your armies. Hyder seldom maintained less than 
 5,000 pioneers." 
 
 " The next material object is the Department of Engineers, 
 including not only preparations for besieging, but also the 
 defensive condition of your forts. You have a respectable corps 
 of engineers under an officer distinguished for his talents of 
 arrangements — Lieutenant-Colonel Ross."
 
 208 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1784. 
 
 He again writes (in January 1785) : — 
 
 " Of all the southern garrisons which are the most important 
 in your country, the inspection and descriptive reports are long 
 ago completed ; for as soon as the army returned from the enemy's 
 country, I requested Captain Byres, Chief Engineer to the South, 
 to undertake a survey of Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madura, Palam- 
 cottah and Ramnad. This he executed with the utmost ability, 
 and accompanied it with a statement expressed in accurate and 
 comprehensive terms," 
 
 Colonel Fullarton recommended the Governor to distribute 
 his force into three great frontier cantonments ; * main, or 
 central one, between Arcot and Vellore ; southern one, near 
 Trichinopoly; and the third at Ellore. 
 
 On the 10th October 1783, the state of the Engineer Corps 
 
 was as follows : — 
 
 1 Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 1 Major 
 
 4 Captains, 
 
 4 Lieutenants. 
 
 13 Ensigns. 
 
 Total 23 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Ross. 
 
 Major Maule (not counted, as he had just gone home). 
 
 ,, Johnstone. 
 Captain Banks, 
 „ Byres. 
 Gent. 
 ,, Prescott. 
 ,, Stuart, Supy. 
 Lieutenant Salmon. 
 ,, Wickens. 
 
 ,, Kisselback. 
 
 ,, Trapaud. 
 
 * To defend the Circars, or act against Tippoo's possessions of Cuddapah or 
 Kumool.
 
 's 
 
 r")
 
 1783.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 209 
 
 Ensign Ogg. 
 „ Ryland. 
 
 Bong. 
 ,, Guthrie. 
 ,, Hemming. 
 „ Jennings. 
 ,, Norris. 
 ,, Russell. 
 „ Prescott. 
 ,, Lennon. 
 ,, Sauter. 
 „ Mackenzie. 
 
 Lieutenant Wickens seems to have been a very able officer, 
 and was frequently despatched on important work in connection 
 with the campaign Thus on 13th March 1783, he was sent 
 with a detachment across the Palar to inspect Arcot, and take a 
 sketch, &c. ; a few days after, he was ordered to Conjeveram, and 
 sent in a report regarding the fortifications required for the 
 Great Pagoda at that place. 
 
 The same month, he reports on the hill forts at Vellore, 
 and sends in a rough plan of Arcot, with observations, on 
 4 th June. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross complained of being superseded by 
 Colonel Nixon, and asked for brevet rank. General Stuart 
 supported his application, and said that " there is not an officer 
 on the establishment who deserves any mark of attention in that 
 way more preferable." 
 
 The President, however, refused the application, which is 
 liardly to be wondered at, considering the bad feeling existing 
 between the President and General Stuart at the time. 
 
 In September, Major Maule applied for leave to Europe, as 
 "he was suffering from liver and hypochondriacal affections, after 
 a service of sixteen years." He had to resign the service, but 
 was recommended to the Court to return with his rank. 
 
 14
 
 210 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1784-90. 
 
 Johnstone was promoted to Major and Stuart to Captain. 
 Trapaud was still absent at Fort Marlborough, Bencoolen, and 
 Simon Stuart had not yet returned from parole. 
 
 In January 1784, Major Johnstone went to Europe on account 
 of his health, and Banks was appointed Major in his place, 
 while Wickens was promoted to Captain. 
 
 Trapaud, having returned from Fort Marlborough after a 
 service there of three or four years, was appointed Captain- 
 Lieutenant on account of his good service. 
 
 In August, Major Geils returned from England, and he was 
 given out in orders as Major of Engineers. 
 
 Major Banks and Captain Simon Stuart complained of Major 
 Geils taking rank in the Corps of Engineers, and a copy of their 
 letter was sent to the Court of Directors. 
 
 From the conclusion of peace with Tippoo in March 1784, 
 till the year 1790, no serious military operations were undertaken 
 by the English, and during these six years I can find no record 
 of an engineer officer having been employed on active military 
 service in the field. 
 
 In September 1788 a small detachment of pioneers, under an 
 European officer, was attached to the force under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel James Eidington, which took possession of the district 
 of Guntoor. 
 
 Again in March 1789, a detachment of eighty pioneers was 
 sent from Trichinopoly to join the field force assembled under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, 72nd Kegiment, for service in the 
 Shevagunga country. It was present at the capture of Collai- 
 goody on 14th May, and of Ranamungalum and Colacoil on 
 1st and 2nd June respectively. 
 
 The Government returned their thanks to Colonel Stuart for 
 his gallant and good conduct, and desired that he would com- 
 municate to the officers and men their perfect approbation of the 
 spirited and regular behaviour of the whole of the detachment 
 during the service. From the year 1784 to 1789, in spite of
 
 1781-90.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 211 
 
 their immunity from service in the field, r^e Corps of Engineers 
 lost ten officers, seven of them hy death. In 1784 Lieutenant 
 Salmon's name is not to be found in the list of engineers, and he 
 probably died while on service. Captain Simon Stuart appears 
 to have died in 1787. 
 
 Captain John Byres died on 23rd September 1788. 
 
 Ensign Saunter died on 7th October 1788. 
 
 Captain Wickens died at Madras on 3rd July 1789. 
 
 Lieutenant Guthrie was pensioned in 1788. 
 
 Ensign Prendergast resigned 13th January 1789. 
 
 Ensign Thomas Benjamin Dorman died 27th October 1787, 
 after a short service of only five months. 
 
 Lieutenant James Kobert Prescott died on 5th September 1788, 
 
 In 1787, Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, who had for many years 
 been considered an engineer, and who had been gazetted as a 
 major of engineers, was re- transferred to the Artillery This 
 transfer led to a memorial from four of the field officers of the 
 Artillery They were told that his transfer to the Engineers had 
 never been intended to sever him altogether from his own corps, 
 the Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, on his part, memorial- 
 ized regarding his supersession in his own corps, and wrote 
 most voluminous papers on the subject, which are referred to in 
 Captain Begbie's Memoirs of the Madras Artillery. 
 
 Later on Colonel Geils was treated with great harshness 
 regarding a mutiny of the Artillery at the Mount, which led to 
 his removal This will be noticed further on. 
 
 The engineers in 1790 consisted of — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross. 
 
 Captain 
 
 Kisselback. 
 
 Major Maule. 
 
 >> 
 
 Ogg. 
 
 ,, Johnstone. 
 
 Lieutenant Ryland. 
 
 ,, Banks. 
 
 >» 
 
 Bong. 
 
 Captain Gent. 
 
 >» 
 
 Hemming 
 
 „ Prescott. 
 
 >> 
 
 Russell. 
 
 ,, Trapaud. 
 
 it 
 
 Jennings. 
 
 14 *
 
 212 
 
 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1790. 
 
 Lieutenant Norris. 
 „ Lennon. 
 „ Mackenzie. 
 Ensign Forrest. 
 ,, Cree. 
 „ Barclay. 
 
 Ensign Johnstone. 
 „ Wood. 
 „ Cudmore. 
 ,, Caldwell. 
 Blair. 
 
 Altogether twenty-five officers.* 
 
 * In June 1784, a Lieutenant Harry Gordon of Engineers is mentioned as 
 having repaired the Fort of Chittoor. As a bill for the money expended by 
 him was ordered to be sent to Bengal, I presume he was a Bengal Engineer, as 
 he is not named in the Madras lists.
 
 1790.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 213 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Tippoo attacks Travancore. — Proposed Corps of Guides. — Colonel Stuart sent to 
 Dindigul. — Assault fails, but place surrendered. — Kelly's plan for capture 
 of Bangalore. — Siege of Palghaut. — Surrender of Darapoorum. — Lord Corn- 
 wallis lands at Madras. — British before Bangalore. — Bangalore Fort cap- 
 tured. — Battle of Arrikera. — Cornwallis moves on Caniambaddy. — Bombay 
 Army retires to the Coast. — Cornwallis sets out for Bangalore. — Army 
 returns to Bangalore. — Siege of Ryacottah. — Gowdie advances to Nundy. — 
 Siege of Nundidroog. — Colonel Ross reconnoitres Savandroog. — Savandroog 
 captured. — Surrender of Ramgherry and Shivagherry. — Tippoo's Lines. — 
 Assault of Tippoo's Lines. — Seringapatam Island. — Attack made by Tippoo's 
 Cavalry. — Bombay Army crosses the Cauvery. — General Orders regarding 
 operations of Engineers. — Action on night of 21st. — Two of Tippoo's sons 
 enter camp as hostages. — Tippoo signs articles of peace. — Colonel Maxwell 
 sent against the Poligar of Shevagherry. 
 
 At the close of December 1789, Tippoo attacked Travancore, 
 and preparations were made by the English for a campaign.* 
 General Medows, who had arrived at Madras on 2()th February, 
 as Commander-in-Chief, took command. 
 
 By 14th March, a small force was collected at Conjeveram, 
 and a large one at Trichinopoly. 
 
 On 31st January the Chief Engineer sent in a plan for the 
 establishment of a corps of guides. He recommended that the 
 corps should consist of 100 men. Fifty of these to be stationed 
 in the Carnatic, twenty-five north of the Kistna, and twenty- 
 five south of the Coleroon. This corps was to obtain informa- 
 
 * Travancore wa.s under our protection.
 
 214 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1790. 
 
 tion regarding the country — especially with reference to roads 
 and passes, and all their plans and reports were to be lodged 
 in the Chief Engineer's office. This proposal was not 
 approved] of in its entirety, hut a corps was formed of fifty, as 
 follows : — 
 
 1 head guide ... pay 6 pagodas ... batta 6 fanams. 
 1 second guide „ 4 ,, ... ,,3 ,, 
 
 48 guides ... „ 2 „ ... „ 1 f. 30 c. 
 
 with three officers — 
 
 Captain John Pringle, 
 Lieutenant Beatson, 
 Lieutenant Allen. 
 
 On 19th March the following engineer officers were ordered 
 to hold themselves in readiness to join the army in the 
 field :— 
 
 Major Maule ; Captains Trapaud and Kisselback ; Lieutenants 
 Ryland, Bong, Mackenzie ; Ensigns Cree, Barclay, and John- 
 stone.* 
 
 The Chief Engineer (Lieutenant- Colonel Ross) forwarded a 
 statement of artificers and lascars required for engineers in 
 camp. 
 
 1 syrang. 1 maistry. 
 
 I tindal. I under maistry. 
 
 50 lascars. 50 coolies. 
 
 52 total. 52 total. 
 
 2 maistry smiths. 1 brazier maistry. 
 
 6 smiths. 1 bricklayer maistry 
 
 2 maistry carpenters. 6 hammer men. 
 
 12 carpenters. 6 bellows boys. 
 
 The Committee were inclined to refuse the artificers, and both 
 
 * On 9th April 1790 Ensign Edward Cudmore was removed from the Infantry 
 to the Engineers.
 
 1790.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 215 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer) and Major Maule* 
 (who was to command the engineers in the field) strongly 
 remonstrated, saying that the sieges of Tanjore and Pondicherry 
 had been protracted to a considerable length on account of the 
 establisliment being insufficient. 
 
 In spite of these remonstrances, the Government confirmed the 
 opinion of the Committee. 
 
 On 17th May, General Medows embarked for the south to take 
 command of the army. 
 
 On the 24th he assumed the command of nearly 15,000 men 
 at Trichinopoly, and on the 26th made his first march. 
 
 The plan of campaign was as follows : — 
 
 The southern army, under General Medcws, to reduce the 
 Coimbatore district, and ascend the Gugglehutty pass The 
 Bombay army to act on the west, and Colonel Kelly, with a 
 small force, to watch the passes into the Baramahl. 
 
 General Medows reached Coimbatore on 22nd July, without 
 any opposition to speak of, and detached a force against Palghaut 
 the next day. 
 
 The army was divided into six brigades — two European and 
 four native. 
 
 The ist European Brigade consisted of: — H. M.'s 3Gth and 
 52nd, two la-pounders and eight 6-pounders, commanded by 
 Major S. Kelly. 
 
 Tho 2nd European Brigade, — H. M.'s 7 1st and 72nd, and 
 1st Company's Europeans, two 12-pounders and eight G-pounders, 
 commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Clarke. 
 
 l.sf Native Brigade. — 1st, Gth, and 10th battalion Sepoys, with 
 one I8-pounder and six G-pounders, commanded by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Oldham. 
 
 2nd Native Brigade. — 2nd, 7th, and 20th battalion Sepoys, 
 
 • At siege of Pondicherry in 1778, Maule commanded the north attack He 
 was also at the two sieges of Tanjore and at capture of Ramnadpuram.
 
 216 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1790. 
 
 with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Trent. 
 
 Srd Native Brigade.— Srd, 4th, and 33rd battalion Sepoys, 
 with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by Major 
 Cuppage. 
 
 Ath Native Brigade. — 5th, 14th, and 25th battalion Sepoys, 
 with one 18-pounder and six 6-pounders, commanded by Major 
 Dupont. 
 
 In each wing there were one European and two Native 
 brigades. 
 
 Colonel Musgrave, commanding the line. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Malcombe, Adjutant- General. 
 Lieutenant Colonel Camwell, Quartermaster-General. 
 Colonel Nixon, commanding right wing. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, commanding left wing 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Floyd, commanding Cavalry. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, commanding Artillery. 
 Major Maule, Chief Engineer. 
 Captain Beatson, Captain of the Guides. 
 
 On 7th June, the Pioneers were increased to five companies, 
 one lieutenant commanding, and one ensign. 
 
 Each company — 
 
 1 sergeant. 
 
 4 havildars. 
 
 4 naiques. 
 
 90 privates. 
 To carry — 
 
 60 hand- hatchets. 
 
 40 bill-hooks. 
 
 48 pick-axes. 
 
 6 picks. 
 
 10 felling-axes. 
 
 28 mamoties. 
 
 On 15th June, possession had been taken of Caroor; here the 
 array halted till 2nd July.
 
 1790.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 217 
 
 On the 6 til, Aravacoorchy surrendered, and Darapooram and 
 Coimbatore were occupied respectively on 10th and 21st July. 
 Colonel Stuart was sent to summon Palghaut. It refused to 
 surrender, and on account of the monsoon he was obliged to 
 return to Coimbatore. Stuart was then sent to Dindigul. 
 Moorhouse commanding the Artillery, and Trapaud being the 
 engineer with the force. 
 
 This force reached Dindigul on the 16th August. Two heavy 
 batteries and one of field-pieces for enfilade opened on the 20th. 
 The enemy's fire was soon silenced, but the breach was not 
 practicable ; still, as Colonel Stuart had no shot left, he deter- 
 mined to risk the assault. The ascent to the breach was found 
 quite impracticable. The assault was continued for some time, but 
 it failed. The enemy, however, being alarmed, surrendered shortly 
 after. Colonel Floyd, about the same time, took Sattimungalum. 
 Up to this time, a few forts had been taken, but nothing of 
 importance done, and parts of the army were posted at Coimba- 
 tore, Dindigul, Darapooram, Erode, and Sattimungalum.* 
 
 At this date. Colonel Kelly was commanding the centre army. 
 He and Lieutenant-Colonel Geils sent in a plan for the capture 
 of Bangalore. He proposed to enter enemy's country by the pass 
 of Mooglee, west of Chittoor, but it was pronounced by the Chief 
 Engineer (Lieutenant-Colonel Ross) and Captain George Hall, 
 commanding Artillery, inefficacious — 1st, because of state of the 
 Carnatic after Kelly's army marched ; and 2nd, because the force 
 available was insufficient to protect the battering train — so a less 
 extended scheme was called for. 
 
 * Lieutenant Dowse had been appointed to the command of the Pioneers on 
 the coast on 11th February 1790. 
 
 On 14th August Ensign John Blair was removed from the Infantry to the 
 Engineers. 
 
 On 11th August Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, Captain Hall, 
 commanding Artillery, and the Town Major, sent in a report of the posts neces- 
 sary to be established near Fort St. George, Vendalore, top of St. Thomas' 
 Mount, St. Thome, Nimgumbankum, Pursowankum, north of Black.
 
 218 MILITARY HISTORY Ol* THE tl790. 
 
 On 7th September, Colonel Ross sent in a return of engineers, 
 lascars, and fascine makers, necessary for the centre army. 
 
 1 captain. 2 subalterns. 
 
 2 tindals. 25 lascars. 
 
 1 maistry. 1 under maistry. 
 
 25 fascine makers. 18 artificers. 
 
 The Board thought three subaltern officers would suffice. 
 Lieutenant Lennon, Madras Engineers, to be one of these, and 
 " to command the pioneers, owing to his activity and experience 
 in his profession." 
 
 This was in the month of September.* 
 
 On the 23rd, Colonel Kelly died at Arnee, and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Maxwell succeeded him in the command. 
 
 On 21st September, Colonel Stuart was before Palghaut, and 
 two batteries were opened on that day at 400 yards. The fire of 
 the fort was silenced in two hours, and before night a practicable 
 breach was effected. Trapaud was the engineer, and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Moorhouse commanded artillery. 
 
 A place of arms in the covered way was seized ; the work, 
 however, was not yet complete, as there was a broad and deep 
 ditch to be crossed. Before daylight the enemy surrendered, 
 and soon after sunrise the place was taken possession of. 
 
 The army was now divided into three divisions. The main army 
 at Coimbatore ; another division, under Colonel Floyd, about 
 sixty miles in advance, at the foot of the Guzzlehutty pass, 
 while Colonel Stuart was near Palghaut. 
 
 On the 11th, Colonel Floyd was on the Bhowany, He had 
 one regiment of Dragoons, and two of native cavalry, 3rd and 
 5th, 36th Regiment, and four battalions sepoys and artillery. 
 
 Tippoo descended in great force on the 12th September, 
 crossed the river at Poongar, and on the 18th advanced on 
 Sattimungalum, to cut ofi" Colonel Floyd's division. The contest 
 
 * Ensign Wood of Engineers joined centre army in September.
 
 1790J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 219 
 
 lasted two days, and, though the enemy suffered heavily, Floyd 
 had to retire, leaving behind him some grain and two damaged 
 guns — one I2-pounder and one 18-pounder. The Bhowany was 
 crossed in basket-boats. At 1 p.m., the enemy attacked again, 
 and harassed the force by many attacks, which were all repulsed 
 in good style, but another 6-pounder, and two tumbrils were 
 taken. 
 
 Medows, as soon as he heard of the reverse, moved forward, 
 and they met at Veladdy. Floyd left behind him 200 killed and 
 wounded. Among the killed were Lieutenant-Colonel Deare, 
 Bengal Artillery, Captain Hartley and Lieutenant Armstrong, 
 36th, and Assistant-Surgeon Norris. The Artillery lost one 
 18-pounder, a 12-pounder, and a 6-pounder; the two first-named 
 were damaged guns. Owing to this disaster Erode and Dara- 
 pooram fell into 'I'ippoo's hands. On the 20th September the 
 army again marched to Coimbatore, and Colonel Stuart rejoined 
 from Palghaut. 
 
 On the 29th, General Medows left Coimbatore, and marched 
 towards Erode and Darapooram in search of the enemy. 
 
 On 7th October, Medow's camp was at Caroor, after 
 pursuing the enemy for eight days without being able to come 
 up with them. 
 
 On the 29th, Medows was at Erode. On 8th November, 
 having reason to believe the enemy had gone towards Maxwell, 
 he began to cross the Cauvery, and on the 10th November 
 arrived in the Baramahl. 
 
 At Darapooram, Tippoo captured 136 Europeans and 173 
 natives, including six officers and two surgeons, Captain Evans 
 commanding. On 6th October, 8 a.m., enemy appeared in great 
 force, and Tippoo was said to be near with his whole army. At 
 3 P.M. infantry and guns were brought into the pettah, and they 
 began to construct batteries. The next day the batteries were 
 nearly completed, one within 300 yards on south face, one 200 
 ards from north face. As the English had no guns, defence was
 
 •220 MILITAEY HISTOEl OF THE [1790. 
 
 deemed impracticable. Fort was delivered up on the 8th at 
 4 P.M. Garrison marched out with colours flying. Private 
 property was secured. The troops were not to serve again 
 during the war. 
 
 At this time, Colonel Maxwell (in command of Centre Army) had 
 established his head-quarters at Cauverypatam (9th November). 
 
 On the J 2th, the Mysore army came in sight (Medows had 
 now just crossed the Cauvery). Maxwell, in the most spirited 
 manner, offered him battle, although greatly inferior in point of 
 numbers ; but Tippoo declined it. 
 
 On the 15th, Maxwell nearly surprised him at Santamarun- 
 hully, but Tippoo got away by the Palcole pass. 
 
 On the 17th, the two Euglish armies effected a junction, 
 marched on the 18th to Womtenellore, and intended to have 
 gone up the Cauverypooram pass ; but on our march Medows 
 found that the enemy had doubled back, and was upon his march 
 before us. We came up with Tippoo in the course of a very 
 long march, and cannonaded his rear ; but he got down the 
 Tapoor pass, and continued before us to Erode. 
 
 On the 22nd, the pursuit was continued in the hope that 
 Tippoo would not be able to cross the Cauvery unmolested. 
 
 The army pursued as far as Caroor, when it was found he had 
 crossed the river lower down. Tippoo's object was evidently to 
 detain us below the ghauts till his crops were cut. General 
 Medows thought the best mode to draw him out of the country was 
 to go up the ghauts ourselves, and he intended to go by Cauvery- 
 pooram pass, taking post at head of Guzzlehutty pass, and 
 opening the Tambercherry one, thus preserving our com.munica- 
 tions with Coimbatore, Palghaut, and the West Coast. However, 
 on 5th December, hearing of the approaching arrival of Lord 
 Cornwallis, he gave his plan up, and marched to Trichinopoly, 
 where he propused to remain till 1st January, to put the army 
 into Cornwallis' hand in a good place and state. 
 
 It should Le mentioned, that when General Medows marched
 
 1790-91.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 221 
 
 towards the Baramahl, Colonel Hartley, who had been left at 
 Palghaut, successfully attacked a detachment of Tippoo's troops 
 ten miles from Palghaut, with a loss of five killed, and forty 
 wounded. Amongst the wounded were four ofBcers, and one of 
 these was Captain William Henry Blachford, Bombay Engineers. 
 Hartley pursued the enemy and took possession of Furkabad ; 
 enemy's loss 1,000 killed and wounded, and 1,500 men laid 
 down their arms at Purkabad. 
 
 The fort was then destroyed, and Beypore taken possession of. 
 Cornet Rideout, Madras Establishment, was found in the fort. 
 
 On 13th November, the Nabob's troops in Chepank became 
 unruly, and Lieutenant-Colonel Boss proceeded with a detach- 
 ment to Chepank House to quiet them. They were clamouring 
 for pay. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross had a great deal of trouble 
 in arranging the whole affair, and the troops lay on their arras 
 the whole night. The Board approved of the conduct of 
 Colonel Ross. 
 
 28th December. — Major Banks sent in a certificate of ill- 
 health, and desired to retire on Lord Clive's bounty, and about a 
 month after embarked. To obtain Lord Clive's pension he had 
 to take the oath that he was not possessed of £2,500. 
 
 Ensign Barclay, of Engineers, died at Trichinopoly on 9th 
 July ; and on 6th November, Lieutenant Ryland was allowed to 
 go away for the benefit of his health. He died at Calcutta, 12th 
 June 1791. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis landed at Madras on 13th December. On 
 the 30th the army commenced its march from Trichinopoly 
 towards the Presidency, and on 27th January 1791 encamped at 
 Vellout, eighteen miles from Madras. Two days later, Lord 
 Cornwallis assumed command. On 5th February, the march 
 re-commenced from Vellout, and on the 1 1th, the army was con- 
 centrated at Vellore. A battalion moved up the valley to 
 Amboor, as if it was intended to move by that pass up the 
 ghauts ; but the main army moved to the north, then, turning to
 
 222 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1791. 
 
 the west, ascended through the pass of Mooglee, and occupied 
 the summit in four days. Tn four more, the battering train and 
 provisions for forty-five days were on the table-land of Mysore, 
 ninety miles from Bangalore, without firing a shot. Meantime 
 Tippoo, having expected the British by a more southern pass, 
 was carefully guarding the passes on that side. Our army now 
 marched past Colar and Ooscottah to within ten miles of 
 Bangalore, without molestation. On 4th March, the enemy's 
 cavalry appeared. The English encampment had its left on 
 some rising ground running at right angles to its general 
 direction, and at its foot was a swampy hollow, whicli extended 
 several miles in front and rear of its left. 
 
 Next morning, Tippoo made a demonstration. Lord Corn- 
 wallis drew up in order of battle that part which was to form 
 the rear, on heights fronting the enemy ; while his remaining 
 columns, heavy ordnance, &c,, marched in its rear, and towards 
 Bangalore ; the line on the heights then broke into columns, 
 and moved after, covering the rear. A distant cannonade termi- 
 nated the business, and the British took up their ground before 
 Bangalore late in the day. Next day. Lord Cornwallis moved to 
 stronger ground. Tn the morning, the Engineers (Major Maule 
 was Chief Engineer) made a reconnaisance to the north-east, 
 covered by the cavalry, and at 3 p m. all the cavalry and a brigade 
 of infantry moved for a similar purpose to the south-west. 
 Tippoo had meantime marched to the west of Bangalore, while 
 his encampment was to the south-west of it. Tippoo's cavalry, 
 under Balajee Row, was ordered to check the British. Colonel 
 Floyd moved on them with 1 9th Dragoons, and a native regiment 
 on its right, followed by all the rest of the cavalry. The infantry 
 were left behind in a hollow. Our cavalry charged, and pursued 
 the enemy to the rocks (marked A B C on the plan), south-west 
 of the fort, a mile and a half distant from it. Colonel Floyd was 
 shot through both jaws, and a retreat commenced. Meantime 
 Colonel Floyd remounted ; the cavalry, however, were obliged to
 
 1791.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 223 
 
 retire, and the confusion was extreme. Major Gowdie, with 
 his guns and infantry, which were posted about 8,000 yards east 
 of the rocky ground, then advanced, and enabled the cavalry to 
 rally in his rear while he opened fire, which soon cleared the 
 field. The cavalry, followed by the infantry and guns, returned 
 in good order to camp. Our casualties were seventy-one men 
 and 271 horses. Ten of the enemy's guns were brought in as 
 trophies. On this night, Tippoo moved to Kingherry, leaving 
 8,000 troops in the fort under Behander Khan, and 2,000 
 infantry, and .5,000 armed peons in the pettah. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis determined to commence the siege from the 
 north-east, where he was encamped.* 
 
 The fort was oval, with round towers at intervals, five 
 cavaliers, a faussebraye, a ditch and covered way ; but the glacis 
 was imperfect. 
 
 The fort had two gateways, called respectively Mysore and 
 Delhi ; the latter north-east of fort opposite the pettah, overbuilt 
 with traverses, and the former south-south-west, the road thence 
 leading to Kingherry. 
 
 The pettah to the north of fort was surrounded with a rampart 
 and ditch, with an intermediate space planted with thorns 
 (prickly pear, &c.), 100 yards wide. The pettah had several 
 gates covered with fleches; there were no drawbridges. It was 
 resolved to take the pettah 
 
 The engineers present at the siege of Bangalore were : — 
 Major Maule, Chief Engineer. 
 Captain Ogg. 
 
 Lieutenant Russell, joined shortly after. 
 „ Norris. 
 
 ,, Lennon. 
 
 „ Mackenzie, Adjutant of Engineers. 
 
 Ensign Cree. 
 
 * A Corps of European Pioneers was formed, to consist of one sergeant, one 
 corporal, and ten privates from each corps, and to be under the command of 
 Ensign Macpherson, H.M.'b 52nd.
 
 224 MILITARY HISTORY OF THa 
 
 [1791 
 
 Ensign Johnstone. 
 
 „ Wood. 
 
 „ Caldwell. 
 
 „ Pyefinch. 
 On the 7th the pettah was taken hy assault 
 At 4 A.M., a detachment, consisting of H.AI.'s 36th, and 24th 
 Bengal Native Infantry fwith four iron 18-pounders, and two 
 iron 12-pounders), assembled — the infantry under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Cockerell, the artillery under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Moorhouse. When they got within 400 yards of the place, they 
 had to halt for the Chief Engineer (Major Maule) * for about 
 half an hour ; as soon as he joined, they proceeded under cover 
 of some rising ground to within 100 yards, when the heavy guns 
 were fired at the works, the enemy returning the fire witli musketry 
 and rockets. Thirty yards from the gate, the flank companies 
 of the 36th were ordered to storm a work which covered it. 
 This they carried with loss of only one man. 
 
 They were about to follow the enemy into the pettah, when they 
 were stopped by a second gateway, at the end of a narrow road 
 enclosed on each side by a high wall, and an impenetrable closely 
 set hedge of prickly pear. They endeavoured to blow open the 
 gate with the field-pieces; but failing, an iron I8-pounder was 
 ordered in, which succeeded in doing it in three or four rounds, 
 and the Grenadiers entered. About half an hour elapsed from first 
 arrival at the gate to its being blown open ; all this time the 
 enemy kept up an incessant fire of rockets and matchlocks. 
 The troops on entering carried everything before them, and 
 drove the enemy into the fort. Lieutenant-Colonel Moorhouse 
 was killed. He received two wounds, but did not discontinue 
 his exertions till two other musket-balls in his breast killed him. 
 We lost also. Captain Delany of 36th Regiment; and Lieutenant 
 Conan, brigade major of artillery, lost a leg, and died shortly 
 after. Several officers were wounded. 
 
 * Lieutenant Mackenzie of Madras Engineers accompanied him.
 
 BAN GAL, ORE, 
 
 R'^Hon^'^Earl Cornwallis. K G to to J 
 
 s\ 
 
 ;; ID E £reaiiii^^-B«,^ne'S '■>\
 
 1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 225 
 
 At this time, the English camp occupied the high ground 
 extending from the present railway station to the head of the 
 Oopurhully valley, thence across the ground now occupied by 
 the rifle-butts. To the south-west and south the camp fronted the 
 pettah 2,000 yards distant, and extended from the head of the 
 valley running to the west, as far as the head of the valley called 
 Shoolay. The Sultan hearing of the capture of the pettah 
 advanced from Kingherry to retake it. At the same time that 
 he sent Cummer-u din into the pettah with large reinforcements, 
 he made a show of attacking our camp, and cannonaded our 
 line (which was drawn up on the ground occupied by the rifle- 
 butts) from a distance of 2,000 yards, his troops being drawn 
 up in the rear, and to the south west of Muntapum hill. Lord 
 Cornwallis saw through Tippoo's design, and reinforced the 
 pettah. The efforts made for the recovery of the pettah were 
 spirited, but, after a prolonged contest, the Mysoreans were 
 drivcMi from every quarter at the point of the bayonet with 
 a loss 2,000 killed and wounded. The English casualties were 
 131. Two stands of colours were captured from the enemy. 
 
 On the 7th and 8th, the first parallel was formed by cutting 
 down a part of the pettah wall, and on the evening of the 9th, 
 the first battery was commenced for ten 18-pounders, near the 
 east end of the pettah, and about 1,050 yards from the fort wall. 
 This battery opened fire on the 12th. Wilks speaks of the 
 " lamentable error of the engineers in erecting the first battery 
 without previously ascertaining its exact distance." To ascertain 
 this was, I should imagine, quite impracticable, and I fail to 
 see that the distance was too great, as the battery was constructed 
 to take off' the fire of the fort and generally damage the defences. 
 
 The same day (12th) two enfilading batteries were opened, 
 with two 12-pounder8 each, about 150 yards apart, and 900 and 
 9o0 yards distant from the fort. 
 
 On the I4th, another battery of two 24-pounders was opened, 
 about 600 yards from the fort, almost due north of the Delhi 
 
 15
 
 226 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1791. 
 
 Gate. One of the guns was disabled by the superior fire of the 
 enemy, and the other had to be withdrawn. This I think shows 
 that it would not have been practicable to place the first battery 
 much closer than the site selected. 
 
 It should also be noted, that the eastern portion of the pettah 
 is on commanding ground, that is, from the pettah gate whicli 
 was attacked up to the east extremity of the pettah, and it was 
 on this high ground that the first battery was erected. Besides 
 this, the choice of sites for batteries was limited A battery 
 requires a considerable space of open ground, and it would have 
 taken a long time to clear the ground, at a point, say a 
 couple of hundred yards closer, as the pettah was crowded 
 with houses. 
 
 By reference to the plan it will be at once seen that all the 
 sites selected for the batteries were points at which there happened 
 to be vacant spaces of ground. 
 
 At 2 P.M. on the 16th, a breaching battery, with one 
 24-pounder and seven IS-pounders (removed from first battery), 
 opened fire at a distance of 600 yards, on the same spot at which 
 it had been attempted to open a battery on the 14th. At first 
 this eight-gun battery could not work witli eflPect, but early 
 next morning (17th) its fire proved most useful. 
 
 This day, Tippoo attempted to relieve the place by making 
 an attack on our camp from the north and north-east. The 
 main body of his cavalry were posted on the reverse side of 
 the Muntapum hill ; while other bodies of them were drawn 
 up to the north of our camp, as well as to the north-east 
 of the Ulsoor tank ; while his line extended on the high 
 ground from ShevenhuUy to Sultanpore. On the rocky hillock 
 (known now as No. 4 signal station) near ShevenhuUy, he 
 had six guns, and a number of others were posted along the 
 heights at intervals. Tippoo, however, had no wish to com- 
 mence a general engagement, and after cannonading our line 
 for some time, drew ofi' again. Some of his cavalry got into
 
 1791] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 227 
 
 camp, and did some little damage — forty or fifty on our side 
 being killed and wounded. 
 
 On the 17th, Captain Slipper, of Madras Artillery, was killed 
 in the eight-gun battery, with several other Europeans and 
 natives. 
 
 On the 18th, the breach was considered practicable by 
 some ; but Lord Cornwallis ordered another parallel to be laid 
 out, and a battery constructed to its left for four guns, 
 within 3C0 yards of the fort, to bear upon the round bastions, 
 right and left of the gateway. This opened fire on the morning 
 of the I'Jth, and during the day two more guns were advanced 
 to the battery. Two mortar batteries had also been constructed, 
 one close to the six-gun battery, and the other 150 yards to the 
 left of it, outside the pettah hedge, and covered by paddy-fields, 
 which extended from the hedge up to the bank of the tank east 
 of the fort. 
 
 A constant cannonade was kept up on the breach and neigh- 
 bouring towers. The artillery fire of the enemy was now mud- 
 reduced, but our fire was replied to sharply by matchlocks froui 
 covert-way and outworks. The six-gun battery appears to have 
 concentrated its fire on the towers clese to the gateway ; while 
 the eight-gun battery fired on the breach in the curtain near 
 tlie large round tower (wliere the present gate stands). 
 
 On the 20th, the fire widened the breach, and at dusk a 
 working party opened a sap from the advanced battery to the crest 
 of the glacis. The enemy attempted to stockade the breach. 
 
 On the 20th, Tippuo, seeing that the breach would shortly 
 be assaulted, came down on the early morning of the 21st with a 
 large force to protect an advanced body with heavy guns, who 
 had on previous day been opening embrasures in the bank of the 
 tank to the east of the fort, from which they might destroy the 
 trenches and open sap, now advanced near the crest of the glacis, 
 and no longer covered by the works and buildings of the pettah. 
 Tippoo's force wis drawn up from east end ol ihib tank bunk, 
 
 15 •
 
 228 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791. 
 
 his left flank resting on the tank. His line extended south of 
 the valley which runs away from the fort in a south-east 
 direction, his right resting on Coramungalum tank. These 
 movements were made under cover of a heavy fog. It cleared 
 about 8 A M., and our right wing, which had been posted near 
 the Shoolay tank, advanced along the elevated ground now 
 called the brigade-ground, or Arab lines, This advance com- 
 pelled Tippoo to abandon his attempt at the time In the 
 evening, however, the attempt was renewed, and Lord 
 Cornwallis determined to deliver the assault without any further 
 delay. 
 
 The siege works were commenced on the 8th, and completed 
 on the 20th. In the space of twelve days, in addition to the 
 parallels, and sap to the crest of the glacis, the following batteries 
 had been constructed by the engineers : — 
 
 1 battery of ten 18-pounders. 
 
 2 batteries of two 12-pounders each. 
 1 battery of two 24 -pounders. 
 
 1 breaching battery, with one 24-pounder and seven 
 l8-pounders. 
 
 1 breaching battery with six guns, and 
 
 2 mortar batteries. 
 
 Total 8 batteries. 
 
 It seems that for this the engineers deserved great credit. 
 
 Tippoo was aware of the intended assault, as he warned the 
 garrison, and appointed two corps to fall on the flanks of the 
 assailants. 
 
 His camp was at Gignee, six miles to south-west, and at 
 nightfall he moved to within one and a half miles of the Mysore 
 gate. After sun-set the fire of the guns from the breaching 
 batteries was kept up on the breaches, and even while the assault 
 was taking place, the fire was continued with blank cartridges. 
 
 The communication over the ditch was by a narrow cause-
 
 1791.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 229 
 
 way, but this had been cut across, leaving only a pathway two 
 feet broad. At 11 p.m. (moon shining bright), the storming 
 party moved out in profound silence, and the ladders to ascend 
 the fausse braye and the projecting work on the right were nearly 
 planted before the enemy took the alarm. Just as the struggle 
 commenced on the breach a few men had got to the rampart by a 
 circuitous way, along a thin shattered wall, and they were now 
 on the left of the party of the enemy who were engaged in 
 defeuding the breach. They quietly halted to increase their 
 numbers, and then charged with the bayonet. 
 
 The killadar was killed defending his post in the most gallant 
 manner, and, until he fell, the resistance was obstinately pro- 
 tracted, but the two assaults in front and flank were too much 
 for the defenders ; and when the assailants were established on 
 tlie ramparts, they proceeded by alternate companies right and 
 left, until they met over the Mysore Gate. Separate columns 
 descended into the body of the place, and in an hour all 
 opposition had ceased. 
 
 While the assault was being made, a large body was observed 
 advancing from the tank embankment on our left, to attack 
 assaulting party in flank and rear, but they were repulsed 
 with great slaughter by troops placed specially for that 
 purpose. In the same way, another column lodged in covered- 
 way on the right was dispersed by a body appointed with that 
 object. Just after the fort was secured, a third column was 
 remarked, about to enter and re inforce the garrison. The guns 
 on the ramparts were turned on them, when, of course, they 
 retired The slaughter of the enemy was severe, but the 
 English loss was comparatively small. 
 
 In the assault alone, the enemy lost 1,000 killed, the number 
 of wounded was not ascertained- Although the English loss, 
 killed and wounded, was less than 450, the work of the 
 previous fortnight had been so heavy, that the hospitals were 
 crowded.
 
 230 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791. 
 
 There were two detachments of pioneers with the army — one 
 commanded hy Lieutenant Lennon, of the Madras Engineers, 
 and the other by Lieutenant Dowse, of the infantry. Captain 
 Beatson commanded the guides. Two days after the capture 
 of Bangalore, Lord Cornwallis ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Boss 
 to proceed to Amhoor, and join the army with Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Oldham's detachment as soon as possible, as Major 
 Maule was ill and could not continue on service. He said that 
 he required another captain of engineers, as Captain Ogg was 
 also ill. Lieutenant Bussell was accordingly ordered to join the 
 army to replace Captain Ogg. 
 
 Lieutenant Mackenzie was present with Major Maule at the 
 assault of the pettah gate, and he was also with the storming 
 party employed against the fort. Although there were doubtless 
 other engineer officers present, T have been unable to ascertain 
 their names. 
 
 Our total loss in the siege operations was 431 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Europeans, 58 killed ; wounded 1 80 ; missing 1 
 Natives 62 „ „ 123 „ 7 
 
 Total 120 303 8 
 
 Horses 36 „ „ 11 „ 224 
 
 The great loss of horses, 271, was a serious misfortune, as it 
 crippled the cavalry very much. On the 1st day, Lieutenant 
 Wellwood of 2nd Native Cavalry was killed, and Colonel Floyd 
 and Cornet Forbes of 3rd Native Cavalry wounded. On this day, 
 our loss in killed and wounded was 77. On the 7th, when 
 the pettah was assaulted, we lost 3 officers killed and 4 
 wounded, 26 men killed and 98 wounded. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Moorhouse, Madras Artillery, killed. 
 Lieutenant Conan, ,, „ 
 
 Captain Delany, H,M.'s 36th „
 
 1791.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 231 
 
 Captain Hart. 
 
 Lieutenant Evre. ^ 
 
 r)' c r H.M.'s 36th, wounded 
 „ rarefoy ' 
 
 „ St John I 
 On the 21st, when the assault of the fort took place, we lost — 
 17 men killed, and 5 officers and Si men wounded. 
 Tiieutenant Evans, H.^M.'s 52nd, wounded, 
 r'aptiiin Wood, „ 74th ,, 
 
 Lieutenant John Campbell, H.M.'s, 74th, wounded. 
 
 Captain ^larkham ) 
 
 TT-^i,, .^ „ T 11 r 70th, wounded. 
 Volunteer Lewellyn j ' 
 
 The loss of the Pioneers was — 
 
 Killed, 2 sergeants, 1 Pfavildar, and 21 men ; total 24 
 
 Wounded, 1 sergeant, and 24 men ... ... ,, 2o 
 
 Missing, 3 men ... ... ... ... ,, 3 
 
 Grand total 52 
 
 Tliis was more tlian any other corps, except H.M.'s 3Gth, who 
 lost ten killed and lil'ty-eight wounded, but more of the Pioneers 
 were killed than in any other corps. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Terrot, of H.^I.'s o2nd, was killed on 
 I6tii. Ensign J. L. Caldwell,'' Madras Engineers, was wounded 
 in the trenches 
 
 (Jn the 22nd, Lord Cornwallis marched to the south-west 
 of the fort, and then, having levelled the approaches and 
 batteries, cleared and repaired the breach, and organised an 
 arsenal, he moved north, e/f route to DeonhuUy. 
 
 A detaciiment of artillery was left with the heavy park in the 
 fort, under Coh^nel Duff. Ensign Manoury, H.M.'s 52nd, did 
 duty as assistant engineer in the fort. 
 
 Tippoo moved towards Pedda Balapoor, and as the two 
 ronds by which the armies marched crossed diagonally, they met. 
 
 * This officer afterwards became General Sir J. L. Caldwell. G.C B.
 
 232 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1791. 
 
 Tippoo personally covered his retreat with his cavalry, and in 
 effecting it, he lost one hrass 9-pounder. 
 
 Our army halted after a march of twenty miles. Tippoo 
 meantime collected his troops at Pedda Balapoor after a twenty- 
 six mile march ; but finding he was only eleven miles from the 
 English, he resumed his march, after a few hours' halt, to the 
 north-west towards Shevagunga. Lord Cornwallis' object was to 
 effect a junction with the Nizam's cavalry. 
 
 Deonhully and Chota Balapoor surrendered. The latter 
 was garrisoned by Poligars, who undertook its defence ; unfortu- 
 nately the place was retaken by escalade shortly after, and the 
 garrison suffered the amputation of a leg and an arm each. 
 Lord Cornwallis marched north for seventy miles, and then 
 remained stationary for eight days. After some uncertainty he 
 resumed his northern route, and formed a junction with the 
 cavalry two days after. Having done so, the united body 
 marched to Vencatagherry in direction of a convoy, which was 
 escorted by 4,000 men. 
 
 Tippoo attempted a strike at the convoy but was foiled, and 
 the united bodies of English troops moved again to Bangalore on 
 the 28th April. 
 
 The garrison at Bangalore was withdrawn, and replaced by 
 detachment from each regiment under orders of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Oldham. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis had all his public departments in a some- 
 what crippled state ; but by great exertions he was able to 
 advance with ample equipments of every kind except cattle. 
 
 Tippoo had taken up a strong position on the Cheunapatam 
 Eoad, supported by the hill forts of Ramgherry and Shevigherry, 
 close to where the town of Closepett now stands. Lord Cornwallis, 
 to avoid the difficulties of this position, took the road by Can- 
 kanhully nearer the Cauvery. The army marched on 3rd May. 
 
 The inhabitants on this route, with all their cattle, had been 
 removed to Sivasamoodrum. The road, or track, was much
 
 1791.1 
 
 MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 238 
 
 intersected with rivulets and ravines, and as there was a good 
 deal of rain, the exhaustion of the cattle daily increased. On 
 the 13th May, the army reached Arrikera, nine miles east of 
 Seringapatam. At this time, the Bombay army, under General 
 Abercromhie, was in possession of Periapatam, forty miles west 
 of Seringapatam. 
 
 The ordnance with the Madras army was 52 field pieces, a few 
 howitzers, and 15 siege guns. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis, on arriving at Arrikera, found the Sultan's 
 army six miles in his front, with their right on the Cauvery, and 
 left alongside a rugged hill. The intermediate ground for 
 approach of English army was narrowed to one and a half miles, 
 and further on to a mile. Lord Cornwallis found he could cross 
 the ridge of hills on his right, and, after descending, would 
 gain the direct road from Chennapatam to Seringapatam; so he 
 determined to attempt to turn the enemy's left hy a night march, 
 gain his rear, and cut off his retreat. 
 
 Orders were given for six regiments Europeans, twelve 
 battalions native infantry, three regiments of native cavalry, and 
 ]9th Dragoons, with field-pieces, to march at 11 p.m.; the 
 rest of the army remaining to protect the camp, &c. 
 
 The difficulty of the ground (which was full of ravines), 
 was greatly enhanced by a heavy storm of rain, and the conse- 
 quent darkness. 
 
 The corps got separated and confused, and nothing could be 
 done till dawn. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis now determined to force an action. In rear 
 of Tippoo's position was the high hill of Carighaut, crowned by 
 a redoubt. Tippoo's own position was a lower branch of the same 
 ridge, and a more direct continuation of the Carighaut Hill 
 running north formed a rocky ridge two or three miles on his 
 left, at right angles with the line of the English column, 
 which was descending the Eastern Hill to cross the same ravine 
 which ran along his front.
 
 234 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [mi. 
 
 Tippoo seized this rocky ridge with cavalry, infantry, and 
 eight guns, and changed front to the left with his main hody ; 
 he then advanced. As soon as the first English corps cleared 
 the hollow and ravines, the guns on the rocky ridge opened on 
 them. 
 
 In front of the English column was now a strong position 
 occupied by a powerful force, and on the left the main body of 
 the enemy preparing to advance in line. The English army was 
 accordingly ordered to form into two fronts at right angles to 
 each other. While this was being done, Tippoo's cavalry made 
 an unsuccessful attack. 
 
 The formation of the English army being completed, the 
 position on the rocky ridge was attacked by five battalions, under 
 Colonel Maxwell. The eight guns were drawn off, but the 
 infantry continued to fire. Colonel Maxwell quickly broke the 
 infantry, and even took three guns. This attack having been 
 successful, the remainder of the army advanced in two lines 
 against the main body, and the action became general. 
 
 After the British line had passed the first hollow, and was 
 ascending the next height, the fire of Tippoo's artillery relaxed, 
 and the infantry covered the retreat of his guns. As the 
 British advanced the enemy's infantry retreated, making a stand 
 at each succeeding height. Colonel Maxwell, by this time, was 
 turning the enemy's left, and the Mysore infantry began to 
 retreat more rapidly. Our cavalry now charged the rear-guard 
 of the enemy's infantry, and nearly destroyed them. 
 
 The cavalry were then drawn off; but the Nizam's cavalry by 
 this time were in front of the left wing of our army, and for 
 some time would neither advance nor recede to the left, and an 
 opportunity was thus given for the escape of Tippoo's infantry 
 and guns. On getting clear of the cavalry, the position of the 
 Mysoreans was quickly forced, and pursuit continued till the 
 works on the Seringapatam island covered the fugitives. 
 
 The English army lay on their arms on the ground where the
 
 1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 235 
 
 battle terminated, and, when the tents arrived, encamped just out 
 of range of the enemy's cannon on the island. 
 
 Our loss in the battle was — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 
 
 Europeans 27 113 — 140 
 
 Natives ... 54 226 6 286 
 
 81 339 6 426 
 
 besides 54 horses Four oflScers were killed and 18 wounded. 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Cornet J. Patterson, 19th Light Dragoons, 
 
 Lieutenant I. Leonard, H.M.'s 62nd. 
 
 „ Edward Brooke, H.M.'s 76th. 
 
 Ensign Charles Ross, 13th Bengal Native Infantry. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 Comet R. Mackenzie,) 
 
 T -r^ ^ - 19tn Dracfoons. 
 
 ,, J. rortman, j ^ 
 
 Lieutenant R. Frennan, H.M.'s 36th. 
 
 „ R. Mackenzie, H.M *s 71st. 
 
 Ensign J. Stuart ,, 
 
 Lieutenant William Whittle, H.M.'s 72nd. 
 
 C. Griffiths, „ 76th. 
 
 „ J. Dent, Staff. 
 
 ,, D. Macpherson, 2nd Battery Artillery. 
 
 „ J. Macarkill, 1 4th Bengal Native Infantry. 
 
 W. Maxwell, 28th 
 
 Ensign R. Spottiswood, ,, 
 
 Major Stevenson, \ 
 
 Cornet Forbes, I 3rd Native Cavalry. 
 
 „ M. Cosby,) 
 
 ,, J. Doveton, 5th „ 
 
 Lieutenant E. Corner, 1st Madras Native Infantry. 
 
 ,, S. Jewerett, ,, 
 
 The Pioneers only had two men wounded. 
 
 The loss sustained by Tippoo was never properly ascertained, 
 but the Mysoreans themselves put it at from 1,500 to 2,000.
 
 236 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1791. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis now moved on Caniambaddy by a circuitous 
 march of 20 miles. During the latter part uf the march from 
 Bangalore many of the heavy guns had to be dragged by the 
 troops, and in the two last marches to Caniambaddy all the 
 battering train, &c., was moved in that way. When Lord Corn- 
 wallis reached Caniambaddy he saw the impossibility of moving 
 the heavy guns any further, and resolved to relinquish the plan 
 of campaign. 
 
 On the 21st May, orders were sent to General Abercrombie to 
 return to Malabar. On the 22nd, all the batteiing train and 
 heavy equipments were destroyed. 
 
 On the 24th, Colonel Stuart with three brigades was sent 
 across the river to obtain intelligence regarding General Aber- 
 crombie. On the 2r)th, they returned without news. The Bombay 
 army, however, received the order to retire, buried their battering 
 train at the head of the pass, and reached the coast in safety. 
 
 Besides the difficulty about carriage for heavy stores, there 
 was an alarming deficiency in our public stock of ]n'ovisions, 
 rice selling at a pagoda for one seer.* 
 
 On 26th May, the army commenced its march to Bangalore 
 by a northern route past Hoolioor Droog. They had not gone 
 half a march, when they met the Mahratta army on 28th May at 
 Milgotta, under Purseram Bhow. Purseram Bhow had, on 7th 
 April 1791, captured Dharwar after a siege of twenty-nine weeks. 
 With him was Captain Little's detachment, which accompanied 
 the Mahratta array in accordance with treaty obligations. The 
 detachment did splendid service from May 1790, until late in 
 June 1792. Johnson and Stuart, of the Bombay Engineers, 
 served with the detachments. Johnson (afterwards C.B.) will 
 come under notice further on. 
 
 Stuart was killed at Dharwar on 16th January 1791, by a 
 musket ball in his breast. 
 
 " At 8 P.M., as the engineers were as usual going to repair 
 * A seer is about 2 lbs.
 
 1791.] MADEAS EKGINEEES. 237 
 
 damage done to oar battery in the day, Lieutenant Stuart was 
 killed. The detachment will sensibly feel the loss of this active 
 and promising young man." 
 
 He entered the service 21st November, 1782. 
 
 Tippoo's cavalry had been so excellent, that Cornwallis did 
 not know there was a Mahratta within 150 miles. 
 
 The English had now plenty of food, and the army moved 
 leisurely to Bangalore, wishing to subsist for as long as possible 
 on Tippoo's country. 
 
 On 14th June, it had only reached to about ten miles east of 
 Nagamungalum, and about ten miles distant from Hoolioor 
 Droog. 
 
 The town of Hoolioor was easily taken, and the garrison of 
 the fort capitulated. Hoolioor Droog was dismantled and 
 abandoned, and by the 9th July the army was encamped seven 
 miles west of Bangalore. After the requisite arrangements had 
 been made at Bangalore, Cornwallis moved in direction of 
 Palicode and Ryacottah. 
 
 On 15th July, Major Gowdie, who had been sent on in front 
 with a brigade, occupied Oossoor on the same day. The 
 engineers who accompanied this advanced brigade were : — 
 
 Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie, Ensigns Alexander Cree 
 and J. L. Caldwell. 
 
 From Oossoor, Major Gowdie advanced against the fort of 
 Ryacottah. 
 
 The lower works were forced before daylight by blowing open 
 a gale. Several successive gates were also carried ; but it was 
 considered imprudent to attempt the summit. Gowdie held his 
 ground in an intermediate line of works, half-way up the hill ; 
 and on the appearance of our army, the place capitulated after 
 two breaching guns and a regiment of sepoys had been sent to 
 re-inforce Gowdie. The place was found well supplied with 
 military stores, 400 stand of muskets, &c. During the operations 
 Ensign Alexander Cree, of the Madras Engineers, was killed.
 
 238 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11791. 
 
 Gowdie's brigade after this took Ancbitty Droog, Neelagbeery, 
 Kutnagberry, Oodea Droog, and Cbinrai Droog. 
 
 On 29tb July, tbe army moved again towards Oossoor to 
 cover a convoy from Amboor, wbich joined on lOtb August. 
 
 On 12tb September, Cornwallis determined to send Major 
 Gowdie with his brigade — four 12-pounders and one mortar — 
 to reduce Rahmanghur. It surrendered on evening of ] 7tb, 
 shortly after the artillery had opened fire. Major Gowdie then 
 marched towards Nundidroog. On arriving at Lilgotta he heard 
 that Curamer-u-din, with 5,000 horse and five " cushoons " of 
 infantry, was encamped at Goree Bednore, a pass twenty miles 
 north of Nundidroog, intending to relieve Gurrumcondah. 
 
 He halted two days, advanced on the 22nd to Nundy and 
 took possession of the pettah. 
 
 On the 23rd, Cummer-u-din arrived in the neighbourhood of 
 the fort, and Major Gowdie took post near Chinnda Balapoor. 
 
 Cornwallis moved north to protect Major Gowdie, and cover 
 the siege of Gurrumcondah as well. 
 
 It may here be mentioned that the remains of the late Colonel 
 Moorhouse were sent from Bangalore to the Presidency, and the 
 following inscription for Lieutenant-Colonel Moorhouse's 
 tablet,* drawn up by Major Maule, who was Chief Engineer 
 at the siege of Bangalore, will prove interesting to many, as 
 showing how highly Colonel Moorhouse was esteemed by his 
 brother ofiicers : — 
 
 " To record the public sense of the distinguished services, 
 and to perpetuate the memory of the late Joseph Moorhouse, 
 Esquire, Lieutenant- Colonel of the Coast Artillery, who was 
 killed at the attack of the Pettah Gate of Bengalore, on the 
 seventh day of March, Anno Domini mdccxci., this Tablet 
 was erected by orders of the Government of Madras, during the 
 administration of Sir Charles Oakley, Bart. Respect for the 
 
 * A monument was erected to the memory of Colonel Moorhouse by the East 
 India Company in St Mary's Chui'ch, Foi-t St. George, with another inscription.
 
 d'Ballayip(tt» m VtfJS'^ (^Or mlf, Sjgr 
 f/iaSuySr cnflgy"' O^'-W' ffie ^^ma 
 h h J/u Itv hrtt/^Jici; mri-ted iyolrrrrt 
 
 Part c/" fJtc lit/acfi»neni- ^tnrta f/ir .ri 
 
 
 N U N D I D R O O G 
 
 BM/T/SIf AJiMV SScTii 

 
 1791 J MADRAS ENGINEEES. 239 
 
 character, and Regret for the loss of an oflBcer, who from the ardent 
 love of his profession derived the most successful practice of it, 
 have rendered this Tribute, the Meed of Fame, doubly grateful 
 to those who have bestowed it, since in its transmission to 
 Posterity it will acquire additional Energy and Lustre from 
 the reflection that, to the eminent qualification of the Brave and 
 Gallant soldier were united the generous and social virtues of 
 the Truly Honest man." 
 
 The engineers present at the siege of Nundidroog were: — 
 Lieutenant Mackenzie, senior engineer. 
 Ensign Caldwell, and 
 „ Farquhar; also 
 „ Stokoe, Bengal Engineers. 
 
 In addition to these, Captain Kyd, of the Bengal Engineers, 
 Aide-de-Camp to Lord Cornwallis, gave his assistance. 
 
 Lieutenant Dowse commanded a body of 100 pioneers. 
 
 On 27th September 1791, Nundidroog was invested. The 
 fort is situated on a precipitous granite rock, 2,000 feet above 
 the plain. On the only accessible side, it was defended by two 
 strong walls, and an outwork to cover the gateway. 
 
 On the 29th, Major Gowdie was joined by two 24-pounders, 
 and four mortars. 
 
 On 2nd October, with astonishing labour, two 24-pounders, 
 two 12-pouuders, and two 18-pounders were dragged up, and 
 got into battery on an adjoining hill, by means of ropes fastened 
 round posts (driven into the ground) and trees ; and on the 4th 
 this and a mortar battery from the pettah opened fire, but the 
 height of the hill was too great for the mortars, and the guns 
 were unable to make any impression on the solid blocks of 
 stone, being too far off. It was then resolved to carry approaches 
 up the steep rocky hill to within breaching distance of the out- 
 work. Alter very great exertions batteries were erected and a 
 gun-road formed. Eight 18-pounders were dragged up the 
 Ml.
 
 240 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1T91. 
 
 Two elephants were used for each gun, assisted by four drag 
 ropes, and crowds of men. 
 
 On the 12th, this battery (within 500 yards of the outer wall), 
 opened fire, and soon silenced all the guns in its direction 
 except one on the south east angle. A traverse was raised 
 against this, and an additional battery was made ; into this, 
 with immense labour, a 12-pounder was conveyed, and under 
 its fire the south east angle gave way, and the gun was tumbled 
 down the rock. 
 
 Fire slackened till the 16th, when a fresh supply of ammunition 
 was received. The breach was now practicable, and on the 18th 
 the army moved up. An artillery ofiicer with a small mortar 
 (used as a petard for blowing open the gate of the inner wall) 
 accompanied the storming party. Resistance was at first great, 
 but did not last long. The gate in the inner wall was forced, 
 and the English became masters of the fort.* 
 
 On 19th October, Lord Cornwallis issued the following 
 order: — "Lord Cornwallis having been witness of the extra- 
 ordinary obstacles, both of nature and art, which were opposed 
 to the detachments of the army, which attacked Nundy Durgum. 
 He cannot too highly applaud the firmness, and exertions 
 which were manifested by all ranks in carrying on the 
 operations of the siege, or the valour and discipline which were 
 displayed by the flank companies of H.M.'s 36th and 7]8t. 
 To Captain Reed, for his almost unexampled! perseverance 
 in carrying on an approach, and establishing a parallel near the 
 enemy's works on the ascent of the hill, which was calculated to 
 facilitate the success of the assault ; to Captain Kyd, his 
 lordship's Aide-de-Camp, for the zealous and able professional 
 assistance which he gave as an engineer ; and to Lieutenant 
 Mackenzie, the senior engineer on duty, for the skill and 
 
 * The garrison lost GOO killed and wounded and prisoners ; seventeen guns 
 •were found mounted in the fort and many gingalls, and the place was found well 
 provided for a siege.
 
 1791.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 241 
 
 indefatigable industry which he uniformly exerted both at 
 Kahmanghur and during the whole of this siege, he tenders his 
 best thanks. 
 
 " Although the services of the Pioneers are less brilliant than 
 those of the troops, they are of peculiar value in such operations, 
 and his lordship thinks himself called on, in justice to Lieutenant 
 Dowse, and all non-commissioned officers and men of Pioneer 
 Corps, as well as to Ensign Stokoe, Bengal Engineers, who 
 assisted with so much ability in directing their labour, to declare 
 that their behaviour on this occasion has deserved his highest 
 commendation." 
 
 Our loss during the siege amounted to forty Europeans, and 
 eighty Natives, killed and wounded. 
 
 On 3 1st October, the Fort of Pinagra was taken by escalade by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton Maxwell, and on 7th November 
 Gurrumcondah was also captured. 
 
 On Srd November, after a most gallant defence of twenty eight 
 days, against tremendous odds, Lieutenant Chalmers surrendered 
 Coimbatore to Cummer-u-Din, Conditions were that the garri- 
 son were to go to Palghaut, and thence to Madras, and not to 
 serve again during present war ; but these were disregarded, they 
 were made prisoners, and eventually marched to Seringapatam. 
 
 On 29ih November, Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engi- 
 neer, was sent by Cornwallis to reconnoitre Savandroog. He 
 was accompanied by the Quartermaster-General, Captain 
 Beatson, of Guides, and Lieutenant Dowse, with pioneers. His 
 escort consisted of three battalions of infantry, besides a squadron 
 of cavalry under Lieutenant Elliot. 
 
 This fort is over 2,000 feet high, and is in two parts, separated 
 from one another by a great chasm 
 
 The lower works enclosed both these upper forts, and barriers 
 had b(;en erected wherever ascent was practicable. The rock is 
 ten miles in circumference, and surrounded by a dense forest 
 five or six miles deep, low and swampy. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 16
 
 242 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1791 
 
 Ross made a careful survey of the place, and from his report it 
 was determined to attack the north side. 
 
 On 8th Decemher, a detachment under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Stuart consisting of 52nd and 7£-nd Regiments, 14th and 26th 
 Bengal, and 6th Madras Native Infantry — Battery Equipment, 
 four 18-pounders, four 12-pounders, and two howitzers — was 
 ordered on this service. 
 
 To cover the attacking force, Lieutenant-Colonel Cockerell, 
 with two regiments of Madras Native Infantry and a company 
 of Artillery, was at Sandapeepa, einht miles north-east; Captain 
 Welsh, with three regiments Native Infantry, at Rahmanhulli, 
 eight miles east-south-east ; and Captain Read with another 
 detachment, was posted south-south-east. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, with engineers in camp, was ordered 
 to accompany, as well as Lieutenant Dowse with a division of 
 pioneers. 
 
 Lieutenant Mackenzie, Ensigns Caldwell and Farquhar, are 
 known to have heen present. 
 
 On the 10th, Lieutenant- Colonel Stuart marched. On the 
 11th, the pioneers cut a road through dense jungle to the place 
 where our hatteries were to be erected. 
 
 This was a work of incredible labour, over rocky hills and 
 through thick forest. In many places they were obliged to drag 
 the guns over high rocks, and the forest of bamboos greatly 
 increased their difficulties. The enemy oflFered little opposition, 
 as they relied on the strength of the place, and unhealthiness of 
 its surroundings. 
 
 The difficulties were so great, that it was not till the 1 7th 
 that two batteries opened, one of three 18-ponnders at 800 yards, 
 and other of three 12-pounders and two 18- pounders at 700 
 yards. The guns had to be fired with an elevation of 23°. 
 It was found, however, that as the walls were formed of large 
 slabs of stones fastened together by iron rivets, the effect was not 
 great; the less so, owing to the indirect fire. By the 19th, two
 
 1791.3 MADEAS ENGINEERS. 243 
 
 Other 2-gun batteries were opened at 250 yards from the walls, 
 and the 12-pounders were replaced by 18-pounders, when a 
 breach was made. On the 20th, the breach was reconnoitred, 
 fire was kept up all day, and before dark the breach widened, and 
 the outer wail shattered to the foundation. 
 
 On the 21st, at JO a.m , the formidable and important fortress 
 of Savandroog was assaulted. The assailants ascended the rock 
 without opposition. Bamboos had been planted close up to the 
 walls on this side of Savandroog. The rock is so very steep, 
 that without the assistance of the jungle it would have been 
 extremely difficult to ascend to the assault, but under cover of 
 it, a lodgment was made for the troops within twenty yards of the 
 breacli. During the assault the band of the .')2nd played 
 " Britons, strike Home." The eastern citadel was completely 
 carried. The Killadar of the western citadel attempted to retake 
 it, but was met by a division of the attacking party, and 
 retreated, followed by the English troops. The Killadar fell as 
 he approached the gate of his citadel, and the pursuers entered. 
 Everything was carried within one hour, and thus Savandroog 
 was taken twelve days after arrival of the troops, and five days 
 after batteries were commenced. 
 
 About iOO of the enemy were killed on the West Hill alone, 
 and several fell down precipices in trying to escape. 
 
 In the assault not one of the English was killed, and only one 
 wounded. 
 
 On the 23rd, Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart marched for Ootra- 
 droog. 
 
 The following is an extract from orders by liOrd Oornw.illis 
 regarding the capture of Savandroog : — 
 
 " His Lordship also returns his best thanks to Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, for the judicious choice which he 
 made of proper situations for the batteries, and for the great 
 attention that he paid to the other duties of his station." 
 
 On the same day that Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart advanced. on 
 
 16 •
 
 244 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1791. 
 
 Ootradroog, Ramgherry and Shivagherry, on the road to 
 Seringapatam, via Chennapatam, surrendered without much 
 resistance to a detachment under Captain Welsh. 
 
 As soon as Colonel Stuart appeared before Ootradroog, he 
 sent forward to offer the Killadar liberal terms. The flag of 
 truce was escorted to a proper distance, and the garrison 
 beckoned the staff officer to advance. When he was within 
 sixty yards, a fire of musketry was opened, from which both he 
 and the sergeant escaped. Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, the Chief 
 Engineer, accompanied the escort, and examined the ground. 
 The mode of attack was novel. A number of field-pieces were 
 run down, and under cover of their fire the escalade commenced. 
 
 Lieutenant Mclnnes, of H.M.'s 72nd, led the storm, with part 
 of Europeans and pioneers, commanded by Lieutenants Dowse 
 and Macpherson, supported by Captain Scott. 
 
 The side of the rock assaulted was not precipitous, but was 
 at an angle of about 35°, defended by seven ramparts. The 
 Artillery were directed, as soon as one wall was carried, to point 
 their guns over the assailants, to keep down the fire of the enemy. 
 
 Some of the gateways were forced by the pioneers, but most of 
 the ramparts were carried by escalade. The fort was found to 
 have been captured without the loss of a single life, and with a 
 very few wounded.* 
 
 Hoolioordroog was, after having been re-occupied by the 
 enemy, retaken by English in their advance, with ease, and 
 nothing remained to interfere between the British army and 
 Seringapatam, except Cubhauldroog, which, being on the lower 
 road, Cornw^allis thought it useless to waste time over it. 
 
 A party of Brinjarries from camp, however, surprised the 
 
 * General after orders, 25th December 1791. Lord Cornwallis thanked Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel Stuart for his judgment, Captain Scott for spirit and good conduct ; 
 also Lieutenant Mclnnes of 72nd Regiment and Lieutenants Macpherson and 
 Dowse, who conducted the European and Native Pioneers that were employed 
 in carrying the scaling ladders and breaking open the gates.
 
 1793.] MADKAS ENGINEEHS. 245 
 
 lower fort and attempted the upper, but were beaten back. They, 
 in spite of their repulse, plundered the pettah, loaded their 
 cattle with provisions, &c., and returned to the army in great 
 triumph. 
 
 On 25th January, 1792, the British, Nizam's, and Mahratta 
 armies were united near Savandroog. On 1st February, they all 
 moved towards Seringapatam in three parallel columns. 
 
 On the 5tb, the army marched across the range of barren hills 
 north-east of Seringapatam, and having proceeded ten miles 
 they arrived on their ground at 2, which, extending across the 
 valley of MilgotLah, fronted Tippoo at six miles from his 
 camp — battering train in the centre, and the infantry and field- 
 pieces on the right, and private baggage, &c. on the left, 
 protected by cavalry. 
 
 It is now necessary to mention the Bombay army under Major- 
 General Abercrombie. 
 
 It was nearly 9,000 strong. 
 
 European artillery, 216 ; Native artillery, 500 ; 
 „ infantry, 2,810 ; „ infantry, 5,432 ; 
 with twenty brass 6 -pounders, and sixteen battering guns ; 
 i.e. Ten iron i8-pounders. 
 Four ,, 12-pounders. 
 One brass 10-inch howitzer. 
 One ,, 8-inch ,, 
 
 The Chief Engineer was Major Sartorius of the Bombay 
 Engineers. 
 
 The 1st Brigade was commanded by Colonel Balfour. 
 
 The 2nd „ „ Lieut.-Colonel Peche. 
 
 The 3rd „ „ Major Sterling. 
 
 Reserve commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Hartley (who so 
 greatly distinguished himself in 1790 on Malabar coast). 
 
 Artillery under Major Jones. 
 
 General Abercrombie returned to Tellicherry from Bombay
 
 246 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1702. 
 
 early in November. His troops assembled at Cannanore, 
 marched on 5th December to the Poodicherrum Ghaut, and 
 crossed the river at Illiacore on the 7th in boats. The ghaut 
 road was repaired, while the field train was brought across the 
 river. The four brigades began to ascend the last stage on 
 l7th December. Although it was only two miles long, two days 
 were required to drag the twenty 6-pounder field-pieces. Three 
 weeks of hard labour were then employed in bringing up the 
 heavy guns and two howitzers. 
 
 By 18th January, Cornwallis ordered them to advance with 
 field artillery alone, and the heavy guns were sent back to the 
 top of the ghaut, where they were placed in batteries constructed 
 for the defence of the pass, under Lieutenant-Colonel Peche, 
 with 300 men. Native troops were stationed at Thiacoi and 
 Biliapatam to keep open the communications. 
 The army under Lord Cornwallis was : — 
 
 Cavalry — Europeans, 404; Natives, 702 
 Artillery „ 1,145 „ 3,077 
 
 Infantry „ 4,482 „ 11,133 
 
 Engineers „ 20 „ 21 
 
 Pioneers „ 15 ,, 1,034 
 
 6,066 + 15,967 =22,033 
 
 The Chief Engineer, Lieutenant- Colonel Patrick Ross. 
 Aide-de-Camp to Chief Engineer, Lieutenant Colin 
 Mackenzie. 
 
 Captain of Guides, Captain A. Beatson. 
 
 Lieutenant of Guides, Lieutenant A. Allen. 
 
 The Pioneers were divided into three divisions : — 
 
 1st, commanded by Lieutenant Lennon, Madras Engineers; 
 
 2nd „ Lieutenant Dowse, Pioneer officer ; 
 
 3rd „ Ensign Stokoe, Bengal Engineers. 
 
 The British encampment, six miles from Tippoo's entrenched 
 camp, was divided by the river Lockany. The right wing was
 
 1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 247 
 
 from the river to the rear of the French rocks, and a large tank ; 
 the park and left wing extended from the other side of the river 
 to the hills, which the English crossed in their last march. 
 
 The reserve were encamped a mile in the rear, facing outwards, 
 with the stores and baggage between. Tippoo had left the 
 valley as bare as possible of dry and green forage. 
 
 At II A.M. on 6th February, the Chief Engineer (Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Ross), the Quartermaster-General, the Captains of 
 Guides, and other officers went out to reconnoitre, accompanied 
 by a party commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell. They 
 went to the hills in left of our front, while General Medows, 
 with Colonel Harris and the rest of his suite, reconnoitred the 
 ground in front of the right wing. The party with the Chief 
 Engineer had a distinct, though distant, view of Tippoo's camp. 
 
 On both sides of the river, a large space was enclosed by a 
 bound hedge. 
 
 On south side it was filled with inhabitants. 
 
 On north Tippoo's army was posted. 
 
 On the north the space was three miles long by half a mile 
 broad. 
 
 The most commanding ground was situated on the north side 
 of the fort. 
 
 Besides the hedge, the position was covered in front by a 
 large canal, with rice-fields, and partly by the Lockany river. 
 
 Six large redoubts added to its strength ; one of which, on 
 an eminence within the north-west angle, was a post of great 
 strength, and covered the left. 
 
 The right of Tippoos position was covered by the Lockany 
 river, and the Carighaut Hill. On this last, there was a strong 
 post not quite finished. This fort also defended the ford across 
 the Cauvery, near the point where the Lockany joins the 
 former. 
 
 The east of the island was fortified towards the river by various 
 redoubts and batteries, connected by strong entrenchments
 
 248 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792. 
 
 with a deep ditch, so that the fort and island formed a second 
 line. 
 
 The front line was defended by heavy cannon in redoubts, with 
 his light train and army. In this, there were 100 pieces of 
 artillery, and in the second line as many as 300. 
 
 The redoubts of the left were entrusted to Syed Hamed 
 and Syed Guffur, supported by his Europeans, and Lally's 
 brigade, commanded by Monsieur Vigie. Sheik Anser was on 
 Carighaut Hill. Tippoo commanded the centre and right, and 
 had his tent pitched near the Sultan's redoubt. 
 
 The garrison in the fort was under Syed Sahib. Tippoo's 
 army consisted of 5,000 cavalry, and 40,000 to 60,000 
 infantry. 
 
 Tippoo's camp was nearly the same as that adopted by Hyder 
 in 1767 to foil the Mahrattas. Hyder after some time bought off 
 the Mahrattas, when the Nizam and he united to exterminate 
 the English from the Carnatic. The consequence was a ruinous 
 invasion, and although it was most ably opposed by General 
 Joseph Smith, the English Government concluded a disgraceful 
 peace, which Hyder dictated at the gates of Madras in 1769. 
 
 Tippoo being aware of all this, was consequently confident of 
 success. 
 
 Cornwallis, having received the reports of the Chief Engineer 
 and other reconnoitering officers, issued the following orders at 
 5 P.M. on 6th February: — 
 
 " The army will march in three divisions at 7 p.m. 
 " Right Division under General Medown : 
 
 " H.M.'s 36th and 76th Regiments, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Nesbitt. 
 " 3rd Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel Cockerell. 
 " 22nd Native Infantry, Captain Oram. 
 " Lieutenant Lennon's Pioneers, and a detachment of 
 
 Engineer officers with scaling ladders.
 
 1792.] MADEAS EI^GINEEES. 249 
 
 " Centre Division under Lord Vornwallis. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, Commanding. 
 " H.M.'s 52nd, 71st, and 74th, Lieutenant-Colonel Knox. 
 "4th Brigade, Major Russell. 
 " 2nd and 21st Native Infantry, Major Langley. 
 " Lieutenant Dowse's Pioneers, and a detachment of 
 Engineer officers and scaling ladders. 
 
 " Le/t Division. 
 "Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell. 
 " 72nd Regiment and 5th Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 Band. 
 " Ensign Stokoe's Pioneers, and a detachment of Engineer 
 officers and scaling ladders." 
 " If the right attack is made west of Somarpett, the troops, 
 after entering are to turn to the left ; if to the east of Somarpett, 
 troops to turn to the right, and dislodge enemy from all posts 
 on the left. 
 
 " Troops of Centre Division to turn to left ; both right and 
 centre should, however, advance nearly to extent of depth of 
 enemy's camp before turning, and parts of both divisions will 
 endeavour to mix with the fugitives, and pass over to the island 
 with them." 
 
 Colonel DufF, who was left in charge of the camp, was 
 ordered to send immediately three divisions of gun-lascars 
 of fifty men each to the Chief Engineer to carry the scaling 
 ladders, and the Chief Engineer to send them to the divisions 
 with the officers of his corps. 
 
 The officers of Engineers and Pioneers were to be responsible 
 that the ladders, after being made use of, were not left care- 
 lessly in the enemy's works. In addition. Major Montague, 
 Bengal Artillery, and Captain Ross, 11. A., with two subalterns 
 and fifty Europeans, Artillery, with spikes and hammers, 
 accompanied the Centre Division ; while the others had smaller 
 similar parties.
 
 250 MILITABY HISTORY OP THE n792. 
 
 The troops had just been dismissed parade at 6, when they 
 were again directed to fall in. 
 
 By 8 P.M. the divisions were formed, and marched out in 
 front. 
 
 The number of fighting men was : — 
 
 Europeans. Natives. 
 
 Eight Division ... 900 ... 2,400 
 
 Centre „ ... 1,400 ... 2,300 
 
 Left „ ... 500 ... 1,200 
 
 2,800 + 5,900 
 
 Grand Total 8,700 
 
 The right column was conducted by Captain Beatson, of the 
 Guides. The centre by Captain Allen and Lieutenant McLeod 
 (Intelligence Department), and native guides who had been 
 within the enemy's lines with these officers were with the left 
 column. 
 
 Tippoo did not expect the attack so soon. He thought 
 Cornwallis would wait for the Bombay army, and the Mahrattas 
 under Purseram Bhow. 
 
 He still less imagined that a fortified camp would be attacked 
 by infantry alone, during the night, without the assistance of 
 artillery. 
 
 Between 10 and II, the centre column, within a mile of the 
 bound hedge, touched upon the enemy's grand guard of cavalry, 
 that was coming to disturb our camp. They instantly galloped 
 off, leaving rocket boys to harass the column. 
 
 When the rocketing commenced, the left column was ascend- 
 ing Carighaut Hill, and the front division of the centre 
 pushed on, reached the hedge, and entered the lines a quarter of 
 an hour after the enemy knew of the advance. 
 
 The right column was led too far to the west, and was 
 hence later in reaching the bound hedge. They entered about
 
 1792.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 251 
 
 half-past II, and, turning to the right, advanced against the 
 principal redoubt, near the white Eedgah. 
 
 The battle now became general, but the fort remained silent. 
 
 Operations of Right Division. 
 
 The 22nd Native Infantry marched on the right flank, and 
 had been ordered to make a circuit to the right, keeping outside 
 the hedge, while the column penetrated into the camp. Colonel 
 Nesbitt, at head of the column, met with no opposition, wheeled 
 his division to the right, marched along the hedge, then turned 
 to his left along canal bank, crossed it, and ascended towards the 
 redoubt. While the pioneers were cutting down the hedge, a 
 few shots were fired from the redoubt, but after this the leading 
 division met with no opposition till they had crossed the 
 canal. 
 
 The 36th and 76th rushed forward, and drove the enemy 
 from the covert way, but repeated ineffective efforts were made 
 to pass the ditch. A pathway was at last found across the 
 ditch, which led from the end of the mosque into the redoubt. 
 A slight gateway was soon forced, and after a severe conflict, a 
 large traverse between the gateway and body of the redoubt was 
 taken. The enemy, now driven to the inner circle of redoubt, 
 faced towards the traverse, and turned one of the guns against 
 the gorge. The fire of the English was stopped, and a charge 
 made with the bayonet, but grape and musketry repulsed the 
 attack. A second time they were led on by Major Dirom and 
 Captain Wright, and the enemy broke. This work had eight 
 pieces of cannon, and was flanked by three. The commandant 
 and 400 men fell in its defence. Our loss was eleven officers 
 and eighty men killed and wounded ; amongst the officers was 
 Lieutenant Stuart, of the Bengal Engineers. Lieutenant Stuart, 
 who had charge of scaling ladders, was killed while gallantly 
 pressing turwiird lo tlie ditcli, and several lascars who carried
 
 ^52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1792. 
 
 the ladders fell at the same time. This caused great incon- 
 venience at first from want of ladders. 
 
 Monsieur Vigie, with 360 Europeans, was in the angle of the 
 hedge in front of the redoubt. They fired on Captain Oram's 
 battalion outside the hedge ; but finding themselves surrounded, 
 they broke and escaped, chiefly from their uniform being similar 
 in colour to ours. A garrison was left in the redoubt, and then 
 Medows wheeled to the left to co-operate with Cornwallis. After 
 marching close to Mahomed Redoubt, the General resolved to 
 get into Cornwallis' track and support him ; so the right column 
 re-crossed the hedge and ditch. Unfortunately they missed the 
 centre column, and Medows reached Carighaut Hill without 
 finding Cornwallis. An officer was despatched with a few 
 troops to gain intelligence, but he returned without any. Soon 
 after a heavy firing commenced between the fort and the hill. 
 Medows then countermarched, and was advancing when day 
 broke, and he found it unnecessary to proceed. 
 
 Operations of Centre Division. 
 
 The front division, under Lieutenant-Colonel Knox, about 
 11, forced its way through the hedge under a heavy but ill- 
 directed fire. 
 
 The enemy gave way as the column advanced, and the leading 
 companies went on past the Sultan's tent, and pushed on to the 
 river. From the uncertain light and the tumult of a night attack 
 they separated into two bodies. The first body, under Monson, 
 reached the river and crossed it under the walls of the fort; 
 they found the east gate of Seringapatam closed, so they 
 proceeded along the glacis, destroying numbers of the enemy. 
 
 The troops then took post, part at a bridge over a canal, and 
 part at a redoubt that defended the south ford. The second 
 body, under Lieutenant-Colonel Knox, crossed by the same ford 
 as the first five minutes after. The passage of the river was 
 difficult, owing to the number of the enemy pressing into the
 
 1702.; MADRAS ENGINEERS. 253 
 
 island. Lieutenant-Colonel Knox turned to the left, proceeded 
 to the Dov/lut Bagh, and thence to the west gate of the pettah 
 of Shahr-Ganjam. Tlie gate was soon forced, and some French 
 prisoners conducted the party through the pettah to the gate 
 which led to the batteries at east end of the island. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Knox had marched to this quarter to clear the batteries, 
 which commanded the ford opposite Pagoda Hill, and hearing 
 fire from the river, he detached three parties to take the batteries 
 in reverse. The enemy, completely surprised, deserted the lines 
 and dispersed. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Knox received information of several 
 Europeans being confined in a house near by. He sent a party, 
 who released twenty-seven half-starved wretches in heavy irons — 
 amongst them Mr. Randal Cadman, a middy, taken ten years 
 before. 
 
 The two parties, under Knox and Monson, were followed by 
 seven companies of 52nd, and three companies of 14 th Bengal 
 battalion, under Captain Hunter. They crossed the river 
 opposite the Dowlut Bagh. 
 
 Captain Hunter thought his troops were the first on the island, 
 and resolved to remain for the present in the Dowlut Bagh. 
 Lieutenant Dowse, of Pioneers, now volunteered to cross the 
 river, and inform Cornwallis what was going on. He was 
 soon forced to return, having been driven back by a party 
 of horse. 
 
 After remaining about two hours in the Dowlut Bagh, Captain 
 Hunter saw a party of the enemy with two field-pieces on the 
 opposite bank. Captain Hunter, with his corps, rushed into 
 the river, crossed it under a heavy fire, and attacked them. He 
 then returned through the camp, and joined Cornwallis. 
 
 When the 14th battalion Bengal was near the iiedge they lost 
 their commandant. Captain Archdeacon, and were thrown into 
 some disorder. Cornwallis then ordered Major Dalrymple to 
 advance with the 7 1st, and some of the 14th Bengal. They
 
 254 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792. 
 
 passed the hedge. Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart proceeded with 
 this body to the left, and advanced on Sultan's Redoubt; but on 
 mounting the walls they found it abandoned. 
 
 Colonel Stuart left a garrison in it, and, liaving gone forward, 
 completed the defeat of Tippoo's right wing, the flank of which 
 had been turned by Lieutenant- Colonel Maxwell and the lelt 
 division. Major Montague, of the artillery, employed his detach- 
 ment in securing the field-pieces He did not spike them, but 
 threw them off their carriages, and rolled the wheels 
 different ways. 
 
 The 74th, with 2nd and 2 1st battalions Madras Native Infantry, 
 were now formed, by Lord Cornwallis' orders, near the Sultan's 
 Redoubt. General Medows must have crossed within a few 
 hundred yards of this spot. Captain Hunter had joined about 
 two hours before daylight with seven companies of 52nd, and 
 three companies of 1 4th Bengal Battalion. Soon after their 
 arrival a large body of Tippoo's troops attacked. The English 
 received the enemy with firmness, and charged them with the 
 bayonet. The attacks of the enemy were repeatedly renewed, 
 and it was near daylight before they were finally repulsed. 
 Cornwallis then ordered the reserve to retire towards Pagoda Hill, 
 and near the foot of the hill he met General Medows returning 
 to support him. 
 
 Operations of the Left Division. 
 
 Carighaut Hill, which is steep and of great height, was 
 defended by a double breast-work, in front of a stone redoubt 
 lately completed It commanded one of the fords, and the east 
 end of the island, and a considerable body of infantry was posted 
 on it. Colonel Maxwell ascended the hill, and attacked the 
 works. The resistance was slight, and the works were scaled by 
 the flank company of 72nd. The loss on our side was trifling, 
 owint^ to the enemy being surprised, and the commandant being
 
 1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 255 
 
 mortally wounded. A party was left in possession, and the 
 Colonel proceeded to Hill of Carighaut Pagoda. 
 
 The Colonel then moved down the hill towards the camp, 
 when his force was much galled by a corps behind the bank 
 of the watercourse at the foot of the hill. He forced his way, 
 however, into the enemy's camp, and proceeded on, till he met 
 the 71st and centre of Cornwallis' division. 
 
 An attempt was now made to cross the north branch of the 
 Cauvery ; the depth of water rendered the event doubtful, and the 
 71st and 72nd lost many men in the river. At last Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Baird (afterwards Sir David) reached the opposite 
 bank with a few men, but with all their cartridges wet ; the 
 bayonet, however, was unnecessary, as at this time fire ceased, 
 the enemy having been driven from their batteries by the 
 parties which Lieutenant-Colonel Knox had sent from the pettah 
 of Shahr-Ganjam. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell crossed the river a little to left 
 of the point where the first troops had passed, and went into the 
 island with the remainder of his column, followed soon after, by 
 the rest of troops under Lieutenant- Colonel Stuart, who also 
 joined Lieutenant-Colonel Knox at the pettah. Colonel Stuart 
 was making a circuit of the walls, when they met a body of horse 
 who had been during the night in the Lai Bagh ; and at the 
 same time a body of Europeans were seen marching across from 
 the south side of the island. These were the leading companies 
 of Cornwallis' column which had first entered the island. 
 
 The Centre and Left Divisions had thus fully executed the 
 parts allotted them ; and the Right, although unfortunate in the 
 direction of their operations, had had their share of the danger 
 and fatigues of the night, and had taken the Eedgah, a post of 
 such consequence that the enemy could not remain in force on 
 north of river after its capture. 
 
 Cornwallis had been on horseback all night, and had his left 
 hand grazed by a musket-shot. He was attended by Lieutenant-
 
 256 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792. 
 
 Colonel Ross, Adjutant General, Majors Skelly and Haldane, 
 Captain Madan, Captain Kyd of the Bengal Engineers, one of 
 his aides-de-camp, Captain Apsley, Mr. Cherry, Dr. Land, 
 Lieutenant Turner, with Lord Cornwallis' body-guard, Lieutenant- 
 Colonels Malcolm and Richardson and Major Stuart, also 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Martin and Mr. King, commissaries of 
 provisions. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer, Lieutenant Colin 
 Mackenzie, his aide-de-camp and some other engineer officers 
 had likewise been with Lord Cornwallis, but they joined the 
 division under Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, and crossed with him 
 into the island. 
 
 Lieutenant Hemming, of the Madras Engineers, was with 
 the Centre Division, and was wounded during the night. 
 Although night was over, the battle was not ended. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart took up a strong position in front 
 of the Lai Bagh, across the island. His right covered the ford, 
 occupied lines and batteries between the pettah, and the river, 
 which had been constructed as a defence. 
 
 A little after daylight, Cornwallis sent supplies of ammunition, 
 and also 3Gth Regiment, and 3rd Battalion to reinforce the 
 island, and the enemy's attacks were repulsed. 
 
 At this time, the enemy were keeping up a constant fire on 
 Sultan's Redoubt. This work was somewhat like the Eedgah 
 Redoubt, but its gorge was open towards the fort. The party 
 for its defence was commanded by Captain Sibbald, and 
 numbered 150 men. 
 
 Towards morning, while the enemy attacked Cornwallis who 
 was with the reserve, they also attacked the redoubt. 
 
 Our army being kept at a distance by the guns of the fort, the 
 small party in the redoubt were left to their fate, to have the 
 honour of disputing this point with the remains of the enemy's 
 force. The garrison attempted to close the gorge, with broken 
 doolies and a gun carriage, but three guns opened from the
 
 1702.1 MADBAS ENGINEERS. 257 
 
 fort on the gorge, and two field-pieces from the rocks, which 
 soon destroyed this. As soon as the gorge was clear, the enemy 
 advanced to the assault, but they were beaten back. In this 
 attack Lieutenant Buchan, Bengal Artillery, and Captain Sib- 
 bald, were killed by a cannon-shot, and Captain Hunter received a 
 second wound. ^Major Skelly took command. The day was verv 
 sultry, and many of the wounded were dying for want of water. 
 Two loaded bullocks were opportunely found in the ditch with 
 ammunition. The garrison had scarcely secured this, when 2,000 
 cavalry were seen advancing to the redoubt. They halted, 300 
 or 400 of them dismounted and stormed the redoubt, but they 
 were repulsed with heavy loss at 1 p.m. Again, at 2 p.m., the 
 redoubt had to sustain a third attack. 
 
 The troops that now advanced were headed by Europeans, 
 commanded by Monsieur Vigie. They advanced from the rocks, 
 when, a few being killed, they stopped short, got into disorder, and 
 went off. The redoubt was by this time a horrid scene of carnage ; 
 two officers and nineteen men dead, and three officers and twenty- 
 two men wounded. About 4 p.m., the enemy's fire behind the 
 rocks slackened, and soon after they returned to the island ; 
 water was then brought from the ditch and pond near the 
 redoubt for the wounded. While the enemy was employed in 
 attempting to retake the Sultan's redoubt, the troops on the 
 island had remained undisturbed ; but at 5 p.m., two brigades, 
 and a body of dismounted troopers entered the pettah, drove out 
 some of our followers, and pursued them. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Stuart sent 1st Madras Native Infantry, under Captain Archi- 
 bald Brown, to drive them back. Afterwards, the 71st moved 
 on, under Major Dalrymple, and these two corps drove the 
 enemy before them. A pi'isoner stated that it was Tippoo's 
 intention to attack in the night, and that his march was to 
 be directed along the north branch, so as to turn our right 
 flank. Colonel Stuart made the necessary arrangements to 
 defeat Tippoo's intention. 
 
 17
 
 258 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1792 
 
 Major Dalrymple, 71st, and Captain Brown's battalion, were 
 to hold the pettah. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Knox had charge of the right wing with 
 72nd. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Baird, on left, with six companies of 36th, 
 and sepoys. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart, with Major Peche in centre, in 
 rear of Shalir-Ganjam, as a reserve. 
 
 Cornwallis, having been informed of Tippoo's intentions, sent 
 four field-pieces into the island, which arrived in the course 
 of the night; and Major Gowdie with his brigade took post 
 at the foot of Pagoda Hill. 
 
 No attack was, however, made. 
 
 Extract, Earl Cornwallis' order on evening 7th February: — 
 " Lord Cornwallis therefore requests that the army in general 
 will accept of his most cordial thanks for the noble and gallant 
 manner in which they have executed the plans of the attack. It 
 covers themselves with honour, and will ever command his 
 warmest sentiments of admiration." 
 
 Tippoo now altogether quitted the north side of the river, and 
 retired to Seringapatam. We divided the island with the enemy. 
 The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam, laid out regularly and surrounded 
 with a strong mud wall, afforded excellent shelter within 1,500 
 yards of the outworks of the fort. Plenty of forage was found 
 for horses and cattle, quantities of firewood, and considerable 
 stores of grain. Tippoo's garden (the Lai Bagh) afforded 
 materials for the siege. Our camp on the north was advanced 
 near to the bound hedge, and picquets were placed in the 
 redoubts, thus completing a chain of posts in connection in front 
 of the north and east faces of the fort, and converting the 
 fortified camp into lines for the attack of his capital. 
 
 We captured in this assault — 
 
 Thirty-six brass guns, 2 to 9 pounders. 
 Forty-four iron guns, 4 to 18 pounders.
 
 "*2-^ MADKAS ENGINEERS. 259 
 
 Our loss was : — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 
 European oflFicers ... 10 26 — 36 
 „ non - commis- 
 sioned officers and men 58 189 4- 20 267 
 Native officers and men... 49 161 + 22 232 
 
 Grand total ... 117 376 + 42 535 
 Officers killed: — 
 
 Lieutenant Stuart, Bengal Engineers. 
 
 Roberts, H.M.'s 73rd. 
 Ensign Smith, H.M.'s 36th. 
 Lieutenant Jones, H.M,'s 76th. 
 
 ,, Buchan, Bengal Artillery. 
 
 Hutchings, H.M.'s 52nd. 
 Captain Sibbald, H.M.'s 71st. 
 Lieutenant Bayue. 
 
 Captain Archdeacon, 14th Bengal Native Infantry. 
 ,, Mackenzie, H.M.'s 72nd. 
 
 Officers wounded : — 
 
 Lieutenant Hemming, Madras Engineers. 
 Brownrigg ] 
 R. Campbell ^H.M.'s 36th. 
 ,, J. Campbell J 
 
 Captain Markham 
 Lieutenant Robertson 
 Philpot . 
 ,, Shaw 
 
 Lord Cornwallis. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm, Staflf. 
 Captain Ross, Royal Artillery. 
 „ Hunter 
 „ Zouch 
 Lieutenant Irvine ... |-H.M.'s 52nd. 
 , Madden .. 
 
 ,, Rowen 
 
 76 th.
 
 260 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792. 
 
 Surgeon's Mate Paley ... H .M.'s 7 1 st. 
 
 Lieutenant Farquhar 
 
 Ensign Hamilton 
 
 Lieutenant Martin ... 2nd Madras Native Infantry. 
 
 Major Fraser 
 
 Hon. Captain Maitland 
 
 Lieutenant Macpherson 
 
 Wan 
 Captain Brown 
 
 74 th. 
 
 -H.M-'s 72nd. 
 
 T . XT- n [ 1st Madras Mative 1 man try. 
 
 Lieutenant Nicoll ...) -^ 
 
 The loss of the Pioneers was : — 
 
 One sergeant and twelve men killed ; 
 
 One sergeant and seven men wounded and missing. 
 Total casualties, twenty-three 
 
 Tippoo's loss was 4,000 killed ; besides these, large numbers 
 deserted, and fifty-seven of his foreigners came over to us, 
 among them, Monsieur Blevette, his chief engineer. 
 
 On the morning of the 8th February, Tippoo's infantry were 
 on the glacis, while his baggage and cavalry were on the south 
 side of the river. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was placed in command of the 
 troops on the island, consisting of three European Regiments 
 and seven battalions of sepoys, besides artillery. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer), with the 
 officers of his corps, took up his station on the island, where 
 a park was formed for the intrenching tools and implements of 
 that department. 
 
 On the 11th, a corps of European pioneers was formed from 
 the 76th, under Lieutenant Macpherson. 
 
 The following officers acted as assistant engineers : — 
 Lieutenant Farquhar, H.M.'s 74th. 
 Abernethie, H.M.'s 74th. 
 Ensign J. Campbell, H.M.'s 76th. 
 „ Manoury, H.M.'s 52nd,
 
 1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 261 
 
 The latter officer had in 1791 been left as engineer at 
 Bangalore, after its capture. 
 
 Lieutenant Leuuon (Madras Engineers), with half his corps 
 of pioneers (200 men), and Lieutenant Hind (Bengal Artillery), 
 with 300 gun lascars, were employed under the engineers in 
 preparing material. The pioneers and lascars made gabions, 
 while working parties of 100 to 300 Europeans, and 500 to 
 1,000 sepoys made fascines and pickets. 
 
 Seringapatam Island is four miles long by one and a half 
 broad at the middle, where it is highest ; thence it falls and 
 narrows to both extremities. 
 
 The west end, where the fort is, slopes more rapidly than that 
 part towards Shahr-Ganjam. 
 
 The fort occupied about a mile at the west end, and the Lai 
 Bagh and Pettah about the same distance at the east end. 
 _^The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam was about half a mile square. 
 A little to the east of the pettah was the entrance to the Lai 
 Bagh, which was laid out in regular walks with large cypress 
 trees, and full of fruit-trees, flowers, and vegetables. 
 
 Seringapatam is watered by a canal brought from a consider- 
 able distance up the river. It passes over the river by an 
 aqueduct, opposite the south face of the fort. 
 
 Tippoo kept up a continued discharge of cannon from the 
 fort. 
 
 Sensible, however, that he was in a tix, he sent Lieutenants 
 Chalmers and Nash with letters to Lord Cornwallis (these 
 officers had been taken at Coimbatore, and detained, contrary to 
 terms of capitulation) on the 8th February. 
 
 On forenoon of the 9th, Tippoo's cavalry marched along 
 south side of river to near Arrikera, six miles below, crossed on 
 that evening, and by daybreak on the 10th, got round to the 
 rear of our left wiug, and entered between our camp and the 
 Nizam's. Thev were supposed to be the Nizam's cavalry, and 
 acLually a&kt-d &ome camp followcis whtre ihe commander was.
 
 262 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE U792.] 
 
 They were shown Colonel Duff's tent (he commanded the 
 artillery), when they immediately drew their swords, and 
 galloped towards the tent, but a party of Bombay sepoys turned 
 out and dispersed them. 
 
 On 10th February, the Bombay army passed Periapatam, and 
 next day they crossed the Cauvery at Yedtarra, thirty miles 
 above Seringapatam. 
 
 On the 14th, Colonel Floyd joined General Abercromby 
 with our cavalry, 4,000 allied horse, and a battalion of 
 sepoys, and they encamped at Caniambady, ten miles above 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Tippoo had sent cavalry to attack ours on the J 4th, and they 
 made an attack on the allied horse, but Colonel Floyd returned 
 to their support, and put the enemy to rout. 
 
 On the 16th, the Bombay army joined Cornwallis. 
 
 By this time, 2,000 gabions, 10,000 fascines, and 20,000 
 pickets having been prepared, everything was in readiness for 
 the attack. 
 
 It was at first intended to attack the east side of the fort, to 
 make a lodgment in the Dowlut Bagh, and run regular ap- 
 proaches to the north-east angle, which was to be subject to 
 enfilade from batteries north of the river. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross (Chief Engineer) had in the mean- 
 time been able to reconnoitre the north side very closely, and 
 he judged it more advisable to make principal attack across the 
 river against the north side. The curtain was evidently weak, 
 there were no outworks, and flank defences few, and of little 
 consequence. The ditch excavated from the rock was dry. The 
 stone glacis was broken, left incomplete in two places, including 
 several hundred yards of curtain, the walls might be breached 
 to the bottom, and thus the ditch filled up. 
 
 The fort built on a declivity of the island was exposed to fire 
 from the north, while the slope the island has also to the west end 
 exposed that part to enfilade from ground opposite south-west face.
 
 1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 263 
 
 It seemed possible, by repairing a dam, to throw all the 
 water of the north brancli into the south ; at any rate, the river, 
 though rugged, was not deep or impassable, it gave security 
 against sallies, and there was the certainty of carrying on 
 the approaches rapidly, and breaching the place with little 
 loss. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was instructed to strengthen his 
 position in the island by additional works. 
 
 On 8th February, a part of the materials and intrenching 
 tools prepared in the island were conveyed to the north side of 
 river. 
 
 General Orders, l^th February, 
 
 " An engineers' park to be established near the bound hedge, 
 in rear of Captain Browne's redoubt, as the rendezvous of the 
 Corps of Engineers, for the stores, &c. of that Department, 
 and for the Corps of European and Native Pioneers, who, being 
 placed under the orders of the Chief Engineer for the period of 
 the siege, are to be considered as a distinct detail for working 
 service, and regulated accordingly. 
 
 " The intrenching tools lodged with the Commissary to be 
 removed to the engineers' park, in charge of a conductor of 
 stores, who is to remain there under the direction of the Chief 
 Engineer, regulate delivery of tools to working parties, and 
 see that when no longer required they are carefully returned 
 into stores. 
 
 " A detail, including a field officer (to be relieved daily), will 
 be ordered as a guard for the trenches, to be furnished from 
 camp, or Bombay troops. The working parties for the trenches 
 will be ordered in like manner ; and so long as numerous details 
 are required for working service, a field officer will be appointed 
 to command them. He is to regulate, in communication with 
 the engineers on duty, the details of work, and will frequently
 
 264 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1792. 
 
 visit the different parties employed; but is not to interfere in 
 command of guard for the trenches. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel Knox to meet the Chief Engineer at 4 
 at engineers' park, and make himself acquainted with situation 
 of outposts, and receive from him the Commander-in-Chiefs 
 directions, regarding the manner in which the troops are to be 
 employed and disposed of, for the protection of working parties 
 during the night. Working parties to march at 3 p.m. to carry 
 fascines, ropes, pickets, to engineers' park. Working parties 
 for trenches this evening to be furnished by troops under Major 
 General Abercromby, and march so as to arrive at engineers' 
 park by sun-set." 
 
 Orders were given to open the trenches on 19th February ; 
 at the same time a diversion was to be made to beat up the 
 cavalry encampment on the south side of the river. 
 
 Major Dalrymple, H.M.'s 7Ist, commanded. The force con- 
 sisted of 71st, and 13th Bengal Sepoys, under Captain 
 McLeod. It was accompanied by Lieutenant McLeod, of the 
 Intelligence Department. 
 
 The detachment crossed the south branch at 8, and 
 making a detour over rice-fields, &c., reached enemy's camp at 
 12; other corps were ordered to the ford to support the 
 detachment in its retreat. Major Dalrymple halted one mile 
 from enemy's camp, and sent forward Captain Robertson, with 
 four companies 71st, and four companies 13th Bengal. He 
 entered the camp undiscovered, killed 100 troopers with the 
 bayonet, and 200 horses. He then retired without the loss of a 
 single man. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Ross (the Chief Engineer) and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Knox had in the afternoon visited the outposts, and 
 inspected the general situation of ground opposite north face. 
 
 The approaches were to be connected with Sultan's redoubt, 
 but it was determined to break ground witiiin breaching distance
 
 1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 265 
 
 of the fort, and, having formed a sufficient parallel, to work 
 back to the redoubt. 
 
 Ihe troops for working and guarding the trenches having 
 assembled at the engineers' park, marched down as soon as it 
 was dark to commence operations. 
 
 Captain White, with Grenadiers and company of 3Gth, accom- 
 panied by Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie, Madras Engineers, 
 Aide-de-Camp to the Chief Engineer, with a party of pioneers 
 carrying gabions, for closing gorge of work towards the fort, 
 was sent to dislodge the enemy, and take possession of redoubt 
 to the right of parallel near the river ; the light infantry com- 
 pany of 36th under Captain Hart, and two companies sepoys 
 were to occupy the mosque on the left. 
 
 The Chief Engineer having detailed the working parties under 
 the different officers of his corps, proceeded to execute the parallel, 
 which he had marked out the previous night. They worked 
 undiscovered. By day-light the nullah was formed into a wide 
 and exteusive parallel, and a redoubt was constructed to cover 
 its left flank, the right being protected by a ravine. The redoubt 
 near the river was found untenable. 
 
 Tippoo next morning opened every gun he could bring to 
 bear on the parallel and the mosque. He also tried to turn the 
 water off from the large canal, but the damage done was soon 
 repaired by a party of pioneers, and Captain Wahab, with his 
 battalion, was stationed at the head of the canal to prevent 
 repetition of the attempt. 
 
 The Bombay army crossed the river on the 19th, ascended 
 the heights on the other side, and took a redoubt. Colonel 
 Balfour, with 1st brigade of the Bombay army, was left on north 
 side of the river to keep up communications, and assist in 
 furnishing details for the trenches. 
 
 Abercromby's force on south side consisted of three regiments 
 Europeans, and six battalions sepoys. 
 
 On ilie I'.Hli night, mnne improvements were made to the
 
 266 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1792. 
 
 parallel, and traverses were begun, which were to connect it with 
 the large redoubt. 
 
 On the 20th and 21st, these traverses were finished, and an 
 approach carried on to the line fixed on for the second parallel, 
 which was marked out on night of 21st, 200 yards in front, 
 within 600 yards of the fort. 
 
 Loss in the trenches, from the night of the 18tli to the 
 morning of 22nd, was only thirty. 
 
 These casualties included Ensign J. L. Caldwell, of the 
 Madras Engineers, who was wounded. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Stuart was, during this time strengthening his line of defence 
 across the island by reversing some of the enemy's redoubts, 
 constructing others, and strengthening breast- works The line 
 was defended by twenty- three pieces of cannon. 1,200 men 
 were daily employed in making gabions, &c., and turned out 
 each day 100 gabions, 2,000 fascines, and 3,000 pickets. All 
 the timber round the Mausoleum, Palace, &c., was cut down, 
 Tippoo cut down also the trees in the Dowlut Bagh, and was at 
 work night and day in strengthening his defences. His cavalry 
 camp was removed to Mysore. 
 
 Cornwallis meantime listened to Tippoo's solicitations for 
 peace, and agreed to receive vakeels. The vakeels were met by 
 Sir John Keimaway and Mr, Cherry, and had meetings on 15th, 
 16th, 19th, and 21st, but the operations of the siege still went 
 on, Tippoo, meantime, determined to attack the Bombay army. 
 
 On the night of the 21st, Cornwallis had directed that pre- 
 parations should be made for commencing the enfilading attack, 
 so Captain Mackenzie, of 75th, was sent with a party of eighty 
 men to take post in redoubt a mile in front of the Bombay 
 army, and to take possession of tope in its front next morning. 
 The tope was found in possession of the enemy, but they were 
 driven out. 
 
 At 8 P.M. the enemy attacked the tope in force. Keinforce- 
 meuts were sent— two companies Bombay Europeans, and nine
 
 1792.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 267 
 
 companies 10th battalion Sepoys, under Captains Macdonald and 
 Cameron. Possession of the tope was hotly disputed, but, 
 ammunition having been expended, we had to retire. The 
 enemy attempted a charge ; but the English faced about, and, 
 charging them with the bayonet, drove them through the tope 
 and pursued them. 
 
 The enemy again advanced, and the English, having no 
 ammunition, were obliged to fall back. While retiring, they 
 were met by 12th Sepoys with a supply of cartridges. The 
 English again advanced to the tope, when the contest was 
 resumed, and maintained well on both sides. 
 
 Abercromby sent down Major Stirling with the remainder of 
 the Europeans, and 2nd battalion Sepoys. They formed to right 
 and left, while Captain Hawkes' artillery in front of village 
 directed his guns to check a body of horse that threatened the 
 right flank. At 4 p.m. enemy slackened their fire, and by 
 sunset withdrew into the fort. 
 
 This action lasted the whole day. 
 
 Abercromby, expecting an attack from Cummer-u-Din in the 
 rear, had formed the rest of his troops on the heights, and so had 
 not been able to reinforce the tope freely. 
 
 Loss on our side was fifty-one Europeans and fifty-three 
 sepoys killed and wounded, including five officers wounded. 
 
 Enemy's loss considerable, as their number was greater. 
 
 During nights of 22nd and 23rd, the second parallel was 
 completed, and ground fixed upon for breaching batteries in very 
 good situations, 500 yards from the fort, and opposite two breaks 
 in the glacis. The batteries were marked out on 23rd. Captain 
 Montresor was sent with three companies of Europeans, and 
 seven companies of sepoys to take possession of a small island 
 in the river 1,500 yards from north-west angle, and to construct 
 a redoubt. 
 
 Major Sartorius, Bombay Engineers; the Chief Engineer of 
 the Bombay army, had prepared material on south side ; had
 
 268 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE 
 
 [1792. 
 
 thrown up a work in front of the tope, and the next evening a 
 lodgment was to be made in a ravine further advanced; beyond 
 which the enfilading battery was to be erected. The two 
 breaching batteries, one of twenty, the other of twelve guns, and 
 the enfilading battery, would have been ready to open on 
 1st March. These, with the cross fire from the island and 
 Sibbald's redoubt, together with the mortars and howitzers 
 belonging to the train, would have brought a fire of fifty heavy 
 pieces against the place. Furnaces for heating shot had also 
 been built. The Chief Engineer was prepared to carry the 
 approaches across the river, and if the siege should come to the 
 last extremity, the storm was to be led by General Aledows. 
 
 The Mahratta army of 20,000 horse, several thousand infantry 
 and thirty cannon, and a brigade of sepoys under Captain 
 Little, were daily expected. Major Cuppage, from Coimbatore, 
 with 400 Europeans and three battalions of sepoys with field 
 artillery, having taken Danaikencottah and Sattiamungalum, had 
 ascended the Guzzlehutty pass. Upon advancing, Mysore could 
 be reduced, and the country would be in our complete possession. 
 
 Large supplies had been collected, and were ready to be brought 
 up the Guzzlehutty pass. Supplies were also coming from the 
 Malabar coast. Cornwallis had Brinjarries engaged in his 
 service with 70,000 grain bullocks. Two large convoys had 
 arrived from Bangalore, and others were coming forward. The 
 Sultan, having no army that could keep the field, must soon have 
 been reduced to distress; but on the morning of Sith February 
 orders were sent to the trenches to cease working, and forbear 
 further hostilities. The soldiers could with difficulty be 
 restrained from continuing their work. 
 
 Two sons of Tippoo entered camp as hostages on the 25th, and 
 the treaty of peace was finally signed on 19th March 1792. 
 
 One half of Tippoo's dominions was to be ceded to the allies, 
 and three crores* and thirty lacs of rupees to be paid either in 
 
 * A crore of rupees=one million sterling.
 
 1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 269 
 
 gold mohurs or bullion, half to be paid immediately, and the 
 other half in three instalments, not exceeding four months each. 
 All prisoners to be restored. A part of the territory claimed by 
 Cornwallis was C'oorg, to which he attached great importance, 
 as the Coorgs had been very friendly to us, and Cornwallis 
 knew that if he left Coorg to Tippoo, he would revenge himself 
 on the Coorgs in a frightful manner. When Tippoo learnt this 
 he was furious, and seemed as if he would risk everything and 
 defy Cornwallis. Cornwallis, however, promptly ordered the 
 guns back into the batteries, and the works to be carrie'd 
 forward with vigour. 
 
 Tippoo, seeing there was no help for it, signed the articles of 
 peace. 
 
 The allied armies above the ghauts about this time were: — 
 
 Europeans. Native. Guns. 
 
 British main army ... 7,434 ... 20,658 ... 158 
 
 Bombay army ... 3,145 ... 4,659 ... 36 
 
 Guzzlehutty pass ... 400 ... 2,300 ... 6 
 
 
 10,979 ., 
 
 .. 27,617 . 
 
 .. 200 
 
 Purseram Bow's army 
 
 
 
 
 
 with Captain Little's 
 
 
 
 
 
 Detachment 
 
 
 118 .. 
 
 . 17,293 .. 
 
 30 
 
 Hurry Punt's 
 
 
 — .. 
 
 8,000 ., 
 
 20 
 
 Nizam's, including 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madras Detachment 
 
 
 96 . 
 
 . 14,010 ., 
 
 4 
 
 Travancore troops ... 
 
 
 — .. 
 
 1,700 ., 
 
 — 
 
 Coorg troops 
 
 
 — 
 
 ,. 4,000 ., 
 
 — 
 
 Grand total 
 
 11 
 
 ,193 . 
 
 .. 72,620 . 
 
 .. 254 
 
 Tippoo's army was 1H,000 cavalry, 50,000 regular infantry, 
 with field artillery, and 100,000 irregular infantry,
 
 270 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1799. 
 
 The only forts of consequence that remained in Tip poo's 
 hands after the war were : — 
 
 Seringapatam. Mangalore or Jemalghur. 
 
 Chittledroog. Kistnagherry. 
 
 Bednore. Sunkerrydroog. 
 
 The prize money for the troops was: — £. 
 
 Campaign, 1790 19,804 
 
 Second Campaign to 31st July 1791 ... 52,618 
 Third Campaign to 24th February 1792 21,162 
 
 
 Total 93,584 
 
 This money was shared 
 
 as follows : — 
 
 
 
 Rs. 
 
 
 Rs. 
 
 Colonel .. 
 
 1,162 
 
 Sergeant... 
 
 . 29 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 
 968 
 
 Private ... 
 
 I.-' 
 
 Major 
 
 734 
 
 Subadar ... 
 
 2H 
 
 Captain ... 
 
 308 
 
 Jemadar ... 
 
 14 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 206 
 
 Havildar... 
 
 12 
 
 Ensign ... 
 
 155 
 
 Native Private .. 
 
 6 
 
 The engineers employed in last campaign were: — 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer. 
 Lieutenant Hemming, wounded. 
 „ Norris. 
 
 „ Russell, Adjutant of Engineers, vice Cree. 
 
 „ Lennon, Commandant, Corps of Pioneers. 
 
 „ Mackenzie, Aide-de-Camp to Chief Engineer. 
 
 „ Johnstone. 
 
 Ensign Wood. 
 „ Caldwell. 
 „ Pyefinch. 
 ,, Pittman. 
 „ Farquhar. 
 Besides these there were six Bengal engineers. 
 Captain Alexander Kyd. 
 Lieutenant Patrick Stuart, killed. 
 Ensign Joseph Stokoe. 
 Other three names unknown.
 
 1792.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 271 
 
 With the Bombay army there were six Bombay Engineers. 
 Major Sartorius. 
 
 Captain William Henry Blachford. 
 Ensign John Johnson. 
 Other three names unknown. 
 
 At the time the Grand Army was at Singanellore, Tiieutenant 
 George Johnstone, of Engineers, was ordered into Coimbatore 
 to take charge of the works. 
 
 On 23rd February he was at Sattimungalum. 
 When the army was broken up, two engineer officers were sent 
 to survey the forts, &c., recently acquired, and to furnish plans 
 and reports of the state of the works. 
 Lieutenant Norris to the Baramahl. 
 
 „ Johnstone to Sunkerrydroog and Salem. 
 „ Russell was ordered to Poonamallee, and 
 Ensigns Wood, Caldwell, Pyefinch, Pittman, and Farquhar 
 to the Presidency.* 
 It may here be mentioned that the Government, as a mark of 
 their approval of the conduct of Lieutenants Chalmers and Nash 
 at Coimbatore, gave — 
 
 Lieutenant Clialmers 2,000 pagodas. 
 Nash oOO 
 
 On 19th June, it was resolved to send a detachment into 
 Tinnevelly to punish the Poligar of Shivagherry, who had lately 
 attacked the Poligar of Satur, and put him and his family to death. 
 
 The pioneers, under Lieutenant Dowse, were sent from 
 Trichinopoly to Madura to join the detachment. 
 
 By August, Lieutenant-Colonel Maxwell, who was in 
 command of the detachment, attacked Shivagherry, and reduced 
 the country to submission. 
 
 Towards the close of 1792, Colonel John Braithwaite, who 
 was commanding the Coast Army, proposed a plan for a pioneer 
 establishment. 
 
 * Captain Eissleback died at Yizagapatam, 24th May 1792.
 
 272 
 
 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1792. 
 
 There were to be three bodies — one for each division. 
 
 Each body to consist of two companies, with one European 
 officer to each company. 
 
 The strength of each company was to be one sergeant, one 
 jemadar, six havildars, six naiques, 122 privates, two bbeesties, 
 and twelve artificers — total 150 men. 
 
 The total expense of the present corps was : — 
 
 9 lieutenants . 
 
 . at 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 sergeants 
 
 . at 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 = 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 20 havildars 
 
 . at 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 91 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 20 naiques 
 
 . at 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 71 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 6 privates 
 
 . at 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 = 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 450 pioneers 
 
 . at 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 1,382 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 conicopillay 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 • • • 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 second conicopillay 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 • •• 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total expense of proposed corps 
 
 3 lieutenants. 
 
 3 ensigns 
 
 6 sergeants . 
 
 6 jemadars . 
 
 36 havildars . 
 
 36 naiques 
 
 732 pioneers 
 
 3 conicopillays 
 
 Pagodas 1,814 34 52 
 
 p. F. C. 
 
 246 
 
 185 10 40 
 
 55 21 
 
 54 36 
 
 146 33 60 
 
 132 2 20 
 
 2,248 12 
 
 30 
 
 Pagodas 3,098 31 40* 
 
 * 80 ca8h=l fanam. 
 42 fanains=l pagoda, 
 1 pagoda^S^ rupees,
 
 1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 273 
 
 It was in July 1793, just before the siege of Pondicherry, that 
 the Pioneer Corps was ordered to be increased, but the esta- 
 blishment was somewhat different to that recommended by 
 General Braithwaite. 
 
 There were to be one lieutenant commandant, three lieutenants, 
 one assistant surveyor, and six companies — allowing an officer 
 to two companies. 
 
 Each company to consist of — 
 
 One sergeant, one jemadar, three havildars, three naigues, 
 and 100 men; total, 108. 
 Altogether, 648 men, with five oflBcers. 
 
 18
 
 274 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1793 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 France declares War against England and Holland. — Colonel Braithwaite takes 
 command of army before Pondicherry. — Siege of Pondicherry. — Maule killed, 
 and Captain Trapaud becomes Chief Engineer at Siege. — Pondicherry sur- 
 renders. — Pioneers level the batteries, &c. — Mr. Topping and Captain George 
 Johnstone. — Expedition against Malacca. — Amboyna, Bauda Neira, and 
 other spice islands taken. — Capture of Columbo. — Proposed siege of ^Manilla. 
 — Colin Mackenzie recommended for Surveyor-General. — Mackenzie joins 
 Colonel Roberts' detachment near Hydrabad. — Major-General Ross brings 
 to notice inadequate strength of the Engineer Corps. — Employment of 
 Pioneers previous to campaign against Tippoo. — Constitution of the Corps 
 of Engineers at Madras. — A corps of Militia embodied in Madras, December 
 1798. 
 
 France declared war against England and Holland on 1st 
 February 1793, but it was not till June that despatches were 
 received in India announcing the fact. 
 
 The Government of Madras immediately commenced prepara- 
 tions for the siege of Pondicheny, where Colonel Floyd,* with 
 a large detachment, arrived on llth July to blockade it on the 
 land side, while the Commodore, with H.M.'s frigate Minerva, 
 and three of the Company s ships Tnrton, Warlej/, and Roi/al 
 Charlotte, blockaded it by sea. 
 
 Colonel Braithwaite recommended that " all the engineers on 
 the establishment, except one captain and one subaltern in 
 
 * Captain Allen, of the Guides, was under the orders of Colonel Floyd.
 
 1793.- MADRAS ENGINEERS. 275 
 
 Baramabl and Salem, should be ordered to assemble for the 
 siege." 
 
 " Those from the north and centre to proceed to the Presi- 
 dency, and those to the south of Coleroon to Cuddalore ; also 
 that ' very useful ' pioneer corps should be augmented by loO 
 men, i.e., brought up to a strength of 600 men." 
 
 The army for the siege consisted (exclusive of the Engineer 
 Department, artillery, and cavalry) of two wings, each wing 
 three brigades, and each brigade one European and two Native 
 regiments. So that altogether there were six European and 
 twelve Native regiments. 
 
 liieutenant Dowse commanded the pioneers, and Lieutenants 
 Grose and Charles Armstrong were appointed to complete the 
 establishment. 
 
 Two parties of European pioneers were formed from the 
 Honourable Company's 1st battalion of Europeans ; each party 
 to consist of one subaltern, two sergeants, two corporals, and 
 thirty men. 
 
 The officers commanding these parties were to be junior to 
 Lieutenant Dowse. 
 
 On 21st Julv, Colonel Braithwaite was ordered to take com- 
 mand of the army before Pondicherry, and summon the Governor 
 at once. He joined the army on the 28th, and next dav selected 
 new ground for encampment nearer the fort. 
 
 On the 30th, he received news that Lieutenant-Colonel Geils, 
 with the artillery train, was only nine miles in his rear ; so the 
 army moved forward to occupy the ground selected for the 
 encampment during the siege. 
 
 On the 31st, Lieutenant-Colonel Geils joined the army, posts 
 nortli and south of the fort were occupied, and a spot to the 
 north of Pondicherry, distinguished by a white flag with a red 
 cross, selected for the Engineers' park, &c. With the exception 
 of Major Gent (who was suffering from an affection of the eyes), 
 two officers employed in Baramahl and Salem, and IJeutenant 
 
 18 *
 
 276 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE nTO?. 
 
 Caldwell, who was employed under Mr, Topping in surveying 
 the Kistna and Godavery, all the Madras Engineers were present 
 at the siege. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Maule was Chief Engineer, 
 Lieutenant Thomas Wood his Aide-de-Camp, and 
 Ensign Farqubar, Adjutant of Engineers. 
 
 In March 1793, Colonel Ross had returned to Europe on 
 account of his health. 
 
 In addition to the Madras Engineers, six other officers were 
 appointed assistant engineers : — 
 
 Lieutenant James Farquhar, H.M.'s 74th. 
 
 „ B. Ralph, H.M.'s 73rd. 
 
 „ F. Marriott, 6th Native Battalion. 
 
 „ J. J. Darand, 19th „ 
 
 Second Lieutenant, W. Nicholas, Royal Artillery. 
 „ G. Hayter „ 
 
 On 2nd August, the Governor was summoned. He replied 
 that he would defend the place to the utmost. During the 
 ensuing week the engineers were engaged in preparing materials 
 for the siege. On the 10th, a large battery to enfilade the north 
 face of the fort was commenced. The enemy kept up a warm fire 
 on the new work. It was not till the night of the 12th, that the 
 engineers broke ground, towards the north face, and approaches 
 were carried on upwards of 900 yards in length, without any loss 
 on our side, owing to the enemy's fire being directed on the en- 
 filading battery, which had eight guns and two mortars. The 
 soil was a very stiff clay, and as a good deal of rain had fallen, 
 the progress was slower than had been expected. 
 
 By the 1 5th, the approaches were nearly completed. On that 
 day Lieutenant-Colonel Maule, Chief Engineer, was killed by a 
 cannon-shot between 8 and 9 p.m. His loss was much lamented 
 bv the General, especially as "Major Gent was unable to take
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 n 
 
 FORTIFICATION WORKS. 
 
 1. St. Laurent's Bastion. 
 
 41. Battery of the North 
 
 2, Bastion ot the SmaU Bat- 
 
 Estacade. 
 
 
 42. Small Half-Moon m tbe 
 
 8. Cnddalore Bastion. 
 
 Nortb. 
 
 4. Hospital Bastion. 
 
 
 5. Queen's Bastion. 
 
 6. Bastion ot 'ViJIenoiir's. 
 
 7. Dupleix's Bastion. 
 
 DUjwtili-n iif thf Camp and 
 Attnrta. 
 
 H. Taldaor's Bastion. 
 
 11, Grenadiers, commanded by 
 
 9. Dolfin Bastion. 
 
 Major Petrie. 
 
 10. King 8 Bastion. 
 
 h. 1st Brigade Europeans. 
 
 U. Bastion of Madras. 
 
 commanded by Lieut. - 
 
 K Bastion of Anjon. 
 
 Colonel Nisbet. 
 
 IS. Bastion of Orleans. 
 
 <•- Goneral Salnte BatUrv. 
 
 U. St. Lonis's Bastion. 
 
 
 15. Half.Moon of Orleans. 
 
 
 It. Half-Moon ot Madras. 
 
 Belcliffe. 
 
 17. King's Half-Moon. 
 
 
 18. VJlenonr's HattMoou. 
 
 Colonel Bent. 
 
 19. Qoesn's Half.Moon. 
 
 f. 2nd Brigade of Enropeana. 
 
 
 commanded by Lieut. - 
 
 81. l-nddalore Hall-Moon. 
 
 
 82. CnadJore Gale. 
 
 .'/. ■Itb Brigade of Sepoys, 
 commanded by Lieut.- 
 Colonel Campbell. 
 
 a. ViUtnou, Gate. 
 
 M. Tald»nr Gate. 
 25. Madras Gate. 
 
 «. Sea O.ie. 
 
 !«. Water Gate. 
 
 29. Poslem in the Hospital 
 
 Colonel Cuppage. 
 
 (. Picqoet of Infantry. 
 
 k. Two Companies of Emo- 
 
 ». Postern in the King's 
 Coorline made in the 
 
 
 "'. Engineei-s' Pioneers. 
 
 »1. Snice.' 
 
 82. Slaitc-Bridge on the Fore- 
 Ditch. 
 
 2' y"'',?"*" "■ ""8 Sieee. 
 «t. Sooth Eslacade. 
 
 J- S««l.E.t«mde Battery. 
 »• Small Half.Moon in the 
 
 ". TrencbfK. 
 p. Battery. 
 7- Mortar Battery. 
 
 r. Gim. West Battery. 
 
 «- Projected Works to come 
 
 np to tlie Glacie. 
 t. Picqiiet ofCavalj)-. 
 u. Corps of Cavalry at Arian- 
 
 «• Boy.1 Battery. 
 *>• School Battel 
 
 f. Eiijjljsli Entrenchments in 
 Fontbeil-B Gardens. 
 
 .i". Corp-i of Cavalry on tlie 
 Red Hills.
 
 1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 277 
 
 the field, owing to a very violent disorder in his eyes." By 
 Mania's death Captain Trapaud became Cliief Engineer. 
 
 Owing to heavy rain, the progress was still very slow ; and it 
 was not till the 20th, about noon, that the enfilading battery of 
 eight 12-pounders, and two 8-inch mortars opened fire. The 
 enemy's fire for some days had been heavy and well directed ; 
 but in half-an-hour after the battery opened, it became ill- 
 directed, and slackened. On the 23rd, a battery, called the 
 Eoyal battery, opened, on face to be attacked, with fourteen 
 24-pounders. It was within 600 yards of the fort. The enemy 
 fired on it for a short time, but then began to withdraw some 
 of their guns, and afterwards masked many of their embrasures. 
 The same day we opened a mortar battery of four 10-inch 
 mortars, so that there were now twenty-two guns, and six mortars 
 beanng hard on the face attacked. 
 
 On the evening of the 23rd, the French offered to capitulate. 
 This was refused, and surrender at discretion demanded. The 
 deputation from the fort implored the General to relent, and he 
 dictated a few articles as final. 
 
 The deputation left at 3 a.m. on the 24th, and at 8 a.m. the 
 articles were returned agreed to by the Governor, Monsieur 
 Chermont; and the British colours were hoisted on the fort. 
 
 The French troops menaced their own officers, and Colonel 
 Braithwaite was asked to push forward our troops at once, which 
 was done without delay. 
 
 The prisoners were secured in the church at Ariancopang, 
 mostly drunk, but without arms. 
 
 The pioneers were now employed in destroying the batteries, 
 and filling up the approaches. 
 
 Captain Trapaud was left at Pondicherry as engineer in charge, 
 under the orders of Colonel Floyd, who was appointed com- 
 mandant. Colonel Braithwaite thus writes of Trapaud : — 
 
 " Captain Trapaud expresses himself desirous of remaining, 
 and certainly he has the fairest claim ; and I have pleasure in
 
 278 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1793. 
 
 saying that I have much reason to be satisfied with his exertions 
 since the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Maule threw the charge of 
 the department on him." 
 
 Our losses during the siege were six officers killed, including 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Maule. 
 
 1 captain, 3 lieutenants, and 1 ensign. 
 
 2 lieutenants were wounded. 
 30 Europeans killed. 
 
 48 „ wounded. 
 
 1 missing. 
 
 88 total Europeans killed and wounded. 
 
 1 jemadar, and 92 men killed. 
 
 2 ,, and 146 „ wounded. 
 
 5 „ missing. 
 
 247 Natives killed, wounded, and missing. 
 Grand total, 335. 
 
 Of these the Pioneers lost — 
 
 4 Europeans killed. 
 
 5 Natives „ 
 
 1 jemadar, I havildar, and 11 privates wounded. 
 Total, 22 ; about one-fifteenth of total loss. 
 
 One hundred and sixty-eight guns were taken in Pondicherry. 
 
 Had it not been for the disgraceful conduct of the French 
 soldiery, the siege would most probably have been a serious one ; 
 but the licentiousness and insubordination of the soldiers of the 
 garrison forced the Governor of Pondicherry to surrender after a 
 fire of only a few hours from our batteries, and before the works 
 had sufiered any great damage. 
 
 By 2nd September, the pioneers had levelled the trenches and 
 batteries, and detachments were sent thence to the Baramahl. 
 After the siege. Lord Cornwallis visited the fort, and returned to 
 Madras at the end of September He thought the fort should
 
 1793.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 279 
 
 be destroyed, and the pioneers under Lieutenant Dowse* were 
 employed on this work. On 1 5th June 1794, in about eight 
 months, Lieutenant Dowse reported the complete demolition of 
 Pondicherry, ditch filled in, and ramparts levelled, " so that a 
 body of horse might charge into the place." 
 
 The Chief Engineer sent in a plan of Pondicherry, with the 
 attack and encampment. 
 
 During the years 1791-93. the corps of Engineers had a large 
 number of casualties. 
 
 Major Banks retired on Lord Olive's pension early in 1791, 
 
 owing to his health. 
 Lieutenant Ryland died in June 1791. 
 Ensign Cree, killed at Ryacottah, July 1791. 
 Lieutenant Kisselback, died May 1792. 
 
 „ Jennings, died 4th June 1792. 
 
 Captain Ogg, died December J 792. 
 Lieutenant Russell, died 3rd May 1793. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Maule, killed at Pondicherry, 15th August 
 
 1793. 
 Lieutenant Pyefinch, died 8th September 1793, and 
 Captain Prescott, was at home on half-pay on account of his 
 
 health. 
 
 Besides these, the following got leave with reference to the 
 bad state of their health : — 
 
 Lieutenant Forrest and Captain Lennon ; and early in 1793 
 Colonel Ross, the Chief Engineer, was also permitted to go 
 home. 
 
 The services of the Engineers during these years seem to 
 have been very trying. It must be remembered that the whole 
 corps at this time consisted of no more than twenty-four officers. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gent now became Chief Engineer. 
 
 * Lieutenant Dowse employed 70 Maistries and 3,000 coolies in destroying th« 
 fortiflcationH
 
 280 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1793-95. 
 
 In August 1793, three Engineer officers of the Bengal Establish- 
 ment were ordered to Madras on public service. 
 
 Lieutenant Robertson, Bengal Engineers, 
 Ensign Anbury „ 
 
 Cadet Robertson, 
 
 on account, it is presumed, of the great mortality in the Madras 
 Engineers. 
 
 In the year 1794, no military service of any consequence took 
 place, but the pioneers, under Lieutenant Dowse, after the demo- 
 lition of Pondicherry, marched into the Baramahl to demolish 
 several forts lately ceded to the British by Tippoo. 
 
 At this time Mr. Michael Topping (who came out as an 
 astronomer) was engaged in the northern districts, and 
 Lieutenant Caldwell was placed under his orders. 
 
 Captain George Johnstone was the engineer of that part, and 
 he appears to have interfered with Mr, Topping considerably. 
 On l4th July, Mr. Topping complains of his conduct in regard 
 to Lieutenant Caldwell. Six weeks afterwards, he again com- 
 plains that Captain Johnstone had interfered twice by removing 
 a shed in which a boat was being built for him (Mr. Topping), 
 and publicly menaced to imprison Mr. Topping in the main 
 guard. Lieutenant Caldwell became uncertain whom to attend 
 to. Captain Johnstone sent in a reply to the complaints, but 
 was told that he would be removed if he did not give every 
 assistance in his power to Mr. Topping. 
 
 At the close of the year. Captain Hemming* of Engineers 
 (Invalid Establishment) got sick leave to the Cape. It will be 
 remembered he was wounded in the attack on Tippoo's fortified 
 camp in February 1792, 
 
 Early in 1795, it was intended to have sent an expedition 
 against Mauritius and Bourbon ; and, with this view, a Monsieur 
 Grand Pre, n French officer of talent and much local knowledge, 
 
 * iQTalided '6rd September 1793.
 
 1795.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 281 
 
 was sent out from England to assist with his advice. The 
 expedition was, however, abandoned, and it was determined to 
 confine our attention to the reduction of the Dutch Settlements 
 in Ceylon, and to the eastward. 
 
 In July 1795,* an expedition sailed from Madras with Admiral 
 Rainier's squadron for Ceylon. 
 
 The Suffolk 74 
 
 „ Centurion ... ... 50 
 
 „ Diomede .. ... 44 
 
 " The Diomede struck upon a hidden rock, and went down so 
 suddenly that it was not without great difficulty her crew were 
 saved." 
 
 Colonel James Stuart commanded. 
 
 The engineers with the expedition were : — 
 Captain Norris, Madras Engineers, 
 Lieutenant Mackenzie. 
 Cleghorne. 
 De Havilland. 
 Cotgrave. 
 Torriano. 
 
 Hayter, Royal Artillery, as Acting 
 Engineer. 
 
 Two companies of Pioneers accompanied the force. 
 
 Trincomalee, armed with nearly 1 00 heavy guns, was besieged 
 for three weeks, and capitulated after a slight resistance, as 
 preparations were being made to carry it by storm. Our loss 
 was only sixteen killed, and sixty wounded. 
 
 In September, Jaffnapatam capitulated also. The town and 
 fort stand at some distance from the main ocean, but there is a 
 communication by means of an inlet navigable for boats. It is 
 200 miles north by east from Colombo. 
 
 * 3rd July 1795, Ensign Doveton died.
 
 282 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1796. 
 
 Shortly after this, the force was joined hy two more companies 
 of Pioneers from the Baramahl. 
 
 The force against Malacca was under the command of Major 
 Archibald Brown. One company of the Pioneers under Lieu- 
 tenant Heitland, sailed with this force; while Lieutenant Farquhar, 
 Madras Engineers, was chief engineer. 
 
 The fort at Malacca surrendered on the 18th August. 
 On 6th January 17U6, Lieutenant Heitland with half his 
 company sailed for Amboyna with Admiral Rainier's squadron, 
 as part of a Madras detachment under Major Vigors. The 
 remaining half of the company was left in garrison at Malacca. 
 Amboyna was taken in February, and the squadron then sailed 
 for Banda Neira, and the other Spice islands, which were taken 
 without opposition. 
 
 Captain Lennon, of Engineers, was appointed secretary and 
 engineer to this expedition, concerning which he wrote an 
 account, and presented it to the Honourable East India Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Two companies of the Pioneers remained in the Spice islands 
 until the peace with the Dutch in 1802, 
 
 Colonel Stuart's forces were directed to capture Columbo, &c. 
 Troops for the expedition against Columbo assembled at Eami- 
 seram in January 1796. About the lOth, they left in large open 
 boats. Crossing below Adam's Bridge, tliey coasted along by 
 Arepoo, Calpentyn, the rendezvous being at Negumbo, thirty 
 miles north of Columbo. A landing was effected, and the works 
 at Negumbo abandoned by the enemy. 
 
 Lieutenant Colin Mackenzie had previously been ordered to 
 collect materials for the siege on the coast. All fascines and 
 gabions we had made, under the idea that we were not likely 
 to find materials in the best wooded country in the world ! were 
 afterwards served out at Columbo as firewood. 
 
 The army marched from Negumbo to within four miles of 
 Columbo without meeting any opposition. At daylight, 10th
 
 1797.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 283 
 
 February, they crossed the great ferry called Grand Pass, and 
 formed on the other side, when fire was opened on them from 
 800 to 1,000 Malays, with some Dutch troops. They soon, 
 however, took to flight, and we entered the Pettah about 2 p.m. 
 next day. 
 
 The army then took up a position about a mile from the fort, 
 with the Pettah between it and the fort. Our right flank was 
 close to the sea, and the left to the nullah running from the 
 river Malware, near the great pass, to the lake on the south- 
 west 
 
 Our loss was only three men killed, and two officers and eight 
 men wounded. 
 
 The fleet anchored at the mouth of the river Malware on the 
 13tb. 
 
 The General of the King of Candy had joined Colonel Stuart 
 at Negumbo, and was now at Baspital. He crossed the river on 
 the 14th, and took up a position on the left of the English. 
 
 On the iSth, the fort of Columbo, and the remaining posses- 
 sions under the Dutch authority in the island, surrendered by 
 capitulation, and the British troops were in possession of the 
 fort on the 10th morning. 
 
 The senior engineer was Lieutenant Mackenzie, Captain 
 Norris having been left at Trincomalee, to put the fortifications 
 in a proper state of defence. 
 
 The other engineers were — 
 
 Lieutenant Cleghorne, 
 „ De Havilland, 
 
 „ Cotgrave, and 
 
 „ Torriano. 
 
 Early in 1797, the Pioneers with this force were ordered to 
 Madras, but Major-General Doyle, then commanding the island, 
 having represented that some pioneers were indispensable, a 
 party of fifty, under Lieutenant Fitzgerald, were allowed to
 
 284 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [179T. 
 
 remain, and did duty in Ceylon till 1802, when the island became 
 a Crown colony, 
 
 Colin Mackenzie inspected and reported on the forts on the 
 west coast of Ceylon, and returned to Madras coast in May 1796. 
 On 26th August 1797, 300 pioneers embarked at Madras as 
 part of a force, under the command of Major- General Sir J. 
 Craig, K.B., which was intended for the siege of Manilla. 
 
 The engineers with the force were to have been — 
 
 Captain Colin Mackenzie. Lieutenant Fotheringham. 
 
 „ Johnstone. ,, Sydenham. 
 
 „ Blair. Ensign Ravenshaw. 
 Captain-Lieutenant Pittman. „ Bradley. 
 
 Lieutenant W. Farquhar. 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Pittman, Ensigns Bradley and Raven- 
 shaw, were sent in advance to Malacca, to prepare materials 
 for the siege. 
 
 Owing to the threatening attitude of Tippoo, it was thought 
 desirable to abandon the expedition, and the troops were, after a 
 few days, disembarked. 
 
 In September, we learn that Captain Mackenzie was to return 
 to his station with the Nizam's detachment ; 
 
 Captain Johnstone to Ganjam ; 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant Blair to Guntoor ; 
 
 Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham to Baramahl ; 
 
 „ Sydenham to Adjutant of Engineers at Presidency ; 
 
 Captain Pittman 
 
 Ensign Bradley 
 
 Ravenshaw 
 
 now to the eastward, to return to their 
 duty on the coast ; 
 
 Captain Forrest to do duty at Columbo; 
 Lieutenant Castle to do duty at Point de Galle.* 
 
 * 28rd August 1796. — Cudmore died at Kistnagherry. 
 8th March. — Ravenshaw appointed Practitioner-Engineer. 
 7th April 1797. — Torriano to Cape and Europe on account of his health. 
 Ist April 1797. — Brevet-Captain Dowse appointed commandant of Pioneers.
 
 1798.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 285 
 
 On 6th February 1798, the Board stated " that they are very 
 sensible of Captain Mackenzie's industry and zeal (he had sent 
 in plans and surveys of Hyderabad territory), and will remind 
 the Honourable Court of the recommendation of this Govern- 
 ment, that he may be appointed Surveyor-General — a situation 
 he is particularly well qualified to fill " 
 
 On 23rd February, Captain-Lieutenant Pittman was suspended 
 the service, for abuse of trust and neglect of duty, till the 
 pleasure of the Court be known. 
 
 He put in a number of most favourable letters from his 
 brother ofiBcers who all wrote in the highest terms of him. Those 
 who wrote were — 
 
 General Ross, regarding his services in the Mysore Campaign, 
 and in Malacca. 
 
 Lieu ten ant- Colonel Gent. 
 
 „ Caldwell. 
 
 „ Trapaud. 
 
 „ Mackenzie, most favourably, especially of 
 
 his conduct at Pondicherry in 1793. 
 
 Pittman's conduct was submitted to the favourable con- 
 sideration of the Court. 
 
 He appears to have been suffering from severe ill-health, and 
 lay under a violent attack of his eyes. So bad was he that he 
 died on the 28th May 1798. 
 
 His death was doubtless brought on by the mortification he 
 experienced by being suspended, chiefly because he was ill and 
 
 January 1798. — Rowley and Garrard appointed Practitioner-Engineers. 
 
 January. — llutiny of Artillery at the Mount — Lieutentant-Colonel Geils, com- 
 mandant (formerly Major Engineers) — put down, and three or four ringleaders 
 shot. Lieutenant-Colonel Geils censured (unjustly), remonstrates, and is finally 
 suspended and sent home. He appeals, and although not re-instated, is pensioned 
 with the pay of his rank. 
 
 6th March 1798. — Major Beatson appointed to command the Gnides. 
 
 6th March 1798. — Wood to sea for his health. 
 
 23rd June 1798. — Lennon to Cape and England for his health. 
 
 Captain Norris was engineer at Trincomalee.
 
 286 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri798. 
 
 unfit for work. This shows how careful a Government should 
 be not to condemn utterly, until they have exhausted every 
 means of ascertaining the rights of a case Patience should be 
 posted up in large letters in all the council chambers of the 
 empire. 
 
 On 6th September, Captain Colin Mackenzie of Engineers 
 was directed to join Lieutenant-Colonel Roberts' detachment, 
 which he would probably find at Hyatnugger. Colonel Roberts 
 was commanding a force on the borders of Hydrabad. At this 
 time, the Nizam had a large force officered and disciplined by 
 French officers. 
 
 This corps, the Nizam had agreed to disband, and the force 
 was to be replaced by a similar British Subsidiary Force. This 
 treaty was concluded on 1st September 1798. At this time, two 
 English battalions were at Hydrabad, and as soon as the treaty 
 was concluded, Colonel Roberts marched with four battalions of 
 sepoys, and guns to Hydrabad, which place he reached on J 0th 
 October. 
 
 Captain Mackenzie joined the force on 7th October. 
 
 The Nizam at first hesitated to break up the French force, 
 commanded at that time by Monsieur Piron.* However, about 
 noon on the 22nd, Colonel Roberts moved down with four 
 Madras battalions, and artillery, ordering Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Hyndman to support him with the Bengal detachment. At 
 3 P.M. he occupied the heights in front of the French lines, and 
 they soon after surrendered. By 7 p.m. the British troops were 
 in possession of every part of the French lines, guns, arms, and 
 all their military stores, 12,000 stand of arms, and seven pieces 
 of cannon. Their force was 13,000 men. 
 
 A mutiny which had broken out in the French camp aided the 
 views of those who wished to disperse the force. 
 
 The French officers surrendered themselves as prisoners, not 
 
 * Monsieur Raymond, a much more able and eflBcient oflScer.had shortly before 
 been in command. He died a few months previous to this.
 
 1798.) MADRAS ENGINEERS. 287 
 
 reluctant to escape the fury of their men. All of them were 
 restored to their country without any detention for exchange, 
 and their property was carefully preserved for their use. 
 
 In September of this year, Major General Ross, the Chief 
 Engineer, brought to notice the inadequate strength of the 
 Engineer Corps. He said : — 
 
 '* In the last Mysore campaign, under Lord Cornwallis, 
 although the corps of Engineers for field service consisted of 
 eleven officers, and that we were joined by six engineers on the 
 Bengal Establishment, yet, from the number of casualties before 
 the siege began, we were obliged to have recourse to infantry 
 officers as engineers." 
 
 " Six engineers came with the Bombay army. They, how- 
 ever, would have had to carry out a separate attack He strongly 
 recommended an increase in the corps." 
 
 " He also proposed that two companies of lascars employed at 
 the Presidency be increased to 15U or 200 men each, and stated 
 that a quantity of entrenching tools, scaling ladders, baskets, 
 hides and ropes, together with boards and planks, posts, &c., are 
 required. All these things were found particularly useful at Nun- 
 didroog, where the operations of the siege were much accelerated 
 by their being ready." 
 
 In October 1798, the Pioneers were employed in repairing the 
 roads between the stations in the centre division, and in con- 
 structing boats for crossing the Palar with reference to the 
 campaign against Tippoo, which was sliortly to take place. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ross received his brevet of colonel in the 
 army for service in the field from 1st March 1794. 
 
 On the 8th January 1790, the Court of Directors ordered the 
 corps of Engineers to consist of — 
 
 I colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 1 major, 4 captains, 8 lieu- 
 tenants, 8 ensigns, 1 adjutant (non-effective) = 24 officers. 
 
 The Chief Engineer was to receive such an addition to his pay.
 
 288 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1799. 
 
 and full batta, as would make his allowances equal to those of 
 the Commandant of Artillery. In consideration of these allow- 
 ances he was restricted from having any concern whatever in 
 public buildings, or works, or in the materials used therein. 
 
 At the time of the siege of Seringapatam, 1799, the corps of 
 Madras Engineers consisted of the following oflBcers — 
 Colonel Ross, Chief Engineer at Presidency. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gent, S.* Chief Engineer at Seringapatam. 
 Major Trapaud, S. 
 
 Captain Norris, S., aide-de-camp to Chief Engineer. 
 „ Lennon ; on leave to Cape and Europe. 
 „ Mackenzie, S. 
 
 „ Forrest ; on foreign service, Ceylon. 
 „ Johnstone, S. 
 Captain-Lieutenant Wood ; on leave for his health. 
 Caldwell, S. 
 Blair, S. 
 „ Farquhar ; foreign service at Malacca. 
 
 Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham. 
 „ Castle, S. 
 „ Cleghorne, S. 
 
 „ De Havilland, with Colonel Brown's force. 
 „ Cotgrave, S. 
 „ J. Fotheringham. 
 „ B. Sydenham, S. 
 
 ,, R. H. Torriano ; on leave to Cape and Europe. 
 Ensign Fraser, S. 
 ,, Ravenshaw. 
 ,, Bradley. 
 „ Arthur, S. 
 „ Garrard, S. 
 „ Rowley, S. 
 Malton, S. 
 „ Bell, S. 
 „ Smith, S. 
 
 * S. denotes that the ofBcer was present at siege of Seringapatam, 1799,
 
 1799.] MADP.AS ENGINEERS. 289 
 
 It may be interesting to note here, that in December 1798, 
 just before the war with Tippoo, a corps of militia was re- 
 established and embodied in Madras. 
 
 It consisted of the Honourable Company's civil servants, and 
 other inhabitants of Fort St. George and Black Town. 
 
 On 11th December, Lieutenants M. H. Cormick and William 
 Davies were appointed to the Pioneers, and Mr. John Balfour 
 was directed to superintend the engineer artificers with the 
 arinv. 
 
 X9
 
 290 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1799. 
 
 CHAPTEB XI. 
 
 Campaign of 1799. — Plan of the Campaign. — Hostilities commenced, 5th March 
 1799. — Routes to Seringapatam. — Rowley and GaiTard join Nizam's con- 
 tingent. — Tippoo's attack on the Bombay Army at Sedaseer. — Tippoo moves 
 to meet General Harris. — Action at Malavelly. — Army crosses Cauvery at 
 Sosilla, just about the junction of the Cubbary River. — A line of posts from 
 the river to Sultanpettah secured. — Floyd marches towards Periapatam. — 
 Bombay Army arrives, and crosses the river. — General Floyd marches 
 towards Cauverypooram. — At Mysore Ensign Rowley examines the fort. — 
 Enemy advances to secure village on northern side of river, where it was 
 proposed to establish an enfilading battery. — Attack on enemy's intrench- 
 ments at old powder-mill. — Attack on the outposts of the Bombay Army. — 
 Enemy's intrenchments behind the water-course which runs to Periapatum 
 Bridge attacked — Norris and Farquhar crossed the greater part of the 
 river on 29th April. — Scarcity of provisions. — Lieutenant Lalor finds the 
 river fordable. — Breach practicable. — Storming party. — Colours planted on 
 summit of breach. — Tippoo killed. — Our loss. — Survey of position of army 
 before Seringapatam. — Dispute between Wellesley and Captain Norris. — 
 Captain Bong's case. — G. 0. G. regarding Seringapatam medal. 
 
 The Governor-General ordered armies to assemble on the 
 coasts of Malabar and Coromandel on 20th June 1798. 
 
 On 20th October, he gave peremptory orders to the Govern- 
 ment of Fort St. George to complete their battering train, and 
 advance it as quickly as possible to a more eligible situation on 
 the frontier of the Carnatic. 
 
 At this time, the English fleet under Nelson had just won the 
 battle of the Nile. We had revived our defensive alliance with 
 the Nizam, destroyed French influence at Hydrabad, and esta-
 
 1799. MADRAS! ENGINEERS. 291 
 
 blished a respectable British force there. An English squadron 
 was present on the Malabar coast. The Peishwa was disposed 
 to fulBl his engagements to the utmost of his power, and our 
 military preparations on both coasts were proceeding rapidly. It 
 was thought all this would bring Tippoo to reason. 
 
 The Governor- General arrived at Madras on 31st December 
 1798. On 3rd February 1799 he directed General Harris to 
 enter Mysore, and General Stuart to co-operate from Malabar. 
 
 The general plan of the campaign was for the principal army 
 to assemble at Vellore, proceed up the valley of the Palar to 
 Vaniembaddy, and then make for the Palicode Pass, Rvacottah, 
 and Tellamungalum ; from which place it was to advance on 
 Seringapatam, by the best available route ; the Bombay army 
 was to concentrate at Cannanore, to advance and take post at 
 Sedaseer, eight or ten miles west of Periapatam* on the road 
 from Cannanore to Seringapatam ; and thence move towards that 
 fortress, so as to arrive about the same date as the Grand Army. 
 The Bombay army consisted of 6.420 fighting men. of whom 
 1,617 were Europeans. 
 
 It marched from Cannanore 21st February, arrived at the head 
 of the Poodicherum Ghaut on 2.5th, and took post at Sedapoor 
 and Sedaseer on 2nd March. The main army moved from 
 Vellore towards Mysore on llth February. On the 2(Slh it 
 encamped at Carumungalum (sixteen miles south of Kistna- 
 gherry). The Nizam's Contingent joined on the 18th, under 
 Colonel Roberts. On its arrival, the Contingent was placed under 
 the command of Colonel Arthur Wellesley, and strengthened bv 
 the addition of H.M.'s 33rd Regiment. 
 
 Captain Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers, had accompanied 
 this force from Hydrabad, and was the Chief Engineer of Colonel 
 Wellesley's brigade. The sepoys of the late French corps, 
 which had been disbanded by Colonel Roberts at Hydrabad, were 
 
 * Periapatam ia forty-two miles west of Seringapatam. 
 
 19 ♦
 
 292 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 placed under the command of Captain John (afterwards Sir John) 
 Malcolm. 
 
 The Grand Army proceeded by Palicode, and Suntamarinelly to 
 Ryacottah, where it encamped on 4th March. 
 
 The Left Wing, commanded by Major-General Popham, con- 
 sisted of three brigades, commanded respectively by Colonel 
 Sherbrooke Lieutenant-Colonels Gardiner, and Scott. 
 
 The Right Wing, commanded by Major-General Bridges, of 
 three brigades, under Major-General Baird, Colonels Roberts, and 
 Gowdie. 
 
 The cavalry, under Major General Floyd, consisted of two 
 brigades, under Colonels Stevenson, and Pater. 
 
 lyth and 23rd Light Dragoons, and four regiments of native 
 cavalry (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th). 
 
 Colonel Gent was the Chief Engineer. 
 Captain John Norris, his Aide-de-Camp 
 
 ,, Mackenzie, engineer with Nizam's Contingent. 
 
 ,, Dowse, commanding the Pioneers 
 
 „ Orr, Captain of the Guides. 
 LieutenantThomasSydenham,Deputy- Captain of the Guides. 
 Major Beatson, Surveyor-General to the Army. 
 Colonel Smith commanded the Artillery. 
 
 The Nizam's detachment was commanded by Hon. Colonel 
 Arthur Wellesley, under whom was Lieutenant- Colonel Dal- 
 rymple, commanding the Company's troops, consisting of two 
 brigades. Captain Malcolm commanded the Nizam's infantry, 
 and Meer Allum his cavalry. 
 
 On 5th March, General Harris commenced hostilities, by 
 sending Major John Cuppage against the hill forts of Neel 
 Durgum and Anchitty. The former was abandoned, and the 
 latter surrendered. They were both occupied by our troops. 
 
 On the 7th, Oodea-Durgum surrendered to Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Oliver.
 
 1799.] MADBAS ENGINEEES. 293 
 
 On the 8th, Kutnagherry was taken possession of, after a 
 slight resistance, by Captain Orton ; and on the 9th, the whole 
 army assembled at Tellanumgalum — 30,959 fighting men, besides 
 6,000 of Nizam's cavalry. A large detachment from the south- 
 ward, which was intended to co-operate, was placed under the 
 command of Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, and that from the 
 Baramahl was under Lieutenant-Colonel Kead. 
 
 At this time, the iSultan's army was at Maddoor, and 1,500 of 
 his cavalry had beeu detached to Oossoor to burn forage. 
 
 From Tellamungalum to Seringapatam there were three 
 routes : 
 
 First — by Tully, Murlwady, and CancanhuUy. This was 
 considered objectionable, as the pass of Tully had never been 
 examined, and was considered likely to prove impassable for 
 heavy guns. 
 
 iSecond — by Anicul, Talgautpooram, and CancanhuUy ; well 
 known, having been used in 1791. 
 
 Third — Anicul, Talgautpooram, and Chennapatam. Tippoo 
 being supposed to be encamped near Chennapatam, this route 
 was considered objectionable, and route No. 2 was selected. 
 
 On 10th March, the army moved, but halted on the 11th at 
 Callacondapilly. Captain Mackenzie on this day applied for 
 two subalterns of engineers, to as&ist him in superintending the 
 pioneers, and Lusigns Kowley and Garrard proceeded next day 
 to join the Nizam's Contingent. 
 
 On the 12th, the army encamped two miles south-east of Jigeny. 
 The army was harassed by numerous bodies of horse (or Looties, 
 as they were called). On our right we left the village of Anicul. 
 A considerable body of the enemy's horse appeared, which 
 was soon dispersed by the Horse Artillery. 
 
 On the 13th we halted, but on the lith, the army marched by 
 the left in a north-west direction, and encamped within a few 
 miles of Bangalore. The Nizam's detachment moved on the 
 flank of the Grand Army, and baggage, &c. was elbowed into
 
 294 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE 'ri799. 
 
 the thickest jungles and rugged paths, the best road being 
 occupied by the battering train and stores. 
 
 On the 15th, the army again halted. 
 
 On the 16tb, the army marched west to Talgautpoorara — eight 
 miles south-west of Bangalore. The country was now uneven, and 
 full of jungle. Eight wing took up a position on the north side 
 of a small pass near Caglipoorum. Enemy's horse acted upon 
 our rear, but were kept in check by Colonel Floyd, with four 
 regiments of cavalry, infantry, and guns. 
 
 Ensign Rowley remarked in his diary this day : " It is possible 
 the Grand Army may know whither they are going, but our 
 (Nizam"s) detachment, after losing their way more than once, 
 encamped amid rocks and thickets. The army is not far ofl', 
 out of sight. My baggage and servants are all missing." 
 
 On the 1 7th, the army marched through a delightful valley, 
 skirted by low hills covered with wood, and so confined, that it 
 was impossible for the enemy to act with safety. 
 
 On the 18th, the army halted. 
 
 On the 19th, the left wing and cavalry marched five miles to 
 Harnhully, ten miles west of Cancanhully, and intelligence was 
 received that the Sultan's army had advanced to Hullagoor, near 
 Sultanpettah, eleven miles east of Malavelly. 
 
 On the 20th, left wing encamped seven miles north of 
 Cancanhully. Right wing at Harnhully, and Colonel Wellesley's 
 division in the rear. 
 
 On 21st March, army encamped at Cancanhully, on the banks 
 of the Arkavutty, which was at this point forty-five yards wide. 
 Major Allen (Deputy Quartermaster-General) and Captain Orr 
 (of the Guides) reconnoitred, and discovered two tanks at Achel, 
 eight miles in advance. The 5th Brigade, under Colonel 
 Roberts, conducted by Major Allen and Captain Orr, marched at 
 10 P.M., and at 3 a.m. came up with some of the enemy's 
 vedettes. They were driven in, and the tanks secured. 
 
 The right wing encamped there with five regiments of cavalry on
 
 1799.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 295 
 
 the 22nd ; while the left wing, one regiment of cavalry, and the 
 Nizam's Contingent remained at Cancanhully. 
 
 On the 28rd, the right wing and cavalry marched from Achel, 
 and encamped at Sultanpettah. Left wing advanced to Achel, 
 and Nizam's Contingent encamped at HuUagoor (two miles west 
 of Maddoor river, on left bank). Tippoo at this time had 
 quitted the west bank of the Maddoor river, and was encamped 
 at Malavelly. 
 
 Ensign Rowley gives the following account of the followers of 
 the army : — 
 
 " The market of General Harris' army equals in extent, and 
 in variety of articles exposed for sale, that of a populous city. 
 The followers of the army are so numerous, that on a moderate 
 calculation they may be considered to exceed the number of 
 fighting men in the proportion of five to one. The appearance 
 of our army on the march from a neighbouring hill is truly 
 surprising. It may be compared with the emigration of the 
 Israelites from Egypt : the surrounding plains and downs 
 appear to be in motion. Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep 
 conceal the soil ; the route of the troops is marked by the 
 gleaming of their arms, and that of the battering train by a long, 
 slow-moving inky line. On a nearer view the scene is some- 
 times laughable: here a laden ill-bred bullock taking fright, 
 scampers off, plunging and kicking, and tlirowing a whole herd 
 into confusion ; twenty others follow his example, and broken 
 pots and pans strew the plain. 
 
 '' The drivers abuse their cattle, and each other ; sometimes an 
 alarm of the Looties' approach occasions a worse disorder ; men 
 women, and children scamper in all directions, and leave their 
 unconcerned charge to its fate." 
 
 The tanks were usually found filled with milk hedge plant, 
 which is supposed to be poisonous, but its ill-effects were not 
 apparent. 
 
 On 24th March, the right wing took up a position on the west
 
 296 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 bank of the Maddoor river, where Tippoo had been encamped for 
 five days, — our cavalry on the east. It was expected that the 
 passage of the river would have been disputed, as Syed Guffoor, 
 with 300 infantry and 1,000 horse, with ten guns, had been 
 posted on the heights east of the river ; but on our approach he 
 was ordered to fall back. It was at this time that General Harris 
 received news of Tippoo's attack on the Bombay army near 
 Sedaseer, in the Coorg country. Tippoo had marched on SHth 
 February, and arrived at Periapatam on 5th March. 
 
 On the Gth, he crossed his own frontier, and attacked the 
 Bombay army. The attack was sustained by a brigade of 2,000 
 men, one march in front of the army. This force, in spite of 
 great disparity of numbers, opposed the enemy with great 
 gallantry, till the arrival of General Stuart with two European 
 regiments, when the enemy retired with precipitation. Tippoo 
 lost 1,500 killed and wounded, while ours was only 140. 
 
 Our advanced brigade consisted of only 2,000 men, while 
 Tippoo's force was 11,800 of his best troops. 
 
 The Sultan's army, after receiving this defeat quitted 
 Periapatam, reached Seringapatam on J 4th March, and 
 immediately moved forward thence to meet General Harris. 
 
 On 26th March, the whole of the English army moved in 
 compact order, and encamped five miles east of Malavelly. 
 
 On the 27th, the army marched from its left flank on the 
 great road leading to Malavelly, while Colonel Wellesley's divi- 
 sion moved close to it on the left. Eive regiments of cavalry under 
 Major General Ployd formed the advance. Colonel Wellesley's 
 division was directed to advance on the enemy's right (the 
 enemy were drawn up on the heights in front) supported by 
 General Floyd v/ith three regiments of cavalry. His division 
 advanced with the 33rd Regiment at its head, while the enemy's 
 guns seemed to be directed towards the Grand Army, which was 
 advancing on the riglit. As we closed with them, their guns 
 were drawn off. With the intention uf covering their retreat, a
 
 1799.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 297 
 
 large body of their infantry advanced with great boldness on 
 Colonel Wellesley's division. Their attack was received by the 
 33rd, and the advance of the division, which returned their fire 
 at k'ss than lOD yards. After a few minutes they began to 
 waver and broke ; Colonel Floyd then charged them, and hewed 
 the unfortunate brigade to pieces Meanwhile on our right an 
 attack was made on the 1st European Brigade by a large body 
 of enemy's boldest cavalry. H.M.'s J 2th gave their fire at the 
 distance of about twenty yards, and a mass of men and horses 
 fell ; a few broke through the line, but the remainder fled. 
 
 The whole army was now formed in one line, and advanced in 
 pursuit ; but the General soon ordered the pursuit to be stopped, 
 and the troops returned to the first intended encampment. 
 
 Ensign Rowley, in his diary, says: " Thus ended the battle of 
 Malavelly, which appeared to those who were not in the secret 
 to be a very confused sort of skirmish. The official account* of 
 it will appear as regular as those of Marlborough or Frederick, 
 where every circumstance appears to have been foreseen, known, 
 and provided for." 
 
 Our loss was small: 3 officers wounded, 6 Europeans killed 
 and 34 wounded; 1 Native killed, and 10 wounded, and 6 
 missing. Total, GO. 
 
 Amongst the wounded oflBcers was Ensign Thomas Eraser, 
 Madras Engineers, Adjutant. 
 
 Tippoo's loss was fully 1.000 killed and wounded. 
 
 On the 28th, the army marched four miles south-west from 
 Malavelly, to be within an easy march of Sosilla, where there 
 is a good ford, by which General Harris intended to cross the 
 Cauvery. This plan was recommended to the Commander in- 
 Chief by Colonel Gent, the Chief Engineer, on 17th March. 
 Copies of the original memoranda were sent to the Com- 
 
 * General Harris's account of it is short and unassuming. Colonel Beatson 
 manufactured a famous battle.
 
 298 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1799. 
 
 mander-in- Chief on the 24th, and five days afterwards the army 
 crossed. 
 
 Major Allen was sent with 300 men to explore the country as far 
 as the river ; he returned at night and made a favourable report. 
 The army marched at day-break on the 29th. At Sosilla many 
 thousands of inhabitants were found, who had collected in 
 the ditch of the fort twelve or fifteen thousand cattle, besides 
 sheep and goats. 
 
 The right wing, the cavalry, and Colonel Wellesley's division, 
 camped on north side of Cauvery, while the left wing cr(jssed. 
 General Harris halted on the 3Uth till 2 p.m., when the remainder 
 of the army crossed, except a Native battalion, left to cover the 
 rear. 
 
 The Cauvery here was 300 or 400 yards broad, with a sandy 
 bottom, and three feet deep. 
 
 This movement appears to have been totally unexpected by the 
 enemy. 
 
 Tippoo had marched to Arrikera on the 30th, after the battle 
 of Malavelly. He sent a force north and east, with the expect 
 ancy of attacking the English army in the rear; but the move- 
 ment across the river must have greatly disconcerted him ; and 
 on hearing of it, he made for Seringapatam. His troops lay on 
 their arms every night after the action at Malavelly. 
 
 On the 31st the army halted. 
 
 General Harris learnt that Tippoo's infantry and guns had 
 been sent to Seringapatam, but that he, with all his cavalry, had 
 crossed to the south side of the river. 
 
 On 1st April, the army encamped close to the Cauvery at 
 Rungasamoodra, about thirteen miles south-east from Seringa- 
 patam. 
 
 On the 2nd, the army marched only three miles, as, the 
 Nizam's cavalry having neglected to occupy the position pointed 
 out, the army had to halt for four hours, in order that they 
 might pass with their baggage.
 
 1799.] MADBAS ENGINEERS. 299 
 
 This seems very characteristic of troops commanded by natives 
 of India. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry appeared in our front, while the army 
 was taking up its ground. Tippoo himself reconnoitred from a 
 hill in front. 
 
 On the 3rd, the army encamped on the high road, about five 
 miles south east from Seringapatam. Tippoo had not had the 
 spirit to oppose our passage over ground which a more deter- 
 mined general might have disputed with a possibility of success. 
 
 From this point we obtained a distant view of the whole of 
 the island and city. The pettah of Shahr-Ganjam had been 
 destroyed, and the enemy's infantry were encamped behind some 
 new works. These new works were within six. or seven hundred 
 yards of the walls, extending from Dowlut Bagh to the Peria- 
 patam bridge. 
 
 On the morning of the Ith, the army marched west, keeping 
 on high ground, about four miles from Seringapatam. 
 
 On the next day, the army continued its march, keeping under 
 cover of ridges to south and west of Sultanpettah, in order to 
 avoid the topes which afforded cover for the enemy's rocketmen. 
 After a march of a few miles, the army took up its ground 
 opposite the west face of the fort, at a distance of about two 
 miles. 
 
 In their front was a chain of advanced posts, on high ground, 
 occupied by the Nizam's troops, commanded by British ofhcers. 
 The right of the camp was on high, commanding ground, which 
 gradually descended to the left, where it was doubly secured by 
 a canal, and the river. 
 
 This canal supplied excellent water, served as a strong 
 intrenchment, and several deep ravines intersecting the rear of 
 the camp rendered it impenetrable for the enemy's cavalry. 
 
 Five large topes within the camp furnished an abundant supply 
 of materials for the siege. 
 
 From the left of our position the canal took an easterly direc-
 
 300 MILITARY HISTOBY OF THE [1799. 
 
 tion, till it approached ■within a mile of the fort ; where it wound 
 off to the right towards Sultaupettah tope. The canal was fifteen 
 yards wide, and six feet deep, with a high bank towards the 
 city. There were several ruined villages and rocky heights in 
 front, which gave cover to enemy's infantry and rocketmen, and it 
 became absolutely necessary to dispossess the enemy of these posts. 
 
 Accordingly, on the evening of the 5th April, il.M.'s 12th, 
 and two battalions of sepoys, with their guns, under Colonel 
 JShawe, and H.M.'s '6Svd and 2nd Bengal Infantry, under Colonel 
 Wellesley, were ordered to be in readiness at sunset ; the former 
 to attack the post at the aqueduct, and the latter the Sultau- 
 pettah Tope. Captain Colin Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers, 
 accompanied the Honourable Colonel Wellesley. 
 
 The night was pitch dark, and the ground almost unknown to 
 our troops. 
 
 Colonel Shawe's party succeeded in establishing itself in a 
 ruined village, close in front of the enemy's post in the nullah, 
 when Colonel Shawe quietly allowed the enemy to keep up an 
 incessant fire, without exposing his men. With Colonel Wel- 
 lesley it fared badly. The light company of 33rd pushed too 
 eagerly into the tope, and came on a work of the enemy, who 
 opened a heavy fire on them. The men too much in advance, 
 finding themselves not supported, retreated precipitately, leaving 
 Colonel Wellesley and Captain Mackenzie by themselves. In 
 such a helpless and hopeless situation, the only thing to do was to 
 endeavour to rejoin the division, but in attempting it, the dark- 
 ness of the night was such that they lost their way, and it was not 
 until they had groped about strange ground for several hours 
 that they reached the camp. 
 
 Ensign Rowley says : " In fact the attack of Wellesley has 
 failed ; the party having lost each other in the obscurity of the 
 night. Wellesley is mad at this ill-success ; he has left Lieute- 
 nant Fitzgerald with twenty-five men of his corps (33rd) either 
 killed, or in the hands of the enemy."
 
 17990 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 80] 
 
 Next morning, General Harris ordered a detachment to be 
 formed, consisting of 94th Regiment, two battalions of sepoys, 
 and five guns, under Colonel Wellesley, to make a second 
 attempt on the tope. General Baird accompanied the regiment 
 ^o parade, and found General Harris walking about. Colonel 
 Wellesley did not appear, and troops liaving waited an hour, 
 General Harris ordered Baird to take command He mounted 
 his horse for the purpose, but a moment afterwards lie said to 
 General Harris: "Don't you think. Sir, it would be but fair 
 to give Wellesley an opportunity of retrieving the misfor- 
 tune of last night." Colonel Wellesley shortly afterwards 
 appeared, and took command. The cause of his delay is stated 
 by Captain Mackenzie, Madras Engineers, to have been — " that 
 when they arrived at camp, Colonel Wellesley went to head- 
 quarters to report what had happened ; but finding that General 
 Harris was not yet awake, he threw himself on the table of the 
 dinner-tent, and worn out with fatigue and anxiety of mind, fell 
 asleep." 
 
 Ensign Rowley, of the Madras Engineers, accompanied this 
 second attack. "The force advanced under cover of some field- 
 pieces, which played on the tope to dislodge the enemy. They 
 had advanced some distance into the tope, when a smart fire of 
 musketry was opened from the nullah, which winds along it. 
 Our line was quickly formed, and the enemy were in ten minutes 
 dislodged by the field-pieces, which moved with us. As they 
 proceeded, large flanking parties were sent out on our right, and 
 the enemy retreated on all sides. We took possession of a line 
 of posts, extending from the left of the tope to the village of 
 Sultanpettah on the right." 
 
 At the same time. Colonel Shawe rushed from his post, and 
 dislodged the enemy from the nullah in his front; and Colonel 
 Wallace also succeeded in dispossessing the enemy of a village 
 on their right flank. 
 
 A strong connected line of posts was thus obtained from the
 
 302 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 river to the village of Sultanpettah, a distance of about two 
 miles. The canal thus taken, formed a first parallel to the west 
 face, about a mile distant from it. A brisk cannonade was kept 
 up all day on our posts from the fort. 
 
 At daybreak on the 6th, General Floyd, with four regiments 
 of cavalry, and left wing of the army (except the Regiment de 
 Meuron), marched towards Periapatam, to form a junction with 
 the Bombay army. 
 
 On evening of the 7th, the enemy were employed in making 
 an intrenchment at the ruins of a powder mill, near south bank 
 of the Cauvery, 750 yards from the fort. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry, under Cummer-u-Din, marched on the 
 road to Periapatam. 
 
 On the 8th, the Engineers moved in front of the line, close to 
 the tope, which is named the Engineer's tope. The Engineers 
 were engaged to-day in tracing the course of the nullah. Half 
 the Bamboo coolies and tent lascars, with all the Native and 
 European pioneers, were placed under the orders of Colonel 
 Gent, the Chief Engineer, to be employed in preparing materials 
 for the siege. 
 
 On the 9th, Captain Mackenzie, Ensigns Rowley and Gar- 
 rard, were employed in strengthening the post of Sultanpettah, 
 by lowering the outer wall, and throwing traverses across the 
 streets. 
 
 Our posts were named as follows : — 
 
 Main out-post in front : Shawe's post. 
 
 That in bank of canal on the right of Shawe's: 12- 
 
 pounder battery. 
 Sultanpettah : Post of Sultanpettah. 
 That to left of village, near a burying-ground : Post in 
 front of Engineer's tope. 
 
 A European regiment, and two battalions sepoys, occupied 
 Shawe's post. 
 
 A Native company was detached to 12-pounder battery.
 
 17i».] :\rADRAS ENGINEERS. 303 
 
 A company of Europeans, and 500 Native Infantry, occupied 
 Sultanpettah, and a company of Europeans and 400 Native 
 Infantry were stationed in front of Engineers' tope. 
 
 Field officers of the day had command of advanced picquets, 
 and a general officer had immediate command of Shawe's post, 
 and a general control over the advanced posts. 
 
 On the 9th, Colonel Gent, the Chief Engineer, was directed 
 to prepare a plan for an attack connected with the possession of 
 part of the island ; and one in which that possession may not be 
 necessary ; and he was to consider the army as occupying, if 
 requisite, both sides of the Cauvery. 
 
 On the 13th, he submitted two plans of attack to the Com- 
 mander in-Chief : one for attack against the west angle, 
 considering the army to occupy both sides of the Cauverv ; the 
 other for the attack of the south-west angle, on a supposition of 
 our being in possession of part of the island. The Chief Engineer 
 likewise stated the advantages and disadvantages that occurred 
 to him in forming these attacks. 
 
 On the ITth, the Commander-in-Chief gave orders to attack 
 the west angle. 
 
 On the 11th, Ensigns Rowley and Garrard, who had been 
 working under Captain Mackenzie with the Nizam's force, were 
 ordered to rejoin their corps. 
 
 On the 13th, the men employed as working parties consisted of : 
 
 Two battalions sepoys. 
 The Pioneers. 
 
 A part of the lascars and other followers. 
 The fascines makers and store lascars, attached to Engineers' 
 Department. 
 
 At 3 P.M., a heavy cannonade commenced. Enemy's shot 
 were chiefly directed to Engineers' tope, and head-quarters. 
 One shot reached the Commander-in-(Jliief's tent, 4,300 yards 
 from the Cavalier, whence it was fired. At half-past 7, General
 
 304 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri799. 
 
 Floyd's signal -guns were heard, denoting that he was encamped 
 within two marches of Seringapatam. 
 
 On the 14th, in afternoon, the Bombay army arrived, and 
 took up a position in rear of ours. Ensign Warren, of 33rd, 
 was this day appointed Assistant Engineer. 
 
 Colonel Gent, and the Corps of Engineers, had been so 
 assiduous in the prepnration of materials, that in six days there 
 was a sufficiency for the proposed batteries, and the Chief 
 Engineer reported to the Commander-in-Chief that he was in 
 readiness to commence the siege. 
 
 By the 15th, the enemy had completed intrenchment on the 
 west bank of river, opposite west face of fort. On the right 
 of this there was an unfinished redoubt, and before the south- 
 west angle a circular-work, with three embrasures facing Shawe's 
 post. 
 
 On the 16th, the Bombay army — consisting of three regiments 
 Europeans, six battalions Native Infantry, and three companies 
 of Artillery, and field-pieces — crossed the river, and took up a 
 strong position facing east, its right towards the ford, and left 
 on higher ground, covered by a canal, well secured in front by 
 a hill, which formed an advanced post The rear of the camp 
 was intersected by deep ravines. The hill in front was 
 near the Eadgah redoubt, which, it will be remembered, was 
 stormed by a part of General Medow's column on the night of 
 1 5th May 1792, during the attack on Tippoo's intrenched camp. 
 Tt was now ascertained that the river was no impassable 
 obstacle to the passage of the troops. 
 
 Rice was beginning to run short, and the supplies ex- 
 pected from Lieutenant Colonels Brown and Read were looked 
 for with some anxiety. General Floyd was on 16th encamped 
 three miles from the array, preparatory to moving towards 
 Cauverypooram pass. 
 
 Ensign Rowley, of Engineers, was ordered to join General 
 Floyd's force, which was assisted by part of the left wing.
 
 17990 MADBAS ENGINEERS. 305 
 
 He set out with some intrenching- tools on the evening of 
 the 16 th. 
 
 At 6 A.M. on 17th, General Floyd roarched towards Mysore. 
 The line halted some distance from the new fort, and Ensign 
 Rowley was directed by the General to examine if the fort 
 was tenable against cavalry. The fort was found quite de- 
 serted. Ensign Kowley was enabled, owing to the unfinished 
 state of the fort, to walk his horse, and those of the troopers 
 (who escorted him) through the breaches. After he had made 
 his report to the General, the division moved to the Delaway- 
 Yeri, a large tank about two miles beyond Mysore, and close 
 under Chamandy Hill. 
 
 On the 17th, General Floyd returned to Seringapatam. While 
 the Bombay army was taking up its position on the north side 
 of the Cauvery, the enemy advanced to the ruined village, situated 
 on the north of river, in the prolongation of the west face of the 
 fort, with the intention of establishing a work there. As this 
 was the site of a proposed enfilading battery, General Stuart was 
 directed to attack the enemy. 
 
 The attacking column was for some time galled by a severe 
 cannonade ; but the attack was made with great gallantry, and 
 the enemy was compelled to retire This post was of great 
 importance, about 1,000 yards from north-west angle, and in a 
 most favourable position lor the proposed battery. It was 
 afterwards connected by intermediate posts with the hill on the 
 left. 
 
 At the same time that this attack was made, a nullah on the 
 south side of the river, called the little Cauvery, was taken 
 possession of by Major MacDonald, It runs parallel to the 
 fort, at 500 to 1,000 yards distance. It was called MacDonald's 
 post, and afterwards became an useful depot for engineers' tools 
 and materials. 
 
 On the 17th, the Chief Engineer formed the Corps of Engineers 
 into brigades. 
 
 20
 
 306 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 1st Brigade. — Captain Mackenzie. 
 Lieutenant Castle. 
 Ensign Arthur. 
 
 Ensign Warren, of H.M.'s 33rd. 
 2nd Brigade. — Captain Johnstone. 
 
 Lieutenant Cleghorne. 
 Ensign Garrard. 
 Bell. 
 3rd Brigade. — Captain Caldwell. 
 
 Lieutenant Sydenham. 
 Ensign Rowley. 
 4th Brigade. — Captain Blair. 
 
 Lieutenant Cotgrave. 
 Ensign Malton. 
 „ Smith. 
 The 1st brigade carried on the enfilading attack on the north 
 side of the river, while the other three brigades were on the south 
 side, and were on duty alternately for twenty-four hours. 
 
 Colonel Sartorius, of Bombay Engineers, and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Trapaud, of Madras Engineers, were in turn field officers 
 of the day ; the troops on duty being commanded by Major- 
 Generals of the day. 
 
 On the night of the 17th, Captain Dowse, with his corps of 
 Madras Pioneers, under the direction of Captain Mackenzie, of 
 Engineers, completed a battery for six 12-pounders, and two 
 howitzers, on the north bank of the river. It was placed at 
 night exactly according to the surveys of 1792, and imagined to 
 be directly in line with the west face ; but the survey proved 
 erroneous, and this battery had afterwards to be rebuilt some 
 what to the left. 
 
 It was intended to enfilade the west face, and take the in- 
 trenchments in reverse. 
 
 On this same night, an approach, 450 yards long, was made 
 from Shawe's post to Macdonald's, and improved the next 
 day
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 307 
 
 Captain Johnstone had endeavoured to establish two guns on 
 the left of our post (MacDonald's), but owing to the loss 
 experienced by the working- parties, Avas unable to complete the 
 work- 
 On the 20tb, two 12-pounders were advanced to a spot in front 
 ol Sultanp'. ttah post, where there was a natural barbette battery, 
 formed by two compartments of a rice-field, one rising four 
 feet above the other. The guns were to enfilade northern 
 parts of intrenchraents on the west bank of Cauvery, and 
 were well calculated to support an attack on Old Powder-mill 
 work. The enemy were soon driven by the fire from the north 
 part of the intrenchment. It was quickly ascertained that 
 these guns could annoy the fausse-braye before the north- 
 west bastion, as well as the bastion, and take in reverse the 
 West Cavalier. 
 
 The 2ud brigade of Engineers was on duty on the 20th. In 
 the evening an attack was made on enemy's intrenchment at Old 
 Powder-mill. , 
 
 Colonel Sherbrooke (Major-General of the day) commanded. 
 At dusk three columns advanced, preceded by small parties of 
 European Pioneers, under a well directed fire of our guns. The 
 attacks were completely successful. The enemy's loss was 250 
 killed and wounded. We had only one man wounded. 
 
 The working-party of the night, under Captain Johnstone, 
 Lieutenant Cleghorne, and Ensigns Garrard and Bell, was 
 immediately set to work to form a parallel 520 yards in length, 
 extending from the river at the mill, to the aloe hedge on the 
 bank of the nullah which formed Macdonald's post. It was so 
 far completed during the night, that it afibrded cover for our 
 troops at 7tt0 yards from the fort, and 440 yards from the 
 nearest point of the enemy's intrenchment. It was remarkably 
 strong, one tiank being on the Cauvery, and the other on the 
 Little Cauvery, both of which have steep banks. From the left 
 of this intrenchment a complete view was obtained of the west 
 
 20 ♦
 
 308 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1799 
 
 face of the fort, that is, from north-west angle bastion to a low 
 new bank beyond the second or great round tower. The stone 
 glacis which extended along the whole north side of the fort, 
 but did not sufficiently cover the walls, terminated at the west 
 face of north-west angle bastion ; here, instead of a glacis, was an 
 upright retaining wall forming the counterscarp of the ditch. 
 It was thick, but, being low, left the fausse-braye and main 
 rampart exposed to breaching batteries from the west. The 
 retaining wall might have been breached, and the ditch laid open 
 to the base of the rampart. 
 
 The rocks in the river near the west face of the fort appeared 
 smooth. Several people were observed crossing the river 
 opposite the very point proposed to be breached, that is the 
 west curtain, a little to the right of the flank of the north-west 
 bastion. 
 
 On the 21st, at sunset (3rd brigade of Engineers on duty), a 
 battery for six 18-pounders was marked out, just in front of the 
 parallel nearly in line with the north face. Captain Mackenzie, 
 who superintended the north attack, was instructed to make 
 another enfilading battery on that side of the river, and to place 
 it exactly in a line with the west curtain, in such a position that 
 its fire would range behind the rampart, and along the whole of 
 west face. 
 
 Mackenzie reconnoitred the ground about sunset. The 
 advanced parties of the enemy, who had concealed themselves 
 among some ruined houses near, were dislodged by some com- 
 panies of 74th, and after giving Mackenzie sufficient time to 
 mark out the battery, our troops retired. 
 
 Soon after, the enemy rallied in great force, and commenced a 
 heavy fire. 
 
 This inspired them with so much confidence that they deter- 
 mined to make a general attack on the outposts of the Bombay 
 army. 
 
 At 2.30 A.M. of the 22nd, the enemy's rocketmen, having got
 
 1799.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 309 
 
 in rear of General Stuart's encampment, threw a number of 
 rockets. This was immediately followed by a prodigious fire of 
 musketry at all the posts in front of the Bombay army. The 
 attack was made by G,UOO infantry, and Lally's corps of French- 
 men. 
 
 The French behaved with great spirit. Some of them were 
 killed within our intrenchments by the bayonet, and others close 
 to it, but the attacks failed, although continued for several 
 hours. The enemy lost 600 or 700 men killed and wounded. 
 These attacks prevented Captain Mackenzie from establishing 
 the battery. 
 
 The six-gun battery in front of the Mill parallel about twenty 
 vards to left of the Mill, and 800 yards from west face of the 
 fort, was constructed in six hours on the 2 1st night, by the 
 uncommon exertions of Captain Dowse with Native Pioneers, 
 assisted by the European Pioneers under Lieutenant I'arquhar, 
 74th. 
 
 The engineers directing the work were Captain Caldwell, 
 Lieutenant Sydenham, and Ensign Rowley. 
 
 Four of the guns and two howitzers were got into the battery 
 before daylight, opened on the 22nd upon the cavalier and 
 north-west bastion, completely silenced six of the enemy's guns 
 opposed to them, and carried away the flagstaff on the cavalier, 
 although our guns were without the intended support from the 
 enfilading battery on north of river. 
 
 On the next night, as the battery was found to have the 
 desired effect, two more guns were added to it. 
 
 At the same time, the Pioneers and a working-party constructed 
 the battery marked out by Captain Mackenzie. It was a sunken 
 battery for four 18-pounders, and two howitzers. The two 
 batteries opened at sunrise on the 23rd. They mutually sup- 
 ported one another, and fired with great eflect, particularly the 
 new enfilading battery, which, being exactly placed, ranged 
 behind the western rampart.
 
 310 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri799. 
 
 Thev scion silencnd every gun opposed to tliem. 
 Two small batteries for two guns eacli were constructed, or 
 rather attempted to be constructed, this night— one some 100 
 yards in front of Shawe's post, which was not completed ; the 
 other at the tombs in front of the Sultanpettah or Engineers' 
 tope, which had to be relinquished. 
 
 These batteries were from the beginning disapproved of by 
 the Engineers, from their exposed and unsupported situation, 
 and from the circumstances of the communication with them 
 being open to the fort's fire. They obtained in the trenches the 
 nickname of " Head-quarter Forts." 
 
 On the 24th night, (3rd brigade of Engineers on duty) an 
 approach was carried from the right of the mill battery 250 
 yards in length, clearing the south-west angle of the fort, and 
 thence in another direction clear of the "bridge head" at the 
 Delhi Ford, for a distance of J 30 yards. The work was much 
 delayed by rain. The enemy's fire from the north-west angle 
 was now completely silenced ; but much annoyance was caused 
 by their guns in two round towers to the right. 
 
 During the night of the 23rd, most part of the details of 
 Shawe's post were advanced 600 yards, and occupied the deep 
 ravine. From Shawe's post were other ravines which communi- 
 cated with it also. 
 
 As a number of French officers of experience assisted in the 
 defence of the fort, it was necessary to proceed with caution. 
 For this reason, it was resolved that our zigzags should run 
 wide of the fort, and that their prolongations should terminate 
 at points within command of our advanced posts. In order to 
 prevent the eflFect of a retrenchment, or mines in the breach, it 
 was deemed expedient to make a show of brtaehing the shoulder 
 of north-west bastion. 
 
 On the 23rd night, the village of Palhullypettah was occupied 
 by details, and two field-pieces. A traverse across the main 
 street made this an excellent post.
 
 17M.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 311 
 
 The enemy still fired from the two round towers, and as they 
 were the only guns which could flank the breach, it was 
 necessary that their fire should he kept under; so on the 
 25tb, (4th brigade of Engineers on duty) a battery of four 
 Ifi-pounders was marked out in front of right of second zig- 
 zag, at 880 yards from the towers, and completed during 
 the night. On the morning of the 2Gth, it opened with so 
 much effect, that in half an hour the guns of both towers were 
 withdrawn. 
 
 The enemy had occupied in great force a strong intrenchment, 
 extending from the river almost to the Periapatam bridge, parallel 
 to the face of the fort, strengthened by redoubts at each extremity, 
 and a strong work in the centre. The intrenchment was 380 
 yards from the fort, behind the bank of a water-course, which, 
 taken from the Cauvery by a dam at Montresor's Island, passes 
 the powder-mill, and runs nearly parallel to west face of the fort. 
 It was resolved to attack these works. Previous to the attack, 
 the batteries were to fire on the works and intrenchment for 
 half-an-hour before the troops advanced, and then the fire was to 
 be directed on the works of the fort from which most annoyance 
 was to be expected. 
 
 Major Skelly and Colonel Moneypenny led two parties to the 
 attack, and dislodged the enemy from the works on their right. 
 Our party was much annoyed by a furious fire from the walls, 
 and from the works remaining in the enemy's possession on their 
 left. Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, 74th, with two companies, 
 drove the enemy from a circular work on their left, and pursued 
 the fugitives across the Periapatam bridge, penetrated into their 
 camp, and bayoneted some of them in their tents. The enemy 
 were so panic-stricken that Campbell made good his retreat, after 
 spiking two guns near the bridge.* 
 
 Next morning, the enemy, having somewhat recovered their 
 
 * This attack cau.ied a j^reat alarm in the fort, and a furious fire was opened, 
 and kept up for two hours.
 
 312 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 spirits, returned to some of tlie posts on their left, and kept up 
 a severe fire of musketry on the troops which occupied the 
 works carried the previous night. Our loss was considerable, 
 but the objects obtained were of the utmost consequence. These 
 posts were defended by 1,500 of the enemy; in the defence they 
 lost 150. It was in agitation to abandon these works, but General 
 Harris directed that they should be defended to the last extremity. 
 During the night, (26th) our approaches advanced to a redoubt 
 on right of enemy's intrenchment, 400 yards from the fort. 
 
 The enemy had re-occupied the circular work to the right 
 during the night. Colonel Sherbrooke directed Colonel Wallace, 
 with three companies 74th, to attack it. This service was 
 performed with gallantry, and he effected a lodgment behind it. 
 Having done this, he detached Major Skelly to drive the enemy 
 from a post still farther to the right; this attack likewise 
 succeeded. 
 
 Our troops were much exposed all day to the fire of the fort, 
 and a part of the enemy's intrenchment towards the Periapatam 
 Bridge, which they still occupied ; and from this fire the bank of 
 the shallow brook, which formed their post, was insufficient to 
 cover them effectually. 
 
 The circular work was called Wallace's post, and the other 
 Skelly's. On night of 27th these posts were connected, and the 
 approaches made on 26th were enlarged. 
 Our loss in these two days was very heavy. 
 
 62 killed. 
 226 wounded. 
 19 missing. 
 
 Total 307 
 
 The working parties strengthened Skelly's post by a double 
 intrenchment, and extended from Wallace's to the left a place 
 of arms 200 yards, which covered the troops. They also
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 813 
 
 deepened and widened the zig-zag which was to lead to the 
 breaching battery. 
 
 The first breaching-battery was marked out at sunset on the 
 28th, between the watercourse, and the Cauvery (Captain Blair, 
 with his brigade of Engineers, on duty). 
 
 It was constructed for six guns, close to the bank of the river, 
 and about 400 yards from north- west bastion. 
 
 The platforms were laid, but the guns were not brought into it 
 from the difficulty experienced in getting them through the 
 approaches, and across the stream which passes through 
 the mill. 
 
 On the 29th night and 30th morning (Captain Johnstone, with 
 his brigade of Engineers on duty), a road was made across the 
 mill-stream for the guns, which were placed in the battery, with 
 the exception of one, carelessly overturned in the nullah. On 
 the same night a battalion of sepoys was employed as a 
 working-party. They repaired the embrasures of eight- and 
 four-gun batteries, and improved zig-zag in rear of breach- 
 ing battery. At the same time. Captain Mackenzie enlarged 
 the enfilading-battery by adding two guns to its left, from 
 which he also extended a place of arms for four field pieces 
 for the purpose of increasing the enfilading fire just previous 
 to the assault. 
 
 It was expected that so powerful an enfilade would render it 
 almost impossible for the Sultan's troops to remain on the 
 curtains for the defence of the breach (an opinion fully borne 
 out by the result). 
 
 On the 30th April, at night (Captain Caldwell, with his brigade 
 of Engineers, on duty), a second breaching-battery for five guns 
 was constructed, and the platforms of the six-gun battery altered 
 so as to bear on the real breach. 
 
 The guns not being placed in the new battery, the six-gun 
 battery still directed its fire on the " Political " breach as it was 
 termed. Many shots were expended to no purpose, in the hope
 
 314 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE fiTJW. 
 
 of frightening Tippoo into terms. It wiis, however, of some 
 consequence to conceal from the enemy the spot we intended for 
 the breach, that they might have less time to mine it, or cut it 
 off. In the course of this morning an epaulement was made 
 for six howitzers on the right of the five-gun breaching 
 battery. 
 
 On the 29th, Captain John Norris, Engineers, aide-de-camp to 
 Chief Engineer, and Lieutenant Farquhar of 74th, commanding 
 European Pioneers, crossed the greater part of the river to 
 ascertain if it was fordable, but being discovered by a party of 
 the enemv, were unable to reach the opposite side. As far as 
 they went it was very practicable. At this time, there were 
 apprehensions of a scarcity of provisions in camp. Grain of 
 all kinds was extravagantly dear. A day's ordinary feed for a 
 horse could not be procured for less than three or four rupees, 
 and rice was scarcely to be obtained at all. The private servants 
 of the army were half- starved. 
 
 Erom the breaching-batteries a full view of the bed of the 
 river was obtained. Eocks were smooth, and there was very 
 little water. 
 
 On the ]st and 2nd May, morning (Captain Blair, with his 
 brigade of Engineers, on duty), a battery for two guns on the 
 right of the five-gun breaching-battery and in rear of the 
 howitzer-battery, was raised to keep down the fire of several 
 guns which annoyed us from some new works on the south- 
 west. Another battery for four 12-pounders was placed in 
 the enfilade of the three cavaliers, merely intended to disturb 
 the enemy in those works, from which it was supposed the 
 right column might suffer severely in their advance along south 
 rampart. 
 
 The batteries being now all completed, at sunrise on 2nd May, 
 the Nizam's (or five-gun) battery opened on the curtain, sixty 
 yards from the flank of the north-west bastion. 
 f The six-gun battery, also for "the first line, opened on this
 
 1799] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 315 
 
 point. These batteries fired with very great eflFect, and were 
 well supported by the enfihiding battery of six l>^-pounders, 
 six howitzers in the parallel on the right, four IH-pounders 
 in Mill Battery, and by four-gun batteries, together with two 
 12- pounders at the tombs, and two 12-pounders in front 
 of Shawe's post ; in all twenty-nine pieces of cannon and six 
 howitzers. 
 
 In the course of the day, the fausse-braye wall at the foot of 
 the rampart was ruined, and the main wall shattered con- 
 siderably. 
 
 Soon after the batteries opened, a shot or shell having struck 
 a large magazine of rockets and powder near the west face, it 
 exploded with a very singular appearance. The rockets flew in 
 all directions, and must have caused much loss in so crowded a 
 city. Colonel ^Montague, a distinguished oflBcer of the Bengal 
 Artillery, was killed this day. 
 
 2nd and 3rd morning (Captain Johnstone, with his brigade 
 of Engineers, on duty), an approach was dug from the rear of 
 the six-gun breaching battery, and thence to the river opposite 
 the breach. 
 
 Lieutenant Lalor, of 73rd, crossed the river this night, and 
 ascertained that it was fordable. 
 
 On the morning of the 3rd, the 2nd brigade of Engineers 
 being employed in collecting fascines, scaling-ladders, &c., 
 in the trenches. Ensign Rowley was sent from camp 
 to sink a battery for four 12-pounders, to keep down the 
 fire from some cavaliers within the fort, and to favour 
 the intended assault. He was thus employed all day and 
 night. 
 
 At 3 p M. one of the breaching batteries took fire from the 
 incessant cannonade, and the dryness of the material. It was 
 extinguished by the exertions of the artillery and other officers 
 on the spot. 
 
 The breach was reported practicable on the third evening, and
 
 316 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 the troops inteuded for the assault were crowded into the trenches 
 before daybreak on the 4th. 
 
 The four-gun sunk battery constructed by Ensign Rowley 
 opened its guns at sunrise. The troops intended lor the storm 
 consisted of ten flank companies of Europeans, 12th, 33rd, 73rd, 
 and 74th Regiments, three corps of Grenadier Sepoys, taken from 
 the troops of the three Presidencies, and 2,000 of the Nizam's 
 troops. 
 
 "The troops (according to Ensign Rowley) did not appear to 
 be in high spirits, nor to possess that ardour which they after- 
 wards manifested." 
 
 " The trenches were crowded with officers, who were making 
 their arrangements for the ensuing service, and passed and re- 
 passed with hasty steps and anxious looks. Drams and biscuits 
 were served out to the Europeans, and the whole were arranged 
 in the order of advancing." 
 
 " In the meantime, the fire from our batteries and the fort was 
 incessant." 
 
 General Baird commanded the whole attacking force (2,494 
 Europeans, 1,882 natives), which was divided into two parties; 
 one to move to the right, under Colonel Sherbrooke, consisted of 
 a sergeant's party, as the forlorn hope, supported by a subal- 
 tern's party of thirty, commanded by Lieutenant Hill, 74th 
 (senior subaltern in the army), conducted by Lieutenant Lalor, 
 of 73rd. These were followed by half the flank companies of 
 Europeans, accompanied by Engineers and Pioneers, and half 
 the remaining troops. 
 
 The left, under Lieutenant Colonel Dunlop, was led by a 
 forlorn hope under Conductor Best; a subaltern's party, under 
 Lieutenant Lawrence, 7'/th, guided by Lieutenant Farquhar, of 
 74th ; the flank companies of the Bombay European regiments ; 
 accompanied by Engineers and Pioneers, and the remaining 
 troops.
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 371 
 
 Both the columns were ordered to push forward, and re -unite 
 
 on the easteru rampart. 
 
 The 3rd brigade of Engineers accompanied the storming 
 
 party. 
 
 Captain Caldwell \ 
 
 Lieutenant Sydenham I Madras Engineers. 
 
 Ensign Rowley j 
 
 Part of the Regiment de Meuron, and three battalions Native 
 Infantry, remained in the trenches to support the troops, if 
 necessary. They were under the command of Colonel Wellesley. 
 
 About I P.M., all being in readiness, General Baird went to 
 the head of the column, and mounting the reverse of the trench, 
 drew his sword, and asked, " Men, are you all ready ? " He 
 was answered in the affirmative. " Then forward, my lads ! " 
 
 Now, setting up a loud huzza, they rushed into the river. 
 The columns were galled by a heavy fire of musketry and rockets, 
 which increased as they advanced. The passage across the river 
 was rendered difficult from the inequality of its rocky bed; the 
 depth of water varied from a few inches to three feet, and in 
 some places was much deeper. 
 
 The ditch, being rendered shallow opposite the breach by the 
 rubbish, was passed without much difficulty, and the colours 
 were planted on the summit of the breach in about seven minutes 
 from the time of the troops quitting the trenches. The parties 
 now divided, one scouring the rampart to the right, the other 
 to the left. Colonel Dunlop, fighting hand-to-hand with one of 
 the Sirdars who defended the breach, was disabled by a cut across 
 the wrist of his sword-arm. Colonel Sherbrooke's gallantry was 
 very conspicuous. Many were killed in ascending the breach 
 (here Captain Caldwell,* of Engineeis, was wounded), by a fire 
 of musketry from the bastion and its fausse-braye on the left, 
 which the enemy had stockaded, and lined with musketry. 
 Ensign Rowley was with the party which attacked the northern 
 
 * He had preyioaslj been wounded in the trenches.
 
 3l8 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 rampart, and I presume Lieutenant Sydenham was with the 
 force which attacked the southern rampart, under General Baird 
 in person. 
 
 The column on the left, first cleared the north-west bastion, 
 and the fausse-braye beneath, whence a galling and close fire of 
 musketry had been kept up on the breach. As they advanced 
 on the north rampart a lieavy fire of musketry was directed 
 against them from the inner rampart, between which and that 
 whereon the attacking force was passing was a deep wet ditch. 
 They were relieved from this annoyance by a very small party of 
 the 12th, headed by an officer, before whom the enemy fled 
 without resistance. About two or three hundred yards from the 
 breach, the column met with a check in front from a large body 
 of the enemy, headed by the Sultan in person ; they were posted 
 behind the traverses which crossed the rampart, and gave so 
 steady a fire, that our Europeans were staggered. Most of the 
 leading officers had been killed and wounded on the breach, and 
 in the river. The Grenadiers complained that their ammunition 
 was wetted in crossing the river. Farquhar, of 74th, with 
 reproaches and persuasion, at length made them follow him 
 towards the enemy, when he was instantly shot through 
 the heart. More officers and men had now come up, and 
 the column carried everything before them. The enemy were 
 shot and bayoneted without mercy. Some leaped over the 
 parapet into the outer ditch, or fausse-braye, and were either 
 killed by the fall, or shot from the rampart above ; otliers 
 plunged into the inner wet ditch, and were drowned. Those who 
 attempted to escape to the inner fort, or town, by the Delhi gate, 
 in the north face, were met in the arch by those who were driven 
 out by the troops which had entered the place. 
 
 Here the Sultan was killed, and overwhelmed by the bodies of 
 his subjects. 
 
 As the two parties approached each other, the crowds of the 
 unhappy Mysoreans thickened, and were slain in heaps, for no
 
 1799.] MADRAS i^NGlNEERS. 319 
 
 quarter was given. When the heads of the two columns came 
 in sight of each other a loud triumphant shout was raised. 
 
 As the right column advanced, the enemy retreated before 
 them. 
 
 Captain Moll's gallantry was very conspicuous ; almost singly 
 he pursued the euemy, till he came to the mud cavalier behind 
 the great round tower, on which he planted a flag. His men soon 
 collected, and advanced rapidly, driving the euemy before them. 
 A small party crossed to the second rampart, by means of some 
 scaffolding which had been left. On this inner rampart there 
 was no opposition. The panic amongst the enemy became 
 general, and thousands threw down their arms, and fled. 
 
 The three cavaliers on the southern face made no resistance, 
 and within less than an hour, the right column arrived upon the 
 east face of the fort. 
 
 Some of the garrison effected their escape through the Ban- 
 galore gateway, on the east face ; but from the impatience of 
 the fugitives the gate which opened inwards was closed, aud no 
 force could again turn it back on its hinges. The archway was 
 crowded with the unhappy wretches, and from some unknown 
 cause the gate took fire. The scene was now horrid ; those who 
 attempted to avoid the flames were driven back into them by the 
 assailants. Not the garrison alone, but the peaceful inhabitants, 
 even women and children, were destroyed. 
 
 Many particular scenes of horror could not but meet the eye 
 during the heat of the assault. Much resistance was expected 
 from the lofty cavaliers which were situated on the ramparts, and 
 within the town, but they were not defended. The guns in the 
 great cavaliers were directed by our troops against the army of 
 the enemy, which fled from their camp on the island, and crossed 
 by the Carighaut ford. 
 
 In about two hours all resistance ceased, except from the 
 palace, which was surrendered to General Baird at half-past o, 
 together with the sons of the Sultan. It was now ascertained
 
 320 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1799. 
 
 that the Sultan was killed, and that his body lay under the arch 
 of the Delhi gateway, where it was discovered under a heap of 
 slain, with four wounds. 
 
 The greater propoi'don of the principal officers of the Sultan 
 were either killed or wounded in the assault. Their houses, 
 and in some cases, their zenanas, were plundered, and jewels 
 to an incredible amount were obtained by some individuals 
 of the army. 
 
 Fortunately, the treasure in the palace was secured, with the 
 exception of a casket of jewels, valued at 700,000 pagodas. 
 
 The loss of the enemy in the storm may be estimated at 
 8,000 to 10,000 men killed, aud the number wounded in a 
 crowded city garrisoned by an army, must have been very con- 
 siderable. 
 
 Our loss during the siege was as under : — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. Missing. 
 
 Officers ... 22 45 — 
 
 Europeans ... l8l 622 22 
 
 Natives ... 119 420 100 
 
 Total ... 322 1,087 122 
 
 Grand total — killed, wounded, aud missing, 1,531. 
 
 On the day of the assault, there were in the fort 13,739 
 infantry, and in the intrenchments 8,100, so the garrison con- 
 sisted of 21,839 men. 
 
 In the assault, twenty-four of Tippoo's principal officers were 
 killed, and seven wounded, besides a great number of inferior 
 rank. 
 
 Jn the fort were found — 
 
 373 brass guns. 
 60 mortars. 
 
 11 howitzers. 
 466 iron guns. 
 
 12 mortars. 
 
 922 pieces.

 
 1799.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 321 
 
 Of which 287 were mouuLed ou ihu fortifications. 
 424,400 round shot. 
 520,000 lbs. of powder. 
 99,000 muskets. 
 1 1 large powder-magazines. 
 72 expense magazines. 
 11 armouries for small arms. 
 
 2 foundries for cannon. 
 
 3 buildings with machines for boring guns. 
 
 4 arsenals. 
 
 17 store-houses. 
 
 Treasure and jewels, to the value of 2,535,804 pagodas, 
 or nearly £900,000 sterling. 
 
 The French under Tippoo amounted to twenty oflBcers, and 
 100 men. 
 
 On the 5th evening, the body of the Sultan was deposited in 
 the Mausoleum erected by himself to the memory of his father, 
 Hyder Ali. During the procession, a most violent storm arose, 
 which levelled to the ground many of the tents in camp. In 
 the Bombay camp, two or three officers, and some followers were 
 struck dead by the lightning. 
 
 The river Cauvery began to rise, and though perhaps still 
 practicable, would have delayed some time longer the assault, 
 had it not taken place on the 4th. 
 
 During the ensuing days, all the pioneers in the army were 
 employed in burying the dead. 
 
 The great mosque was turned into an hospital for the enemy's 
 wounded. 
 
 On the 4th, at night, a stop was put to the plunder by order 
 of General Baird, and on the morning of the oth, two or three 
 Bengal sepoys were hanged, as examples to the rest of tlie army, 
 for having disregarded the order. 
 
 Colonel Wellesley, on the 5th, relieved General Baird of the 
 command, very much to the disgust of the latter, who con- 
 
 21
 
 322 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1799. 
 
 sidered that as he had commanded the assault, he was entitled 
 to be appointed Commandant of Seringapatam. 
 
 Keturn of killed, wounded, and missing, from 4th April to 
 4th May : — 
 
 Madras Engineers ... 1 officer wounded. 
 Bengal Artillery ... 6 killed and 22 wounded. 
 
 Madras Artillery .. 23 killed, 53 wounded, and 9 
 
 missing. 
 Bombay Artillery ... 9 killed and 9 wounded. 
 European Regiments ... 154 killed, 571 wounded, and 11 
 
 missing. 
 Bengal Native Infantry 19 killed, 49 wounded, and 26 
 
 missing. 
 Madras Native Infantry 58 killed, 206 wounded, and 71 
 
 missing. 
 Madras Pioneers ... 1 officer and 8 men killed, 
 
 and 37 wounded. 
 Bombay Native Infantry 20 killed and 93 wounded. 
 Bombay Pioneers ... 3 killed and 25 wounded. 
 
 During the siege, and previous to the assault, thirteen officers 
 were killed, and twenty-nine wounded. 
 
 During the assault, ten officers were killed, and fifteen 
 wounded. 
 
 Amongst the killed were Lieutenant Lalor, of 73rd, and Lieu- 
 tenant Farquhar, 74th, commanding European Pioneers. These 
 officers guided the columns of attack ; Lieutenant Hill, 74th, 
 who led one of the Subaltern's parties, and Lieutenant Cormick, 
 of the Madras Pioneers. 
 
 On 5th May, the Commander-in-Chief issued his General 
 Order congratulating the army. 
 
 The following extract refers to the Engineers, Pioneers, and 
 Artillery : — 
 
 " The Commander-in-Chief requests that Colonel Gent, and 
 the Corps of Engineers under his orders, will accept his thanks
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 323 
 
 for their unremitting exertions in conducting the duties of that 
 very important department, and his best acknowledgments are 
 due to Major Beatson for the essential assistance given to this 
 branch of the service by the constant exertion of his ability and 
 zeal." 
 
 " The merits of the Artillery Corps are so strongly expressed 
 by the effects of their fire, that the Commander-in-Chief can 
 only desire Colonel Smith to assure the ofl&cers and men of the 
 excellent corps under his command, that he feels most fully 
 their claim to approbation. 
 
 " In thus publicly expressing his sense of their good conduct, 
 the Commander-in-Chief feels himself called upon to notice in 
 a most particular manner the exertion of Captain Dowse, and 
 his Corps of Pioneers, which during the present service have 
 been equally marked by unremitting labour, and the ability with 
 which that labour was applied." 
 
 During the siege of ISeringapatam, a strong detachment,* 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Kead, — consisting of 247 artillery and 
 gun lascars, 109 European Infantry, 3,39 G Native Infantry, a 
 troop of cavalry of 47 men, under Captain Montague Cosby, 
 1,684 of JMizam's Horse, and 24 Madras Pioneersf (total 5,407), 
 — was employed in reducing the country north of Ryacottah. 
 Colonel Read took Sooligherry by storm, and Peddanaik Dur- 
 gam by capitulation. 
 
 He then proceeded to Canverypooram to collect the Brinjar- 
 ries with supplies. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel A. Brown, with a force of 4,299 men, 
 composed as follows — 
 
 Staff, 16 ; Native Cavalry, 33 ; 
 
 Artillery, 98 ; Native Infantry, 2,896 ; 
 
 European Infantry, 910 ; Gun Lascars, 238; 
 
 • Ensign Eraser, of Engineers, was with this force. 
 
 t Sergeant King commanded these Pioneers, and obtained Conductor's 
 allowance. 
 
 21 *
 
 324 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1799. 
 
 Madras Pioneers, 1 European officer, I non-commissioned officer, 
 and 105 men, — marched from Trichinopoly towards Coimbatore, 
 and reduced Caroor on 5th April. 
 
 On tliC 8th, Lieutenant-Colonel Brown sent a detachment 
 against Erode, and on the 9th, marched to Aravacoorchy, 
 which surrendered next day. He was then ordered to unite 
 with Colonel Read to give due protection to the supplies for 
 the Grand Army. 
 
 Lieutenant De Havilland, of Madras Engineers, was with 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Brown's force. Colonel Brown reported that 
 " Lieutenant De Havilland is an officer of superior ability in the 
 line of his profession, with an uncommon share of zeal and 
 activity, which give reasonable expectation of important service 
 from his exertions as a surveyor." 
 
 Lieutenant Bagshawe commanded the pioneers with this force. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Read reduced the fort of Cauverypooram 
 ou 22nd April, and then cleared the pass. He did not reach 
 Marenhully, the head of the pass, till the 27th, and it was the 
 6th May before he got the supplies through the pass. Mean- 
 while, General Floyd had reached Cowdahully, a few miles from 
 Marenhully. He was closely followed by the enemy's cavalry. 
 
 On 6th May, the united detachments of General Eloyd, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Read, were reinforced by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Brown, and on the 7th the whole 14,000 men, including 6,000 
 Nizam's Cavalry, assembled at Hunnoor and moved forward to 
 Seringapatam. This convoy consisted of 33,000 Brinjarry 
 bullocks, 4,358 cattle laden with rice, &c., 2,560 slaughter 
 cattle, and 21,900 sheep, besides arrack and medicines. 
 
 They arrived in safety at Seringapatam on 13th May. On 
 the same day, the Bombay army marched on its return to the 
 Malabar coast, via Coorg, and arrived at Cannanore on 22nd 
 May. General Harris, in his reports regarding the capture of 
 Seringapatam, alludes in a very general way to the services of 
 the Engineers and Artillery, and does not seem to have done
 
 ITSW.T 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 825 
 
 full justice to their exertions. The artillery fire appears always 
 to have been most excellent and effective, and the extent of 
 approaches, and number of batteries erected, show clearlv that 
 the work of the Engineers was no sinecure. The fire of the 
 enfilading battery, constructed by Captain Mackenzie on the 
 north side of the river, was most effectual in clearing the breach 
 at the time of the attack, and enabling the assaulting party to 
 cross the river, and ascend to the top of the breach in seven 
 minutes. 
 
 The siege works were commenced on the evening of 17th 
 April, and on 2nd May the second breaching battery was com- 
 pleted, and opened fire. 
 
 In these fifteen days, three batteries were made north of the 
 river, and seven batteries south, not including the " Head- 
 quarter " batteries, which were commenced, and abandoned. 
 
 Besides this, about a mile and a quarter of approaches 
 were made, and a considerable amount of labour was expended 
 in strengthening the various posts taken from time to time. 
 
 In spite of this. General Harris makes no mention of indi- 
 vidual officers by name, either in Artillery or Engineers, although 
 in both corps they were very numerous and distinguished.* 
 
 On 28th July, Major-General Ross, Chief Engineer, forwarded 
 a survey of the position of the army before Seringnpatam during 
 the siege, comprehending a plan of attack, and section through 
 the breach, sent in by Colonel Gent with the following letter, 
 dated 10th June : — 
 
 "I beg to inform you that on 1 7th March last, I represented 
 to the Commander-in-Chief the advantages to be derived bv the 
 army taking a southern direction, and submitted to him also the 
 advantage of taking an early opportunity of crossing the (^au- 
 very. A copy of these Memos. I sent officially to him on 2-±th 
 
 • Ensij^n William GaiTard was praised by Honourable Colonel Wellesley for 
 his conduct on a particular occasion, whilst under his command before Seringa- 
 patam.
 
 326 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 1799] 
 
 March ; on the 28th the army crossed the Cauvery near a large 
 village called Sosilla. On 5th April, the army arrived before 
 Seringapatam, when we immediately began preparing materials 
 for the siege. On the 9th, I was directed to prepare a plan for 
 an attack connected with the possession of part of the island, 
 and one in which that position may not be necessary, and that 
 I might consider the army as occupying, if requisite, both 
 sides of the Cauvery. On the 13th, I submitted to the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief two plans of attack against the fort of Seringa- 
 patam, one for an attack against the west angle of the fort, con- 
 sidering the army as occupying both sides of the Cauvery ; the 
 other, for the attack of the south-west angle on a supposition 
 of our being in possession of part of the island. I likewise 
 stated the advantages and disadvantages that occurred to me in 
 forming these attacks. On 17th April, I was informed by the 
 Military Secretary that the plan for the attack of the west 
 angle was approved of. On the same day, T formed the Corps 
 of Engineers into brigades, and in the evening we broke ground 
 on north side of the river, and on the 18th our first battery 
 opened on that side. We continued carrying on our approaches 
 and constructing our batteries on the south side of the river till 
 2nd May, when our second breaching battery opened, and on 
 4th May, at 7 a.m., I reported to Commander-in-Chief the breach 
 practicable. At 1 p.m. the assault took place, when Tippoo and 
 his empire fell. 
 
 " If I have derived any merit in the conduct of this siege, I 
 attribute it to the very ready support and assistance I received 
 from the officers of the Corps, whose activity, zeal, and per- 
 severance in the discharge of their duty, merit my warmest 
 approbation and thanks ; but to Captain Norris and Captain 
 Lieutenant Caldwell, I am more particularly indebted for the 
 information they were enabled to give me of this important 
 fortress, and its environs, from plans and memoranda made at 
 the siege of this place in 1792." 
 
 Colonel Gent writes, in a statement of services of Engineer 
 officers, that Colin Mackenzie was " particularly distinguished
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 327 
 
 on several occasions, and his skill in fixing on a proper spot for 
 an enfilading battery at Seringapatam, under very adverse cir- 
 cumstances, was eminently conspicuous "; also that J. L. Cald- 
 well " distinguished himself by the aid afforded in planning 
 the attack on Seringapatam, by his active exertions during the 
 siege, and by his gallantry at the assault, where he was severely 
 wounded." 
 
 After the siege, Captain William McLeod was appointed to 
 superintend the police of the fort, and also to have charge of 
 the revenue business of neighbouring districts. Lieutenant 
 Benjamin Sydenham of the Madras Engineers, and Lieutenant 
 Thomas Mariott were appointed his assistants. Ensign 
 Eraser, who was Adjutant of the Engineers at the siege, was 
 appointed Engineer and Surveyor to detachment under Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel Read, and Lieutenant De Havilland still under 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Brown, was directed by that ofl&cer to report 
 upon the Guzzlehutty pass. 
 
 Captain Norris was appointed Engineer at Seringapatam, and 
 three or four months later Captain Mackenzie was appointed 
 to superintend a Statistical Survey of Mysore, with the assistance 
 of Dr. Heyne and Mr. Mather. 
 
 On 30th June 1800, General Harris wrote to Marquis Corn- 
 wallis from Manship, Indiaman, Cove of Cork : — 
 
 " My Lord, 
 
 " It having been resolved by the army which achieved 
 the conquest of Mysore, to request your lordship's acceptance of 
 the sword and war-turban of the deceased Tippoo Sultan, and 
 also the sword of the Mahratta Chief, Morari Row (who after 
 various contests became prisoner to Hyder Ally), — I have now 
 the honour, in the name and by the desire of that gallant army, 
 to present your lordship with the swords and turban. 
 
 " I avail myself of the earliest opportunity of forwarding the 
 swords and turban by Colonel Gent, whom I beg leave to men- 
 tion to your lordship, as an officer whose conduct in the charge
 
 328 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 of the Engineer department during the siege of Seringapatam, 
 gave me the highest satisfaction, and I have to regret that 
 urgent domestic concerns have compelled me to forego the 
 honour of personally waiting upon your lordship on so interest- 
 ing an occasion. 
 
 " I have, &c., 
 (Signed) " G. Harris." 
 
 In reply, Lord Cornwallis wrote: — 
 
 " and I request that you will assure them (the gallant army) 
 that while I live I shall most gratefully feel the high honour 
 which they have conferred upon me by this most flattering token 
 of their remembrance and approbation." 
 
 Shortly after the siege, Lieutenant-Colonel Trapaud obtained 
 leave to the Cape and Europe, the late campaign liaving injured 
 his health. 
 
 In July, Colonel Wellesley, who was commanding at Seringa- 
 patam, applied to Captain Norris for a plan of the place, but 
 the latter, pleading the orders of Government, stated tliat he 
 was precluded from so doing. Colonel Wellesley appears to 
 have been very angry at this, as he reported his opinion that 
 Captain Norris was not a fit person to be employed as engineer 
 at Seringapatam. 
 
 The Government, however, took Captain Norris's view of the 
 case, and supported him in his refusal. 
 
 In December, Captain Norris applied for leave to proceed to 
 Europe on furlough. The Commander in-Chief observed " that 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Trapaud, Captain Lennon, and Lieutenant 
 Wood, of Engineers, were absent on furlough, and Captain 
 Bong under suspension, which, with Captain Forrest (in Ceylon) 
 and Captain-Lieutenant Farquhar (Malacca) on foreign service, 
 leaves the coast ill-provided with officers of Engineers." Strange 
 to say, in spite of the protest of the Commander-in-Chief, 
 Captail Norris was allowed to go. 
 
 On 24th September, the Commander-in-Chief recommended
 
 1799.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 329 
 
 that a committee should be appointed to make fresh investiga- 
 tion into Captain Bong's case, to consist of — 
 
 Major-General Ross, Chief Engineer. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dyce. 
 Major Tredway Clarke, Artillery. 
 Ma,ior Arthur Gibbings. 
 Lieutenant William Castle, Engineers. 
 
 The committee recommended him favourably to Government 
 in consideration of his sufferings, and state that "it is evident 
 he is poor, as Mrs. Bong ^vas left, when he was at home, very 
 badly off." 
 
 They think it ought to be ascertained what repairs have been 
 required to the buildings since. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief, however, considered him " unfit for 
 his position in the Engineers, tbught that his errors did not 
 arise from any corrupt motives, and hence would recommend a 
 small pension, and a passage to England." This measure seems 
 very hard, considering that Captain Bong "had served sixteen 
 years in the Engineers, without complaint," as he states in his 
 memorial. 
 
 The total amount of prize taken at Seringapatam was 
 91,] 1,396 rupees; of this, one-seventh was reserved for the 
 Company, leaving 78,09,708 rupees to be distributed. 
 
 General Harris, as Commander-in-Chief, got one-eighth of this 
 — 3,24,907 pagodas, or nearly ten lacs of rupees. 
 
 Generals Floyd and Stuart got 36,000 pagodas, and Major- 
 Generals got 27,000 pagodas, each. 
 
 Below is given the G. 0. G., 6th July 1808, which refers to 
 the medal for Seringapatam : — 
 
 " Some time ago we caused a medal to be executed by one of 
 the most eminent artists in this country, in commemoration of 
 the brilliant success of the British arms in Mysore 1799, for dis- 
 tribution amongst the officers and soldiers (European and Native) 
 employed on that glorious occasion. On one side of it is repre-
 
 330 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799. 
 
 sented the storming the breach of Seringapatam, from an actual 
 drawing taken on the spot, with the meridian sun denoting the 
 time of the storm, with the following inscription in Persian under- 
 neath : ' The Fort of Seringapatam, the Gift of God, the 4th May 
 1799.' On the reverse side is the British Lion subduing the 
 Tiger, the emblem of the late Tippon Sultan's Government, with 
 the period when it was eflFeoted, and the following words in 
 Arabic on the banner : ' Assudalla al ghaulib ' ; signifying 
 'The Lion of God is the Concjueror,' or ' The Conquering Lion 
 of God.' 
 
 " Of these medals, gold ones have been struck for His Majesty ; 
 the Right Honourable Lord Melville ; the Governors in India at 
 the time ; Marquis Cornwallis ; the Nizam and his two ministers ; 
 the Nabobs of Arcot and Oude, and the Rajahs of Travancore, 
 Tanjore, Mysore, Coorg, Berar ; Dowlut Row Scindiah ; the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief; officers on the StaflF employed on the service; 
 and for the Oriental Museum. Silver-gilt for the Members of 
 Council at the three Presidencies, the Residents, and General 
 StafiF on service. Silver for the captains and subalterns on the 
 service ; copper bronze for the non-commissioned officers ; and 
 pure-grain tin for the privates. 
 
 "We have estimated the army employed before Seringapatam 
 at 51,000, exclusive of general officers, but including all others, 
 and an equal number of the medals must have been struck, and 
 there are now forwarded to your Presidency four gold medals, to 
 be presented to the Nobob of Arcot, the Rajahs of Tanjore, 
 Travancore, and Coorg. 
 
 " The medals for the late Governor of Madras, for Generals 
 Stuart and Bridges, and the late Generals Braithwaite and 
 Hartley, have been presented here, and as all the remaining 
 general officers employed in the expedition are in this country, 
 they will receive the medal here. 
 
 " One^hundred silver-gilt medals, for the Members of Council 
 in May 1799, for the Residents at Hydrabad and Poona at the
 
 1799.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 331 
 
 same period, and for the Feld Officers and General Staff of the 
 army employed on the expedition, have been forwarded to your 
 Presidency for distribution The calculation is formed on the 
 returns sent in by the Adjutant- General in 1800, from which the 
 number of the Staff entitled to be considered as field officers 
 had been computed at forty-two ; but you will determine on the 
 accuracy of this calculation. 
 
 " These were forwarded by the Albion in September 1805.
 
 332 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1799, 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Wnstara. — Arrakerry, stronghold of the Rajah of Bellum. — Chitteldroog. — 
 Dhoondiah Waug. — Blair and Garrard ordered to survey Forts on northern 
 frontier of Mysore. — Dhoondiah. — Koondgul stormed. — Dummul stormed. — 
 Dhoondiah encamps near Soondooty. — Wellesley surprises Dhoondiah at 
 Manowly, and captures his baggage. — Wellesley moves to Kittoor. — Detach- 
 ment sent against Pychy Raja in Wynaad and Malabar. — Poligar War. — 
 Repulsed from Pundalumeoorchy with heavy loss. — Pioneers attacked by 
 the enemy. — Pioneers exposed without arms or any protection. — Heitland, 
 of Pioneers, woiinded. — Force reaches Sberewele. — Calhacoil Pagoda. — 
 Attempt to reach Calhacoil from Sherewele side abandoned. — A new chief 
 set up in place of the Murdoos. — Fresh attempt on Calliacoil. — Thanks of 
 Government. — Wellesley marches against Rajah of Bullum. 
 
 Towards the end of August 1799, Captain John Malcolm was 
 ordered to march with his battalion towards Wustara, in order 
 to obtain possession of the fort of Munjerabad,* on the other 
 side of the Hemavutty. 
 
 On 8th September, Malcolm sent for reinforcements, and 
 on the 11th, the reinforcements were despatched by Colonel 
 Wellesley. 
 
 Pioneers accompanied this reinforcement, and Lieutenant 
 Davies commanded them The expedition was successful, with- 
 out the necessity of resorting to force, although every preparation 
 had been made for escalading the fort, and bursting open the 
 gates. 
 
 * Thirty-five miles north of Mercara. and about seventy miles north-west 
 of Seringapatam,
 
 1800.) MADRAS ENGINEERS. 333 
 
 lu April 1800, a detuchuieiit of Pioneers accompanied a lield- 
 force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Montresor, 
 77th, to attack the stronghold of the Rajah of Bullum at 
 Arrakerry. 
 
 Colonel Tolfrey had been defeated by Kistnapah Naig, at 
 Arrakerry, two or three miles south-east of Munjerabad, and that 
 Chief had occupied all the barriers between Munjerabad and 
 Hoscotta, a distance of nine or ten miles. 
 
 On 29th April, Colonel Montresor reached Munjerabad, and 
 the " next morning, after leaving his equipage and stores under 
 the protection of the guns of that fort, and of the Mysore 
 Cavalry, attacked and carried Arrakerry, dispersed the Poligar's 
 adherents, and burnt several of his villages and magazines of 
 grain." The column of the attack consisted of the flank com 
 panies of His Majesty's 73rd and 77th, under Captain Mac- 
 pherson, three companies of 2nd Battalion of 3rd, and Grenadiers 
 of 1st and 12th Native Infantry, led by Major Capper, with a 
 degree of spirit and gallantry which overcame a series of 
 obstacles and resistance for near a mile and a half, through 
 a most intricate country. The reserve, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Tolfrey, was conducted with considerable judgment. 
 I am also indebted to Captain Colebrooke, of the Guides, for 
 volunteering his services in the line." 
 
 The country was a dense forest, and several ranges of strong 
 barriers had to be overcome. Captain Onslow Grose, of the 
 Pioneers, was killed at one of the barriers, and was thus noticed 
 in Colonel Montresor's report : — 
 
 " I trust I may be permitted to express a sentiment of 
 gratitude and regret, when I mention that gallant and 
 meritorious officer. Captain Grose, of the Pioneers, who 
 unfortunately was killed early in the day, endeavouring to place 
 some ladders at one of the barriers." 
 
 And Colonel Wellesley wrote : — 
 
 " In Captain Grose, who was unfortunately killed, the
 
 B34 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [leoo. 
 
 Honourable Company have lost a gallant, active and zealous 
 officer, who will be lamented by his whole profession."* 
 
 The troops on this service received the thanks of 
 Commander-in-Chief, and of Government, in orders dated 8th 
 and 12th May respectively. 
 
 On 20th June 1799, as soon as possible after the capture of 
 Seringapatam, a force was despatched under Colonel Dalrymple, 
 agaiust the hill fort of Chittledroog, and Lieutenant Blair and 
 Ensign Garrard, of the Madras Engineers, were ordered to accom- 
 pany it. On the arrival of the force before the place, it surren- 
 dered. The force consisted of two battalions of native infantry 
 and one regiment of cavalry. The Bengal regiment, of the contin- 
 gent under Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, joined Dalrymple at Sera. 
 
 We now come to the operations against Dhoondiah Waug. 
 He was a freebooter who had been confined in irons by Tippoo 
 at Seringapatam. On the capture of Seringapatam, he was 
 released by the English. He took the direction of Bednore, and 
 laid the country under contribution with the most unrelenting 
 cruelty. At length a light corps of cavalry and native infantry, 
 under command of Lieutenant- Colonel Dalrymple, moved 
 against him from Chittledroog on 21st July, and overtook a 
 
 * Captain Grose, of Pioneers, was the son of Grose, the antiquary. He was 
 remarkable for his humour. Having had occasion to make some communication 
 to head-quarters, he was told by one of the officials that no verbal communica- 
 tions could be received, but that what he had to say must be sent through the 
 medium of an official letter. Some days after, he had a party dining with him, 
 and among others a few of the staff. In the midst of dinner a jackass came 
 running among the tent-ropes, and began to bray. Grose at once rose and 
 addressed the intruder. " I presume, sir, you come from head-quarters. I 
 receive no verbal communications whatever, sir. If you have anything to say to 
 me, sir, I beg you will commit it to paper." The will which he made the night 
 before the storming of Arrakerry, under a presentiment of his fate, was quite in 
 character. " Oh, my nose," (Ominous), and among other bequests contained the 
 present of a wooden sword to an officer of rank to whom he bore no goodwill, 
 and who was supposed not to be endowed with any superfluous quaUty of 
 personal valour. He was shot dead in the act of planting a ladder against an 
 inner barrier at Arrakerry
 
 1800.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 33 
 
 party of his banditti, which was dispersed with some slaughter, 
 no quarter being granted. Dhoondiah crossed the Toonga- 
 boodra. Hurryhur was taken on the 30th July, by a division 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple's detachment. Meantime, 
 Colonel Stevenson was advancing into Bednore in another 
 direction, at the head of a light force. 
 
 On the 3 1st, Colonel Stevenson crossed the Toongaboodra, 
 and took Simoga by assault on 8th August. On the same day the 
 fort of Hoonelly was taken by Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple. 
 
 There was great difficulty experienced in crossing the 
 Toongaboodra, which was quite full, and running a most rapid 
 stream. The activity of the engineer department, aided by the 
 labours of the pioneers, soon furnished the means of passing over, 
 on which occasion the engineer officers (Blair and Garrard), 
 perceiving the comparative inefficiency of the common round 
 basket-boats, had a barge of bamboo-work constructed, and 
 covered with raw hides, to which a sail, mast, and rudder 
 being affixed. Ensign Garrard volunteered to steer it across, 
 laden with a mounted 6-pounder, complete in all its parts, some 
 gunners, lascars, and others. 
 
 This hazardous undertaking succeeded completely, and the 
 barge made several expeditions across. The battery, which was 
 constructed immediately opposite the fort, did such good work, 
 that when the escalade took place it was found to be entirely 
 abandoned by the garrison. Both detachments having effected 
 the passage of Toongaboodra, it was determined to make a 
 combined attack on camp of Dhoondiah at Shikarpore. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple made a night march of twenty-five 
 miles to Shikarpore on the 16th, and next morning an action took 
 place close to the walls. Dhoondiah's cavalry was charged, and 
 driven into a river in their rear ; the gate was blown open, and 
 the infantry carried Shikarpore by assault. Dhoondiah escaped 
 in a boat. 
 
 Colonel Stevenson, the progress of whose detachment had
 
 336 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800. 
 
 been slow, owing to ditiiuult roads, uow assumed, as senior 
 oflficer, the command of the united detachments, and pursued 
 Dhoondiah so closely as to compel him to take refuge in 
 Mahratta territory (during this pursuit the force marched fifty- 
 nine miles), where Colonel Stevenson on the ^Oth August saw 
 him encamped with the remainder of his banditti. He might 
 easily have destroyed them, but the Governor- General had 
 strictly prohibited violation of the Mahratta territory, and 
 Colonel Stevenson halted his detachment on the boundary, and 
 informed the Mahratta officer why he did so. Dhoondiah's 
 camp was plundered a few hours afterwards by the Mahrattas, 
 and his elephants, camels, bullocks, and guns carried ofi', which 
 deprived him for the time of all means of depredations. 
 
 On the return of this force, Lieutenant Blair and Ensign 
 Garrard were ordered by General Wellesley to proceed to the 
 nortliern frontier of Mysore, for the purpose of visiting and 
 surveying six forts, as well as to prepare a sketch survey and 
 report of that part of the country in general. The unhealthy 
 season had set in, the greater part of the country was an 
 impenetrable jungle, the roads of the very worst description, and 
 in many places quite impassable ^until much labour had been 
 bestowed on them. Both Blair and Garrard suffered from 
 jungle fever; they were destitute both of medicine, and medical 
 aid, in a part of the countryjnever before explored by Europeans, 
 and their followers were dying last around them. The force with 
 them consisted merely of a jemadar's guard ; yet, notwithstanding 
 all these disadvantages, they performed all the duties required 
 of them. They surveyed, and completed drawings and reports 
 of four of the forts (the other two were found to be completely 
 demolished). On their return to Chittledroog quite worn out by 
 sickness, they were gratified by the receipt of a letter of praise 
 from General Wellesley for their services. Garrard was ordered 
 to Fort St. George ; but on arrival at Bangalore was so ill, that he 
 could not proceed, and was received into the house of Colonel
 
 1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 337 
 
 Campbell (afterwards Sir Alexander Campbell, Commander-in- 
 Chief at Madras), who commanded. On his arrival at Madras, 
 Major-General Ross, in consideration of his services, appointed 
 Garrard adjutant of Engineers ; but he only enjoyed this for a short 
 time, as the jungle fever would not quit him, and in July LSOO 
 he was obliged to return to England. 
 
 Whilst in England, an invasion from France being appre- 
 hended, he applied, to the Court of Directors for pm'mission to 
 offer his services to Government This was at once granted, 
 with the expression of the Court's high approbation of his 
 employing the remaining period of his furlough in " so spirited 
 and patriotic a manner." He accordingly made the offer to Eord 
 Sidmouth, one of H.M.'s Ministers, and received an assurance 
 that it should be accepted if the invasion was attempted ; but 
 the Peace of Amiens followed almost immediately afterwards. 
 
 Lieutenant Blair did not suffer so severely from fever, and was 
 employed till the close of 179') in the province of Soonda, which 
 had lately been transferred to the British Government, and 
 annexed to the jurisdiction of Canara. 
 
 Early next year Dhoondiah again began to make himself 
 troublesome. In May IHOO he was reported to have got 
 possession of Dummul, and to be advancing on Havanoor in the 
 Savanore country, [about two coss from Oollaill. In June, 
 JJhoondiah got possession of Savanore. 
 
 On 1 6th June, the largest body of his troops were at 
 Savanore, and nearly every fort and stronghold on both sides 
 of the Wurda were held by his garrisons. 
 
 Colonel Wellesley marched against him with two brigades of 
 cavalry, consisting of H.M.'s 19th and 25th Light Dragoons 
 and 1 St, 2nd, and 4th Native Cavalry; three of infantry, con- 
 sisting of H.M.'s 73rd and 77th, 1st, .*^th, and 12th, and 2nd of 
 4th Madras Native Infantry, together with 2nd of 2nd, and 1st 
 of 4th Bombay Native Infantry, besides a body of Pioneers 
 under Captain Heitland. 
 
 22
 
 338 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1800. 
 
 Colonel Stevenson commanded the cavalry. 
 
 On 16th June, Colonel Wellesley's force was at Hurryhur. 
 Owing to a rise in the river, the crossing was much delayed, but 
 by the 24th everything had been passed over. 
 
 Fifty pioneers preceded the park and heavy carriages, and 
 attended to the road. Twenty pioneers accompanied the 2nd 
 Native Cavalry, while the remainder were with the advance, 
 and the line, in proportions arranged by Captain Heitland. 
 
 On the 27th, Colonel Wellesley arrived at Ranee Bednore. 
 The cavalry were fired on from the fort, and the place was at 
 once escaladed by fifty Europeans, and 150 Natives as the ad- 
 vance party, with 1st battalion of 1st Native Infantry as a support. 
 
 The cavalry under Stevenson completely surrounded the fort, 
 so that the retreat of garrison was impossible. 
 
 The greater part of the garrison (500 men) were put to death. 
 We did not lose a man. 
 
 On the 29th, Colonel Stevenson went oil" towards Mussoor, 
 and Shikarpore, to clear the south side of the river. After the 
 capture of Ranee Bednore, all Dhoondiah's troops were with- 
 drawn to north of the Wurda, he himself being near Dharwar 
 with his army. 
 
 At this time, Dhoondiah defeated Gokla the Mahratta chief, 
 and a great part of the Mahratta army was now under the walls 
 of Hullihall, about twenty miles east by south of Dharwar. 
 
 Wellesley was at first unable to move for want of grain ; but 
 by 10th July he had crossed the Wurda by a bridge of boats. 
 Horses, bandies, and even camels crossed without difficulty ; but 
 the followers rushed on it in such numbers, and were so little 
 subject to regulation, that they sunk several boats, and the 
 bridge had to be partially rebuilt before the two last regiments 
 of cavalry could be got over. 
 
 Dhoondiah, two days before, was at Gurry, four coss beyond 
 Dharwar. 
 
 On i 2th July, Wellesley marched to Savanore.
 
 1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 839 
 
 A redoubt was built on the bank of the Wurda. Wellesley 
 left the Pioneers, two companies of Bombay Infantry (with two 
 J2-pounders and two 6-pounders) to complete it, and when this 
 was done one company of Bombay Infantry wus left as a garrison. 
 Wellesley had now only two iron 12-pounders. 
 
 The next day, Dhoondiah was known to be at Koondgul, 
 twenty-two miles distant. On the same day Dlioondiah came, 
 with his whole army and guns, lo within about two coss. He 
 examined the p(;sition, and then returned towards Koondgul. 
 Wellesley threw his baggage into Savanore on morning of l4th, 
 and marched wit i five days' provisions to Koondgul. Dhoondiah 
 went off six coss to Carwah on night of the 13th. He left a 
 garrison of 600 men in Koondgul, wliich was surrounded and 
 stormed on evening of the i4th, with but slight loss to us. 
 
 The troops had marched twenty-two miles, and had been 
 twelve hours under arms. 
 
 On the loth, the army marched seventeen miles east to Luck- 
 maiser, which was evacuated. 
 
 On the 16th, they marched about twelve miles north-east to 
 Sirhutty. By this time, iJhoondiah was in the jungles behind 
 Dummul, and already his people had begun to desert him. 
 
 By the Ibth, Wellesley had returned to ISavanore. 
 
 On the lyth, he was joined by Gokla's cavalry. Uuriug the 
 few days he was at tjavanore he lost about half his cattle. He, 
 however, managed to "crawl"' to Luckmaiser on 2'6rd July, 
 aud there got fresh bullocks, and was able to get on again. 
 
 On the 25th he was at ISirhutty, and was joined while on the 
 march by l,-")00 cavalry under Chintamonuy liow. 
 
 Colonel Bowser was at Kanagherry on the 20th, and was 
 ordered to join Wellesley at Dummul on the 26th. 
 
 The next day Wellesley stormed Dummul. It was attacked 
 in three placi-s — at the gateway, and on two laces. It was 
 impossible to force the gateway, and the pariy oi» that attack 
 entered the fort by escalade. The othei at^icks succeeded 
 
 22 •
 
 340 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [I800. 
 
 nearly at the same time, and the fort was carried with a trifling 
 loss, which was attributed chiefly to the eagerness of the soldiers 
 to get upon the ladders, which caused some to break. There 
 were about 1,000 men in the fort. The fort was strong and 
 well-built, the wall about thirty feet high, with a dry ditch, in 
 some places of considerable depth. It had held out against 
 Dhoondiah for several weeks. 
 
 Wellesley, in his letter to the Adjutant-General, says : — " I 
 cannot say too much in favour of the troops, who by this exploit 
 have added to the reputation which they have already gained in 
 this country. I must particularly mention to the Commander- 
 in-Chief, however. Colonel Stevenson (who surrounded the fort 
 with the cavalry), Lieutenant-Colonel Capper, Major Dease, and 
 Captain Macpherson of 77th (who led the three attacks), Lieu- 
 tenant Hooper of 73rd, and Captain Heitland and his Corps of 
 Pioneers." 
 
 From Dummul, Wellesley marched north-west to Gudduck on 
 his way to the Malpurba, ordering Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser 
 to follow him as soon as possible. Gudduck was evacuated as 
 soon as Dummul fell, and Dhoondiah had now no stronghold in 
 the country. He was now encamped near Soondootty, west, of 
 Pureshghur Hill, his object being to cover the passage of his 
 baggage over the Malpurba at Manowly. Wellesley accordingly 
 moved, and arrived on 29th at Allagawaddy, fifteen miles from 
 Soondootty. He at first intended to halt till the 31st for the 
 expected arrival of Colonel Bowser ; but Dhoondiah broke 
 up from Soondootty, sent part of his army to Doodwar, part 
 towards Jellahal, and part with baggage to right of Malpurba. 
 
 On morning of the 30th, Wellesley marched to Hoogurpoor, 
 east of Pureshghur Hill, where he learnt that Dhoondiah was at 
 Vlanowly on the Malpurba, and he determined to move on and 
 <>ttqck him. Dhoondiah's camp was strong, with its rear to the 
 Malpurba, covered by fort of Manowly on the other side of it 
 and a deep nullah along its front and left. Wellesley surprised
 
 ifW.l MADKAS ENGINEERS. 311 
 
 his camp at 3 p.m., drove into the river or destroyed everybodv 
 in it, and took two elephants, many camels, bullocks, horses, &c., 
 families, women and children. The guns, however, got over; 
 numbers of the enemy were drowned. Wellesley managed 
 eventually to take the guns (six in number). 
 
 He ordered some of the Europeans* to swim over to seize a 
 boat, and the boat and guns were readily captured. 
 
 Dhoondiah's baggage was also taken, and about .o,000 
 people driven into the Malpurba, and very many drowned. 
 
 On 1st August, Wellesley saw Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser, 
 who was at Hoogurghur, within five miles of Soondootty. His 
 absence from this expedition was attributed to remissness of one 
 of Wellesley's messengers. Colonel Bowser ought to have 
 receiveil Wellesley's letters on the 25th, and would in that case 
 have been at the storm of Dummul, and in action of the 30th ; 
 but he did not receive them till night of the '^fUh, and could not 
 reach Dummul till the 28th. 
 
 On oth August, Wellesley was at Kittoor when Dhoondiab 
 had gone quite into the jungles at the sources of the .Malpurba. 
 A detachment from Colonel Stevenson's corps followed his track. 
 Wellesley halted at Kittoor to construct boats, as it was in the 
 neighbourhood of bamboo jungles, as well as near Dharwar, 
 where he could get hides. He proposed to have a com- 
 munication across the river at Sungoly, three coss from 
 Kittoor. 
 
 On the Ifith, we learn that Dhoondiah had continued his 
 progress to the north, and tried to get possession of Shawpoor 
 and Gokank, but failed. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser was at Shawpoor on 1 6th. 
 
 On the night of the 21th, Dhoondiah escaped across the 
 Malpurba at Boodyhaul, a little above its junction with the 
 Kistna, and went towards the Nizam's country. 
 
 * LieutonantH Fitohet and .lackson, with some men of T^rd and 77th.
 
 342 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1800. 
 
 riolonel Stevenson arrived at Boodyhaul on the 28th, and 
 crossed the river. 
 
 On the 29th, Wellesley crossed at Jelluhal, some twenty miles 
 higher up. 
 
 On the 7th September, Wellesley was at Kanagherry, twenty 
 miles north-west of the Toomboodra, and Stevenson at Mood- 
 gal, thirty-two miles north of Kanagherry. 
 
 Next day, Wellesley moved with cavalry to Buswapoor, seven 
 miles north-west of ('hinnoor, and on the 9th to Yepulpuroy, 
 thirteen miles north-east of Chinnoor, on road to Bhunoor,* the 
 infantry being at Nowly, ten miles in front north-east of 
 Kanagherry, and Chinnoor fifteen miles in the rear. 
 
 It appeared probable to Wellesley that when Dhoondiah was 
 pressed by the whole of our force on north side of the Do-ab, 
 he would return into Savanore by Kanagherry. So he brought 
 his detachment to Kanagherry, while Stevenson was to move by 
 Moodgal and Moosky, twelve to tweutv miles from the Kistna, with 
 the Mahrattas and Mogul cavalry between the two detachments. 
 
 On the 9th Dhoondiah moved from Mudgherry.f a place 
 twenty-five miles fi'om Raichore, towards the Kistna; but having 
 seen Stevenson's camp on his road, returned, and camped nine 
 miles in Wellesley's front between him and Bhunoor. He 
 supposed Wellesley was at Chinnoor. Wellesl^v moved forward 
 on evening of the 10th, and met his army at a place called 
 Conahgull, six miles from Yepulpuroy. He was on his march 
 to the west, and had only about 5,000 cavalry, which Wellesley 
 immediately attacked with 19th and 25th Dragoons, and 1st and 
 2nd Regiment of Cavalry. 
 
 The enemy was strongly posted, with his rear and left flank 
 covered by village and rock of Conahgull, and stood for some 
 time with apparent firmness ; but such was the rapidity and 
 determination of the charge, that the whole gave way, and were 
 
 * Sixteen miles in front north-east of Nowly. 
 t Seven miles north of Bhunoor,
 
 l«00.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 348 
 
 pur&ucd lor many Uiiles. Mauy (umoug uiLicib JJhuuuJiali) were 
 killed, and the whole body dispersed. All the enemy's baggage 
 was taken in his carnp, three miles from Conahgull. 
 
 On the lUth, near Deodroog. Colonel Stevenson came up with 
 tiie only two remaining guns the enemy had, as well as a 
 quantity of baggage, camels, bullocks. He took the guns, &c. 
 and dispersed or destroyed the whole force, and the campaign 
 was brought to a close. Wellesley tendered his thanks to 
 Colonel Stevenson, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bowser, and to the 
 troops under their orders. 
 
 The troops employed received the thanks of the Governor- 
 Generai in Council, as well as those of the Madras Government. 
 In thn beginning of LsOO, a strong detachment was to be 
 sent into the Wynaad and Malabar against the Pychy Raja ; but 
 it did not move till late in the year, when Colonel Stevenson took 
 the command The service was very severe, and was not con- 
 cluded till May 1801, when Colonel Stevenson and his troops 
 received the thanks of Government. 
 
 The I'ioneers suffered much from fever contracted in the 
 jungles, and large numbers of them were thereby rendered unfit 
 for duty. Those who recovered were sent to the soutii, under 
 Captain Heitland, to join the force under Colonel Agnew, then 
 employed against the Poligars in Tinnevelly. 
 
 On '^nd February, while the force in Tinnevelly was can- 
 toned at Shankemacoil, thirty miles north-west of Palamcottah, 
 and about twenty ladies and gentlemen of the force were dining 
 with Major Macaiilay (the Resident), at Palamcottah, a number 
 of Poligar prisoners confined in the fort overpowered the guards, 
 and made ofi" for Pundalumcoorchy 
 
 Next day our troops marched to Kytar, and then to Punda- 
 lumcoorchv, but finding the fort raised again, and well manned 
 with several thousand Poligars, they retreated to Pahimeoltah. 
 The force was without any battering guns, and had no Euro- 
 peans to lead a storming party.
 
 344 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800. 
 
 The force was harassed on its way hy the Poligars, but 
 reached Palamcottah on 10th February They remained there 
 till the 27th, receiving reinforcements, when a small detachment 
 was sent to take Cadulgoody. The Poligars heard of this, and 
 sent 2,000 men to reinforce the garrison ; and our detachment, 
 after every exertion that bravery and discipline could' oppose to 
 numbers, were compelled to retreat with loss of three killed 
 and eighteen wounded. 
 
 The Chief of the Poligai:s, Cataboraanaig, had defended the 
 fort of Pundalnmcoorchy against Colonel Bannerman, two years 
 before; but at length was taken prisoner, with his family, kept 
 in confinement, and the fort razed. This treatment was not 
 calculated to conciliate a high-spirited people, and they now 
 again broke out, and for a time bore all before them. 
 
 On 3rd March, our detachment went to Kytar (twenty one 
 miles), and took up ground to allow of reinforcements joining 
 us Several of our small posts fell into the hands of the 
 enemy ; but the Streevigoondum Pagoda, slightly fortified 
 (fifteen miles below Palamcottah), held out beyond expectation. 
 
 The Poligars beset them on all sides, ^^a;jor Sheppard and 
 two 0-pounders, marched to their relief. He arrived at Palam- 
 cottah on the 13th, left his heavy baggage, and on 16th came 
 in sight of the Pagoda * He was immediately attacked by 
 swarms of the enemy, but Sheppard forced his way across, and 
 the garrison was withdrawn. On the way back to Palamcottah 
 they were annoyed the whole time by the enemy. 
 
 On 27th March, the battalion and stores reached Kytar, and 
 the force now consisted of — 
 
 A detachment Pioneers under Lieutenant Bagshaw.f 
 
 ,, Bengal Artillery. 
 
 2 companies 74th. 
 
 * On opposite side of river. 
 
 f Lieutenant Bradley, of Engineers, was the engineer with this force,
 
 iftOO] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 345 
 
 1 troop Governor's Body-Guard. 
 
 1 ,, 1st Native Cavalry. 
 
 1st battalion 3rd Native Infantry. 
 
 5 companies 4th ,, 
 
 6 „ I4th 
 3 „ 9th 
 
 1 „ IGth 
 3 „ 13th 
 
 2 6-pounders and 2 4-pounders, field -pieces. 
 
 2 12-pounders and 1 18-pounder, 2 5 -inch howitzers. 
 
 Altogether, about 3,000 men, under the command of .Major 
 Colin Macaulay, Resident of Travancore. 
 
 It marched to Wootranpetty and Peshavanthully, and on 31st 
 March advanced to Pundalumcoorchy. On the march we were 
 met by 500 or 600 of the enemy, who boldly advanced. The 
 cavalrv, ninety men, at once charged them, led by Lieutenant 
 .Tames Grant. They retired leisurely, keeping u^) a running 
 fight. When they were charged they halted, and faced about 
 but they were soon overborne. Lieutenant Grant fell wounded, 
 and his Subadar, Shaik Ebram, and four troopers were killed. 
 Lieutenant Lyne lost his horse, and a naigue* and eleven 
 troopers were wounded. Tlie enemy lost ninety-six killed, 
 besides a number wounded. Arriving at 8 a.m., preparations 
 were at once made to breach the north-west bastion. The fort 
 was an irregular parallelogram, 500 feet by 200 or 300 feet. Wall 
 twelve feet high, with square bastions and short curtains, while 
 the whole was surrounded by a thick hedge of thorns, but there 
 was no ditch. An attempt was made to breach with two 
 12-pounders and one 18-pounder, from a bank 900 yards 
 distant ; at noon, the guns were moved to another bank 400 
 yards from the walls, and at half-past 3 the breach appeared 
 practicable The assaulting party consisted of two companies 
 71th, all the Native Grenadiers, and a company of 3rd Native 
 
 • A corporal.
 
 346 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri8no. 
 
 Infantry. Tliey succeeded iu p;issing the hedge, but repeated 
 attempts to surmount the breach failed, and at length a retreat 
 was ordered. 
 
 Our loss was four officers and forty-nine men killed, and 
 thirteen officers and 254 men wounded. A camp was now 
 formed 1,500 yards from the fort. Major Macaulay deter- 
 mined to blockade the place, and wait for reinforcements. Until 
 the 21st May, they had constant skirmishes with the Poligars, 
 in which a few men fell on both sides, and our pioneers, &c., 
 were busily employed in strengthening our outposts, and in 
 raising a breastwork. 
 
 On 22nd April, at 9 p.m., 200 or 300 men came rushing on 
 the line, and at first supposed to be the enemy, were nearly 
 being treated accordingly, when they were discovered to be 
 pioneers, lascars, &c., who had been at work on an intended 
 battery about 450 yards from the fort. The pioneers had been 
 exposed without arms or any protection, had been assaulted 
 in the battery, and their sandbags, &c. carried off in triumph. 
 
 Major Macaulay next day made a strong reconnaissance 
 round the fort. 
 
 On 21st May, Lieutenant-Colonel Agnew arrived with rein- 
 forcements,* — 77th Regiment, a company of artillery, under Sir 
 John Sinclair, three companies 1st battalion 7th Native Infantry, 
 four companies 1st battalion 18th, with four 18-pounders, two 
 5^-inch and two 4^-inch howitzers, 1st Regiment Cavalry, and 
 150 Malays. 
 
 On the 22nd, Colonel Agnew reconnoitred the fort with 
 Sir John Sinclair, and Lieutenant Bradley, of Madras Engi- 
 neers, and determined on our post on tlie south bank for a 
 breaching battery. 
 
 On the morning of 23rd, we opened two batteries at once on 
 south-west bastion, one breaching with two 12-pounder and two 
 
 * Captain Heitland, with another detachment of Pioneers, was also with this 
 reinforcement,
 
 1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 347 
 
 howitzers, while the grand battery had 18-pounders. This fire 
 soon demolished the southern face and angle of the bastion. 
 Firing was kept up all night. 
 
 On the Ji4th, at 1 p.m., the storming party was ordered to 
 advance. 
 
 Two companies 74th. 
 77th. 
 Native Grenadiers of 3rd, 4th, 7th, I3th, and 14th. 
 The Malays. 
 Detachment, 9th. 
 
 The breach was stoutly defended, so that it was half an hour 
 before a man could stand on the summit ; after another half 
 hour our grenadiers succeeded in mounting, and resistance after- 
 wards was of no avail. A panic then seized the enemy, and 
 they fled ; but after getting out of the fort, they formed up into 
 two columns, and retreated. Our cavalry attacked them ; but 
 2,000 men made good their retreat, although fully 000 were cut 
 off by the cavalry. Four hundred and fifty dead bodies were 
 found in the fort. 
 
 Our loss was heavy : Europeans, 19 killed, and 76 wounded ; 
 Natives, 24 killed, and 96 wounded; total, 215. Of officers, 
 4 were killed, and 5 wounded. Three companies of 9th, under 
 Captain Hazard, were left with the Pioneers to destroy the fort. 
 
 Colonel Agnew, in his report, dated 25t!: May 1801, 
 remarks : — 
 
 " The behaviour of Captain Bagshaw, and his able arrange- 
 ment of the Pioneers during the attack, attracted the particular 
 notice of the commanding officers." 
 
 On 28th May, the whole force arrived at Naglepore, twenty- 
 six miles. On 2nd June, they were at Trippoowanum, forty-six 
 miles from Naglecherry ; on the 7th, at Tripachetty, eight miles 
 and a half. 
 
 This day thcv had a severe engagement with the enemy.
 
 348 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [isoo. 
 
 Major Gray was killed, and four lieutenants wounded, sixteen 
 men killed and thirty- five wounded. 
 
 On 10th June, having made three easy marches, they set out 
 through a very strong country, having the river on their left. 
 Loss on this march was severe : ten Europeans and eighty-six 
 Natives killed and wounded The camp was now near Patianoor 
 The next march was to Permagoody, eleven miles. 
 
 On 12th June, they marched to Chatumarun, twelve miles. 
 
 On 14th June, the force reached Ptamnad, halted for six days, 
 and on 22nd encamped at Comery, twenty miles distant, near the 
 east hank of the Palmery river. A garrison was left at Comery, 
 under Lieutenant Greaves. Reached Tricateanoor on 2J:th July, 
 and waited to be joined by another force, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel James Innes. 
 
 On evening of "^Sth, heavy firing was heard to the north-west. 
 A strong detachment was sent out, came up with Colonel Innes 
 about half-past 10, and found him engaged with the enemy 
 who where hanging on his rear. 
 
 They were driven off. Our loss this day was twenty-one 
 killed and wounded. Amongst the wounded was Captain Heit- 
 land of the Pioneers. 
 
 On the 28th, the force marched to Ookoor, when the enemy 
 attacked the rear-gaard, but met with a warm reception. 
 
 On the 29th, they allowed us to proceed two miles without 
 opposition, after which we had to manoeuvre every inch of the 
 road. 
 
 The country was most difficult, banks on both sides within 
 shot, flanked by palmyra-trees At 3 p.m. we took possession of 
 a line of banks with hedges facing Sherevele. Our loss on this 
 march : thirty-six killed and wounded. 
 
 On 30th July, we obtained possession of Sherevele after a 
 march of two miles and three quarters, which took six hours. 
 
 * The fugitives from Punclalvuncoorchy made good their retreat to Sherevele, 
 or Serruvail,
 
 1800.] MADBAS EKQINEEKS. 319 
 
 On the 31st, we commenced our operations through Sherevele 
 or Calliacoil jungle, one of the thickest and most impenetrable 
 in the Carnatic. 
 
 Our camp remained in front of Shereveie from 30th July to 
 2nd September 1801, during which time the pioneers had 
 constant laborious work. On the first day the pioneers and 
 woodcutters cut a broad road one mile and a half in the direction 
 of CaUiacoil, Next day they cut three-quarters of a mile, and 
 the third day 600 yards, being all the time much harassed by 
 the enemy. 
 
 On 3rd August it was found that the Poligar had thrown up 
 a breastwork in front of the road ; but as soon as we opened 
 fire they fled. The pioneers cut 430 yards this day. 
 
 August 4th. — Working parties fell in with the enemy, who 
 were charged and routed. Pioneers cut 580 yards. 
 
 August 5th — Pioneers cut 440 yards. 
 
 August Gth. — Found a high bank at end of road formed into 
 cover for a large body of the enemy, and four guns bore from it 
 on the road. 
 
 They defended this post with great resolution. However, 
 they were at last put to flight ; but our loss was very heavy. 
 Pioneers cut 237 yards. 
 
 August 7th. —The bank was again defended, and again 
 stormed. It was at last taken in flank, but the enemy succeeded 
 in carrying ofl" their guns. Pioneers cut 350 yards. 
 
 August 8th. — The bank was again defended, but it was again 
 taken in flank. Pioneers cut 500 yards. Calliacoil Pagoda was 
 now in sight. 
 
 August Uth. — A field redoubt for three guns and 300 men 
 completed and occupied. The work was thirty yards square. 
 
 From August 10th to 14th (five days), the pioneers cut 2,000 
 yards, when the Calliacoil Pagoda was conjectured to be about a 
 mile distant. 
 
 On the 15th, tlie working-party received a cannonade from
 
 350 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U800 
 
 three guns and a constant fire of musketry. It was found 
 impossible to persuade the woodcutters to work, so Major 
 Sheppard, who commanded, returned to the redoubt. 
 
 On the 1 6th, the working-party under Major McLeod advanced 
 in two columns, without guns, and penetrated with difficulty to 
 the front of the bank from whence the enemy had fired the day 
 before ; but they found it so strongly fortified by nature and 
 art that, after a long struggle, the enterprise was abandoned. 
 
 August 17th. — The working-party in advance was formed into 
 two columns, one of which proceeded direct, while the other cut 
 a small road 1,2U0 yards to the right, and returned; the first 
 column remaining in main road, and keeping up a constant fire 
 of cannon till they came back. 
 
 On l«th August, working-parties cut 500 yards further on the 
 small road, but were fired on, and several killed and wouuded. 
 Colonel Innes had a narrow escape from being shot. 
 
 August 19th. — Colonel Agnew determined to take the enemy's 
 guns. A select party was formed under Captain Weston, com- 
 posed of 800 men, Europeans and sepoys, with two 6-pounders, 
 and some pioneers under Captain Bagshaw and Lieutenant 
 Gordon. 
 
 At about half-past 10, a tremeodous tire opened all round 
 them, and though within a few yards of the enemy, no one could 
 be seen. Having ascertained that they were still advancing on 
 our right flank, our men formed four deep, facing outwards with 
 a gun on each flank, and occupying the whole road. When we 
 perceived them within ten yards our tiring commenced, the 
 Infantry all sitting. Screams and groans succeeded ; but the 
 firing still continued for twenty minutes, when all was hushed, 
 and we pushed on and gained another broad and high bank 
 covered with jungle. After this it was determined to retire, and 
 at 12 the retrograde movement was commenced. By 2 p.m., the 
 working-party, a few hundred yards in front of the redoubt, was 
 readied.
 
 1800.] 
 
 MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 351 
 
 On the 21st a road was commenced to the left, thirty feet 
 broad and 200 feet long. 
 
 On the 22nd, but little work was done, the weather being very 
 wet. 
 
 On the 2-'Srd, another small redoubt was constructed, at the 
 commencement of the road leading into the jungle. 
 
 On the 24th, a working-party cleared some more ground 
 round the redoubt, and on returning were fired on 
 
 The working-party had a light gun invented by Captain 
 Sadler. Not being accustomed to its munagement, one of our 
 own pioneers was killed by the first discharge ! The gun was 
 consequently condemned I 
 
 During the next few days, working-parties were employed. 
 
 On 30th August, it was determined to abandon our attempt 
 to reach Calliacoil from Sherevele side. 
 
 On 1st September, the redoubts were destroyed, and all the 
 brushwood in their neighbourhood burnt. 
 
 On morning of the 2nd, our whole force marched to Ookoor, 
 from whence we had advanced at the end of June. 
 
 On the 12th, Woodia Taver, a new chief set up in place of the 
 Murdoos, was installed atSholaveram, Zemindar of Shevagunga. 
 
 On the 27th, the force prepared to make a new dash at Callia- 
 coil. 
 
 On the 30th, Lieutenant- Colonel Spry was directed to march 
 at night with a detachment bv the old road to Sherevele, and 
 thence proceed through the road we cut in the jungle to Callia- 
 coil. The remainder of the troops were to proceed in the 
 morning, and Colonel Innes" force was to meet us by another 
 route from Sholaveram. 
 
 On 1st October, we advanced by three distinct routes to 
 Calliacoil. No opposition was experienced for three miles, when 
 we arrived at a barrier, from which a gun opened upon us. It 
 was at once attacked in Hank, and carried without any loss, 
 except i)r. luylj» mid vul' pioneer wounded.
 
 352 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1800. 
 
 Colonel Spry, after dispersing a party near the place, had 
 taken post there at 8 a.m., and Colonel Innes having routed the 
 enemy whenever they appeared, and killed lOO of them in one 
 tank, took possession of Calagoody, and then encamped at 
 Calliacoil. Twenty-one guns were taken, and a great quantity of 
 stores 
 
 On 3rd October, a division under Major Sheppard marched to 
 Mungalum to find Murdoo, but he had retreated into the jungle. 
 Colonel Agnew returned to Madras on the ith, and Major 
 Macaulay again took command. The Murdoos now disbanded 
 their forces. In a few days both the Murdoos, Catabomanaig^ 
 Dalawai Pillay, and the dumb brother, were taken, and were 
 all hanged, except Dalawai Pillay and the dumb brother, who 
 were transported to the Prince of Wales' Island.* 
 
 This most harassing warfare now ended. The expenditure 
 of life had been profuse. On our side 800 or 900 were killed 
 and wounded, and among these fourteen officers were killed, and 
 twenty-six wounded. 
 
 " The greater part of the Poligar country was then a dense 
 forest ; and the labour undergone by the pioneers, &c. was 
 extremely severe, and frequently performed under fire." 
 
 Order isHUed by Lruverntnenl. 
 
 " The whole course of operations connected with that service 
 has been distinguished by a sj)irit of animated bravery and 
 persevering exertion, which has merited the warmest approba- 
 tion of the Governor in Council; and His Lordship in Council, 
 in bestowing on the officers and troops the applause due to 
 their conduct, reflects with the greatest satisfaction on the 
 advantages which have been derived to tlie public interests by 
 
 * Catabomanaig, chief of Pundalumcoorchy ; Cheena Murdoo, chief of 
 Calliacoil and Sherevele ; Velli Murdoo, his brother ; Uorasawmy (or the dumb 
 brother), was youngest son of C'hcena ^Iiirdou.
 
 1800.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 353 
 
 the suppression of a confederacy which threatened the most 
 injurious consequences to the tranquillity of the British posses- 
 sions." 
 
 On 5th January 1804, Colonel Wellesley marched from 
 Seringapatam against the Rajah of Bullum and Mysore, who 
 had again been refractory. 
 
 On the Ifith, he attacked and carried the fort at Arrakerry. 
 Captain Heitland and his pioneers were thanked as follows : — 
 
 "In the performance of this service, I have had every reason 
 to be satisfied with the zeal, alacrity, and good conduct of all. 
 My acknowledgments are, however, particularly due to ... . 
 and to Captain Heitland and his pioneers." 
 
 " The country in the neighbourhood of Arrakerry being thick 
 forest, and every village fortified. Colonel Wellesley left a strong 
 detachment on the spot, for the purpose of protecting the 
 pioneers under Captain Heitland and Lieutenant Davis, who 
 were directed to fill up the ditches, and destroy the fortifications 
 of the villages, to open roads through the forests, and also 
 down the sevei'al passes leading into Malabar, viz. the Bisolv- 
 seisul, Sampogee, and Soobramoney Ghauts. The fortifications 
 of twenty-five villages were demolished on this occasion." 
 
 28
 
 354 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1800- 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Expedition to Egypt. — Expeditions at the Spice islands. — Changes in the Corps 
 from 1799 to 1803. — Engineer Coi-ps after the capture of Seringapatam. — 
 Major-General Ross recommends an increase to the Corps of Engineers. — 
 Proposed Establishment. — Distribution of Corps. — Major-General Rosa 
 reports on Fort of Seringapatam. — Approval of Colonel Gent's services. — 
 Engineer Corps on 1st January 1803. — Expedition into kingdom of Candy, 
 in Ceylon. — Increase of the Corps of Pioneers, January 1803. 
 
 General Baird sailed from India in the latter part of 
 December 1800, with the view of co-operating with the British 
 army in Egypt, and a division of troops from the Cape was 
 ordered to join him in the Red Sea. 
 
 His object was to land at Suez, and act according to 
 the circumstances with which he should become acquainted 
 there. 
 
 The hope was always entertained that he would arrive in time 
 to assist the European army. Unfortunately the monsoon had 
 commenced before his entrance into the Red Sea in the month 
 of April, and it was found impossible to gain his destination : 
 but hearing at Jeddah of the successes of the English on the 
 21st March, Baird determined to land at Cosseir, and brave 
 the difficulties of the desert. 
 
 The action of the 21st March was fought near Alexandria, be- 
 tween the French under General Menon, and the English under Sir 
 Ralph Abercrombie, in which Abercrombie was mortally wounded,
 
 lan] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 355 
 
 and the English repulsed the attack made by the French ou 
 their lines. 
 
 On 8th June, Baird arrived at Cosseir, and found Colonel 
 Murray, Adjutant-General, who had preceded him, and had 
 reached that port on 14 th May. 
 
 The greater part of the army was still missing, and none of the 
 troops from the Cape had arrived. 
 
 Baird employed himself in preparing means for crossing the 
 desert, and in a short time had 5,000 camels. 
 
 He set out for Kinneh, arrived 30th June, and arranged for 
 the march of the remaining divisions by establishing posts at 
 different wells, and by digging other wells. It was not till the 
 end of July 1801 that his army had assembled. The collected 
 troops amounted to 5,226. 
 
 King's troops .. ... 2,838 
 
 East India Company's Artillery 448 
 
 Native troops ... ... 1,940 
 
 5,226 privates. 
 
 To these must be added — 271 officers, of which 53 were 
 natives; 331 sergeants, 125 drummers, 440 lascars, 276 ser- 
 vants (not soldiers), 572 followers (public), 305 followers 
 (private), = 2,320, which makes a total of 7,546, including 
 sick. 
 
 Sir Home Popham sailed from the Cape with Romney and 
 Sensible on 2Hth February 1801 ; other vessels left on 30th 
 March ; the first arrived in the middle of June, the second on 
 10th July. 
 
 The force from the Cape consisted of 1,200 men. 
 
 The Madras Pioneers consisted of 1 captain, 1 jemadar, 4 
 sergeants, 8H rank and file. 
 
 Lieutenant De Havilland, of the Madras Engineers, accom- 
 panied the expedition, as well as 1 captain of Royal Engineers, 
 
 23 *
 
 356 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE tiSOl. 
 
 1 lieutenant and 2 ensigns of Bengal Engineers, and 1 lieutenant 
 of Bombay Engineers ; total engineer officers, 6. 
 
 At Cosseir the heat was very intense, water very bad and 
 impregnated with saltpetre. When the Cape force arrived. 
 General Baird was at Kinneh. 
 
 On 15th June, Baird received a despatch from General 
 Hutchinson, dated 13th May, announcing that he had heard of 
 arrival of the Indian army ; that he intended to push forward 
 towards Cairo, to keep the French troops there in check; that 
 he meant to continue near Cairo until he heard that Baird was 
 in a state of security, and then intended to descend the Nile, 
 and besiege Alexandria. 
 
 On 20th July, Colonel Carruthers left Cosseir with a division 
 of 600 men of the 61st. 
 
 The first three days the troops passed in a ravine, which 
 terminated at Moilah. At this place, and at Legaitha were posts 
 of sepoys and depots of provisions, to supply the troops with sheep 
 and biscuits. Wells had been mostly dug by the sepoys. The 
 troops marched by night ; during the day-time the thermometer 
 rose to 110° and 115°. Eight or ten hours were required to 
 perform the allotted distances. 
 
 On 29th July, Colonel Carruthers arrived at Kinneh, with the 
 loss of only one drummer-boy. 
 
 The route of the army was as follows : — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Cosseir to New Wells ... 11 — water. 
 
 To half-way to Moilah ... 17 — no water. 
 
 Moilah ... ... ... 17 — provisions and water. 
 
 Advance wells ... ... 9 — water. 
 
 Half-way to Legaitha ... 19 — no water. 
 
 Legaitha ... ... ... 19 — provisions and water. 
 
 Barmita ... ... ... 18 — water. 
 
 Kinneh , 10 — the Nile. 
 
 120 miles.
 
 1801.] MADKAS ENGINEEKS. 357 
 
 The following instructions will show clearly how difficult the 
 march across the desert really was : — 
 
 Memo, to Lieutenant-Colonel Carruthers. 
 
 " You will proceed with the detachment under your orders on 
 the evening of the 20th instant, to the New wells, distance about 
 eleven miles. 
 
 "The wells are a little off the road, therefore be careful not to 
 pass them, nor allow your camels and baggage to miss them. 
 
 " An officer's party is stationed at the wells. On your arrival 
 there, which would be about 11 p.m., you should not allow your 
 men to straggle about, or keep each other awake, as a good 
 night's rest will enable them to make the march of the next 
 night with more alacrity. In the morning, half-a-pint of wine 
 should be issued to each man, and then rice, which they must 
 cook for that day and the following. The men's canteens 
 should be filled with congee ; and, just previous to their march- 
 ing, another half-pint of wine should be given them to mix with 
 their congee. The men should be kept in their tents, and as 
 quiet as possible during the heat of the day. The mussucks 
 will be filled up at the wells, if any should have leaked out. 
 As you will find plenty of water at the wells, of course you will 
 not use any of the water carried from this. But be extremely care- 
 ful of your mussucks, that they do not get damaged, particularly 
 in lifting them on and off the camels, which ought to be done 
 with a tent-pole. On evening of the 21st, you will proceed 
 half-way to Moilah, which is thirty-four miles from the wells. 
 Therefore, if you start from the wells at 5 p.m., and march till 
 midnight, you will have marched seventeen miles and a half (at 
 two miles and a half an hour), or half-way to Moilah. You 
 will halt there, and in the morning issue half-a-piut of wine 
 per man, and the rice which was cooked the preceding day. 
 No water is to be had at this halting-place ; you will there- 
 fore issue to the troops and followers from your casks and
 
 358 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE dSOl. 
 
 mussucks a proportion of water. Two gallons of water for each 
 man is sent with you, with an allowance for leakage. You will 
 therefore in the morning issue a gallon per man, and fill the 
 canteens in the evening before you march. 
 
 " If you find you still have water to spare, you will issue 
 it at your discretion. On the evening of the 22nd, you will 
 proceed to Moilah, where you will find an ofiicer's party. 
 Water and provisions are to be had there. You will indent on 
 the commissary for two days' provisions, to be carried with 
 you, to serve on the way to Legaitha. 
 
 "If you find your men much fatigued, you may halt one day 
 and night at Moilah, and on the following evening you will 
 proceed to the advanced wells, about nine miles beyond Moilah. 
 There you will fill up your mussucks, and cook rice for the 
 following day. Your next march is half-way to Legaitha, which 
 is about thirty-five miles from the advanced wells. You will 
 take the same precautions and measures on this march as directed 
 in that from the wells to Moilah ; for as there is no water until 
 you arrive at Legaitha, you must carry your provisions cooked 
 for one day, and be very careful of your water. Your next 
 march is to Legaitha, where you will find water and provisions. 
 You may halt there a day and night, if you find it necessary. 
 Your two next marches carry you to Ghenna,* twenty-eight miles. 
 " Every halting- day the camel- drivers are to receive forty 
 comasses for each camel. The Deputy Quartermaster General 
 will advance the money, if you require it. 450 comasses = 
 one dollar. You will endeavour to conciliate the camel- drivers, 
 as much as possible, lest they desert. One head-man will have 
 the charge and direction of them, and you will give your orders 
 through him. You will write to me from New Wells, Moilah, 
 and Legaitha, mentioning any inconveniences or impediments 
 you may have met with ; and whether you halt, in order that 
 succeeding divisions may be guided by it. You will find fresh 
 
 * Kinneh.
 
 1801-2.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 359 
 
 meat at Moilah and Legaitha, which you will issue to your men ; 
 also spirits, as your wine must be used only on marching days. 
 You have with you one gallon of wine for each European 
 soldier, which is to be issued on marching days, at the rate of 
 one pint per man. You will endeavour to dissuade your men 
 from drinking a great quantity of water, which has been found 
 very hurtful and weakening ; and when you are at those 
 stations where water can be had, your men should be marched to 
 the wells to fill their canteens morning and evening, and no 
 more should be allowed. At those places where they cannot 
 cook their victuals, they must be persuaded to eat what was 
 cooked the day before ; as they will not otherwise be able to 
 perform the succeeding march, through faintness and weakness." 
 
 (Signed) "J. Montresor. 
 
 " Lieutenant-Colonel." 
 
 On 8th August, General Baird reached Gizeh, and having 
 completed his arrangements for the supplies and comforts of his 
 men, shifted his head-quarters to the island of Rhoda, to which 
 he removed on 16th August. 
 
 By the 27th, all his force had assembled at Rhoada, and on 
 the same night the light wing began to move. 
 
 General Baird left Rhoda the same day, and arrived at 
 Rosetta on the 30th, where the first division of his army was 
 already encamped. 
 
 General Hutchinson now, much to Baird's annoyance, 
 announced that the French had sent a flag of truce to him to 
 treat for surrender ; and when General Baird went next day to 
 Sir John Hutchinson's tent, he found that the capitulation was 
 actually signed, and that the troops were to take possession of 
 the outworks on the following morning. 
 
 Sir John Hutchinson, after the capitulation, went home, and 
 Lord Cavan was placed in command. 
 
 It was not till the 7th May 1802 that General Baird quitted
 
 360 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1801-2. 
 
 Alexandria. He arrived at Gizeli on the 11th; as soon as he 
 reached Gizeh he sent to the Pasha, and informed him that he ex- 
 pected every assistance during the march across the desert to Suez. 
 
 General Baird immediately put the army in motion and began 
 the march to Suez, which place he reached on 25th May 1802. 
 The troops crossed the desert in five easy marches without 
 experiencing much difficulty, and with the loss of only three 
 Europeans. 
 
 Through the exertions of Sir Home Popham, the transports 
 were ready to receive the troops nearly as soon as they arrived. 
 
 On the 6th June, the General embarked on H.M.S. 
 Victor, having given orders that the whole of the troops (except 
 those from Bombay) should touch at Madras. 
 
 Lieutenant De Havilland was away from Madras from 
 December 1800 to 10th April 1804. A part of the time he was 
 field engineer, a part of time commanding engineer, and a part 
 surveyor. His services in Egypt ended on 4th July 1802*; but 
 his return to Madras was delayed in consequence of his being 
 captured by a French privateer, and sent to Bengal at a season 
 when a passage could be procured and made with difficulty. 
 
 De Havilland was captured in January 1804, on board the 
 Company's ship Admiral Aplin, by the French privateer La 
 Psyche. From the Commander he obtained permission to 
 proceed to Madras on a neutral vessel, under the condition of 
 not carrying arms against France until a French prisoner of war 
 should be exchanged for him. He was allowed to resume his 
 rank in April 1804, but the Commander-in-Chief considered 
 " that the parole given by Captain De Havilland disqualified him 
 for employment in military works ; as military works are 
 erected against all the enemies of the State, and consequently 
 against the French, who are the most prominent of ours." It 
 was not till December 1804 that Captain De Havilland was 
 appointed Engineer in the ceded districts. He was mentioned 
 
 * From Egypt it is supposed De Havilland proceeded to England.
 
 1801-2.J MADBAS ENGINEEES. 361 
 
 as " distinguished by his valuable aud indefatigable exertions 
 in obtaining topographical information, in facilitating the 
 communications, and the supply of water to the Indian 
 detachment in Egypt," 
 
 It has not been possible to ascertain the name of the captain 
 who commanded the Madras Pioneers. 
 
 Despatch by Lieutenant- Colonel Hutchinson, 19 th August, 1801. 
 
 "Major-General Baird, after having struggled with many 
 difficulties in passing the desert, and from want of boats to 
 descend the Nile, has at length arrived at Cairo, with the greatest 
 part of the troops under his command, and I imagine he will 
 reach Rosetta in the course of a few days." 
 
 To perpetuate the services rendered to the Ottoman Empire 
 the Grand Signor established an order of knighthood, which he 
 made the Order of the Crescent. 
 
 In the First Class were Lord Hutchinson, Lord Keith, 
 Admiral Bickerton, Major- General Coote, Major- General Baird, 
 and Lord Elgin. 
 
 In the Second, General Officers and Naval Officers of equal 
 rank. 
 
 Field Officers had large gold medals. 
 
 Captains had smaller ones, and subalterns still smaller ones. 
 Finally, as a further proof of the sense he entertained of the 
 services rendered, the Grand Signor ordered a palace to be 
 built in Constantinople for the future residence of British 
 Ambassadors. 
 
 Extract from Despatch from the Governor-General, dated 
 Sth Fehruary 1802. 
 
 " I consider it to be my duty on this occasion to express to 
 you the high sense which I entertain of the zeal, fortitude, and 
 ability which have distinguished your conduct in the execution 
 of the arduous duties committed to your charge since you have 
 held the important command of that part of the Army of India
 
 362 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1801-2. 
 
 destined to co-operate in the expulsion of the French from Egypt. 
 The successful march of the army under your command through 
 Upper Egypt, under circumstances of extraordinary diflSculty, 
 embarrassment, and danger, is to be ascribed principally to your 
 prudence and perseverance, aided by the approved skill and 
 determined spirit of your officers, and by the discipline and 
 firmness of your troops. 
 
 " It will afford me the highest satisfaction to submit to His 
 Majesty's Ministers, and to the Honourable the Court ol 
 Directors, my cordial approbation of your eminent merits, 
 and services of those of your officers and men on the late 
 important service. Although the rapid progress of the British 
 arms under the able conduct of the late Lieutenant- General 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie, and of Lieutenant - General Sir 
 John Hutchinson, precluded the troops under your com- 
 mand from participating in the glory of those operations 
 which terminated in the conquest of Egypt, you omitted no 
 exertions to render your approach useful to the common cause; 
 and if the course of events had required your exertions, and those 
 of the Army of India in the field, I am confident that your 
 conduct, and that of your army, would have been correspondent 
 to the character which you have acquired in this quarter of the 
 globe, and to the renown of the British arms in India. I desire 
 you to consider this despatch as a public record of my thanks to 
 you and jour army for your services in the execution of my 
 orders, and you will be pleased to make such notification of these 
 sentiments as you may think proper to the officers and troops 
 under your command." 
 
 At the close of 1800, Colonel Burr commanded the troops in 
 the Moluccas. In December he projected the capture of Ternate. 
 
 On 10th February 1801, the British armament, composed 
 chiefly of the Madras European Regiment, and accompanied 
 by a small party (twenty-one men) of Madras Pioneers, under
 
 1801-2.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 363 
 
 Lieutenant Wissett, arrived in sight of the island. A flag of 
 truce was sent on shore, but terms were refused. The troops 
 landed, but were unsuccessful in their attempts on fortifications 
 of Telooke. The pioneers on this occasion carried the scaling- 
 ladders. 
 
 On the 19th they re-embarked. 
 
 On 2nd April aaother stronger expedition sailed from 
 Amboyna, and arrived on the 30th, 
 
 On 8th May the troops landed, and, after some severe service, 
 the island, &c. surrendered. 
 
 Captain Ross, of the Artillery, acted as field engineer on both 
 the expeditions against Ternate. 
 
 It will here be convenient to detail the changes which took 
 place in the Corps of Engineers from the time of the capture of 
 JSeringapatam up to the commencement of the first Mahratta 
 War in 1803. 
 
 At the former date the corps consisted of thirty officers, 
 including those absent from India. During the next four years 
 there was a large number of casualties from various causes, so 
 that although twenty officers were in the meantime posted to the 
 corps we find that at the time of the second Mahratta War, five 
 ensigns were required to make it up to its proper complement of 
 twenty-eight officers. 
 
 After Seringapatam, the Corps consisted of the following 
 officers : — 
 
 Patrick Ross, Major-General. 
 
 William Gent, Colonel. 
 
 Elisha Trapaud, Major. ^ 
 
 Jacob Hemming, Captain (invalided September 1793). 
 
 John Norris, Captain. 
 
 Walter Lennon, „ 
 
 Colin Mackenzie, ,, 
 
 Arthur Forest, „ 
 
 George Johnstone, „
 
 364 MILITAEY HISTOKY OF THE [1801-2. 
 
 Thomas Wood, Brevet Captain. 
 
 J. L. Caldwell, Lieutenant. 
 
 John Blair, 
 
 W. Farquhar, 
 
 John Carruthers, 
 
 K. H. Fotheringham, ,, 
 
 William Castle, 
 
 J. R. Cleghorne, 
 
 T. F. De Havilland, 
 
 John Cotgrave, 
 
 J. Fotheringham, 
 
 Benjamin Sydenham, ,, 
 
 H. H. Torriano, ,, 
 
 Thomas Fraser, Ensign. 
 
 W. Ravenshaw, ,, 
 
 G. Bradley, „ 
 
 Thomas Arthur, „ 
 
 William Garrard, ,, 
 
 George Rowley, ,, 
 
 Edward Malton, ,, 
 
 C. W. Bell, 
 
 John Smith, ,, 
 
 On 17th December 1799, John Carruthers was struck off the 
 strength of the Corps, probably because he went to England, and 
 did not return. 
 
 Jacob Hemming, who had been invalided on September 1793, 
 probably owing to the wound he received in 1792, finally retired 
 in 1800. 
 
 George Johnstone was dismissed in 1800, after long and good 
 service, for horsewhipping a civilian. His case was a very hard 
 one, and I hope further on to show that he was harshly used. 
 
 Tliomas Wood returned from the Cape at the end of May 
 1800, and died at Arnee in August following. 
 
 Edward Malton was transferred, at his own request, to the 
 Infantry on 2nd September 1800.
 
 01-2.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 365 
 
 Early in 1801, Patrick Koss, who had been for nearly thirty- 
 one years Chief Engineer of the Corps, retired from the 
 service. 
 
 In June 1801, Ensign Bell was transferred, at his own 
 request to the Cavalry, but was directed to continue to act as 
 Engineer at Seringapatam for the present 
 
 On 24th August 1801, Lieutenant Castle, and on 14th 
 October 1802, Captain Forest, died. 
 
 Early in 1800, Colonel Gent went on furlough to Europe; 
 and when Major General Ross retired, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Trapaud became Chief Engineer. 
 
 Colonel Gent does not appear to have returned to India after 
 1800, and finally retired as Major- General on 11th August 
 1802. 
 
 Thus, in the four years, 1799 to 1803, there were ten 
 casualties, which reduced the numbers to twenty-one; in the 
 meantime (1801) two ensigns joined, Russell and Blakiston, so 
 that after the commencement of the Mahratta War, the Madras 
 Engineers consisted of only twenty-three officers, or five below 
 their regular strength. 
 
 Major-General Ross, before he left the country, addressed a 
 letter to the Government, in which he "considered it his duty 
 previously to his quitting the service, to recommend an increase 
 to the Engineer Corps." He defended the Corps from the imputa- 
 tions contained in Mr. Secretary Webbe's letter of 1 9th March 
 1793, and the report on the Minute of the Committee of Military 
 Board, August 1798, will evince his (Major-General Ross') un- 
 remitted attention to the duties of his station. He enclosed copy 
 of his report making observations on the appointment of a Civil 
 Engineer, and suggested that if his " recommendations had been 
 attended to, in many instances fortresses might have been kept 
 in good order which are now running into decay." He pointed 
 out " the impropriety of permitting the erection of several 
 buildings in Fort St. George, which weaken the defence," and
 
 366 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1801-2. 
 
 alluded to " the necessity of erecting additional powder maga- 
 zines and improving the interior of the fort." He suggested 
 various alterations in the mode to be observed in superintending 
 the public works, which he conceived better calculated to have 
 the works well executed, and to save expense. 
 
 He proposed an increase to the corps of — 
 
 One lieutenant-colonel, one major, one captain, one captain- 
 lieutenant, two lieutenants, and two ensigns, and the establish- 
 ment would then be — 
 
 1 Colonel. 
 
 2 Lieutenant-Colonels. 
 2 Majors. 
 
 5 Captains. | 
 
 5 Captain-Lieutenants. 
 10 Lieutenants. 
 10 Ensigns. 
 
 1 Adjutant. 
 
 36 officers in place of 28, as at present 
 The distribution of the above was to be as follows : — 
 
 Carnatic Division — 
 
 
 Colonel... 
 
 1 
 
 Captain 
 Captain-Lieutenant 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Lieutenants 
 
 4 
 
 Ensigns 
 
 3 
 
 Adjutant 
 
 1 
 —11 
 
 Northern Division — 
 
 
 Major 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 1 
 
 Ensign... 
 
 1 
 — 4
 
 1801-3.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 3^7 
 
 Southern Division — 
 Major ... 
 Captain 
 Lieutenant 
 Ensign ... 
 
 Mysore Division — 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Captain 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant 
 Lieutenants 
 Ensign ... 
 
 Ceded Provinces from Nizam- 
 Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Captain 
 Lieutenant 
 Ensign... 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 — 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 — 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 Nizam's Detachment — 
 Captain 
 Ensign 
 
 Ceylon and Eastern Islands — 
 
 Colombo: Captain ... 1 
 
 Ensign ... 1 
 
 Trincoraallee : Lieutenant 1 
 
 Malacca: Captain-Lieutenant 1 
 
 Ensign 
 
 1 
 — 5 
 
 36 
 
 After the siege of Seringapatam, Major- General Ross was 
 ordered to report on the fortifications. In August IbOO, he 
 accordingly sent in a report, with plans and estimates. The
 
 368 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri80l-3. 
 
 Board highly approved of his suggestions, but considering the 
 great expense of carrying them out in their entirety, recom- 
 mended that only those necessary for the actual security of the 
 place should be commenced. 
 
 1st. To reform the west bastion. 
 2nd. To complete rampart, revetment, and flanks of west 
 
 and north faces,, as far as the cavalier on west 
 
 face, removing two round towers, and improving 
 
 out-works. 
 3rd. To complete flanks of Sultan's battery. 
 4th. As noxious exhalations proceed from the stagnant 
 
 water of inner ditch, the pioneers to be employed in 
 
 filling it up. 
 
 The officers who were employed on the surveys of Seringa- 
 patam were Captain Norris, Lieutenant Castle, and Ensign 
 Fraser. 
 
 The estimate for the proposed reforms to the fortifications of 
 Seringapatam amounted to 609,755 pagodas, and for reinstating 
 the fort of Bangalore with the addition of two caponiers, 87,238 
 pagodas. 
 
 When Colonel Gent went home, the Board resolved to express 
 in general orders " the sense they entertained of the services 
 rendered by Colonel Gent during a period of twenty-five years, 
 and particularly in the distinguished situation of Chief Engineer 
 at the siege of Seringapatam." 
 
 On 1st January 1803, the Corps was composed as follows : — 
 
 Colonel Elisha Trapaud, Chief Engineer. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Norris. 
 Major W. C. Lennon. 
 Captain Colin Mackenzie. 
 J. L. CaldwelL 
 
 „ John Blair. 
 
 ,, W. Farquhar
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 369 
 
 Captain-Lieutenant R. H. Fotheringham. 
 „ „ J. R. Cleghorne. 
 
 T. F. De Havilland. 
 „ ,, John Cotgrave. 
 
 „ ,, J. Fotheringham. 
 
 Lieutenant B. Sydenham. 
 „ H. H. Torriano. 
 
 „ Thomas Fraser. 
 
 „ W. Ravenshaw. 
 
 „ G. Bradley. 
 
 „ Thomas Arthur. 
 
 ,, W. Garrard. 
 
 Ensign George Rowley. 
 „ John Smith. 
 „ Samuel Russell. 
 „ John Blakiston. 
 
 In the middle of the Island of Ceylon was the kingdom of 
 Candy. 
 
 Its relations with the British Government were very un- 
 settled, and the country was in a state of confusion owing to 
 the death of the kiug, and the elevation of an usurper, to the 
 exclusion of the rightful claimant, effected by the chief adigar 
 or minister, Pelime Talanoe. 
 
 The lawful inheritor of the throne was Mootoosawmy. He 
 escaped, and claimed the protection of the British Government, 
 which was granted. 
 
 Major- General McDowell was despatched on a mission to 
 Candy, to ask for permission to construct a road to connect 
 Columbo and Trincomalee. This was refused. 
 
 Warlike preparations were now made by the Candians, and 
 various acts of aggression on British subjects followed 
 
 The Governor, Mr. North, now determined on war. On 31st 
 January 1803, General McDowell marched from Trincomalee, 
 and on 20th February, the two divisions met before Candy. 
 
 24
 
 370 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1803 
 
 General McDowell had marched 103 miles, while Colonel Barbutt 
 had traversed 142. 
 
 The resistance they met with was inconsiderable. 
 
 On 21st February, a strong detachment marched into Candy, 
 which was found evacuated. 
 
 On 4th March, Mootoosawmy was duly installed King. 
 Pelime Talanoe still continued to intrigue, and finally promised 
 to betray the King to the English, and requested the despatch of 
 two strong detachments to the place where the King was to be 
 seized. 
 
 General McDowell and the Candian negotiator agreed that 
 Pelime Talanoe's pageant King should be given up to the 
 English, and the Adigar himself invested with supreme autho- 
 rity in Candy, and that he should pay 30,000 rupees annually 
 to Mootoosawmy, who was to hold court at Jafi'uapatam. 
 
 Soon after this, General McDowell left for Columbo, leaving 
 in Candy 700 Malays and 300 Europeans, besides sick. 
 
 On 3rd May, the terms agreed upon were confirmed by the 
 Governor. Madras Pioneers were present with this force, as 
 well as Lieutenant Cotgrave of Madras Engineers. 
 
 All the shameful occurrences which took place during the 
 next few months are detailed at some length in Thornton's 
 History of British India ; but as no Engineers or Madras 
 Pioneers appear to have been present in these, for the most part, 
 discreditable operations, it is superfluous to continue the 
 account. 
 
 Candy was not finally taken possession of till the year 1815. 
 
 On 28th January 1803, the Commander-in-Chief increased 
 the numbers of the Pioneer Corps from 1,400 to 1,600. He 
 thought '' that the services of the pioneers in this country 
 always repay their expenses in war by the additional facility 
 which they give to the movements of an army ; and in peace by 
 the useful labour which they perform. They have completed a 
 number of useful works since their formation — filled up ditches
 
 1803.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 371 
 
 and levelled wall at Seringapatam ; formed roads in Baramahl, 
 Southern Division, Ceded Districts, and Mysore. Pioneers to 
 be increased from fourteen to sixteen companies. Each battalion 
 to consist of eight companies, and each company to have one 
 jemadar, three havildars, three naigs, one puckally, and 100 
 privates." 
 
 Captain Heitland to command the 1st battalion, and Captains 
 Brown and Davis, and Lieutenant Barclay to do duty with the 
 1st battalion. 
 
 Captain J. Fitzpatrick to command 2nd battalion, and Captain 
 Bagshaw and Lieutenant Grand to be with it. 
 
 In January 1803, Benjamin Sydenham, Madras Engineers, 
 was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Lord Wellesley, Governor- 
 General. 
 
 24 •
 
 372 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 11803. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Canses of the Mahratta War in 1803. — Ensign Rowley dies. — Pettah of Ah- 
 mednugger taken by escalade. — Fort of Ahmednugger captured. — Colonel 
 Stevenson takes Jaulna. — Battle of Assaye. — Colonel Maxwell killed. — Loss 
 of the Pioneers. — Battle of Argaum. — Siege of Gawilghur. — Assault of 
 Gawilghur. — Scarcity of forage. — Anecdote of siege of Ahmedniigger. — 
 Blakiston slightly wounded at Assaye. — Captured standards made use of by 
 Pioneers in a comical way. — Mode of attack of 19th Dragoons at the battle 
 of Argaum. — Remarks on tlie work of Captain Johnson and the Pioneers. — 
 Blaldston suffers from dysentery. — Remarks of Captain Johnson on the 
 siege. — Expedition against Cuttack. — Four stands of colours captured by 
 the troops. — Hostilities with Jeswunt Row Holkar. — Chandore surrenders. — 
 The strong fortress of Dhoorp included in the capitulation of Chandore. — 
 Employment of Pioneers in 1805. — Government make provision for families 
 of natives killed in action. — Pioneers in Wynaad. — Pioneers in Poloor 
 Pollums. — Pioneers at Chittoor. — Court of Directors appoint cadets to 
 Artillery and Engineers. — Lieutenant Blakiston in Wynaad. — Full batta 
 granted to Pioneers. — Captains commanding to draw batta of Majors. — A 
 company of Madras Pioneers serve with Poena Subsidiary Force till April 
 1806. - - ■ - — 
 
 The Peishwa had acquiesced in the necessity of the late war 
 against Tippoo, but did not fulfil his treaty obligations, owing 
 chiefly to the influence of Scindia. Marquis Wellesley, however, 
 ignoring this, off'ered a considerable amount of territory to the 
 Peishwa on condition of his reviving his alliance with the 
 British Government. This overture was rejected, again owing 
 to Scindia. 
 
 This hostile attitude of Scindia, and the great strength of 
 Monsieur Perron's Army (at Coel) in the vicinity of the most
 
 803.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 873 
 
 vulnerable part of the British possessions, induced Lord Wellesley 
 to conclude a subsidiary treaty and defensive alliance with the 
 Guicowar at the beginning of 1802. 
 
 In June 1802, overtures were again made to thePeishwa. He 
 declined them. Holkar at this time was a few days' march from 
 Poona, with the intention of destroying Scindia's influence, and 
 usurping the authority of the Peishwa. 
 
 Scindia sent a force at once to co-operate in the defence of 
 Poona. A general action took place near Poona, when the forces 
 of the Peishwa and Scindia were defeated, on 25th October 1802, 
 and the Peishwa fled to the Concan. The Peishwa now sent his 
 Minister to the British Resident at Poona, soliciting the aid of 
 a British Subsidiary Force, and wished to form a general defen- 
 sive alliance. His wishes were acceded to. The treaty was 
 signed on 31st December, and the ratification by the Governor- 
 General was received in March 1803. 
 
 On 29th February, General Stuart was directed to adopt the 
 necessary measures for the march of British troops into the 
 Mahratta territory. General the Honourable Arthur Wellesley 
 was appointed to command this advanced force. 
 
 On 8th February, the force from Seringapatam under Wellesley 
 made its first movement. It consisted of 
 
 H.M.'s 33rd. 
 
 2nd Native Cavalry. 
 
 Artillery. 
 
 Six Regiments of Native Infantry. 
 
 2,000 Poorniah's Horse, and 
 
 5,000 „ Infantry. 
 
 After a very hot march, it reached the Grand Army under 
 General Stuart, and the Centre Army under General Campbell, 
 near Hurryhur on 28th March, having come 200 miles. 
 
 Generals Stuart, Campbell, and Baird were to remain with a 
 reserve army, while the fighting one was to push on under 
 Wellesley.
 
 374 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE tl803. 
 
 The Cavalry Brigade under Colonel Dallas was to consist of 
 19th Light Dragoons, and 4th, 5th, and 7th Native Cavalry. 
 1st Infantry Brigade under Colonel Harness. 
 Scotch „ „ Major Ferrier. 
 
 2nd Infantry ,, „ Colonel Wallace. 
 
 Artillery „ ,, Captain Beauman. 
 
 Pioneers „ „ Heitland. 
 
 The Chief Engineer was Captain John Johnson* of Bom- 
 bay Engineers, and Ensigns Kowley,t Eussell,t and Blakistonf 
 of Madras Engineers, accompanied. 
 
 The march from Hurryhur to Poona, 350 miles, was accom- 
 plished by the General, and Cavalry on 20th April, and by the 
 remainder of the Army on the 22nd. 
 
 Ensign Kowley had command of the Guides. 
 During the night of the J 9th, Wellesley made a forced march 
 of forty- two miles to save the city from being plundered and 
 destroyed by Amrut Row, who had been left there by Holkar. 
 Wellesley's force remained encamped near Poona till 4th June. 
 
 The Peishwa meantime came back to his capital, from which 
 he had previously fled. 
 
 The Army, after leaving Poona, suffered much from heavy rain. 
 Under Wellesley — 
 
 H.M.'s 19th Dragoons 384 
 
 4th, 5th, and 7th Native Cavalry 1,347 
 
 Artillery 172 
 
 H.M.'s 74th and 78th 1,368 
 
 Six Battalions Sepoys ... ... 6,631 
 
 Madras Pioneers ... ... ... 653 
 
 Artillery Lascars ... ... ... 357 
 
 9,912 
 
 * He joined the force near Dharwar. 
 
 f These officers marched from Hurryhur with Wellesley. 
 
 } This officer was with the Nizam's subsidiary force under Colonel Stevenson, 
 which arrived within a short distance of General Wellesley's force at Akloos, 
 ■within eight miles of the Neera river, on 15th April, 90 or 100 miles from 
 Poona.
 
 1803.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 375 
 
 er Colonel Stevenson — 
 
 
 Native Cavalry ... 
 
 900 
 
 European Artillery 
 
 120 
 
 H.M.'s Scotch Brigade ... 
 
 778 
 
 Native Infantry ... 
 
 . 6,113 
 
 Pioneers ... 
 
 202 
 
 Artillery Lascars 
 
 276 
 
 
 
 Grand Total 18,801 
 
 On the 5th June the army was at Sedagaum. 
 „ 9th „ „ Pagtah. 
 
 „ 16th „ „ Angah. 
 
 „ 28th ,, „ Walkee, a strong fort belong- 
 
 ing to Dowlut Kow, Scindia, near Ahmednugger. 
 
 At this camp Ensign Rowley, of Madras Engineers, died from 
 exposure, as Commandant of the Guides, during the very rainy 
 weather.* On his death Captain Johnson took charge of the 
 Guides. 
 
 On 8th August, the weather cleared up, and the army advanced 
 on Ahmednugger, as Wellesley found that Dowlut Row 
 Scindia and the Rajah of Berar were evidently hostile. 
 
 The pettah was found to be held by Arabs, supported by 
 a battalion of Scindia's infantry and horse. The Pettah was a 
 large native town, surrounded by a wall of stone and mud, 
 eighteen feet high, with small bastions at every lOo yards. The 
 pettah was stormed by escalade. 
 
 First column attempted a long curtain to the extreme left, but 
 it failed, with a loss of fifteen killed and fifty wounded. 
 
 * Blakiston remarks : " To a steadiness above his years he (Rowley) joined 
 an ardour and a zeal in his professional duties which secured him the conlidence 
 and goodwill of the general (Wellesley), who lent him one of his tents during his 
 illness, as being more comfortable than his own, and who expressed great regret 
 at his death."
 
 376 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri803. 
 
 Third column, to the right, planted scaling-ladders at a re- 
 entering-angle, formed by a small bastion. This party had only 
 two ladders; one broke, but, in spite of this mishap, Captain 
 Vesey was soon on the bastion. Two European companies had 
 scrambled up, and 150 to 200 of 3rd Native Infantry, when a 
 cannon-shot smashed the ladder, and broke the thigh of the 
 subadar of 3rd Native Infantry. 
 
 The party of about 300 dashed down into the place, and 
 scoured all the streets near the wall. The second column, under 
 Colonel Wallace, advanced and battered in the gate. The two 
 parties, now uniting under Colonel Wallace, soon succeeded in 
 clearing the place of its defenders, who consisted of 1,500 Arabs 
 
 and 3,000 Mahrattas. 
 
 Killed. Wounded. 
 
 First column lost ... 15 ... 50 
 
 Second „ „ ... 1 ... 20 
 
 Third „ „ ... 11 ... 22 
 
 Total loss ... 27 ... 92=119 
 
 Of which number nine pioneers were wounded. 
 
 The fort was very strong — built of stone, nearly circular, with 
 a wide and deep dry ditch, and large circular bastions at short 
 intervals, each mounting three or four guns, pointed through 
 casemated embrasures with solid terrace above, and loop-holes 
 for musketry. Bastions fifty or sixty feet high, with curtains 
 short and low. Sixty guns were mounted on bastions ; glacis 
 very high, and covered thirty feet of the walls. 
 
 On the 9th, Wellesley reconnoitred the ground in the neigh- 
 bourhood of fort, and seized a position 400 yards off. A 
 battery was constructed during the night, which opened on the 
 10th, at daylight, and breached two contiguous bastions as low 
 as the glacis would admit. 
 
 On night of the 10th, the battery was lengthened for two 
 howitzers, and an approach was carried from some broken
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 377 
 
 ground in the rear to the bed of the nullah, whereby a tolerable 
 secure communication was made between the camp and the 
 battery, the ilauks of which were extended so as to form a small 
 parallel. As our guns could not see sufficiently low to breach 
 the walls effectively, it was determined that during the 11th 
 night, a lodgment should be made on the crest of the glacis in 
 front of the breach, with sand-bags, and this duty was allotted 
 to Ensign Blakiston. Just as they had commenced the work, 
 however, orders came down to cease hostilities. 
 
 On the 12th, the enemy sued for capitulation, and the British 
 took possession. Captain Johnson, of Engineers, and Captain 
 Heitland, of the Pioneers, were favourably mentioned by Wel- 
 lesley. On the three days of the siege, the Pioneers lost one 
 man killed and six wounded ; total casualties of the Pioneers at 
 Ahmednugger were thus sixteen more than one-ninth of total 
 loss, which was 141 (30 killed and 111 wounded). 
 
 Blakiston remarks : " The activity and address of this corps 
 ( Pioneers) was the admiration of the army." 
 
 In G. 0. G. G., 8th September 1803 :— 
 
 " The Governor-General in Council has remarked with par- 
 ticular approbation the conduct of Lieutenant-Colonels Harness, 
 Wallace, and Maxwell ; of Captain Beauman, of Artillery ; of 
 Captain Johnson, of the Engineers; and of Captain Heitland, 
 of the Pioneers." 
 
 Captain Graham was appointed collector of the district, and 
 Captain Lucas was left in command of the fort. 
 
 Captain Johnson sent in an estimate on the 1 6th for repair- 
 ing the two breaches, amounting to 2,830 rupees ; and the work 
 was executed without loss of time. 
 
 A few days after, the army marched, and on 21st August 
 reached Tokah, on the Godavery, fifty miles from Ahmednugger. 
 'J'he river was found to be deep and rapid, and the army did not 
 till get over till the 28th. The passage was effected by boats. A 
 few men, &;c. were lost.
 
 378 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE ti803. 
 
 On the 29th reached Aurungabad (twenty-six miles). Here 
 Wellesley had a conference with Colonel Collins, the late 
 Resident at Scindia's Court. Colonel Collins had attempted to 
 induce Scindia, and the Rajah of Berar to retire from the 
 Peishwa's territory, but without success. 
 
 On 30th, force reached Baulgaum (eleven miles), passing 
 through a wide defile between hills, six miles apart. 
 
 31st. — Bamungaum (twelve miles). 
 
 The Pioneers here constructed some field-works, in which it 
 ■was intended to leave 18th Native Infantry and heavy guns, &c.; 
 but some after-intelligence induced General Wellesley to destroy 
 the new works. The Pioneers, with two companies of Native 
 Infantry, v^ere left to do this work, and at a.m. on 2nd 
 September, the army marched to the north bank of the Godavery, 
 twenty-two miles and a half. The Pioneers, after completing 
 the work, followed, and heard some heavy firing on the left, 
 which proved to be Colonel Stevenson taking Jaulna. 
 
 On 25th August, Lieutenant-Colonel Woodington captured 
 the pettah of Broach, in Guzerat ; and on the 29th, stormed the 
 fort. Captain Cliffe, of Bombay Engineers, Chief Engineer. 
 The Governor-General in Council " observed with particular 
 satisfaction the conduct of Captain Clifie." Our losses were 
 fifteen killed and fifty-four wounded. 
 
 On Ilth September, army arrived at Hudgaum. 
 
 On the 21st, General Wellesley and Colonel Stevenson met 
 and concerted a plan of combined movement, expecting to 
 attack Scindia from opposite quarters on the 24th. Colonel 
 Stevenson's guides misled him ; and on the 23rd, General 
 Wellesley found himself close to Scindia's army of 40,000 
 men. Wellesley ordered his rear-guard to halt, and cover the 
 baggage at adjoining village, and he then moved on with his 
 Staff, and Captain Johnson, of Bombay Engineers, ordering 
 picquets to follow, and the line to come up as soon as formed. 
 
 After marching three miles, he suddenly came in sight of the
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 379 
 
 enemy on a small peninsula formed by the rivers Kaitnah and 
 Jooee — cavalry on their right, and infantry and guns on the 
 left. The Kaitnah was half-a-mile in their front, and the Jooce, 
 ■with very steep banks, three-quarters of a mile in rear. The 
 General determined to turn their left flank. Captain Johnson, 
 Bombay Engineers, was ordered to ride forward and examine 
 the road, and then lead the infantry on to the attack. 
 
 The enemy brought their whole force to face the danger, 
 forming across the ground in two lines, right close to the 
 Kaitnah, and left on the village of Assaye, and the Jooee river. 
 They opened fire with their artillery. Our army crossed the 
 river, and formed opposite to them. Our guns opened fire, and 
 our cavalry formed in rear of the infantry. Finding our artillery 
 too weak in number and weight, the General ordered them to 
 cease fire, and the infantry to advance, which they did in a most 
 gallant manner, and were soon in possession of the enemy's front 
 line of guns — when, forming afresh, they proceeded to attack 
 the second line, where whole of enemy's force of infantry and 
 cavalry, with half their artillery, were well drawn up, with river 
 Jooee in their front. 
 
 At this time, the enemy's cavalry charged in our rear, and 
 took possession of their own guns, which we had just captured, 
 as well as our guns — killing our artillerymen, and turning the 
 guns on our line. 
 
 Our cavalry had just charged a body of the enemy in the 
 front, which had nearly annihilated the 74th on our extreme 
 right.* The enemy's second line stood well, but was at last 
 broken, and the guns captured ; while our cavalry, pursuing, fell 
 in with an immense column, who, though retreating, opposed 
 them. They were charged by our cavalry, and utterly routed ; 
 but Colonel Maxwell, of I'Jth Dragoons, was killed. 
 
 The second line being thus dispersed, the General, placing 
 
 • The 74th lost 11 oflBcers, 9 sergeants, and 104 men killed : and 6 oflBcers, 
 17 sergeants, and 254 men wounded. Total, killed and wounded, 401.
 
 380 MILITARY HIBTOET OF THB [MOS. 
 
 himself at the head of the 78th, faced about, and charged the 
 enemy (who were in possession of first line of guns), and routed 
 them. 103 cannon and 12 howitzers were taken, and the enemy 
 left 1,200 dead on the field. 
 
 The enemy had in action 10,800 infantry, and 30,000 cavalry ; 
 while our force consisted only of l,*-iOO Europeans and 3,300 
 natives — total, 4,500. 
 
 Our loss was : — 
 
 23 officers killed and 30 wounded. 
 198 European soldiers killed and 442 wounded. 
 428 Native Infantry and cavalry killed and 1,138 
 wounded. 
 18 missing. 
 Total killed, wounded, and missing = 2,277. 
 
 The Pioneers suffered severely in this battle — having lost 
 fifteen killed and fifty-one wounded, and five missing. 
 
 Killed, one jemadar; wounded, three jemadars, two havildars. 
 
 Captain Heitland had his horse shot under him. General 
 Wellesley lost two horses. 
 
 On 24th September, Colonel Stevenson arrived at Assaye, and 
 immediately went in pursuit of the enemy, whom he followed 
 for some time. 
 
 The army under Wellesley after this, marched and counter- 
 marched a good deal without the occurrence of anything of 
 consequence till the 7th November at Chichooly, when Scindia's 
 Vakeel came to camp. 
 
 Meantime, Colonel Stevenson crossed the Taptee, took 
 Boorhaupoor and advanced thence to the siege of Asseerghur — 
 a very strong hill-fort belonging to Scindia. Wellesley, hearing 
 that Scindia and the Berar Kajah showed a disposition to molest 
 Stevenson, on the 19th October descended the Adjunteh Pass. 
 Stevenson pushed the siege of Asseerghur with vigour, and on 
 the 2l8t it surrendered. Our loss was small.
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 381 
 
 Wellesley received, and returned visits from and to the Vakeel. 
 Afterwards several marches were made by the army, without 
 seeing the enemy till the 29th November. On the morning of 
 the 29th, our army marched early, the army of the Bonsla, the 
 Rajah of Berar, being encamped at Puthalee, ten miles in our 
 front. Colonel Stevenson's force moved on the left. After a 
 march of ten miles, the enemy was found in front, and the 
 English army was formed in advance of the village of Sirsony 
 with a tolerably extensive plain three miles before it, iu which 
 were the army of the Bonsla in front, and Scindia's in the rear. 
 At half-past 4 we were ordered to leave our guns and advance. 
 
 The Arabs, when we arrived within sixty yards, alter a round 
 of grape, charged ; a severe struggle ensued, in which 600 
 Arabs were killed and wounded, and a large number of standards 
 taken The Arabs once defeated, and the rest of our line 
 coming up, there was soon a perfect rout. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry made two feeble attempts to charge our 
 two flank corps, but were repulsed. 
 
 Our cavalry now charged, and they followed the enemy for 
 some miles, cutting down about 3,000 of them. 
 
 Thirty-eight pieces of cannon were taken, and immense 
 quantities of ammunition, &c., with twenty or thirty standards. 
 
 Our loss was forty-si m killed and 300 wounded and missing, 
 besides forty-forty horses. 
 
 After this battle of Argaum the army moved to the neighbour- 
 hood of Gawilghur, twelve miles north-west of Elliclipoor. As 
 well as the 1st battalion of Pioneers, a detachment of 2nd 
 battalion was present with Wellesley. 
 
 Colonel Stevenson's force moved round to the opposite side of 
 the range of mountains, as it was understood to be more acces- 
 sible from south side. 
 
 On 27th December, operations were commenced against 
 Gawilghur. 
 
 " The fort consists of a lofty mountain, the plan of which is
 
 382 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE ae03. 
 
 somewhat in the shape of the figure 8, the smaller end heing 
 connected with the tahle-land to the north hy a narrow isthmus, 
 and the larger jutting out into the plain, having the sides 
 separated from the mountains by deep chasms. It is thus 
 divided into two forts — one to the south, being the inner one or 
 citadel, having its sides very precipitous ; while that to the north 
 forms the outer fort. Excepting across the isthmus, and at the 
 separation of the two forts, the walls are not particularly lofty ; 
 but at those weak points, the walls were both strong and high, 
 and well flanked with towers, but without any ditches of 
 consequence." 
 
 " The outer fort has a thick wall, which covers the approaches 
 to it, by the north, from Lambada." 
 
 Captain Johnson reconnoitred the south side of the fort, and 
 formed the opinion that it was by nature so strong on that side, 
 that it would be better to examine the side connected with the 
 tableland in the mountains, before deciding on the point of 
 attack. Johnson accordingly resolved to enter the mountains 
 for that purpose, having guides with him, who engaged to lead 
 him to the point in question. Blakiston accompanied him. 
 
 The road being extremely rugged, difficult, and very circuitous, 
 it took them two days of hard marching before they came in 
 sight of the fort. They found the outer fort connected with a 
 small table-land, by a neck of about 300 yards in breadth, across 
 which was a strong wall; but having only a shallow ditch, and 
 no glacis, it was quite exposed ; while the ground in front 
 afforded every facility for the construction of batteries and 
 approaches. The objection to attacking the fort on this side 
 was that we should have two forts to take instead of one. This 
 was over-ruled, as from what we could see of the inner wall, 
 which was nearly at right angles with the face we were 
 examining, it did not at all contribute to the defence of the 
 outer one, and was besides so situated that part of the ground 
 within the outer fort completely commanded it.
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 383 
 
 There are three gates : one to south, leading to inner fort ; 
 one to north, which leads to outer fort ; and another com- 
 municating with third wall. The ascent to the first of these 
 gates is very steep and difficult, that to the second is by a road 
 used for the intercourse between the garrison and the country to 
 the south, but leading no farther than the gate itself. The road 
 is extremely narrow, and from its passing round west side of 
 fort, is everywhere exposed to its fire. The road to northern 
 gate is from Lambada, and on ground level with that of the fort. 
 As this last road leads to Lambada for about thirty miles from 
 Ellichpore, it was obvious that the labour of moving ordnance 
 to the village would be very great. No other point of attack 
 was so advantageous, and, therefore, it was adopted. It was 
 now determined that Colonel Stevenson should make his attack 
 by Lambada; while General Wellesley, with his division, and 
 all the cavalry, covered the operations, and would assist, if 
 necessary, by attacks on south and west. 
 
 Captain Johnson remained with Colonel Stevenson's force to 
 conduct the principal attack; while Blakiston was ordered back 
 to superintend operations on the south. 
 
 The whole of the Pioneers commenced the arduous task of 
 making a practicable road for artillery to the point of attack — 
 a distance of about thirty miles. 
 
 On 6th November, the enemy were driven from the ground 
 they occupied south of fort. At the same time, the fortified 
 village of Damergaum was seized ; this village covered the 
 entrance to the mountains by the road which Colonel Stevenson 
 had to pass. General Wellesley had sent Captain Heitland, of 
 Madras Pioneers, to assist Colonel Stevenson. 
 
 On the 7th, both divisions marched from Ellichpore — Wel- 
 lesley to south of Gawilgliur, and Stevenson by Damergaum. 
 
 Up to the 1 2th, when Colonel Stevenson broke ground at 
 Lambada, the troops in his division had much laborious 
 service. Heavy ordnance and stores had to be dragged for
 
 384 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Uers. 
 
 thirty miles over mountains and through ravines, along roads 
 previously formed hy the troops themselves. 
 
 On night of the 12th, two batteries were erected fronting 
 the north face of fort- -one of two l8-pounders and three 12 
 pounders, to breach the outer fort and third wall ; the other of two 
 12-pounders and two 5|-inch howitzers, to destroy the defences 
 on the point of attack. Wellesley, the same night, constructed 
 a battery of four 12-pounders, on the mountain, to breach 
 the wall near south gate, or at least divert the attention of the 
 garrison. 
 
 The construction of this battery was a most arduous task ; 
 the materials had to be brought upwards of half a mile, up a 
 steep mountain, and the guns could be hauled up only by fasten- 
 ing tackle to the trees; all which operations were completed, 
 however, in one night. 
 
 Unfortunately, the iron guns could not be moved into the 
 battery, and the brass guns produced little effect. 
 
 On the 13th morning, a heavy fire was opened from all these 
 batteries. The same night another battery was erected for 
 mortars and howitzers, and a parallel was thrown up connecting 
 the different works ; on the night of the 14th, the breaches 
 in the walls of outer fort were practicable, and it was resolved to 
 assault the place on the loth morning. 
 
 The storming-party consisted of flank companies of 94th, and 
 of Native Corps in Colonel Stevenson's division, supported by 
 94th, and brigades of liieutenant-Colonel Haliburton and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Maclean; while two attacks were to be made 
 on southern side : one under Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, 
 of 74th — five companies 78th and 8th Native Infantry, on the 
 south gate ; the other under Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmers, con- 
 sisting of five companies of 78th and 10th Native Infantry, on 
 north-west gate. 
 
 On the 15th, at 10 a.m., the three parties advanced simul- 
 taneously, Chalmers arrived at north-west gate just as enemy
 
 ■■■:*, 
 
 (iMe^c/i o/^^A& 
 
 GAWILGHUR 
 
 SooTe^ of^J%i7'7ori^j' 7i> cm/^ic7iy . 
 
 C.SoiU O It'cU/ (-iScuZcuted oAer caffdizre-
 
 1803.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 885 
 
 were attemptiug to escape through it. Kenny and he entered 
 without difficulty. The wall of the inner fort, in which no 
 breach had been made, had then to be earned. After some 
 attempts upon the gate, a place was found suitable for escalade. 
 This was performed by Captain Campbell, with light infantry of 
 9-ith, who mounted the wall and opened the gate for the 
 storming party ; and the fort was shortly in our possession. 
 
 Vast numbers of the enemy were killed, while our loss during 
 the siege and in the storm was only 126. Colonel Kenny 
 was, however, wounded ; Lieutenant Young, and another officer, 
 killed. 
 
 In the fort were fifty-two cannon, 2,000 stand of English 
 arms, and 150 wall-pieces. 
 
 These operations, and those in the northof India, brought the 
 war to a speedy conclusion, and the Rajah of Berar sued for an 
 immediate and separate peace. General Wellesley acknowledged 
 the services of Captain Heitland, Madras Pioneers. 
 
 During the campaign of 1808, great difficulty was experienced 
 in getting forage for the baggage- animals, and the following 
 curious circumstance was witnessed by Lieutenant Blakiston : — 
 
 " Lolling one day in my tent, my thoughts were naturally 
 attracted to my cattle, who were picketed at a short distance, with 
 nothing to chew. I observed one of these stretching out his 
 head to a turban, belonging to one of the servants ; after giving 
 it a turn or two with his nose, he seized the loose end in his 
 mouth, and began to swallow it. He swallowed and swallowed 
 until, of about ten yards of stuff, a small bit only remained 
 pendant. I observed his operations for about an hour; at tliis 
 critical moment the owner returned, and, looking for his 
 turban, he beheld the end dangling from the mouth of the 
 animal. With an oath, he flew at the bullock, and, seizing the 
 end, pulled and pulled, hand over hand, and oath upon oath, 
 while the tattered but still connected cloth came forth like a 
 measuring-tape out of its case. The man's rage and gestures, 
 
 25
 
 386 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ri803. 
 
 and the beast's astonishment at the novel kind of emetic he was 
 undergoing, and the attitude of both, formed a scene absolutely 
 irresistible." 
 
 At the siege of Ahmednugger, " one of those enormous 
 engines called Malabar guns was fired at our works. The man 
 stationed on the flank of the battery for the purpose of giving 
 notice of the advent of shot, &c., seeing the flash, gave the usual 
 signal: 'Shot!' A moment afterwards, seeing a large body 
 taking its curving course through the air, he corrected himself 
 by calling out: 'Shell!' As the ponderous missile (an 
 enormous stone shot) approached, he could not tell what to make 
 of it, and his astonishment vented itself in the exclamation : 
 ' Blood and 'ouns, mortar and all ! ' " 
 
 " At the battle of Assaye, Lieutenant Blakiston was twice 
 struck by shot, but not in such a manner as to be returned as 
 wounded. The first was a graze in the wrist, which cut through 
 his coat and shirt, but carried away only a small portion of skin. 
 The next was from a spent piece of grape-shot, which hit him in 
 the pit of the stomach, so as to take his breath away, and cause 
 him to nearly fall from his horse." 
 
 " Several standards were the trophies of this victory ; these 
 were chiefly picked up by the pioneers when burying the dead. 
 Not seeing any intrinsic value in them, they had given them to 
 their wives to make petticoats of, from which ignoble purpose 
 they were rescued." 
 
 At the battle of Argaum, Lieutenant Blakiston witnessed " a 
 curious mode of attack adopted by the J 9th Dragoons, in their 
 pursuit of the native horsemen, whose bodies were so protected 
 that there was no getting a cut at them, while their heads were 
 protected by a large turban, with a thick pad over ears and neck. 
 To eflPect their object they first gave point at their turbans, and 
 that being knocked off, they had a fair cut at the head ' 
 
 " The exertions of the army during the siege of Gawilghur, 
 and in the previous operation, of cutting a road through the
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 387 
 
 mountains, was such as to call foriL the warmest applause of the 
 General. The pioneers, as usual, performed their tusk in the 
 most efficient manner. But the conduct of Captain Johnson, 
 of the Engineers, was the theme of admiration from the General 
 downwards. To great natural and acquired talents, he joined a 
 zeal and an ardour in his professional duties which I never saw 
 equalled. Having no one to assist him in the duties of an 
 engineer, (Blakiston was with the other force,) he was compelled 
 to live constantly in the trenches during the siege ; but a strong 
 constitution enabled him to get over it without injurv." 
 
 Blakiston, who for nearly a fortnight had not been to bed, 
 and most of that time without a tent, while the thermometer in 
 the shade during the day was upwards of 100°, and during the 
 night down to freezing-point, was seized as soon as siege 
 (Gawilghur) was over with a severe attack of dysentery 
 Blakiston also, for nearly a year afterwards, suffered from guinea 
 worm. 
 
 Captain Johnson, of Engineers, in his report on tlie siege, 
 remarked that " in the performance of this service all the good 
 qualities of British troops have been conspicuous to a degree 
 which I have seldom witnessed. In bringing on their ordnance 
 and stores to the point of attack, the troops of Colonel Steven- 
 son's division performed the most laborious work, with a zeal for 
 tiie service, and patience and perseverance never surpassed ; and 
 when opposed to the enemy, their conduct showed the same 
 gallant spirit that has carried the British troops through so many 
 difficulties in the course of this war.*' 
 
 The troops expected to make their fortunes at Gawilghur, us 
 immense treasures were reported to be deposited in the fort. 
 But little booty was, however, found. A great deal of specie 
 and jewels had been carried off during the siege, owing to the 
 impossibility of investing tiie fortress properly. 
 
 On 20th November, the troops returned to Ellichpore, and 
 began tiicir murch towards Nagpore, the capital of the Berar 
 
 26 •
 
 388 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti808. 
 
 Raja; Colonel Stevenson remaining to keep Scindia in check. 
 The Berar Raja now sent Vakeels to our camp, and on ITtli 
 Decemher, a treaty of peace was signed in our camp at 
 Deogaum. 
 
 On 30th Decemher, Scindia, finding himself left in the lurch, 
 concluded a treaty also. The Nizam's subsidiary force now 
 went into cantonments at Jaulna, while Wellesley's division 
 returned towards Poona. Two or three marches distant from 
 Ahmednugger, Wellesley dispersed a large body of Pindarree 
 Horse with some loss. When within some 120 miles of Poona, 
 Wellesley found he was required at Poona and Bombay, so he 
 left the division under the command of Colonel Wallace, and 
 pushed on with Blakiston, who was to survey the road while 
 accompanying the General He had to survey daily twenty- 
 five miles of road for five days, and as he was sufi'ering severely 
 from guinea worm, his task was a hard one. After remaining 
 at Poona a few days to consult with Colonel Close, Wellesley set 
 off for Bombay. He had previously asked Blakiston to accom- 
 pany him, but the latter was obliged to decline the honour 
 owing to the troublesome guinea worms. 
 
 At the end of March, Wellesley returned from Bombay, and 
 having organised a subsidiary force for the Peishwa, under 
 Colonel Wallace, left for jVIadras. 
 
 That part of the force which formed no portion of the sub- 
 sidiary force, marched to the south, under Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Hill, and Blakiston accompanied this detachment. They reached 
 the banks of the Toongaboodra about the end of May. Thence 
 Blakiston obtained leave to visit his brother, who commanded 
 the fort of Bednore. 
 
 General Wellesley, on 15th December 1803, in a letter to the 
 Governor General, thus writes : — " Captain Burke, who com- 
 manded the artillery with subsidiary force, Captain Heitland of 
 the Pioneers, and Captain Johnson of the Bombay Engineers, 
 are also entitled to acknowledgments. The two latter were sent
 
 1803.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 389 
 
 from my division to assist Colonel Stevenson. Upon the occa- 
 sion of mentioning the name of Captain Johnson, I cannot omit 
 to inform your Excellency that throughout this campaign, that 
 officer has performed the most important service in the depart- 
 ment of the Guides entrusted to his charge, and I have no 
 doubt but that his surveys will be a valuable public acquisi- 
 tion." 
 
 While the eampaign under Wellesley was in progress, the 
 occupation of the mountainous district of Cuttack was resolved 
 upon. 
 
 The force destined for this service was assembled under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell at Ganjam, and consisted of — 
 573 Europeans and 2,-468 Native Infantry and Cavalry, with 
 some artillery, besides 500 Bengal Volunteers, and a battering- 
 train of four l8-pounders and four 12-pouuders, and two 
 Sl-inch howitzers. 
 
 This force moved on 8th September; but after one day's 
 march, Colonel Campbell suffered so from fever, that his life was 
 despaired of, and he was carried back. His successor, Lieute- 
 nant-Colonel Harcourt, of 12th, and Military Secretary to the 
 Governor- General, arrived at Py ghee on 11th September. He 
 occupied Manickpatam on 14th, without any resistance from the 
 Mahrattas. The Engineers with the force were Captain Blunt, 
 B.E., Lieutenant W. Kaveushaw, M.E., and the Pioneers were 
 commanded by Lieutenant Sheppard. Having in two days 
 passed the outlet of the Chilka lake. Colonel Harcourt marched 
 on 17th to Nursingapatam, and thence next day to Jagarnaut. 
 On the 24th he marched to Ahmadpore, after experiencing great 
 difficulties owing to the inundated state of the country. The 
 advanced guard was frequently annoyed by the enemy. 
 
 The difficulties that impeded the march detained the heavy 
 baggage and guns five days, when Colonel Harcourt proceeded 
 to Biirpoorshuttumpore, where he was again detained till Jird 
 October, by badness of the road, and by rain.
 
 390 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [laoJ. 
 
 From this place, a force under Captain Hutchinson was 
 detached to occupy a position near Muckundpore. Notwith- 
 standing vigorous opposition, he effected his object, with a loss 
 of twenty-three killed and wounded. 
 
 On night of the 4th, Colonel Harcourt moved towards 
 Muckundpore, when his advance was vigorously opposed by 
 the enemy. At length they were dispersed, and the division met 
 with nothing further to impede its march to the banks of 
 the Kutgoory. 
 
 Colonel Harcourt, on his entrance into the province, made 
 preparations for the reduction of the fort of Barabuttee, which 
 stands about a mile from Cuttack. The fort, built of stone, 
 was surrounded by a wet ditch thirty feet deep, filled from the 
 Mahanuddy, and varied in breadth from thirty-five to 135 feet, 
 having over it a narrow bridge leading to the only entrance. A 
 battery for one 12-pounder, two G-pounders, and two howitzers, 
 being completed on 13th October, at £00 yards from outer gate 
 of fort, commenced firing early on the I4th, and by II a.m. most 
 of the defences on the south face, against which our fire was 
 directed, were taken off, and the guns of the enemy silenced. 
 Orders were then given to Colonel Clayton to advance with the 
 storming party."*^ Two hundred Europeans of H.M 's 22nd and 
 Madras Europeans, 400 sepoys from 20th Bengal and 9th and 
 1 9th Regiments Madras Native Infantry, accompanied by artillery- 
 men, and one 6 pounder to blow open the gate. 
 
 In passing the bridge, the party were exposed to a heavy but 
 ill-directed fire, and forty minutes elapsed before they could suc- 
 ceed in blowing open the gate, it having been strengthened by 
 large masses of stone. At length they succeeded, and the 
 storming party passed through singly, with such boldness and 
 celerity, that in spite of the resistance at the inner gates, they 
 were soon masters of the fort. 
 
 * Lieutenant Ravenshaw accompanied the assaulting party.
 
 1803.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 391 
 
 Our loss was only five killed and twenty-nine wounded; among 
 the latter three officers. 
 
 During the assault, the storming party displayed the courage 
 and coolness which uniformly distinguished the operations of 
 our armies in every part of India, and the marked approbation 
 of the Governor-General was bestowed on Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Harcourt, Lieutenant-Colonel Clayton, Captain Blunt, Field 
 Engineer (Bengal), Captain Hetzlar, Bengal Artillery, and 
 Brigade-Major Thomson, Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson, Captain 
 Morgan, and Captain Grant 
 
 The capture of Barabuttee was followed by the entire submis- 
 sion of the province of Cuttack — 160 miles long by sixty miles 
 broad, and containing 1,200,000 inhabitants 
 
 Colonel Harcourt in his despatch remarked : — " I cannot 
 omit expressing in the strongest manner the high sense I enter- 
 tain of the services of Captain Blunt, Field Engineer, who has 
 been throughout our campaign indefatigably active. ' 
 
 Lieutenant Shepherd, of the Madras Europeans, had been 
 appointed to command the Pioneers with the force. This 
 appointment was not approved of, and Colonel Harcourt wrote 
 requesting in the strongest terms that the appointment might 
 be allowed, and he declared — 
 
 " Upon my honour that the services I have experienced from 
 the Pioneers, under the zealous and efficient exertions of 
 Lieutenant Shepherd have greatly contributed to my early 
 success in this province. Without the Pioneers under an active 
 superior officer, I do not think it would have been practicable for 
 me to have brought up the 12-pounders and my heavy stores; 
 and as yet (22nd October 1808) I have much need of the con- 
 tinuance of their services in bringing up the remainder of the 
 heavy guns, and in attending the detachments it will be necessary 
 to send out completely to settle the country. I intend to 
 employ the Pioneers in opening a direct communication with 
 the Bararaahl pass, where I intend to establish a post to com-
 
 892 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1803-4. 
 
 maud the pass, it being the only practicable road from Nagpore, 
 &c. to Cuttack." 
 
 Lieutenant Shepherd's appointment was confirmed. 
 
 In order to complete the subjugation of Cuttack, a corps under 
 Major Forbes was detached to occupy he defile of Bermuth. 
 This service was successfully performed on the 2nd November, 
 and while the enemy escaped with difficulty across the moun- 
 tains, the inhabitants gave every proof of their attachment to 
 the British, by providing the detachment with all sorts of pro- 
 visions. Major Forbes was met by Vakeels from the Rajah of 
 Bood, and Ranah of Sonapore, and others, to submit them- 
 selves to the British Government. Having accomplished every 
 part of this well-planned expedition, the troops in Cuttack made 
 preparationsi for entering Berar through defile of Bermuth, to 
 co-operate with Wellesley. Owing, however, to the success of 
 Wellesley, and the consequent peace, it was deemed unneces- 
 sary to continue the operations. 
 
 On 22nd December, the treaty of peace with Ragojee Bonsla 
 Rajah of Berar, was ratified. 
 
 Hostilities with Holkar were avoided as long as possible ; 
 but on 16th April 1804, Lord Wellesley gave directions to Lord 
 Lake to continue hostilities with Jeswant Row Holkar, and 
 Wellesley was directed to co-operate in the way he should judge 
 best. 
 
 On 24th June 1804, he, however, resigned the military and 
 political powers vested in him by the Governor-General, in 
 consequence of the Governor- General's instructions of 25th 
 May, and proceeded by Seringapatam and Madras to Fort 
 William. 
 
 When Wellesley quitted the army, the force which composed 
 the subsidiary force serving under the Peishwa was placed under 
 the command of Lieutenant- Colonel Wallace, and that serving 
 with the Nizam, under Lieutenant-Colonel Haliburtou.* At 
 
 * From Colonel Welsh's Reminiscences
 
 1804.] 
 
 MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 393 
 
 this time, Colonel Murray was commanding the forces in Malwa, 
 and was to receive orders from the authorities at Bombay, while 
 Wallace and Haliburton were to look to the Residents at Pooua 
 and Hy drab ad. 
 
 On 22nd August, the forces under Colonel Wallace, con- 
 sisting of — 
 
 Artillery — two 12-pounders, two howitzers, and four 
 
 6-pounders ; 
 H.M.'s 74th, 200 men ; 
 5th and 7th Native Cavalry, 600 ; 
 3rd Native Infantry, 600 ; 
 8th „ 500 ; 
 
 Two companies of Pioneers. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Coleman commanding Infantry Brigade ; 
 ,, Huddleston ,, Cavalry ; 
 
 marched from Poona. 
 
 On 27th September, near Aurungabad, they were joined by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Haliburton's force : — 
 
 94th Regiment 300 
 
 2nd Native Infantry 
 
 7th 
 
 J 1th 
 
 3rd Native Cavalry 
 
 6th 
 
 900 
 900 
 700 
 400 
 300 
 
 Artillery — two 18-pounders, four 12-pounders, two 
 howitzers and field -pieces. 
 
 The whole force then amounted to — 
 
 500 Eurnpeans. 
 1,300 Native Cavalry. 
 3,600 Native Infantry. 
 
 200 Pioneers. 
 
 Besides artillerymen for two 18-pounders, six 12-pounders, four 
 howitzers and field-pieces. Total, over 6,000 men. 
 
 " On 8th October, after a wet, disagreeable march, the force
 
 394 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1604. 
 
 arrived within two miles of the pettah of Chandore, about eighty 
 miles west-by-north o-f Aurungabad, and encamped to the 
 south on good ground. This hill-fort forms part of a long 
 range of mountains running nearly east and west. It is 1,600 
 feet above the plain, and having a perpendicular scarp on the 
 summit about a hundred feet high all round, might easily be 
 made impregnable." 
 
 " The only passage up being through gateways, built one 
 above the other against this enormous scarp. These gateways 
 are flanked by large circular bastions, and those are the only 
 works in the fort, which is a large barren plain of great extent, 
 capable of containing 5,' 00 or 6,000 men. At the base of the 
 only accessible side is a very large pettah with six gates within 
 long shot of the hill." 
 
 " On the evening of the 8th, the picquets and 74th took pos- 
 session of the town without opposiuon, and established them- 
 selves over the gateway next the fort, from whence a good foot- 
 path led to the upper-gate, with a small outwork half-way up, 
 defended by musketry and guns " 
 
 Captain Johnson, of the Bombay Engineers, was Chief 
 Engineer and Quartermaster-General. It was resolved to assault 
 the place, and a column set out at 3 a.m on 10th October, con- 
 sisting of — 
 
 Two companies 94th. 
 150 men of picquets, and 
 300 Native Infantry. 
 Major Campbell commanding. 
 
 " Captain Johnsion, of Engineers, conducted Major Campbell 
 by a road he had explored the day before, which fully proved his 
 ability and discernment, as it enabled us to cut off all the diffe- 
 rent parties and outposts from the fort ; and so well was it 
 managed, that the first intimation of cur approach was given by 
 our bayonets. The Arabs thus surprised, made but little resist- 
 ance, and by 6 a.m. we had possession of everything up to the
 
 1804.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 395 
 
 very gate of the fort. The fugitives endeavoured to get into 
 the fort by the gate, but were refused admittance, in case our 
 force should follow them in. A number of horses, bullocks, 
 and arms fell into our hands, and we found their outposts so 
 tenable, that Captain Welsh was left in command of the whole 
 with lUO Europeans and 370 sepoys, comfortably lodged in 
 chjultries, outworks, &c., at different distances from the gate, 
 completely cutting off all communications from without," 
 
 The enemy lost forty men dead, while we had only three men 
 wounded 
 
 Two days after we had thus established ourselves on the hill, 
 the garrison surrendered, and were permitted to march out (300 
 men) with their effects. 
 
 The fort was found astonishingly strong, the scarp being 150 
 feet perpendicular, and the passage through the two upper gate- 
 ways cut in solid rock, very narrow, and thirty feet long. It 
 did not appear as if it had been inhabited, and it was supposed 
 that our sudden appearance drove the garrison from the pettah to 
 the fort. They had thus been cut off from all supplies, and 
 were obliged to surrender. 
 
 On the same day that we marched against Chandore, the 7th 
 Native Infantry, under Captain John Brown, was sent against 
 Lassulgaum, twelve miles south of Chandore. 
 
 They marched to the pettah gate, blew it open, and advanced 
 with little opposition, till they reached the opposite side, where 
 there was a citadel, with bastions towering over the suburbs. A 
 heavy fire was opened on them, and Captain Brown and Lieu- 
 tenant Purvis were killed, and Lieutenant Parlby wounded. 
 
 Loss at Lassulgaum — 
 
 2 officers, 3 Europeans, and 6 Natives killed ... 11 
 1 „ 13 „ 24 „ wounded 37 
 
 Total, killed and wounded ... ... 48
 
 896 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1804. 
 
 The rest retreated into the pettah and sent for assist- 
 ance. Reinforcements sent under Major Simmons reached 
 on morning of the 9th, and commenced to hammer the defences. 
 Four guns soon demolished the parapet, and a storming party 
 blew open the gate, and entered. They were assailed by a party 
 of Arabs who were all killed, with but small loss on our 
 side. 
 
 On the ]7th (having been detained by rain), we rjoarched ten 
 miles, passed Chandore, and descended a gbaut. 
 
 " On the 19th, marched fourteen miles over a wild country, 
 crossed the Geernah — a large and deep river — and encamped at 
 Angara. 
 
 " On the 20th, army moved through cotton ground, full of 
 ravines for ten miles, crossed another branch of the Geernah, and 
 encamped near Cashtee and Dablee. 
 
 "On the 21st, after passing through two hills at eastern 
 extremity of a range, we encamped within three miles of fort of 
 Galnah, eighty-seven north-west of Aurungabad. This fort 
 stands on a single hill, not very high (about 600 feet), but 
 steep and rocky. It is fortified all round. On the pettah or 
 east side, where the bill is most slanting, there are two good 
 walls of masonry. There are several works on the pettab side, 
 through which is the only gateway, with stone steps leading up 
 to it, and some also in east face to counteract the effects of a 
 small hill. The ascent is everywhere steep and difficult, and 
 walls strong. On the summit there is a smooth space 500 x 400 
 yards, and 100 feet above the upper walls. 
 
 "On 22nd October, Lieutenant-Colonel Coleman stormed the 
 pettah, and approaches at 3 a.m. The small hill on the east 
 
 * Lientenant-Colonel Wallace wrote as follows to Colonel Close, resident at 
 Poena, regarding capture of Chandore : " To Major Campbell, H.M.'s 94th, my 
 thanks are particularly due for the successful and judicious attack made by him 
 on the advanced posts of the enemy, on the morning of the 10th, and to Captain 
 Johnson, of Bombay Engineers, for the activity and professional knowledge 
 displayed by him on that and every occasion "
 
 1804.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 397 
 
 was taken possession of by a party under Captain Welsh, and 
 Colonel Coleman entered the pettah about daybreak without 
 opposition. A breaching battery was now erected a short dis- 
 tance west of the pettah. Our battery, of eight guns, opened 
 fire on morning of 24th, and played all day on two spots in 
 north-west face, the one a salient, the other a re-entering 
 angle." 
 
 " In the latter a breach was effected by sunset, but the former 
 resisted the shot so completely, that the Artillery were obliged 
 to take a new object for next day." 
 
 " Two artillerymen (followed by Captain Fisher, Bombay Artil- 
 lery, and two more men) examined the breach this night. They 
 pronounced it quite impracticable. They were fired at, and 
 one wounded, when they all rolled to the bottom of the hill, 
 much bruised and with a quantity of thorns sticking in them, 
 but otherwise unhurt, with the exception of the man first shot, 
 who was sent to hospital ; but he was not found to be mortally 
 wounded, although he had two balls in his body." 
 
 " On the 25th, our guns opened on a new spot, and played 
 till 1 1 A.M., when both breaches were reported assailable, and 
 two storming parties were prepared. The Grenadiers were to 
 storm the right, and the Light Infantry the left, under Colonel 
 Coleman. Just as they were starting, the Killadar hung out 
 flags of truce, and requested a cessation of two hours, when they 
 would evacuate the place, or we should commence again. At the 
 conclusion of these two hours, our batteries reopened ; this soon 
 brought a messenger down, with a promise to surrender the 
 lower gate at gunfire next morning The next day at dawn, 
 the Killadar came down, and we took possession of the outer 
 gate. 
 
 "We found 100 guns and swivels mounted on the works, and 
 a large quantity of grain. 
 
 " Our loss was only one killed and ten wounded, but several 
 had narrow escapes, as their marksmen hit Colonel Coleman, the
 
 398 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1804-5. 
 
 indefatigable Johnson (Bombay Engineers), and one or two 
 other officers, without causing any serious injury." 
 
 "Our army now moved round to the pettah side, while the 
 Pioneers were employed in making a road for our battering 
 guns." 
 
 The breaches were repaired, and a garrison left in Galnah. 
 The army marched on 3rd November, leaving heavy guns and 
 stores behind. 
 
 On the 5th, it reached river Paunjur, and, keeping along its 
 banks, arrived at Cowtullah, near Sonegeer, forty miles from 
 Galnah, about the 13th. 
 
 Colonel Wallace returned before the close of the year 1804, 
 with the head-quarters of Poona subsidiary force to Poona. 
 
 In February 1805, a detachment of Pioneers formed a part 
 of a brigade sent from Hydrabad to join Poona subsidiary force, 
 under Colonel Wallace, at Ahmednugger ; and a detachement 
 was also employed this year on field-service, under Colonel 
 Doveton, in Candeish and Berar. 
 
 It was on 3rd September this year, that Government deter- 
 mined to make provision for the families of native officers and 
 soldiers killed in action. 
 
 The half-pay of their rank was to be paid to the nearest heir, 
 and to be continued during her life if the nearest heir was a 
 woman. 
 
 In December 180S, the 2nd battalion of Pioneers served with 
 a force under Colonel John Montresor, in the Wynaad. During 
 that month, they had a series of small engagements, from the 
 9th to the 15th, at Chunveratta, Naduvenaad, and Chavacherry, 
 when one pioneer was wounded. 
 
 In August 1804., the same battalion was employed under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Darley, in an attack on the Pollums of 
 Poloor Droog, amongst the Javadie hills. In this service, the 
 force lost four killed and twenty-three wounded ; the losses of the 
 Pioneers being one killed and one wounded. Thev were also
 
 1805-6.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 399 
 
 present at the capture of the fort of Bunjari, on 27th August. 
 In December of the same year, they were engaged with a detach- 
 ment under Lieutenant- Colonel Moneypenny, in an attack on 
 the Poligars of Chittoor. This service ended in March 1805, 
 by the capture of the Raja ; and bis execution put an end to the 
 troubles in that part of the country. Our losses were only four 
 killed, and four wounded. 
 
 In January 1805, the Court of Directors determined to 
 " appoint twenty-eight cadets for our artillery and engineers in 
 India, who will receive their education at the Royal Military 
 Academy at Woolwich." 
 
 On 22nd January 1805, Captain Bagshaw was appointed to 
 command 1st battalion of Pioneers, vice Heitland. Beyond that 
 mentioned above, there appears to have been no military service 
 of consequence in 1805 ; but in January 1806, Captain Bagshaw 
 requested that the sick with him might have field allowances, in 
 consideration of their having suffered much in Cotiote and 
 Wynaad, and stated that he and the remainder were in constant 
 readiness for field-service. 
 
 A short time before this, a "detachment of 1st Pioneers, con- 
 sisting of 2 jemadars, 2 havildars, 2 naigues, and 105 privates 
 and 1 puckally, — total 112 — were ordered to march into tlie 
 Wynaad, to join Lieutenant Blakiston, to furnish all the posts 
 and buildings required in Wynaad. These, with the party 
 previously in Wynaad, and those recently ordered from Seringa- 
 patam, will give him 300 at all times for duty." 
 
 While in Wynaad, Lieutenant Blakiston was concerned in an 
 expedition to capture one of the proscribed rebels, Karvery 
 Allery. Lieutenant Colonel Hill was commanding. Having 
 heard that the rebel was only one coss distant from camp, he 
 divided his force into three parts —one under himself, second 
 under Lieutenant Blakiston, and third under Lieutenant Walker. 
 The rebel was surprised, but managed to escape in the darkness; 
 his wile and four of his cliildren were, however, secured. Five
 
 400 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1806. 
 
 privates of 4th Native Infantry and four of Police Corps, were 
 wounded by arrows. 
 
 On the 11th March 1806, "the Government, in consideration 
 of the laborious nature of the duties upon which the Pioneers 
 were frequently employed," issued an order that the Corps should 
 at all times be entitled to full batta. 
 
 In June 1806, it was decided that captains commanding the 
 2nd battalions of Pioneers should draw the batta of major, but 
 they were to cease to draw additioual pay of Pioneer officers 
 At this time, the officers commanding were Captains Bagshaw 
 and Fitzpatrick. 
 
 Up to April 1806, a company of Madras Pioneers remained 
 under the orders of Colonel Wallace, at Poona. In a general 
 order by that officer on the oth of that month, he directed 
 " that 1st battalion 2nd, 2nd battalion 3rd, and 1st battalion 8th, 
 with the company of Madras Pioneers, will march together under 
 orders of Lieutenant- Colonel Chalmers, from Poona, by Hurry- 
 hur, to Chittledroog, where they will receive further orders 
 from head-quarters."
 
 1806.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 401 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The mutiny at Vellore. — Colonel Gillespie's report. — Gillespie thanks Blakiston. 
 Principal conspirators executed. — Blakiston posted to Bangalore. — Captain 
 George Johnstone. — Engineer Corps in 1809. — Pier proposed at Madras. — 
 Attack on the Resident of Travnacore. — Fighting at Quilon. — Troops ordered 
 to Travancore. — Battle of Quilon. — Capture of Arambooly lines. — Army 
 marches for the interior. — Action near Xagracoile. — Army reaches Trevan- 
 drum. — Chalmers defeats enemy at Kilhanore. — The Dewan commits 
 suicide, and hie brother and friends are hanged. — Occupation of the Mauritius 
 resolved on. — Capture of St. Paul's, Bourbon. — St. Paul's abandoned. — 
 Attack on Bourbon. — Reinforcements arrive at Rodrigues.— Capture of 
 Bourbon. — Attack on the Isle of Passe. — Capture of the Isle of Passe. — 
 Defences entrusted to Davies. — Davies wounded at Grand Port. — The French 
 capture Windham and Ceylon, East-Indiamen. — Astell, East Indiaman, 
 escapes. — French make their way into Grand Port. — Windham recaptured 
 by boats from Sirius. — Captains Pym and Willoughby attack the French 
 ships in the harbour. — Captain Willoughby dreadfully woimded. — Garrison 
 at Isle of Passe compelled to surrender. — Lieutenant Davies taken prisoner. 
 — Bourbon blockaded. — Blakiston and C. E. Trapaud at Bourbon. — Several 
 deaths on the march from extreme heat. — Surrender of Mauritius. 
 
 In 1806, the only occurrence of great interest was the Mutiny 
 at Vellore. I propose to describe this at some length, as 
 Lieutenant Blakiston, Madras Engineers, was engaged under 
 Colonel Gillespie in the relief of the garrison. 
 
 Early in the morning of 10th July, the native troops rose 
 against the Europeans, consisting of two companies of H.M.'s 
 69th. The attack was quiet unexpected, and the hour about 
 3 A.M. The British troops maintained possession of the barracks 
 
 26
 
 402 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1806. 
 
 for a considerable time, exposed to a heavy fire ; when this 
 position became untenable, a part escaped to the ramparts, and 
 retained possession of the Fort for several hours after all the 
 combatant ofiicers had been killed or disabled, and after their am- 
 munition was exhausted. Colonel Gillespie, at Arcot (distant six- 
 teen miles), heard of the attack at 6 a.m. Putting himself at head 
 of a squadron of 19th Dragoons, and a troop of Native cavalry, he 
 galloped to Vellore ; the remainder of the cavalry followed with 
 guns, under Lieutenant- Colonel Kennedy. Colonel Gillespie 
 effected a junction by being hauled up the wall. The second de- 
 tachment reached Vellore at 10 a.m. The mutineers directed their 
 powerful force to the defence of the interior gate. The gate was 
 burst open by cannon-shot; (Lieutenant Blakiston, of the En- 
 gineers, accompanied the dragoons, and was highly applauded by 
 Gillespie for his judgment in laying the gun by which the gate 
 was burst open). A combined attack followed, which ended in the 
 complete dispersion of the insurgents, and restoration of the fort. 
 Eight hundred of the mutineers fell in the attack, and 500 were 
 made prisoners in Vellore and other places to which they had fled. 
 
 The number of Europeans massacred was 113 — among them 
 Colonel Fancourt, and thirteen other officers. 
 
 The following account of the affair was given by Surgeon 
 Jones, and Assistant-Surgeon John Dean, who were present. 
 
 " The following gentlemen having been previously alarmed by 
 a heavy fire of musketry, met accordingly at the house of 
 Lieutenant Ewing, Jst Native Infantry, at half-past 3 : — 
 
 69th : Captain Machlaclan. 
 Lieutenant Mitchell. 
 „ Boby. 
 
 „ Jenaur. 
 
 1st Native Infantry : 
 
 Lieutenant and Adjutant Ewing. 
 Lieutenant Cutcliffe (desperately wounded.) 
 Mr. Surgeon Jones.
 
 1806.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 403 
 
 23rd Native Infantry : 
 
 Assistant Surgeant Dean. 
 Sergeant Brady, 69th. 
 
 "Lieutenant Ewing having previously received the arms and 
 ammunition of one naigue and three sepoys (the guard over 
 battalion-books at his house), everyone prepared for being 
 attacked. 
 
 " In a quarter of an hour, an attack was made by a strong party 
 of sepoys, in front of the house. After a sharp fire on both 
 sides, they retired, none of us having received any injury. 
 
 " On consideration it appeared desirable to retire to the house 
 of Mr. Surgeon Jones (adjoining) as being more capable of 
 defence, the doors, &c., being better secured. This was 
 immediately done. At the time of our quitting Lieutenant 
 Ewing's house, Sergeant Brady was requested to go and 
 endeavour to procure information of what was going on ; and 
 on his return an hour after, he brought us the lamentable account 
 of the murder of every European on the different guards ; of 
 the Mysore flag being hoisted; of the European officers, 
 together with the commandant of the garrison, being killed; 
 many men in the European barracks killed and wounded by two 
 6-pounders, and musketry keeping up a continued fire on them ; 
 and the whole fort appeared to him to be in possession of the 
 insurgents. 
 
 " About 7 A.M., Lieutenant Mitchell, H.M.'s 69th, left the party 
 to endeavour to make his way to the barracks, or to the house 
 of Captain Barrow, the senior officer of the regiment. Nothing 
 had been heard since our retreat to this house, but confused 
 shouting and constant heavy firing of guns and musketry in 
 different parts of the fort. 
 
 " In this state of anxious suspense did we remain till 8 a.m., 
 when a strong party attacked the rear of the house, and broke 
 the door of the room in which we were posted to receive them. 
 After having exchanged fires, judging any further opposition 
 
 26 *
 
 404 MILITAEY HISTOKl OF THE [1606. 
 
 fruitless, we retreated to the European barracks by the front of 
 the house, the insurgents still keeping up a fire on our rear 
 during the retreat. On our entering the barracks they were 
 found in the greatest confusion, every man sheltering himself 
 in the best way he was able from the shot which were frequently 
 fired from the guns placed to command the ranges of the cots. 
 Many men lay killed and wounded. We here found Lieutenant 
 Mitchell. Having a short time debated what was best to be 
 done (Captain Maclachlan, as senior officer, taking command) it 
 was determined to sally out from the windows opposite the 
 Parcherry, and to gain the adjoining ramparts. Tt was found 
 the men had been originally provided with only six rounds of 
 ball-cartridges; many of these had been expended duriug the 
 morning. At the bottom of the rampart was a small magazine 
 for European stores. All the ball-cartridges had been taken 
 out by the insurgents, and nothing left but a few blank ones, of 
 which some were taken. Having climbed up the face of the 
 rampart under a heavy fire of musketry, we took post in a 
 bastion near at hand to collect the men. We then advanced to 
 dislodge the insurgents (in considerable force) from the north- 
 east cavalier, which was accomplished, but with the loss of 
 Captain Maclachlan's further services (he having received a 
 severe wound through the thigh), as also of several men. 
 On our way to the attack of the cavalier, we were joined by 
 Captain Barrow, 69th, who then took command. A party 
 having been left at the cavalier, we proceeded along the 
 ramparts, under a constant heavy fire of musketry, to take 
 possession of the gateway, which was efi"ected. Wishing to 
 ascertain if the gate was open, we proceeded below, but found it 
 locked, and a 6-pounder placed opposite to it for its defence. 
 The fire from the palace at this time was extremely heavy. 
 Many men fell, and Lieutenant Mitchell was severely wounded 
 by a musket-shot in the arm. There being no ammunition with 
 the 6-pounder, it was suffered to remain, and the party stationed
 
 1806.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 405 
 
 over the gateway was ordered to prevent its falling into the hands 
 of the insurgents. The men at this time had hardly a ball- 
 cartridge remaining. To attack the arsenal was deemed 
 impracticable, and the only remaining cliance of getting 
 ammunition was by attempting to gain possession of the Grand 
 Magazine. 
 
 " The main body of the detachment proceeded with Captain 
 Barrow to carry the bastion and cavalier at south-east face of 
 the fort which lay in our way to the flag-staff and magazine, 
 and was there defended by a strong party of insurgents. 
 
 " In advancing, Captain Barrow fell by a musket-shot passing 
 through both his legs. There then remained no officer (except 
 Mr. Surgeon Jones and Mr. Assistant-Surgeon Dean) to carry 
 tlie plan into execution, who, leading on the party, carried the 
 cavalier and bastion, but with the loss of several men. 
 
 " The insurgents chiefly fled into the body of the fort, but many 
 posted themselves in the gateway of the granary. These were 
 destroyed bv a party sent down from the ramparts for the 
 purpose. The party soon arrived at the flag-stafl", and were 
 much annoyed by a fire from the pettah on the opposite side of 
 the ditch, and from the gardens in the fort. A soldier, in 
 attempting to take down the Mysore flag, was shot from the 
 pettah. A very heavy fire being kept up, and the men falling 
 fast, no time was to be lost in proceeding to the magazine, 
 which having been burst open, to our general disappointment 
 nothing but loose powder could be obtained. The men at this 
 time wished to proceed towards, and attack the sepoy barracks, 
 which was instantly opposed. Our numbers being very much 
 reduced, added to the disappointment of not getting ammunition, 
 it became our principal object to return, and keep possession of 
 the gateway and cavaliers until the arrival of a relief, which we 
 had hopes of soon seeing. 
 
 " On our return from the magazine, the Mysore flag was taken 
 down by two men, who requested to volunteer for the occasion,
 
 406 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE dflOB. 
 
 viz. Sergeant MacManus and Philip Bottom, H.M.'s 69th, 
 under a heavy fire from the pettah, and fort. We returned to 
 the cavaliers, and gateway, having left a strong party at the 
 cavalier and hastion on south-east face for their defence. 
 
 " Soon after our return, a party of cavalry were descried 
 approaching the fort. 
 
 " Every credit is due to the soldiers for their obedient, 
 steady, and spirited conduct, aftey they had been deprived of 
 their own officers in leading them on. These, gentlemen, are 
 the chief occurrences that happened till the arrival of the 
 cavalry." 
 
 (Signed) " John Jones, Surgeon. 
 
 „ " John Dean, Assistant-Surgeon. 
 
 " Vellore. July 27. 1806.''' 
 
 Colonel Gillespie wrote as follows : — 
 
 " Colonel Gillespie begs to state in a summary manner to 
 His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief the sentiments he 
 entertains of the meritorious conduct of the troops under his 
 command, as well as that of the remains of the 69th, who 
 composed the garrison. 
 
 " To H.M.'s 19th Dragoons, and the whole of the cavalry at 
 Arcot, too much praise cannot be given, and in particular to 
 the advanced squadron under Captain Young, conducted by 
 Colonel Gillespie in person, and supported by a strong troop 
 of 7th Native Cavalry, under Lieutenant Woodhouse. To 
 those troops, he cannot sufficiently express his thanks for the 
 alacrity, promptitude and gallantry with which they obeyed 
 his orders on that perilous morning, in executing the necessary 
 manoeuvres they were employed on, antecedent to the attack 
 on the fortress. 
 
 " To the officers of 69th, who in the early part of the 
 insurrection assembled their men to make head against the 
 barbarous enemy who were attacking them on all sides, too much 
 praise cannot be given; and Colonel Gillespie has particularly
 
 1808.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 407 
 
 to regret that the gallant exertions of Captains Barrow and 
 Maclachlan, Lieutenants Mitchell and Gullet, and the other 
 wounded officers, were so soon lost to the regiment, from those 
 officers being unfortunately disabled early in the day. The 
 remains of this valuablecorps fought gallantly for several hours 
 without an officer, and the Colonel begs leave to express his 
 admiration at their undaunted resolution. Colonel Gillespie 
 here recurs with much satisfaction to the good conduct of 
 Doctors Jones and Dean, whom he himself observed as he ap- 
 proached the gates exerting themselves with muskets in their 
 hands. He also understands that early in the morning Lieu- 
 tenant Ewing, 1st Native Infantry, behaved in a manner highly 
 meritorious in assembling various straggling bodies of Euro- 
 peans, and encouraging them to make a vigorous defence. Colonel 
 Gillespie feels particularly obliged to Lieutenant Blakiston, of 
 the Engineers, for the prompt and effectual manner in which he 
 applied the guns of the 19th Dragoons to the gate ; as well as 
 for his unremitting perseverance, and exertions in almost every 
 capacity during this arduous service. Colonel Gillespie cannot 
 but consider himself highly indebted to Captain Skelton, of 19th 
 Dragoons, for the gallant manner in which he headed the rapid, 
 and effective charge of the advanced squadron into the body of the 
 place. To Lieutenant-Colonel Kennedy and officers and men of 
 19th, to Captains Mason and Doveton, with officers and men of 
 their respective corps. Colonel Gillespie returns his most 
 sincere thanks for their prompt and effectual assistance. Colonel 
 Gillespie cannot help mentioning in terms of the highest appro- 
 bation Sergeant Brady and the remains of the 69th Regiment, 
 who so bravely followed him in the sally from the rampart, and 
 drove the enemy from their lurking-places previous to the charge 
 of the cavalry. 
 
 " In a detail of this nature it would be the height of injustice 
 in Colonel Gillespie to overlook the very conspicuous merits 
 and unremitting exertions of Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes, to
 
 408 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1806. 
 
 whose judicious conduct in taking possession of the hill-fort 
 too much praise cannot he given. 
 
 " Lastly, Colonel Gillespie considers it his duty thus puhlicly 
 to acknowledge the obligations he is under to Captain Wilson, 
 19th Dragoons. That officer, who accompanied him as his 
 aide-de camp the whole day, acted immediately under his eye, 
 and was of great use and assistance to him, as well from his 
 good understanding, as personal bravery. 
 
 " Colonel Gillespie assures His Excellency the Commander-in- 
 Chief that the promptitude and valour displayed by all the troops 
 on this occasion, will remain indelibly impressed upon his 
 memory to the last hour of his existence." 
 
 One month's pay was presented to each of the non-commis- 
 sioned officers and privates of 19th Dragoons who were present 
 at Vellore. To all the Native commissioned officers of 
 cavalry a gold medal was presented, and a silver to each non- 
 commissioned officer and private who accompanied the party of 
 troops to Vellore on 10th July. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief remarked in his despatch regarding 
 this matter that, " Colonel Gillespie's party were enabled to per- 
 form a deed that demands the gratitude of India " ; and in con- 
 sideration of Colonel Gillespie's gallant conduct, he was appointed 
 to the control of the whole of the cavalry, 200 pagodas a month 
 being allotted to the appointment. Colonel Gillespie's detach- 
 ment took charge of the whole of the Mysore princes, and 
 marched them to Madras. On arrival, the detachment encamped 
 at the Race Stand, two miles west of the Mount, on 29th 
 August, and next day proceeded to the beach to embark the 
 Princes for Bengal. 
 
 After the embarkation, the Horse Artillery returned to the 
 Mount. The 69th occupied barracks in the fort; 19th 
 Dragoons, with detachment of cavalry and infantry, returned to 
 the Race Stand, halted there for three days, and then returned 
 to their stations.
 
 REFEJIENCE 
 
 I Mva/ui do 
 g jiUmMi'i^s in/ C 
 
 offfie 
 
 FOBTBESSoF l^LLORE . 
 
 A Of/iteni- Quiirter^ . 
 B /ia.yfun m whuA 
 
 Euycpearu- /irst b/o, ^ 
 C¥cr2h Fius-t Ga/alier 
 D The Cra^tiva^ 
 £ South Ea<siCava.7;,e,
 
 1906.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 409 
 
 At the time of the mutiny at Vellore in 1806, Blakiston was 
 in charge of the works at Vellore, Chittoor, and Arcot. Vellore 
 was his head-quarters, and it was only a sudden call to inspect 
 some of his works at Arcot that took him off from Vellore a day 
 or two before the catastrophe. 
 
 He did not hear of the business till some time after 
 Gillespie had set off to Vellore, but he joined the 19th on the 
 march, and came up with the guns as they were approaching the 
 gateway. The colonel ordered the artillery sergeant to blow the 
 gate open. Blakiston, observing that he did not know how to 
 do this, ventured to give an opinion, and Colonel Gillespie at 
 once put the guns under his orders. 
 
 He directed the sergeant to load without shot, and use it as a 
 petard ; but finding it already loaded with shot, he was directed 
 to discharge the piece at the point where the bolt might be 
 expected. This was done, and the gate was burst open. 
 
 Colonel Gillespie then informed him that he would descend, 
 and gave orders that in a few minutes the cavalry should gallop into 
 the fort. The number of sepoys slain was very great ; 800 bodies 
 were carried out of fort, besides those who were killed outside. 
 
 The strength of the sepoy battalion in Vellore was 1,600 men. 
 Not more than 900 were killed A great part of those who 
 escaped were afterwards apprehended. 
 
 A large number were tried by court-martial ; most of them 
 were liberated after being confined for some months, but nine- 
 teen of the principal conspirators were executed at Vellore, — some 
 by hanging, some by being shot, and some by being blown away 
 from guns. 
 
 A few months after, Blakiston was ordered to Bangalore in 
 consideration of his services at Vellore, and was ordered to fix 
 on a site, and prepare plans for a new cantonment. 
 
 In less than a year, he completed barracks for two regiments 
 of Europeans, five regiments of Natives, and Artillery, besides 
 hospitals, &c.
 
 410 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1806 
 
 He remained at Bangalore for about three years. On one 
 occasion the workmen engaged on his buildings struck for an 
 advance of wages. Ele remonstrated with them, and asked 
 whether he had not always regarded their interests as his own. 
 " It is true," said one, advancing from the crowd, " master has 
 always been a father to us, and more than a father, for he has 
 been to us as a mother also ; but the child must cry before the 
 mother thinks of offering its breast." 
 
 In the year 1800, Captain George Johnstone, of the Madras 
 Engineers, was dismissed from the Company's service under such 
 strange circumstances that they are worthy of record in some detail. 
 
 In January 1800, Captain Johnstone was ordered from Ganjam 
 to Masulipatam, and he accordingly entered into an engagement 
 with certain boat-owners to carry his baggage to Masulipatam 
 for 350 rupees. They received an advance of 310 rupees, and 
 the balance of 40 rupees was to be paid on their arrival at 
 Masulipatam They promised, in consideration of this money, 
 to proceed immediately, and direct to Masulipatam, and said they 
 would easily be in in four or five days. Instead, however, of going 
 direct to Masulipatam, they proceeded to Sonapore, Bimlipatam, 
 Vizagapatam, and Coringa, staying some time at each port, and 
 at Coringa as much as eight days. In fact, they made a trading 
 voyage of it down the coast. Captain Johnstone was thus not 
 only put to much inconvenience by the want of bis baggage, 
 but suffered considerable loss by his boxes of books and clothes, 
 &c. being wet through, and his furniture considerably broken, 
 w^hile the damage done to Mrs. Johnstone's clothes was very 
 great. Three packages were also delivered short. On learning 
 all this, Captain Johnstone applied to Mr. Denton, master 
 attendant, to stop tlie boats till he could see Mr. Reid, the 
 collector, with the view of getting the men punished Mr. Reid, 
 it appears, was not at Masulipatam at the time, and Captain 
 Johnstone awaited his return. Meantime the boat-people com- 
 plained to Mr. Corbett, commercial resident, who ordered the
 
 1806.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 411 
 
 master attendant to let them go without even a reference to Cap- 
 tain Johnstone, and the first news Captain Johnstone had of this 
 was by one of his own servants informing him that they were 
 going down the river. Captain Johnstone immediately sent to 
 Mr. Denton, and inquired why he had let them go. He replied 
 it was by order of Mr. Corbett. Mr. Denton was again written 
 to, and asked to come up to Captain Johnstone's house for a 
 minute, on which he replied that " if Captain Johnstone wanted 
 to speak to him he might come to his house, as he was not his 
 servant." On receipt of this message. Captain Johnstone wrote 
 the following letter to Mr. Corbett : — 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " Having met the height of imposition in some people 
 who brought my baggage from Gaujam, and some of it being 
 deficient, I requested Mr. Denton, beach master, to stop them 
 going awav till I could see Mr. Reid. I am just informed that 
 these people are off with their boats, and am likewise informed 
 that it was by your orders to Mr. Denton they are gone I am 
 not inclined to believe such an indelicacy on your part could 
 take place, and shall be glad if you will give me a line of 
 information on the subject. 
 
 " I am, &c. 
 (Signed) " Geo. Johnstone. 
 "25th January J 800." 
 
 To this Mr. Corbett sent the following reply : — 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 '* Some Ganjara boat-people complained to me that they were 
 prevented from sailing, and that you had taken their provisions, 
 and effects. I inquired of Mr. Denton why he suflfered any 
 person to detain vessels in the port, and that his duty was to 
 give a clearance on application, and that no vessel must be 
 detained but bv particular order on regular complaint being 
 lodged, and that he would be held responsible for all consequences. 
 What you may deem indelicacy, I deem my duty. Query: If it 
 had been an European vessel which the master attendant had
 
 412 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1806. 
 
 taken upon himself to detain, and she had been lost in con- 
 sequence ? Mr. Denton did not inform me that you had spoken 
 to him on the business. 
 
 " I am, &c. 
 (Signed) "Vincentio Corbett. 
 "25th January 1800." 
 
 It is evident that Mr. Corbett behaved in a very improper 
 manner He should certainly have informed Captain Johnstone, 
 and asked him his reasons for detaining them, but he did neither, 
 and at once took a step decidedly in favour of the boat-people. 
 
 On receipt of this letter, Captain Johnstone became very 
 angry, and wrote the following note : — 
 
 "Sir, 
 
 " Your specious pretence of duty to cloak the indelicacy 
 of your behaviour convinces me in the opinion that I ever had, 
 that you are a contemptible wretch, and deserve to be treated 
 and proclaimed a scoundrel, and such you shall meet from me. 
 
 " Yours, 
 (Signed) " Geo. Johnstone." 
 
 Mr. Corbett made a complaint to Colonel Urban Vigors, com- 
 mnnding the Northern Division, and asked for protection. He 
 concludes his letter to Colonel Vigors as follows :—" It will, I 
 make no doubt, appear to you, I am called to account, abused, 
 and threatened to be ill-treated, for issuing an order in the port, 
 with a view to prevent oppression too often exercised over the 
 poor and helpless, by individuals." 
 
 Captain Johnstone was ordered under arrest for writing an 
 abusive, insulting, and menacing note to Mr. Corbett, whilst in 
 the exercise of his public duty as Commercial Resident, on 28th 
 January 1800. 
 
 On 23rd February. Captain Johnstone was induced to write a 
 letter of apology to Mr. Corbett, and promised in it to be more 
 guarded in his conduct towards him. Thereupon Mr. Corbett 
 withdrew his complaint ; and on 6th March, the Governor-in-
 
 1806.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 413 
 
 Council, in consideration of the atonement made by Captain 
 Johnstone, suspended his intention of removing Captain John- 
 stone from the Honourable Company's service ; but at the same 
 time expressed his most pointed disapprobation of Captain 
 Johnstone's conduct. 
 
 Captain Johnstone was released from his arrest on the 
 morning of 16th March, and appears to have at once pro- 
 ceeded to Mr. Corbett's house. He found Mr. Corbett 
 and Captain Malcolm sitting in the verandah, and addressed 
 Mr. Corbett thus : " I have found you at last, you scoundrel," 
 and made a stroke at him with a whip. Mr. Corbett warded off 
 the stroke, and Captain Johnstone, repeated the attempt to strike, 
 and touched him on the side. Captain Malcolm then got 
 between them. Mr. Corbett went into his writing-room, 
 and called for his peons, but none were present. On Mr. 
 Corbett calling for his peons, Captain Johnstone drew his 
 sword, and declared that if any man attempted to lay hold of 
 him, he would run him through the body. He then made use 
 of some very opprobrious language to Mr. Corbett, walked 
 downstairs, mounted his horse, and rode away. There were five 
 or six black writers present at this affair, who heard and wit- 
 nessed all that happened. 
 
 Captain Johnstone was tried by court-martial — 
 
 Ist. For an unoflBcer-like and disrespectful violation of the 
 Civil authority vested by the Right Honourable the 
 Goveruor-in-Council in the Commercial Resident at 
 Masulipitam, by using gross and scandalous expres- 
 sions of menace and threat ; deterring that otiicer 
 from the execution of his public duty, and thereby 
 tending to subvert subordination, discipline, and 
 the constituted authorities of Government. 
 2nd. For behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner, such 
 as is unbecoming the character of an officer and a 
 gentleman, in entering the house of the Commercial 
 Resident at Masulipatam, Mr. Vincentio Corbett, on
 
 414 MILITARY HI3T0EY OP THE ti806. 
 
 16th March IftOO, and in striking and otherwise 
 maltreating that gentleman, notwithstanding he, the 
 said Captain Johnstone, in a written apology 
 addressed hy him to Mr. Corbett, the Commercial 
 Kesident, dated 23rd February 1800, had acknow- 
 ledged his violent conduct (stated in the first charge) 
 to have been unprovoked, and had pledged his honour 
 for the future to be more guarded in his conduct, 
 public and private, towards him, the said Commer- 
 cial Resident. 
 
 Captain Johnstone was found guilty of the first charge, but 
 acquitted of the far more serious second charge ; nevertheless, 
 he was dismissed from the Company's service. 
 
 "(The court-martial having taken into consideration some cir- 
 cumstances which appear on the defence of the prisoner. Captain 
 Johnstone, of the Engineers, from which they are induced to 
 believe that the assault he committed on the Commercial Resi- 
 dent, Mr. Corbett, on the 16th March, was not premeditated, 
 but the effect of a sudden passion or temporary derangement : 
 under this impression, and adverting to the long and active 
 services of Captain Johnstone, the Court consider him as a 
 proper object of recommendation to Government." 
 
 The Government forwarded a letter from Captain Johnstone 
 to the Court of Directors, explained the circumstances of the case, 
 and further allowed him to draw the pay of a Captain of En- 
 gineers till an opportunity should offer for his return to Europe. 
 
 The circumstances mentioned by the Court in their recom- 
 mendation to Government cannot be precisely ascertained, as 
 the proceedings of the court-martial are not to be found amongst 
 the Government records ; but Captain Johnstone, in a letter to 
 the Governor-in-Council, after the trial, attributes the matter 
 not being settled at first to the " malicious conduct of Colonel 
 Vigors, who, instead of using his endeavours to accommodate, 
 did by every possible means make it worse, and added personal
 
 . [isofl. MADEAS ENGINEEES. 4l5 
 
 abuse and insult to make me feel my hard situation the more." 
 He also accuses him of " neglect of duty of a man in public 
 station, and whose actions were guided entirely by personal 
 pique." 
 
 Johnstone did not rest satisfied with his dismissal, and letters 
 from him remonstrating against the severe treatment meted out 
 to him can be traced in the records up to 1809. In spite of his 
 dismisal from the Company's service, he obtained an Ensigncy 
 in H.M.'s 34th Regiment, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant. 
 
 In 1801, Johnstone applied for permission to purchase an 
 1- nsigncy in the Scotch Brigade. Government appear to have 
 refused his application, as also to allow him to publish the pro- 
 ceedings of the court-martial. 
 
 In 1803, the Court, although they declined to restore him to 
 the service, consented to grant him a pension as if he had 
 retired from the service. 
 
 Johnstone, however, refused this, as he had " nothing so much 
 at heart as the desire of being restored to rank and situation in 
 that service in which he had served for sixteen years, and in 
 which his father, two uncles, and five of his other relatives had 
 served and fallen." 
 
 Early in 1804 we find him an Ensign in H.M.'s 34th Regi- 
 ment, protesting against his dismissal by the Court as being 
 irregular, the court-martial not being competent. 
 
 In 1805, he had an interview with the Commander-in-Chief, 
 Lieutenant-General Sir John Cradock (afterwards LordHowden), 
 and sent in all his objections to the court-martial. The whole 
 of these papers were forwarded to the Court of Directors. John- 
 stone complained that the suppression of certain letters inter- 
 cepted from the Commander-in-Chief a distinct and clear view 
 of the transaction. These letters were very material to the 
 defence, as showing the circumstances under which Mr. Corbett 
 obtained the apology, which apology the court-martial seemed to 
 consider as an aggravation of his (Johnstone's) conduct.
 
 416 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE tieoe. 
 
 Johnstone, it appears, objected more than once to the apology 
 as one to which he could not assent, inasmuch as it implied 
 absence of all provocation on the part of Mr. Corbett, and when 
 he did subscribe it, he acted under the influence of apprehen- 
 sion that he had already incurred the displeasure of Government. 
 When he signed the apology, he conceived that the affair was 
 then at an end, and the apology to be a full and final expiation 
 of all that had passed. His subsequent violent conduct was 
 caused by the irritation he felt when he learnt that proceedings 
 were still pursued against him for an ofi*ence for which he sup- 
 posed there had been a complete amnesty. In this Mr. Corbett 
 appears to have been aided and abetted by Colonel Vigors. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief states on this, that " if he had been 
 on the court-martial he would not have dreamt of dismissing 
 Captain Johnstone." 
 
 In January 1809, we find Johnstone still in Madras, as a 
 Lieutenant of H.M.'s 34th Regiment, and on the J 8th, he 
 addressed the Military Secretary to Goverument, receiviug on 
 the 24th a reply, conveying the sentiments of the Governor-in- 
 Council on his letter, in reply and explanation to the Military 
 Secretary. On the same day. Lieutenant Johnstone forwarded 
 the following reply : — 
 
 " To Major Barclay, Military Secretary. 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " I have been duly honoured with your letter of 24th 
 instant, enclosing one from Mr. Secretary Strachey, conveying 
 to me, by order of the Go vernor-in- Council, their sentiments on 
 my letter in reply and explanation to you of 1 8th January. I 
 conceive that the same rule obtains for my replying to as 
 receiving communications from the Governor-iu-Council. 
 
 " When an insult was ofiered to me by returning my letter of 
 just complaint for neglect of duty which I had made against the 
 Chief Secretary to Government, I thought it incumbent on me 
 to reply in explanation. I respect myself too much to off"er 
 intentional disrespect to any person, but certainly those persons
 
 180T-9.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 417 
 
 who could offer an insult to the King (whose servant I am) by 
 declaring His Majesty's Commission, which I have the honour 
 to hold, a sufficient and sole cause to remove me from a public 
 staff appointment in the army on this establishment, are not 
 entitled to be respected by me. 
 
 "I am thoroughly aware of the power of the Honourable the 
 Governor-in-Council to represent my conduct to the Honourable 
 Court of Directors in any point of view they may think proper; 
 and such representations being unknown to me in particulars, I 
 have no opportunity of vindicating my conduct from whatever 
 may be advanced against me. I have already suffered greatly 
 by such representations, and I leave the liberal and honourable 
 mind to judge of the justice of such proceedings. Experience 
 has proved to me on several instances that in such communica- 
 tions with the Honourable Court little attention has been paid to 
 the dictates of justice. 
 
 (Signed) " Geo. Johnstone, 
 
 " Lieutenant H.M.'s 34th Regiment." 
 
 " Madras, 29th January 1809." 
 
 I have not been able to find anything further in the records 
 regarding George Johnstone. The 1st battalion H.M.'s 34th, 
 to which Johnstone belonged, served in India from 1803 to 
 1826. 
 
 During the year 1807 and 1808 nothing of any consequence 
 in a military sense occurred, so far as the Indian armies were 
 concerned. 
 
 At the commencement of 1809, the Corps consisted of the 
 following : — 
 
 Colonel Trapaud. Captain Farquhar. 
 Lieutenant Colonel Norris. „ R. Fotheringham. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Lennon. „ Cleghorne. 
 
 Major Mackenzie. „ De Havilland. 
 
 Major Caldwell. „ Cotgrave. 
 
 Captain Blair. „ J. Fotheringham. 
 
 27
 
 418 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1808-9. 
 
 Captain H. Torriano. Lieutenant Blakiston. 
 
 „ T. Fraser. „ Eussell. 
 
 Lieutenant Ravenshaw. „ Macintosh. 
 
 „ Arthur. „ Milbourne. 
 
 „ Garrard. „ Monteith. 
 
 In June 1808, a Mr. Greig proposed to construct a pier at 
 Madras. It would appear that this was not the first time the 
 subject had been brought forward, for the Chief Engineer 
 remarks, " No plans were submitted by him ; but should they be 
 the same as proposed before, I have my doubts of its success." 
 Mr. Greig's proposals were declined by the Government. 
 
 In 1808, the Dewan of Travancore (Paliathu Menon) began 
 to conspire, with the object of turning the English out of 
 Travancore. 
 
 On 28th December, at midnight, an attack was made by about 
 1,000 Nairs (headed by the Dewan's confidential friend, 
 Pulpnabha Pillay, aided by the minister of the Rajah of Cochin) 
 on the house of the Resident (Colonel Macaulay) at Cochin. 
 With the aid of a Portuguese clerk, he managed to conceal 
 himself in a lower apartment of the house. 
 
 The assailants plundered tbe house, but did not succeed in 
 finding Colonel Macaulay. 
 
 In the morning, a vessel appeared in sight with British troops, 
 and the ruflBans retreated. A boat was procured and the 
 Resident was shortly on board the British vessel. 
 
 The morning after this outrage, Colonel Chalmers, command- 
 ing at Quilon,* received news that a large body of armed men 
 had assembled round the Dewan's house. He at once ordered 
 his troops to be ready to attack them. 
 
 He, shortly after, heard that a body of armed Nairs had 
 assembled at Paroor, a few miles south. Captain Clapham was 
 despatched to take post on a height commanding the Dewan's 
 
 * Lieutenant Arthur, of Engineers, was stationed at Quilon,
 
 1909] MADEAS EKGINEEES. 419 
 
 house. The Nairs attacked ; when they were within ten paces, 
 Captain Clapham gave orders to fire. The fire was returned ; 
 but the enemy, after several attempts, were obliged to retire. 
 Next day Major Hamilton took possession of a battery at the 
 Dewan's house He was then ordered to push on to Anjuricha 
 to intercept the enemy. He dispersed them, but they subsequently 
 returned, and Major Hamilton retired within the lines of the 
 cantonments. At first, in spite of the attempt made on the life 
 of the Resident, the Madras Government thought of conciliatory 
 measures, but on hearing of the attack on the troops at Quilon 
 negotiations were abandoned for arms. 
 
 Troops were ordered to advance on Travancore in various 
 directions. Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur St. Leger, Madras 
 Cavalry, was to advance from the East ; Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Cuppage, from the north (with this latter force was Lieutenant 
 Ravenshaw, Madras Engineers). Colonel Wilkinson commanding 
 a detachment in the south country was to reinforce the army in 
 Travancore, if found necessary, and Lieutenant- Colonel Chalmers 
 commanded the force at Quilon. 
 
 On 15th January 1809, at 6 a.m , the Dewan's troops advanced 
 in force at Quilon, and Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmers ordered 
 his line to advance in two columns. 
 
 The force at Quilon consisted of H.M.'s 12th, and four Native 
 Infantry Regiments, 1st battalion of 2nd, 2nd of 13th, 2nd of 
 18th, and 1st of 4th, with four guns. Lieutenant .Arthur, 
 engineer. The whole force was encamped to the east of the 
 Bazars, parallel to the sea-shore, and at a distance of about a 
 mile from it, fronting north-east. 
 
 They thus practically commanded all the roads from the 
 south and east The right wing was under the command of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Picton, the left being under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Chalmers 
 
 There were at first three separate bodies of the enemy 
 advancing — the first from the south-east on the road from 
 
 27 •
 
 420 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1809. 
 
 Ithkerry ; the second from the east, on road from RalHanoor ; 
 and the third from the north. Outright wing advanced to its 
 front, and while four and a half companies of the 12th, and eight 
 companies of 2nd- 13th Native Infantry, with two guns, wheeled 
 to their left and attacked the second hody of the enemy in flank, 
 the 4th Native Infantry turned to their right and advanced to 
 the attack of No. J. 
 
 The left wing, with two guns, changed front to their left and 
 prepared to attack the third hody. They were not permitted to 
 do this without considerable annoyance from the fire of No. 2 : 
 so greatly were they hampered by this fire that they had 
 frequently to face to the right-about. The 4th Native Infantry 
 on the extreme right of our line defeated the enemy and 
 captured four guns. The remainder of the right wing, after a 
 good deal of fighting, defeated the force opposed to them, 
 captured two guns, and pursued the enemy along the road to 
 Caryericottah. The left wing being relieved of the fire of body 
 No. 2, advanced to the attack of the third body, routed them, 
 and captured five guns. The four and a half companies of 1 2th, 
 belonging to the left wing, pursued the enemy for a short 
 distance in an easterly direction ; but at this time the enemy's 
 Carnatic battalion, with three guns, appeared from the old 
 Bazars, and threatened to attack us in the rear. The left wing 
 thereupon reformed, fronting north, and advanced against the 
 Carnatic battalion, which it dispersed with the loss of its three 
 guns. The remains of the three first-mentioned bodies of the 
 enemy retreated by the road to Caryericottah, while the Carnatic 
 battalion went to the north by the Aurka road.' 
 
 The engagement lasted five hours, and resulted in the total 
 defeat of the enemy and the capture of fourteen guns. 
 
 Enemy's loss was heavy, but ours trifling. 
 
 Ten days after (25th January) an attack was made by three 
 columns of the enemy on troops in Cochin under Major Hewith, 
 but they were repulsed with the most decisive success.
 
 1809J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 421 
 
 The corps under Lieutenant- Colonel St. Leger moved from 
 Trichinopoly, and after a rapid march reached Palamcotta, and 
 proceeded thence to the lines of Arambooly, which it reached on 
 3rd February, 
 
 The force consisted : — 
 H.M.'s 69th. 
 
 Five Companies 3rd Native Infantry, 1st Battalion. 
 2nd Battalion 3rd Native Infantry. 
 13th Native Infantry. 
 Five Companies 10th Native Infantry. 
 6th Native Cavalry. 
 Artillery. 
 400 Pioneers, under Captain Smithwaite, Lieutenants 
 
 Bertram and Patterson. Cleghorne, of the Engineers, 
 
 accompanied the force. 
 
 On 6th February, the force marched six miles, and took up a 
 position five miles from the works. The lines of Travancore, 
 commmencing close to Cape Comorin, were carried as far as the 
 mountainous range which separates Travancore from the Madras 
 territory. 
 
 They were divided into two parts by a high mountain — those 
 next the sea being called the Southern Lines, and those beyond 
 the mountain the Arambooly Lines. The gate through these 
 latter lines was covered by two large circular bastions, defended 
 by guns. The extent of the whole was two miles, with a rugged 
 fortified hill to the south, and a very strong rock about half- 
 way, called the Northern Kedoubt, beyond which was in- 
 accessible jungle. The works consisted of small well-built 
 bastions, for two or three guns, joined by strong curtains, 
 covered by a thick thorny hedge, (the approach to which was 
 difficult), within cannon-range of the walls. It was proposed 
 to take these lines by a coup-de-main. 
 
 The Southern Redoubt was the object of the attack, as it com- 
 pletely enfiladed the whole of the main lines. The hill was
 
 422 MILITABY HISTORY OF THE [1809. 
 
 ascended under cover of the night, and our troops actually 
 escaladed the wall before their approach was suspected. The 
 ascent was of such great difficulty as to require six hours actual 
 scrambling to reach the foot of the walls. 
 
 Our loss was very small : Captain Cunningham, of 69th, 
 killed ; one killed, eleven men wounded. Lieutenant Bertram, 
 with a detachment of Pioneers, accompanied the escalading-party ; 
 and as soon as Captain Welsh, who commanded the assaultiug- 
 party, effected his security, reinforcements were detached to his 
 assistance. The main lines were then stormed, and by dint of 
 persevering bravery, they were carried entirely. The Northern 
 Kedoubt was abandoned by the enemy, who fled in all directions, 
 leaving the English in possession. Colonel St. Leger encamped 
 two miles inside the Arambooly Gate. 
 
 A detachment of Pioneers, under Lieutenant Bertram, formed 
 part of the storming-party under Major Welsh. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel St. Leger thus wrote : — " It is impossible 
 for me to convey in language sufficiently strong the obligations 
 I feel under to the personal exertions of Major Welsh, com- 
 manding 3rd Native Infantry and the detachment for escalade, 
 under his command." 
 
 " I feel it a duty I owe (from the report of Major Welsh) to 
 the Pioneers who accompanied him, to express my entire appro- 
 bation of their conduct, and that of Lieutenant Bertram, who 
 commanded them." 
 
 The Pioneers were employed destroying the works on both 
 sides of the gate, which latter was left entire, as a post to secure 
 our communications. 
 
 On 17th February, the army marched for the interior, the 
 advance commanded by Lieuteuant-Colonel McLeod. 
 
 Having got on six miles, they found the enemy strongly posted 
 in a village, across a river with high banks, commanding the 
 approach, and several cannon pointed down the high road. 
 
 Their force was 6,000, and they had great advantage in point
 
 1809.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 423 
 
 of position. However, they were completely routed, and dis- 
 persed in all directions. A company of Pioneers, under 
 Lieutenant Patterson, was engaged in this action. Nine guns 
 were taken, and we took possession of Cotar and Nagracoile. 
 Our loss was two officers wounded, and forty-nine men killed 
 and wounded. The army encamped four miles beyond 
 Nagracoile. 
 
 On the 19th, our force marched against Oodagherry and Pal- 
 panaverum, which were found to be abandoned. 
 
 On the 28th, the force commenced its march to the capital 
 (Trevandrum) ; and on 2nd March reached its neighbourhood, 
 and encamped three miles south of the town. 
 
 Meantime, on the 20th February, Colonel Chalmers' force 
 (Western Division), assailed and most gallantly carried some 
 batteries erected by enemy at Killianore, captured seven guns, 
 and defeated 5,000 of the enemy. 
 
 After this, Colonel Chalmers advanced to effect a junction 
 with Colonel St. Leger, and encamped twelve miles north of 
 Trevandrum. At the same time. Colonel Cuppage having 
 entered Travancore by the northern frontier without much 
 opposition, advanced, and took up the strong position of Paroor, 
 a few miles south of Quilon (Lieutenant Ravenshaw, of the 
 Engineers, was with this force), while the troops under Colonel 
 Wilkinson occupied the passes of Shencotta and Achincoil. 
 
 On 3rd March, Colonel Macaulay, the Resident, arrived in 
 camp ; and on the 15th, the new Dewan was received in camp 
 with military honours, and publicly proclaimed Minister. 
 
 The former Dewan now fled to the mountains in the north. 
 After wandering about for some time, he retired to a pagoda 
 at Phagwady. Parties were sent out after him. He was traced 
 to this pagoda, and while our troops were forcing the gate, he 
 committed suicide. His brother and six friends, who were taken 
 alive, were carried to Quilon, and hanged ; and thus terminated 
 the Travancore War of 1809.
 
 424 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1809-10. 
 
 Lieutenant Arthur, of the Engineers, received the Governor's 
 thanks (in G. 0. G., 4th February 1809), for his services in the 
 action at Quilon, on 15th January. 
 
 Lieutenant Bertram, of the Pioneers, was thanked for his 
 services at Arambooly ; and Lieutenant Patterson, of the Pioneers, 
 for his services in the attack of Cotar and Nagracoile. 
 
 Great injuries were sustained by our commerce from cruisers 
 from the Mauritius, and Bourbon, and it was resolved to attempt 
 the occupation of those islands. Accordingly, 200 Europeans, 
 and 200 sepoys were sent, under Lieutenant-Colonel Keating, 
 and landed on 4th August 1809, on an island called Kodrigues, 
 about 300 or 350 miles to the east of Mauritius. This island 
 was occupied without opposition. Some little time after, Com- 
 modore Rowley, who had command of the naval force, resolved 
 to attack St. Paul's, in BDurbon. 
 
 On 19th September, the force stood for the island, and landed 
 on the 20th, south of Pointe de Galets, seven miles from 
 St. Paul's. Total force, 604. From Rodrigues, 368 ofiBcers and 
 men, with 100 seamen and 136 marines from the squadron. 
 By evening, St. Paul's was in the possession of the English, 
 with a loss of fifteen killed and fifty-eight wounded, and three 
 missing. 
 
 General des Brusles, Governor of Bourbon, marched from the 
 capital of St. Denis, and appeared before St. Paul's on evening 
 of 22nd ; but from some cause (probably despair of ejecting 
 invaders), retreated, and committed suicide by shooting himself. 
 
 The small British force, being unequal to the conquest of the 
 island, destroyed the batteries, and captured the shipping in the 
 harbour; then abandoned the island, and Colonel Keating 
 returned to Rodrigues. 
 
 Nothing further was done till March 1810, when preparations 
 were made for a serious attempt to annihilate the French power 
 in the Indian Seas. Captain Willoughby, R.N., at the head of
 
 iMftJ MADRAS ENGINEERS. 425 
 
 100 seamen of the Nereide, landed at Jacolet, the south-east 
 point of Bourbon. The landing was intended to take place at 
 midnight, but owing to unexpected difficulties, it was not effected 
 till 5 A.M. The small force landed under fire of two batteries. 
 In ten minutes the first battery was taken ; and soon after, the 
 second, and all the guns spiked. Daylight having now arrived, 
 the weakness of the attacking force was revealed to the enemy, 
 and they returned to the attack. " Willoughby charged the 
 enemy with the bayonet, and scattered their force, took their 
 Commander prisoner, captured the guns, stormed the battery 
 behind, and, in short, was master of the whole place." 
 
 Finally, Captain Willoughby burnt the signal-house, and 
 Hag-staff, and carrying away some field-pieces and stores, 
 reimbarked with the loss of only one man killed, and six 
 wounded. 
 
 Later in the year, an organised system of attack was adopted. 
 The force at Kodrigues was augmented by 1,700 Europeans, 
 and about 1,800 Natives. 
 
 The reinforcements arrived oflf Rodrigues on 20th June, having 
 left Madras on 8th May. Lieutenant Blakiston, and Ensigns 
 Trapaud and Davies, of the Engineers, accompanied the force ; 
 also Lieutenant Scouler, of Madras Pioneers. 
 
 The expedition consisted of two companies of Artillery ; flank 
 companies of H.M.'s 12th and 33rd ; H.M.'s 69th and Stith ; 6th 
 and 12th Native Infantry, with 200 Madras Pioneers, who 
 embarked at Quilon. 
 
 The expedition was detained ofi" Rodrigues till 3rd July. 
 
 On the Uth, they came to a rendezvous, fifty miles to the wind- 
 ward of Bourbon. 
 
 H.M.'s squadron consisted of Boadicea,* Siriua, Iphigeniuy 
 Magicientie, and Nereide, under command of Commodore 
 Rowley. 
 
 * Colonel Keating, accompanied by Lieutenant Blakiston, vras on board the 
 flag-ahip Boadicea
 
 426 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [I810. 
 
 On the afternoon of 7th July, the troops commenced to dis- 
 embark. Captain Pym landed troops from Sirius, at Grande 
 Chaloupe (six miles west of St. Denis) ; and Lieutenant Watling, 
 of the SSh-ius, took possession of a height near, preventing rein- 
 forcements being sent from St. Paul's to St Denis. 
 
 The other point of disembarkation was Riviere des Pluies, 
 three miles east of St. Denis. The beach on that side was large 
 shingle, very steep, and the surf very high. Captain Wil- 
 loughby, R.N., pushed of in Eslafetie prize-schooner and boats, 
 and the men were landed with a loss of only four ; but the 
 schooner, and several boats were dashed to pieces in the surf. 
 Another body of troops, under Lieutenant- Colonel McLeod, 69th, 
 landed more to the right. After this, it was found impossible to 
 land any more troops ; those who had succeeded in landing had 
 lost some of their arms, and all their ammunition was damaged. It 
 now became necessary to communicate with the troops on shore. 
 Lieutenant Foulston, 69th, volunteered to swim on shore, and 
 succeeded in doing so, heing dragged from the surf by means of a 
 boat-hook. Colonel McLeod was ordered to hold St. Marie (three 
 miles to the east of the town) for the night, which he carried 
 at the point of the bayonet. The remainder of the force was 
 landed at Grande Chaloupe. In the meantime, the 1st brigade 
 which had landed pushed forward under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Hastings Fraser, 86th, towards St. Denis (Ensign Davies, of the 
 Engineers, was with this brigade), halted during the night, and 
 then descended, having meanwhile been joined by sepoys, 
 Pioneers, and Artillery. They found the French waiting for 
 them. The French retired, and attempted to form in a redoubt ; 
 from this, however, they were driven. The British colours were 
 hoisted on the redoubt, and the batteries to the west of Riviere 
 St. Denis stormed and demolished. 
 
 Thus the main force of the island was defeated by 600 men. 
 In the afternoon Colonel Fraser was joined by 2nd Brigade 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Drummond, and the rest of the troops
 
 1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 427 
 
 appeared on the heights shortly after. Preparations were now 
 made for an attack, when a flag of truce arrived to treat for 
 surrender of Island. 
 
 Colonel Keating not having yet arrived, Colonel Fraser sent 
 Lieutenant Blakiston into the town, with an officer bearing a flag 
 of truce, to ask for the possession of some posts on the opposite 
 side of river. But as they reached the Commandant's quarters 
 (having previously gone through operation of being blindfolded 
 on passing the defences), they met Colonel Keating who had 
 come full gallop from Grande Chaloupe. He began by inform- 
 ing the Commandant in his usual brusque manner, that " he 
 was the officer commanding the expedition, and that he had 
 come in person to preserve the town and garrison ; that a 
 column was advancing from St. Mary's, and that the only way to 
 avoid the consequences was to surrender at discretion. The 
 French Governor, a mild man, said : 
 
 " Mais, Monsieur le Colonel, nous avons des bonnes postes." 
 
 "Posts or no posts," said the Colonel, "if you don't sur- 
 render this minute, I can't answer for your life. There is a 
 devil of a fellow commanding that column from St. Mary's, and 
 your old friend Willoughby is there also." 
 
 At the sound of this latter name the Governor started, and a 
 distant shot was heard. 
 
 "There they are, close to your gates," said Colonel Keating. 
 " You had better make haste. You shall have the honours of 
 war, and private property shall be respected — but nothing 
 more." 
 
 " In short, the poor Governor was fairly bullied out of his 
 island, not but that there were troops enough to take half a 
 dozen such islands." 
 
 Ensign Davies was with 1st Brigade, and Ensign Trapaud 
 with the 2nd. 
 
 The conduct of Ensign Davies was approved of by officer 
 commanding 1st Brigade.
 
 428 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1810. 
 
 The ordnance at St. Paul's and St. Denis amounted to 145 
 pieces of heavy artillery, and the loss the English sustained in 
 the conquest was but eighteen killed, seventy nine wounded, and 
 four drowned. 
 
 As soon as the island was captured, Mr. Farquhar (formerly 
 Governor of Malacca) was installed as Governor. Colonel 
 Keating and Blakiston then made a tour of the island, which is 
 about 100 miles in circumference, and nearly round. 
 
 Colonel Keating thus wrote of Lieutenant Blakiston, on 21st 
 July, after the capture of Bourbon : — " Nor can I pass over 
 unnoticed the zeal and activity manifested by Lieutenant 
 Blakiston, Senior OflBcer of Engineers on this occasion." 
 
 In order to satisfactorily blockade the Isle of France, it was 
 shortly after resolved to attack a small island in the mouth of 
 Port South-East, called the Isle de la Passe. 
 
 On night of 13th August, five boats from the Sirius and 
 Iphegenia, with 120 ofiBcers and men, proceeded to the landing- 
 place on north-west side of the Isle of Passe. 
 
 Davies of Engineers was present in this engagement. Before 
 the boats reached the landing-place, the enemy commenced 
 firing. Two men killed, and several wounded. 
 
 They advanced, however, and after a brief but warm encounter 
 they succeeded in possessing the walls. Seven men killed, and 
 eighteen wounded. 
 
 They then attacked the batteries on the south-east side, 
 where they were met by Lieutenant Chads, K.N., who had 
 stormed the works without the loss of a man. The two 
 parties united, and the French Commandant surrendered at 
 discretion. 
 
 The batteries on Isle of Passe mounted nineteen heavy pieces 
 of ordnance, including three 18-incli mortars and two howitzers. 
 The only landing-place was on inner or north-west side, which 
 was well protected with chevaux-de-frise — the passage to it 250 
 yards wide. In order to arrive there, it was necessary to pass
 
 SKETCH 
 
 — of — 
 
 jREUN10]\riSLAND. 
 
 or 
 
 £OUBB0JY.
 
 REUNIONISLMD.
 
 1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 429 
 
 three batteries. Captain Willoughby wrote : " I consider it 
 justice to one of the handsomest ' coups ' of our campaign to 
 declare that I think a more gallant action could not be per- 
 formed, and that I always considered, and do now, the Isle of 
 Passe as an extremely strong fortification against boats and 
 storming." 
 
 Captain Pym, R.N., reported to Commodore Rowley : " L'lle 
 de la Passe is in our possession. I have to request you will 
 particularly recommend as being highly deserving of promotion 
 Lieutenants Chads and Watling, Lieutenant James Cottell and 
 William Bate, and Lieutenant Davies of Engineers (a pas- 
 senger with me who volunteered his services in the boats, an 
 ofiBcer of great ability, to whom I have entrusted the new and 
 additional defences of the Island)." 
 
 The island (of Passe) was entrusted to Captain Willoughby, 
 R.N. Captain Willoughby writes : "After well reconnoitring with 
 Lieutenant Davies of Engineers, I determined to attack their 
 principal post of Point du Diable." This post was stormed and 
 carried. After this, Captain Willoughby moved on to Grand 
 Port, twelve miles, and routed the enemy. 
 
 On another occasion he destroyed the signal-house and 
 flag-staff at Grande Riviere, and blew up the remaining work 
 at Pointe du Diable, retiring without molestation. 
 
 Lieutenant Davies in the destruction of Grand Port was 
 slightly wounded, and his conduct noticed by Captain Willoughby 
 in his despatch with great approval. 
 
 At this time, the French succeeded in capturing Windham 
 and Ceylon, East Indiumen. These ships, with the Astell, 
 were sailing for Madras, when they were attacked by a French 
 squadron under Commodore Duperr6. 
 
 On 14th March 1810, Captain Duperre, with Bellone, 
 Minerve, and corvette Victor, sailed from Port Louis on a 
 cruise in the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 On Ist June, they steered for Bay of St. Augustin, Madagascar.
 
 430 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810. 
 
 Towards the end of the month he left, and stood up Mozam- 
 hiqiie Channel. 
 
 On 3rd July, at 6 a.m., the Island of Mayotta bearing E. ^ N. 
 about thirty-six miles distant, they discovered three outward- 
 bound Indiamen, 
 
 Ceylon, Captain Henry Meriton, 
 Windham, Captain John Stewart, 
 Astell, Captain Robert Hay, 
 and pursued. The Indiamen resolved, as they could not get 
 away, to bring them to action before dark. 
 
 At 2.15 the Minerve fired one shot at Windham, and her lar- 
 board broadside into Ceylon. The corvette also opened fire, and 
 the action became general between the Minerve and Victor 
 against the three Indiamen. At first the Ceylon bore the brunt 
 of the engagement. At 3.40 Captain Hay of the Astell was 
 severely wounded, and the command devolved on Mr. William 
 Hawkey. Ensigns Coventry and Anderson, of the Madras Engi- 
 neers, had charge of the gangway guns on board the Astell. At 
 4 P.M. the Minerve shot ahead, and bore down as if to board the 
 Windham. The Windham made sail to strike the French 
 frigate on the larboard quarter, and the Ceylon and Astell closed 
 to co-operate. But the Wifidham, having her sails and rigging 
 greatly damaged, did not possess enough way. Meantime all 
 three kept up an incessant fire on the Minerve. As the latter 
 got out of shot, the Astell hauled sharp up, and passing astern 
 of Windham became headmost ship. 
 
 At 4.30 the Minerve wore with intent to cut off the Windham. 
 No sooner had she hauled to the wind on the starboard tack, than 
 her main and mizen topmasts came down close to the caps A 
 respite was thus afforded. At 6 p.m. the Bellone, followed by 
 the Victor, commenced a heavy fire on the Windham. Passing 
 on, the Bellone took up a position on lee beam of Ceylon, 
 directing her foremost guns at the Astell, while Victor kept up 
 a fire on Windham. At 6.30, while endeavouring to close on
 
 1810.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 431 
 
 the French frigate, Captain Meriton of the Ceylon received a 
 severe grapeshot wound in the neck, and the command devolved 
 on Mr. Widlock Oldham, who, a few minutes after, was severely- 
 wounded, and left the deck in charge of Mr. Tristram Fenning. 
 About 7 p.M , having had her masts, rigging, and sails badly 
 wounded and cut, all her upper-deck, and five of her lower-deck 
 guns disabled, and her hull so badly struck that she made three 
 feet of water an hour, the Ceylon bore up, and ceased firing, 
 passing astern of Bellone, who was still engaging the Windham, 
 close abreast of the Antell to leeward. 
 
 The Windham proposed to the Asiell to board the Bellone, 
 but not understanding, the Aatell put out her lights, and made 
 sail, receiving a heavy parting fire from the frigate. 
 
 At 7.20, the Ceylon being unmanageable, hauled down her 
 colours, and was taken possession of by a boat from the Miner ve. 
 In passing the Windham, the Ceylon hailed that she had struck. 
 The Astell, just before she put out her lights, heard the same, 
 and had then her fore and main masts badly wounded, and her 
 rigging and sails greatly disabled. Windham now being aloue, 
 and finding that her masts and rigging would not admit of her 
 making sail, continued the action, to enable the Astell to escape, 
 and at 7.45 hauled down her colours, and was taken possession 
 of by the Bellone. The Victor pursued the Astell, but the latter 
 got away. 
 
 The Indiamen were each 800 tons, mounted each twenty-six 
 guns, twenty short 18 pounders on gun-deck, six sbort sixes on 
 quarter-deck, and had on board 2-50 troops, 100 lascars, and 
 twelve to twenty seamen. 
 
 La Bellone mounted twenty-eight 1 8-pounders on main deck, 
 twenty 42 pounder carronndes, with two long nines on quarter- 
 deck and forecastle, swivels in the tops, and 400 men. 
 
 Minerve carried thirty 18-pounders, otherwise the same as 
 La Bellone. 
 
 The Victor was armed with twenty 30-pounder carronades.
 
 432 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1810. 
 
 Ceylon lost four seamen, one lascar, and two soldiers killed. 
 The captain, chief mate, seven seamen, one lascar, one 
 lieutenant-colonel (Marriott, 24th), and ten men of 24th 
 wounded, one mortally. Total, eight killed, and twenty 
 wounded. 
 
 Windham lost one seaman, three soldiers, and two lascars 
 killed. Seven soldiers, two lascars, and three officers and six 
 men wounded. Total, six killed, and eighteen wounded. 
 
 Astell had four seamen and four soldiers killed. The captain, 
 fifth mate, nine seamen, one lascar, five cadets, and twenty 
 soldiers wounded. Total, eight killed and thirty-seven wounded. 
 
 Aggregate loss, twenty-two killed and seventy-five wounded. 
 
 Five gentlemen-cadets proceeding to Bengal on the Astell 
 •were wounded ; three of them by a single cannon-ball. Ensign 
 Coventry of the Madras Engineers was one of these. 
 
 The loss of the French was : — 
 
 Bellone, 4 killed and 6 wounded. 
 Minerve, 17 ,, 29 „ 
 
 Victor, 1 „ 3 „ 
 
 Total 22 38 
 
 The Minerve was greatly crippled in the action. 
 In the report sent home, it was stated " great praise was 
 undoubtedly due to the captains, officers, and crews for their 
 gallant defence, nor must we omit the officers in command of 
 troops, and their men, who inflicted a great part of the loss the 
 enemy sustained. 
 
 The East India Company presented each of the captains with 
 £500, and a handsome remuneration to the officers and men. 
 They settled a pension of £460 a year on Captain Hay, and 
 presented £2,000 to officers and crew. Andrew Peters, of the 
 Astell, during the action nailed the pennant* to main-topmast- 
 head, and was killed as he descended. 
 
 * Tb« colours of the Aslell yrera three timea shot awaj.
 
 1810] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 433 
 
 The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty granted the ships' 
 company a protection from impressment for three years. 
 
 On 4th July, the French commodore anchored in the Bay of 
 Johanna to refit. This took him till the 17th, and on the 20th 
 the squadron made the highland at the back of Grand Port in 
 the Isle of France. The Astell arrived in safety at Madras. 
 
 The French squadron, with the two East Indiamen, ran for 
 Grand Port, in Mauritius, at the entrance of which lay the Isle 
 of Passe, occupied and garrisoned by the English. The squadron 
 was surprised by hostile fire from the guns of the fort on the 
 island, as well as from the Nereide. The French, however, made 
 their way into the harbour; but the Windham was cut out from 
 under the batteries of the Black river by a party in boats from 
 the Siriiis. Lieutenant Davies, of Engineers, served with this 
 party. The prize was sent on to Bourbon, and Captain Pym 
 with Captain Willoughby determined to attack the French ships 
 in the harbour. 
 
 On 22nd August they stood in for that purpose. Lieutenant 
 Davies was on board the Sinus, Captain Pym. The Siritifi 
 grounded, and could not get off till next day, when the Iphu/ettia 
 and Mafficienne arrived, under Captains Lambert and Curtis. 
 The French governor reinforced the crews of the French ships 
 with seamen and soldiers, and the batteries on the coast mounted 
 sixty guns. At 5 p.m., on the 23rd, the Magicienne, the Sirius, 
 as well as the Nereide, all grounded. The enemy opened all 
 their guns on the Nereide, Captain Willoughby. 
 
 The fortitude and courage displayed by this ofiBcer and his 
 crew were bevond all praise, and probably have never been 
 surpassed. The Nereide maintained the contest single handed 
 for ten hours. Captain Willoughby lost an eye, and was dread- 
 fully injured in the head At 10.45 p.m., during the action, a 
 boat from the Sirius, with an officer from that frigate, Lieutenant 
 Davies, of Engineers, and Mr. Weits, a middy (whose boat had 
 been sunk before he got well alongside the commodore), reached 
 
 28
 
 434 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE '(Wio. 
 
 the Nereide with a message from Captain Pym, requesting 
 Captain Willoughby to abandon his ship ; but he declared he 
 would neither abandon his men, nor strike the British flag while 
 there was a single man on board able to support it. He fought 
 his ship till nearly all his crew were either killed or wounded. 
 
 First Lieutenant John Burns ; 
 Lieutenant Morlett, 33rd Kegiment ; 
 
 „ Aldwinkle, Marine Artillery ; 
 
 George Trunnins, middy; 
 and eighty-eight seamen, marines, and soldiers killed. 
 Captain Willoughby ; 
 Second Lieutenant Deacon ; 
 Lieutenant Cox, Marines ; 
 One middy ; 
 and 138 seamen, marines, and soldiers wounded. 
 
 Total killed 92 
 
 ,. wounded ... ... 142 
 
 Killed and wounded ... 234 
 
 On the 24th, the Magicienne, being on the point of sinking, 
 was deserted and set on fire. 
 
 On the 25th, the Lphigenia warped out of action, and 
 attempted to extricate the Sirins, but, finding it impracticable, 
 she was abandoned, set on fire, and exploded, while their crews 
 were landed on the Isle of Passe by the Ipihgenia. During this 
 action Lieutenant Davies had charge of the after part of the 
 main deck of the Sirius. 
 
 The Ip/ngenia was with some difficulty warped up to the 
 anchorage of the Isle of Passe. In this situation she lay without 
 the power of removing, while the state of the little garrison at 
 the isle became more forlorn every day, their stock of provisions 
 and water very low, and no prospect of succour. As they were 
 blockaded escape was impossible, and they were compelled to 
 surrender on 29th August, with the proviso that the French
 
 1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 435 
 
 Government would furnish, within a month, a conveyance for 
 crew and garrison to the Cape, or any other British possession. 
 In spite of the pledge given by General Decaen, the prisoners 
 were found in Mauritius three months after, on the capture of 
 the island. Captain Willoughby had remained at Grand Port, 
 as his wound was too severe to allow of removal, and he was 
 treated passably well ; Captains Pym, Lambert, and Curtis, with 
 their officers and men, were removed to Port Louis, and treated 
 in the harshest manner. 
 
 Lieutenant Davies, was, of course, among those taken 
 prisoners, and was in confinement during the progress of the 
 expedition which resulted in the capture of Mauritius. 
 
 The only sliip of the British squadron now left was tlie 
 Boadicea, and Commodore Rowley was unable to prevent the 
 blockade of Bourbon, which was established by the French 
 frigates Astrea and Iphir/enia. 
 
 During the time that the Isle of Passe had been held bv us, 
 Tiieutenant Blakiston and Ensign C. E Trapaud were at Bourbon. 
 
 The necessity of wresting the Mauritius from the French 
 now became more apparent than ever, and preparations were 
 carried on with renewed vigour. 
 
 The Ceylon frigate arrived off the Isle of France, with 
 Lieutenant-General Abercrombie, as well as Ma,jor Caldwell, 
 Madras Engineers, who was Chief Engineer. 
 
 Not having heard of our disaster at Isle of Passe, on reaching 
 Port Louis they were surprised to find none of our blockading 
 squadron, and on looking into the port they saw two of enemy's 
 ships getting under weigh to give chase to Ceylon. 
 
 Captain Gordon, of Ceylon, immediately bore up for Bourbon, 
 but observing that one of the enemy out-sailed the other, thought, 
 by shortening sail, and allowing the headmost vessel to come 
 up, he could beat them in detail. The Ceylun was one of 
 the smallest class of 18-pounder frigates. .After a smart 
 action with the Venus, in which both vessels were dismasted 
 
 28 •
 
 436 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1810. 
 
 and unmanageable, Captain Gordon bad to strike bis colours to 
 tbe Victor sloop, wbich bad arrived, and taken up a raking 
 position under bis stem. In tbe morning tbe Boadicea, attracted 
 by tbe firing, came out from St. Paul's, and pinked up tbe two 
 opponents, Ceylon and Venus, wbicb bad drifted close to tbe 
 island. Tbe Victor got off. 
 
 Tbe Frencb tbus very nearly succeeded in capturing tbe 
 Commander-in Cbief, and Cbief Engineer of tbe expedition. A 
 few days before tbis tbe Africaine (Captain Corbett) made ber 
 appearance off St. Denis. Perceiving two Frencb sbips, be sent 
 overland to Commodore Pym, to inform bim of bis arrival, and 
 proposed to attack tbe enemy. Tbe Commodore lost no time in 
 getting under weigb. Tbe Frencb sbips were eigbt miles 
 distant, but Captain Corbett soon closed witb tbem, being to 
 windward ; not so tbe Boadicea, wbicb bad to work up to wind- 
 ward. About 2 A.M., tbe Africaine found berself between tbe 
 two French sbips, wben it became calm ; and tbe Boadicea four 
 or five miles to leeward. Captain Corbett was killed, and tbe 
 Africaine \.'&k.&[i. In tbe morning tbe Boadicea came up, but tbe 
 breeze wbicb brougbt ber along carried off tbe Frencb frigates, 
 and tbeir prize was abandoned to tbe Commodore, by wbom sbe 
 was towed, dismasted, into St. Pauls. 
 
 Lieutenant Blakiston and Ensign Trapaud assisted Commo- 
 dore Rowley in taking soundings, &c. for tbe attack of tbe 
 Mauritius. 
 
 On l4tb October 1810, Commodore Rowley sailed from St. 
 Paul's to resume tbe blockade of tbe Mauritius, taking witb bim 
 Major-General Abercrombie (wbo was to command the military 
 expedition). 
 
 On 19tb October, be arrived off Port Louis, wben he 
 found tbe whole of tbe enemy s naval force in tbe port. 
 He then proceeded to Rodrigues, and found tbe troops from 
 Bombay bad arrived, followed soon after by those from 
 Madras.
 
 1810.1 MADRAS ENGINEEKS. 437 
 
 In August the troops had left Madras. There were Madras 
 Pioneers attached to the force, and Lieutenant Charles 
 Swanston ^vas sent with them. On arrival at Rodrigues he was 
 attached to the engineer department as an acting engineer. 
 
 Ensign Proby came with the force from Madras. Blakiston 
 was now appointed Captain of Guides. 
 
 Lieutenant Scouler and some of the Madras Pioneers had 
 also been despatched from Bourbon. 
 
 The 22nd November was fixed for the day of departure. The 
 Bengal Division just arrived in time. 
 
 On 28th November, the expedition arrived in sight of the 
 island. 
 
 The fleet consisted of : — 
 
 Illustrious, 74 guns. 
 Cornivallis, 44 guns. 
 Africaine, 38 guns. 
 Boadicea, „ 
 Nixus, „ 
 
 Cloritide „ 
 
 Menelaus, „ 
 Nereide, „ 
 
 Phoebe, 36 guns. 
 Doris, „ 
 
 Cornelia, 32 guns. 
 Psyche, „ 
 
 Ceylon, ,, 
 
 The French had very considerably improved the sea de- 
 fences, but they had to a great extent neglected the land 
 fortifications, of Port Louis. The great obstacle to an attack 
 had always been the supposed impossibility of lauding with 
 any considerable force, owing to the reefs, and want of an- 
 chorage. 
 
 The difficulties had been surmounted by the indefatigable 
 exertions of Commodore Rowley, who, assisted by Lieutenant
 
 438 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810. 
 
 Street, Lieutenant Blakiston, of Madras Engineers, and the 
 masters of Africawe and Boadicea, had sounded and minutely 
 examined every part of the leeward side of the island. It was 
 discovered that a fleet might safely anchor between an islet 
 called Coin de Mire, and the mainland, and that there were 
 several openings in the reef where boats might enter. 
 
 On morning of 29th, the fleet anchored. Soon after, debarka- 
 tion commenced, and in three hours 10,000 men, guns, stores, 
 ammunition, and three days' provisions, were landed. The 
 enemy at once abandoned Malastre — the only fortified place 
 near. Troops were instantly put into motion, and took posses- 
 sion of a thick wood on the road. To obtain this, they had a 
 slight engagement. At midnight they halted, but pushed on 
 before daybreak. 
 
 There was a great deficiency of water, and the way was 
 through thick brushwood, which caused intolerable labour in 
 dragging forward artillery and stores. Two officers and several 
 men died on the march from the extreme heat. About noon, a 
 position was taken up at Moulin- a-Pondre, five miles from Port 
 Louis. In the afternoon, the French General, Decaen, recon- 
 noitred, and surprised a small picket, but he was shortly after 
 driven back. 
 
 Before daybreak the following day, a brigade, under Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel McLeod, attacked some batteries on the sea-coast 
 to our right, and captured them. At 5 the main body was put in 
 motion. It encountered the enemy posted in a strong position 
 with field-pieces. The European flank battalioi.s formed, charged 
 the enemy, and compelled them to retire with the loss of their 
 guns, and many killed and wounded 
 
 Two of our officers fell — Colonel J. Campbell, 33rd, and 
 Major O'Keefe of the Royals. A signal post on a hill, called 
 the Vivebot, was taken possession of, and the British flag hoisted. 
 The weather was still very oppressive, and the troops were 
 greatly exhausted.
 
 (7
 
 1810.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 439 
 
 Next morning preparations were made for an attack, but they 
 were interrupted by a flag of truce, offering to capitulate on the 
 following conditions : — 
 
 '■ Vessels in harbour to be retained." 
 
 " All articles belonging to the Emperor to be retained." 
 
 " Troops and seamen to be sent to France." 
 
 The first two were rejected, but the last most unaccountably 
 accepted. 
 On 3rd December the island was surrendered. 
 The garrison was 1,300 men, including 500 Irishmen, chiefly 
 recruits taken out of Indiamen. 
 
 The Militia amounted to 10,000 men; 209 heavy pieces of 
 ordnance were taken. 
 
 The guns were in excellent order, and batteries fully 
 equipped. 
 
 Our loss in the expedition amounted only to 29 killed, 9!* 
 wounded, and 45 missing ; total 173. 
 The following vessels were captured: — 
 Five French frigates — 
 Bellone, 
 Miner ve, 
 Maniche, 
 Astree, 
 
 Ij)hegenie (late English). 
 Victor (corvette), 
 Entreprenant, and another, 
 
 and several merchant vessels. 
 
 The Bellone and Astree were put into our navy, and the 
 [pheylnie restored to it. The Ncreide was found to be too much 
 battered to be of any use, and was sold to be broken up. 
 
 Major Caldwell, Lieutenant Blakiston, Ensigns Trapaud and 
 Proby, returned to Madras in January and February 1811, but 
 Davies remained for a year as Military and Civil Engineer in
 
 440 MILlTAliY HISTORY OF THE 11810-12. 
 
 the Isle of Bourbon, and did not return to Madras till February 
 1812. 
 
 After the capitulation, Lieutenant Swanston, of the Madras 
 Pioneers, was appointed to make a military survey of the island, 
 including soundings of its harbours and coasts. He finished 
 this work in August 1(S12, and was then sent to England to 
 lay his work before the Duke of York,^ and afford such informa- 
 tion as might be desired. 
 
 Ma-jor-General VVarde warmly eulogized his services, and the 
 Duke of York recommended him in the strongest manner to the 
 Couit of Directors. Lieutenant Swanston was offered a com- 
 pany in the Royal Staff Corps, which he declined, and he was 
 presented by the British Government with a purse of .500 
 guineas. 
 
 * At that time Commander-in-Chief of the British Army.
 
 1809J MADBAS ENGINEERS. 441 
 
 CHAPTER XYI. 
 
 Force in the field to protect Nagpore. — Dispute between Sir George Barlow and 
 officers of the Madras Army producing the so-called Mutiny. — Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Bell, of the Artillery. — Colonel Bell seizes treasure. — Colonel 
 Davies placed in confinement. — Colonel Bell threatens to destroy bridges 
 over the Cauvery. — Troops from Chittledroog march to Seringapatam. 
 — Conference held. — • Fortress surrendered. — Memorial of Madras En- 
 gineers regarding promotion. — -Establishment of a Battalion of Pioneers. 
 — Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia. — Grant and Fotheringham sent 
 to Baghdad, McDonald and Monteith to Bussorah. — Grant and Fothering- 
 ham murdered. — Malcolm visits Futteh Ali Shah. — Sir Gore Ouseley 
 appointed Ambassador by the Crown. — Malcolm desires to leave Persia. 
 — Anxiety of the King for retention of Malcolm. — Order of the Lion 
 and Sun instituted, and conferred on Malcolm. — Malcolm quits Tabreez. 
 — Lieutenants Christie, Ijindsay, and Monteith remain in Persia. — First 
 Engineer officers who passed through Addiscombe College. — The French 
 occupy Java. — British expedition against Java. — Movements of the fleet. — 
 Course of the reconnoitring party. — Mackenzie recommends Chillingching 
 as the landing-place.— Position of troops after debarkation. — Tanjong Priok. 
 — Army crosses Autchol river. — Colonel Gillespie to Wetteroreden. — 
 Extracts from Colonel Gillespie's despatch. — Siege of Cornells. — Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Clarges mortally wounded. — The several columns of attack. — 
 Gillespie captures the advanced redoubt, and crosses the bridge. — Arrival of 
 Colonel Gibbs. — Movements of remaining columns. — Colonel McLeod killed. 
 — Wood's column. — Column under Major Yule. — Total defeat of the enemy. 
 — Our losses. — General Janssens ilies to Buitzonzong. — Extract from Lord 
 Minto's letter to Secretary of State. — Cheribon surrenders, and General 
 Jumel taken prisoner. — Janssens surrenders the island. — Fort Ludowyck 
 surrenders. — Sir S. Auchmuty sets sail for Batavia, en route for Madras. — 
 Hostilities with the Sultan of Mataram, and capture of Djoejocarta. — 
 Subsequent operations of the British forces. — Expedition against Djoejocarta. 
 — Sultan demands our surrender. — The Sultan surrenders. — Gillespie 
 wounded. — Mackenzie ordered to remain in Java by the Commander-in-
 
 442 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1809. 
 
 Chief. — Field force under Colonel Dowse in South Mahratta country. — Four 
 sapperi detained in Java to assist in forming a colonial corps. — Field force 
 at Gooty under Major-General Taylor. — Establishment of European oflBcers 
 of Pioneers revised. — Adjutants appointed to each battahon of Pioneers. — 
 Detachment of Madras Pioneers ordered to Ceylon. — Pioneers employed 
 with Hydrabad subsidiary force under Colonel Doveton. — Force assembled 
 at Gooty for service against Kurnool. — Casualties in Corps of Engineers 
 from December 1810 to December 1816. — Pay of Acting Chief Engineer. — 
 Additions to the Corps. — Major Farquhar at Malacca. — Lieutenant Monteith 
 in Persia.— Lieutenant-General Trapaud's memorial regarding officers of 
 Engineers' exclusion from Staff employ. 
 
 In November 1809, a force was assembled under Colonel Barry 
 Close for service in Nagpore, which was threatened to be invaded 
 by Ameer Khan. It consisted of two brigades of cavalry, and 
 three of infantry. 
 
 A detachment of Madras Pioneers, under Captain Bowes, 
 was attached to this force. 
 
 It occupied Seronge in March 1 810, and remained in the field 
 till May, when Colonel Close returned to Hydrabad, leaving one 
 brigade to watch Berar frontier, and with this brigade one 
 company of Pioneers remained. 
 
 In 1809, the dispute between Sir George Barlow and officers 
 of the Madras army took place. It was due to the tyrannical 
 proceedings of Government; and although nothing could justify 
 the mutinous conduct of the oflBcers, there is no doubt the 
 Governor-General himself considered (as well as the Court of 
 Directors) that the officers had very great cause to complain of 
 the proceedings of the Local Government, 
 
 The causes which produced the conflict were : — 
 
 1st. Depriving the Commander-in-Chief of a seat in 
 Council. 
 
 2nd. Transfer of all important commands to oflficers of 
 
 Royal Army. 
 3rd. Abolition of tent contract. 
 4th. Suspension of Captain Bowles, D.A.G., for carrying 
 
 out orders of Commander-in-Chief.
 
 1809.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 443 
 
 5th. Suspension of Colonel St. Leger, Major De Morgan, 
 Captains Marshall, Cuppage, and Colonel Combes, 
 and supersession of Majors Keasberry, Muirhead, 
 Hazlewood, and Captain Smith, for expressing 
 sympathy 'with Captain Bowles. 
 
 6th. The issuing of instructions by Government requiring 
 all their officers to sign a test pledge engaginEr them 
 to support measures of Government, under a penalty 
 of being sent from their regiments and "interned" 
 on the coast. 
 
 Owing to the refusal of the test pledge, numbers of officers 
 were interned on the coast, and 3U0 of them were sent to Pondi- 
 cherry (amongst them Lieutenant Blakiston). 
 
 Although the crisis became very grave at Hyderabad, Masuli- 
 patam, &c., the only place where the affair became dangerous was 
 at Seringapatam. Lieutenant-Colonel Bell, of Artillery, com- 
 manded. His removal had been ordered by Sir George Barlow 
 for having signed a paper expressing sympathy with theD. A. G. 
 The Honourable Mr. Cole (Resident at Mysore; reported that 
 any attempt to enforce the orders would be met by revolt. 
 
 On 29th July, the garrison of Seringapatam took forcible 
 possession of the treasury, placed 100 men of 80th (part of 
 the garrison) under restraint, and a few days afterwards 
 expelled them. 
 
 Mr. Cole, in unison witli Purneah, the Mysore Prime Minister, 
 took measures for surrounding the island. Colonel Bell stationed 
 guards on the mainland ; and on night of 1st August, he 
 detached a company of Native Infantry to seize treasure 
 (120,000 rupees) which was passing. The only troops on whom 
 Mr. Cole could rely, were 2oth Light Dragoons and 59th Foot, 
 and these were at Mandia, fifteen miles north of Seringapatam. 
 
 Meanwhile, the officers at the Mount bad signed the test ; and 
 Colonel Davies, commanding at Mysore, had gone to Seringa- 
 patam to get the same thing done there.
 
 444 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1809. 
 
 He was placed in confinement for a few hours, and then 
 released without a reply. 
 
 On 2nd August, the garrison took the Paymaster's treasure 
 (45,000 rupees), and on the same night sent 500 men with guns 
 to meet and escort two Native corps from Chittledroog (garrison 
 of Seringapatam consisted of two Native regiments, 200 or 300 
 artillery, and 100 men of the 80th). Mr. Cole sent 1,000 
 Mysore Horse to harass this detachment, and sent to Bangalore 
 to expedite the troops from that station. At first Colonel Gibbs, 
 commanding at Bangalore, refused to send European troops 
 without orders from the Government of Madras. 
 
 On 5th August, Mr. Cole received a letter from Colonel Bell, 
 betraying a desire to come to terms. Mr. Cole offered oblivion 
 of the past on condition that the officers of the garrison should 
 sign the test, which they would not accept The two battalions 
 at Chittledroog plundered the treasury of 80,000 rupees, and 
 having been reinforced by a third corps, began their march to 
 Seringapatam. Mr. Cole despatched 1,500 peons with match- 
 locks, and 3,000 Silladar horse, to manoeuvre between them, and 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 Colonel Bell had meantime stored grain for several months, 
 and wrote to Mr. Cole, threatening to destroy the bridges over 
 the Cauvery. 
 
 The three battalions were met on 7th August by the armed 
 Peons and Mysore horse, who fell back before them. They 
 reached the neighbourhood of Seringapatam on 10th August. 
 The Mysore Irregulars were here joined by 25th Dragoons, 
 H.M.'s 59th, a detachment of Native Cavalry, and a Native 
 battalion, whose officers had been " interned '' on the coast. The 
 Mysore Plorse advanced ; they were fired on and repulsed. The 
 25th then came up. The men of the battalions had been ordered 
 not to fire on the Europeans, and they dispersed at once ; made 
 for a part of the river commanded by fire of the fort, and 
 most of them succeeded in entering Seringapatam.
 
 180&-10.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 445 
 
 The commandant was wounded, and made prisoner, and one 
 oflScer killed. 
 
 Colonel Gibb's encampment was cannonaded from the fort 
 during the night, and compelled to move Of the three battalions, 
 9 were killed, 150 wounded, and 281 missing. 
 
 On 14th August, a conference was held between Colonel 
 Davies, on one side, and Lieutenant-Colonel Bell and two other 
 officers (Captain Cadell, and De Havilland, of Madras Engi- 
 neers) on the other. The result was unsatisfactory. The 
 officers of the Hydrabad Contingent now yielded, and signed 
 the test. 
 
 This paper reached Mr. Cole on 18th, and he sent it to the 
 "officers composing the garrison " of Seringapatam. 
 
 On morning of 21st, two officers from fort came to Mysore 
 under a flag of truce (Captain De Havilland of Engineers, and 
 Captain Cadell). 
 
 They were received by Mr. Cole and Colonel Davies. They 
 stated that an address similar to the Hyderabad address was 
 being signed, and urged that hostilities should cease. To this, 
 it was replied, that beyond a cessation of hostilities during the 
 night, they would listen to nothing except " the actual delivery 
 of fort and arms,'' and that they would hold no communications 
 with Colonel Bell. The following day the address and test was 
 signed, and on 23rd, the fortress and arms were surrendered. 
 
 Colonel Bell was tried by a court-martial, and cashiered ; also 
 three other officers. 
 
 Remainder were given the option of leaving the service, or 
 being tried. 
 
 They accordingly left the service, but were subsequently 
 restored. 
 
 List of Oficers iv/io were Tried or Dismissed 
 
 1. Lieutenant-Colonel Bell, commanding at Seringapatam. 
 Cashiered, March 8, 18 ;o.
 
 446 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1810. 
 
 2. Lieutenant-Colonel John Doveton, commanding Detach- 
 ment of Hydrabad Subsidiary Force. Dismissed ; restored, 
 afterwards Major-General, C.B. 
 
 3. Major Joseph Stoney, commanding at Masulipatam Dis- 
 missed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died 1818. 
 
 4. Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Munro, at Seriogapatam. Dis- 
 missed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died 1817 
 
 5. Major Kenny, at Seringapatam. Dismissed, restored, 
 afterwards Colonel Commanding ; died 1829. 
 
 6. Captain J. F. De Havilland, Engineers, at Seringapatam. 
 Dismissed ; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel, retired 
 1825. 
 
 7. Captain George Cadell, Town Major at Seringapatam. 
 Dismissed; restored, afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel: retired 
 1827. 
 
 8. Captain Hugh Macintosh, marched from Chittledroog. 
 Dismissed ; not restored. 
 
 9. Captain F. K. Aiskill, marched from Chittledroog. Dis- 
 missed ; not restored. 
 
 10. Captain A. Andrews, M.E., at Masulipatam. Dismissed; 
 restored, afterwards Colonel and C.B., 1829. 
 
 11. Captain James Patterson, at Samulcottah. Dismissed; 
 not restored. 
 
 12. Captain George Wahab, at Chicacole. Dismissed; re- 
 stored, afterwards Major-General, 1837. 
 
 13. Captain James Sadler, at Ellore. Dismissed; restored; 
 killed, 27th November 1817, at Nagpore. 
 
 14. Captain J. L. Lushington, at Jaulna. Dismissed ; re 
 stored, afterwards K.C.B. and Cieneral Director of E. I. C, 
 1827. 
 
 15. Captain A. McLeod, at Jaulna. Dismissed; restored, 
 afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel, 1820; died 1825. 
 
 16. Captain C. Hopkinson, Artillery, at Jaulna. Dismissed; 
 restored, afterwards Sir C. Hopkinson, C.B , retired 1829. 
 
 17. Captain G. W. Poignard, at Jaulna. Dismissed; re- 
 stored ; died 1820.
 
 1810.] 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 447 
 
 18. Captain Gibson, at Jaulna. Dismissed; restored, after- 
 wards Major ; died, 1814. 
 
 It). Captain Thomas Pollock, at Jaulna. Dismissed ; restored, 
 afterwards Major-General and C.B , 1<S37. 
 
 20. Major Mathew Stewart, at Jaulna Dismissed; restored, 
 afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel ; died, 1818. 
 
 21. Captain John Turner, at Seringapatam. Died before trial 
 came oflF. 
 
 Captain De Havilland was reappointed September 1812. 
 
 On 8th November 1810, the Government received a letter 
 from the Honourable Court of Directors, in which it was 
 stated : — 
 
 " We have taken into consideration the memorial of the 
 Engineer oflBcers, and being satisfied that the promotion in that 
 Corps has not kept pace with that of the other branches of the 
 military service, we have resolved upon the following establish- 
 ment for the Engineers '■ — 
 
 1 Colonel ... 
 
 2 Lieutenant-Colonels 
 
 2 Majors 
 9 Captains .. 
 8 Lieutenants 
 8 Ensigns .., 
 
 30 
 
 1 Colonel. 
 
 1 Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 1 Major. 
 
 4 Captains. 
 
 4 Captain-Lieutenants. 
 
 8 Lieutenants. 
 
 8 Ensisns. 
 
 27 
 
 " The establishment is to be considered as having effect from 
 Istj January 180G, but the officers of Engine. -rs wlio are pro- 
 moted in consequence are to receive only the difference of pay 
 from that (?) date." 
 
 When this order was promulgated, the Engineer Corps con- 
 sisted of the following : — 
 
 Colonel Trapaud. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Norris. 
 „ Lennon.
 
 448 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE [WlO. 
 
 Major Mackenzie. 
 
 ,, Caldwell. 
 Captain Blair, Brevet-Major. 
 „ Farquhar (Malacca). 
 „ R. Fotheringham. 
 „ Cleghorne. 
 „ De Havilland. 
 „ Cotgrave. 
 „ J. Fotheringham. 
 „ Torriano. 
 „ Fraser. 
 „ Ravenshaw. 
 Lieutenant Arthur. 
 „ Garrard. 
 
 „ Blakiston. 
 
 „ Mackintosh. 
 
 „ Milbourne. 
 
 „ Monteith. 
 
 „ Trapaud 
 
 „ Davies. 
 
 Ensign Fullarton. 
 „ C. Nattes. 
 
 D. Sim. 
 „ Coventry. 
 „ Anderson. 
 
 Proby. 
 „ Grant 
 Casualties between 1803 and 1810 : — 
 
 Sydenham, resigned, 13th January 1808. 
 Bradley, lost on Lady Jane Dundas, 14th March 1809. 
 De Havilland, dismissed, 0th April 1810. 
 Russell, resigned, 13th January 1810. 
 Rowley, died, 28th June 1803. 
 Russell built the Residency at Hydrabad. When Sydenham 
 (brother of Benjamin Sydenham of Madras Engineers) resigned 
 the post of Resident, Samuel Russell accompanied him to
 
 isiai 
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 449 
 
 Poona He returned, however, from Poona to Hydrabad witli 
 Mr. H. Russell, who had been transferred from Poona as Resi- 
 dent. In January 1810, Samuel Russell resigned the service, 
 and joined the mercantile house of William Palmer at Hvdra- 
 bad. In August 1810, the house consisted of — 
 
 William Palmer, Hastings Palmer, Bunketty Doss, Samuel 
 Russell, and William Currie. 
 
 In 1813, Samuel Russell left the firm with twelve lacs of 
 rupees, half of which he had brought into the house. 
 
 In October 1810, the establishment of a battalion of Pioneers 
 was fixed as follows : — 
 3 Captains 
 
 -4 Subalterns 
 
 1 Assistant-Surgeon 
 
 8 Jemadars 
 
 1 Sergeant-Major 
 24 Havildars 
 24 Naigues 
 700 Privates 
 
 9 Puckallies 
 
 8 European oflBcers. 
 8 Native officers. 
 758 Non-commissioned offi- 
 cers and men. 
 
 Attached to the battalion were a few Maistry bricklavers, 
 stone-cutters, sawyers, carpenters, &c., amounting to twenty- 
 eight, besides two dressers and two toties. 
 
 In October 1809, Lieutenant William Monteith, of Engineers 
 was attached to Sir John Malcolm's Mission to Persia, after 
 having been Adjutant of Engineers for a year and three- 
 quarters. 
 
 The Mission did not start from Bombay till 1 0th Januarv 
 1810, in the Psyche, James Sibbald, and other vessels. 
 
 Malcolm's stafi" consisted of — 
 
 Captain Charles Pasley, Secretary. 
 Lieutenant Steward, First Assistant. 
 H. Ellis, Esq., Second Assistant. 
 A. Jukes, Esq., Tiiird Assistant 
 
 29
 
 450 :,IILITAIIY HIS'lORY OF THE [1810. 
 
 Lieutenant J. Briggs, Supernumerary. 
 
 „ McDonald, 
 
 „ Little, „ 
 
 Surgeon Colbourn. 
 „ Cormick. 
 Captain Grant, commanding Escort. 
 Lieutenant Frederick, attached to Escort. 
 
 „ Martin, „ 
 
 „ Lindsay, „ 
 
 „ Johnson, „ 
 
 ,, Fotberingham, ,, 
 
 „ William Monteith, Madras Engineers. 
 
 Lieutenant Christie and Ensign Pottinger had previously 
 started from Bombay. 
 Escort consisted of — 
 
 26 Madras Horse Artillery. 
 14 17th Light Dragoons. 
 48 Bombay Native Infantry. 
 
 On 26th January, they arrived off Muscat, and entered 
 Bushire 13th February. 
 
 On 8th April, the King's firman was received ; and on the 
 15th, Malcolm commenced his march to the capital. 
 
 Ti'avelling more than twenty miles daily, they approached 
 Shiraz on 27tli April. Soon after his arrival at Bushire, 
 Malcolm had sent two officers to Baghdad and two others to 
 Bussorah. 
 
 To Baghdad, Captain Grant and Lieutenant Fotberingham. 
 
 To Bussorah, Captain McDonald and Lieutenant Monteith. 
 
 They were sent in search of information regarding the countries 
 through which they travelled. Captain Grant and Lieutenant 
 Fotberingham were murdered on their way from Baghdad to 
 join Malcolm on his way to the capital. They travelled by a 
 different route from that which Malcolm had indicated, and their 
 road lay through a defile infested by a robber gang.
 
 1810.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 451 
 
 They were met by the robber chief, who persuaded them to 
 alight and refresh. Grant was shot dead ; the rest were seized 
 and carried about as prisoners for four days. Then Kelb Ali, 
 the chief, separated the Christians from the Mussalmani, allowed 
 the latter to go, but, when Fotheringham and three of his 
 servants refused to become Mussalmani, shot them dead. 
 
 On the 6th May, Malcolm heard of this disaster, to his great 
 grief. 
 
 The next day, McDonald and Monteith arrived safe (although 
 Malcolm had considered their journey the more dangerous). 
 
 On 16th May, Malcolm and suite left Shiraz 
 
 On 5th June, they left Ispahan, and marched by stages of 
 twenty- five or thirty miles. 
 
 The royal camp was now at Sultanieh, the King and Crown 
 Prince being engrossed with the war against Russia. Sir 
 Harford Jones, the Crown Ambassador, was with the royal 
 camp. 
 
 Malcolm neared the royal camp on 21st June. 
 
 On the 23rd, he paid his first ceremonial visit to Futteh Ali 
 Shah, and was most graciously received. 
 
 On 1st July, Malcolm exhibited his presents ; and next day 
 Futteh Ali broke up his camp, and marched to the great plain 
 in the vicinity of Tabreez. Malcolm with his suite followed. 
 
 Sir Harford Jones here put into Malcolm's hand some 
 despatches from England, from which it appeared that the Home 
 Government had still determined to regulate our relations with 
 Persia, and had appointed Sir Gore Ouseley Ambassador to the 
 Court of Teheran. Malcolm saw at once his occupation was 
 at an end, and that he could no longer remain at the Persian 
 Court in a recognised official position. 
 
 The King and Abbas Meerza, the Crown Prince, desired Mal- 
 colm to remain to aid with his advice. At this time, the 
 Russians had seized on Mekeri, a strong fort on the north bank 
 of the Arras, about fifty miles from Tabreez. Malcolm told Abbas 
 
 29 *
 
 4.52 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE nsio. 
 
 Meerza that he would visit his camp at Tabreez, and offer 
 advice ; besides giving him some English officers and expert 
 officers. He also promised that Macdonald and Monteith should 
 reconnoitre Mekeri, and bring back exact intelligence of the 
 strength of the Eussian position. 
 
 Malcolm was again summoned to the presence of the King. 
 The King asked him to stop as long as he could at Tabreez, 
 and said he would always be his first favourite among 
 Europeans. 
 
 A new order was instituted, to be conferred on Malcolm. A 
 lion couchant, and a sun rising on his back (the Order of the 
 Lion and Sun — K. L. S.). He was also made a " Sepahdar," 
 or General in the Persian service. Abbas Meerza was very 
 much disappointed at Malcolm's departure, and tried his utmost 
 to induce him to remain. 
 
 The 15th July was fixed on for Malcolm's audience of leave. 
 The King sent'him a sword, and a horse ; and a firman appointed 
 him Khan and Sepahdar of Persian Empire. 
 
 On 23rd July, Malcolm quitted Tabreez ; and on 20th 
 August, found himself on the banks of the Tigris. 
 
 At Baghdad they were detained for some days, by a revolt in 
 the city, and were entertained by Mr. Rich, the Resident ; Mrs. 
 Rich, daughter of Sir James Macintosh. 
 
 About the middle of October, Malcolm left Baghdad, and 
 dropping down the Tigris, reached Bussorah on the 25th. 
 
 On the 29th, Malcolm left in the Ternate cruiser, for 
 Bombay, and reached that place on 29th November. Lieutenants 
 Christie, Lindsay, and Monteith, belonging to Malcolm's Staff, 
 remained in Persia. 
 
 Further on, the services of these officers in Persia will be 
 alluded to. 
 
 Lieutenants Sim, Coventry, Anderson, Proby, and Grant, 
 appear to have been the first Madras engineers who passed 
 through Addiscombe. 'They were reported qualified on 29th
 
 1810-110 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 463 
 
 December 1809. The Court of Directors, in a letter dated 23rd 
 January 1811, wrote: — 
 
 " We shall hereafter look solely to our own establishment for 
 a sufficient number of well-educated young men for our corps 
 of Artillery and Engineers." 
 
 Two public examinations were resolved on yearly — one in 
 April, the other in October. The Court determined "to select 
 a certain proportion of the most promising, who were reported 
 qualified, especially for the Engineers." 
 
 On the annexation of Holland to France, Java became a 
 French possession. 
 
 General Daendels, one of the most active and intelligent 
 ofl&cers of the French service, was appointed Governor. He 
 immediately began to prepare for any attack the British might 
 make. His powers were unlimited, and he had 20,000 troops at 
 his disposal. At a heavy charge, roads were constructed through 
 the island, and Fort Ludowyck was erected to command the 
 straits between Java, and Madura. The seat of Government 
 was removed to the suburbs of Batavia, where the new fortifi- 
 cations assisting the natural advantages of the position, seemed 
 to render the settlement impregnable. 
 
 Daendels did not confine his attention to defence alone, but 
 threatened the Moluccas and Spice islands. Had the French 
 continued much longer in the absolute command of Java, they 
 would have been in a position to sweep the seas, and seriously 
 annoy our settlements. 
 
 The subversion of this power became, therefore, an imperious 
 duty on the part of the Indian Government ; and this was 
 happily accomplished under the direction of Lieutenant-General 
 Sir Samuel Auchmuty. 
 
 The expedition destined against Java having completed its 
 preparations, the first division of the Madras force sailed from
 
 454 MILITAKY HISTOBY OF THE [18H. 
 
 Madras, under command of Colonel Kobert Gillespie, on 18th 
 April 1811, under convoy of the Caroline (Captain Cole). 
 
 The remainder followed on the 30th, under Major-General 
 Wetherall, under convoy of Phaeton. 
 
 The day after their departure, a tremendous hurricane came 
 on. All the vessels in the Madras roads, including H.M.S. 
 Dover, were driven on shore ; but the transports (fifteen in 
 number) having left in good time, escaped. The last of the 
 transports carrying horses was in great distress. Out of sixty 
 horses she lost forty-three, many of which it was absolutely 
 necessary to destroy by cutting their throats, to enable the sea- 
 men to close the ports. But the chief part died from 
 suffocation, from the hatches having been battened down. 
 
 On 18th May, the 1st Division anchored in Penang Harbour, 
 which was the first rendezvous. Three days afterwards, the 
 2nd Division arrived. 
 
 On 24th May, the expedition sailed for Malacca, which it 
 reached on 1st June. The Bengal troops had arrived some five 
 or six weeks before, and were encamped along the shore* 
 
 Directly the Madras troops arrived, those from Bengal re-em- 
 barked. Lieutenant- Colonel Colin Mackenzie, Chief Engineer, 
 and Lieutenant Blakiston, of Engineers, were directed to pro- 
 ceed to the Coast of Java, for the purpose of ascertaining the 
 proper point of debarkation. 
 
 They got under weigh on evening of 8th June, in the Phoenix 
 Government yacht, accompanied by the Naiitiltis. The same 
 day, the 1st division of Bengal troops weighed and sailed in 
 company. 
 
 On I3th June, the engineers parted company with the fleet, 
 which went through the Straits of Singapore ; while the 
 engineers pursued the southern passage through the straits of 
 Dryon. 
 
 After passing the Straits of Singapore, the fleet stood for 
 Borneo, passed Timbalan and a number of other islands,
 
 1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 455 
 
 coasting along at a distance of twenty to fifty miles from the 
 west coast of Borneo, and arrived on 3rd July at the High 
 Islands. 
 
 They left a week afterwards, having taken in a good supply 
 of water, sailed through a cluster of islands, leaving Carramata 
 on the right and Borneo on the left ; and on 20th July reached 
 Point Sambar, extremity of south-west corner of Borneo. 
 
 Meantime, the two vessels with the engineers made the 
 island of Banca on 2 1st June; but, owing to the Nautilus 
 having sprung her main-mast, they did not reach the island of 
 Palambangan till the 29th. Here the engineers removed on 
 board H.M.'s sloop Baracouta (Captain Owen), and made sail 
 for Java. 
 
 On the 11th July, they got sight of the lofty mountain 
 of Cheribon, in Java; shortly after they made Bumkin island; 
 and on the 13th, anchored alongside H.M.S. Leda, in Batavia 
 Roads. 
 
 On the 14th, the engineers (Colonel Mackenzie and Lieu- 
 tenant Blakiston) left the ship with four boats belonging to 
 the Leda and Baracouta, with thirty men, besides seamen, to 
 reconnoitre the coast to east of Tangong Priok. Tlie engineers 
 dressed themselves as seamen. " Colonel Mackenzie, who stood 
 six feet two inches, cut a most ludicrous figure in jacket and 
 trousers belonging to the Captain, which reached about half- 
 way down his long limbs." 
 
 They landed to the east of the Maronde river ; but finding 
 themselves on an island, they dropped lower down, and landed 
 near Cliillingching. Previous to landing they picked up a 
 market boat, the headman of which, a Chinese, they took on 
 shore, as a guide. Close to the spot where they landed, was a 
 road, apparently leading to the village. The guide objected to 
 take this road, as there was a ditch in the way, and the bridge 
 over it was broken ; but he pointed out a path to the right. 
 Colonel Mackenzie resolved to be guided by him. After having
 
 466 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811 
 
 gone a quarter of a mile to the right, they struck to the 
 left, crossing a swamp, and fell into the road close to the 
 village. 
 
 They were just on the point of entering the street, when a 
 French officer sallied out, followed by a large party of soldiers. 
 As the engineers had only four men with them, and being 
 themselves unarmed, they at once took to their heels, closely 
 followed by the enemy, who fired smartly at them. On reaching 
 the seaside they found only a few marines of the Leda. They 
 drew them up at the end of the avenue ; but, as the enemy 
 appeared to be in force, and it was thought fruitless to attempt 
 to face them, they retreated at once to the boats. 
 
 The marine officer, with men of 69th, was about 300 or 400 
 yards to the right, and being out of the way, their retreat was 
 cut off, and they were made prisoners. While the engineers 
 were making for the boats, three of those that escaped were 
 wounded. 
 
 This was no doubt a scheme to draw them into an ambuscade ; 
 and if the officer commanding had been a little more patient and 
 allowed them to advance into the village, they would have 
 succeeded in capturing Mackenzie and Blakiston While they 
 were pulling off from the shore, Blakiston had a narrow escape 
 from a musket-ball that lodged in the oar which crossed his 
 body exactly opposite to the pit of his stomach. 
 
 On the 1 6th they weighed, and stood to the east to make 
 observations regarding the coast. 
 
 On the 24th they anchored in the Cheribon roads, and 
 reconnoitred the town and beach, by rowing along within 
 musket-shot for a few miles. They then proceeded to cruise off 
 Indermaya, and on 26th July fell in with the Modesto and Leda 
 frigates. 
 
 Colonel Mackenzie and Lieutenant Blakiston shifted their 
 quarters to the Leda, and to the end of the month they 
 employed themselves in exploring the Indermaya river, up
 
 1811] MADRAB ENGINEERS. 45 
 
 ■which they rowed a considerable distance without any 
 interruption. 
 
 On 1st August they fell in with the Baracoiita, and were 
 informed that the expedition had arrived two days before at 
 Bumkiu Island, and was to sail that morning to the west. They 
 immediately made sail, overtook the fleet before dark, and 
 at ouce went on board the Akhar to see Sir Samuel Auch- 
 muty. 
 
 The fleet had left Point Sambar for Java on 27th July, had 
 reached Boompie's Island on the 30th, waited till 2nd August, 
 and then proceeded towards Batavia. 
 
 Colonel Mackenzie recommended that a landing was most 
 advisable at Chillingching, ten miles from Batavia. 
 
 On 3rd August the squadron made Cape Caramong. Early 
 next morning they ran in for the mouth of the INIaronde river, 
 and before 4, being ofi" Chillingching, the troops commenced 
 to land. 
 
 The advance was commanded by Colonel Gillespie. 
 
 Captain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers. 
 
 The line was commanded by General Wetherall. 
 
 The reserve by Colonel Wood. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was Chief Engineer. 
 
 Lieutenant Blakiston, of ^ladras Engineers, was Aide-de- 
 Camp to the General Sir Samuel Auchmuty, and Major 
 Farquhar, Madras Engineers, was in charge of the Guides and 
 Intelligence Department. The other Madras Engineers with 
 the army were : — 
 
 Lieutenant Garrard, Adjutant. 
 
 Ensign FuUarton (was left sick at Malacca). 
 
 ,, Proby. 
 
 ,, Coventry. 
 
 ,, Anderson. 
 Sim.
 
 458 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811 
 
 The army consisted of : — j^ q 0. and 
 
 Officers. Privates. 
 
 European force ... ... 200 ... 5,144 
 
 Native force 124 ... 5,653 
 
 Pioneers, &c. ... ... ... — ... 839 
 
 324 + 11,636 
 Grand total ... ... 11,960 
 
 Of these 1,200 were left sick at Malacca, and 1,500 more 
 were sick when they landed in Java, so that only 9,260 were 
 fit for service. 
 
 The landing-pomt being considered by the enemy of great 
 difficulty, on account of natural obstacles, was left unguarded 
 and the debarkation was effected without loss, there being no 
 opposition. 
 
 Before night, the whole of the infantry, with their guns, 
 were on shore ; advanced posts were pushed on two miles, and 
 the troops formed in two lines — one fronting Batavia, the other 
 Cornelis. 
 
 On the 5th, the horse artillery and cavalry were landed, the 
 position of the army was advanced towards Batavia, and the 
 advance took post at Suyraimah, six miles on the road to Cor- 
 nelis. The beat was excessive, and several cases of coups de soleil 
 occurred. On this night. Captain Dixon and Lieutenant 
 Blakiston were directed to ascertain the practicability of fording 
 the Autchol river at its mouth. They found the passage imprac- 
 ticable, and in attempting to ford the river stuck so fast in the 
 mud that they extricated themselves with difficulty. Had it 
 not been lor some fishing stakes, by which they were enabled 
 in some degree to support themselves, they must have been 
 drowned. When they came out they were covered with black 
 mud, almost from head to foot. 
 
 On 7th August, the infantry of the advance crossed the Autchol 
 river, at 10 P.M., over a bridge of boats, rowed in after dark by
 
 1811.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 459 
 
 the naval officers. The troops could only pass in single file. 
 By midnight all had crossed, and at dawn the advance was 
 posted near the suburbs, one mile from the town. 
 
 The line was moved forward to the river, while the reserve 
 remained at Chillingching. 
 
 On 8th August, the town of Batavia was summoned by 
 Captains Tylden and Dixon, A.D C. to Commander-in-Chief. 
 They returned with the Mayor Hillebrink, who had been deputed 
 by the burghers to crave our protection. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief not having full information as to 
 position of the enemy, ordered a small party to enter the town, 
 and feel their way cautiously. In the evening, Colonel Gillespie, 
 with the advance, entered the town. Captain Robinson, Aide- 
 de-Camp to I^ord Minto,* carried a summons to General 
 Janssens to surrender the island. He returned with the reply 
 that General Janssens would defend his charge to the last. 
 
 At II p,M., the troops were silently called out, and ordered to 
 lie on their arms in the Grand Square. Scarcely had they 
 reached the square, when the head of the enemy's column 
 appeared. Firing was heard in all directions, and Colonel 
 Gillespie sallied out on the west side of the city, with the view of 
 taking the enemy in flank ; this movement succeeded, and the 
 enemy withdrew. The troops continued under arms all night, and 
 next day some horse artillery and dragoons joined the garrison. 
 
 On 10th August, at 2 a.m., an incendiary was taken in the 
 act of firing wooden magazines, containing powder. He was 
 hanged the next day. 
 
 On the same day, the army prepared to cross the Autchol river ; 
 while tlie advance marched, under Colonel Gillespie, towards Wet- 
 tervreden, through Molenleet — 1,000 Europeans and 4 50 Natives, 
 
 An attempt was made to poison Colonel Gillespie and his 
 Staff. His quarters were kept by a Frenchman, who had been a 
 menial servant of General Daendels. Just before starting, the 
 
 * Lord Minto was Governor-General of India,
 
 460 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE Uen. 
 
 officers had called for coffee, and this man had poisoned it with 
 some drug. It had such an immediate effect, that Colonel 
 Gillespie and the whole of his Staff became violently sick. 
 The results were not, however, serious ; perhaps owing to the 
 free use of the poisou, which at once induced the vomiting. 
 
 The fellow had a cup poured down his own throat, though 
 very much against his will. It produced the same effect on him, 
 only a little more powerful. The important work the troops 
 were engaged in prevented a further examination into this 
 abominable act. The man afterwards got off to America. 
 
 At break of day they arrived at Wettervreden, and found it 
 abandoned ; enemy having retired to their strong position a 
 mile further. The enemy's right was protected by the Sloken, 
 and marshy ground, and the left by the Great river. Pepper 
 plantations concealed their line. The road to Cornells had been 
 blocked with abattis, and behind this the enemy had placed four 
 horse-artillery guns, which opened fire Enemy's infantry 
 occupied villages and woods right and left of the high road, 
 and kept up a smart fire. Enemy's guns were answered, and 
 dispositions made for turning the enemy's flanks. This object 
 was effected, the villages occupied by the enemy were fired, 
 and the British troops charged the guns at the point of the 
 bayonet. 
 
 The action lasted two hours. Enemy was completely defeated, 
 with loss of their guns, and a large number of killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners. 
 
 General Jumel commanded the post ; General Janssens, the 
 Commander-in-Chief, being at Struiswyk. 
 
 Colonel Gillespie, at the head of a squadron of 22nd Dragoons, 
 pressed upon the fugitives, who were followed close to Cornells. 
 
 This affair was highly creditable to the troops, especially the 
 89th, and the grenadier company of 78th, who charged the 
 guns. 
 
 As a consequence of this, the enemy shut themselves up in
 
 1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 461 
 
 their works Their loss was 500 men, and four horse-artillery 
 guns. 
 
 In this action, Captain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers. 
 Extract from Colonel Gillespie's despatch : — 
 " I have also to thank . . and Captains Smithwaite and 
 McCraith, of the Madras Pioneers, for their support during the 
 affair." 
 
 "I have to return thanks to Captains Dixon and Blakiston 
 (Madras Engineers), from whom I experienced every assistance, 
 and whose conduct has been most gallant." 
 Our loss was : — 
 
 Officers killed ... ... ... 2 
 
 Men „ ... ... ... 16 
 
 Officers wounded ... ... ... 7 
 
 Men „ ... ... ... 66 
 
 Man missing ... ... ... 1 
 
 Grand total ... 92 
 
 The following description of enemy's fortified position of 
 Cornelis, is by Lieutenant Blakiston, of Engineers: — 
 
 " It consisted of a parallelogram, about a mile and a half 
 long, and 800 yards broad, lying between what was called the 
 Great river, and the Sloken rivulet, which ran parallel with each 
 other, and were connected at each end of the position by a deep 
 ditch or cut. Behind each of these cuts, at a short distance, 
 were regular intrenchments, extending from river to river, and 
 along the bank of the Sloken, as well as at tlie two ends of the 
 position, strong square redoubts were placed at regular distances. 
 About the middle of the lines was a small brick fort, which 
 served as a kind of citadel ; and outside the Sloken, nearly 
 opposite to the centre of the position, was an advanced redoubt, 
 for the purpose of securing a rising ground, which commanded 
 a part of the lines. This position ran nearly north and south ; 
 and we approached it from the north.
 
 462 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811. 
 
 The position was a most formidable one, both from the 
 difficulty of getting at it, and from the construction of the works 
 by which it was defended." 
 
 " It was determined to open batteries against it, the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief not judging it prudent to hazard an assault in 
 the present state of things; and the engineers were directed to 
 prepare the necessary materials with the utmost despatch, while 
 the Ordnance Department were employed in landing the batter- 
 ing train and stores required for siege." 
 
 " On the 14th August, we broke ground opposite to the north 
 end of the enemy's position, where a small drain, in rear of our 
 picquets, was turned into a parallel. 
 
 "During the 15th and 16 th, our working parties completed the 
 parallel, and opened a trench to the rear. They were also 
 employed in making a road through the pepper-grounds, from 
 the position occupied by our advance^ so that guns, ammu- 
 nition, &c. might be transported unperceived by the enemy. 
 
 " On the 18th, a trench was opened from the parallel, to com- 
 municate with the spot intended for our principal battery ; and 
 on the 19th, the parallel was extended to left of high road, in 
 order to cover the troops intended to protect our left flank. A 
 bridge was also thrown across the Great river, near our advanced 
 position, and a post established on opposite bank. At night we 
 were threatened with an inundation of our trenches, which proved 
 of no consequence. 
 
 " The enemy had attempted to fill the ditch in front of their 
 lines connecting the Sloken and Great river, and the surplus 
 water had found its way into our trenches. It filled our left 
 parallel before we could stop it ; but a dam was soon made, 
 which prevented its further progress." 
 
 " On the 20th, just after sunset, we began the erection of 
 three batteries — one for twelve 18-pounders, a second for eight 
 18-pounders, and the last for four mortars and three howitzers. 
 We failed to complete them before day break. These batteries
 
 1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 463 
 
 were 600 yards from the enemy's works. No. 1 battery was 
 intended to play on left of intrenchments, and one redoubt that 
 overlooked them. No 2, on left of No. 1, was intended to play 
 into their works ; and No. 3 was still further to the left, aud 
 east of the road." 
 
 "The batteries were completed on night of the yist. The 
 guns were brought up by the sailors, and mounted early in the 
 morning of the 22nd, when the enemy made a sortie." 
 
 " A body of their troops was concealed in the low jungle in 
 front, and a strong column was sent to turn our left. The right 
 column lost its way in the dark, and their left, getting impatient, 
 rushed to the attack. They gained momentary possession of 
 one battery, but were immediately driven back by 59th, and 
 78th ; while the other column, marching all night, found them- 
 selves at day-break near the place from which they had set out. 
 But not to be disappointed, they attacked in front. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Clarges, of 69th, advanced against them, and they 
 shortly retired, but not before they had mortally wounded 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Clarges. The enemy being foiled in their 
 attacks, opened a tremendous fire from their redoubts with about 
 forty pieces, 24- and 32-pounders. Six of our officers were 
 killed, and four wounded, besides sixty-seven Europeans and 
 twenty-nine Natives killed and wounded. Amongst the officers 
 were 
 
 Lieutenant Shepherd, Madras Pioneers, killed 
 
 Ensign McLeod, „ ,, mortally wounded. 
 
 " On the 23rd, the enemy were busily engaged in making 
 parapets and erecting other batteries. At 8 on morning of 
 24th our batteries opened fire, and a severe cannonade continued 
 nearly all day. Their nearest redoubt was repeatedly silenced, 
 and before the close of the day most of their batteries were 
 damaged, and many guns dismounted. The enemy's fire 
 enfiladed the avenue from Struiswyk. A new pathway was 
 therefore cut through the betel plantations, but their Hie being
 
 464 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811. 
 
 directed on this also, obliged us to move along the winding 
 banks of the Great river." 
 
 On the 24th, we had one officer killed and three wounded. 
 Among the latter Captain Smith, Bengal Engineers, and 
 Ensign Duncan Sim, Madras Engineers. The two others were 
 Artillery officers — Lieutenant Pax ton killed, Captain Richards 
 wounded. Sim, from this wound, lost the forefinger of his right 
 hand. 
 
 " The enemy strengthened their position daily. Repeated 
 efforts were made to reconnoitre, but the nature of their position 
 rendered this extremely difficult." 
 
 " A front attack was considered unadvisable, and a project for 
 turning the enemy's left by a path round the intrenchments by 
 the Great river was given in ; but it was found that only one file 
 could go abreast, and to attack 13,000 men, strongly intrenched, 
 by so narrow an aperture, appeared highly imprudent." 
 
 " This plan of attack was combined by Commander-in-Chief 
 with other movements. It was supposed their rear was well 
 secured (and in fact it turned out the strongest side).'" 
 
 "Assault on left flank was objectionable, owing to the Great 
 river, which was unfordable with steep high banks. Their 
 right flank was unquestionably the weakest. A deserter from 
 the enemy described the redoubt on the right, the bridge by 
 which it was connected with the works, and its defences " 
 
 The 26th August was the day on which the formidable lines 
 of Cornelis were stormed. Colonel Gillespie commanded the 
 principal attack, on enemy's right flank. Lieutenant Blakiston 
 accompanied this force, and Captain Smithwaite commanded the 
 Madras Pioneers. 
 
 Lieutenants Garrard, Proby, Coventry, and Anderson, were 
 the other engineers employed in the assault of Cornelis 
 
 " Colonel Gillespie's command consisted of the whole of the 
 advance and flank companies of the Line, supported by Colonel 
 Gibbs with H.M.'s 5t)th and 4th Bengal Volunteers,"
 
 laai MADEAS ENGINEERS. 465 
 
 " Rifle company of H.M.'s 14th led, followed by detachment 
 of Pioneers under Captain Smithwaite." 
 
 "This column was to proceed by a road to the east side of 
 enemy's position, to attack the redoubt east of the Sloken, and, 
 having taken it, to push for the bridge leading to centre of 
 enemy's position, and endeavour to cross it, and having done 
 80, to assault the other redoubts as Colonel Gillespie might 
 deem best." 
 
 "The second column under Colonel McLeod, six companies of 
 69th and 6th Bengal Volunteers, to follow the course of Great 
 river, and try to force enemy's intrenchments close to the river " 
 
 " The third column, commanded by (Jolonel Wood, 78th Regi- 
 ment, and 5th Bengal Volunteers, to advance along left bank of 
 Sloken, and penetrate the lines by crossing the ditch at its 
 junction with the rivulet." 
 
 " Fourth column, headed by a detachment of Pioneers under 
 Major Yule, was to advance from Pala-Ambang to attack post 
 at Campong Malayo, and, if possible, to enter works by bridge 
 which crossed the Great river at this point." 
 
 " Remainder of force formed in the trenches to act as a reserve 
 under Major- General Wetherall." 
 
 "The divisions under Gillespie and Yule moved oflF about 
 midnight." 
 
 " Colonel Gillespie's column crossed the Sloken by a bridge 
 close to our advanced post." 
 
 " From this bridge he had a considerable detour to make before 
 he could gain the road by which he was to advance. This, 
 together with darkness of the night, and difficulties in crossing 
 the country, caused considerable delay." Lieutenant Blakiston 
 accompanied this column, and Proby, Coventry, and Anderson 
 accompanied the others. 
 
 " On approaching enemy's lines the road was found to be cut 
 through in several places. The column advanced with the 
 utmost regularitv, and in perfect silence. On the enemy's 
 
 30
 
 466 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811 
 
 advanced sentry seeing us, he challenged, and was answered 
 ' Patrols ' ; and he, without giving any alarm, permitted us to 
 advance close up to the picquet, which we found drawn up. 
 Colonel Gillespie charged at once." 
 
 " The picquet made but little opposition to this onslaught, 
 and fled. Our column advanced in good order, and in about 
 a minute we were in possession of the advanced redoubt." 
 
 " Besides the troops in the redoubt, there was a large body 
 drawn up outside the Sloken, with their left resting on redoubt. 
 This party was attacked, and driven across the rivulet. Colonel 
 Gillespie pushed on rapidly with the head of the column, and 
 crossed the bridge under a tremendous fire of musketry, and 
 grape. Colonel Gillespie then directed his attention to the 
 nearest redoubt on his left, after crossing the Sloken, from 
 which a galling fire was kept up on oiiv troops." 
 
 "This was attacked in the same gallant manner, but the 
 resistance was greater, and its capture cost us many lives. 
 Colonel Gillespie now resolved to attack the redoubt on our 
 right, after crossing the Sloken ; but finding resistance greater, 
 and that, owing to the rapidity of his advance, only a small 
 part of the column had been able to keep up with him, he 
 determined to wait the arrival of fresh toops. 
 
 " In a few minutes Colonel Gibbs arrived, and we were 
 soon in possession of the redoubt." 
 
 " While the gallant assailants were congratulating one 
 another on the success of the attack, the magazine* of the 
 redoubt blew up. The explosion was dreadful. Out of 100 
 officers and men who were present, scarcely any escaped 
 unhurt. Colonel Gibbs and Lieutenant Blakiston were both 
 thrown into the air by the shock, but escaped unhurt. They 
 owed their escape to standing on a platform at the time which 
 
 • The magazine ■was fired by two captains in the French service, named Muller 
 and Oeman,
 
 18U.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 467 
 
 was raised bodily up, and protected them from the force of 
 the powder." 
 
 " As soon as the firing of Colonel Gillespie's Division 
 commenced, the other columns advanced. Colonel McLeod, 
 after meeting with considerable resistance, succeeded in passing 
 the ditch close to the Great river, and carried the nearest 
 redoubt in the most gallant manner, just as the other redoubt 
 blew up. Here Colonel McLeod was killed. 
 
 " The column under Colonel Wood had not the same success 
 as that under Colonel McLeod, owing to the difficulty in forcing 
 a passage across the ditch. A part, however, got over, and 
 drove the enemy from the intrenchmeuts in front of the 
 redoubt that was blown up. Colonel Campbell, of 78th, fell 
 here. The column under Major Yule reached Campong 
 Malayo just in time to commence its attack, as soon as the 
 firing commenced with Colonel Gillespie. Major Yule dislodged 
 the enemy from the left bank of the river, but they were 
 enabled to set fire to the bridge, for which they had combustibles 
 ready. 
 
 *' The enemy having thus been driven from their advanced 
 redoubt, formed up near the fort of Cornells, supported by field- 
 pieces, 
 
 " In this position they resisted for some time. But the 
 advance of fresh troops compelled them to give way, when they 
 abandoned all their remaining works, and commenced their 
 retreat to Buitzenzong. 
 
 " At Campong Macassar the flying foe rallied, and attempted 
 to make a stand behind broken-down carts, &c., supported by 
 four horse-artillery guns, but ihe cavalry charged, and bore 
 down everything. 
 
 " Meantime a passage was made across the ditch, and the 
 cavalry crossed and joined the pursuit. About a mile from the 
 lines they came up with the rear of the enemy's column, which 
 they attacked and dispersed. Following up their success, they 
 
 30 ♦
 
 468 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1811. 
 
 cut their way to the head of the column, making prisoners of 
 nearly the whole of the enemy's army A. few got off hy 
 swimming across the Sloken, among them, General Janssens, 
 and his second in command." 
 
 " Thus was effected almost tl; ■ total annihilation of the 
 enemy's army, 10,000 strong; of this number, 1,500 were 
 killed, and G,000 wounded or taken prisoners, besides the 
 whole of their sick found in their hospital at Tangong West. 
 Among the prisoners were 400 officers and 1,000 Europeans — 
 most of whom had lately arrived." 
 
 The pursuit was continued half-way to Buitzenzong (thirty- 
 five miles from Batavia). 
 
 Our loss was heavy. In the two columns of principal attack, 
 more than 500 men killed and wor.i aed, and of these forty 
 eight were officers. 
 
 Our total loss was : — 
 
 European Military Officers 
 Naval Officers ... 
 Marine Officers 
 Native Officers... 
 
 Europeans, Military 
 
 Seamen 
 
 Marines 
 
 Natives 
 
 Missing — Europeans, 10; Native, 1. 
 Grand total killed and wounded 
 
 Killed. 
 
 Wounded. 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 54 — 67 
 
 65 
 
 ... 326 
 
 14 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 ... 20 
 
 J8 
 
 ... 89 
 
 101 
 
 464—565 
 
 J, 1. 
 
 11 
 
 643 
 
 General Janssens fled to Buitzenzong. On the following day, 
 finding that only a few horse had joined him, he proceeded to
 
 v^ 
 
 PLAN OF ATTACK 
 
 ON THE FOETIFIED LINES OP 
 
 C O R N E L I S, 
 
 TAKEN BY ASSAULT BY THE BKITISH AEMT UNDER THE OEDEES OF 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR SAMUEL AUCHMUTV, 
 
 COMMANDEE-m-CHrEP, eic. 
 AUaUBT S6, 1811. 
 
 EEFEEENCES. 
 
 Leading Coluirtn : 
 
 1. Rifle Company, H.M. 14th Regt., Lieut. Coglan. 
 
 2. Detachmont Madras Pioneers, Capt. Smytliwayto. 
 
 3. Grenadier Conipv.. II.SI. 78th Eegt., Capt. McLeod. 
 i. Eicht Flniili Ilattnliou. Major Miller, Uth Eogt. 
 
 6. Left Flauk Battalion. Captain Forbes, 78th Eegt. 
 
 6. Detachmt. n.M. (i'.Ptli Eeijt. (5 oomp8.),Mai.Butlor. 
 
 7. Royal Marincn, Captain Bunco. 
 
 8. Dolachmt. Dismtd. Drgns., 22nd Eegt., Lt. Dudley. 
 8. Do. Gov.-General'B Body Guard, Capt. Gall. 
 
 10. One Wing Light Inty. Vol. Buttu., Capt. Fraser. 
 
 11. Do. 4th Bengal, do. Maj. P. Grant. 
 13. Detachment Royal Artillery, Capt. Byers. 
 
 Cotond Gillt'i Brigade ; 
 13. Grenadier Compy., H.M. 1 1th Eegt., Capt. Kennedy. 
 "■ 5°. 6',lth Regt., Capt. Olphort. 
 
 1= n « ■„ t 2°- "'■'"' Bef- Capt. RoBB. 
 
 ;;■ S'''^?"' ?«(!»•. Liout.-Ool. Alexander McLeod. 
 17. One Wmg Light Inly. Vol. Battn., Major Dalton. 
 la n .";. *"■ Bengal, do. Capt. Knight. 
 19. Detachment Royal Artillery. 
 
 B. Attack on the Enemy's Lett, commanded by Lieut.-Col. 
 
 Wm. HcLood, at the head o( H.M. 69th Regt. 
 
 C. Attack on tj.. Enemy's Rear, at Campong Molayo, by 
 
 the Column under Major Yule. 
 
 C0KSI8TI»a 
 
 Detachment Pioneers 
 
 ?"o £'!?"; K'?!"'™* Bengal Native Intautrj-. 
 
 tm, Onns Madras Uorso ArtUlery. ' 
 
 A Troop ol H.M. 22nd Dragoons 
 
 VU, k ifF.")'™ ^-^^ "»"> Kegimenl. 
 
 WetlieraU, joined by a column of Seamen imdet 
 Captain Sayer, B.N., threatened the Frout of the 
 Enemy's Position. 
 
 1. Corps in Reaerve, occupying the Lines at Struiswick. 
 The fortified lines of Cornells compriae about five 
 miles in cireumference, defended by 280 pieces of 
 cannon. The French Army concentrated within the 
 works amounted to above 13,000 regular troops, com- 
 manded by General Jansens, Governor-General. 
 
 . The Front Face of the Enemy's Position was commanded 
 by Brigadier-General Jauffret, under the general 
 direction of General Jumel, Commander-in-Chief. 
 Brigadier-General Gaupp commanded the face of the 
 Slokkan, Colonel L'Ecrevisse the side of the Great 
 River ; his chief post was No. 7 Redoubt. The post 
 of Campong Malayo was under Major Scbultz of the 
 Engineers, with orders to set the bridge on lire the 
 instant the British column appeared, which prevented 
 Major Yule from penetrating by that route. A 
 cavalry picquet was posted at the junction of the 
 roads behind Campong Malayo, with two pieces of 
 
 Scbultz. 
 '. The Reserve, under Brigadier-General Lutzow, formed 
 
 up in rear of the park guns, covered by 
 . The small Fort of Comelis, and 
 f. The Barracks on the right-hand side of the road. 
 . Pour Horse Artillery guns, directly facing the Little 
 
 Bridge over the Slokkan. 
 . Enemy's Cavalry threatening to charge. 
 . Powder Magazdne. 
 1 h h. Barracks. 
 i i. Numerous Batteries. 
 t. Deep Cuta across the roads. 
 t m. Trous de loup and Chausse trapes. 
 
 r\
 
 1811.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 469 
 
 the east, accompanied by General Jumel, while our troops 
 under Colonel Gibbs reached Buitzeuzong the day after. 
 
 The carnage among the enemy was very great, 6,000 
 prisoners fell into our hands, and included two General 
 Officers, the Chief Engineer, the heads of all departments, 
 besides 250 other officers. 280 pieces of ordnance (mostly fine 
 brass cannon) were captured in Cornelis, and several stauds of 
 colours. Only a small party of horse, under Major Le Blanc, 
 succeeded in getting off, with Generals Janssens and Jumel. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief " thought it particularly incumbent 
 on him to mark his fullest approbation of the active energy 
 and gallantry of Captain Dixon and Lieutenant Biakiston, 
 his aides-de-camp, whom he had permitted to act with Colonel 
 Gillespie on the morning of the attack." 
 
 " The splendour of this action was obscured by the distance 
 of the scene, and the pressing interest excited by nearer 
 achievements*; but a harder-fought or more sanguinary combat 
 is not to be found in modem times." 
 
 The following is an extract from Lord Minto's letter to the 
 Secretary of State : — 
 
 " For this signal, and as your Lordship will collect from the 
 enclosed documents, this most splendid and illustrious service, 
 Great Britain is indebted to the truly British intrepidity of as 
 brave an army as ever did honour to our country ; to the pro- 
 fessional skill and spirit of their officers ; and to the wisdom, 
 decision, and firmness of the eminent man who directed their 
 courage, and led them to victory." 
 
 The French army (from official papers found at Cornells) 
 could not have been less than 13,000 men on 2Gth August, 
 while the British troops only numbered 8,000, and the number 
 of combatants actually engaged was much less. 
 
 Sir Samuel Auchmuty now despatched by sea a detachment to 
 
 • Peninsula War
 
 470 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1811. 
 
 Cheribon, which place surrendered. General Jumel was here 
 taken prisoner. 
 
 The enemy's remaining force, chiefly cavalry, fifty officers, 
 200 Europeans and 500 natives, who had followed General 
 Janssens, finding themselves cut off by our occupation of 
 Cheribon, surrendered, and returned to Buitzenzong as prisoners 
 of war. 
 
 Carang Sambong, twenty miles west of Cheribon, was occupied 
 by seamen and marines under Captain Welchman, R.M. 
 
 The fort of Taggal, forty miles east of Cheribon, between 
 Cheribon and Samarang, surrendered to Captain Hillyer of 
 the Phcebe. 
 
 An attack on Samanap in the island of Madura was made 
 after the capture of Batavia, and crowned with complete success. 
 A force, under command of Sir S. Auchmuty, was prepared to 
 follow Janssens. 
 
 The General left Batavia on 5th September, while the troops 
 went to Zedayo, the appointed rendezvous. 
 
 The General found at Cheribon that Janssens had gone to 
 Samarang with intent of making a stand there, and eventually 
 retiring on Solo. Orders were accordingly given to repair to 
 Samarang. The Commander-in-Chief went in the Modeste.* 
 
 On 10th September, General Auchmuty, and Admiral Stopford 
 addressed a letter to Janssens, requesting him to treat for 
 surrender. He refused. 
 
 On the 12th, preparations were made to land. It was found 
 that the town was evacuated, and Colonel Gibbs took quiet 
 possession. At 2 a.m., on morning of the 16th, the force under 
 Colonel Gibbs moved from Samarang, and after a march of six 
 miles found the enemy's forces at Jattoo, posted on some very 
 high and rugged hills. The high road to Solo intersected their 
 line. The road being closed by chevaux-de-frise, and the flanks 
 
 * Lieutenant Blakiston accompanied the Chief, and was at this time attacked 
 ■with dysenterj
 
 1811.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 471 
 
 protected by difficulty of the ground, it could not be turned, while 
 thirty pieces of cannon covered the front. A detachment was 
 sent to occupy a hill on left of enemy's line, and the remaining 
 guns were directed to throw shot across the valley into enemy's 
 position. As soon as these pieces opened, the advance with 
 Colonel Gibbs rushed across the valley, and up to the great road 
 nearly to the top of the hill. 
 
 The English force consisted of 1,600 men. 
 
 110 Artillery. 
 
 180 Lascars. 
 
 200 Pioneers. 
 
 630 14th Kegiment. 
 
 420 78th Regiment. 
 60 Grenadiers, 3rd Vol. Battalion. 
 6 Field-pieces. 
 
 Enemy had 8,200 men, and eight field-pieces. 
 
 There were, however, very few regular troops, and the position 
 was chiefly occupied by the troops of their ally the King of Solo, 
 whose capital was some distance inland. 
 
 The advance of the English having crossed the valley, halted, 
 and waited for the line. 
 
 With the loss of two men the line crossed the valley, and the 
 whole advanced. The enemy then retreated in all directions, 
 leaving most of their guns behind them. 
 
 " The King of Solo's troops showed so little disposition to 
 fight, that a large body of his cavalry, who made a very formid- 
 able appearance with their large cocked hats and spears, were 
 actually brought to bay by Captain Dixon alone, and after- 
 wards pursued by Captain Dixon and Lieutenant Blakiston for 
 some miles without attempting to turn on them." 
 
 " This body made its appearance rather suddenly in front after 
 the hill had been carried, and Lieutenant Blakiston was sent by 
 Commander-in-Chief to desire our Light Infantry to open fire 
 on them."
 
 472 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811 
 
 On his communicating the order to a sergeant whom Blakiston 
 met, he said he could not, " for there was the aide-de-camp a 
 licking of them " 
 
 " Our troops followed the enemy for ten miles, passing several 
 intrenchments on the road, which had been abandoned. We 
 reached the small fort of Oonarang, twelve miles from Sama- 
 rang. Enemy evacaated it and disbanded." 
 
 Here our troops halted for the day. General Janssens fled 
 to Salatiga ; but finding himself abandoned by his men, early on 
 the following morning he sent a flag of truce to treat for sur- 
 render of the island. The Commander-in-Chief would hear of 
 nothing but an unconditional surrender, and a cessation for 
 twenty-four hours was agreed on. Treaty was to embrace all 
 dependencies of Java All military to be prisoners of war. 
 Public debt to be guaranteed. General Janssens strongly 
 objected, and asked for an interview. Sir Samuel Auchmuty 
 refused, and insisted on the treaty ; and to enforce it advanced 
 on Salatiga, but received a ratified copy of the capitulation. The 
 General forwarded an express to the Admiral to prevent an 
 assault on Fort Ludowyk. 
 
 The Admiral, however, arrived at Zedayo on the ]7th, and 
 next day he directed Major Farquhar (Madras Engineers), the 
 senior oflBcer, to land the troops, 500 men, half Europeans, 
 with some artillery. The troops landed on 19th, and occupied 
 Gressie ; and on the 2'-ind, Sourabaya surrendered. 'I he Admiral 
 reconnoitred Fort Ludowyk, but found it too stong for a coup-de- 
 main. A site was selected for a battery ; but as the nearest 
 point of land was 1,500 yards, there appeared no chance of a 
 quick reduction. On hearing of the capitulation of Oonarang, 
 we were put in possession of Fort Ludowyk 
 
 Lieutenant Garrard was with this force He received the 
 personal thanks of Sir Samuel Auchmuty, and on his return to 
 Madras was appointed, at the request of Sir Samuel, Superin- 
 tending Engineer to the Mysore Division.
 
 1811-12.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 473 
 
 Sir Samuel Auchmuty, as soon as the treaty was ratified, set 
 sail for Batavia, in order that he might prepare for returning to 
 Madras. Blakiston accompanied the General. Farquhar 
 returned to his post at Malacca ; while the other Engineer 
 oflBcers, with the exception of Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie, 
 went to Madras. 
 
 When the Dutch had despoiled the Sovereign of Jacatra, they 
 turned their attention to the Soosoohoon. The Dutch flattered 
 him with assurances of assistance against one of his own family, 
 who had been instigated by the Dutch to rebellion. When it 
 was found that owing to the reception of tlie insidious advice of 
 the Dutch, he had become completely entangled, the Dutch 
 made an open avowal of their alliance with the rebellious chief. 
 The Sovereign of Soosoohoon was allowed to retain a large part 
 of his territory, with the old capital of Solo or Souracarta. 
 
 The Dutch took the whole of the north coast, while the 
 remainder was made into a separate kingdom for the rebel 
 chief. 
 
 He, however, hated the Dutch, and manifested his hatred of 
 the very power which had elevated him. General Daendels had 
 sent an expedition against him, which caused a compromise. 
 The invasion by the English, he thought, a good opportunity 
 for him. Having matured his arrangements, he wished to effect 
 our destruction, as well as that of the whole colony of European 
 settlers. It was therefore resolved to move a military force on 
 Djoejocarta. 
 
 OnlTth June 1812, the Lieutenant-Governor and Commander- 
 in-Chief of the forces* arrived at Djoejocarta. The Sultan sent 
 out strong bodies of horse to intercept the communications, by 
 destroying bridges in our rear, and laying waste the country. 
 Colonel Gillespie went out with fifty dragoons to reconnoitre, 
 and fell in with a large body of enemy's force. He tried to 
 
 • Colonel GilloBpie.
 
 474 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812. 
 
 induce them to return to the " Crattan "*; they consented at 
 first, but on a sudden in the dark, they threw their spears at our 
 men, and wounded one sergeant and four men. The dragoons 
 cut their way through them, with the loss of one killed and 
 one wounded. 
 
 Our troops were — 
 
 Part of 14th Foot. 
 
 „ Bengal Light Infantry. 
 3rd Volunteer Battalion. 
 Some Artillery, 
 Two troops 22nd Dragoons. 
 
 Theremainder of the force, under Lieutenant- Colonel McLeod, 
 was expected during the night. 
 
 The Dutch had been in the habit of erecting forts close to the 
 capitals of the chiefs. 
 
 We had possession of the one near Djoejocarta. 
 
 A messenger having been sent to treat, was dismissed by the 
 Sultan, and fire was instantly opened from our fort, and returned 
 from the " Crattan." 
 
 The " Crattan " of the Sultan of Mataram was three miles in 
 circumference, surrounded by a broad, wet ditch, with draw- 
 bridges, and a strong high rampart, with the bastions defended 
 by 100 guns. The interior was full of numerous squares and 
 courtyards. Principal entrance had a double row of cannon 
 facing it, and flanked right and left by new batteries. Seventeen 
 thousand troops manned the works, while round them was a 
 population of more than 100,000. 
 
 The fort built by the Dutch was 800 yards from the walls of 
 the" Crattan," ill calculated for anything but a depot for military 
 stores. Our powder (Dutch) was bad, and the firing was only in- 
 tended tooccupy the enemy while our troops were concentrating. 
 
 One of the enemy's depots of powder blew up ; as also one of 
 ours. This latter explosion was the cause of several officers and 
 
 * Fortified residence of the Court
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 475 
 
 artillerymen being burnt — Lieutenants Young and Hunter, of 
 the Army, and Captain Teesdale, R.N. Light parties were 
 detached to scour the " campongs," * and prevent the enemy 
 getting in our rear to harass the detachment under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McLeod, marchiug from Salatiga. 
 
 In the evening, the Sultan demanded our surrender, imagin- 
 ing himself already victorious from the overwhelming superiority 
 of his force in point of numbers. 
 
 Major Daltou, with a part of his battalion of Bengal Light 
 Infantry, who occupied the Dutch town between our fort and the 
 " Crattan," was spiritedly attacked, during the night, four times, 
 but repulsed the enemy. On the high road by which Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McLeod was advancing, numerous parties were employed 
 in breaking down bridges, &c. 
 
 Frequent skirmishes occurred between our dragoons and the 
 enemy, in which encounters some astonishing feats of gallantry 
 were exhibited by our men. Late in the evening some dragoons 
 under Lieutenant Hall, of 22nd, were sent out to force their way 
 to Colonel McLeod. The country was so thickly beset with the 
 enemy, that it was almost impossible to send a report or order 
 by a messenger on foot. Colonel McLeod offered a reward to 
 any man who would volunteer to carry an order to Captain Byres, 
 who was commanding a detachment of Hoyal Artillery a day's 
 march in the rear. John O'Brien, a private in Madras Horse 
 Artillery, immediately undertook this dangerous service. He 
 galloped through the enemy, delivered his orders, and hastened 
 back without being touched. 
 
 Colonel Gillespie rewarded this brave man with the public 
 expression of his thanks, and gave him a gold medal for his 
 gallantry. 
 
 The party of dragoons were attacked by a numerous body of 
 the enemy, who fired from behind walls ; while crowds drawn 
 
 * Suburbs with walled enclosureB
 
 476 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812. 
 
 up across the road presented a formidable array of spears. Our 
 men cut their way through, maintaining a running fight all the 
 way, till they succeeded in joining the detachment. Lieutenant 
 Hall was wounded, and narrowly escaped being speared on the 
 ground. Six men were killed, and found next day barbarously 
 mangled. 
 
 On morning of I'Jth June, Lieutenant-Colonel McLeod 
 reached head-quarters with a detachment Royal Artillery, Gre- 
 nadiers 59th, flank and rifle companies 78th, some hussars, 
 and a detachment of Madras Horse Artillery. After their long 
 and harassing marches, some repose was necessary. The can- 
 nonade was continued. Enemy posted behind the walls outside 
 the " Crattan," were burnt out and dislodged. In the evening 
 all the troops were ordered to the fort. The Sultan thought from 
 this that we were afraid of him. The cannonade was continued 
 all night till 3 a.m. 20th June. The fate of the whole colony 
 depended on the event. 
 
 Two hours before dawn, the leaders of columns received their 
 orders, and proceeded to carry them out. A column under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dewar, with a part of Bengal Light Infantry, 
 3rd Volunteer Battalion, with Prince Trangwedona's corps, 
 proceeded at 4 am. by a circuitous route to south of the 
 " Crattan," to force the south gate ; while an attack was made 
 on north gate, at the principal entrance, under Major Grant. 
 Column under Lieutenant-Colonel Watson, with part of 14th, 
 some Bengal Light Infantry, grenadiers of 59th, and two com- 
 panies of 78th, composed the main attack. It moved round 
 north-east bastion undiscovered- The head of column had just 
 reached the point for escalade, when an alarm was given by a 
 sentry on north-east bastion — the guns of which immediately 
 poured forth grape. 
 
 Led on by Colonel Watson, the grenadiers of 14th, under 
 Captain Johnstone, crossed the ditch, and escaladed the ramparts 
 on north-east face, notwithstanding the grape-shot. This was
 
 1812.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 477 
 
 soon silencerl by rapidity of grenadiers, followed bv 14th Regi- 
 ment, supported by our sliarp-sbooters, so posted as to send their 
 shot into the embrasures. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Watson pushed along the ramparts for the 
 Prince's Gate, while a party of sepoys crossed the ditch at the 
 angle of the bastion first attacked, and passing along the berm, 
 let down the draw-bridge for the admission of ('olonel McLeod's 
 column. 
 
 The Prince's Gate was with difficulty blown open. Mean- 
 while, the troops having cleared the ditch by means of the diuw- 
 bridge, ascended on one another's shoulders through the 
 embrasures. All this time a brisk fire was kept up from our 
 fort on interior of the " Crattan " Enemy raked the ramparts 
 will) grape during the passage to south-east bastion, which was 
 taken at the point of the bayonet. 
 
 From thence, troops moved along the south face, and, after a 
 severe conflict, the troops succeeded in opening the gates for 
 Colonel Dewar, who had arrived, having defeated the enemy in 
 the suburbs 'L'he whole column now rushed to the west gaie, 
 and in their progress the captured guns were turned on the 
 enemy. 
 
 Cavalry and Artillery were so disposed as to cut ofi" fugitives 
 from the fort. The Sultan, finding be had no chance of escape, 
 surrendered. 
 
 The fortifications being cleared, they obstinately contested a 
 mosque outside the fort. Here Colonel Gillespie received a 
 severe wound in the arm, from a blunderbuss. The conflict 
 having lasted three hours, ended in a complete victory for us. 
 Our loss was 122 killed and wounded — far below what could 
 reasonably have been expected, considering the disparity of 
 forces. This was due to the bravery of troops, and their over- 
 bearing rapidity in the attack. Loss of enemy very great, as 
 besides the killed and wounded on tlie ramparts, and in the 
 bastions, a prodigious number of dead were lying in heaps under
 
 478 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1812. 
 
 every gateway, especially the centre one. British troops 
 engaged were less than I,OUO, and defeated 17,000 well- 
 appointed, men bent on defending the " Crattan " to the last. 
 
 The old Sultan was exiled to the Prince of Wales' Island, 
 and his son placed on the throne. 
 
 The Sovereign of Solo, intimidated by this, readily acceded 
 to the terms offered to him. 
 
 His example was followed by the other native princes, and 
 the British supremacy was established. 
 
 We had 23 killed and 99 wounded = 122 ; 9 oflScers wounded, 
 of whom one died from his wounds ; 8 horses killed, and ] 5 
 wounded; 92 guns were taken. 
 
 In Gillespie's general orders, dated Djoejocarta, June 21st, 
 1812, the following remarks were made regarding Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Mackenzie : — 
 
 " Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie, of the Madras Engineers, 
 and Major Thorn, Deputy Quartermaster- General, whose gal- 
 lantry and conduct have been always conspicuous, were 
 exceedingly serviceable in arranging the plan of attack. The 
 former of these officers having been detained on the island upon 
 professional duties, the Commander of the force was particularly 
 fortunate in the opportunity of benefiting by his valuable 
 talents and exertions." 
 
 And in General Orders by Commander-in-Chief in India: — 
 " Warmest thanks and highest approbation .... to Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Mackenzie, of Madras Engineers, who, being 
 detained on the island by professional duties, afforded all 
 the aid of his valuable talents in the formation of the plan 
 of attack." 
 
 On the departure of the first part of the expedition on 7th 
 October 1811, Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was ordered by the 
 Commander-in-Chief to remain some time longer in Java, for 
 certain professional and military duties. He remained in Java 
 till late in 1813, when the Commission being ^closed he
 
 laia.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 479 
 
 returned to India by way of Bengal, to communicate with 
 the Supreme Government on the duties he had been 
 employed on. 
 
 On lOth September 1813, "The Honourable the Lieutenant- 
 Governor (of Java) avails himself of the opportunity afforded 
 by the approaching departure of Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie 
 (Chief Engineer on the expedition to Java) to render to that 
 distinguished ofiBcer bis peculiar acknowledgments, and to testify 
 his unreserved approbation of the zeal, ability, and unwearied 
 application wbich he has displayed on this island. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Mackenzie has been employed since the conquest of 
 Java in collecting and arranging the topographical and military 
 reports and antiquities of the island, and in ascertaining the 
 state of the landed terms and the general condition of the 
 inhabitants." 
 
 " As President of the Commission on Java affairs, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Mackenzie has visited almost every part of the island, 
 and it is to the unremitting and extraordinary application and 
 zeal of Lieutenant- Colonel Mackenzie, that we are principallv 
 indebted for the lights which have been thrown on the subject. 
 The Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, will have 
 much satisfaction in communicating to the Supreme Govern- 
 ment, the favourable sentiments which he entertains of the 
 essential benefits which have been conferred on this colony by 
 the exertions of Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie, and the Lieu- 
 tenanant-Governor requests that he will accept his personal 
 thanks for the aid and advice which his talents and judgment 
 have afforded during his stay on this island " 
 
 In August 1812, a force was assembled at Bellary, under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse (who formerly commanded a battalion 
 of Pioneers), for field service in the Southern Mahratta country. 
 It consisted of some Artillery, H.AL's 56th Regiment, and J 2th, 
 22nd, and 2J:th Native Infantry, with a detachment of 
 Pioneers.
 
 480 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1812-13. 
 
 Captain Garrard, of the Engineers, served with this force 
 from September 1812 to July 1813, and Lieutenant Davies, of 
 Engineers, was employed under Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse, 
 in surveying the country in which the field-force was employed. 
 
 The force continued in the field till May 1814, when it 
 returned into the Madras Presidency, with the thanks of the 
 Resident et Pcona, and the approbation of the Governor-General, 
 dated 20th May 1814. 
 
 The Resident at Poona, Mr. Elphinstone, wrote on 2nd April 
 1814 as follows : — 
 
 " Begs to bring to notice the good conduct of the troops under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse, and points out the exertions that 
 have been required of them, from the seasons to which they 
 have been exposed, and from the nature of the country in 
 which they were employed." 
 
 After the capture of Java, a detachment of Pioneers, under 
 Lieutenant Stuart, were detained on the island ; and on 5th 
 June 1813, the Commander-in-Chief in Java (Gillespie) said he 
 had " equal pleasure in recording his sense of the conduct of 
 the detachment commanded by Lieutenant Stuart, who have been 
 uniformly distinguished by a zeal and steadiness, and patient 
 enduring under trying circumstances, which have rendered their 
 services eminently useful, and themselves deserving of particular 
 regard and consideration." 
 
 Even after this detachment had left for Madras, one havildar 
 and three naigues, of 1st battalion Pioneers, were detained by 
 Gillespie on the island, to assist in forming a colonial Corps of 
 Pioneers. Their names were : — 
 
 Havildar Yagapen. 
 Naigue Chourymootoo. 
 Naigue Cauveryan. 
 „ Ramen. 
 
 On 12th December 1813 a field force under Major-General 
 Taylor was formed, in two divisions, at Gooty. Mackintosh and
 
 1813-18.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 481 
 
 Trapaud * were ordered on service with this force. The force saw 
 no active service. 
 
 On 3rd November 1818, the establishment of European 
 officers for a battalion of Pioneers of eight oompauies, was 
 revised, and ordered to consist of two captains, six eabalterns, 
 and one surgeon. 
 
 In December 1814, for the first time an adjutant was appointed 
 to each battalion of Pioneers, and these appointments were given 
 
 to — 
 
 Lieutenant H. Massey, 1st battalion, 
 Lieutenant C. Wilson, 2nd battalion, 
 
 who were already serving with the Corps. 
 
 In December 1H14, a strong detachment of Pioneers was 
 attached to a force intended to suppress the rebellion in Ceylon ; 
 but the rebellion having come to an end before the force 
 embarked, it was broken up in June 1816. 
 
 Early in 1815, two companies of Pioneers were employed with 
 the Hydrabad Subsidiary Force, under Colonel Doveton, then in 
 advance near Ellichpore. Major De Havilland served with this 
 force. 
 
 An Army of Reserve, which also had Pioneers, was formed at 
 the same time, and the Commander-in-chief assumed command 
 on 31st March; but a month after, the force was broken up, not 
 being required. 
 
 In November 1815, a force was assembled at Gooty, under 
 Colonel Marriott, for service in Kurnool, and to this a force of 
 pioneers was attached. 
 
 Alif Khan, Nawab of Kurnool, died in 1815; his eldest son 
 and legitimate successor was Munarvar Khan. The next brother, 
 Muzuffer Khan, claimed the succession, and seized the fort, and 
 it was found necessary to send a force against it, under Colonel 
 Marriott. The fort was artificially, and by nature, very strong, 
 and had never been taken, so it was considered by Muzufler 
 
 • Died on 6th December. 
 
 31
 
 482 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE [1815-16. 
 
 Khan impregnable. He refused to yield the fort to the British 
 force The commanding engineer was Captain Mackintosh. 
 The batteries were opened on the 14th December 1815, and the 
 next day the fortress was surrendered at discretion, and taken 
 possession of without the loss of a man. This easy surrender 
 was attributed to the effect of the shells among the cavalry, 
 amounting to about 600, the personal escort of the chiefs, who, 
 owing to the precautions taken, and to the Toongubuddra being 
 unfordable, could not make their escape. The force was broken 
 up in the following June, and the Governor-in-Council on this 
 occasion expressed his entire satisfaction with the zeal and ability 
 manifested by Colonel Marriott in all the operations of his late 
 important charge. 
 
 "The exemplary conduct, in every respect, of the officers and 
 soldiers who served under his command is also entitled to high 
 commendation." 
 
 NumavarKhan was placed on the musnud.* He reigned eight 
 years, and died in 1823. Muzuffer Khan was then the successor, 
 but while on his way to be installed, in company with Mr. 
 Campbell, the Collector of Bellary, he murdered his own wife, 
 and was sentenced to be imprisoned for life in the fort of 
 Bellary. Goolam Russool, one of the youngest of Alif Khan's 
 sons, was placed on the musnud. He being the son of a dancing- 
 girl, and therefore not of true Patan descent, was not properly 
 the successor; but he was a favourite of Alif Khan, who had 
 applied to the Government to have him recognised as his 
 successor. 
 
 Between December 1810, and December 1816 there were seven 
 casualties in the Corps. 
 
 In January 1816, Lieutenant-General Trapaud, Chief Engineer, 
 went home on three years' furlough, nnd Lieu tenant- Colonel 
 Caldwell was appointed to act as Chief Engineer 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie was senior to Caldwell, but 
 
 * The throne ; i.e. he was installed Nawab.
 
 1811-13.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 483 
 
 was Surveyor-General of India, having been appointed 26th May 
 1815. 
 The Acting Chief-Engineer's pay was as follows : — 
 
 Pagodas. 
 Established Allowance 208 14 
 
 Allowance for Draughtsmen ... 229 41 20 
 
 437 55 20 
 
 Or about 1,533 rupees (Arcot). 
 
 The President-in-Council, thinking this salary too small, 
 resolved to give him a personal allowance of 300 pagodas a 
 month, and 100 pagodas from Civil Department as Inspector of 
 Tank Repairs Establishment. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Norris retired, 23rd September 1811. 
 
 Major Blair died. 23rd March 1812 (just after leaving Madras, 
 on his way home sick) 
 
 Lieutenant C. E. Trapaud died at Bellary, 6th December 1813. 
 
 Major R. H. Eotheringham retired, 4th October 1815. 
 
 Captain H. H. Torriano died at Ennore, 7th February 1815. 
 
 Captain John Blakiston retired, 28th July 1815. 
 
 Blakiston left India Marcli 1812, and reached Deal in July. 
 About this time, came the news of the battle of Salamanca. He 
 wrote to Wellington, and having got a favourable reply, was 
 placed by the Duke of York on full pay, in some regiment in the 
 Peninsula, and in March 1813 embarked for Lisbon The 
 following is a brief record of his services to the close of the 
 Peninsula campaign. 
 
 On 3rd May, he reached the head-quarters of the army at 
 Frenada, two or three miles distant from Fuentes d'Honor. He 
 saw Lord Wellington, and a few days after joined a Portrguese 
 regiment in General Kempt's brigade of the Light Division, 
 commanded by General Baron Alten. 
 
 On 21st May, winter quarters were broken up, and a month 
 after he was present at the battle of Vittoria, having marched 270 
 miles in eighteen successive days, through a mountainous country. 
 
 31 *
 
 484 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1813-14. 
 
 From thence he marched to Pamplona, and reached Vera, 
 in the Pyrenees, when Lord Wellington sent for him, and offered 
 to allow him to act as an engineer at the siege of St. Sebastian. 
 
 Blakiston eagerly closed with the o£fer, and on the 15th 
 July started for that place. 
 
 On the 24th, just previous to the first most unsuccessful 
 assault, while with the working party in the trenches, he 
 received a severe wound from a musket-ball, wliich passed 
 through his arm and broke one of the bones. He was sent with 
 the wounded to Bilboa, and among the wounded was a Lieutenant 
 Reid, of the Royal Engineers, who had received a grape shot in 
 the neck. Reid recovered in time to be present at the second 
 assault of St. Sebastian. 
 
 On 30th August, Blakiston returned by road to St. Sebastian, 
 too late for the assault of the town. He was, however, employed 
 in the capture of the castle, a party of the German TiCgion being 
 placed under his orders. 
 
 On 8th September, the batteries opened fire, and in a few hours 
 the garrison surrendered Blakiston now rejoined his regiment. 
 On 7th October, Wellington crossed the Bidassoa, and the 
 division in which Blakiston's regiment was employed attacked 
 the heights of Vera. About this time he was gazetted to a 
 company in one of the regiments of the 4th Division, but did 
 not remove to his new regiment, as he expected that Marshal 
 Beresford would promote him to a majority. 
 
 On 10th November, he was engaged in the battle of the 
 Nivelle, as well as in the operations connected with the battle of 
 the Nive, from the 9th to 13th December 1813. 
 
 On 21st February 1814, the division broke up before Bayonne, 
 and marched to combine in the general movement which was about 
 to take place. Early on morning of the 27th they crossed the 
 river by a pontoon bridge near Orthes, and were engaged in the 
 battle at that place. After the battle, they followed in pursuit of 
 the enemy; and on 1st March, reached Mont de Marson, where
 
 1814.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 485 
 
 tliey captured a large convoy of provisions. About 12th March, 
 they resumed their march, and arrived near Tarbes on the 19th. 
 
 Thence they pushed on, and about the end of the month 
 arrived opposite to Toulouse. Lord Wellington having directed 
 that a bridge should be thrown across the Garonne, a few miles 
 above Toulouse, Blakiston proceeded to act with the engineers 
 on the occasion. The bridge was completed by the morning, 
 and two divisions of our army crossed. In a day or two our 
 two divisions returned, and Lord Wellington resolved to throw a 
 bridge across, some miles below the town. The bridge was com- 
 pleted during the night of the 5th, and the 4th and 6th Divisions 
 crossed. There was now incess.int rain, and the bridge received 
 much damage, and was in great danger of being carried away. 
 
 By the 8th, the bridge was thoroughly repaired. On the same 
 night, the pontoon bridge had to be moved higher up the river. 
 This was not done in time to admit of its being complete before 
 noon. Lord Wellington was very angry at this, as he had 
 intended to have crossed over two more divisions that morning, 
 and to hiive attacked the enemy. 
 
 He was compelled to postpone this operation till the next day 
 (Easter Sunday), 10th April, when the 8rd Division, and the 
 one in which Blakiston was employed, crossed the bridge, and 
 moved towards the town. 
 
 On the same day was fought the battle of Toulouse, which 
 resulted in the defeat of the French, and their full retreat. Soon 
 after. Lord Wellington entered into a convention with Marshal 
 Soult, whereby hostilities were brought to a close. 
 
 Blakiston now obtained leave of absence, and set off for 
 England, via Bordeaux. He obtained a majority in 27th Foot.* 
 
 • John Blakiston was second son of second baronet Sir Mathew Blakiston. 
 Ho was born on 8th February 1785, and married, after his return from the 
 Peninsula, on 2yth tieptember 1814. His wife was Jane, daughter of Rev. 
 Thomas Wright, Rector of Market Bosworth, county Leicester ; by her he had 
 four sons and three daughters. Ho died on 4th June 1807, in his 83rd year.
 
 486 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1811-16. 
 
 From 1811 to 1816, both inclusive, the following officers 
 joined the Corps : — 
 
 J, W. Nattes, July 27 th, 1811. 
 W. WotherspooD, „ 
 A. Koss, June 11th, 1812. 
 J. Eobius, „ 
 
 J. Purton, ,, 
 
 J. K. Anderson, July 6th, 1813. 
 J. Oliphant, July 4th, 18U. 
 W. T. Drury, 
 
 G. J. Jenkins, July 11th, 1815. 
 J. J. Underwood, July 9th, 1816. 
 H. C. Cotton, 
 The whole Corps at this time consisted, inclusive of those at 
 home and on service in foreign countries, of thirty-three officers. 
 Major William Farquhar was Kesident and Commandant at 
 Malacca, and in 1816 went home on three years' furlough. 
 Lieutenant Monteith was employed in Persia 
 Before Lieutenant-General Trapaud left for England, he sent 
 in a Memorial* regnrding the exclusion of general officers of 
 Engineers and Artillery from Staff employ 
 
 The following are the names of some of the officers employed 
 with the Pioneers from 1811-16: — 
 
 14th August 181 1, Captain Hughes, commanded 1st battalion. 
 5th June 1812, Lieutenant Kichardson, with Pioneers. 
 8th September 1814, Lieutenant Prendergast, with 1st 
 battalion, 
 
 13th September 1814, Lieutenant G. M. Steward, with 1st 
 battalion. 
 
 13th September 1814, Lieutenant A. Stewart, in Java with 
 Pioneers. 
 
 7th October 1814, Captain E. Snow, commanded 1st battalion. 
 14th „ ,, ,, Bertram, with 1 st battalion. 
 
 23rd December 1814, Lieutenant H. Massey, adjutant 1st 
 battalion. 
 
 • Dated 2nd August 1815.
 
 1811-16.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 487 
 
 28rd December 1814, Lieutenant C. Wilson, with 2nd battalion. 
 23rd October 1816, Lieutenant F. W. Morgan, with 1st 
 battalion. 
 
 On 3rd August 1813, Captain Garrard, who was Superin- 
 tending Engineer at Mysore, complained that Major-General 
 Wetherall, commanding the division, objected to his detaching 
 his assistant, Lieutenant Nattes, to Seringapatam, without orders 
 from head- quarters. 
 
 The Major- General was informed by the Government that 
 Captain Garrard had full power to order his as&istant to any 
 place in his division he thought fit. 
 
 The Engineers Department appears to have been viewed with 
 considerable jealousy by the Quartermaster-General. Further 
 on it will be seen that this jealousy culminated in an acrimonious 
 discussion between the Chief Engineer, and the Quartermaster- 
 General. 
 
 On 30th December 1815, the Chief Engineer complained that 
 the Quartermaster- General had interfered with his Department 
 by ordering the survey of the fort of Gooty, and that Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Blacker, the Quartermaster General, did not address 
 him direct in the matter. The Quartermaster-General was told 
 that the duties of surveying forts appertained to the Engineers' 
 Department. 
 
 Note. — Blakiston was not present at Waterloo. In 181 5 the 3rd battalion of his 
 regiment was in America, and he was on leave. When the war again broke out 
 the 3rd battalion was ordered home, but only arrived in time to be employed in 
 the occupation of Paris. Blakiston mentions that when it was determined to 
 remove the celebrated bronze horses which Napoleon had brought from Venice, 
 orders were issued to carry out the work at night, so as to avoid wounding the 
 susceptibiUties of the Parisians. Blakiston was breakfasting with the Duke 
 when it was reported that the workmen had been unable to caiTy out his orders 
 of the previous night, as they had been driven away when attempting to do so. 
 The Duke smiled on hearing this, and said in that case it must be donj during 
 the day ; and ho at once ordered the square to bo tilled with Austrian troops. 
 After that, no difficulty was encountered, and the trophies were taken down and 
 removed to Venice, where they now are on the church of St. Mark.
 
 488 MILITAEY HISTOBT OF THE [1816. 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 Mahratta War. — Rajah of Nagpore intrigues.— Holkar commences hostilities. — 
 Holkar and Scindiah make treaties with the British Government. — Pindar- 
 ries. — The Peishwa. — The Nagpore Government. — Holkar a young minor. — 
 Intrigues at Peishwa's Court previous to 1815. — Trimbuckjee confined to 
 Tannah, but escapes. — Alliance proposed to the Peishwa. — Hydrabad. — 
 Appa Sahib's alliance with British Government. — Pindarries enter the 
 Madras territory. — Divisions in the field.— Lord Hastings reaches Gawnpore. 
 — Sir T. Hislop leaves Secunderabad. — Doveton leaves Jaulna. — 4th 
 Division in rear of Unkye Tankye pass. — The Governor-General takes the 
 field. — Treaty with Scindiah. — Sir T. Hislop arrives at Hurdah.— 2nd 
 Division of the Grand Army intended to undertake Siege of Asseerghur. — 
 The 4th Division to advance to the Nerbudda. — Fifth Division assembled at 
 Hoosingabad. — 3rd or Left Division of the Grand Army. — Force under 
 Brigadier Hardyman. — Brigadier Toone's Division terminated line to the 
 left. — Reserve Division under Ouchterlony. — Guzerat Division. — Deccan 
 Reserve under Munro. — The Peishwa solicits the reduction of Soondoor. — 
 Chain of posts formed along the frontier. — 4th Division returns to Poona. — 
 Movements of General Doveton. — Bajee Row attacks the Residency at 
 Poona. — Colonel Bm-r defeats the Peishwa. — 4th Division reaches Kirkee. — 
 Pioneers improve the ford. — Peishwa retreats. — The Pindarries. — Position 
 of the Pindarries. — Pindarrie forces. — Battle of Seetabuldee. — Troops poured 
 into Nagpore. — Ensign Jenkins dies. — Movements against the Pindarries. — 
 Operations against army of Holkar.— Battle of Mehidpore. — Bombay Army. — 
 Guzerat Division. — Movements of the Grand Army.— Operations confined to 
 Me war. — Battle of Nagpore. — Attack of Nagpore city. — Storming party. — 
 Attack on breach fails. — Davies severely wounded. — Extract from General 
 Doveton's letter. — Further operations against the Pindarries. — Pindarries 
 attempt to regain Malwa. — Completely dispersed at Kotrah on the Kalle 
 Sindh. — Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed's forces annihilated. — Cheetoo's 
 forces dispersed. — Cheetoo killed in the jungle by a tiger.-^2nd Division 
 proceeds from Nagpore to the west. — Holkar's possessions in Khandeish
 
 1816-1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 489 
 
 ceded to the English. — Operations of 4th Division and the Reserve. — 
 Detachment under Captain Staunton repulses the Peishwa's Army at Kory- 
 gaum. — Flight of Bajee Row continued. — General Pritzler pursues Bajee 
 Row. — Cavalry action at Ashtee. — Gokla killed. — Siege of Singhur. — 
 Singhur capitulates. — Pritzler takes a number of forts. — Munro takes 
 Badami. — Siege of Belgaum — Munro effects junction with Pritzler. — Siege 
 of Sholapore. — The Fort of Sholapore reconnoitred. — Grant recoimoitres the 
 rampart and ditch. — Sholapore surrenders. — Forces in Hindustan. — Saugor 
 surrenders. — Lieutenant Remon, Bombay Engineers, wounded. — Dhamonee 
 surrenders. — Mundla stormed. — Army of the Deccan. — 1st Division of 
 Deccan Army marches to the south. — Sir T. Hislop at Talneir. — Killadar 
 surrenders. — Arabs attack our party. — Killadar hanged. — Doveton at 
 Ootran ordered to Bal. — Holkar's possessions qxiickly occupied.— Hislop 
 hears of Bajee Row. — Sir T. Hislop returns to Madras via Bombay. — Bajee 
 Row hastens towards Chanda. — Adams defeats the Peishwa near Soonee. — 
 Pursuit of Mahratta Army. — Peishwa turns north to cross the Taptee. — 
 Wusota invested by General Pritzler. — Surrender of Wusota. — The 2nd 
 Division employed in pursuit of the Peishwa. — Detachment under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McDowell into Khandeish. — Unkye Tunkye. — Engineer officers 
 present. — Trimbuck reconnoitred. — Ensign Lake wounded. — Trimbuck sur- 
 renders. — Engineer Department moves to Nassick. — McDowell before 
 Malligaum. — Adams before Chanda. — Situation of Chanda. — Campaign in 
 Bhonsla territory closed. — Appa Sahib confined at Nagpore. — Appa Sahib 
 escapes. — The whole of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams's force takes the field. — 
 The Peishwa crosses the Taptee. — Peishwa has a conference with Sir John 
 Malcolm. — He joins Malcolm's camp. — McDowall's force at Malligaum. — 
 Description of Malligaum. — Recommendations of Commanding Engineer, 
 Lieutenant Davies. — Sortie from Malligaum —Lieutenant Davies mortally 
 wounded. — Eulogy of Lieutenant Davies. — Conduct of siege devolves on 
 Ensign Xattes. — Arrangements for the assault. — Ensign Nattes killed in the 
 assault. — Storming party retreats to the trenches. — Pettah captured. — ■ 
 Attack on west side abandoned. — Proposal to attack east face. — Surrender 
 of Malligaum. — Severe losses among Engineer officers. — Appa Sahib makes 
 for the Mohadeo Hills. — Adams sends reinforcements. — Arabs driven into 
 the jungles. — Appa Sahib engaged in making fresh levies. — Intrigues at 
 Nagpore. — At end of October Mohadeo Hills still hold out. — Attempt to 
 recover Chouragurh. — Colonel Adams enters the Hills. — Tribes of Goands 
 reduced. — Appa Sahib escapes from Mohadeo Hills. — Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Pollock in the Valley of the Taptee. — Captures Jilpy Amneir. — Ex-Raja of 
 Nagpoor makes his way to Assoerghur. — Troops assembled for the Siege of 
 Asseerghur. — Ordnance available for the Siege. — Description of Asseerghur. 
 Attack of Asseerghur. — Pettah taken. — Engineer Department established 
 in centre of the pettah. — Malcolm moves to north-west of the fort. — 
 Disastroui explosion. — Engineers reconnoitred east front. — Lieutenant 
 Coventry's (Commanding Engineer) report. — Doveton's Division moves for 
 attack on east front. — Engineers' Depot established at the Ram Bagh.
 
 490 MILITABY HISTOEY OF THE [1816. 
 
 Malighur occupied by our troojDS. — Saugor battering train and Bengal 
 Miners aiTive. — North-east angle of fort destroyed. — Killadar offers to 
 surrender with stipulations, which were rejected. — Killadar surrenders un- 
 conditionally. — Fort occupied. — Great exertions of the Artillery. — Loss of 
 gan-ison slight. — British losses. — Appa Sahib not found in the fort. — Appa 
 Sahib escapes and makes his way to the Punjab. — Attack of Nowa. — 
 Description of Nowa. — Shaft commenced to blow in the counterscarp. — 
 Inner fort carried. — Our losses. — Engineer Establishment. — Siege of Copal 
 Droog.^Force encamped before Copal Droog. — Description of Copal Droog, 
 — Lower fort taken possession of. — Plan of attack.-^Upper fort esca- 
 laded. — Assaulting columns throughout the campaign led by Engineer 
 Officers. — Extract from General Pritzler's despatch. — Disturbances in 
 Sawunt Waree. — Composition of Engineer Corps up to 1829. 
 
 At the close of the Mahratta War in 1803, the British 
 Government in India was at peace with all the Native powers; 
 but it was soon found that the hostile feeling of the Mahrattas 
 had not been eradicated. 
 
 The Rajah of Nagpore engaged in intrigues with Scindiah and 
 Holkar. 
 
 Holkar was the first to commence hostilities. This war 
 terminated in 1805. Scindiah, in 1804, had concluded a treaty 
 of defensive alliance with the British Government ; but when he 
 saw how our arms were occupied with Holkar, he resolved to try 
 his strength again, and marched to the Chumbal when Holkar 
 was at Bhurtpore. When the operations at Bhurtpore termin- 
 ated, Holkar seemed so disposed to peace that Lord Lake 
 hastened to attack Scindiah. The latter fled to Subbulghur, 
 and finding Holkar subdued, he also made a treaty with the 
 Government in November 1805. 
 
 Thus the general peace was restored ; but Scindiah and 
 Holkar still continued to desolate the country now known as 
 Central India. Under this state of things was gradually formed 
 a power (Pindarries), which gained sufficient strength to extort 
 territory from tlie Mahratta leaders, and to wrest lands from the 
 petty chiefs adjoining. 
 
 The Peishwa proceeded peacefully till 1812, when he attempted 
 to subvert the Southern Jaghiredars ; and this led to British
 
 1816. MADRAS ENGINEEES. 491 
 
 interference. The Peishwa was induced to waive some of his 
 pretensions; but even after this, the British Government was 
 constantly called upon to interfere to prevent unjust exaction on 
 the one side, and to enforce respect on the other. Nothing 
 occurred to disturb the peace with the Nagpore Government ; 
 in fact, the harmony should have been improved, as in 1809, 
 when the Nagpore power was endangered by the invasion of 
 Ameer Khan (in war with Holkar, in 1805, he commanded a 
 large body of cavalry), the movement of a division of the Madras 
 army, under Major-General Sir Barry Close, from the Deccan, 
 and a similar corps, under Sir Gabriel Martindale, from Bundel- 
 cund, relieved the Nagpore army from being invested in a 
 position where for some weeks it had to engage in a daily 
 skirmish for water. Since the peace with Holkar, in 1 806, the 
 most amicable terms subsisted between that power, and the 
 British Government. 
 
 In 1808 Jeswunt Row Holkar became deranged, and died in 
 1811, being succeeded by his son, Mulhar Row Holkar, then 
 six years of age. 
 
 Some time previous to 1815 the Peishwa's Court had been 
 disturbed by intrigues to displace the Minister, and the Peishwa 
 brought into notice his personal favourite, Trimbuckjee 
 Dainglia. Gungadhun Shastree, the agent from the Guickwar 
 State, was murdered in the streets of Puuderpore at Trimbuokjee's 
 instigation (subsequently he was found only to be an instrument 
 of the Peishwa). The British Government interfered to disgrace 
 Trimbuckjee. He was apprehended, and confined in September 
 1816, at Tannali, but escaped. An insurrection followed (in the 
 Mohudeo Hills, south of Poona,) of which he was the head. 
 
 The Subsidiary Force was accordingly marched to near Poona, 
 and anotlier alliance proposed to the Peishwa The security 
 required was the surrender of Ryeghur, Singhur, and Poorunder. 
 While this was going on at Poona occurrences at the Nizam's 
 induced the Resident to apply for a military force. At Nagpore,
 
 492 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [I81ft-1T. 
 
 Rajah Raghope Bhonslah died early in 1816, and was succeeded 
 by his imbecile son, Moodajee. A Regent was appointed, by 
 name Appa Sahib, who succeeded his cousin Aloodajee, on the 
 throne becoming vacant by his death. Appa Sahib entered into 
 an alliance with British Government. All these events produced 
 the gradual increase of British forces in the Deccan, and a 
 corresponding decrease in the British troops on the frontier. 
 
 The Pindarries, finding this the case in 1810 and 1817, 
 entered the Madras Presidency in large bodies, and succeeded 
 in materially injuring the country without receiving any adequate 
 punishment. These aggressions called for the most spirited 
 conduct on the part of the British Government. All the Native 
 powers professed to deplore the evil of the predatory system 
 which prevailed in the midst of them, and testified every possible 
 alacrity to contribute to its suppression. Their professions, 
 however, were not sufficient to give the British Government 
 confidence in their sincerity. In contemplating a campaign for 
 the extermination of the Pindarries, it was necessary to provide, 
 at the same time, against a combination of the Mahratta powers. 
 The first theatre of war would be the Nerbudda Valley ; but after 
 the expulsion (.)f the Pindarries from that line the operations 
 might extend to any part of Malwah, or the Deccan. The 
 Deccan was already occupied by British forces, which only 
 required to be reinforced from Madras, and Bombay. The 
 demonstration on north and east of Malwah were the especial 
 province of Bengal army ; while that on west was to be under- 
 taken by Bombay troops from Guzerat. 
 
 The rainy season of 1817 was spent in preparing for a great 
 military eff'ort against the Pindarries, and whatever powers of 
 Central India might support them. Lord Hastings, the Governor- 
 General, intended to have four divisions on the side of Hindoo- 
 stan. Left division at Kalingur, in Bundelcund, commanded by 
 Major-General Marshall. Centre division between Calpee and 
 Ltawah, on the Jumna, under Major-General Brown. Right
 
 1817.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 493 
 
 dirision at Agra, under Major- General Donkin ; and Reserve 
 division, under Major-General Sir David Ouchterlony, K.C.B., at 
 Rewarree. 
 
 In addition to this, two Corps of Observation at Rewah, and 
 further east. 
 
 On the Deccan side, he had five substantial corps, and a 
 Reserve. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief of Madras, Sir Thomas Hislop, was 
 to have personal command of the troops between the Nerbudda, 
 and tlie Kistua. 
 
 1st, or advanced Division, was commanded by Sir Thomas 
 Hislop in person. 
 
 2nd, or Hydrabad Division, under Brigadier- General Doveton, 
 C.B. 
 
 3rd, under Brigadier-General Sir John ISfalcolm, K.C.B. 
 
 4th, or Poona Division, under Brigadiei'-Geueral Smith, 
 C.B. 
 
 5th, or Nagpore Division, under Colonel Adam, C.B 
 
 Reserve under Brigadier-General Munro ; Brigadier General 
 Pritzler being second in command under him. 
 
 In addition to these, there was the Guzerat division of Bombay 
 troops, under Major-General Sir W. Grant Keir. 
 
 Lord Hastings embarked at Calcutta on 9th July 1817, and 
 arrived at Cawnpore on 13th September. 
 
 The troops to form the Deccan divisions were at Dliarwar, 
 Punderpore, Secunderabad, Jaulna, Nngpore, Hoosingabad, 
 Sohagpore, Gurhwarra, Jubbulpore, near and at Poona, near 
 Ahmednugger, &c. 
 
 The 1st Division had orders to proceed to Hindia on the 
 Nerbudda. 
 
 2nd to act in Berar. 
 
 3rd to proceed in advance. 
 
 4th to act in Khandeish {south of the Satpoora Hills, 
 which divide the Taptee from the Nerbudda), in communication
 
 494 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [181T. 
 
 with second division on one side, and the Guzerat force on the 
 other. 
 
 A small force was left at Poona, and another at Hyderabad. 
 
 A detachment marched, towards end of August, from 
 Secunderabad for point of assembly of 1st Division; half 
 squadron Horse Artillery, one squadron 22nd DragoonS; one 
 wing Madras Europeans, 3rd Punjaub Light Infantry, and half 
 the 1st battalion Madras Pioneers. 
 
 They reached Nandair, on the Godavery, on IGth October. 
 
 On 9th June 1817, Lieutenant Grant, Ensigns Purton, and 
 Jenkins, of Engineers, were ordered to join field force assembling 
 at Adoni ; and Lieutenant A. Anderson and Ensign J. W. Nattes 
 to join field force at Jaulna, and be under orders of Lieutenant 
 Davies. 
 
 On 24th September, Ensigns Underwood, and E. Lake were 
 ordered to join army in the field. 
 
 1st battalion 7th Native Infantry, with two 6-pounders, was 
 ordered, on 20th September, to escort materials from Jaulna, to 
 facilitate the passage of the river at Changdeo at the confluence 
 of the Poornah and Taptee. It was accompanied by half 1st 
 battalion of Pioneers, and the Engineers Department, under 
 Lieutenant Davies, to whom was entrusted the immediate 
 preparation of such expedients as should be found most 
 applicable to the pressing exigency of the service. 
 
 Route was by Adjuuta, Jumbool, and Wuggerkeira. 
 
 This small force arrived 4th October. 
 
 A flying bridge was established, in expectation of the advanced 
 corps consisting of : — 
 
 4 6-pounders with Artillerymen, 
 4 companies of Rifles, and 
 3 Native Regiments, 
 
 under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Scot ; but owing to a sudden 
 rise of the Poornah, this force did not cross the Taptee till 12th 
 October, having marched by Jaohera and Sumroad. It was
 
 1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 495 
 
 joined on the right bank of river by two companies of pioneers 
 from Changdeo. 
 
 The remainder of 1st Division was still at Jaulna with one 
 company of 1st battalion Pioneers. This force commenced its 
 march on 13th October, and crossed at Changdeo on 27th. 
 
 Sir T. Hislop, owing to severe illness, was detained at 
 Secunderabad, but at length moved from that place on Ist 
 October. He overtook a detachment commanded by Colonel 
 Murray, at Nandair, on lOth. A light detachment was selected 
 for escort of head quarters, and remainder were left to follow, 
 bringing on with them the heavy equipment 
 
 General Doveton (2nd Division) left Jaulna on loth October, 
 and arrived on 23rd at Meiker, by Sindkeir. At this time the 
 4th Division was advanced on the left towards Khandeish. It 
 commenced the passage of the Goor river, near Seroor, on 3rd 
 October, and arrived at Unkota, by Ahmednugger and Toka, in 
 rear of Unkye Tankye Pass, on 13th October. The same day, 
 Brigadier-General Smith arrived between Byzapore and Kassum- 
 bavie Ghat, eighteen miles to right of Unkota. 
 
 On 7th October, Sir John Malcolm (3rd Division) was joined 
 at Amneir by contingent of Salabat Khan, Nawab of Eilichpore. 
 
 On ICth October the Governor- General took the field, and on 
 20th reached Secundra, on the Jumna, with 1st or Centre 
 Division. 
 
 On 25th it marched towards Maliewa, on the Sindh, and 
 reached it on 7th November. The Eight Division marched for 
 Dholpore, on the Chumbal, on the 5th, and arrived on 8th 
 November. 
 
 These movements were directed against Scindiah. He acceded 
 to the terms of a fresh treaty, which was signed by him on 5th 
 November, and ratified by Lord Hastings next day. In this 
 treaty Lord Hastings stipulated for the occupation of Hindia 
 and Asseerghur. The latter could not be obtained, owing to the 
 action of the Killadar, probably at Scindiah's instigation,
 
 496 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817. 
 
 although the latter had ostensibly agreed to its surrender. 
 Scindiah agreed to co-operate in the attack on the Pindarries. 
 
 The head-quarters of the Deccan army crossed the Poornah, at 
 Edulabad, on 30th October; the Taptee, above Boorhanpore, on 
 1st November; and on the 10th, Sir T. Hislop entered camp at 
 Hurdah. 
 
 On 13th November, Major Andrews' detachment joined army 
 at Hurdah, with 2nd battalion I4th Native Infantry. This corps 
 left Meiker on 27th October, and followed Major Andrews from 
 Mulkapore. Of the four companies of Pioneers marching with 
 this detachment, three were ordered to join 2nd Division, which, 
 with one company ordered from Changdeo to Jaulna, completed 
 the number for General Doveton's force. 
 
 The Pioneers attached to the 1st Division were composed of 
 two companies, which joined Colonel Scot at the Taptee, one 
 company, which macrhed with Lieutenant-Colonel Macintosh 
 from Jaulna, and one ot t'le companies which arrived with Major 
 Andrews. 
 
 The company of Pioneers ordered to Jaulna was intended to 
 join a small battering train which marched from Jaulna for 
 Mulkapore, on 7th November. This train was intended for the 
 eventual siege of Asseerghur. The 2nd Division was to do this 
 service, and General Doveton was directed to move to rear of 
 Mulkapore. Brigadier Smith (4th Division) was to descend the 
 valley in his front, and advance his head-quarters through the 
 Scindwah Ghat to the Nerbudda 
 
 The 5th Division (Adams) assembled at Hoosingabad. At 
 this time disturbances were feared at Nagpore, and Colonel 
 Adams was directed to detach a reinforcement to that city, on 
 12th November. Lieutenant Colonel Gahan marched with three 
 troops Bengal Cavalry, with galloper guns, and 22nd Native 
 Infantry, with two 6-pounders. This detachment halted at 
 Sindkeir till a requisition should be received from Mr. Jenkins, 
 the Resident.
 
 181T.] MADE AS ENGINEERS. 497 
 
 To return to the Grand army. 
 
 The 3rd, or Left Division, under General Marshall, assembled 
 at Kallinger on 1 0th October, to co operate with the advanced 
 division of Array of the Deccan, for the expulsion of Pindarries ; 
 to protect the frontier of Bundelcund, aud to frustrate attempts at 
 escape south-east toNagpore Its march commenced on the l'3th 
 in direction of Huttab, which place it reached on the 27th, and 
 halted there till 4th November. From Huttah, it went on to 
 Reillie,* by Gurracotta, 12th November. To the left of this 
 division, was a force under Brigadier- General Hardyman, 
 intended to continue the line to the south-east; this was at 
 Oomree, on 23rd October. 
 
 Brigadier- General Toone's detachment was to terminate the line 
 of defence to the left, on the upper Soane, to protect southern 
 frontier of Bahar. 
 
 On 6tli November this force was at Oontarree. From thence 
 was made a distribution of posts to occupy the principal passes, 
 and to maintain communications between them, and Brigadier- 
 General Hardyman's extreme post of Burdee. 
 
 The Reserve Division, uuder Ouchterlony, was to assemble at 
 Delhi on 20th October, and march to Rewaree to control Ameer 
 Khan [& dependant of Holkar), and intercept Pindarries who 
 might retreat north-west. He was also to support the Rajpoot 
 States. The Guzerat Division was intended to protect the 
 Guzerat frontier against the Pindarries, and co-operate with the 
 Deccan army, if we had to fight the Mahrattas. 
 
 The Deccan Reserve, under Munro, was intended to form a 
 reserve in the parallel of Kulburga, either to incline to Hydrabad, 
 or Poona, or fall back for protection of British frontier in 
 the direction of EUore, or Bellary. 
 
 The Peishwa, on 11th October, solicited the reduction of 
 Soondoor. A force was accordingly marched from Dharwar to 
 
 ♦ Twenty«five miles east of Saugor. 
 
 32
 
 498 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE U817. 
 
 Humpasagur, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple, followed two 
 days after by Colonel Munro. On the 20th, the force was 
 divided into two parts ; one was placed on left bank of the river in 
 charge of the sick and the heavy baggage, while the other crossed 
 the river on the 23rd. It was here joined by the head-quarters, 
 and three companies of 2nd battalion of Pioneers from Bellary. 
 
 On the 27th, Munro entered the valley of Soondoor, when 
 the fort surrendered, and was occupied by a British garrison. 
 The force immediately returned to Humpasagur, and on 5th 
 November crossed to the left bank of the Toongaboodra. 
 
 On the 7th, Munro delivered over command to Colonel 
 Hewett, with orders to put the force in the position assigned to 
 the reserve ; cavalry to march on 9th November, and European 
 flank battalion, artillery, rifles, and pioneers on the 10th, Native 
 infantry and commissariat on the 11th. Colonel Munro returned 
 to Dharwar. General Pritzler, being far advanced on his return 
 from Hydrabad, was to assume command. 
 
 These several corps proceeded to Chinnoor, and were formed on 
 16th November into the Reserve Division of the Deccan army. 
 
 From the west point of the British frontier on the Toonga- 
 boodra, a chain of posts was established along the river till its 
 junction with the Kistna at Moorkondah; thence to Chintapilly, 
 and afterwards along the ICast Ghauts to Chilka Lake, a distance 
 of 850 miles. 
 
 The number of troops employed on this work were six squad- 
 rons of dragoons, six of Native cavalry, nine battalions of Native 
 infantry, and 6,000 horse and foot of Mysore. 
 
 The 4th Division had barely taken up its position for the 
 defence of the Peishwa's dominions, when the Peishwa showed 
 clearly that he was hostile to us, and took the lead by attacking 
 the Residency and British troops at Poona. 
 
 Ameer Khan had, following the example of Scindiah and the 
 Nawab of Bhopal, accepted the terms offered with eagerness, and 
 proved a staunch and zealous ally to us.
 
 1817.] MADltAS ENGINEEKS. 199 
 
 The Peishwa having assembled an army in a menacing posi- 
 tion at Poena, Elphinstone (Resident) applied to General Smith 
 (4th Division) for the return of his division. Accordingly the 
 4th Division broke up from its position early in November, and 
 reassembled at Fnoltamba on the Godavery on the 4th, where 
 it remained till the 6th, when it continued its route on the 
 capital. General Doveton, on receiving reports of General 
 Smith's retrograde movement, countermanded the march of the 
 battering train on Mulkapore, and directed the engineers" park 
 and department, which had moved from Mulkapore to Changdeo 
 to join him above the Ghauts. 
 
 Headquarters of 2nd Division (Doveton) marched from 
 Meiker on 12th November, and arrived at Jafferabnd on the 
 loth. They were here joined by the battering train, which 
 countermarched from Suraroad on the 16th, and arrived by route 
 ofAdjunta. The engineers' park and department came in on 
 the 16th by Jeypore and Koablee, having marched from Mulka- 
 pore on 12th November. 
 
 On 4th November, Bajee Row's troops attacked the Residency 
 at Poona, and Mr. Elphinstone, having only time to retire by 
 the ford of the Moola, retreated along its left bank, and joined 
 the brigade under Colonel Burr. The next day Colonel Burr 
 defeated the Peishwa, inflicting a loss of oOO killed and wounded, 
 while the British loss was only eighty-six. 
 
 The 4th Division reached Ahmeduugger, and on the Sth took 
 the pettah, they then continued their march to Poona ; on evening 
 of the 12th the light troops and cavalry moved out of Kirkee to 
 meet them, and took up ground between Kirkee bridge, and a 
 small hill on the left of Mootamoola. 
 
 On the 14th, preparatory movements were made to attack the 
 enemy at daylight next day. The ford was found impracticable 
 for guns. 
 
 On the 15th, the Pioneers set to work on the ford. 
 
 On the 16th, the enemy tried to prevent work, but were 
 
 32 •
 
 600 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817. 
 
 foiled, and the left wing, under Lieutenant- Colonel Milnes, 
 established itself on the right bank. 
 
 On the 17th, the right wing crossed at the Sangara ford, but, 
 they found that the enemy had retreated in direction of the Ghauts, 
 south of Poona. The Peishwa, with Gokla (his commander-in- 
 chief) went towards Poorunder, and the other parts of the army 
 to Singhur. A force was sent in pursuit, and succeeded in 
 capturing fourteen guns at foot of the hill-fort of Singhur. 
 
 The Pindarries were cantoned in three bodies, under Cheetoo, 
 Kurreem Khan, and Wasil Mahomed. They designed to possess 
 themselves of Islamnugger, but apprehended the hostility of 
 Bhopal, as also the nearness of the British forces. Bhopal had 
 lately entered into a treaty with the British Government to deliver 
 up Goolgaon, and act against the Pindarries. The Pindarries, 
 were, however, encouraged by Scindiah. 
 
 In the beginning of November, the Pindarries were in a line 
 extending from Bhilsa to Shugawalpore, north of Bhopal : 
 Wasil Mahomed on the left, with 8,000 men and five guns ; 
 Kurreem Khan and Holkar Shahee in centre, 8,000 men and five 
 or six guns ; and Cheetoo on right, 10,000 men and ten guns. 
 
 The Left Division of the Grand army arrived at Reillie on 
 10th November, and opened a communication with Colonel 
 Adams at Hoosingabad. The same day Hislop reached Hurdah, 
 and the Guzerat force had advanced to Dohud.* Everything 
 was now ready for the combined movements. 
 
 Lord Hastings moved to prevent the Pindarries penetrating 
 north or east, and General Donkin was ordered to advance from 
 Dholpore in a south-westerly direction to guard left bank of the 
 Chumbul. It was arranged that one Madras division should 
 penetrate Malwa upon Ashta. Another was to move by 
 Oonchood to the west, while Colonel Adams was to march upon 
 Resseen, and General Marshall from Reillie, west on Saugor and 
 Ratgurh. 
 
 * Or Dawiid«
 
 1817.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 501 
 
 On 14tb November, the 5th Division (Adams) began to cross 
 Nerbudda at Goondree Ghaut, near Hoosingabad. 
 
 Next day, 3rd Division (Malcolm) crossed at Buglatoor Ghaut, 
 and at Hinda. 
 
 On this day, Hislop received news regarding the attack at 
 Poona, while at Hurdah. He recalled Sir John Malcolm, the 
 3rd Division was halted, and Malcolm was placed in command 
 of the Deccan army in Malwa. 
 
 Doveton (2nd Division) was ordered to send his engineers' 
 park and battering train, and Koyal Scots down the Berar Ghauts 
 to Jypoorkoatly, so as to be conveniently situated to join 1st 
 Division in the event of siege of Asseerghur ; and two days 
 after, this reinforcement was directed to advance to Mulkapore. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gahan was ordered to move on from Sindkeir 
 to Nagpore, while Doveton was directed to reinforce 24th Native 
 Infantry, which left Secunderabad on 28th October for Bussum, 
 and which was now ordered to go to Nagpore. Captain Davies, 
 who had been detached from 2nd Division, was directed to join 
 Smith (4th Division), and a detachment was sent off under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Deacon, on 20th November, to take his place 
 by Charwah, Kundwah, Kurgaum, and Scindwah Ghaut. 
 
 On the 21st, head-quarters and 1 st (Deccan) Division changed 
 ground to Koolurdah, and Hindia was occupied. 
 
 On the 24th, head-quarters and 1st Division marched south, 
 and next day encamped at Charwah. Here Hislop received 
 despatches from Lord Hastings, pressing his return to Malwa; 
 and at the same time the 4th Division (Smith), and Reserve 
 (Pritzler), were placed at the disposal of the Resident at Poona. 
 
 Doveton (2nd Division) was directed to summon Asseerghur, 
 and to lay siege to it in event of refusal. Hislop at once 
 retraced his steps, and arrived at Hurdah on the 29th. Next 
 day the passage of the Nerbudda was commenced by means of 
 large flat boats, and on 2nd December all the troops were 
 encamped near Nemawar,
 
 502 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817. 
 
 We must now return to Nagpore affairs. 
 
 A khillaat arrived at Nagpore from the Peishwa, which had 
 been despatched shortly after the Treaty of Poona. But as the 
 relations between the English, and the Peishwa had meantime 
 changed from peaceful to hostile, the Resident, Mr. Jenkins, 
 protested against its reception by the Raja, as inconsistent with 
 his alliance with the British Government. He disregarded these 
 objections, received it in public durbar, and proceeded to liis 
 principal camp, west of the town, on 24th November. 
 
 Next day, the Raja took up a position very threatening to the 
 safety of the Residency. At sunset on the 26th, an attack was 
 made. At daybreak on 27th, fire recommenced. About 10 a.m. 
 the screw of the gun on the smaller Seetabnldee Hill was dis- 
 abled. The Arabs saw their advantage, nud carried the hill. 
 They turned the gun on the other hill, and, flushed with success, 
 advanced along the ridge to attack the remaining point. Captain 
 Fitzgerald, at this most critical time, made a most successful 
 charge on an immense body of the enemy's horse. The guns of 
 the enemy were abandoned, and turned on them by our cavalry, 
 and their well-directed fire kept the Mahrattas at a distance. 
 Two guns were spiked, and the remainder dragged back into the 
 Residency grounds. Firing was now recommenced from the large 
 hill. A tumbril on the smaller hill exploded ; a party from the 
 larger hill rushed to the attack, and drove the Arabs from the 
 post at the point of the bayonet, recovering our own guns as 
 well as capturing two others. 
 
 The tide was now turned, and Appa Sahib's troops gave way 
 on all sides. The Arabs still remained in force to the north east 
 of our position, till a brilliant charge was made on them by Cornet 
 Smith with a troop of cavalry, who succeeded in dispersing them, 
 and capturing two guns. Our troops now moved down from the 
 hill, and drove the enemy from all the surrounding villages, 
 securing all the guns not previously carried off. Our force in 
 this battle of Seetabuldee consisted of 1,500 men, while the
 
 1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 50B 
 
 BhonslaEajahad 10,000 infantry, and 10,000 horse. He chiefly 
 relied on 3,000 or 4,000 Arabs, who always behaved with great 
 bravery. Our loss was 333 ; four officers killed, and seven 
 wounded, besides Mr. Sotheby (a civilian). 
 
 Our force consisted of 20th, 24th Native Infantry, two com- 
 panies Resident's escort, three troops 6th Bengal Cavalry, and 
 detachment Madras Artillery, with four 6-pounders. Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Scot, of 24th, commanded. 
 
 Troops now poured into Nagpore from every quarter; the first 
 detachment arrived on 29th November, under Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Gahan ; the second, under Major Pitman, on 5th December; 
 and General Doveton followed with the 2nd Division, and entered 
 on 12th December with his light troops, while the remainder 
 came in two days after. 
 
 Ensign J. Jenkins, of Madras Engineers, was marching with 
 the 2nd Division ; he was attacked with fever, and died at 
 Akowla, near the Poornah, on 4th December 1817. 
 
 He entered the service on 11th July 1815. 
 
 Appa Sahib was at once directed to deliver himself up, and 
 General Doveton advanced in order of battle to a position close 
 to the Raja's camp. Appa Sahib rode in with his ministers, and 
 surrendered. 
 
 The movements against the Pindarries have now to be 
 detailed. 
 
 The 3rd Division marched, on 18th November, to Ashta, by 
 the Kurounee Ghaut (21st). Pindarries were found to have 
 moved north. Malcolm resolved to pursue them quickly, in 
 communication with Colonel Adams. Colonel Adams marched 
 to Rasseen on the 22nd. The left division of the Grand Army 
 was, on 18th November, near Reillie, and was to march by 
 Saughur and Ratgurh to Basowda, 27th. 5th Division (Colonel 
 Adams) to Beirseeah, 2Gth, 
 
 Malcolm established a post at Ashta, and on the 21th reached 
 Mynepore.
 
 504 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [181T. 
 
 The fort of Talyne surrendered to Captain Grant, with Mysore 
 Horse. 
 
 The 3rd Division arrived at Talyne * on the 26th. 
 
 The next points fixed on were : — 
 
 Left Division, Grand army, Ragooghur. 
 fith Division, Deccan army, Eajghur. 
 3rd Division, Soosneir. 
 
 Scindiah had three corps in the field, west of Malwa, one 
 under Jeswunt Row Bhao, in Meywar It was thought Cheetoo 
 would fly to him ; and Sir J. Malcolm wrote to Jeswunt Row 
 objecting to his reception. 
 
 Scindiah's other corps were under Amhajee Punt, and Amrah 
 Bhao (between the Calee Sindh, and the Seprah). 
 
 The 3rd Division left Talyne on 1 st December, and on crossing 
 
 the Calee Sindh at Sarungpore, Amhajee Punt's force was heard 
 
 to be advancing in a mutinous state, with intent to go to Gwallior. 
 
 Malcolm insisted on their baiting, and was enabled to enforce 
 his orders. 
 
 On 3rd December, a part of 3rd Division reached Baugur, 
 and there learnt that Cheetoo had turned towards Mehidpore, and 
 encamped close to the army of Mulhar Row Holkar. 
 
 Malcolm reached Augur on the 4th. On the Gth, he counter- 
 marched to Shajehanpore. On the 8th arrived at Turiano, and 
 halted till the 10th. On the 11th to Ursooda, three miles south 
 of Tappoor. 
 
 The 1st Division was at Nemawar on 2nd December. It 
 marched on the right of the Calee Sindh, and the 3rd Division on 
 the left. 
 
 On 1 1th December, 1st Division was at Duttana Muttana, and 
 3rd Division at Ursooda, eight miles oft'. 
 
 On 1 2th, head-quarters, 1st and 3rd Divisions, marched past 
 Ougein, crossed the Seeprah opposite north-west angle of the city, 
 and encamped on left bank of the river.* 
 
 * North of Shugawalpore.
 
 IWJ MADRAS ENGINEERS. 505 
 
 On 15th November Mr. Metcalfe had received an overture from 
 the Regent Tuolsee Biiee, offering to pluce herself, and the young 
 ATulhar Row under the protection of the British Government. 
 Soon after the Peishwa's flight defection spread, and the impulse 
 of the Sirdars was at once to march to the south, and rallv round 
 the legitimate head of the Mahrattas. The Sirdars suspected 
 the intrigue with the English ; and the minister, Tantea Jog, was 
 placed inclose confinement. Gunput Row (the other minister) 
 was left nominally in charge of aff'airs, but the real power fell 
 into the hands of the Patan Sirdars, at the head of whom was 
 Ghufoor Khan, the agent of Ameer Khan, and Ramdeeu, one 
 of the most considerable Infantry officers. 
 
 The 3rd Division, under Malcolm, and the 1st, under Hislop, 
 met, as we have seen, on the 12th December, and after a 
 halt of two days at Ougein, advanced towards Holkar's camp. 
 A treaty was discussed for some days, tlie two armies being 
 within fourteen miles of each other — Holkar's at Mehidpore, 
 Hislop's at Punbehar, north of Ougein. 
 
 On the 17th the Sirdars seized Gunput Row and Toolsee 
 Baee ; the latter was carried down by night to the banks of the 
 Seeprah and beheaded, by order of Ghufoor Khan, and the 
 Patans. 
 
 On the '20th, Hislop arrived to within seven miles of Holkar's 
 camp. 
 
 On the 2 1 St, he again advanced. His march was opposed by 
 Holkar's cavalry. On approaching Mehidpore, the enemy were 
 discovered drawn up on the opposite bank of the Seeprah, as if 
 intending to dispute the passage of the river. 
 
 A reconnaissance was mode by Lieutenant-Colonel Blacker, 
 who ascertained there was ground on the opposite side of the 
 river within its bed, for the troops to form on ; that they would 
 be completely sheltered from the enemy; and that, after ascend- 
 ing the bank, they would only have to advance 300 yards to the 
 enemy's guns. The enemy's right was protected by a ravine, the
 
 506 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1817. 
 
 left by a slight bend of the river, and a deserted village, Sitawud. 
 Hislop placed his baggage in Dorlait, on the right bank; then, 
 ■while Malcolm drove off enemy's horse, a few light troops were 
 pushed across the ford, followed by fourteen horse-artillery 
 guns, and a troop of rocketers. The passage was effected without 
 much difficulty, and the horse-artillery opened fire. The enemy 
 were so superior in artillery that in a short time our guns were 
 disabled. Four guns of foot-artillery from the opposite side of 
 river, a little nearer Mehidpore, opened fire, whence they enfiladed 
 the enemy's left, advanced between Silawud, and the river. 
 
 1st brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Scot, attacked enemy's 
 left. 
 
 Light brigade, under vlajor Bowen, formed the centre, and 
 ^nd brigade, under Captain Hare, the left. 
 
 The cavalry was to operate against enemy's right. 
 
 1st brigade to make main attack, led by Sir John Malcolm, 
 
 The enemy's artillery was extremely numerous and well served, 
 and our loss was severe. The troops advanced with great 
 steadiness. 
 
 Holkar's artillery stood to their guns till bayonetted, but his 
 infantry gave way as soon as the guns were carried. The 
 cavalry turned the enemy's right, and made great slaughter of 
 the infantry. Holkar's camp directly opposite Mehidpore, north 
 of the field of battle, with all the artillery (63 guns), was soon in 
 our hands ; but pursuit being continued, an attempt was made to 
 rally, and they got some guns together to cover their retreat 
 across the river, four miles lower down Upon this, Hislop 
 ordered his line to be re-formed ; the guns were soon taken, and 
 the feeble resistance overpowered, by a rapid advance of Sir John 
 Malcolm with cavalry and a light detachment. Our camp was 
 formed on the field of battle, while Sir J. Malcolm continued the 
 pursuit, and Captain Grant, with the Mysore Horse, moved 
 down the left bank of the river Immense booty fell into the 
 hands of the Mvsore Horse.
 
 1817.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 507 
 
 Our loss was 174 killed, and 004 wounded. 
 Amongst them three officprs killed, and thirty-five wounded. 
 Hislop remained a week at Mehidpore to establish hospital and 
 depot, while Sir John Malcolm followed up the victory with a 
 light division. 
 
 The Engineer officers present at Mehidpore were : — 
 Lieutenant Anderson, Madras Engineers. 
 
 ,. Elliott, Royal Engineers, wounded. 
 
 „ Purton, Madras Engineers. 
 
 There were three companies of the Madras Pioneers present, 
 under the command of Captain McCraith. 
 
 The Commander-in Chief thus acknowledged their services : — 
 " The conduct of the Pioneers under Captain McCraiih was 
 higldy meritorious and essentially useful." 
 
 Tlie Bombay army arrived at Rutlamnugger on y4th December. 
 It had been ordered also to march to Ougein, but its march had 
 been arrested by the Bombay Government, owing to the 
 defection at Nagpore. 
 
 Sir W. G. Keir, with the Guzerat Division, commenced his 
 march from Baroda, on Ougein, on 4th December; and on the 
 1 3th encamped at Dohud. Here Keir was recalled by the 
 Bombay Government to within sixteen miles of Baroda. He 
 counter-marched two stages. 
 
 On the I 7th he received fresh orders, and returned to Dohud 
 on the inth. 
 
 On the 24th he reached Rutlamnugger (twenty-five miles from 
 Mehidpore). 
 
 The force with which Lord Hastings was present suff'ered 
 greatly from cholera The division was accordingly moved, on 
 10th November, from the Sindh to Erich, on the right batik of 
 the Betwah. 
 
 Two of the forces of Pindarries (Kureem Khan and Wasil 
 Mahomed) fled in the direction of Gwallior, and Lord Hastings 
 hastened to return to the Sindh.
 
 508 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE [1817. 
 
 The left division Grand army (Marshall) overtook thePindar- 
 ries at Beechee Tal, and dispersed them. General Donkin (right 
 division) on 17th December, came up with their baggage, and 
 took it, as well as the wife and family of Kureem Khan. ThePin- 
 darries, finding all access to the Chumbal opposed, turned to the 
 south from Bauwleah on the 16th, and directed tlieir course to 
 Sherghur and Gogal Chapra ; but Colonel Adams arrived at 
 Gogal Chapra on the 15th. They were pursued and cut up, and 
 the two durrahs continued their flight towards Augur. Finding 
 that Holkar had been defeated, and was retiring, they turned 
 back towards Chuppergutlah, on the Oornuddy, seven miles 
 west of Soosneir ; thence they crossed the Chumbal, and joined 
 the remains of Holkar's army. 
 
 Cheetoo had thrown himself in rear of Holkar's army. 
 Previous to 2oth November he was at SingoUee (twenty-five 
 miles south-west of Kotah), and then proceeded by invitation to 
 Jawud 
 
 The scene of operations was now confined to Mewar, where 
 Cheetoo had originally retired, and whither the remains of 
 Kureem's and Wasil's forces had fled. A new plan to surround 
 them was devised. Colonel Adams moved down on Gungrar via 
 Ratghur Patun to hem them in on the east. General Donkin re- 
 crossed the Chumbal to Shahpoora, west of the Bunas, to enclose 
 them on the north. General Brown, from centre division at 
 Lanaree, was despatched with a light force, and directed to march 
 by Shahabad, and to south of Haraotee, so as to be available to the 
 north of Colonel Adams. Meantime, divisions from the Deccan, 
 under Hislop and Malcolm, as well as the army from Guzerat, 
 under Sir W. Keir, had become available in the same quarter. 
 
 We must now leave the Pindarries for the present, and return 
 to the Deccan, where events of great importance occurred near 
 Nagpore. 
 
 The enemy, on 15th December, occupied a position with their 
 right flank on the Rajah's arsenal (two enclosed squares of
 
 1817J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 509 
 
 masonry) ; their left rested on village of Babool Kairah, and was 
 also defended by a heavy battery, and their whole line strengthened 
 by a pettah in their rear. 
 
 Our left brigade was ordered to storm the arsenal (sappers and 
 miners in this brigade). 
 
 The sappers and miners consisted of: — 
 
 3 sergeants i 
 
 3 corporals -Europeans. 
 28 privates ) 
 
 3 havildars ] 
 
 2 naigues [Natives. 
 28 privates i 
 
 Total ... 67 
 
 Our centre brigade was to attack enemy's centre, and occupy 
 Sukadurree, a pagoda and garden. &c., and then to effect com- 
 munication with the left brigade. 
 
 The cavalry and right brigade were to attack the enemy's left. 
 
 On the IGth, the enemy abandoned their position, with the 
 exception of the arsenal, and retired to a position about a mile 
 in rear of their first line, with their right resting on the Naga 
 Nuddee, and their left to the south-east of Sukadurree, having a 
 large lank and suburbs in front of their left centre. 
 
 Tlie arsenal was occupied by our troops with but little 
 opposition. The batteries on the enemy's right (nine guns) were 
 stormed by right and centre brigades ; and the reserve carried 
 the battery near the tank (eight guns). The cavalry attacked 
 the enemy's left flank (six guns), and pursued them for seven 
 miles. 
 
 The battery near the arsenal, of fourteen guns, was captured 
 by Lieutenant-Colonel Scot's brigade. 
 
 After the battle, 6,000 Nagpore Infantry occupied the city, 
 and it became necessary to dislodge them. 
 
 On December 19th, 1817, the first advance was made from
 
 510 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE Li8i7. 
 
 Seetabuldee Hill to a point where a battery for two howitzers 
 for bombarding the city, and an intrenchment, were constructed. 
 This work was 1,000 yards from the Palace, and was completed 
 in four hours. 
 
 December 20th. — The second advance was made along the 
 tank* bank. The operation was performed with difficulty, 
 owing to the Pioneers, who could not be brought forward with 
 materials to complete it, until the European sappers and miners 
 had intrenched themselves. 
 
 Lieutenant Lake, in his Sieges of the Madras Army, says : 
 "This is the only instance of misbehaviour of the Madras 
 Pioneers, who have long been distinguished for their cool, steady 
 bravery ; and on one or two trying occasions, in which I had 
 myself an opportunity of seeing them employed, they have 
 sustained that character in a way that could not be surpassed by 
 any troops in the world. The present can only be accounted for 
 by supposing that they were new to their work, unpractised, and 
 unaccustomed to the Engineer officers under whom they were 
 employed." 
 
 The east bank was intrenched, and battery No. 1, for four, 
 guns, completed. In this operation an Engineer ofiBcer, Ensign 
 Nattes, was wounded. 
 
 During the night, battery No. 'I, for five guns, was completed. 
 
 On the 21st, operations were suspended, owing to negotiations. 
 
 December 22nd. — The trenches were perfected; and during 
 the evening, battery No. 2 opened on the defences of the 
 wall. 
 
 December 23rd. — The breach of the Jooma Durwasee was 
 practicable. A great deal of rain fell this night. 
 
 December 24th. — An attack was ordered to be made on the 
 Jooma Durwasee at 12. 
 
 Colonel Scot and Major Pitman were to make simultaneous 
 
 • JTunma Talaoi
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C e. , -* 
 
 
 ^.-:",r.<^ip.c::^';ry 

 
 1817J MADRAS ENGINEEES. 511 
 
 attacks, the former to occupy the Toolsee Bagh, and the latter a 
 large building. The column for the storm of the breach consisted 
 of twenty-three European sappers, one company of the Eoyal 
 Scots, and five companies of Native Infantry, with pioneers 
 carrying intrenching tools, &:c. 
 
 Colonel Scot and ^Nlajor Pitman succeeded in occupying the 
 positions assigned to them, but the attack on the breach failed. 
 
 Lieutenant Davies, of Engineers, had examined the breach, 
 and finding it practicable, was anxious to establish a lodgment 
 on the tower. U'he morning was particularly favourable, as it 
 rained very heavily, and Lieutenant Davies obtained leave of the 
 General (but not without repeated solicitations), to make the 
 attempt with details of Europeans, and some sepoys. The party 
 was accordingly drawn up, with sappers and miners, consisting 
 of about thirty Europeans in front, supported by one company 
 Royal Scots, and five companies of Native Infantry. The Arabs, 
 owing to the rain, had retired from the gateway to the inner 
 houses. Lieutenant Davies, with his party, passed unperceived 
 to the breach, and had ascended it, when the alarm was given, 
 and the Arabs opened a smart fire on the head of the party. This 
 checked our advance a little, several sappers and miners fell ; and 
 our main body not having appeared, the Arabs gained ground, 
 and the fire increased so much, that scarcely a man of ours 
 escaped unhurt. They pushed their advantage, and compelled 
 the whole party to fall back with considerable loss. The officer 
 commanding the Royal Scots was killed inside the breach, the 
 senior engineer. Lieutenant Davies, severely wounded, and a 
 large proportion of sappers and miners disabled. 
 
 After this failure, it was determined to wait lor the battering- 
 guns, and in the meantime the Arabs negotiated, and evacuated 
 the city, receiving all their arrears of pay. A British officer 
 was sent to conduct them in safety to the frontier of Khan- 
 deish. 
 
 The Engineer stores consisted merely of 1,400 sand-bags,
 
 512 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE L1817. 
 
 and the only intrenching tools were such as could be collected 
 from the Line regiments. 
 
 The party of Europeans should have been strong and fresh. 
 They had been on duty twenty-four hours, and exposed the whole 
 of a cold night in wet trenches, to heavy rain. This is sufficient 
 to account for the failure. 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter from General Doveton 
 to the Adjutant-General: — 
 
 " I avail myself of this opportunity also of bringing to His 
 Excellency the Commander-in-Chief's favourable notice, the 
 exemplary conduct and exertions of the Corps of Sappers and 
 Miners, of the detachment of Foot Artillery, during the several 
 operations against Nagpore^ subsequent to the action of the 16th. 
 Had it not been for the uncommon exertions of Lieutenants 
 Pavies and Nattes, and of the men of the former of these corps, 
 we should never have been able to carry on our approaches in 
 the rapid manner they were. Their consequent fatigue and 
 exertions were therefore proportionately great, and prove to my 
 entire conviction that this particular arm only requires an 
 adequate increase to render the most essential service to the 
 public interest." 
 
 On the 30th December the Guzerat army efiected a junction 
 with the head-quarters of the army of the Deccan, and the united 
 force advanced on Mundisore in support of Sir John Malcolm. 
 
 Holkar's power had been completely broken. The minister, 
 Tantea Jog, came into Malcolm's camp at Mundisore on 1st 
 January 1818. A treaty was concluded, and Mulhar Row (with 
 Gunput Eow, Ghufoor Khan, and the principal Sirdars), came 
 in, and placed himself under the protection of the British 
 army. 
 
 After the remnant of the forces of Kureem and Wasil had 
 effected their escape through Haraotee* to Mewar early in 
 
 * A district of Ajmeer, 25^ to 26' N. Lat. N.W. of the Chumbul.
 
 1«17-18.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 513 
 
 January, Colonel Adams was at Giingrar, General Donkin to 
 north of Mewar, while General Brown was advancing to Ram- 
 poora. General Keir was despatched from Mundisore, north- 
 west, to co-operate against Cheetoo, or any of the others. 
 Harassed by Keir, the marauders endeavoured to retrace their 
 steps to Malwah, and the valley of Nerbudda. 
 
 Cheetoo effected his object by passing through a most difficult 
 country south of Mewar. 
 
 He reappeared near Dhar. In this movement he lost his 
 baggage and many horses. 
 
 The wreck of Kurreem's force rejoined Wasil's, and both were 
 driven to attempt a return to Malwa. After having rounded 
 Hislop's camp at Mundisore, they proceeded east (thinking no 
 British force in their neighbourhood), crossed the Chumbul, and 
 bivouacked at Kotree on the Kalee Sindh. Colonel Adams was 
 lying at Gungrar on 13th January. He detached 5th Bengal 
 Cavalry to give them a night surprise. Major Clark fell in with 
 them an hour before daylight. He was undiscovered, and 
 completely surrounded them on all sides. The whole body was 
 dispersed, and many leaders of note fell on the field. After this, 
 the Pindarries were so harassed by Colonel Adams, and General 
 Marshall, that they were unable to keep their followers 
 together. 
 
 Before 15th February 1818, most of the chiefs had surrendered 
 themselves, and the forces of Kureem Khan and Wasil Mahomed 
 were annihilated. 
 
 Cheetoo had hitherto avoided a rencounter with the British in 
 the field, but on 25th January he was heard of at Kunnoad"^ by 
 Colonel Heath, who commanded at Hindia. 
 
 A party was sent out, and utterly dispersed his force. After 
 this, Cheetoo wandered about Malwa with 200 followers. 
 
 His end was tragical. Having joined Appa Sahib, he passed 
 
 • Twenty-two miles distant from Hindia. uOig 3"] '^tovJ 
 
 33
 
 514 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818. 
 
 the rainy season of 1818 in Mohadeo Eauze, and upon that 
 chiefs expulsion in February 1819, accompanied him to Asseer- 
 ghur. Being refused admittance, he sought refuge in the jungle. 
 He was missed for some days afterwards ; at last his horse was 
 discovered grazing near the margin of the forest ; at no great 
 distance were found clothes clotted with blood, and, further on, 
 fragments of bones ; and, at last, his head entire, with the 
 features in a state to be recognized. 
 
 The 2nd Division (Doveton) broke up from Nagpore on 
 22nd January 1818, and proceeded by slow marches west, 
 through the valley of Berar by Ellichpore. In their progress 
 Gawilghur and Narnulla (hill forts) were summoned, and 
 surrendered. 
 
 The Division then entered Khandeish, and reached Outran on 
 20th February, where they awaited the 1st Division. 
 
 The 1st and 3rd (as we have already seen) had crossed the 
 Nerbudda and entered Malwa in December, and shortly after 
 (21st) defeated army of Holkar at Mehidpore. 
 
 The treaty of Mundisore was negotiated by Sir John Malcolm. 
 All Holkar's possessions in Khandeish were ceded to the 
 English, and orders for surrender of the different places 
 given to Sir T. Hislop, who returned with the 1st Division to the 
 Deccan. 
 
 The operations of the 4th Division, and the Reserve were 
 unconnected with those of the divisions in Malwa. 
 
 The Peishwa, after his defeat at Pooua on 16th November, 
 fled in direction of Sattara, to carry off the family of Raja of 
 Sattara from Wusota. 
 
 Towards end of November, General Smith (4th Division) went 
 in pursuit. 
 
 On the 29th he forced the passage of the Salpaghat, leading to 
 the highlands, in which the Kistna rises. Gokia, with the 
 Peishwa's cavalry, hovered on the line of march, but by means 
 of horse artillery, which opened on them with great effect, the
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 515 
 
 horsemen were compelled to disappear. Nothing of interest 
 occurred in this long and arduous pursuit. The Peishwa, pass- 
 ing Sattara, went as far south as Poosasaolee, then east to 
 Pundepore, then north-west, and passing half-way between Poona 
 and Seroor, moved north on Wuttoor. Here he was joined by 
 Trimbuckjee Dainglia. 
 
 General Smith followed close, arriving at Punderpore 8th 
 December, two days after the Peishwa had left. The General 
 then moved to Seroor, recruited his cattle, and resumed the 
 pursuit on 22nd December, entering the valley of the Godavery 
 by Nimboo Deora Ghaut. 
 
 The Peishwa was still near the strong forth of Jooneer* on 
 26th December, when General Smith had advanced to Hunmunt- 
 gaum. The Peishwa then attempted to gain Nassick, but 
 General Smith was gaining fast from the east, and the Peishwa 
 had scarcely descended the valley of the Pheira on the 27th, 
 when he heard that General Smith had passed Sungumneer, 
 The Peishwa then moved to Kootool, and re-ascending the 
 table-land, returned to Wuttoor on the 28th, and thence 
 south on road to Poona. Colonel Burr, commanding at Poona, 
 thinking the Peishwa was going to attack, asked for reinforce- 
 ment from Seroor. 
 
 The detachment sent from Seroor consisted of detail Madras 
 Artillery, with two 6-pounders, 2nd Bombay Native Infantry, 
 300 strong, and 250 Auxiliary Horse, commanded by Captain 
 Staunton. They got as far as Korygaum, on the Indur- 
 warry, at 10 a.m., 1st January 1818, and were there attacked 
 by the whole of the Peishwa's army. They took post 
 in the village, and repulsed all their efforts with the greatest 
 gallantry. 
 
 The principal assailants were Arabs, about 3,000 in number, 
 
 * Fifty miles north of Poona. 
 
 83 •
 
 516 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1818. 
 
 who fought in the most determined manner, but they were met 
 by a resolution even greater than their own. The fight lasted 
 all day, until about 9 p.m., when Staunton was enabled to occupy 
 the position in the village previously held by the Arabs, He 
 remained at Korygaum the whole of the 2nd, and at 7 p.m. 
 retreated to Seroor. 
 
 There were only eight officers with the detachment, including 
 two assistant surgeons. 
 
 Captain Staunton, 2nd of 1st Bombay Native Infantry, 
 
 commanding. 
 Lieutenant Adjutant Patterson, 2nd of 1st Bombay Native 
 
 Infantry, wounded (died of his wounds). 
 Lieutenant Connellan, wounded. 
 Lieutenant Jones. 
 Assistant- Surgeon Wingate, killed. 
 Lieutenant Chisholm, Madras Artillery, killed. 
 Assistant-Surgeon Wylie ,, ,, 
 
 Lieutenant Swanston, Auxiliary Horse, wounded. 
 
 The last-named officer belonged to Madras Establishment, and 
 was the same who was with the Madras Pioneers at the capture 
 of the Mauritius in 1810. 
 
 The actual numbers of our force were — 
 
 Artillery ... 26; of these 12 killed and 8 wounded. 
 
 Native Infantry, 550 „ 50 ,, 105 „ 
 Auxiliary Horse, 260 „ 62 „ 100 
 
 Total 836 „ 124 „ 213 
 
 Bajee Row ascended a second time the table-land, and con- 
 tinued his flight south east, through Poosasaolee to Meritch. 
 
 In the meantime, General Pritzler was between Peergaum and 
 Pundepore, on the Bheema. He immediately moved west. 
 Finding that the enemy had ascended the Ghauts, he followed, 
 and passed Salpaghat on Gth January. Next day he fell in with
 
 181BJ MADE AS ENGINEERS. 517 
 
 the rear-guard, and attacked it. Pursuit was continued to Poosa- 
 saolee and Meritch, and thence across the Kistna by the ford of 
 Erroor. 
 
 Peishwa went as far south as Gokauk, on the Gutpurba, and 
 endeavoured to open correspondence with the Eaja of Mysore, 
 but failed; and on 1 5th January turned east from Gokauk, and 
 recrossed the Kistna at Gugulla ; diverging thence to west, 
 he marched on Meritch, thus circumventing General Pritzler, 
 as he had before done General Smith. But he was hard 
 pressed. 
 
 On J 7th January, General Pritzler's cavalry had a " brush" 
 with the Mahratta army, and caused it great loss. 
 
 While General Pritzler was tracking the Peishwa, General 
 Smith prepared to move south with a force lightly equipped. 
 He started for Seroor on 8th January. 
 
 On the 12th, he was near Fultun, and then moved south on 
 Malwallee. 
 
 On 2 1 St January, he heard of the enemy being in full march to 
 Meritch. General Smith was at Hingungaum, and immediately 
 marched to the south-east of Meritch. 
 
 Next day, he arrived ^at Oogar on Kistna, a little above the 
 town. 
 
 At Meritch the Peishwa crossed the Kistna, and made a feint 
 of descending into the Konkan by Amba Ghaut, but gave up this 
 design and continued his flight up right bank ; while General 
 Smith followed on the other side. The pursuit was close; but 
 the enemy managed, by a rapid march from Sattara on the 28tb, 
 to cross the river and clear Salpaghat, with the loss of part of 
 his rear-guard. On moving forward to the Bore Ghaut, he was 
 cannonaded by a lorce under Colonel Boles, and fled east, 
 through Fultun to Punderpore, and afterwards to Shohipore. 
 Here he halted. Meantime, General Smith determined to lay 
 siege to Sattara, and wait for General Pritzler. 
 
 The place surrendered ; it was taken possession of on 1 1 th
 
 518 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818. 
 
 February, and the standard of Sevajee raised over the ramparts. 
 After this, Smith, in concert with Pritzler, formed a light 
 division, with which, on 13th February, he moved to east en 
 route to Punderpore. Arriving at Yellapoor on the 19th, he 
 heard that Bajee Row had left Sholapore, and was marching due 
 west. General Smith marched to Punderpore, but heard then 
 that the Peishwa was at Kurkumbha, unconscious of any British 
 force being near. General Smith crossed the Beemaat Kerowlee, 
 and pushed on with all his cavalry and horse artillery. At 8.30 
 he heard the State kettle-drums of the Peishwa beat. Gokla, 
 seeing that it would be impossible to escape without sacrificing his 
 baggage, determined to risk an action. General Smith had two 
 squadrons H.Al.'s 22nd Dragoons, 2nd and 7th Madras Cavalry, 
 and a troop of Horse Artillery. Gokla was killed in the engage- 
 ment, and the whole of his camp and baggage fell into our 
 hands, as well as the person and family of the Sattara Raja. 
 Bajee Row made off with his personal guards on horseback. 
 
 This action was fought at Ashtee* on 20th February. 
 
 The routed host fled north, towards Gopergaum and Khan- 
 deish. The daily fall of the Peishwa's forts before General 
 Pritzler, made the cause of the Peishwa hopeless. 
 
 On 20th February, Pritzler appeared before Singhur, and 
 immediately invested it. The main body took up its ground to 
 south of the fort, except a small party sent to invest the north side. 
 
 Singhur is fifteen miles south of Poona, on a mountain, the 
 west extremity of one of the ranges of hills running between 
 Poonah, and the Neerah river. It is 1,000 yards long, and 800 
 yards wide, of irregular shape. The Poonah Gate is the only 
 approach on north side, and consists of three separate inclosures. 
 The garrison consisted of 1,200 men. The place was at once 
 reconnoitred, and it was determined to establish a mortar 
 battery on the east hill — 800 yards distant. 
 
 * Near the Godavery, 40 miles S. by E. of Jaulna.
 
 1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEES. 5l9 
 
 On 22nd and 28rd, materials were collected, and one mortar 
 and one howitzer were placed in position ; as also four mortars 
 and three howitzers, under cover of a hill south-east of the 
 fort. 
 
 On 2'Srd morning a reconnoissance was made on west side, 
 and possession taken of an eminence in that quarter, on which a 
 two-gun battery was to be erected. Ground between west and 
 east posts was also reconnoitred, and an eligible point discovered 
 for a breaching battery. 
 
 On 23rd night, a road was made from the park to west post 
 East post was enlarged, and guns placed in battery. 
 
 24th. — Employed in making a road to centre hill post- 
 
 25th. — The carriages of the 12-pounders broke after a few 
 rouuds, but were replaced in the course of the day. 
 
 25th, at night, battery at the west post was enlarged for 
 two 6-pounders, and the breaching battery intended for three 
 18- pounders was commenced, and two-thirds finished. 
 
 26th. — Breaching battery for two 18-pounders was finished, 
 and armed. 
 
 27th. — A further reconnaissance was made, and a spot to 
 south-east was fixed on for two additional 18-pounders, to assist 
 in making the breach. 
 
 27th. — New batteries for two 18-pounders nearly constructed. 
 
 28th. — New batteiy completed, and opened fire 10 am. 
 
 29th — Centre post breaching battery was completed for three 
 guns. The working parties usually consisted of 100 Europeans, 
 200 sepoys, and 100 to 260 pioneers. 
 
 1st March — About 9 a.m., a white flag was hoisted by the 
 garrison, and two deputies were sent to the British camp to 
 negotiate. 
 
 They returned with articles of capitulation. As no reply was 
 received, the breaching batteries re opened shortly after noon. 
 About 3 P.M. a messenger arrived, stating that agents, vested 
 with full powers to treat, would be immediately despatched, and
 
 520 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818. 
 
 they arrived between 4 and 5 ; but articles could not be 
 arranged, and a second communication took place. Meantime 
 fire was kept up partially from our batteries. 
 
 March 8rd. — The batteries, except the east one, opened about 
 8 A.M. A third party arrived from the fort, and terms were 
 finally arranged. 
 
 The Engineers present were : — 
 
 Captain Nutt, Bombay. 
 
 Lieutenant Grant, Madras. 
 
 Lieutenant McLeod, Bombay. 
 
 Lieutenant Athill, Bombay. 
 
 In Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army, Lieutenant McLeod 
 is stated to belong to the Madras Engineers, but this is a 
 mistake. 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief requested "that Captain Nutt of 
 Bombay Engineers, and Lieutenant Grant, of Madras Engineers, 
 will accept his thanks and cordial approval of their zealous and 
 valuable services during the siege." 
 
 General Pritzler then attacked Vizierghur and Poorundur, 
 which were taken, after two days, on 1 5th March. After this, 
 Wundun, Chundur, Nundgara, Wussuntghur, Kumalgurh, 
 Pandoogurh, and Kalinga surrendered as soon as the army 
 appeared before them. 
 
 General Pritzler, on 31st March, prepared to proceed against 
 Wusota, reckoned the strongest of all the forts, 
 
 Chukun, north-west of Poona, was previously reduced by 
 Colonel Deacon. Colonel Prother, from Bombay, was equally 
 successful. 
 
 In January, and commencement of February, Kurnada, Bopal- 
 gurh, Kobittagurh, Oochitgurh, and Sangurh surrendered. 
 
 Fort of Palee was also reduced. Seaport of Sevarndroog had 
 also lately been taken. Meantime, General Munro had pro- 
 ceeded against Badami ; it was assaulted and captured on 17th 
 February.
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 521 
 
 The Commander-in-Chief favourably noticed " the admirable 
 spirit and coolness evinced by the Madras Pioneers in the 
 attack." 
 
 Bhagulkot fell very sliortly after. Munro had previously, in 
 December, relieved fort of Xowlgoond, and captured, in January 
 1818, the forts at Gudduk, Dummul, and Hoobly (thirteen miles 
 south-east of Dharwar). 
 
 This uninterrupted chain of success induced the Mahratta 
 Jaghiredars to make terms with Air. Elphinstone. 
 
 General Munro marched against Belgaum on 20th March. 
 No Engineer officer was present with him, but Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Newall, of the Madras Infantry, acted as engineer, and 
 there were four companies of Pioneers with the force. 
 
 On the 10th April the garrison surrendered at discretion, 
 when tlie British troops took possession of the outer gateway ; 
 and on the ISth the garrison marched out. Shortly after the 
 capture of Belgaum, a junction was formed with the remainder 
 of the Reserve Division, commanded by Brigadier- General 
 Pritzler, which, after the fall of Singhur, had been successfully 
 employed in reducing the forts between Sattara and Poona. 
 
 On receiving this reinforcement, the division marched against 
 Sholapore, near which was a part of the Peishwa's force. 
 
 The division consisted of: — 
 
 1,000 European Infantry. 180 European Cavalry. 
 2,510 Native Infantry. 123 Artillery. 
 
 Besides four companies of Pioneers; somewhat over 4,200 men. 
 
 The division arrived before Sholapore on 9th May, and took 
 up its ground on the west side, two miles and a half from the fort. 
 
 Sholapore is situated on an extensive plain of blaclv soil, inter- 
 sected here and there by rivulets of brackish water. 
 
 The ground to the south is greatly elevated and undulating, 
 of a hard reddish soil. 
 
 The town was enclosed by a strong mud wall, with towers of 
 masonry on all sides, except to south-west, where it is bounded by
 
 522 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE L1818. 
 
 the fort. South of the fort is a large tank, which washes the 
 ramparts and part of wall of pettah, and supplies the ditch with 
 water. 
 
 May 9th and 10th. — North and east faces of the pettah were 
 reconnoitred in the morning, and the ground south of fort was 
 looked to in the evening. 
 
 It was determined to assault the pettah at once ; accordingly, 
 at 8 A.M. on the lOth, a strong column left camp. 
 
 When within J, 000 yards of pettah on the north, the column 
 divided into two parts. The two columns moved forward at 
 break of day. The scaling-ladders were applied ; both columns 
 assaulted at the same time, and drove the defenders to the 
 farthest end of the pettah, the gate of which was occupied. 
 
 The pettah being now completely taken, General Munro resolved 
 to charge the enemy, who were by this time drawn up and cannon- 
 ading the Reserve ; a tumbril blew up in the enemy's lines, and the 
 charge taking place soon after, they broke and fled in all directions 
 round the south glacis, leaving three guns in our possession. 
 
 May 11th. — The environs being now cleared, no obstacle 
 remained to prevent the siege. 
 
 On the morning of the 11th the Engineers were employed in 
 reconnoitring the fort. 
 
 Lieutenant A. Grant, Madras Engineers, commanding. 
 Lieutenant Ainsworth, H.M.'s 34th, Acting Engineer. 
 Lieutenant Wahab, Rifle Corps, Acting (slightly wounded). 
 
 The Pioneers, and 200 coolies from the pettah, were employed 
 in collecting materials for the batteries. 
 
 On north, west, and east sides the fort was covered by the 
 glacis to within eight feet of top of wall. Walls twenty-five feet 
 high, with battlement at top; the ditch of great breadth and 
 depth, and supplied with water in most parts. It was, however, 
 ascertained that part of west and south fronts were dry, and as 
 the retaining wall on south front appeared to be thin, it was 
 determined to establish the batteries in the bed of the tank.
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 523 
 
 The revetment of the rampart could be seen nearly to the bottom 
 and a breach could readily be effected at a spot where the ditch 
 was said to be dry. 
 
 A battery of one mortar, one howitzer, and two 6-pounders 
 was established behind bund of tank, near south gate of pettah. 
 This was done to keep the enemy within the walls. 
 
 May I2th. — This battery was enlarged for three mortars, and 
 opened on the town at niglit ; the breaching battery, for four 
 guns, was commenced about 400 yards from the fort. The 
 mortar battery played on the fort with much effect. 
 
 An enfilading battery for two r2-pounders and two 6-pounders 
 was marked out near the mortar battery, and work commenced 
 about 7 A.M. 
 
 On the 13th, Lieutenant A. Grant, of Engineers, made a close 
 reconnaissance of the rampart and ditch ; the ditch was found to 
 be dry. The enemy soon discovered him, and directed grape 
 and musketry towards the spot. 
 
 About 1 1 P.M. the breaching battery was finished, and the 
 guns brought up. 
 
 The enfilading battery was ready about 4 a.m., and both were 
 armed before daylight. At sunrise on the 14th, both batteries 
 opened on the fort, the breaching battery occasionally firing in 
 salvoes. 
 
 The breach was nearly practicable by noon, but the garrison 
 sent out a vakeel to treat for a surrender, and next day, about 
 8 A.M , the place was in our possession. 
 
 Our loss during assault of the pettah, and the siege was 
 ninety-seven of all ranks, of whom four officers were wounded. 
 About forty guns, swivels, and gingalls were found on the ramparts. 
 
 The force, having halted one day, marched in the direction of 
 Nepaunee, on the nioruing of 17th May 1818. 
 
 To return now to Hindostan. 
 
 On 1st February the British force north of the Nerbudda was 
 thus disposed: —
 
 524 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE Lieib. 
 
 Reserve, under Sir D. Ouchterlony, at Jeypore. 
 
 Centre, on the banks of the Sindh. 
 
 Right, was proceeding to Kumulneir and Mewar. 
 
 Left, was partly with General Marshall, at Seronge and 
 Beirseeah, and remainder with General Brown at Jawud. 
 
 Of the army of the Deccan, Sir T. Hislop and Malcolm (1st 
 and 3rd) were near Mundisore. Adams (5th) in Bhopal territory. 
 
 The Guzerat army near Indore. 
 
 Besides the above, there was a corps of observation on south 
 frontier of Behar, under Brigadier-General Tooue ; and Brigadier 
 Hardyman occupied Juhhulpore, 
 
 Lord Hastings, finding Scindiah humbled and ready to for- 
 ward the levy and equipment of auxiliary horse, considered it 
 unnecessary for the army under his personal command to occupy 
 the forward position it had assumed, and after causing a proposal 
 for certain changes of territory to be made to the Gwallior Dur 
 bar, he, on the ]3th February, commenced his homeward 
 march. The Europeans mostly returned to Cawnpore, and the 
 Native Infantry was disposed along the Bandelcund and Etaw? 
 frontier, while a brigade of three strong battalions, 7th Native 
 Cavalry, and the heavy train, were sent under Brigadier-General 
 Watson to General Marshall to reduce Saugor. 
 
 General Marshall appeared before Saugor on 8th March. It 
 surrendered on the 11th, and other forts were taken possession 
 of in the course of a month. 
 
 On 13th March 1818, Koaree was besieged by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Brother. This fort is about 30 miles due west of 
 Poona, and commanded the principal pass leading from the 
 Konkan, near Jamboolpara. Many shells were thrown in, one of 
 which blew up the magazine, threw down the principal gateway, 
 and set fire to several houses. This so intimidated the garrison, 
 that the Killadar was compelled to surrender. 
 
 On our side one was killed and eleven wounded; among the 
 latter, Lieutenant Remon, of the Bombay Engines.
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEEES. 525 
 
 Prother then proceeded to Dhanionee on 17th March. It was 
 invested, and batteries raised within breaching distance, when it 
 surrendered on 24th Marcli. 
 
 The Left division was now directed to reduce Mundla. 
 Two batteries were erected, and opened fire on 26th April. 
 Captain Tickell, Bombay Engineers, commanded. The 
 besieged were driven from the wall attacked. It was 
 shortly ascertained that the breach was practicable, and the 
 walls abandoned. Storm was at once resolved on. It was led 
 by Brigadier-General Watson. The town was carried, and fort 
 surrendered next morning. 
 
 The Right division of the Grand Army (General Donkin) was 
 broken up, as soon as it occupied Mewar. A detachment of the 
 C^entre division, after the affair of Jawud,* was sent to strengthen 
 the force in Rajpootana. 
 
 The 3rd Division of the Deccan army to north of the 
 Nerbudda, that under the personal command of Hislop (1st Divi- 
 sion), and the 5th, commanded by Colonel Adams, were now to 
 aid in the restoration of affairs of the Deccan. Colonel Adams was 
 ordered to Chouragurh, in the north extremity of Muhadeo hills. 
 Sir T. Hislop was to go by Sindwaghat and Khaudeish. This 
 country was remarkably strong by nature, and full of fortresses. 
 General Doveton was to prosecute operations in Khandeish, 
 These orders were issued on 2nd February. By the middle of 
 the month the head-quarters division of the Deccan army 
 commenced its march to the south. General Malcolm re- 
 tained the Madras troops attached to his division 
 
 SirT. Hislop crossed the Nerbudda near Mundlaisur, moved to 
 Sindwaghat, and arrived on the 22nd. The fort surrendered the 
 next day. 
 
 • Jeswunt Row Bhow, one of Scindiah's commanders, had sheltered some. 
 Pindarric chiefs in his camp, and refused to give them up. He was accordingly 
 attacked and defeated by a light force from Ist and 3rd Division Grand Aiiuy at 
 Jawud, on 29th January 1818.
 
 526 MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE ri8l8. 
 
 On the 27th, he reached Talneir, which commanded the ford 
 over the Taptee. Sir T. Hislop had orders from Holkar for its 
 surrender. On the approach of our troops fire was opened on 
 them. The Killadar was warned that he would he treated as a 
 rebel ; but this produced no abatement. The pettah was occu- 
 pied, and our artillery of ten 6-pounders and two 5j-inch 
 howitzers was opened from a position 300 yards distant from the 
 fort. This fire was briskly answered. In the evening it was 
 resolved to force the gate, for which purpose two 6-pounders 
 were carried up to the outer gate. 
 
 On reaching the gate, it was found that the wall beside it 
 was so injured that the men got through without finding it 
 necessary to blow the gate open. The guns were left outside, 
 and the storming party pushed on to the second gate, which was 
 found to be open. At the third, they were met by the Killadar, 
 who surrendered to Colonel Conway. 
 
 The third and fourth gates were then opened, and the party 
 advanced to the fifth. This was found closed, and the garrison 
 within, demanded terms. After a short parley the wicket gate 
 was opened, and Lieutenant-Colonel Murray and Major Gordon, 
 with three other officers, entered, followed by ten or twelve 
 grenadiers. Meantime the Arabs of the garrison, distrusting the 
 intentions of the British, made a sudden attack with swords, spears, 
 &c. Major Gordon and Captain McGregor were killed. Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Murray was cut down, as well as two other 
 officers. 
 
 Ensign Chauvel and Lieutenant McGregor, and most of the 
 foremost grenadiers, were either killed or wounded. 
 
 Lieutenant Anderson, Madras Engineers, and Captain O'Brien, 
 Assistant Adjutant-General, were also severely wounded. 
 
 Our troops now crowded in, and in the end the Arabs were 
 driven to seek shelter in the houses near. The guns were 
 brought up, and the first gate was blown open, upon which the 
 place was soon carried, and the garrison (300) were put to the
 
 laiaj MADEAS ENGINEERS. 527 
 
 sword. Next day the; Killadar was hanged on the twofold charge 
 of original resistance to the order of his Sovereign, and implica- 
 tion in the treachery of the garrison. The total loss of the 
 British was seven officers, and eighteen men killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 The following is extracted from general order by Sir T. 
 Hislop : — 
 
 " The Commander-in-Chief has on this arduous occasion to 
 deem himself more fortunate in experiencing the able, zealous, 
 and valuable services of his aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Elliott, 
 Royal Engineers, of which, in consequence of the wound he 
 received early in the battle of 21st December last, his Excel- 
 lency had to lament the privation during the remainder of the 
 day. The services also of Lieutenant Anderson and Ensign 
 Purton of the Engineers, were eminently conspicuous, and His 
 Excellency regrets the wound which Lieutenant Anderson 
 received should deprive him, even for a moment, of that officer's 
 valuable services." 
 
 Leaving a garrison to occupy Talneir, Hislop crossed the 
 Taptee and advanced to Pahrolah, when he communicated with 
 Doveton (2nd) at Ootran. This officer having completed the 
 settlement of affiiirs at Nagpore, had returned west by Ellich- 
 pore in the course of January, expecting orders to proceed against 
 Asseerghur ; but that being postponed, he was ordered to Ootran, 
 on the Gyrna. 
 
 Hislop ordered him to move up the river to Bal, he himself 
 following the Boaree, and sending a detachment to Galna. No 
 resistance was attempted, and Holkar's possessions were quickly 
 occupied. While thus employed in Khandeish, Plislop heard 
 that Bajee Eow had penetrated the Ghauts separating Khandeish 
 from the Godavery. Whereupon he hastened south, ordering 
 Doveton to move in parallel line in same direction in hopes of 
 intercepting the Peishwa. 
 
 On 11 th March, Hislop ascended from Khandeish to the plain
 
 528 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ti8l8. 
 
 of the Godavery, and made one or two ineffectual efforts to come 
 up with the enemy ; but finding that the Peishwa escaped by the 
 superior rapidity of his marches, first to the south and then to 
 the east, he resolved to break up the army of the Deccan, and on 
 31st March issued final orders from Lassoor, twenty miles west 
 of Aurungabad. 
 
 Sir T. Hislop then returned from Poona to Bombay, and round 
 to Madras by sea. 
 
 Meantime, Bajee Eow was hastening in the direction of Chanda. 
 Brigadier-General Smith escorted the Eaja of Sattara to Mr. 
 Elphinstone, after which he again went to the north, and having 
 halted at Seroor, left on 10th March, and went towards Jaulna to 
 concert with Doveton. 
 
 The latter resolved to march on Baussum, and as far as 
 Karinjah, to cut off the Mahratta army from the north, and 
 General Smith was to move along line of the Godavery at such a 
 distance from the river as to prevent enemy from turning his 
 right without crossing 
 
 This gave the Peishwa little chance of getting off to the 
 south without laying himself open to attack. 
 
 The van of the Mahratta army appeared at Woonee, on the 
 Wurda, on 1st or 2nd April. Colonel Adams was ordered to 
 reduce Chanda, and moved by forced marches on Nagpore. 
 Bajjee Row continued for some days irresolute, between the 
 Wurda and the Payn Gunga. Colonel Adams marched to 
 Hingunghat on 6th April, sending on Lieutenant-Colonel Scot 
 to Chanda. 
 
 Doveton (2nd) was advancing from north-west, while Smith 
 (4th) came from south. The three divisions were thus closing 
 in on the Peishwa. Adams halted at Hingunghat, and ascertain- 
 ing that the Peishwa still loitered about Punderkoura and 
 Woonee, left him quiet. 
 
 On 11th April, Lieutenant-Colonel Scot was called in from 
 Chanda, and Colonel Adams, on the loth, moved on Alumba.
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 529 
 
 Bajee Row, at this time, was undecided how to act, owing to 
 the approach of his enemies from three different quarters ; and he 
 accordingly was in constant motion between the Woonee river 
 and tlie Wurda. 
 
 Doveton had the same day reached Pohoor, on the Arun, 
 thirty miles west of Punderkoura, and wrote to Adams that he 
 would march on Punderkoura, so as to arrive on 17th April. It was 
 reckoned that by this time Smith would be sufficiently advanced 
 along the Godavery to intercept retreat to the south Colonel 
 Adams resolved to march on the IGth, and next day arrived at 
 Peepulkot, where the Peishwa had been encamped the previous 
 day. He there heard that the Peishwa was at Soonee, ten miles 
 south. He pushed on with cavalry, horse artillery, and light 
 infantry. On approaching Soonee, he found the Peishwa had 
 gone north, to avoid Doveton, and was marching along the very 
 road by which he himself was advancing. 
 
 The advanced guards met suddenly five miles from Soonee. 
 Adams drove the enemy back in confusion several miles. 
 
 The main body was shortly discovered in great confusion. It 
 was at once attacked, and completely routed, five guns being 
 captured. 
 
 The Peishwa himself escaped with difficulty on horse-back. 
 
 The British loss was only two wounded, the enemy never 
 having stood a charge. 
 
 In the pursuit, about 1 ,000 of the enemy were killed. 
 
 The Peishwa fled to south-west, and Doveton, who was at 
 Punderkoura, gave chase. The remains of the Mahratta army 
 were thus followed for five days. 
 
 The Peishwa went south-west as far as Oomerkeir, and then due 
 west, by Kullumpore, to Boree. Doveton pursued to Oomerkeir, 
 without halting, and then waited three days for his rear-guard 
 and supplies. 
 
 He then continued the pursuit as fur as Peepree, which he 
 reached on 27th April. Here he discovered that he was following 
 
 34
 
 530 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [181B. 
 
 a detached party, and that the Peishwa had turned from Boree, 
 north, to cross the Taptee. 
 
 The force with the Peishwa was now only 8,000 to 10,000 
 men. Doveton resolved to march by easy stages for Jaulna, 
 as he was in want both of money, and provisions. He arrived 
 there on 11th May. For similar reasons Smith was obliged to 
 return to Seroor. 
 
 In the interim, General Pritzler closely invested Wusota, on 
 3 1st March, after his success at Sattara. 
 
 This fort is situated on the summit of a mountain in West 
 Ghauts, 3,000 feet high on Konkan side, and 2,000 on the east 
 Its great strength consists in its elevation, and in the diffi- 
 culties of approach, for it is surrounded by inaccessible 
 mountains, with the exception of a few narrow and rugged passes. 
 A detachment was sent forward on the 31st, under Colonel Hewitt, 
 to invest the place. The remainder continued at Tambah, 
 twenty miles north-east of Wusota. In the afternoon Colonel 
 Hewitt reached Indoolie, a village two miles and a half from 
 Wusota, and drove in an outpost. 
 
 Three outposts were established : one at Old Wusota, distant 
 700 yards; second at same distance, commanding road up to the 
 gateway; and the third to right of it, distance 400 yards from 
 the walls. A summons was sent to the Killadar, but it was 
 refused admittance. All the pioneers and dooly-bearers were 
 engaged in making a road. 
 
 On the 3rd, head-quarters were moved forward to five miles 
 from Wusota, and mortars and howitzers conveyed across by 
 elephants. 
 
 The next day, a strong party was employed on pathway to Old 
 Wusota, and some light guns and ammunition were got up. 
 
 On the oth, the battery from Old Wusota opened with good efi'ect. 
 
 The bombardment continued on the Oth, when the Pioneers 
 were directed to complete the road for the advance of the bat- 
 tering guns. Next morning, however, the garrison surrendered.
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 531 
 
 Captain Nutt, Bombay Engineers, was Chief Engineer. 
 
 Loss of the enemy amounted to seventeen, while the British 
 lost only four. 
 
 Lieutenants Morrison and Hunter were found in the dungeons 
 of the fort. 
 
 Brigadier-General Pritzler's force was now broken up, and a 
 corps of it, with a Bombay battalion, was sent to meet Munro, 
 who was advancing from the south. The remainder proceeded 
 against strongholds to the west of Poona. 
 
 Pritzler led back the troops of Reserve, and received the 
 submission of all forts along the Kistna. 
 
 After the army of the Deccan was broken up, in March 1818, 
 the Hydrabad Subsidiary Force, which had formed the 2nd Divi- 
 sion, was employed in pursuit of the Peishwa, while a detachment 
 from it was formed to reduce his fortresses in Khandeish. This 
 detachment was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell. 
 
 He had — 
 
 2 companies of H.M.'s Royals. 
 
 3 companies of Madras Europeans. 
 2nd Native Infantry. 
 
 4 companies of 13th Native Infantry. 
 
 About 1,000 men ; and it was supplied with battering trains of 
 Ist, 2nd, and 3rd Divisions. Sappers and miners amounted to 
 eighty, and there were five companies of Pioneers. 
 
 This detachment marched from near Aurungabad on 30th 
 March, and arrived before Unkye Tunkye on 3rd April. This 
 WHS the first in the line of fortresses it was intended to reduce. 
 These forts were situated in the range of mountains which forms 
 south boundary of Khandeish, and which divides that province 
 from Ahmednuggur. 
 
 Unkye Tunkye surrendered without opposition on 7th April. 
 The detachment marched from Unkye Tunkye by Chandore 
 pass to Rajdeir, n fort situated a few miles to the nortli of 
 Chandore. The garrison refused to surrender, and the force 
 
 34 *
 
 532 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [I8I8. 
 
 took up its ground for the siege, in the valley south-east of the 
 fort. 
 
 Rajdeir was on an inaccessible rock. No works had been 
 required, except the gateways. The commanding engineer, 
 Lieutenant Davies, reported that, from the great natural strength 
 of the rock, a garrison of 200 men might bid dehance to the 
 largest army. It was recommended by the engineer that the 
 whole of heavy guns, mortars, &:c. should be placed at point F. 
 Under the protection of this fire, points Gr and E were to be 
 occupied. Then our fire was to be concentrated on advanced 
 work C, and the works defending gateway A. If garrison con- 
 tinued resolute, a battery to be formed at E."^ 
 
 April J 1th. — Point E occupied, and by 11 p.m. a lodgment 
 was formed. A company of Native Infantry, with one officer 
 and an engineer with a working-party. Ground at F prepared 
 for four large guns, three mortars, and four howitzers. 
 
 April 12th. — At daylight point G was occupied, and it was 
 determined to attack C, and to establish a battery at H of two 
 6-pounders, two 6^-inch howitzers, and one 5^-inch mortar. 
 
 A party now proceeded to attack. J 80 Europeans and 300 
 sepoys under Major Andrews, M.E.R., gained the heights at 8 a.m., 
 and two more hills by daylight. At 9 a.m. troops under Major 
 Andrews, with Ensign Nattes, moved on in a most gallant style, 
 and ascended the hill, which was very difficult and steep, and little 
 short of a mile, under a furious fire. The enemy abandoned the 
 post and retreated to Kajdeir. Enemy kept up a heavy fire on 
 our new post. Lieutenant Davies set to work with his men in 
 the face of the fire, and marked out his line. In this he was 
 well supported by sappers and miners, and pioneers. 
 
 Towards evening the enemy perceived a new work, and hoisted 
 a flag of truce. A native officer was sent forward. On his 
 reaching the bottom of the rock they asked him what was the 
 
 * See plan in Lake*B Sieges of the Madras Army.
 
 1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEE3. 533 
 
 object of the new work. He replied, " We are working a large 
 hole behind it, and we shall be under the rock in the course of 
 the night, and blow you all to the devil." 
 
 The battery would have been ready to open at daylight, but at 
 11 P.M. the enemy surrendered. 
 
 Lieutenant Davies was commanding engineer, and Ensigns 
 Nattes, Purton, Underwood, and Lake were present. 
 
 Tliirty European sappers, 50 native sappers. 
 
 The scarp of the work was found generally to be 120 feet 
 high, the entrance to the fort being flights of steps cut in inside 
 of the rock, with occasional openings, through which stones 
 could be poured down from above. The top was closed by an 
 iron grating. 
 
 Our loss was trifling — only seven wounded. 
 
 Inderye, Doorass, and several other forts followed the example 
 of Eajdeir ; and the engineer officers were sent to report on 
 the principal ones. Detachment left Rajdeir on 15th April, and 
 marched by Chandore and Nassick upon Trimbuck, a fort on 
 West Ghauts, twenty-six miles south-west of Nassick. March 
 from Nassick commenced on 22nd April, and the troops halted 
 half-way, while the engineers proceeded to reconnoitre the fort, 
 and to carry a summons. As the reconnoitering party approached 
 the pettah, the enemy evacuated it, opened fire from north side 
 of fort, and made a sally, which was immediately driven back. 
 A reconnaissance was the same evening made of the south gate- 
 way. The extent of this fort is not less than five miles round. 
 
 The scarp, which varies from 200 to 400 feet of perpendicular 
 rock, surrounding the hill in every part, leaves only the gateways 
 accessible. Trimbuck had only two gates — chief one on the 
 south of easv ascent, and one on north (only a single gate), the 
 passage to which is by narrow steps cut in the rock, and only 
 wide enough for one person to mount at a time. 
 
 Head of pnssngo was defended by two towers connected by a 
 curtain, in which was the gateway.
 
 534 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE [1818. 
 
 The height of hill on north is not so great as on the south, 
 but it rises more abruptly. 
 
 The magazines and houses were excavations in rock. The 
 engineer recommended an attack on the north gate, and to silence 
 fire of enemy's guns by erecting a battery at bottom of hill for 
 heavy ordnance ; then to occupy village at foot of north gate, 
 and to erect a battery of four G-pounders to batter the gateway, 
 and to carry the guns up to it by hand Two 6-pounders to be 
 detached, and established as near the south gate as possible. 
 
 April 23rd. — Lieutenant Davies reconnoitered. In trying to 
 get possession of a garden, and loose work at base of hill, seven 
 or eight men were killed, some of them crushed with stones, 
 and thirty wounded. Amongst the wounded were Major 
 MoBean, and Ensign Lake of Engineers. 
 
 The detachment for the south gate marched at 4 p.m., with 
 working party under an officer of Engineers, and a few sappers. 
 A battery was constructed during the night within .500 yards of the 
 south gate, and one gun carried up. As soon as it was dusk, 
 the battery at A was marked out.* 
 
 They were obliged to construct an elevated battery (owing to 
 the rocky soil) with great labour. The works were completed 
 by daylight, and four heavy guns, two 8-inch mortars and two 
 8-inch howitzers, were got into the battery. 
 
 April 24th — Battery opened at daylight. In three hours the 
 enemy's guns were silenced, and they evacuated the ruined 
 village. Commanding officer determined to eff'ect a lodgment 
 during the day, and working-parties were ordered to parade at 
 noon. Sappers and miners, eighty pioneers, 100 dooly-bearers, 
 two engineer officers, covering party H.M.'s Royals, and one 
 battalion 1 3th Native Infantry, advanced three-quarters of an 
 hour before the time, and attempted to force the gateway, and 
 the bluff rock 200 feet high. The enemy opened a heavy fire, 
 
 * Plan in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army.
 
 ^818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 535 
 
 and rolled down stones. When the working-party arrived, they 
 could not establish themselves, and as the battery had ceased 
 fire, owing to incessant work for twelve hours, the working- 
 party were obliged to retire behind the walls of the village till 
 night, when a battery of four 6 -pounders was finished. 
 
 This advanced position had the desired efiecL as at 6 a.m. the 
 Killadar offered to treat. The north gate was delivered to an 
 oflBcer and twelve men on night of the 2oth, and next dav the 
 garrison evacuated the fort by the south gate. 
 Engineers present were — 
 
 Lieutenant Davies, commanding engineer. 
 Ensign Nattes. 
 ,, Purton. 
 ,, Underwood. 
 ,, Lake, severely wounded. 
 
 On the surrender of Trimbuck, seventeen other forts fell, and 
 the whole of this country, perhaps the strongest in the world, 
 came into our hands in a few weeks. 
 
 After the fall of Trimbuck, Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell con- 
 sidering the season too far advanced to continue operations, pre- 
 pared to take up a position for the monsoon near Chandore ; while 
 the Engineer Department moved to Nassick preparatory to pro- 
 ceeding to Bombay to try some experiments in pontooning, 
 suggested by Lieutenant Davies. But the " Politicals " thought 
 it of importance to obtain a footing in Khandeish (the greater 
 part of which was in possession of the Arabs) before the mon- 
 soon set in, and the detachment marched for Malligaum, arriving 
 before it on 16th May. The Engineers' Department rejoined 
 them on the 15th, by forced marches from Nassick. 
 
 At this time, as we have seen, Sholapore had surrendered to 
 Munro, after ten davs' bombardment. Colonel Adams, finding 
 Generals Doveton and Smitli were hotly engaged in pursuit of the 
 l^'ishwa, moved towards Clianda, and set himself down before it 
 on 9th May, three miles north-west.
 
 536 MILITAEY HISTOET OF THE [IBIS. 
 
 His troops consisted of — 
 
 Bengal Troops. 
 
 Two brigades Native Horse Artillery. j 
 
 5th and 6th Eegiments Native Cavalry. 
 
 One squadron 8th Native Cavalry. 
 
 One company Foot Artillery. 
 
 19th Native Infantry. 
 
 23rd 
 
 Four companies Grenadiers, flank battalion. 
 
 Five companies Light Infantry. 
 
 One company Pioneers, commanded by Lieutenant Fell. 
 
 Madras Troops. 
 
 Half-troop European Horse Artillery. 
 One company European Foot Artillery. 
 1st Native Infantry. 
 11th „ 
 
 Four companies flank battalion. 
 
 One company Pioneers, commanded by Lieutenant Bevan. 
 1,000 Nizam's Horse. 
 About 6,000 men. 
 
 Chanda is situated on a plain, five miles from confluence 
 of Wurda and Payngunga. On the east side are two consider- 
 able suburbs, the Lai and Begum pettahs ; former, very large, 
 extends a mile to east. Part of north side is covered by a 
 large tank. Two nullahs run along east and west sides, and 
 join opposite to south. A thick jungle extends along north and 
 east sides, within half or three-quarters of a mile of the walls, 
 close to which there are gardens on these two sides. On the 
 other sides the ground is open.* 
 
 The enclosure of the place consists of a rampart, eight to 
 twelve feet high, and twelve to sixteen thick, surmounted by a 
 loop-holed parapet eight feet high and four feet thick, flanked 
 
 * Plan to be found in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army.
 
 1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEllS. 537 
 
 at moderate intervals by round towers. The citadel was situated 
 about middle of east side, 170 yards from rampart. Height of 
 its wall is forty-five feet ; an incomplete outer rampart surrounded 
 this work. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Adams personally reconnoitred north and 
 east sides on 10th May. The Pioneers were employed in 
 preparing materials. 
 
 May 11th — Reconnaissance was completed on west and south 
 sides ; and it was determined to make the attack on south-east 
 angle, on account of cover afforded by the pettah, a tope, and a 
 ravine, which offered a good approach to within half musket-shot 
 of the angle. 
 
 During this day's reconnaissance, the enemy were driven from 
 a small hill 850 yards south of the point .of attack, on which 
 they were constructing a redoubt 
 
 May 13th. — Troops moved to a new position, two miles south 
 of city. 
 
 The hill from which enemy had been driven was occupied, and 
 possession taken of the Begum pettah. 
 
 A company of Madras Pioneers was sent out with 100 dooly- 
 bearers, at 12, to collect and prepare materials. At 8 p.m., a 
 sunken battery for two guns, and a position for a howitzer on the 
 hill, was commenced 8.50 yards from south-east angle, to silence 
 some large guns on south face. The soil proved excessively 
 rocky ; tlie work was not finished at daybreak, and was there- 
 fore masked. 
 
 May 14th. — The battery opened at daybreak, and had the 
 desired effect. 
 
 May 17th — A sufficient quantity of materials having now been 
 prepared by the Pioneers, the following batteries were commenced 
 at 8 P.M., by the two companies of Pioneers and 300 sepoys : — 
 
 1st. — A battery of five embrasures at 400 yards, for four 
 12-pounders, to fire at defences to right of south- 
 east angle.
 
 538 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818. 
 
 2nd. — A sunken battery at same distance for three 6- 
 
 pounders, to enfilade defences. 
 3rd. — A battery at 630 yards, between the above, for two 
 howitzers. 
 
 The working-parties were discovered, and the enemy opened 
 fire, which did not, however, greatly obstruct the work. 
 
 May I8th. — Batteries opened at daybreak. At 8 a.m., the 
 Pioneers commenced the breaching battery for three i8-pounders, 
 at 200 yards. 
 
 May 1 9th. — Breaching-battery opened at 7 a.m. 
 
 The two companies of Pioneers continued working till 10 a.m., 
 completing a communication with the ravine, and enlarging 
 shoulder of battery for a 12-pounder, to play on defences flank- 
 ing south-east angle. At 4 p.m. a good practicable breach of 
 100 feet was effected ; but owing to the distance the troops had 
 to march from camp, the assault was delayed. The six howitzers 
 were brought down at dusk to the flank of breaching-battery, 
 and a continued fire of round shot, grape and shell was kept 
 up during the night on the breach and adjacent works. 
 
 May 2()th. — Cavalry were distributed round the place, to 
 intercept fugitives. The storming-party, under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Scot, debouched from Begum pettah at half- past 
 5 A.M. It consisted of two columns : right, of Bengal troops ; 
 left, of Madras ; supported by a reserve. The breach was 
 speedily crowned by both columns, when they diverged to right 
 and left ; and at 7 a.m. all resistance ceased. A small party 
 shut themselves up in the citadel, but surrendered shortly after. 
 
 Lieutenant Anderson was commanding engineer, and Lieu- 
 tenant Crawford, Bengal Artillery, assisted him 
 
 Duty in the trenches was unusually severe, and the weather 
 very hot. Major Goreham, of the Madras Artillery, died from 
 the effects of the heat. 
 
 Extrnct from G. O. C. C, 1st September 1^18 :— 
 
 '• The rapid demolition of the enemy's defences, and the speed
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 539 
 
 with which a breach was effected, would sufficiently testify the 
 science of Lieutenant Anderson, Field Engineer, and of Lieu- 
 tenant Crawford, Bengal Artillery, acting as engineer, in 
 indicating the positions for the batteries, even had not Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Adams professed his obligations to these officers so 
 warmly. His Excellency, in detailing the names of Lieutenant 
 Hunter, Horse Artillery, Lieutenant Bevan, of the Pioneers, and 
 the corps to which they belong, is actuated by a desire to 
 proclaim the honour they have acquired, in the same orders 
 which have commemorated the triumphs of their brother officers 
 and soldiers." 
 
 During the siege and assault, thirteen were killed and fifty- 
 five wounded. Amongst the wounded was Lieutenant Cunnv, 
 of the Bengal Pioneers, and three other officers. 
 
 This closed the campaign in the Bhonsla territory. Adams' 
 force had now completed the object of its destination to the 
 south. While it was returning to Hooshingabad, it was attacked 
 by cholera, and the casualties were very heavy. General Mar- 
 shall's division had also suffered from cholera in the course of 
 its operations against Mundla. 
 
 Pending the operations that terminated in the rout of Soonee, 
 Appa Sahib (Nagpore Rajah) was confined at the Nagpore 
 Residency with his two Ministers. 
 
 On 3rd May, he was conveyed from Nagpore, as it was intended 
 he should be sent to Allahabad. His escort consisted of a wing 
 of 22nd Bengal Native Li fan try and three troops Hth Native 
 Cavalry, commanded by Captain Browne, of 22nd. A few 
 sepoys of 22nd were seduced from their duty, and on morning of 
 13th, Appa Sahib, dressed as a sepoy, joined the guard, marched 
 completely out of the camp, and succeeded in getting clear off. 
 As soon as his escape was discovered, Captain Browne sent off 
 parties of cavalry in every direction, and despatched expresses to 
 Brigadier-General Watson, and to Lieutenant-Colonel McMorine, 
 then engaged in taking possession of Chouragurh. It was,
 
 540 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818 
 
 however, impossible to trace his flight. It was afterwards 
 ascertained he had fled to Hurye, and thence to Mohadeo Hills, 
 where he was concealed by the Goands, and particularly by 
 one Chyn Shah, a Rajah of considerable influence among them. 
 
 In the ensuing season he gave considerable trouble, and the 
 disturbance was not remedied till the capture of Asseerghur, in 
 April 1819. 
 
 The whole force, under Colonel Adams, had to take the field. 
 The two Ministers of Appa Sahib were sent to Allahabad, their 
 original destination. 
 
 The Peishwa crossed the Tap tee on 5 th May, just below the 
 confluence with the Poornah, and proceeded down the valley to 
 Chuprah. 
 
 He there discovered this route was closed, by our possession 
 of Sindwah, as well as by arrangements of Malcolm for the 
 defence of line of the Nerbudda from Hindia to Maheshwar. 
 
 The Peishwa sent an agent to Malcolm, and went himself 
 towards Boorhanpore. 
 
 Malcolm prepared to march south from Indore ; while Doveton 
 was advancing from south. The Peishwa seeing himself about 
 to be hemmed in, hovered about Asseerghur, where he was 
 visited by Scindiah's Killadar. His agent reached Malcolm's 
 camp at Mhow on 16th May. Sir John Malcolm took his com- 
 munication as a negotiation for surrender. Bajee Row was at 
 this time at Doolkot, five miles north of Asseerghur. 
 
 On 25th May, Doveton arrived at Boorhanpore. Up to 3 1st, 
 Bajee Row remained irresolute. Meantime, Malcolm had brought 
 his force as far as Bheekungaon, where he found Lieutenant 
 Low (Malcolm's representative, the late General Sir John Low, 
 K.C.B.), and the Peishwa's vakeels. Troops from Hindia had 
 advanced to Peeplowda ; and Doveton was at Boorhanpore. 
 
 Being completely surrounded on 31st May, the Peishwa sent 
 Baloota, Dewan of Kushirkar .Tageerdar to Malcolm, and asfreed 
 to a personal conference at Kiree, in the Satpoora range. The
 
 W18.1 MADRAS ENGINEERS. 541 
 
 meeting took place on 1st June, and the conference lasted from 
 5 to 10 P.M., when the Peishwa reascended the Ghaut. Doveton 
 was requested to interpose between his camp, and Asseerj^hur. 
 Lieutenant-Uolonel Russell was ordered to advance from Bhoor- 
 gaon, and combine with that officer in an attack on Trimbuckjee. 
 
 At length, after a fruitless attempt at farther procrastination, 
 Bajee How, the Peishwa, joined the camp of Malcolm on 3rd 
 June, at 11 a.m. 
 
 It has been already stated that Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell's 
 force arrived at Malligaum on 16th May. 
 
 The strength of the detachment at this time was, including 
 sick and wounded (amounting to fifty) : — 
 
 H.M.'s Royal Scots 100 
 
 Madras European Regiment 90 
 
 2ud Native Infantry 530 
 
 13th „ „ 263 
 
 Total 983 
 
 Besides 270 Pioneers, and a small detail of European artillery. 
 
 Malligaum is situated on left bank of river Moossee, a little 
 above its junction with the Ghirna. The river runs under the west, 
 and a great part of the north and south sides The fort consisted 
 of three lines of works, with a ditch in front of the middle line. 
 The body of place was 120 yards square, with a round tower at 
 each angle, and one in centre of each side. The middle line of 
 works was also quadrangular, but oblong in shape The outer 
 line was of irregular form, running parallel to the body of the 
 place on the west side only, and extending to some distance on the 
 other sides, enclosing a large space of ground. It was strengthened 
 throughout by round towers at irregular intervals. Towards the 
 east, and on part of north side, there was an additional line of 
 works, formed of mud, between the ditch of the fausse braye and 
 the outer line ; but it was old awd much decayed. It extended
 
 542 mLITARY HISTORY OF THE LI8I8. 
 
 from south-east angle of the ditch as far as the works of the gateway 
 on north side, with which it was connected. The interior line 
 and fausse braye were built with stone, as also the outer line on 
 the south side, and towards the river ; but those which faced the 
 pettah were of mud. Height of inner wall, sixty feet ; thickness 
 of parapet, six feet ; and breadth of terreplein, eleven feet ; 
 making total thickness of rampart, seventeen feet. 
 
 Space between body of place and fausse brrye on part of north, 
 and on west and south sides, was about forty feet, of which ten 
 feet were appropriated to stabling. 
 
 The roof of these stables formed terreplein of fausse braye, 
 and was surmounted by a parapet of five feet. The fausse braye 
 was thus fifteen feet interiorly, but exteriorly forty feet, including 
 the ditch, which was for the most part cut out of solid rock, with- 
 out a berm. Scarp revetment of fausse braye was five feet thick. 
 
 Width of ditch, twenty-five feet; its depth varied ; but on the 
 river front, where it was greatest, it was twenty-five feet. Space 
 between counterscarp, and exterior line of works varied. On 
 the west it was only sixty, while on the east it was as much as 
 300 feet. 
 
 Height of outer line of works was fourteen or fifteen feet ; 
 thickness of parapet being three feet ; and its rampart ten feet 
 on west and south sides, and fourteen feet on east side of fort. 
 Gateways were nine in number, very intricate, and all containing 
 bomb-proofs ; outer gate on north, inner one on east. On the 
 east side, the fort was much weakened by the pettah being within 
 close musket-shot. An old rampart surrounded the greater part 
 of the pettah, and all the entrances into it were barricaded. The 
 defences of the fort were further impaired by a village called 
 Sumnaree, on left bank of river, nearly opposite the outer gate 
 of fort, which communicated with the pettah. A thick grove of 
 mango-trees, 400 yards deep, ran along the left bank, opposite 
 south-west angle. 
 
 The country is flat round the fort. The soil on the left bank
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 543 
 
 is black mud, o)ie loot deep, restiug on white sandy rock easily 
 worked at the surface. 
 
 The opposite bank is a shelving rock, covered with loose sand. 
 Fort is said to have been built about 17G0. The garrison was 
 estimated to be 700. In the reconnaissance made by the engi- 
 neers, the garrison allowed them to ride along the right bank of 
 river, and thus a good view was obtained of inner and outer 
 lines on south and west sides; but nothing could be seen of the 
 ditch or fausse brave. Very little could be ascertained regarding 
 strength of fort on east and north sides, as the garrison occupied 
 the pettah, and village of Sumnaree. 
 
 The commanding engineer. Lieutenant Davies, recommended 
 an approach from right bank of river against the south-west 
 angle ; first, because to attack the east front it would be neces- 
 sary to carry the pettah, which could not be effected without crip- 
 pling our force; second, because same objections existed as to 
 attack on north and to the south, and further that the ground on 
 left bank was too confined ; third, that the ground on right bank 
 was most favourable for the construction of the works. 
 
 The plan proposed was to construct two batteries on the pro- 
 longations of south and west sides, 500 yards from them. No. 1 
 to be armed with two guns, two mortars, and two howitzers. 
 No. 'Z for three guns. A parallel was to be constructed same night 
 in the mango grove, between these enfilading batteries. From the 
 parallel, JDavies proposed to advance, by zigzags, to the bank of 
 river, along which the second parallel was to be constructed, and 
 on its right flank the breaching battery for three guns was to be 
 placed. The bottom of the revetments of the towers, Y and Z, 
 which were supposed to be of mud faced with stone, were to be 
 loosened by the breaching batteries, to enable miners to form 
 chambers for destroying them, and then lodgments were to be 
 established in their ruins, and the intermediate curtain was to 
 be turned into a parallel ; that part of it, in line of fire of breach- 
 ing battery was to be levelled, in order that the bottom of inner
 
 514 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE U818. 
 
 wall Eoight be seen over it. From behind this lodgment, he 
 proposed to sink a sliaft, and working thence to blow in the 
 counterscarp opposite the curtain to be breached. He proposed, 
 also, that an establishment should be made opposite outer gate 
 on the north side, to confine the garrison; but this had to 
 be postponed till reinforcements arrived. 
 
 On May 18th, at dusk, the engineers marked out the enfilading 
 batteries ; parallel 200 yards long, and 300 yards from river, was 
 also marked out. About 8 p.m. the enemy made a sortie from 
 their own left, along the bank of the river, and attacked the 
 covering-party in the grove in front of the working-party con- 
 structing the parallel ; the working-parties got into confusion, 
 and fled. Major Andrews put himself at the head of sixty men, 
 and proceeded to the tope, where he was joined by Lieutenant 
 Davies. 
 
 Being now on the edge of the tope, this party drew up ; 
 they then dashed at the Arabs, and in twenty minutes drove 
 them completely out of the tope, and followed them into the 
 river, where they were subjected to a heavy fire of matchlocks 
 from the fort. Major Andrews and several men were wounded 
 and withdrawn. Colonel McDowell now arrived at the tope, 
 and ordered the party to be recalled. At this moment 
 Lieutenant Davies received his mortal wound. He was in the act 
 of turning round to return, when the fatal ball passed through his 
 neck, and laid him low. He was still heard to exclaim, "At 
 them, my boys, at them ! " and, being lifted by some of the men, 
 died on reaching the tope. 
 
 Lieutenant Lake says : " This officer has scarcely left his 
 equal behind him in zeal, perseverance, and activity. His whole 
 soul was devoted to the service. In the presence of an enemy, 
 he almost denied himself the necessary support of food and 
 sleep ; no difficulty seemed to appal bim, and he carried the 
 plans he had formed into execution with a courage and per- 
 severance which deserved success, if they could not always
 
 1818.] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 545 
 
 command it. When not actively employed, his time was 
 entirely given up to the study of his profession, and to the 
 instruction of his little body of sappers and miners ; nor can 
 higher proof of his merit be desired than the proficiency attained 
 by these men during a period of active service, in duties entirely 
 new to them." 
 
 In Prinsep's Transactions in India 1813-1823, we find the 
 following regarding Lieutenant Davies: — 
 
 " In him the service lost one of the most distinguished 
 officers of the Madras Establishment ; though young in rank, he 
 had seen more desperate service than had fallen to the lot of 
 most colonels." 
 
 In the Summary of the Mahratta and Pindarrie Campaign, 
 published by an officer in \H-ZO, he is thus spoken of: — 
 
 " Thus terminated his career, this gallant and distinguished 
 officer, zealously devoted to his profession, and to the service, 
 bold, enterprising, and active ; he seemed only to require the 
 maturity of manhood, and of experience to have rendered him 
 the most solid ornament, and value to the service." 
 
 " His remains were attended to the grave by every officer oflF 
 duty in the camp ; and it may be truly said, that there was 
 scarce a dry eye on the occasion." 
 
 The duties and conduct of the siege now devolved on Ensign 
 Nattes on IHth May. 
 
 May 19th. — The enfilading batteries opened on the fort at 
 daylight During the night the approach was constructed, and a 
 small portion of the second parallel was also completed, in which 
 three embrasures were opened to protect left flank of the parallel 
 A battery for two 0-pounders was prepared, and adjoining 
 avenues, and gardens were occupied. At 10 p.m., enemy made 
 a sortie to attack this post, but were repulsed without loss on our 
 side. 
 
 May 20th. — Village on our left was occupied by Arabs, who 
 at 10 A.M. made a bold attack on our outposts, but they were 
 
 35
 
 546 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1818. 
 
 soon repulsed, and driven out of the village by 13th Native 
 Infantry. The approaches were completed to proper width, and 
 two 6 pounders placed in battery to scour the river. During the 
 night, the parallel was extended 140 yards to the right, along 
 bank of the river — 150 yards from exterior works. 
 
 May 21st. — Right of parallel was extended 150 yards along the 
 bank of the river, and a breaching baitery of four guns was con- 
 structed at a distance of 1"'0 yards frt)m exterior wttrks on south 
 side of fort. On right of this battery, one mortar was placed. 
 
 May 22nd. — Guns were placed in the breaching battery after 
 daylight. The guns opened on the towers ; but the latter 
 proved too solid. A change of attack became necessary, and 
 it was resolved to breach the lower wall, and form a lodgment 
 on its rampart. During the night, the village of Sumnaree 
 "was taken possession of, and a strong position occupied on 
 the bank of river, opposite to the principal gateway of the 
 fort. On the right of this position, a battery for two 6 pounders 
 was constructed. This new post, besides distracting enemy's 
 attention, put a stop to free ingress and egress by the gate- 
 way, and consequently caused them to be more exposed to our 
 shells than before. 
 
 May 23rd. — Breaching guns effected a good breach in the 
 curtain of lower wall, so as to discover part of the fausse braye. 
 It was now resolved to breach the fausse braye, and inner wall 
 by firing over the breach. 
 
 May 24th. — Breaching guns brought down the top of fausse 
 braye, and commenced firing on body of the place. About 8 p.m. 
 a shell blew up a small powder-magazine in the fort. 
 
 May 25th. — Breach was extended to right and left. In the 
 afternoon, the parapet and upper part of revetment fell down. 
 
 May 26th. — At 4 p.m., the breaching guns made a hole 
 through the centre of the curtain. During the night a howitzer 
 was added to the breaching battery. 
 
 May 27th. — The battery continued with J 8 pounders — the
 
 laiaj MADRAS ENGINEERS. 547 
 
 12-pounder shot being expended. At i p.m. more of the upper 
 rampart fell down, forming, to all appearance, an excellent 
 breach. Guns were fired at intervals during the night to keep 
 the breach clear. 
 
 May 28th. — Battering guns were employed in cutting away 
 sides of breach, so as to form an ascent. The breach was 
 then reported practicable, and it was determined to assault the 
 fort at daylight next morning. 
 
 Three simultaneous attacks were ordered to be made on 
 different sides of the place. One on the pettah, second on ex- 
 terior line of works, and third, and principal one, on the breaches. 
 The first had for its object the occupation of the pettah, to 
 prevent escape of garrison. The second party was to take posses- 
 sion of the outer walls by escalade between the great gate, and the 
 ditch. The party for the attack of the pettah consisted of 500 
 sepoys, accompanied by fifty pioneers, besides some who carried 
 five scaling-ladders, the whole led by Engineer officers, pro- 
 bably Ensigns Purton and Underwood. The party for the 
 escalade of outer wall consisted of fifty Europeans, 250 sepoys, 
 and fifty pioneers, with five scaling-ladders, also led by an 
 oflBcer of Engineers. The storming party for the assault of the 
 breach was led by Lieutenant Nattes, the commanding engineer. 
 It was composed of European sappers and miners, and a 
 sergeant's party of Europeans, each carrying a bundle of grass 
 for filling up the ditch. They were followed by the native 
 sappers and miners, with scaling-ladders, seventy-five Europeans 
 with bundles of grass, and eighty sepoys ; 125 sepoys were 
 ordered to file right and left on passing the outer breach, and 
 to scour the outer ramparts. At 7 p.m , the several parties 
 occupied the positions pointed out to them. The party for the 
 breach remained in the breaching battery and parallel. That for 
 the pettah bivouacked on left bank of the river, HOO yards north of 
 pettah, while the party fur the outer wall was stationed during 
 the night in the gardens of the village of Sumnaree. 
 
 36 *
 
 548 MILITAET HISTOKY OF THE [1818. 
 
 May 29th. — At 3.30 a.m. a brisk fire from breaching and 
 mortar batteries was directed against the breach. At broad day- 
 light the storming party advanced. Lieutenant Nattes, who led, 
 on reaching the summit of the breach on tlie first wall, waved 
 his hand to his party, the meaning of which it is impossible 
 to ascertain, as immediately after he received five musket- 
 balls from a retrenchment that had been constructed by the 
 enemy for the defence of the breach, by which lie was mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 The officer commanding the storming party afterwards mounted 
 the breach, but on letting down his scaling-ladders on the other 
 side, they all fell out of the man's hands who held them. Orders 
 were at once given for the whole party to retreat to the trenches, 
 which was effected in a steady manner. The party for attack of 
 pettah advanced at 3.45, and took possession of a considerable 
 part before daylight, and by 7 a.m. gained entire possession 
 of it. 
 
 The other party, did not escalade the outer wall of the fort ; 
 before this was effected, the failure of the storming party at 
 the breach became known, and the attempt was abandoned. 
 
 During the night, temporary barricades were made across the 
 principal streets of the pettah. Upon these, the enemy made 
 several attacks, but were repulsed. 
 
 After this failure, the attack on the west side was abandoned. 
 Reasons for this were : first, want uf guns and ammunition, 
 breaching guns having become unserviceable, and all shot ex- 
 pended ; second, length of time likely to elapse before reinforce- 
 ments of artillery arrived; third, on account of threatening state of 
 weather, and approach of monsoon, which would render the river 
 an insurmountable obstacle. It was proposed to attack on east 
 face, as the pettah would afford ample cover and a safe approach 
 to the outer wall, the natui'e of which was now ascertained for the 
 first time. There was also greater facility for mining. It was 
 proposed to have a battalion of sepoys in the village Sumnaree,
 
 1818.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 549 
 
 whence parties might be sent to Post 1 opposite north angle of 
 fort, and to a redoubt proposed near the breaching battery. Streets 
 of the pettah were to be barricaded, so as to form an excellent 
 parallel. It was then proposed to establish mines under three 
 towers on the east side, and for this purpose to sink shafts in the 
 houses opposite, and eventually to form lodgments on breaches 
 caused by these mines, by which means, the enemy would be 
 driven from the outer walls. 
 
 May 31st. — Battery No, 1 was dismantled, and working parties 
 were employed in preparing materials and permanent barricades 
 to be made across principal streets of the pettah. 
 
 1st and 2nd June. — The detachment encamped to north-east 
 of the pettah, at distance of two miles. 
 
 A redoubt for 100 men was commenced behind the old 
 breaching battery. 
 
 3rd June. — Two 18-pounders arrived from Unkye Tunkye, 
 and the redoubt was completed. 
 
 4th June. — An approach to redoubt was made from the parallel. 
 
 5th June. — All the sappers and miners, under an Engineer 
 officer, took up their quarters in the pettah, and commenced 
 sinking shafts 
 
 6th June. — Mines were continued this day. Two mines oppo- 
 site to the two most southerly towers on east face were abandoned, 
 on meeting with a hard stratum of rock. 
 
 The mine opposite north-east tower proceeded slowly, owing 
 to the soil being rocky and hard. 
 
 June 8th. — Mine continued, and thirty feet of gallery com- 
 pleted a little before daylight. The mine fell in, in consequence 
 of the little depth of soil above, and buried the European miner 
 who was fixing a sheeting-board. The gallery was covered over 
 without being perceived by the enemy. 
 
 June 9th. — A battery on north side of the fort, for all the 
 mortars and two guns expected from Seroor, was commenced, 
 400 yards from outer wall.
 
 560 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 0818. 
 
 June 10th. — Battery was completed during the night. 
 
 The Bombay detachment arrived with four 18-pounders, two 
 12-pounders, one 10-inch, four 8-inch, and one 5|-inch mortars. 
 The mines proceeded very slowly owing to hardness of ground, 
 and want of practice in the men. 
 
 June 11th. — Battery opened at daylight. One 10 inch, and 
 five 8-inch mortars, and two S^-inch howitzers. At 11 a.m. two 
 of enemy's powder-magazines blew up at once, bringing down a 
 large portion of the curtain of body of place from the very 
 foundation, and exposing the whole interior of the fort. 
 
 It was resolved that no time should be lost in taking advantage 
 of this occurrence ; accordingly, during the night, a battery for 
 two 18 pounders was built in a Mussulman burial-ground, 320 
 yards from the works, to destroy defences of the inner walls. An- 
 other battery for four 18-pounders was commenced on the bank 
 of the river opposite, and 600 yards from outer wall, which it was 
 resolved to breach in front of the spot where explosions had 
 taken place. 
 
 June 12th. — This battery was completed in the course of the 
 day, and the gallery reached the foundation of the tower. 
 
 June 13th. — The garrison surrendered. A Jemadar's party of 
 Native Infantry was admitted into the fort, and at noon, the 
 British flag was hoisted on one of the towers. 
 
 June 15th. — The garrison marched out of the fort at 9 15 a.m., 
 and grounded their arms ; they were then marched to the pettah. 
 
 Our loss was severe. Five officers killed, and eight wounded, 
 and 220 men killed and wounded. Of the Engineer officers 
 (five* in number), two were killed and two wounded. 
 
 Lieutenant Davies, killed. 
 „ Nattes, killed. 
 
 Ensign Purton, severely wounded. 
 „ Underwood, slightly wounded. 
 
 * Ensign Lake was the fifth oflScer.
 
 Sectic 
 
 to tui /nth 
 
 R£r£RE2f^C£ S 
 
 Battery »6r ftvo J2 Jhundrrs <{hnjeiruiieti ondie 
 
 bvo Hortars uiifjht a saOij oniht 
 
 two HotriUrrs fHUxtUei at df.M. 
 
 first pnmlM i'p/ace o/" .Jrme 
 i^Ba/Drru ^r ttvo 6.FV It- plncr lOn the 29*Mnu 
 \of Jmn iSntfy at lO.PM. 
 
 'SrraMn/f Bnttrrtj fiv ?.lfi P^.' 2 i Ccmiplfted on 
 ^/ZBrpJ/oH^i/zi-is il.6J^mlhrleA ff,f2I^Afap 
 
 (htixtrurtftl ft: Jhi thr ??fat yipttt 
 
 Tnkrtt fossr-s-sion of.. \Sn/ft/ at .'IBM. 
 
 JSnrrinifirs ntnt-trtutnt on tfir .VfMnti, one S'i 
 yh^i f- one <f /nr/i Sotvif-et- of'^n ri-nni the Bar 
 ■n'cmies on t/ie 2'' June 
 
 Jtetlouttt i-»nif>/etrff in f/ir /tor ot'E. nn the -f^Aitu 
 Jfortar Biittrry nt'onrllt.Iii. Jt-riyr i1./n Mortnrx X- 
 ftmi /i/n.Howrt;i-rt ri/>m ttt timihnlit on thr llf'Jiine 
 77>rMuni2mr.<ittril.r.\jJiHlrtrtnXill'J':P"timitni<]hl 
 Bitttrry ripon t/ie riett-nrrs two J/iP'^ one J?J^oprn 
 tit noon on t/tf J?* 
 
 Jii-ron/iimi Bnttrri/ ri>r fiiii /ii/"'^iompfetr A- nn 
 Af Iniiixlitl nt 7. JAf.M-.hinr nlirn f/ir f^irrison .fiir 
 rrnilrinl t/irir .liin.t 
 K/r/Jiont .\'hi/>/r.t 
 yiifuim KJiiiiiii 
 .\tiiilil :i'ir Itnilrl f/ir Tonrr \
 
 "p?"^
 
 1818.] MADKAS ENGINEERS. 551 
 
 Lake, in his Sieges of the Madras Army, remarks: — 
 
 " Lieutenant Natteswas alike admirable as an officer, a gentle- 
 man, and a Christian. With the science and zeal which become 
 the military character, he combined the urbanity of manners, 
 the liberal accomplishments, and the warmth of heart that 
 constitute the ornaments and the bond of private life." 
 
 There were twenty-seven European and forty -five Native 
 sappers and miners present.* 
 
 The causes of the failure of the assault seem to have been 
 the unfortunate loss of the leading engineer, the commanding 
 oflQcer of the party, and the second in command. 
 
 After the capture of Malligaum, as the rains had commenced, 
 Lieutenant- Colonel McDowell took up his quarters for the 
 monsoon. The capture of Malligaum was the last operation of 
 any consequence in the territories of Bajee Row, 
 
 Appa Sahib, after his escape from Captain Browne, made for 
 the Mohadeo Hills, f where the Arabs, and remains of the 
 Mahratta armies sought him out. 
 
 On 18th July I8l8, Captain Sparks was at Bytool.J He heard 
 of a party of them who had crossed the Taptee, on the 20th, 
 but found the force too strong for him. He was surrounded, and 
 attacked on all sides. The fort was held for several hours, when, 
 having lost half his men, and having expended nearly all his 
 ammunition, Captain Sparks displayed a white flag. The signal 
 was disregarded. As a last effort. Captain Sparks moved 
 towards a slightly better position, but on his way was shot dead. 
 The sepoys fought to the last, under their Native officers. 
 Among these, a Subadar was mentioned as particularly dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 The Arabs took possession of Mooltye,§ exacted revenue and 
 
 • Of the Pioneers, three were killed and fifteen -wounded. 
 t Between the Nerbudda and Nagpore. 
 
 X With 107 of 10th Bengal Native Infantry ; half-way between Hoosingabad 
 and Nagpore. 
 
 § Fifteen miles nearer Nagpore.
 
 552 MILITAKY HISTORY OF THE tieis. 
 
 contributions, and plundered Shahpoor. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Adams was at Hoosingabad, and immediately despatcbed a strong 
 detachment, under Major McPberson. Two days after he sent a 
 squadron with some field-artillery, under Captain Newton, and a 
 third detachment followed, under Major Cumming. 
 
 Kains had now set in with violence. 
 
 In a series of small affairs the British troops drove the Arabs 
 into the jungles. A stand was attempted at Mooltye. 
 
 On 22nd August it was evacuated at night. The enemy were 
 pursued and cut up by two parties, under Captains Newton, and 
 Ker. 
 
 Early in September, a detachment of Madras troops arrived 
 at Bytool, under command of Major Munt. Several small affairs 
 took place, and the result was the confinement of the enemy to 
 the central fastnesses most difficult of access, viz. those about 
 Puchmurree and Deogurh, both places of some strength, which 
 conld not be attacked till the season would allow of a considerable 
 force being carried into the hilis with a proper train, &c. Mean- 
 time, Appa Sahib was exerting all his influence to raise up fresh 
 enemies against the British Government, and to make levies of 
 men and money in all quarters. 
 
 His agents were discovered to be at work at Oojein and Boor- 
 hanpore, and besides an active correspondence by letter with 
 Jeswunt Row, Killadar of Asseerghur, several interviews v/ere 
 ascertained to have been contrived by the Killadar witli Appa 
 Sahib, as well as with the Pindarrie Cheetoo, who had become the 
 ex-Rajah's confidential adviser. 
 
 Intrigues were also discovered at Nagpore, and several indi- 
 viduals, amongst them some members of the family of one of 
 Appu Sahib's wives, were placed, in consequence, under restraint. 
 
 The strong country east of Nagpore was raised in insurrection, 
 and a detachment was sent out in August and September which 
 reduced Compta, and the strongholds in the Laughea Hills. 
 
 In October, a stronger force was sent out, under Major Wilson,
 
 1618-19.] MADRAS ENGmEERS. 553 
 
 to reduce Pownee and Ambagurh which were to south-east of 
 Na^pore. 
 
 These were all successful, and their successes were achieved 
 under the greatest possible disadvantages of season and situation. 
 The entire country rapidly submitted, and by the end of October 
 the Mohadeo Hills formed the only tract that still held out. 
 Cavalry and infantry were established round these hills, and 
 Colonel Adams only waited for the drying up of the 
 waters to put in execution a combined operation in three 
 divisions. While this was so, Chyn Shah, the principal Goand 
 chief, made a bold attempt to recover Chouragurh. 
 
 He surrounded the fort with 2,000 or 3,000 men, while the 
 garrison consisted only of a small party of sebundies under a 
 native officer. 
 
 The assailants were beaten oflF, and next day a small detach- 
 ment of three companies arrived under Lieutenant Brandon, 
 also a party of Kohilla horse, who were enabled to punish Chyn 
 Shah for his temerity. 
 
 Colonel Adams' columns entered the hills from the Nerbudda 
 valley early in February 1819. Colonel Adams himself moved 
 on Puchmurree, where he arrived on the 11th, and met Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel McMorine, who had advanced with the second 
 column from Gurhwarra. 
 
 Major Natum surprised Koteegurh on night of 7tli February, 
 and Major Jiurgh was successful against another party on the 
 (Jth. The arrival of Colonel Adams convinced the Guands of 
 the inutility of further resistance, and all the chiefs hastened to 
 submit, except Chyn Shah and Mohun Singh, the Thakoor of 
 Puchmurree. The power of the former lay about Hurye, in 
 which direction the third column, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 O'Brien, penetrated. This column, surprised and destroyed Chyn 
 Shah's party on loth February, and captured two of his nephews. 
 
 The Nagpore brigade had meantime occupied Deogurh. 
 Besides this, a double line of posts was established by Colonel
 
 ^64: MILITAEY HISTORY OP THE [1819. 
 
 Scot along the south and east boundary of the whole tract. These 
 operations effectually reduced the several tribes of Goands, and 
 the main body of Nagpore Subsidiary Force returned to Hoo- 
 singabad by middle of March 1819. 
 
 Appa Sahib had escaped from Mohadeo Hills as Colonel 
 Adams advanced. 
 
 On the 3rd February, he passed Boordye,* He was accom- 
 panied by Cheetoo and a few attendants, and about 500 Arabs, 
 &c. followed more at leisure. 
 
 Captain Jones from Boordye, with a troop of 7th Native 
 Cavalry, and two companies of infantry managed to overtake the 
 Arabs, who attempted to make a second stand at Daburghat, 
 after having been broken with loss of 100 men. They were 
 dispersed, and Captain Jones hastened after Appa Sahib. 
 
 In aid of these operations, General Doveton had taken the 
 field with the Nizam's Subsidiary Force, and having advanced 
 from Elliclipore to Warkera, detached Lieutenant - Colonel 
 Pollock into the valley of the Taptee, with orders to reduce 
 Jilpy Amnair,t and occupy positions to intercept communications 
 between Asseerghur, and the Mohadeo Hills. Colonel Pollock 
 arrived before Jilpy Amnair on 6th January, and completed 
 investment by the 8th, opened nejct day a battery of 6-pounders, 
 and on the 11th the garrison offered to capitulate, if allowed to 
 retire with their arms This was refused by Colonel Pollock, 
 who had just received some heavier artillery. The garrison, 
 however, evacuated the place the same niglit, and succeeded in 
 eluding the parties stationed to intercept them, by creeping 
 unperceived along the bed of the river. 
 
 Madras Pioneers were present at this siege. 
 
 In orders by General Doveton it is stated : " The Lieutenant- 
 Colonel having also brought to notice of the Brigadier-General 
 the indefatigable zeal and activity displayed by Captain 
 
 * Thirty miles south of Hoosingabad. 
 t Forty miles E. by N, of Asseerghur.
 
 1819] MADEAS ENGINEEKS. 555 
 
 McCraitb, of the Corps of Pioneers, not only before Jilpy 
 Amnair itself, but also in preparing so excellent a road for the 
 guns through the Dool Ghaut, as also the professional abilities 
 displayed by Ensign Lake of the Engineers, he will have much 
 pleasure in making his consequent report to superior authority." 
 Colonel Pollock now made Jilpy Amnair his head-quarters. 
 On 3rd February, he was informed of the flight of the ex -Raja, 
 advanced to Peeplowda, and placed cavalry picquets on every road 
 leading to Asseerghur. Appa Sahib meantime was at Saoleegurh. 
 Late one evening, shortly after this, a small mounted party ap- 
 proached a picquet near Joora, and on its turning out, the horse- 
 men dispersed, and dashed into a ravine, by which means, under 
 the guidance of Cheetoo, the ex-Raja made his way to Asseer- 
 ghur. From within the fortress, Appa Sahib opened a corre- 
 spondence with Malcolm. The Pindarrie Cheetoo, who guided 
 Appa Sahib, was refused admittance by the Killadar, and was 
 shortly after killed by a tiger in the jungles, as already noted. 
 The instructions of the Supreme Government were that, in case 
 Appa Sahib should take refuge in Asseerghur, the fortress should 
 be summoned, and the Killadar treated as a rebel. Jeswant 
 Row, the Killadar, had been ostensibly ordered by Scindiah to 
 give up the fort. Malcolm offered full security for life, pro- 
 perty, and liberty, and to make over the fort to a member of his 
 family, but the Killadar refused these terms Negotiations were 
 broken off on the 17th March, by which time, there was assembled 
 for the siege the whole of Brigadier-General Doveton's force : — 
 
 Three regiments Native Cavalry. 
 
 Three and a half battalions European Infantry. 
 
 Seven battalions Native Infantry. 
 Also division brought down from Malwa by Malcolm, com- 
 posed of 
 
 One regiment Cavalry, 
 
 Four battalions Native Infantry, 
 with Horse Artillery, and trains of both forces.
 
 556 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE 
 
 [1819. 
 
 Besides this, a further train was on its way, detached from 
 Saugor from the force under Brigadier-General Watson. 
 
 Thus the accumulation of means exceeded anything yet 
 brought into the field (if we except the siege of Hutras). 
 There were — 
 
 Fifteen IB-pounders, 
 Seven 12-pounders, 
 Seven mortars. 
 Seventeen howitzers, 
 
 without the Saugor train, which produced 
 
 Two 24-pounders, 
 Four l8-pounders. 
 Eight mortars. 
 Two howitzers. 
 
 Altogether — twenty-eight guns, fifteen mortars, and nineteen 
 howitzers. 
 
 Brigadier-General Doveton's division encamped a few miles 
 to the south, near Boorhanpore, while Malcolm took up his 
 ground to the north. 
 
 " The fort of Asseerghur is situated two miles from the end of 
 one of the great western ranges of the Satpoora Hills, and 
 sixteen miles north of Boorhanpore. It is placed in one of the 
 great passes from the Deccan into Hindustan, and the natural 
 defence it receives from a precipice of rock in almost every part 
 has been increased by a thick and lofty rampart of masonry, 
 which is built on the summit of the rock, and by large cavaliers 
 mounted with enormous guns, which commanded the country 
 in every direction. General height of position above the plain 
 is 750 feet, length 1,100 yards, and breadth 600 yards. Upper 
 fort 2,800 yards in circumference, and lower line of fortifications 
 2,400 yards.. Total circumference of fort, including upper and 
 lower forts, 4,600 yards, or considerably over two miles and a 
 half Nearly one-half the rock to the west has been further 
 protected by a second enclosure of good masonry immediately
 
 lfil9J MADRAS ENGINEERS. ,557 
 
 below it, and following the curved outline of the natural scarp. 
 This has been aptly styled the Kummurgah, or the belt. On 
 the same side, a third enclosure has been added, containing 
 a space nearly equal to the area of upper fort This 
 third enclosure, which makes the lower fort, is called Mali- 
 ghur." 
 
 "The pettah is situated still more to the west in a hollow, 
 intersected by numerous ravines, and is commanded by the lower 
 fort. The entrance of the lower fort is from the pettah, and 
 the road to it is well flanked by the works on each side. In 
 every other part, the ascent from the pettah towards the lower 
 fort is exceedingly steep." 
 
 " The principal entrance into the upper fort near the west 
 extremity of the rock is by steep flights of stone steps secured 
 by five gateways of masonry, by means of which it communicates 
 with the lower fort, through the second enclosure." 
 
 " There is also a sally-port at south-east angle open at top 
 (protected by five traverses), which affords a direct commimica- 
 tion from the upper fort to the country." 
 
 *' The second enclosure, has also a direct communication with 
 the country by a small gateway at its right extremity, under the 
 middle of the north side of the rock." 
 
 " On the same side, but more to the east, after a descent of 
 250 feet, a nearly level space juts out from north-east angle 
 to a distance of 400 yards." 
 
 " The rock, which is the natural boundary of the upper fort, 
 fails in three places, wliere, of course, more attention has been 
 paid to the masonry than in the other parts." 
 
 " Firstly, at and on north side, where a very thick double 
 rampart has been built to supply the deficiency," 
 
 " Secondly, towards the east, not far from north-east angle, at 
 the head of a ravine which commences in the interior of fort, 
 and runs thence into the plain. Across the top of this ravine 
 has been thrown a casemated rampart fifty yards long and forty
 
 568 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1819. 
 
 feet thick, below which, at a distance of fifty yards, there is a 
 second wall, chiefly intended to prevent the earth from being 
 washed away during the rains." 
 
 " Thirdly, near south-east angle, at the sally-port before men- 
 tioned." 
 
 " On north and south sides the country below the fort is plain, 
 and generally level, but intersected by nullahs. At foot of the 
 hill on north side there are several gardens. On east and west 
 sides, the country is intersected by deep ravines, and ranges of 
 hills, which extend on the one side as far as the Taptee, and on 
 the other are connected with the great Satpoorah range." 
 
 " The position of Asseerghur, however, commands every 
 eminence within long cannon-shot." 
 
 A large depot of materials was formed at a village between 
 Doveton's head-quarters, and the advanced post under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Pollock, about seven miles from the fort. 
 
 On 1 7th March, orders were issued for the assault of the 
 pettah. 
 
 18th March — The pettah was taken at day-break, by a simul- 
 taneous attack of two columns from the two divisions encamped 
 north and south of the fort. Doveton's column, commanded by 
 Colonel Fraser, and led by H.M.'s Koyal Scots, entered the pettah 
 by south-west gate, at head of Battukeerah nullah. Malcolm's 
 column entered by the high road from Boorgaum and Choulkan 
 through a gap in the hills which cover the pettah on the north- 
 west. The enemy were taken by surprise, made little opposition, 
 and our troops soon established themselves under cover of the 
 houses with a trifling loss, occasioned by fire from the lower 
 fort. A battery for six howitzers was completed during the 
 day. 
 
 The Engineer Department was established in a large bomb- 
 proof pagoda in the centre of the pettah, and the troops occupied 
 the street in advance, which runs parallel to the fort. During 
 the night it was intended to construct battery (B) for six
 
 1819.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 559 
 
 18-pounders and two 12-pounders, to breach north-west angle of 
 lower fort ; to advance our posts to D to prevent sallies ; and to 
 barricade streets which were enfiladed. Owing to difficultv of 
 the soil, and deficiency of materials, the battery, though com- 
 menced, was not continued. A secure post at D was completed. 
 
 March 19th. — The post at C was this morning completed. 
 The enemy made a sally at sunset, and drove in our troops from 
 this post. The battery B was finished during the night, 400 
 yards from north-west salient of lower fort ; and another was 
 commenced on rising ground above the pagoda for eight mortars 
 and howitzers. The ground on which the mortar battery was 
 placed was so bad that the fascines could not be properly 
 picketed. The revetment gave way when nearly complete, and 
 the work was left unfinished 
 
 March 20th. — The guns opened at day-break with great effect. 
 By evening they had effected a practicable breach in the salient 
 angle of the lower fort The mortar battery was completed with 
 sand-bags. Malcolm's division moved to a position north-west 
 of the fort, and his head-quarters were established in the Lai 
 Bagh. 
 
 March 21st. — The enemy evacuated the lower fort at 4 a m. 
 At 7 .\.M. the expense magazine of battery B, which was placed 
 against the perpendicular bank of a deep ravine, thirty yards to 
 the left, and in rear of the battery, exploded It contained J 90 
 barrels of powder. A native officer and thirty-four men of 
 Bengal Native Infantry were killed, and a native officer and 
 sixty-five men wounded. The enemy immediately returned to 
 the lower fort, and re-opened their guns. These were soon 
 silenced. The mortar battery opened at 3 p.m The defence of 
 the pettah was made over to 8ir John Malcolm. 
 
 March 22nd. — 130 shells were thrown into the fort, and at 
 night two additional embrasures were prepared, each for a 
 12-pounder, 200 yards to right and left of battery B ; one on 
 the right to destroy defences of lower fort, and that on left to
 
 .560 MILITARY HISTOEY OF THE [1819. 
 
 silence a large gun in ceutie babtiun of north face of the upper 
 fort, which bore on the battery B. 
 
 March 23rd. — The engineers reconnoitered the east front of 
 the fort, to fix on ground for General Doveton's encampment. 
 A 41-inch howitzer was placed in the pettah at top of the barri- 
 cade to prevent enemy's sorties. 
 
 March 2Uh. — The engineers' reconnaissance being com- 
 pleted, the east front was decided to be the best for the attack of 
 upper fort. The engineer (Lieutenant Coventry) commanding 
 wrote thus : " The irregular nature of the ground, and the cover 
 afforded by ravines render extensive parallels unnecessary. A 
 communication, however, should be opened from the Ram 
 Bagh to a ravine on the left of the attack, to enable the 
 working parties to arrive under cover. As the approaches are 
 to be carried up a ravine, exposed to a direct fire in front, and a 
 flanking fire on each side, it becomes an object of the first 
 importance to knock off the defences of the flanks, and to prevent 
 the enemy from rolling down stones, I recommend that these 
 works should be destroyed from their foundation. This, I 
 consider, can be eff'ected by placing batteries on the prolongations 
 of the flanks in such a manner as will enable us to breach the 
 opposite, and enfilade the adjacent flank from the same battery. 
 The flanks being destroyed, and the defences of the curtain wall 
 knocked off", the bottom of the revetment of the retaining and 
 curtain walls is to be loosened to enable the miners to establish 
 themselves; or should this be found impracticable, a breachirg 
 battery to be constructed, and the curtain wall laid open. I am 
 of opinion, that by one or other of these means, we shall be 
 enabled to form a practicable breach." 
 
 " The mortar batteries to be disposed as represented in the plan ; 
 and if practicable, a brigade of 6-pounders to be placed in 
 battery on the detached hill, opposite to south-east angle, so as 
 to command the high ground in rear of the front attacked." 
 
 "To distract the enemy's attention from the real point of
 
 1819.] MADKAS ENGINEEES. 561 
 
 attack, it is advisable that the evening previous to constructing 
 the batteries, possession should be taken of the lower works on 
 the pettah side, and a battery constructed to play upon the gate- 
 ways. By these means, the garrison will be deprived of all hope 
 of escape, and their uncertainty as to the true point of attack 
 will weaken their efforts to oppose us. On the same principle, I 
 recommend that the south-east face should be breached where 
 the rock fails, with a view to such advantage being taken of it 
 as circumstances may require." 
 
 Afterwards point (a) on north face on the pettah side was 
 selected for the second breach, instead of south-east angrle. A 
 battery, for two 8-inch howitzers and two 5^-inch mortars, was 
 erected 350 yards to left of breaching battery (B). 
 
 March 25th. — West attack near the pettah was employed in 
 destroying defences to right and left of the breach, and 
 bombarding the upper fort. 
 
 March 26th. — Pioneers, &c. employed in collecting material 
 for a new battery to make a breach in south face cf lower fort. 
 
 During these two days, Doveton's division was moving to 
 a position for the projected attack on the east front. 
 
 March 27lh. — East Atlach. — The Ram Bagh, under north-east 
 angle of the upper fort, was occupied, and the Engineers' depot esta- 
 blished there. Enemy brought a large gun on to the north-east 
 bastion to bear on this point. During the day a battery for two 
 12-pounders was thrown up in front of the garden to silence this gun. 
 
 West Attack. — Battery (G) for one 18-pounder and one 
 I2-pounder for forming a breach on south face of lower fort was 
 commenced. Two G-pouoders were also carried on elephants 
 to the eminence called the Mogul's Cap, south of the fort. 
 
 March 28th. — East Attack — Communication to batteries L 
 and M was completed, and a good road prepared for the guns 
 up the side of the hill. 
 
 West Attack. — Breaching battery on south side of the lower 
 fort was completed. 
 
 36
 
 562 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1819.] 
 
 March 29th. — East Attack. — Batteries L and M were con- 
 structed during the night to destroy defences of flanks to right 
 and left of curtain of the upper fort, which it was intended to 
 breach. L for five l8-pounders, M for four 18-pounders. 
 
 L, 380 yards from north-east angle, and 530 from opposite 
 flank. 
 
 M, 350 yards from point of fort above it, and 600 yards 
 from opposite flank. 
 
 West Attack. — Battery (B) recommenced firing this morning 
 to perfect the breach in salient angle of the lower fort. 
 
 The guns in battery (G) opened at daylight, and by evening 
 effected a practicable breach. A 4|^-inch howitzer was esta- 
 blished on a height to right of this battery, commanding the gate- 
 way of upper fort. Breaches in the lower fort being reported 
 practicable, orders were issued for the assault to take place the 
 following morning. 
 
 March 30th. — East Attack. — Owing to the great labour of 
 carrying the guns up the heights, only three guns were got into 
 battery L during the day, although a regiment of Europeans, 
 and another of Native Infantry were employed in dragging 
 them up. The troops were also assisted by elephants. 
 A battery for two heavy mortars was made to left of L. 
 West Attack. — Enemy evacuated Malighur during the morn- 
 ing, and it was occupied by our troops. Battery (B) was 
 dismantled, and during the night all the mortars but one, were 
 taken from the pettah, and placed under cover in the lower fort. 
 March 31st. — East Attack. — All guns in L and M were 
 placed in battery, and commenced firing. A battery for eight 
 mortars and howitzers was thrown up in front, and to right 
 of the Eam Bagh immediately under the hill. Enemy kept up a 
 smart fire from the second fort on working party, but with little 
 effect. A 12-pounder was placed on right of L, to keep 
 down matchlock fire from the north-east angle. 
 
 West Attack. — Two 8-inch howitzers and two 5J-inch howitzers
 
 1819.] MADBAS ENGINEEBS. 563 
 
 were placed in battery (F) on north side of fort, and two 5^-inch 
 howitzers on the Mogul's Cap.* 
 
 April 1st. — East Attack. — Eight-mortar battery opened fire, 
 and a battery for ten mortars was thrown up to left and in rear 
 of M battery, L and M continued firing. 
 
 West Attack. — Battery (H) for six guns was constructed 600 
 yards from upper fort to breach wall of second fort. An 
 18-pounder and l2-pounder were placed in the pettah to destroy 
 the west defences of the second fort. 
 
 April 2nd. — East Attack. — A magazine was formed for ten- 
 mortar battery, and the whole of the mortars placed in position. 
 
 West Attack. — The guns were got into six-gun battery, and 
 opened on north-west curtain of the second fort at 2 p.m. 
 
 April 3rd. — The Saugor battering train, and Bengal miners 
 arrived this day. 
 
 East Attack. — Ten-mortar battery opened this morning. A 
 battery for four mortars was thrown up 100 yards in front 
 immediately under the first descent from the north-east 
 angle. 
 
 West Attack. — The defences to right of the intended breach 
 were destroyed ; but the line of fire on corner bastion being too 
 oblique, two 18-pounders were drawn out to right of battery ; and 
 a parapet was thrown up for a covering party on ridge above 
 battery (H) in front of intended new battery. 
 
 April 4th. — East Attack. — Defences of the flanks being almost 
 wholly destroyed, a breaching battery for two 24-pounders and 
 four 18-pounders was commenced, and, as the ground would not 
 allow sufficient space for more than two embrasures in a line, 
 the guns were placed on three different levels, one above the 
 other, forming an inclined battery. Three 18-pounders were 
 placed in battery to right of L, to destroy north-east bastion. 
 
 West Attack. — Employed in making a mine under rampart 
 
 * Hill, south of the lower fort. 
 
 36 *
 
 664 MILITAEY HISTOEY OF THE 
 
 [1619. 
 
 of the lower fort in order to open a road for the guns to the new 
 battery on the ridge (K), and during the night, two IS-pounders 
 intended for this battery were dragged up from the pettah, and 
 lodged in the lower fort, 
 
 April 5th. — East Attack. — Battery 0, 400 yards from re- 
 taining wall, and 450 from curtain, was completed this evening, 
 A magazine was formed, and a road for the guns made. 
 
 The front of M was thrown forward to bear on the retaining 
 wall. 
 
 The masonry of the north-east angle was destroyed this day 
 by battery S, and the large gun on the top of it, a 140-pounder, 
 rolled half-way down the hill. 
 
 West Attack. — Breach in the second fort being completed, a 
 four-gun breaching battery for the upper fort was commenced 
 on the ridge in front of and above battery (H). 
 
 Two more 18-pounders were dragged up into the lower fort 
 during the night, the mine was sprung in the morning, and a 
 good road opened through the ramparts for the guns. 
 
 April 6th. — East Attack. — Two 24-pounders and four 
 18-pounders were placed in battery in course of the day. The 
 ten-mortar battery was repaired, and an approach opened from L 
 in direction of the breach. 
 
 West Attack. — Breaching battery was completed, and guns 
 were got into the battery. 
 
 April 7th. — East Attack. — Breaching batteries and N opened 
 on the retaining wall, and with the assistance of L a practicable 
 breach was nearly effected. Approach to breach was continued. 
 
 West Attack. — The guns opened against the rampart of the 
 upper fort at 10 a.m. In the evening, two vakeels came from the 
 Killadar, with offers of surrender, but stipulated for the garrison 
 retaining their arms ; they were immediately ordered back into the 
 fort. 
 
 April 8th, — The breaching batteries re-opened at daylight. 
 About 11 A.M., orders were received to cease firing — the Killadar
 
 1819-] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 565 
 
 Jeswant Row Lar having agreed to an unconditional surrender. 
 Road to the breach on east attack was continued during the night. 
 Rock at north-east angle was reconnoitered, and it was 
 ascertained there was a good path for the troops, immediately 
 under the rocks, to assault the breach. 
 
 April 9th. — The garrison marched out at sunrise, and 
 delivered up their arms. 
 
 The fort was occupied by British troops, and the union flag 
 hoisted under a royal salute from all the batteries. 
 The Engineer Department consisted of : — 
 
 Lieutenant Coventry, Madras Engineers, commanding 
 
 engineer. 
 Lieutenant Cheape, Bengal Engineers. 
 „ Purton, Madras Engineers. 
 
 ,, Irvine, Bengal Engineers. 
 
 Ensign Lake, Madras Engineers (Staflf). 
 ,, Warlow, Bengal Engineers. 
 35 European Sappers and Miners, Madras Establishment. 
 45 Native „ „ „ ,, 
 
 185 Bengal Native Miners. 
 1,000 Pioneers of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, and about the 
 same number of dooly-bearers and lascars. 
 Lieutenant.-Colonel Crosdile, C.B., commanding Madras 
 
 Artillery. 
 Major VVeldon, was Commissary, and 
 Captain Poignard, brigade-major of Artillery 
 1^ troops European Horse Artillery. 
 4 companies European Foot Artillery. 
 1 company Native Golundauze. 
 During the siege the following batteries were constructed : — 
 West Attack. 
 
 A. Howitzer battery (5). 
 
 B. Breaching battery, lower fort (6) 
 
 E. Mortar battery (8). 
 
 F. Mortar battery (4). 
 
 G. Breaching battery, lower fort (4).
 
 566 MILITAEY HISTOBT OF THE n8l9 
 
 H. Breaching battery, second fort (6). 
 K. Breaching battery, upper fort (4). 
 
 East Attack. 
 L. Battery to destroy left flank (5), 
 M. Battery to destroy right flank (4). 
 O and N. Breaching batteries (8). 
 P, Q, and R. Mortar and howitzer batteries (22). 
 S. Three 1 8-pounders, to destroy north-east bastion. 
 T. Two 12-pounders, to silence gun in north-east 
 bastion. 
 Both the attacks were pushed forward with great vigour, and 
 the manner in which our guns were carried to heights which 
 the garrison had deemed inaccessible, must have made a great 
 impression. 
 
 The exertions of the Artillery, both officers and men, were 
 remarkable. The former in many instances, particularly in 
 battery L, and the mortar battery on the north front, were 
 without relief, and actually lived in these batteries from the time 
 they were first opened. 
 
 The loss of the garrison was slight, owing to the height of the 
 rock ; only forty-three killed, and ninety-five wounded. Jeswant 
 Kow lost his chief officer of artillery, and seeing the command- 
 ing positions, and quick fire of our batteries, began to despair. 
 In addition to this, his powder failed. 
 
 The British loss was — 
 
 1 officer, 9 Europeans, and 37 sepoys, killed = 47 
 10 „ 73 „ „ 181 „ wounded = 264 
 
 Total 311 
 
 Of the Madras Pioneers, one havildar and fifteen men were 
 wounded. 
 
 Appa Sahib, ex-Rajah of Nagpore, was not found in the fort; 
 and Jeswant Row denied he was in the fort, or had ever been 
 there, and would give no information whatever.
 
 -^"'j 3ro list (Iitmhiiuft JWrta O 
 
 S«niou tlu-o' llip Bit^rli ^Casematm on the E. Side Seftion thro'tkf Bi-CArb cui the N. Side 
 
 nf-llir FORT. nf t/ir FOKT. 
 
 D /»," IT ' JiffA/ 
 
 -NO ^ZjTJ'nZ 
 ^f that in iAr.VJUttu.
 
 1S19.] MADEAS ENGINEEBS. 567 
 
 It was ascertained from prisoners, however, that he (Appa Sahib) 
 had escaped from the fort some ten days before the garrison sur- 
 rendered. No news was obtained ol him for some time ; at last 
 it was found that he had made his way into the country of Kun- 
 eet ISingh. The capture of Asseerghur was the last operation 
 of the findarrie and Alahratta War. 
 
 The fortress of Asseerghur was ordered to be garrisoned by 
 five companies of 67 th Kegiment, and the ;ind battalion of 13th 
 Native Infantry, while Lieutenant-Colonel McDowell was 
 appointed commandant. 
 
 The Brigadier- (jreueral, in his report on the operations before 
 Asseerghur, complimented Lieutenant Coventry " on the science 
 displayed by him in selecting the only two points on which the 
 fort was assailable, and the choice of his positions for entilading, 
 bombarding, and breaching- batteries, reliect the most distin- 
 guished credit on that officer, and on Lieutenants Irvine and 
 Purton, and Ensigns Lake and Warlow, by whom he was so ably 
 seconded ; while the skill and admirable practice displayed by 
 
 the artillery, &c The unceasing latigue and uncommon 
 
 exertions of the Corps of Pioneers so cheerfully and unremit- 
 tingly displayed, entitle Captain McCraith to the Brigadier- 
 General's warmest thanks." 
 
 kSome other isolated services took place at this period. 
 
 These were the capture of Nowa, and Copaldroog by the 
 detachment commanded by Aiajor Pitman, and the division 
 under Brigadier- General Pritzler respectively. There was also 
 an expedition against Sawunt Waree, under Sir W. G. Keir, from 
 Bombay ; besides the reduction of Aladoarapore by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Thompson's detachment Irom the reserve of the Grand 
 army, in July 18l«. 
 
 On 7th January Ibl'J, Major Pitman, in conformity with in- 
 structions from the Kesideni at ilydrabad, assumed command of 
 the force which had assembled at Tomsa for service against 
 the refractory N'aiks. Tomsa was twenty-four miles north-east
 
 568 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE Uei9. 
 
 of Nandair, and three miles south-east of Nowsaghee Naik's 
 fort of Nowa. 
 
 The fort was an oblong square, forty-six yards by thirty-six. 
 The body of the place was defended by a rampart twenty-feet 
 thick, and the flanking defences consisted of a circular tower 
 thirty feet in diameter at each angle. 
 
 Ihe outworks were a fausse braye and ditch running parallel to 
 the body of the place, and a sloping glacis on the European 
 system ; but it had no covered way except round the north and 
 part of the east. 
 
 The interior area was raised, so as to form a solid mound, to 
 within six feet of terreplein of rampart, the exterior height of 
 which was thirty feet. The fausse braye ran at twenty-nine feet 
 from body of the place, and consisted of a casemated rampart 
 twenty feet thick, surmounted by a parapet five feet high. At 
 the angles it followed the form of the circular towers of the body 
 of the place. The fausse braye was further protected by traverses. 
 The height from top of parapet to bottom of ditch was thirty-five 
 feet. Height of counterscarp from bottom of ditch to top of 
 glacis twenty-five feet ; and as the glacis was twelve feet above 
 the country, the ditch had actually only been excavated for 
 thirteen feet. It was thirty-five feet wide. 
 
 The principal gateway was on the east front (one of the longest), 
 and was well flanked by two circular projections. 
 
 The communication with the country was by a bridge over the 
 ditch, easily removable. There was also a sally port on west front. 
 The environs were perfectly clear to a considerable distance. 
 
 The garrison consisted of 500 men. 
 
 The besieging force of : — 
 147 Artillery 
 2,253 Native Infantry 
 2,011 Reformed Horse 
 
 4,411 Natives. 
 
 H.H. the Nizam's 
 troops.
 
 1819J MADRAS ENGINEERS. 669 
 
 Besides these, there were only eighteen European officers and 
 fifteen other Europeans. 
 
 In the afternoon of 7th January, the commanding officer 
 reconnoitred the fort from a hill 900 yards south of it. 
 
 January 8th. — He took up a position near Nowa; the infantry 
 one mile north east of fort, and the cavalry one mile to north 
 and west of it. 
 
 The Pioneers were employed in cutting brushwood. 
 
 January 9lh — The Pioneers and Golundauze, with a working- 
 party of 150, were employed in making fascines and gabions. 
 
 January 1 0th. — It was resolved that the north side should be 
 attacked, and battery No. 1 was commenced at a distance of 700 
 yards. The garrison made a sally this evening, but were driven 
 back. Battery No. 1 was completed during the night, and 
 battery No. 2, ] 00 yards in advance, was formed with fascines 
 and sand-bags, and was ready to open at daybreak. 
 
 January 11th. — Both batteries opened at daybreak. At sun- 
 set two posts of infantry were established right and left of the 
 battery, at distances of 500 yards. At the post on the left, 
 battery No. 3 was constructed, 430 yards from gateway, and the 
 mortars were removed during the night to the advanced battery. 
 
 January 12th. — The mortars played during the day. During 
 the night a cavalier was constructed 100 yards in advance, and 
 to right of battery No. 3, and a trench established between them, 
 which was extended to the rear for the protection of the troops. 
 Enemy's horse attempted to pass out, but were driven back. 
 
 January 13th — Men employed in cutting brushwood, and in 
 improving communications. 
 
 January I4th. — At night, battery No. 4, for two I8-pounders, 
 was made, 300 yards from the fort; also communications between 
 it, and the cavalier. 
 
 January 15th. — Batteries 1 and 2 were dismantled. 
 
 Our artillery began to knock off the defences of the front 
 (north) attacked. Trench between battery No. 4, and the cavalier
 
 570 MILITAKY HISTOEY OF THE Lisiu. 
 
 made secure, and another formed between battery, and the post 
 to the right. 
 
 January 1 6th. — Sixty yards of sap were finished, 200 yards to 
 the right front of battery No. 4, directed so as to clear the works 
 on right of front attacked. 
 
 January 17th. — The sap was widened and deepened, and forty 
 yards of a zig-zag to the right were finished, and a small place 
 of arms established to right and left at head of sap. 
 
 January Ibth. — Thirty yards more were run out in the same 
 direction. Besieged attempted no annoyance, seeming not to 
 understand nor to care for our operations. 
 
 January 19th. — Thirty yards were run out in same direction, 
 and a return made. 
 
 About 10 P.M. an attempt was made by a rebel chief, Howajee, 
 with some cavalry, to surprise our camp from the rear; but he 
 was soon forced to retire, and was pursued some miles, but 
 effected a safe retreat owing to the darkness of the night. 
 
 January 20th. — The sap was widened and deepened. The 
 enemy brought two guns tj bear on it, but they were soon 
 silenced. At night the sap was carried thirty-seven yards to the 
 left. A party from the garrison made a sortie on the head of 
 our work, but were repulsed. 
 
 The fire from the garrison was very hot. 
 
 January 2Jst. — The sap, during the night, was turned to the 
 right, and extended twenty yards, and a place of arms made at 
 head of it. 
 
 January 22nd. — At 9 a.m. the enemy made a sortie on our sap, 
 which threw our working parties into great confusion. We 
 sustained some loss. The sap was extended fifteen yards. 
 
 January 23rd. — Yesterday's work was widened and deepened, 
 and sap advanced ten yards. A European attached to the En- 
 gineer Department was mortally wounded. During the night 
 the work was advanced to the crest of the glacis. 
 
 January 24th. — Yesterday's work was made more secure, and
 
 18W.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 571 
 
 returns made to right and left. At 4 p.m. the garrison sent a 
 messenger to the commanding oflBcer, and by mutual consent all 
 firing ceased till his return. A lodgment on the glacis was 
 completed this night, 
 
 January 25th. — Enemy having refused the terms proposed, 
 the truce was at an end. 
 
 Great part of the glacis within the lodgment was cut away, 
 with a view to the commencement of a mine. Towards eveninsr 
 a shaft was begun, and before morning was sunk twelve feet. 
 
 The soil was stitf clay, and stood without artificial support. 
 
 January 26th. — Shaft was sunk to a total depth of twenty-six 
 feet. A gallery was commenced to the left to blow in the 
 counterscarp, opposite the left tower of the front attacked. 
 
 January 27th. — A mortar was got into the lodgment. The 
 gallery at mid-day measured fifteen feet, and a branch was run 
 out to the right to a distance of ten feet from the shaft. 
 
 January 28th. — The gallery measured twenty-eight feet, and a 
 return of eight feet was made to the right. The branch had 
 been extended as far as the ditch for the purpose of obtaining a 
 view of it, and also to ventilate the mine. 
 
 The gallery proved to be on the same level as the bottom of 
 the ditch; a small branch to the left was begun from centre of the 
 great branch to form a chamber, and was carried six feet. Enemy 
 annoyed us with stones. 
 
 January 29th. — Both chambers completed and loaded, one on 
 left with you, and that on right with 310 pounds of powder. 
 The hose was laid, and part of the mine tamped. 
 
 January yOth. — At daybreak, the batteries opened with two 
 18-pounders, one 6-pounder, and two mortars. By 2 p.m. the 
 tamping of the miue was complete. By evening the breaches 
 assumed a very respectable appearance. Shells and grape were 
 thrown into them daring the night. 
 
 January blst. — The firing from our batteries continued. At 
 8 A.M., the garrison sent two men to negotiate. The commandant
 
 572 MILITAET HISTOEl OF THE [1819. 
 
 was informed that he must surrender at discretion, but no answer 
 was received. At 10, the breaches were reported practicable, and 
 orders were issued for the assault. At twenty minutes before 
 2 P.M., the mine was sprung. The explosion was very con- 
 siderable, making an excellent descent into the ditch ; a cloud 
 of dust darkened the air for five minutes, under cover of which 
 the ladders were planted, and the troops ascended the breach 
 before the gnrrison had recovered from their alarm. Ten minutes 
 after the explosion, the inner fort was carried, and in the course 
 of an hour, the whole of the enemy's works were in our pos- 
 session. Our loss in the storm was four killed, and seventy-one 
 wounded. 
 
 The loss during the whole of the siege was twenty-four killed, 
 and 180 wounded; total, 204. 
 
 The only Engineer officer was Ensign Oliphant, of the Madras 
 Engineers, who had three Europeans attached to him, one of 
 whom was killed, and one wounded. 
 
 There were seventy pioneers, but only twenty of these had had 
 any previous knowledge of mining. 
 
 The fort of Nowa was, perhaps, as strong as a square of its 
 size could be made. 
 
 Fortunately, the soil was favourable for the operations which 
 the Engineer had the boldness to conceive, and to carry into 
 execution. Few would have ventured, with only seventy men as 
 a working-party (of whom only a small proportion knew any- 
 thing of the requisite duties), to attempt to crown the glacis 
 with a sap ; but no operation less efficient than this would, with 
 an enemy so resolute as the garrison of Nowa proved themselves 
 to be, have efiFected the reduction of the fort ; and although his 
 progress was necessarily slow, the event fully justified the daring 
 mode of proceeding adopted by the engineer. 
 
 The first ground was broken on the 10th, and the place was 
 stormed on the 31st. This period might have been much shortened, 
 if the engineer had had the assistance of an efficient department.
 
 1819.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 673 
 
 From the time that the first sap was commenced till the counter- 
 scarp was blown in, was only thirteen days, under all the dis- 
 advantages of working with men who had never before witnessed 
 operations of the kind. Nothing appears to have been over- 
 looked that could ensure a successful result to the siege. 
 
 The breach was not formed till the mine, that was to open a 
 road to it, was ready for explosion. Any further praise of these 
 operations would be superfluous. 
 
 The complete success which attended them (resulting from no 
 accident), against an enemy as resolute to the last as any we 
 have encountered in India, forms in itself the highest encomium 
 that could be passed. 
 
 Ensign Oliphant's meritorious conduct before Nowa was 
 recorded by Colonel Pitman, commanding. 
 
 .Tust previous to this. Brigadier General Pritzler had requested 
 that another Engineer officer should be ordered to his division, 
 as he had but one officer of Flngineers (Lieutenant Grant) with 
 him. Grant had, while inspecting the forts near the western 
 ghauts, suffered from a severe attack of fever, and it was un- 
 certain whether the Brigadier could always depend on his 
 services. The Brigadier added, " that as Lieutenant Grant had, 
 by infinite pains, made himself acquainted with the country in 
 which the force was about to be employed, and had upon all 
 occasions exerted himself with so much zeal and benefit to the 
 service, he trusted that he would not be superseded by a senior 
 officer." The result of this was that Ensign Oliphant was 
 directed forthwith to join the field force in the Dooab. 
 
 In consequence of the rebellious conduct of Veerappah, the 
 Governor of Copal Droog,* the fort was besieged by a force 
 under Brigadier-General Pritzler. 
 
 His division entered the territories of the Nizam on 7th May 
 1819, and encamped near Adony. 
 
 ♦ Fifty miles W. by N. of Bellary.
 
 574 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819- 
 
 It consisted of the following troops: — 
 
 3 troops H.M.'s 22nd Dragoons. 
 
 4 „ 1st Native Cavalry. 
 6 companies flank battalions. 
 8 „ Rifle Corps. 
 
 5 „ 4th Native Infantry. 
 10 „ 12th Native Infantry. 
 
 100 Dooab Auxiliary Horse. 
 
 •3 companies of 2nd battalion Madras Pioneers. 
 
 The following ordnance accompanied the force : — 
 4 iron I8-pounders. 
 2 ,, 12-pounders. 
 2 brass 12-pounders. 
 8 8-inch mortars. 
 
 1 5|-inch ,, 
 
 2 5j-inch howitzers. 
 
 Brigadier-General Pritzler encamped before Copal Droog on 
 the 8th May, and employed the morning in reconnoitering the 
 fort. 
 
 The works of Copal Droog are of extraordinary magnitude 
 and strength, and very complicated. 
 
 In the evening General Pritzler moved down with the intention 
 of carrying the pettah, and establishing a post for a mortar 
 battery, but he was met by a man who said he was Veerappa's 
 brother, and that the fort would be given up. He therefore 
 halted, and directed eight companies to proceed to take pos- 
 session of it ; but on arrival at the gate, they were refused 
 admittance by the garrison, and returned, accompanied by the 
 man who came out to meet the force. The hill which forms the 
 upper fort is 600 feet above the plain, and is totally inaccessible 
 on three sides ; the fourth, or eastern side, is encircled with walls 
 to the very base, where a strong rampart terminates the hill 
 fortifications, below which there are, on this side, two additional 
 enclosures, each consisting of a very respectable rampart with
 
 1819.] MADEAS ElvGINEERS. 575 
 
 towers. The inner line of defence of these two, embraces 
 the hill in the form of an irregular semi-circle, and is built of 
 stone. 
 
 The outer one is of mud, and surrounds the former everywhere, 
 except at the east end, where the two ramparts are united. In 
 approaching the lower forts, cover is everywhere afforded to 
 within 350 yards of the walls, by the pettah on one side, and by 
 a range of rocks on the other. The main strength of the place is 
 at the point on the hill, where the flight of steps leading to the 
 upper fort turns to the left behind a rock ; and being completely 
 hid from breaching guns, the progress of an enemy is checked 
 by a gate, where the assailants would be exposed on both sides 
 to musketry, and to stones thrown from above. 
 
 8th May 1819.— The total force amounted to 3,059 men :— 
 1,110 European Infantry, 
 1,029 Native Infantry, 
 179 European Cavalry, 
 370 Native Cavalry, 
 74 European Artillery, 
 97 gun lascars, and 
 200 Madras Pioneers, under Captain Smithwaite. 
 
 During the night, a mortar battery was prepared, and nine 
 mortars opened their fire from it, at midnight, on the lower 
 works. 
 
 The gallopers opened at the same time, with shrapnel, 
 from a position in the pettah. 
 
 9th May. — The two gallopers were removed from the pettah, 
 and, with a howitzer, were placed on the hill post to the right of 
 the mortar battery. Two 12-pounders were placed in the pettah 
 in lieu of the gallopers, and during the night a battery for two 
 18-pounders was constructed to breach north curtain of the 
 lower fort. 
 
 1 0th May.— Fire from breacliing battery commenced at sunrise, 
 and continued throughout the day.
 
 576 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819. 
 
 During the night, the breaching battery was enlarged for two 
 more I8-pounders. 
 
 11th Alay. — The four I8-pounders opened at daylight, and by 
 noon the breach was reported practicable. It was therefore 
 determined to assault the lower fort at daybreak next morning, 
 and the 12-pounders and a howitzer were placed in advance of 
 the mortar battery to cover the attack. These arrangements were 
 unnecessary, as the lower forts surrendered the same evening, the 
 garrison (1,400 men) marched out, and the place was taken 
 possession of by our troops. Overtures were at the same time 
 made for delivering up the upper fort. 
 
 Veerappah, with about 500 men, retired into the upper fort. 
 
 Negotiations were entered into ; but it seemed that they were 
 commenced for the sole purpose of gaining time. 
 
 The whole day was wasted, and till 9 am. on the 13th was 
 allowed to bring negotiations to a conclusion. 
 
 May 13th. — When the time fixed arrived, it appeared that no 
 reliance could be placed on the Raja's promises. The following 
 plan of attack was decided on. Two columns of four companies 
 each were to escalade the walls at G and H,* and, having gained 
 admittance, to support each other. A galloper gun was to 
 accompany the left attack to blow open gate B. If possible, the 
 enemy were to be followed to the summit of the hill. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, both columns advanced to the assault. Right 
 under Captain Cuppage, 53rd Regiment, and left under Captain 
 Tew, of 34th, the whole commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel 
 Fraser, of 12th Native Infantry, Both escalades succeeded, and 
 the gateway was blown open at the same instant. The troops 
 rushed in, and effected a junction at the gate C. At this point 
 they were checked by a tremendous shower of stones from the 
 rocks above, which occasioned a number of casualties. 
 
 * Plan in Lake's Sieges of the Madras Army. The accounts of the Sieges of 
 Nowa and Copaldroog, as well as the other sieges during the Mahratta War, 
 have been extracted from Lake's Siei/es of the Madras Army.
 
 1819.; MADRAS ENGINEERS. 677 
 
 (The lett attack was conducted by Lieutenant Grant, of 
 the Madras Engineers, Commanding Engineer, while the 
 right attack was led by Ensign Oliphant, of Engineers. Cap- 
 tain Smithwaite commanded the Pioneers, who carried the 
 ladders.) 
 
 After a short pause, a party rushed forward, led by Lieutenant 
 Silver, 53rd Regiment, which, after a gallant contest, succeeded 
 in forcing the gateway D, driving the defenders before them, who 
 retreated to right and left. The main body of the assailants 
 moved to the right, and immediately carried the line of works 
 extending in that direction. A small party went to the left, but 
 being much exposed, and their ammunition being expended, they 
 were obliged to retreat. A second rush was, however, made in 
 this direction, and the enemy, intimidated by the perseverance 
 and gallantry of the attack, called for quarter, which was 
 granted ; and the garrison, 500 strong, were marched out 
 prisoners of war. Our loss in the siege and assault, amounted 
 to one officer killed, and three wounded ; seven others killed, 
 and forty-seven wounded. Of these latter, two were Native 
 officers. 
 
 The 2nd battalion Pioneers lost two killed and six wounded. 
 
 The assaulting columns were on this occasion, as on every 
 former one during the campaign, led by officers of Engineers, 
 who well supported the reputation of their corps. 
 
 The right point of escalade was twenty feet high, and the left 
 nineteen. The ladders were twenty-five feet long, and were 
 found just sufficient. They were carried by the Pioneers, and 
 were planted by the Engineer officers, assisted by volunteer 
 artillerymen. Ropes were attached to the ladders near the top, 
 to secure them when up, and bamboo poles with iron forks were 
 used in rearing them. 
 
 The breaching battery was sunk in a ploughed field in 
 four hours, and the other batteries constructed with eqnal 
 facility. 
 
 37
 
 578 MILITAET HISTORY OF THE [1819. 
 
 The gate B required three discharges from the galloper gun to 
 blow it open : 1st, a blank cartridge; 2nd, a round shot; and 
 3rd, a double shot. The escalading party were just over the 
 wall when the gate opened. 
 
 The following is an extract from General Pritzler's despatch to 
 Heury Kussell, Esq , Eesident, Hydrabad. dated 14th May 
 1819:— 
 
 " Where every officer and soldier employed did their duty to 
 the utmost, it is difficult to point to those who distinguish them- 
 selves, but I feel much indebted to Lieutenant Grant of the 
 Engineers, for the very judicious situation in which he placed 
 the batteries, planned the attacks, and conducted one of them ; 
 and he was ably assisted by Ensign Oliphant. ... To Captain 
 Smithwaite and the Pioneers I feel much indebted for their 
 unwearied exertions, constantly exposed to a very heavy 
 fire." 
 
 Eighteen guns were captured. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Eraser, who commanded the assaulting 
 party, wrote : — 
 
 " The gallant and zealous exertions of Lientenants Grant and 
 Oliphant, of the Engineers, were most conspicuous, both in 
 advance, and wherever their presence was required. The same 
 remark will apply to Captain Smithwaite, of the Pioneers, 
 Captain Jenour, brigade major and captain, of the Quarter- 
 master-General's Department." 
 
 Throughout the greater part of 1818, there were disturbances 
 in the small principality of Sawunt Waree, a tract of country 
 situated between the sea and the Western Ghauts north of Goa, 
 about forty miles in length, and twenty- five in width. Remon- 
 strance being found unavailing, a British detachment, under 
 Sir William Grant Keir, was marched into the territory in 
 January 1819. The forts to be attacked were on the coast; 
 Newtee, a few miles to the north, and Barree, about the 
 same distance to the south, of Vingorla. Keir arrived before
 
 I ' iDwiaiOTi* of tht 6viti»l) -Armp 
 
 ^\
 
 1819.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 579 
 
 Newtee on the 8rd February, and next day the Killadar sur- 
 rendered, the garrison being permitted to march out with their 
 arms. 
 
 During the necessary marches, the hxbours of the Pioneers 
 were incessantly required to make the roads practicable for 
 the guns. 
 
 A detachment of sepoys being left in Newtee, Grant Keir 
 moved on the 4th, and arrived at Barree on the 9th, after 
 experiencing some opposition from the enemy in crossing the 
 salt marshes to the east of the fort. 
 
 On the night of the 12th, batteries were erected, and fire 
 maintained from daybreak of 13th. At 4 p.m., the defences 
 were sufficiently impaired to admit of the outworks being 
 assaulted. 
 
 " This service was executed by two columns under Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Clififord, 89th Kegiment, in a most gallant manner. The 
 troops passed the breach without difficulty, drove the enemy 
 towards the second lines, which were immediately carried, and a 
 lodgment effected within half musket-shot of the upper fort, to 
 which the enemy were pursued, and many bayoneted at the 
 lower gate, which was for a short time in our possession. The 
 enemy were struck with such terror, that during the night nearly 
 the whole of the garrison evacuated the fort. Sambajee 
 Sawant next morning surrendered, and was permitted to 
 march out with fifty adherents. We lost eight killed and 
 twenty-five wounded. Two officers of 89th were among the 
 wounded. 
 
 c 
 
 Lieutenant A. Dowdall •••)-p 
 Lieutenant Naylor, Adjutant] ^' 
 
 The Madras Pioneers had one man killed and one wounded." 
 
 On the 15th, Grant Keir marched toward^ Warree to accele- 
 rate the treaty, and this matter was speedily brought to a 
 satisfactory conclusion. 
 
 37 *
 
 580 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE [1819. 
 
 On 1st January 1817, previous to the Mahratta War, the 
 Corps of Madras Engineers consisted of the following : — 
 
 Lieutenant-General (Colonel) Trapaud, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel C. Mackenzie, C.B. 
 J. L. Caldwell, C.B. 
 Major Farquhar. 
 
 „ De Havilland. 
 Captain Cleghorne. 
 „ Cotgrave. 
 „ Fotheringham. 
 „ Fraser. 
 „ Raveushaw. 
 „ Arthur. 
 „ Garrard. 
 „ Mackintosh. 
 ,, Milbourne. 
 First Lieutenant W. Monteith. 
 „ T. Davies. 
 
 „ H. Fullarton. 
 
 „ C. C. Nattes. 
 
 „ D. Sim. 
 
 „ J. Coventry, 
 
 „ A. Anderson. 
 
 J. G. Proby. 
 „ A. Grant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant J. Nattes. 
 
 „ W. Wotherspoon. 
 
 „ J. Robins. 
 
 „ A. Ross. 
 
 „ J. Purton. 
 
 „ J. R. Anderson. 
 
 ), Jas. Oliphant. 
 
 „ W. T. Drury. 
 
 M G. J. Jenkins. 
 
 I, J. Underwood. 
 
 „ H. C. Cotton.
 
 1817-24.] MADEAS ENGINEERS. 681 
 
 Second Lieutenant A. Lawe. 
 „ E. Lake. 
 
 Altogether thirty-six officers. 
 
 The authorised Establishment at this time consisted of — 
 
 1 Colonel, 
 
 2 Lieutenant-Colonels, 
 2 Majors, 
 
 9 Captains, 
 8 Lieutenants, 
 8 Ensig 8, 
 Total 30 ; 
 
 so that there were one supernumerary lieutenant, and five super- 
 numerary ensigns. 
 
 During the continuance of the Mahratta War there were eight 
 casualties : — 
 
 W. Wotherspoon, died, 1 5th January 1817. 
 
 Arthur, died, 1st May 1817. 
 
 George J. Jenkins, died, 4th December 1817. 
 
 Davies, killed, May 1818. 
 
 J. Nattes, killed, 29th May 1818. 
 
 C. C. Nattes, died, 21st December 1818. 
 
 J. R. Anderson, died, 29th December 1818. 
 
 Eraser, retired, 1st March 1819. 
 By these casualties, the Corps was reduced to two below its 
 proper complement. 
 
 G. A. Underwood arrived shortly after the Mahratta War, and 
 A. T. Cotton and G. F. Smith about the close of 1821 ; but by 
 that time there were three more casualties : — 
 
 Colin Mackenzie, C.B., died 8th May 1821, 
 
 Fotheringham, 5th August 1821, 
 
 Cover] try, 8th December 1821 ; 
 so the Corps still remained two below its normal strength. In 
 1823 W. H. Pears joined the Corps. 
 
 On 1st May 1824, a slight increase was made to the Corps,
 
 682 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1624-26. 
 
 chiefly owing to the representations of Lieutenant- Colonel De 
 Havilland in 1821, who was at that time Acting Chief 
 Engineer. 
 
 It was now ordered to consist of thirty-eight officers, as 
 
 follows : — 
 
 2 Colonels. 
 
 2 Lieutenant- Colonels Commandant. 
 1 Major. 
 10 Captains. 
 1 6 First Lieutenants. 
 7 Second Lieutenants. 
 
 At this time, there were twenty-nine officers on the list of 
 Engineers, and it was not for some years that the Corps was 
 brought up to the desired standard. During 1824-2o the 
 casualties were remarkably severe, especially in 1 825. 
 
 W. H. Pears, died, June 1824. 
 
 G. F. Smith, died, 21st August 1824. 
 
 J. Mackintosh, died, 22nd October 1824. 
 
 H. Fullarton, died, 23rd January 1825. 
 
 W. Kavenshaw, died, 5th February 1825. 
 
 J. Coti^rave, died, 13th April 1825. 
 
 T. F. De Havilland, retired, 20th April 1825. 
 
 A. Grant, died, 20th May 1 825. 
 
 J. R. Cleghorne, died, June 1825. 
 
 James Eobins, resigned, 21st June 1825. 
 
 Lieutenant- General Trapaud, placed on senior list, viceLalande 
 deceased, I5th July 1825. 
 
 Proby, died, 8th August 1825. 
 So that in January 1826, the Corps consisted only of the 
 
 following : — 
 
 James L. Caldwell, C.B. 
 William Farquhar. 
 William Garrard. 
 E. E. Milbourne. 
 William Monteith. 
 D. Sim.
 
 M».l MADEAS ENGINEERS, 683 
 
 A. Anderson. 
 A. Ross. 
 John Purton. 
 James Oliphant. 
 William T. Drury. 
 J. J. Underwood. 
 H. C. Cotton. 
 Alexander Lawe. 
 E. Lake. 
 
 G. A. Underwood. 
 A. T. Cotton. 
 Charles Edward Faber. 
 C. J. Green. 
 William Ga-vin Nugent. 
 J. T. Smith. 
 Total, twenty-one officers. 
 
 Owing to this considerable reduction in the Corps, large 
 numbers of young officers had to be sent out in the following 
 years, and before the end of 1829, as many as twenty-two officers 
 had joined the Corps. 
 
 William Henry Atkinson. 
 
 Thomas Townsend Pears. 
 
 Augustus De Butts. 
 
 Edward Buckle. 
 
 A. Douglas. 
 
 Edward Lawford. 
 
 Samuel Best. 
 
 Robert Henderson. 
 
 F. Cotton. 
 
 George Patrickson. 
 
 Stafford Vardon. 
 
 Jasper Higginson Bell. 
 
 W. Birdwood. 
 
 Frederick Ditmas. 
 
 William Garrard. 
 
 H. Atwell Lake,
 
 584 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE [1819. 
 
 Kobert Henderson. 
 M. Birdwood. 
 John Clarke Shaw. 
 Henry Watts. 
 John P. Power. 
 Thomas Smythe. 
 
 In May 1829, the Corps consisted of two battalions, each 
 having : — 
 
 1 Colonel. 
 
 1 Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 1 Major. 
 
 6 Captains. 
 
 8 Lieutenants. 
 
 4 Second Lieutenants. 
 
 Total, 20 officers, or a grand'total of 40 officers. 
 
 Lieutenant- General Trapaud returned from furlough, resumed 
 the command of the Corps of Madras Engineers on 4th June 
 1818, and his seat at the Military Board as Chief Engineer. 
 This was a few days before the surrender of Malligaum. After 
 the close of the Mahratta War, the Commander-in Chief at 
 Madras went to Fort William, on 30th April 1819, and Lieutenant- 
 General Trapaud, of the Engineers, assumed command of the 
 Madras army during his absence. 
 
 On the 29th June, the Commander-in-Chief returned to Fort 
 St. George. 
 
 It should be mentioned here that it was not till the year 1815 
 that officers of the Indian armies were considered eligible for the 
 distinction of the Order of the Bath. In that year two officers 
 of the Madras Engineers were appointed Companions of the 
 Order — Lieutenant- Colonels Colin Mackenzie and James Lilli- 
 man Caldwell. They had both very highly distinguished them- 
 selves while on active service. They served throughout the 
 campaigns of 1790 and 1791-92 against Tippoo, and at
 
 1629.] MADRAS ENGINEERS. 585 
 
 Seringapatam in 1799. In addition to this, Mackenzie served at 
 Pondicherry in 1793, was commanding engineer at Columbo in 
 1795-96, as well as at the capture of the Island of Java in 1811. 
 Caldwell was commanding engineer at the capture of Mauritius 
 in 1810. During his career he was wounded three times ; first, 
 in trenches before Bangalore, secondly in trenches at second 
 siege of Seringapatam, and thirdly, severely, during the assault 
 of the breach at Seringapatam, 4th May 1799. Mackenzie was 
 appointed Surveyor-General of Madras, 1810, and Surveyor- 
 General of India, 1815.
 
 687 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 LIST OF CHIEF ENGINEERS. 
 1742-1881. 
 
 Bank and Name. 
 
 Month and Year. 
 
 Kemarks. 
 
 Major Charles Knipe 
 
 1742 
 
 
 — Smith, Esq. 
 
 1743 
 
 
 George Jones, Esq. 
 
 1747 
 
 Retired. 
 
 Captain Alexander Delavaiix . 
 
 13 June 1748 
 
 Left the service 
 from illness. 
 
 Benjamin Eobins, Esq. 
 
 8- Dec. 1749 
 
 Died at Fort 
 St. David, 1751. 
 
 Col. Caroline Frederick Scott 
 
 August 1753 
 
 Died at Cal- 
 cutta, 1756. 
 
 Captain John Brohier . 
 
 June 1756 
 
 Dismissed at 
 Calcutta in 1760. 
 
 Captain John Call 
 
 1757 
 1760 
 
 Acting. 
 Permanent. 
 Retired 1769. 
 
 Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross . 
 
 15 Sept. 1770 
 
 
 Major William Stevens 
 
 March 1778 
 
 Acting. 
 
 Major George Maule 
 
 15 Oct. 1778 
 
 >> 
 
 Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross . 
 
 May 1782 
 
 Returned from 
 England. 
 
 Major George Maule 
 
 1791 
 
 Acting, vice Ross 
 on active service. 
 
 Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Ross . 
 
 1792 
 
 
 Major George Maule 
 
 1793 
 
 Acting, Ross to 
 England. 
 
 Lieut.-Colonel William Gent . 
 
 1 Jan. 179G 
 
 Acting, vice 
 Maule killed. 
 
 „ Patrick Boss . 
 
 9 Jan. 1797 
 
 Returned.
 
 588 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Rank and Name. 
 
 Month and Tear. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Colonel Elisha Trapaud 
 
 j February 1801 
 1 1 Jan. 1803 
 
 Acting. 
 Permanent. 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel James Lillimar 
 
 I 19 Feb. 1816 
 
 Acting. 
 
 Caldwell, C.B. 
 
 
 
 Major Thomas Fiord De Havil 
 
 9 Feb. 1821 
 
 )» 
 
 land. 
 
 
 
 Lieut.-Col. J. L.Caldwell, C.B 
 
 . 10 Jan. 1823 
 
 >> 
 
 Major T. F. De Havilland 
 
 15 Nov. 1823 
 
 )> 
 
 Major J. E. Cleghorne . 
 
 20 Jan. 1824 
 
 j» 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel John Cotgrave 
 
 7 May 1824 
 
 »> 
 
 Major J. E. Clegliorne . 
 
 15 April 1825 
 
 >> 
 
 Major E. E. Milbourne (in 
 
 13 May 1825 
 
 
 charge). 
 
 
 
 >« )» 
 
 20 Dec. 1825 
 
 Acting. 
 
 Colonel William Garrard 
 
 26 Sept. 1826 
 
 j» 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel Duncan Sim 
 
 28 Dec. 1830 
 
 j> 
 
 Colonel William Monteith 
 
 10 July 1832 
 
 ») 
 
 ,, William Garrard 
 
 14 Jan. 1834 
 
 >> 
 
 j» >> 
 
 1 May 1835 
 
 Permanent. 
 
 ,, William Monteith 
 
 8 Sept. 1836 
 
 )> 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Duncan Sim 
 
 18 Jan. 1842 
 
 >> 
 
 ,, Alexander Lawe 
 
 15 April 1845 
 
 » J 
 
 A. T. Cotton 
 
 2 Mar. 1852 
 
 j» 
 
 ,, Chas. Edwd. Fabei 
 
 10 Mar. 1854 
 
 »> 
 
 ,, Jasper Higginson 
 
 11 Apr. 1859 
 
 >> 
 
 Bell. 
 
 
 
 ,, William Henrj 
 
 10 Oct. 1859 
 
 >> 
 
 Horsley. 
 
 
 
 Wm. Ilbert Bird- 
 
 29 June 1862 
 
 >> 
 
 wood. 
 
 
 
 Colonel Charles Alex. Orr 
 
 1 Sept. 1863 
 
 »» 
 
 ,, John Carpendale 
 
 18 Apr. 1871 
 
 >» 
 
 ,, Geo. Warren Walker 
 
 4 May 1872 
 
 »> 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel John Mullins . 
 
 1 Feb. 1877 
 
 >> 
 
 Colonel Edward Archd. Foorc 
 
 7 Feb. 1877 
 
 »> 
 
 „ J.H.M. ShawStewarl 
 
 . 15 Feb. 1879 
 
 Acting. 
 
 „ Eichd. Hieram Sanke} 
 
 ' 9 Apr. 1879 
 
 Permanent. 
 
 Chief Engim 
 
 'ers for Irrigation. 
 
 Lieut.-Col. John Gumming 
 
 15 Oct. 1867 
 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 
 
 Captain John Mullins . 
 
 ( 12 Mar. 1869 
 ( 1 Nov. 1870 
 
 Acting. 
 Permanent.
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. APPENDIX I. 
 
 689 
 
 Rank and Name. 
 
 Month and Tear. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Captain Joseph Gore Eyves . 
 
 19 Mar. 1871 
 
 Acting. 
 
 „ Richd. Francis Oakes 
 
 15 Aug. 1871 
 
 t> 
 
 John Miillins . . 30 Nov. 1872 
 
 
 Major John Ord Hasted,! 
 acted .... 
 
 3 months in 1875 
 6 „ 1878-79 
 3 „ 1881 
 
 
 Considting Engineers for Railways. 
 
 Major Thomas Townsend 
 
 1852 
 
 
 Pears, C.B. 
 
 
 
 Captain Charles Cornwallis 
 
 1 Oct. 1857 
 
 Acting. 
 
 Johnston. 
 
 
 
 Captam Peter Pierce Lyons 
 
 21 Feb. 1862 
 
 M 
 
 O'Connell. 
 
 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel John Cmnming 
 
 1 Apr. 1805 
 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 
 
 Major John H. M. Shaw- 
 
 15 Oct. 1867 
 
 
 Stewart. 
 
 
 
 Captain Hew L. Prendergast . 
 
 12 Apr. 1870 
 
 Acting. 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel John H. M. 
 
 1 April 1872 
 
 
 Shaw-Stewart. 
 
 Acted for short 
 
 
 Major Charles John Smith .- 
 
 periods in 1875, 
 
 1876, 1878, and 
 
 1879 

 
 690 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OP THE 
 
 M 
 O 
 
 !zi 
 
 1^ 
 
 O 
 
 P^ 
 
 pa 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 I— I 
 
 P 
 Ph 
 
 a 
 
 Eeported on Fort St. George, 25 Jau. 
 1743. 
 
 Drew lip designs for the Fort, 1743. 
 He was father of General Joseph 
 Smith 
 
 Eeported on Fort St. David early in 
 1747. Resigned June 1748. 
 
 1st Chief Engineer, June 1748 to 20 
 April 1749, when he left for Eng- 
 land, sick. 
 
 2nd Chief Engineer, 8 Dec. 1749 to 
 29 July 1751. Engineer General and 
 Commander-in-Chief of Artillery, 
 died at Fort St. David. 
 1749. Chief Engineer 1756. Went 
 to Calcutta to build Fort William 
 June 1757. Dismissed at Calcutta 
 1760. 
 
 1749-1756. 
 
 1749-1756. 
 
 Was with Clive at Arcot 1752. 
 
 Wounded, captured by the French 
 
 on way to Madras, taken to Conje- 
 
 veram, and left behind by the 
 
 French when Clive captured the 
 
 Pagoda. 
 Came out 1748, left 1749. 
 1 Jan. 1751. Acting Chief Engineer 
 
 17.57, and Chief Engineer 18 Nov. 
 
 1760. Eetiredl769. Created Baronet 
 
 1791, and died 1801. 
 Engineer - General, Angust 1753 to 
 
 July 1756. Died at Calcutta. 
 Secretary to Col. Scott. 
 Assistant to do. 
 Volunteered from the King's Train 
 
 (i.e. Artillery). 
 1753. 
 1753-56. 
 1754. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
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 r-i In. 
 
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 MADRAS ENGINEERS. — APPENDIX II. 
 
 591 
 
 g 
 
 1754. 
 
 1755. Committed suicide near Thia- 
 ghur 1759. Details iu Orme's " Elin- 
 dostan." 
 
 1754-1756. 
 
 1756. Taken prisoner Fort St. David 
 1758, and apparently died at Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 1756. Killed at Vellore 1761, 15 Nov. 
 
 1757. Died 21 August 1765. 
 
 1761. Killed at siege of Tingricot- 
 tah 12 Feb. 1768. Shot through the 
 head. 
 
 1761 . Killed before Pondicherry Oct. 
 1761, commanding the Pioneers. 
 
 Died between 1765 and 1767. 
 
 Killed at Madura 1764, 2Uth June. 
 
 January 1759 to 1770. Joined Civil 
 Department in Sept. 1770. 
 
 1765 to 1770. Joined Civil Depart- 
 ment in Sept. 1770. 
 
 7 January 1764-1778. Joined new 
 Establishment. Killed at Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 Joined as Lieut. 1767-1772. Joined 
 new Establishment 1770. Cajitain 
 of Infantry and died at siege of Tan- 
 jore 1773. 
 
 1767. Wounded 2nd July 1768, and 
 died. 
 
 Died between 1765 and 1767. 
 
 July 1765. Died between 1765 and 
 1767. 
 
 Supernumerary 1762-1765 to 1770. 
 Joined Civil Depart, in Sept. 1770. 
 
 July 1768. Died 1768. 
 
 Joined the New Engineer Establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Placed on retired list 1 Jan. 1803. 
 Died 24 Aug. 1804. 
 
 Resigned 10 March 1774. 
 Killed at siege of Pondicherry 1778. 
 14 Oct^ 
 
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 592 
 
 MILITARY mSTOEY OF THE 
 
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 S-S*- 
 
 i-H CO jH 
 
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 ■S"^ 
 
 
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 MADKAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 -APPENDIX II. 
 
 593 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 Died 31 March 1801. 
 
 At Home, Pensioned. 
 
 Invalided 3 Sept 1793. Retired 1800. 
 
 Died 3 May 1793. 
 
 Died 24 July 1792. 
 
 Retired 25 Sept. 1811. 
 
 Died 1789. 
 
 Never joined. 
 
 Died 1789. 
 
 Retired Nov. 1810. 
 
 Died 8 May 1821, in Bengal. 
 
 Killed before Ryacottah, July 1791. 
 
 Died 13 Oct. 1802. 
 
 Died at IViehiuopoly, 3 July 1790. 
 
 Resigned January 1789. 
 
 Died Oct. 1787. 
 
 Dismissed 1800. 
 
 Died 1800, 
 
 Retired March 1801. 
 
 Died 28 June 1863. 
 
 Died 23 March 1812, on board Europe. 
 
 Died 8 Sept. 1793, at Kistuagherry. 
 
 Died 27 May 1798. 
 Died 13 May 1839. 
 
 Struck olT 17 Dec. 1799. 
 Retired 7 Oct. 1S15, in India. 
 Died 24 Aug. 1801. 
 Died 6 June 1825, on ship Portland. 
 
 Retired 20 April 1825, in England. 
 Died 13 April 1825, at Madras. 
 Died 3 Aug. 1821, at Trichinopoly. 
 Resigned 1793. 
 Resigned 1793. 
 
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 594 
 
 MILITAEY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 3 
 
 Died 14 July 1795, at Fort St. George. 
 Resigned 13 July 1808. 
 Died 7 Feb. 1815, at Ennore. 
 Retired 1 Maroh 1819, in England. 
 Died 5 Feb. 1825, on Hon. Company's 
 
 ship Caiitdl, in Madras Roads. 
 Lost 14 March 1809, iu Lady Jane 
 
 Died 1 May 1817, at Quilon. 
 Died 2 Sept. 1836, at Ooty. 
 
 Died 28 June 1803, at Walkee, near 
 Ahmednuggur. 
 
 9 Sept. 1797, Sering-apatam ; roso to 
 Captain ; transferred at his own 
 request to Infantry 2 Sept. 1800, with 
 rank of Lieut., and ordered to Din- 
 digul. Died 9 April 1816. 
 
 2 Aug. 1798, Sei-iiig-apatam; rose to 
 Captain, and retired 8 April 1815; 
 transferred to Cavalry 28 June 1801. 
 
 17 Sept. 1797, Sering-apatam; trans- 
 ferred to Cavalry ; rose to Major, 
 and retired 31 Dec. 1836. 
 
 Retired 28 July 1815, in England. 
 
 Resigned 12 Jan. 1810. 
 
 Died 22 Oct. 1824, in Isle of France. 
 Died 3 Nov. 1826, at Madras. 
 
 Retired 10 Dec. 1847. 
 
 Died 6 Dec. 1813, at Bellary. 
 
 Killed 18 May 1818, at siege of M-.iUi- 
 
 ganm. 
 Died 23 Jan. 1825. 
 Died 21 Dec. 1818, at Prince of Wales' 
 
 Island. 
 Died iu England, 20 Dec. 1865. 
 Died at Arnoe, 8 Dec. 1821. 
 Retired 3 March 1832, in England. 
 Died 8 Aug. 1825, at Shooloor, near 
 
 Coinibatore. 
 Died 20 May 1825, at Prome. 
 Killed 29 May 1818, at siege of Malli- 
 
 gauni. 
 Died 15 Jan. 1817, near Nagpore. 
 
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 600 
 
 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE 
 
 APPENDIX III 
 
 Statement of Loss in Forts, Troops, and Cannon sustained 
 by Tippoo, from June 1790 to February J792. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Forts. 
 
 Captor. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 1790. 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 June 
 
 Caroor . . . . 
 
 General Medows . 
 
 2 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 5 July 
 
 Arravacoorchy 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 10 „ 
 
 Darapoorum 
 
 » 
 
 3 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 22 „ 
 
 Coimbatore . 
 
 n 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 6 Aug. 
 
 Perendore 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Oldham 
 
 2 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 8 „ 
 
 Erode . . . . 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 200 
 
 9 „ 
 
 Cumalum 
 
 „ 
 
 2 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 22 „ 
 
 Dindigul 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Stuart . 
 
 14 
 
 700 
 
 26 „ 
 
 Cliucklagherry 
 
 Captain Waliab 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 26 .„ 
 
 Suttiamungalum . 
 
 Colonel Floyd 
 
 2 
 
 230 
 
 14 and 15 
 
 Suttiamuugalum, battle 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 1,000 
 
 Sept. 
 
 and retreat. 
 
 
 
 
 22 Sept. 
 
 Palghaut 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Stuart . 
 
 59 
 
 400 
 
 13 Nov. 
 
 Wombauellore 
 
 General Medows . 
 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 16 „ 
 
 Durampoory . 
 
 I) 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 26 „ 
 
 Parametty . 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 Sept., 
 
 Tripatore 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Oct., and 
 
 Vaniembaddy 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Maxwell 
 
 10 
 
 300 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Cauverypatam 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1791. 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 Feb. 
 
 Colar .... 
 
 Lord Cornwallis . 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 2 Mar. 
 
 Ooscotta 
 
 .1 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 21 „ 
 
 Bangalore 
 
 1) 
 
 104 
 
 3,000 
 
 21 „ 
 
 Vencatagherry 
 
 Captain Read 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 28 „ 
 
 Pursuit of Tippoo 
 
 Lord Cornwallis . 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 30 „ 
 
 DeonhuUy 
 
 It 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 1 Apr. 
 
 C. Balapoor . 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 May 
 
 Cankanally . 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 10 „ 
 
 Malavelly 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 11 „ 
 
 Arrikera 
 
 „ 
 
 1 
 
 —
 
 MADRAS ENGINEERS. APPENDIX III. 
 
 601 
 
 Date. 
 
 Forts. 
 
 Captor. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 15 May 
 
 Battle near Seriuga- 
 patam. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis . 
 
 5 
 
 800 
 
 20 June 
 
 Hoolioor Droog 
 
 1) 
 
 4 
 
 100 
 
 15 July 
 
 Oossoor .... 
 
 „ 
 
 6 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 22 „ 
 
 Ryacottah 
 
 Major Gowdie 
 
 13 
 
 300 
 
 17 Sept. 
 
 Rymanghur . 
 
 )) 
 
 5 
 
 300 
 
 18 „ 
 
 Ambajee Durgum, Chil- 
 luncotta. 
 
 Captain Read 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 18 Oct. 
 
 Nundidroog . 
 
 Major Gowdie 
 
 17 
 
 600 
 
 19 „ 
 
 Cubhauldroog 
 
 J) 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 11 July 
 
 Detachment Tippoo at 
 Coimbatore. 
 
 Lieut. Chalmers . 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 31 Oct. 
 
 Pinagi'a 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Maxwell 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 7 Nov. 
 
 Kistnaglierry 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 21 Dec. 
 
 Savandroog . 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Stuart . 
 
 24 
 
 1,500 
 
 21 „ 
 
 Ootradroog . 
 
 „ 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 22 
 
 Ramgherry and Shiva- 
 gherry. 
 
 Captain Welsh 
 
 13 
 
 300 
 
 6 & 7 Feb. 
 
 Storm of Tippoo's Lines 
 and Island of Seringa- 
 patam. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis 
 
 80 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 434 
 
 31,630 
 
 
 By Bomi 
 
 aij Arini/. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1790. 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 Apr. 
 
 Cudioor .... 
 
 Major Dow 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 Cartinade 
 
 „ 
 
 — 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 26 Sept. 
 
 Chaghaut 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Hartley 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 28 „ 
 
 Travancore guns dug out 
 of Pouiar at Turtolla. 
 
 " 
 
 37 
 
 — 
 
 2(; Nov. 
 
 Pauiany 
 
 ,! 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 7 Dec. 
 
 Veucaticotta 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 10 „ 
 
 Tricalore 
 
 !> 
 
 3 
 
 2,000 
 
 12 „ 
 
 Ferokabad 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 1,300 
 
 12 „ 
 
 Beypore 
 
 " 
 
 20 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 16 „ 
 
 Avery .... 
 
 General Abercromby 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Cailee .... 
 
 1) 
 
 68 
 
 5,000 
 
 17 Dec. 
 
 Cannanore . 
 
 i» 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 17 „ 
 
 Biliapatam . 
 
 Major Dow . 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Narracarow . 
 
 ,, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 27 Dec. 
 
 Barragherry 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 Cootepoor 
 
 Captam Oaks 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 1701. 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 May 
 
 Periapatam . 
 
 General Abercromby 
 
 5 
 
 Evacu- 
 ated. 
 
 1792. 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 Feb. 
 
 .Action with Tippoo at 
 Seringapatam. 
 
 " 
 
 — 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 224 
 
 9,020 
 
 39
 
 602 MILITARY HISTORY OF THE MADRAS ENGINEERS. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Forts. 
 
 
 Captor. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 
 By 
 
 ]\[(ihnttt(i All)} 11 . 
 
 
 
 1791. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 Apr. 
 
 Darwar . 
 
 1 
 
 Pui-seram Bo-w, aud 
 
 30 
 
 4,000 
 
 — 
 
 Khooshgul 
 
 ; 
 
 Col. Frend in charge 
 Detachment. 
 
 4 
 
 200 
 
 21 Dec. 
 
 Nagamungalum 
 
 ) 
 
 Purseram Bow, and 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Hooly Ouore . 
 
 1 
 ] 
 
 Capt. Little's De- 
 
 2 
 
 350 
 
 24 „ 
 
 Bankapore . 
 
 tachment. 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 29 „ 
 
 Battle of Shimoga 
 
 
 „ 
 
 10 
 
 1,500 
 
 1792. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 Jau. 
 
 Fort of Shimoga 
 
 
 " 
 
 12 
 
 500 
 
 66 
 
 6,850 
 
 
 By 
 
 Nizam's Annij. 
 
 
 
 1791. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 Apr. 
 
 Sidhout . 
 
 ] 
 J 
 
 Nizam's Army and 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 Kopaul . 
 
 Major Montgo- 
 
 20 
 
 1,000 
 
 19 Apr. 
 
 Bahauder Bunder 
 
 mery's Detachmt. 
 
 6 
 
 200 
 
 7 Nov. 
 
 Lower Fort . 
 
 } 
 
 Nizam's and Capt. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Gurrumcondah 
 
 A. Bead's De- 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 tachment. 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 1,550 
 
 Total loss of Tippoo : — 
 
 04 forts, 760 guus, 4 9,050 troops.
 
 LONDON 
 PUINTEI) BT W. H. ALLEX AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, 3.W. 
 
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